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Jean Harlow

Jean Harlow (born Harlean Harlow Carpenter; March 3, 1911 – June 7, 1937) was an American actress. Known for her portrayal of "bad girl" characters, she was the leading sex symbol of the early 1930s and one of the defining figures of the pre-Code era of American cinema. Often nicknamed the "Blonde Bombshell" and the "Platinum Blonde", Harlow was popular for her "Laughing Vamp" screen persona. Harlow was in the film industry for only nine years, but she became one of Hollywood's biggest movie stars, whose image in the public eye has endured. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Harlow number 22 on its greatest female screen legends list.

Harlow was first signed by business magnate Howard Hughes, who directed her first major role in Hell's Angels (1930). After a series of critically failed films, and Hughes' loss of interest in her career, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer bought out Harlow's contract in 1932 and cast her in leading roles in a string of hits built on her comedic talent: Red-Headed Woman (1932), Red Dust (1932), Dinner at Eight (1933), Reckless (1935) and Suzy (1936). Harlow's popularity rivaled and then surpassed that of MGM's top leading ladies Joan Crawford, Greta Garbo and Norma Shearer. She died at the age of 26 of kidney failure while filming Saratoga. MGM completed the film with the use of body doubles and released it less than two months after her death; it became the highest-grossing film of 1937, as well as the highest-grossing film of her career.

Early life
Harlow was born Harlean Harlow Carpenter in a house located at 3344 Olive Street in Kansas City, Missouri.

Her father, Mont Clair Carpenter (1877–1974), son of Abraham L. Carpenter and Dianna (née Beal), was a dentist who attended dental school in Kansas City. He was from a working-class background. Her mother, Jean Poe Carpenter (née Harlow; 1891–1958), was the daughter of wealthy real estate broker Skip Harlow and his wife, Ella Harlow (née Williams). In 1908, Skip Harlow arranged his daughter's marriage to Mont Clair Carpenter. She was underage at the time and grew resentful and unhappy in the marriage, but the Carpenters remained together living in a Kansas City house owned by her father.

Harlean's family called her "Baby," a nickname to which she was accustomed and which endured for the rest of her life. It was not until she was five years old that she learned her real name was Harlean, when staff and students at Miss Barstow's Finishing School for Girls used the name. Harlean was always very close to her mother, who was extremely protective. Her mother was reported to have instilled a sense in her daughter that she owed everything she had to her; "She was always all mine!", Mama Jean said of her daughter in interviews. Jean Carpenter was later known by "Mama Jean" when Harlean achieved star status as Jean Harlow.

When Harlean was at finishing school, her mother filed for a divorce. On September 29, 1922, the uncontested divorce was finalized, giving sole custody of Harlean to her mother. Although Harlean loved her father, she did not see him often after the divorce.

In 1923, the 32-year-old Jean Carpenter took her daughter and moved to Hollywood in hopes of becoming an actress, but was told that she was too old to begin a film career. Harlean was enrolled at the Hollywood School for Girls, where she met Douglas Fairbanks Jr., Joel McCrea, and Irene Mayer Selznick, but dropped out at the age of 14, in the spring of 1925.

With their finances dwindling, Jean and Harlean moved back to Kansas City after Skip Harlow issued an ultimatum that he would disinherit his daughter if they did not return. Several weeks later, Skip sent his granddaughter to summer camp at Camp Cha-Ton-Ka, in Michigamme, Michigan, where she became ill with scarlet fever. Jean Carpenter traveled to Michigan to care for Harlean, rowing herself across the lake to the camp, but was told that she could not see her daughter.

Harlean next attended the Ferry Hall School (now Lake Forest Academy) in Lake Forest, Illinois. Jean Carpenter had an ulterior motive for her daughter's attendance at this particular school: It was close to the Chicago home of her boyfriend, Marino Bello.

First marriage
During Harlow's freshman year at the school, she was paired with a "big sister" from the senior class who introduced her to 19-year-old Charles "Chuck" Fremont McGrew III, an heir to a large fortune. By the fall of 1926, Harlow and Chuck were dating seriously, and they were married in 1928. Jean Carpenter was also married that same year to Marino Bello, on January 18. However, Harlow did not attend her mother's wedding.

In 1928, two months after the wedding, Chuck McGrew turned 21 and received part of his inheritance. The couple left Chicago and moved to Los Angeles, settling into a home in Beverly Hills, where Harlow thrived as a wealthy socialite. McGrew hoped to distance Harlow from her mother with the move. Neither Chuck nor Harlow worked during this time, and both were considered heavy drinkers.

1928–1929: Work as an extra
While living in Los Angeles, Harlean befriended a young aspiring actress named Rosalie Roy. Not owning a car herself, Rosalie asked Harlean to drive her to Fox Studios for an appointment. While waiting for Rosalie, Harlean was noticed and approached by Fox executives, whom she told she was not interested. Nevertheless, she was given letters of introduction to Central Casting. A few days later, Rosalie Roy bet Harlean that she did not have the nerve to go in for an audition. Unwilling to lose a wager and pressed by her enthusiastic mother who had followed her daughter to Los Angeles by this time, Harlean went to Central Casting and signed in under her mother's maiden name, Jean Harlow.

After several calls from casting and a number of job offers rejected by Harlean, Mother Jean finally pressed her into accepting work at the studio. Harlean appeared in her first film, Honor Bound (1928), as an unbilled "extra" for $7 a day (equivalent to approximately $0 in dollars) and a box lunch, common pay for such work. This led to a wage increase to $10 per day and small parts in feature films such as Moran of the Marines (1928) and the Charley Chase lost film Chasing Husbands (1928). In December 1928, Harlean as Jean Harlow signed a five-year contract with Hal Roach Studios for $100 per week. She had small roles in the 1929 Laurel and Hardy shorts: Double Whoopee, Liberty and Bacon Grabbers, the last giving her a costarring credit.

In March 1929, she parted with Hal Roach, who tore up her contract after Harlow told him, "It's breaking up my marriage, what can I do?" In June 1929, Harlow separated from her husband and moved in with Mother Jean and Bello. After her separation from McGrew, Harlow continued working as an "extra" in such films as This Thing Called Love, Close Harmony, and The Love Parade (all 1929), until she landed her first speaking role in the Clara Bow film The Saturday Night Kid. Harlow and her husband divorced in 1929.

1929–1932: Platinum blonde star
In late 1929, Harlow was spotted by Ben Lyon, an actor filming Howard Hughes' Hell's Angels; another account gives Angels head cameraman Arthur Landau as the man that spotted and suggested her to Hughes. Hughes was reshooting most of his originally silent film with sound and needed an actress to replace Greta Nissen, whose Norwegian accent was undesirable for her character. Harlow screen-tested for Hughes, who gave her the part. On October 24, 1929, Harlow signed a five-year contract with Hughes, paying $100-per-week (equivalent to approximately $0 in dollars).

During filming of Hells Angels, Harlow met MGM executive Paul Bern, her future husband, for the first time.

Hell's Angels premiered in Hollywood at Grauman's Chinese Theatre on May 27, 1930, and became the highest-grossing film of that year, besting even Greta Garbo's talkie debut in Anna Christie. Hell's Angels made Harlow an international star. Though she was popular with audiences, the critics were less than enthusiastic. The New Yorker called her performance "plain awful", though Variety magazine conceded, "It doesn't matter what degree of talent she possesses ... nobody ever starved possessing what she's got."

In spite of her relative success with Hell's Angels, Harlow again found herself in the role of "uncredited extra" in the Charlie Chaplin film City Lights (1931), though her appearance did not make the final cut. With no other projects planned for Harlow at the time, Hughes decided to send her to New York, Seattle, and Kansas City for Hell's Angels premieres. In 1931, his Caddo Company loaned her out to other studios, where she gained more attention by appearing in The Secret Six, with Wallace Beery and Clark Gable; Iron Man, with Lew Ayres and Robert Armstrong; and The Public Enemy, with James Cagney. Even though the successes of these films ranged from moderate to hit, Harlow's acting ability was mocked by critics. Hughes sent her on a brief publicity tour in order to bolster her career, but this was not a success as Harlow dreaded making personal appearances.

Harlow briefly dated gangster Abner Zwillman, who bought her a jeweled bracelet and a red Cadillac, and made a large cash loan to studio head Harry Cohn to obtain a two-picture deal for her at Columbia Pictures. The relationship ended when he reportedly referred to her in derogatory and vulgar terms when speaking to other associated crime figures, as revealed in secret surveillance recordings.

Columbia Pictures first cast Harlow in a Frank Capra film with Loretta Young, originally titled Gallagher for Young's lead character but renamed Platinum Blonde to capitalize on Hughes' publicity of Harlow's "platinum" hair color. Though Harlow denied her hair was bleached, the platinum blonde color was reportedly achieved with a weekly application of ammonia, Clorox bleach, and Lux soap flakes. This process weakened and damaged Harlow's naturally ash-blonde hair. Many female fans began dyeing their hair to match hers and Hughes' team organized a series of "Platinum Blonde" clubs across the nation offering a prize of $10,000 to any beautician who could match Harlow's shade. No one could, and the prize went unclaimed, but the publicity scheme worked and the "Platinum Blonde" nickname stuck with Harlow. Her second film for that studio was Three Wise Girls (1932), with Mae Clarke and Walter Byron, in which she was top billed for the first time.

Paul Bern then arranged with Hughes to borrow her for MGM's The Beast of the City (1932), co-starring Walter Huston. After filming, Bern booked a 10-week personal-appearance tour on the East Coast. To the surprise of many, especially Harlow herself, she packed every theater in which she appeared, often appearing in a single venue for several nights. Despite critical disparagement and poor roles, Harlow's popularity and following were large and growing, and in February 1932, the tour was extended by six weeks.

According to Fay Wray, who played Ann Darrow in RKO Pictures's King Kong (1933), Harlow was the original choice to play the screaming blonde heroine, but was under an exclusive contract with MGM during the film's pre-production phase—and the part went to Wray, a brunette who had to wear a blonde wig.

When mobster Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel came to Hollywood to expand casino operations, Harlow became the informal godmother of Siegel's eldest daughter, Millicent, when the family lived in Beverly Hills.

1932–1937: Successful actress at MGM
Paul Bern was now romantically involved with Harlow and spoke to Louis B. Mayer about buying her contract with Hughes and signing her to MGM, but Mayer declined. MGM's leading ladies were presented as elegant, and Harlow's screen persona was not so to Mayer. Bern then began urging close friend Irving Thalberg, production head of MGM, to sign Harlow, noting her popularity and established image. After initial reluctance Thalberg agreed, and on March 3, 1932, Harlow's 21st birthday, Bern called her with the news that MGM had purchased her contract from Hughes for $30,000. Harlow officially joined the studio on April 20, 1932.

At MGM, Harlow was given superior movie roles to show off her looks and nascent comedic talent. Though her screen persona changed dramatically during her career, one constant was her sense of humor. In 1932, she starred in the comedy Red-Headed Woman for which she received $1,250 a week. It was the first film in which she "resembles something of an actress", portraying a woman who is successful at being amoral in a film that does not moralize or punish the character for her behavior. The film is often noted as being one of the few films in which Harlow did not appear with platinum blonde hair; she wore a red wig for the role. While Harlow was filming Red-Headed Woman, actress Anita Page passed her on the studio lot without acknowledging her. She later told Page that the snub had caused her to cry until she saw herself, noticed the red wig, and burst out laughing when she realized Page had not recognized her. "That shows you how sensitive she was", Page said. "She was a lovely person in so many ways."

She next starred in Red Dust, her second film with Clark Gable. Harlow and Gable worked well together and co-starred in a total of six films. She was also paired multiple times with Spencer Tracy and William Powell. MGM began trying to distinguish Harlow's public persona from her screen characters by putting out press releases that her childhood surname was not the common 'Carpenter' but the chic 'Carpentiér', claiming that writer Edgar Allan Poe was one of her ancestors and publishing photographs of her doing charity work to change her image to that of an all-American woman. This transformation proved difficult; once, Harlow was heard muttering, "My God, must I always wear a low-cut dress to be important?"

During the making of Red Dust, Bern—her husband of two months—was found dead at their home; this created a lasting scandal. Initially, Harlow was suspected of killing Bern, but his death was officially ruled a suicide by self-inflicted gunshot wound. Louis B. Mayer feared negative publicity from the incident and intended to replace Harlow in the film, offering the role to Tallulah Bankhead. Bankhead was appalled by the offer and wrote in her autobiography, "To damn the radiant Jean for the misfortune of another would be one of the shabbiest acts of all time. I told Mr. Mayer as much." Harlow kept silent, survived the ordeal, and became more popular than ever. A 2009 biography of Bern asserted that Bern was, in fact, murdered by a former lover and the crime scene re-arranged by MGM executives to make it appear Bern had killed himself.

After Bern's death, Harlow began an indiscreet affair with boxer Max Baer who, though separated from his wife Dorothy Dunbar, was threatened with divorce proceedings naming Harlow as a co-respondent for alienation of affection, a legal term for adultery. After Bern's death, the studio did not want another scandal and defused the situation by arranging a marriage between Harlow and cinematographer Harold Rosson. Rosson and Harlow were friends, and Rosson went along with the plan. They quietly divorced eight months later.

By 1933, MGM realized the value of the Harlow-Gable team with Red Dust and paired them again in Hold Your Man (1933), which was also a box-office success. In the same year, she played the adulterous wife of Wallace Beery in the all-star comedy-drama Dinner at Eight, and played a pressured Hollywood film star in the screwball comedy Bombshell with Lee Tracy and Franchot Tone. The film has been said to be based on Harlow's own life or that of 1920s "It girl" Clara Bow.

The following year, she was teamed with Lionel Barrymore and Tone in The Girl from Missouri (1934). The film was the studio's attempt to soften Harlow's image, but suffered from censorship problems, so much so that its original title, Born to Be Kissed, had to be changed.

After the hit Hold Your Man, MGM cast the Harlow-Gable team in two more successful films: China Seas (1935), with Wallace Beery and Rosalind Russell; and Wife vs. Secretary (1936), with Myrna Loy and James Stewart. Stewart later spoke of a scene in a car with Harlow in Wife vs. Secretary, saying, "Clarence Brown, the director, wasn't too pleased by the way I did the smooching. He made us repeat the scene about half a dozen times ... I botched it up on purpose. That Jean Harlow sure was a good kisser. I realized that until then, I had never been really kissed."

Harlow was consistently voted one of the strongest box office draws in the United States from 1933 onward, often outranking her female colleagues at MGM in audience popularity polls. By the mid-1930s, she was one of the biggest stars in the US, and, it was hoped, MGM's next Greta Garbo. Still young, her star continued to rise while the popularity of other female stars at MGM, such as Garbo, Joan Crawford and Norma Shearer, waned. Harlow's movies continued to make huge profits at the box office even during the middle of the Depression.

After her third marriage ended in 1934, Harlow met William Powell, another MGM star, and quickly fell in love. The couple were reportedly engaged for two years, but differences that ranged from past marriages to Powell's uncertainty about the future, kept them from publicly formalizing their relationship. The two co-starred in her next film Reckless (1935), her first movie musical; her voice was dubbed with that of vocalist Virginia Verrill.

Suzy (1936), in which she played the title role, gave her top billing over four time co-star Tone and Cary Grant. While critics noted that Harlow dominated the film, it was a reasonable box-office success. She then starred in Riffraff (1936) a financial disappointment that co-starred Spencer Tracy and Una Merkel. Afterwards the release of worldwide hit Libeled Lady (1936), in which she was top-billed over Powell, Loy, and Tracy, brought good reviews for Harlow's comedic performance. During the filming, Jean Harlow was involved with William Powell while Spencer Tracy was having an affair with Myrna Loy. She then filmed W.S. Van Dyke's comedy Personal Property (1937), co-starring Robert Taylor. It was Harlow's final completed motion picture appearance.

Illness and death

In January 1937, Harlow and Robert Taylor traveled to Washington, D.C., to take part in fundraising activities associated with President Franklin D. Roosevelt's birthday, for the organization later known as the March of Dimes. Harlow, a Democrat, had campaigned for Roosevelt in the 1936 United States presidential election, and two years earlier for Upton Sinclair in the 1934 California gubernatorial election. The trip was physically taxing for Harlow, and she contracted influenza. She recovered in time to attend the Academy Awards ceremony with William Powell.

Filming for Harlow's final film, Saratoga, co-starring Clark Gable, was scheduled to begin in March 1937. However, production was delayed when she developed sepsis after a multiple wisdom tooth extraction, and had to be hospitalized. Almost two months later, Harlow recovered, and shooting began on April 22, 1937. She also appeared on the May 3 cover of Life magazine in photographs by Martin Munkácsi.

On May 20, 1937, while filming Saratoga, Harlow began to complain of illness. Her symptoms—fatigue, nausea, fluid retention and abdominal pain—did not seem very serious to the studio doctor, who believed that she was suffering from cholecystitis and influenza. The doctor was not aware that Harlow had been ill during the previous year with a severe sunburn and influenza. Friend and co-star Una Merkel noticed Harlow's on-set weight gain, gray pallor and fatigue.

On May 29, while Harlow filmed a scene in which her character had a fever, she was clearly sicker than her character and leaned against her co-star Gable between takes and said, "I feel terrible! Get me back to my dressing room." She requested that the assistant director telephone William Powell, who immediately left his own movie set, in order to escort her back home.

The next day, Powell checked on Harlow and discovered that her condition had not improved. He contacted her mother and insisted that she cut her holiday short to be at her daughter's side. Powell also summoned a doctor. Because Harlow's previous illnesses had delayed the shooting of three movies (Wife vs. Secretary, Suzy, and Libeled Lady), initially there was no great concern regarding this latest bout with a recurring illness. On June 2, it was announced she was again suffering from influenza. Dr. Ernest Fishbaugh, who had been called to Harlow's home to treat her, diagnosed her with an inflamed gallbladder. Mother Jean told MGM that Harlow was feeling better on June 3, and co-workers expected her back on the set by Monday, June 7, 1937. Press reports were contradictory, with headlines reading "Jean Harlow seriously ill" and "Harlow recovers from illness crisis". When she did not return to set, a concerned Gable visited her and later remarked that she was severely bloated and that he smelled urine on her breath when he kissed her—both signs of kidney failure.

Dr. Leland Chapman, a colleague of Fishbaugh, was called in to give a second opinion on Harlow's condition. Chapman recognized that she was not suffering from an inflamed gallbladder, but was in the final stages of kidney failure. On June 6, 1937, Harlow said that she could not see Powell clearly and could not tell how many fingers he was holding up.

That evening, she was taken to Good Samaritan Hospital in Los Angeles, where she slipped into a coma. The next day at 11:37 a.m., Harlow died in the hospital at the age of 26. In the doctor's press releases, the cause of death was given as cerebral edema, a complication of kidney failure. Hospital records mention uremia.

For years, rumors circulated about Harlow's death. Some claimed that her mother had refused to call a doctor because she was a Christian Scientist or that Harlow had declined hospital treatment or surgery. From the onset of her illness, Harlow had been attended by a doctor while she was resting at home. Two nurses also visited her house, and various equipment was brought from a nearby hospital. Harlow's grayish complexion, recurring illnesses, and severe sunburn were signs of the disease. Toxins also adversely affected her brain and central nervous system.

Harlow suffered from scarlet fever when she was 15, and speculation that she suffered a poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis following the incident, which may have caused high blood pressure and ultimately kidney failure, has been suggested. Her death certificate lists the cause of death as "acute respiratory infection", "acute nephritis", and "uremia".

One MGM writer later said, "The day Baby died...there wasn't one sound in the commissary for three hours." Frequent costar Spencer Tracy wrote in his diary, "Jean Harlow died. Grand girl."

Harlow was interred in the Great Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale in a private room of multicolored marble, which William Powell bought for $25,000 (equivalent to approximately $0 in dollars). She was laid to rest in the pink negligee she'd worn in Saratoga and in her hands she had a white gardenia along with a note that Powell had written: "Goodnight, my dearest darling." Harlow's inscription on her crypt reads, "Our Baby".

Spaces in the same room were reserved for Harlow's mother and Powell. Harlow's mother was buried there in 1958, but Powell married actress Diana Lewis in 1940. After his death in 1984, he was cremated and his ashes buried in Desert Memorial Park in Cathedral City, California.

MGM planned to replace Harlow in Saratoga with either Jean Arthur or Virginia Bruce, but because of public objections, the film was finished using three doubles (Mary Dees for close-ups, Geraldine Dvorak for long shots, and Paula Winslowe for dubbing Harlow's lines) and rewriting some scenes without her. The film was released on July 23, 1937, less than two months after Harlow's death, and was a hit with audiences, grossing $3.3 million in worldwide rentals and becoming the highest-grossing film of the year, as well as the highest-grossing film of Jean Harlow's career.

Legacy

According to Camille Paglia, the notion that blondes have more fun was started in Hollywood by Harlow. Pagilia noted "The women who really started all this in Hollywood was Jean Harlow, with that platinum blonde look which was so incredibly unnatural. With her it was associated with being a harlot — she was mimicking the slouchy, louche look of someone who's a machine for pleasure."

She is noted to have inspired Marilyn Monroe, Madonna and others.

Her name was given to a cocktail, the "Jean Harlow", which is equal parts light rum and sweet vermouth.

Blues musician Lead Belly wrote the song "Jean Harlow" while in prison upon hearing about her death.

The French composer Charles Koechlin composed the piece Épitaphe de Jean Harlow (opus 164) in 1937.

On February 8, 1960, Jean Harlow was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 6910 Hollywood Boulevard on the south part of the Hollywood Boulevard in Los Angeles, California.

Kim Carnes's hit "Bette Davis Eyes" (1981) contains the line "her hair is Harlow gold."

Harlow's signature, hands and footprints were imprinted in cement on September 29, 1933, in the 24th ceremony at Grauman's Chinese Theater and are located near the forecourt on the west side of the box office at 6925 Hollywood Boulevard, Hollywood, California.

Novel
Harlow wrote a novel titled Today Is Tonight. In Arthur Landau's introduction to the 1965 paperback edition, Harlow stated around 1933–1934 her intention to write the book, but it was not published during her lifetime. During her life, Harlow's stepfather Marino Bello shopped the unpublished manuscript to a few studios. Louis B. Mayer, head of MGM, prevented the book from being sold by putting an injunction on it using a clause in Harlow's contract: her services as an artist couldn't be used without MGM's permission. After her death, Landau wrote, her mother sold the film rights to MGM, though no film was made. The publication rights were passed from Harlow's mother to a family friend, and the book was finally published in 1965.

Film portrayals
Film adaptations of Harlow's life were considered at different times during the 1950s. Twentieth Century-Fox had slated Jayne Mansfield for the role, and ideas for Columbia Pictures actress Cleo Moore to play Harlow were also tabled. These projects never materialized. Marilyn Monroe was given a role for Harlow in 1953, but she declined it, feeling it was under-developed.

In 1965, two films about Jean Harlow were released, both titled Harlow. The first film was released by Magna Corporation in May 1965, and starred Carol Lynley. The second film was released in June 1965 by Paramount Pictures, and starred Carroll Baker. Both were poorly received, and did not perform well at the box office.

In 1975, Roberta Collins played Harlow in the rhythm-and-blues band Bloodstone's pop musical movie Train Ride to Hollywood.

In 1978, Lindsay Bloom portrayed her in Hughes and Harlow: Angels in Hell.

In August 1993, Sharon Stone hosted a documentary about Harlow titled Harlow: The Blonde Bombshell, which aired on Turner Classic Movies.

In 2004, Gwen Stefani briefly appeared as Harlow at the red carpet premiere for Hell's Angels in Martin Scorsese's Howard Hughes biopic The Aviator.

title: Jean Harlow


text:
Talk:Takbir

RfC: Terrorist war cry
Should the following text recently added to the lead section in Special:Diff/970457222/970590728 be included in the article?

—  Newslinger  talk   06:17, 3 August 2020 (UTC)

 * A recent social media campaign led by OpIndia and other right-wing Indian Twitter accounts objected to the language in the Jai Shri Ram article. As a result, the above text was added to the Takbir (allahu akbar) article, although the sourcing here is not nearly as strong as in the Jai Shri Ram article . If any editors are able to find academic sources for these claims or provide suggestions for alternative wording, both would be appreciated. —  Newslinger   talk   06:26, 3 August 2020 (UTC)

Notified: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Islam. — Newslinger  talk   06:42, 3 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Comment The proposed text only focusses on modern terrorism, and is not properly sourced: it solely rests on primary sources of isolated events, but not on secondary sources which discuss the phenomenon itself. As it stands, the current way of using sources could also support a statement like "cars of the brand XXX are used by Jihadist terrorists when perpetrating communal atrocities against people of other faiths", with a news source about an attack which happens to mention the car manufacturer. This is the sort of quality you expect when edits are not driven by the intention to improve this encyclopedia, but by socmed campaigns.
 * That said, good sources about the takbir as a battle cry are easy to find, a Google Scholar search will lead you there. But it will also be clear that the use of the takbir as "battle cry" (or its Western perception as such) is not restricted to modern terrorist attacks, but has many historical precedents, including in contexts that do not count as "terrorism", but rather conventional warfare. The section "In Politics and warfare" offers good material about it, and the lead should summarize all aspects of that section, based on acadamic peer-reviewed secondary sources. But certainly, the appropriation of the phrase by modern extremists, and its ensuing perception as such by non-Muslims in public discourse deserve a mention in the lead. –Austronesier (talk) 08:17, 3 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Add Maybe I should have been more clear. The notability of the abuse of the takbir by extremists cannot be separated from existence of the global right-wing bigot trope that Allahu akbar is "the Terrorist war cry". Peaceful Muslims are harassed, profiled or unduly come under suspicion just for uttering the takbir, the tahmid or just in sha'a llah in public, and that is notable, too. –Austronesier (talk) 18:39, 6 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Comment I mostly agree with the above comment, but disagree regarding the idea that the phrase's appropriation by modern extremists deserves mentioning in the lede. It is used "to express resolute determination" which includes its used as a battle cry (as pointed out in Takbir), regardless of whether the violence is terrorist/non-terrorist/legitimate/illegitimate etc. Usually, this phrase would be used by religious Muslims in all activities involving violence, regardless of whether they are offensive or self-defence. It looks like the phrase's use in extremist violence makes up for a very small portion of its overall use; therefore, I believe mentioning this in the lede gives significant undue weight. In the lede, just mention that it also gets commonly used as a battle cry, don't see any reason to mention anything further. — AhmadF.Cheema (talk) 13:09, 3 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment Definitely not. Describing the takbir as an 'Islamic war cry', where its use is limited to extremist groups who profess to follow a very narrow interpretation of the religion, is inappropriate. This paragraph also seems to violate WP:NPOV in its prose. Sustenance in Sonder - IseDaByThatEditsTheBoat 17:34, 3 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Strongly oppose It puts way too much weight on usage in extremism, compared to the literally every-day usage among almost 2 billion people. The wording is also very disingenuous, suggesting some normalisation of atrocities in Islamic terminology. One could write something very brief, such as "e.g. as a battle cry" after "used ... to express resolute determination or defiance". One could also add that in the Western world it is nowadays commonly associated with that usage, but only if a proper source is given (some linguistic/cultural commentary, not a news article) and the context is extended to emphasise the everyday usage. Tokenzero (talk) 21:22, 3 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment While I strongly agree with the statement and it's necessity to be included the lede to maintain WP:NPOV and Due, the sources seems to be a bit lacking. I don't think the solution is to remove it completely, but to let be so that other editors can add to it, as this does not violate BLP. - BhaskaraPattelar (talk) 09:52, 5 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose – there's so much wrong here, I don't know where to begin. For starters: the words war cry are used three times in two sentences in something proposed for the lead, thus of major importance to the article. All right then, so how many times do the four references supplied contain the expression, war cry ? One moment while I tally them all up... one second... almost done... Okay, done; I'm back: the total number of times that the expression war cry is used in all four of those references is: zero. What the editor has done here, is to take some accounts about terrorist attacks, and provide his own spin on what a shouted phrase means, supported by none of the sources. It's hard to take seriously an Rfc calling for a triple injection of a contentious characterization into the lead, supported by exactly nothing. Mathglot (talk) 11:49, 5 August 2020 (UTC)
 *  Comment As this New York Times article Allahu Akbar’: An Everyday Phrase, Tarnished by Attacks states it needs to be mentioned thin some form that is used by Muslim militants.Just a few references below there are several other references.Pharaoh of the Wizards (talk) 20:09, 5 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Comment Per WP:LEAD, the "In Politics and warfare" text should be noticable in the lead, currently it is not. Also, it seems logical that "In Politics and warfare" should be part of "Usage" in the article structure, not on the same "level." Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 10:05, 6 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment Per Austronesier and Gråbergs, include not just the instance of modern terrorism but all instances of its usage in the lead. That being said, not including its usage as a war cry in the lead (as it is currently) is missing out on giving WP:DUE weight to the MOS:LEAD. SerChevalerie (talk) 13:52, 6 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose, but . . . The suggested version goes too far. However, per MOS:LEAD, the "Politics and Warfare" section of the article should appear in the lead. Would support a toned-down version. Adoring nanny (talk) 02:24, 9 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I think the proposed wording is quite inappropriate for this article and so oppose for now. I appreciate 's request for alternative wording and let me come up some and we can then discuss that wording. The article's lead should reflect the rest of the article.VR talk 14:29, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Strongly support Leaders of the world agree that radical Islamic terrorism is the biggest threat to humanity today. Everyday people should become aware of this threat.  The biggest war cry for terrorists in training camps in Pakistan is "Allahu Akbar", which means "There is no one greater than Allah."  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Shahtirth94 (talk • contribs) 13:56, 15 August 2020 (UTC)  — Shahtirth94 (talk • contribs) has made few or no other edits outside this topic.
 * Strongest possible oppose firstly, in WP terms this is interpretation of primary sources - which as Mathglot points out, isn't even very accurate and goes way beyond those handful of sources. Going beyond that, having edited many of these terrorist incident articles, what is much more commonly sourced than "the perp said 'Allahu Akbar'", is that "an unnamed witness or two CLAIMS they shouted it", this has happened even in incidents like 2016 Munich shooting - where the perp turned out to be a far-right, Christian convert, and 2016 Nice truck attack, where it has pretty much proven that background noise of truck and victims would have made it quite impossible for anyone to hear anything said by the perp. I don't doubt that there may have been incidents where the takbir was used by perps, but what is certainly true is that the claim, often by a small number of anon witnesses, that the expression was used during an attack has become a journalistic cliche, often dubiously sourced. As the NBC source says "The phrase “Allahu akbar” has become almost synonymous with terrorism in American popular culture" that is probably at least as reliably sourced as its actual use in attacks. Pincrete (talk) 15:22, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * If there are sources that cover the phenomenon of people falsely hearing Allahu Akbar that might be interesting to cover in this article. Do you know of any sociologists, psychologists who might have written about this?VR talk 15:36, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * No I don't. Except with the Munich attack (where early media assumptions about the perp were very wrong), other claims - including many in the sources here - tend to be dubious, rather than consciously dishonest. "An unnamed witness says", "an unnamed police officer says that unnamed witnesses heard" … … . It's WP:OR on my part of course, but in all the confusion, noise and panic of a violent incident, people who don't know a word of Arabic are suddenly clear about what was shouted? I have heard interview tapes in which the interviewer is clearly leading fairly peripheral witnesses as to whether "Allahu Akbar" was what they had heard shouted. That this was said several times in the Charlie Hebdo incident is better sourced, and possibly on other occasions, "she said he left, shouting, “Allahu akbar, allahu akbar”,… … "She said they yelled “allahu akbar” or “God is great” before running out of the office", but neither of these uses could possibly be described, and is not described, as 'a war cry' and the characterisation of it thus is mainly a media cliche in my experience. If terrorist use is covered at all, it should not be as proposed here IMO. Pincrete (talk) 16:14, 20 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Oppose. The few sources about this usage focused on the term (as opposed to ones that mention it in passing) specifically note that it is overstated and that that usage does not have any special meaning outside of its generally common use as a battle cry. --Aquillion (talk) 00:19, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

Usage by [both] extremists [pural] and terrorists [pural]
The article has a paragraph >> "===Usage by [both] extremists [pural] and terrorists [pural]==="

Within this para : There is ONE cited example of this usage. With the Wikilink previously removed. The sentence is also qualified > "sometimes" and it provides no details - just a citation to a voluminous document.

However there are FOUR cited detailed rebuttals of this usage.

I have added - one citation with -further examples, with my edit explanations - which have been immediately reverted with no explanation, or reverted with completely unconvincing explanations : "already sourced" -    "not really a NPOV source" - "not needed" - "stop edit warring".

There a consensus on this page to not include this usage in the Lead. I accept that.

Please provide valid reasons for rejecting this inclusion.

Airport167 (talk) 02:43, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

 * No, all you did is add a citation (link to a book) to a statement that is already sourced. What exactly is that supposed to achieve (given that the statement in question is not challenged)? M.Bitton (talk) 11:49, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

 * In the words of our enemies by Jed Babbin, covers the subject of Allah Akbar used by terrorists, worldwide on pages 27, 104, 107, 109, 120, 123 & 124.

 * There are countless examples of Allah Akbar used worldwide by [both] extremists [pural] and terrorists [pural].

 * Rather than being a Cinematic-Trope it is now Cinematic-Imersive with terrorists filming, and live streaming, their atrocities using GoPro cameras, while shouting Allah Akbar.

 * Airport167 (talk) 20:19, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

Additional sources for usage by extremists and terrorists
I added two additional sources for usage by extremists and terrorists in unrelated events in order to back the claim. M.Bitton reverted my changes. It's not uncommon to have multiple sources and I don't see why this case should different. dindia (talk) 16:39, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Like I said, it's already sourced and there is no need for others (especially, second rate recent ones). It's also amply clear that your edits (since October 2023) serve no other purpose than to push a POV regarding the Palestine-Israel conflict, specifically, the Hamas attack (when your edit warring started). M.Bitton (talk) 16:49, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

The section, 'Usage by extremists and terrorists' as it stands, is not balanced
Responding to the (14 March 2024), puerile comment by > "another day, another SPA. Please read the talk page and find something actually useful to add to the article".

The above 'Talk Page' discussion concludes that, "Consensus clearly exists that the specific statement is inappropriate for the lead". Not that, 'specific statements' are inappropriate in the body of the article.

The article editing includes (random-editor-opinion) statements such as "random occurrences must not be quoted". The article then proceeds to quote a random occurrence [cite 27] leading to an Allah Akbar example buried within a 19,000 word report. ( and what is so special about this particular random occurrence? ), followed by 4 detailed POV rebuttals of, the (very subject of the section) 'usage by extremists and terrorists'.

The entire section, paradoxically-headed, 'Usage by extremists and terrorists', lacks encyclopaedic balance.

It is proposed that the following RS, scholarly inclusion, be added.

-

The term Allah Akbar is often misunderstood by Western media.

DublinSunrise5 (talk) 04:23, 16 March 2024 (UTC) DublinSunrise5 (talk) 04:23, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

May 2024
please refrain from edit warring and seek consensus for your change. The first source says "when we say Allah in our prayers we mean the Creator of this world" and the second doesn't support what you added: the "however ...." is clearly your WP:OR to differentiate them from the Muslims when the source that you cited does no such thing). M.Bi tton (talk) 01:37, 31 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Since you refuse to use the talk page and have ignored my request to refrain from edit warring, you have now been reported for violating the 3R policy. M.Bitton (talk) 02:08, 31 May 2024 (UTC)

 * In the article section ==Usage by Christians== the Palestinian Orthodox Archbishop of Sebastia explains that :
 * Allah Akbar is used by Christians
 * and
 * how  Christians define Allah.

 * The proposed wording :
 * __

 * The phrase (Allah, meaning "God and Father of our Lord, Jesus Christ" and "the Creator of this world"  in English) is only used by Arab Christians in third person view, and is rarely mentioned during prayers or church service. For example, the phrase Allah is used in liturgical contexts among Palestinian Christians, and its use has been defended by Theodosios, the Palestinian Orthodox Archbishop of Sebastia.

 * Kelator (talk) 21:53, 2 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Above addition needed to differentiate the Christian Allah from the Islamic 'Allah' contained in the current article.

 * '==Etymology=='
 * '==Etymology=='

 * The form  is a nominative of Allah, meaning 'God'

 * Kelator (talk) 23:05, 3 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Do you have any comments here. If not I suggest the above para is reinstated.
 * Kelator (talk) 20:52, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I see no point in repeating the fact that I disagree with you. If you restore your POV in full knowledge of this, you will be reported to the admins. M.Bitton (talk) 21:05, 4 June 2024 (UTC)

 * It is not my POV. It is the theological position, as specificied  in his introductory paragraph, by the Palestinian Orthodox Archbishop of Sebastia.  Before I restore the paragraph, please state clearly why you disagree with me.
 * Kelator (talk) 23:56, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
 * It's your POV, based on your own interpretation (after reading what you want to read) of the source, just like you did when you were persistently edit warring and ignoring the talk page (that you only started using after you were blocked). The Archbishop, who uses other expressions such as mashaAllah, etc., says in no uncertain terms that he uses Allah to refer to god because that's what the word stands for in Arabic. More important is the fact that he says We Christians also say Allahu Akbar. This is an expression of our understanding that the Creator is great...... Allahu Akbar is an expression of our faith. If you still disagree with that, then you seek consensus for whatever you're after. M.Bitton (talk) 00:07, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Thank you. I have adjusted the proposal taking into account your comments. Trust that is satisfactory ?

 * The proposed wording

 * __

 * Theodosios, the Palestinian Orthodox Archbishop of Sebastia says that, the phrase (Allah, meaning "God and Father of our Lord, Jesus Christ" and also that, "we Christians also say Allahu Akbar. This is an expression of our understanding that the Creator is great...... Allahu Akbar is an expression of our faith"[1] The phrase is only used by Arab Christians in third person, and is rarely mentioned during prayers or church service. For example, the phrase Allah is used in liturgical contexts among Palestinian Christians.

 * Kelator (talk) 00:30, 5 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Not it's not. Here's what I suggest:
 * Simple and to the point. M.Bitton (talk) 00:32, 5 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Simple and to the point. M.Bitton (talk) 00:32, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Simple, accurate and to the point.

 * Kelator (talk) 01:23, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Theodosios, the Palestinian Orthodox Archbishop of Sebastia says that, the phrase (Allah, meaning "God and Father of our Lord, Jesus Christ" all your proposals are based on your misreading of the source and attribution of your POV to the Archbishop who never said anything resembling "God and Father of our Lord, Jesus Christ".

 * Anyway, since I'm clearly wasting my time trying to reason with you, I'll ask the other editor ( that you pinged above) to weigh in. M.Bitton (talk) 01:33, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

 * OK The paragraph - from the same source - does not even need the Archbishop's endorsement :

 * Kelator (talk) 02:13, 5 June 2024 (UTC)
 * This is obviously POV pushing. Your own source clearly says "when we say Allah in our prayers we mean the Creator of this world". Skitash (talk) 10:48, 5 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I think we wasted enough time with this. If you agree with what I suggested above, please go ahead and implement it. M.Bitton (talk) 22:13, 5 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Certainly. I concur with your suggestion, and I have now implemented it. Skitash (talk) 22:34, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Skitash. You are absolutely correct. The source clearly says :
 * "We the Arab Christians say Allah in our Arabic language as a way to identify and address the Creator in our prayers.”
 * The section under discussion, Usage by Christians refering specifically to Christians for which the source clearly clarifies :
 * ”Arabic speaking Christians also call God Allah when they speak of the one whom we worship as the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ"
 * Kelator (talk) 21:31, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Reiterating --
 * The above addition is needed to differentiate the Christian Allah from the Islamic 'Allah' contained in the current article.
 * "==Etymology== The term  is a nominative of Allah, meaning 'God in Islam'."
 * Kelator (talk) 22:23, 5 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Please refrain from forcing your POV against consensus. M.Bitton (talk) 11:39, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Please refrain from forcing your POV against consensus. M.Bitton (talk) 11:39, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Takbir


text:
Talk:Burke and Wills expedition

Currency conversion
Conversion from 1860 pounds to 2003 dollars was made by using http://www.eh.net to convert from 1860 pounds to 2002 pounds (they don't have 2003 data), then converting to AUD using the current exchange rate (2.46) -- Tim Starling 12:50, Aug 11, 2003 (UTC)

Fix links
Link to Charles Grey is not correct. Need to fix, not sure how to do it. Jimc 22:19, 21 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * See Disambiguation. The disambiguation section of Boilerplate text is also useful. If you want to write the biographies not just move them around, you should read Manual of Style (biographies) if you haven't already done so. -- Tim Starling 01:40, 22 Aug 2003 (UTC)

THANKS! Jimc 02:33, 22 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Dig Tree Vandalised
As I recall, the Dig Tree was vandalised early this year or late last year, and burned to the ground. It was on the news, but I don't have a ref for it and this will need to be checked. Tannin 13:32, 20 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Tanin, the tree that was destroyed in December 2002 was not Burke & Wills' Dig Tree at Coopers Creek, it was the one blazed by Landsborough at the Albert River near Burketown, Queensland. Landsborough was leading one of the search parties out looking for Burke and Wills. Rocketfrog 00:52, 15 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Information about the tree from Burke Shire Council
 * Report of damage from the Sydney Morning Herald
 * Report of damage from ABC Rural News

Return to Coopers Creek - different sources
Im confused about how many times they returned to Coopers creek.. obviously there was 1) when they camped there on their way north, and 2) when they returned and found the dig sign.. but I'm not sure if they came back a 3rd time - they headed south west through the desert but did they turn back? the state library of victoria says that only Wills returned to the camp: "Burke later sent Wills back to Camp LXV for another 'last look'." whereas here it says that all three of them went back: "Meanwhile Burke, Wills and King realised they could not make the long trip. Their supplies were running out and the last camel had died so they returned to Coopers Creek." , while a number of other sources dont mention a 3rd arrival at Coopers creek by Burke & Wills at all. Cfitzart 13:34, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Cooper Creek timeline; B&W returned to the Cooper on 21 April 1861 to find Brahe had left. Burke decided to head for Mt Hopeless and they followed the Cooper downstream as A C Gregory had done in 1858. They left the Cooper on 17 May 1861 and headed into the Strzelecki Desert. They returned to the Cooper on 22 May 1861, having been unsuccesful in their attempt to reach Mt Hopeless. They then remained on the creek untill their deaths, although they did move camp several times. Rocketfrog 00:52, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

Miles and kilometres
The article has miles in some places and kilometres in other places. Somebody should standardise these (my brain won't function well enough to do the conversions). Australia is metric now, but we used miles back then. We should probably go with miles. JackofOz 06:47, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Mount Hopeless "police outpost"
I've removed mention of the "police outpost" at Mt Hopeless from here and the biographies of Burke and Wills, because I've been doing some research into the history of the Flinders Ranges, and it's clear there was no such thing. A police outpost was briefly established at Angepena station (some 100 km southeast of Mt Hopeless) in 1857. Only in 1869 was a more permanent station was opened at Mount Freeling, some 40km east of Mt Hopeless. Since I had also always known the Burke and Wills story as setting out for a police station at Mt Hopeless, I checked Alan Moorehead's Cooper's Creek, and found that he indeed only refers to "the homesteads which they believed existed near Mount Hopeless" (p 110). As John Baker had established a station on the extreme frontier at Blanchewater in 1858 (very near Mount Hopeless), it's undoubtedly that station which Burke had heard of before they left, and what they were heading for. Itsonlyme 15:14, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

Mind you, I note Moorehead does write on page 94: "Mount Hopeless, where they knew there was a police-station". Perhaps it all has to do with the fact that the police-station at Angepena was on Baker's chief property, Blanchewater/Mount Hopeless was an outstation of Baker's, and so it all got confused, and perhaps even Burke was confused. Itsonlyme 18:07, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

- - - - -

Burke's instructions from the Royal Society required him to keep open communications with the Expedition Committee either via Menindee, or if he saw fit, by way of the South Australian Police Station at Mount Serle (Angepena). In 1858, A C Gregory had travelled down the Cooper and Strzelecki Creeks and, near the hill named Mount Hopeless by Eyre, had found a cattle station. A C Gregory - 26th June 1858 "As we approached the range of hills tracks of cattle and horses were observed, and eight miles beyond Mount Hopeless came to a cattle station which had been lately established by Mr. Baker."

John Baker had established this station in 1857 on a lease of 518 km². Baker expanded the property to over 3000 km² and upon his death in 1872 it was aquired by Thomas Elder. Elder had his homestead at Manuwalkaninna and turned Baker's Station into a horse breeding enterprise known as Blanchewater Horse Stations which covered around 10,000 km². In 1890 the property was turned over to sheep and the homestead moved to Murnpeowie (Mumpy) and Baker's Station became an outstation (Blanchewater)which was damaged by floods in 1944.

So in 1860 when Burke left Melbourne, he would have been aware of the small hill named Mount Hopeless by Eyre, the station established by Baker near Mount Hopeless (which is now called Blanchewater) and the police outpost at Angepena, near Mount Serle. When Burke left the Cooper on 17 May 1861 he was attempting to follow Gregory's track and therefore would have been heading for Baker's Station and then presumably Angepena and the settled districts of South Australia. There was no police station at Baker's Station, there was no police station at Mount Hopeless, and the station that later became known as Blanchewater, and which is now a ruin, was not an outstation of Baker's in 1858 but his main run. While Moorehead wrote an excellent novel on the subject, his research has been questioned and he often does add to the layers of myth attached to the expedition and maybe he should really be regarded as a secondary source. Rocketfrog 12:35, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for clearing that up! Itsonlyme 19:22, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Burke's death
According to this article: http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200607/s1679742.htm in 1875 a credible account was published that Burke was killed by King. It deserves a mention here. McKay 12:07, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

SMH has also picked up the story. They refer to a paper published in the latest issue of Aboriginal History magazine, which could be worth checking out. John Dalton (talk) 23:34, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

Re Date of Burke's death, the para about his death has generally accepted as on 28 June while under the next para with the probable dates of all their deaths, it had for Burke 1 July - so have amended to 28 June or 1 July', though perhaps it could be in between! Hugo999 (talk) 13:41, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

ACOTF nomination
I nominated this article for Australian collaboration of the fortnight. Please go to the WP page bluelinked in the header to add your support.SauliH 14:41, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

Statue
If there is not going to be an entirely separate article for the Statue crafted by Charles Summers, then surely this article must have a section on the funding for, and the construction of, the statue. And, as well, it should contain an account of the different locations this poor statue has been forced to occupy, and the reasons for each of its moves. Also, it would seem rather important that the account also refers to the fact that the statue, in its correct and original location, comes in for a mention Fergus Hume's Mystery of a Hansom Cab.129.94.30.6 (talk) 02:29, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

Robert O'Hara Burke by Andrew Jackson
An audio version of Robert O'Hara Burke by Andrew Jackson is available at http://librivox.org/robert-ohara-burke-by-andrew-jackson/

Grey or Gray?
The name of Charles Grey in this article is sometimes spelled with "a" and sometimes with "e". I don't know which is correct, so if someone who knows the answer would make the changes. 75.69.0.58 (talk) 10:53, 3 August 2009 (UTC)

Wills' diary has him as Gray and Wills' map show the creek thay named after him as 'Gray's Creek', so I have changed all the Greys to Grays. Rocketfrog (talk) 22:34, 3 August 2009 (UTC)

Broken weblink
This weblink is dead. I was going to replace it with this one but it doesn't seem appropriate to the context. --Northernhenge (talk) 13:33, 3 January 2010 (UTC)

I have updated the dead weblink to the following page and also added an additional reference to. Rocketfrog (talk) 20:26, 3 January 2010 (UTC)

Not in order?
Any reason the "departure section" is not in chronological order?LRT24 (talk) 00:08, 10 February 2011 (UTC)

The "departure section" is written in a chronological order and it is placed on the page in chronological order as well - why do you think it is not in chronological order? Rocketfrog (talk) 22:11, 14 February 2011 (UTC) hay why is berke such a bully mean i would like to bash him — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.122.236.3 (talk) 03:36, 4 March 2014 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 10:32, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Australian Expedition?
It seems entirely inappropriate to describe this as an "Australian expedition". This was the Victoria Exploration Expedition; the states were not federated into Australia and were in fierce competition. State rivalry between South Australia and Victoria was particularly important. This was not an "Australian" expedition but an expedition funded by the state of Victoria and the Philosophical Institute of Victoria.MargaretRDonald (talk) 22:03, 15 October 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Burke and Wills expedition


text:
Don (honorific)

The term Don (, roughly 'Lord') abbreviated as D., is an honorific prefix primarily used in Spain and Hispanic America, and with different connotations also in Italy, Portugal and its former colonies, and formerly in the Philippines.

Don is derived from the Latin dominus: a master of a household, a title with background from the Roman Republic in classical antiquity. With the abbreviated form having emerged as such in the Middle Ages, traditionally it is reserved for Catholic clergy and nobles, in addition to certain educational authorities and persons of distinction.

The older form of Dom is the variant used in Portuguese, which in Brazil is reserved for bishops. The title is also used among Benedictine monks for those members of the community who have professed perpetual religious vows. The equivalent of Doña or Dame is used by nuns of the Order.

In Spanish, although originally a title reserved for royalty, select nobles, and church hierarchs, it is now often used as a mark of esteem for a person of personal, social or official distinction, such as a community leader of long-standing, a person of significant wealth, or a noble, but may also be used ironically. As a style, rather than a title or rank, it is used with, rather than in place of, a person's name.

The feminine equivalents are Doña, Donna , Doamnă (Romanian) and Dona abbreviated 'D.ª', 'Da.', or simply 'D.' It is a common honorific reserved for women, especially mature women. In Portuguese Dona tends to be less restricted in use to women than Dom is to men. Today in the Spanish language, Doña is used to respectfully refer to a mature woman. In present-day Hispanic America, the title Don or Doña is sometimes used in honorific form when addressing a senior citizen. In some countries, Don or Doña may be used as a generic honorific, similar to Sir and Madam in the United States.

Syntactically, in Spanish, don and doña are used in a way similar to "mister" (señor) and "missus" (señora), but convey a higher degree of reverence, although not necessarily as high as knightly or noble titles such as lord and dame. Unlike The Honourable in English (but like the English Sir for a knight or baronet), Don may be used when speaking directly to a person, and unlike mister it must be used with a given name. For example, "Don Diego de la Vega" or simply "Don Diego" (the secret identity of Zorro) are typical forms. But a form using the last name (e.g. "Don de la Vega") is not considered correct and rarely would be used by Spanish speakers ("señor de la Vega" would be used instead).

Spanish-speaking countries and territories
Historically, don was used to address members of the nobility, e.g. hidalgos, as well as members of the secular clergy. The treatment gradually came to be reserved for persons of the blood royal, and those of such acknowledged high or ancient aristocratic birth as to be noble de Juro e Herdade, that is, "by right and heredity" rather than by the king's grace. However, there were rare exemptions to the rule, such as the mulatto Miguel Enríquez who received the distinction from Philip V due to his privateering work in the Caribbean. By the twentieth century it was no longer restricted in use to even the upper classes, since persons of means or education (at least of a "bachiller" level), came to be so addressed as regardless of background. It is now often used as a more formal version of Señor, a term which itself was also once used to address someone with the quality of nobility (not necessarily holding a nobiliary title). This was, for example, the case of military leaders addressing Spanish troops as "señores soldados" (gentlemen-soldiers).

Don would roughly translate to "mister" or "esquire".

Spain
During the reign of King Juan Carlos of Spain from 1975 until his abdication as monarch on 19 June 2014, he was titled Su Majestad [S. M.] el Rey Juan Carlos (His Majesty King Juan Carlos). Following the abdication, Juan Carlos and his wife are titled, according to the Royal Household website, S. M. el Rey Don Juan Carlos (H.M. King Juan Carlos) and S. M. la Reina Doña Sofía (H.M. Queen Sofía)—the same as during his reign, with the honorific Don/Doña prefixed to the names. Juan Carlos' successor is S. M. el Rey Felipe VI.

Basque
The Spanish usage is similar among Basque speakers in Spain using don and doña. The honorific is sometimes adapted as on as in the priest and scholar on Joxemiel Barandiaran (Don José Miguel Barandiarán) or fictional knight On Kixote (Don Quixote).

Sephardi Jews
The honorific was also used among Ladino-speaking Sephardi Jews, as part of the Spanish culture which they took with them after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492.

Hispanic America
The honorific title Don was widely used in Crown documents throughout Hispanic America by those in nobility or landed gentry. It can be found in the many 'Padrones' and "Aguas y Tierras" records in Mexican archives. The honorific in modern times is also widely used throughout the Americas. This is the case of the Mexican New Age author Don Miguel Ángel Ruiz, the Chilean television personality Don Francisco, and the Puerto Rican industrialist and politician Don Luis Ferré, among many other figures. Although Puerto Rican politician Pedro Albizu Campos had a doctoral degree, he has been titled Don. Likewise, Puerto Rican Governor Luis Muñoz Marín has often been called Don Luís Muñoz Marin instead of Governor Muñoz Marin. In the same manner, Don Miguel Ángel Ruiz is an M.D. Additionally the honorific is usually used with people of older age.

The same happens in other Hispanic American countries. For example, despite having a doctoral degree in theology, the Paraguayan dictator José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia was usually styled as "Don". Likewise, despite being a respected military commander with the rank of Brigade General, Argentine Ruler Juan Manuel de Rosas was formally and informally styled "Don" as a more important title.

Prior to the American ownership of the Southwest, a number of Americans immigrated to California, where they often became Mexican citizens and changed their given names to Spanish equivalents, for example "Juan Temple" for Jonathan Temple. It was common for them to assume the honorific "don" once they had attained a significant degree of distinction in the community.

Philippines
In Spanish colonial Philippines, this honorific was reserved to the nobility, the prehispanic datu that became the principalía, whose right to rule was recognised by Philip II on 11 June 1594. Similar to Latin America, the title Don is considered highly honoured, more so than academic titles such as "Doctor", political titles such as "Governor", and even knights titled "Sir". Usage was retained during the American period, although traditional official positions of the principalía (e.g., gobernadorcillo and cabeza de barangay) were replaced by American political positions such as the municipal president. The practise slowly faded after World War II, as heirs of the principalía often did not inherit the title, and as civic leaders were chosen by popular election. Prior to 1954, the appointment and tenure of mayors was at the pleasure of the president of the Philippines, pursuant to Commonwealth Act No. 158 amending Commonwealth Act No. 57., Section 8 of Commonwealth Act No. 158, as amended by Republic Act No. 276. The 1987 Constitution, meanwhile, explicitly prohibits recognition of titles of nobility, thus the terms Don and Doña are now courtesy titles with no requirements for their attainment other than common usage for socially prominent and rich persons.

Italy
Officially, Don was the honorific title exclusively reserved for a member of a noble family such a principe, a duca, a marchese or a conte (and any legitimate, male-line descendant thereof). A reigning prince or duke would also be entitled to some form of the higher style of Altezza (eg Sua Altezza Serenissima, Sua Altezza Reale) in addition to the Don. This was how the style was used in the Almanach de Gotha for extant families in its third section focused on the 200 non sovereign princely and ducal families of Europe.

The last official Italian nobility law (abrogated 1948) stated that the style belonged to members of the following groups: Genealogical databases and dynastic works still reserve the title for this class of noble by tradition, although it is no longer a right under Italian law.
 * those whose main title was principe, duca, marchese or conte ;
 * those who had a special grant;
 * those to whom it had been recognized by the former Lombardy (Duchy of Milan); or
 * those from the Kingdom of Sardinia who bore either a title of hereditary knight or of the titled nobility (whatever the main title of the family).

In practice, however, the style Don/Donna (or Latin Dominus/Domina) was used more loosely in church, civil and notarial records. The honorific was often accorded to the untitled gentry (e.g., knights or younger sons of noblemen), priests, or other people of distinction. It was, over time, adopted by organized criminal societies in Southern Italy (including Naples, Sicily, and Calabria) to refer to members who held considerable sway within their hierarchies.

In modern Italy, the title is usually only given to Roman Catholic diocesan priests (never to prelates, who bear higher honorifics such as monsignore, eminenza, and so on). In Sardinia, until recently it was commonly used for nobility (whether titled or not), but it is being presently used mainly when the speaker wants to show that he knows the don ' s condition of nobility.

Outside of the priesthood or old nobility, usage is still common in Southern Italy, mostly as an honorific form to address the elderly, but it is rarely, if ever, used in Central Italy or Northern Italy. It can be used satirically or ironically to lampoon a person's sense of self-importance.

Don is prefixed either to the full name or to the person's given name. The form "Don Lastname" for crime bosses (as in Don Corleone) is an American custom. In Southern Italy, mafia bosses are addressed as "Don Firstname" by other mafiosi and sometimes their victims as well, while the press usually refers to them as "Firstname Lastname", without the honorific.

Priests are the only ones to be referred as "Don" plus the last name (e.g. Don Marioni), although when talking directly to them they are usually addressed as "Don" plus the first name (e.g. Don Francesco), which is also the most common form used by parishioners when referring to their priest.

Portuguese-speaking countries and territories
The usage of Dom was a prerogative of princes of royal blood and also of other individuals to whom it had been granted by the sovereign. In most cases, the title was passed on through the male line. Strictly speaking, only females born of a nobleman bearing the title Dom would be addressed as Dona ('D.ª'), but the style was not heritable through daughters. The few exceptions depended solely on the conditions upon which the title itself had been granted. A well-known exception is the descent of Dom Vasco da Gama.

There were many cases, both in Portugal and Brazil, in which the title of Dom (or Dona) was conceded to, and even bought by, people who were not from royalty. In any case, when the title was officially recognized by the proper authority, it became part of the name.

In Portugal and Brazil, Dom is used for certain higher members hierarchs, such as superiors, of the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. In Catholic religious orders, such as the Order of Saint Benedict, it is also associated with the status of Dom Frater. Dom is similarly used as an honorific for Benedictine monks within the Benedictine Order throughout France and the English speaking world, such as the famous Dom Pérignon. In France, it is also used within the male branch of the Carthusian Order.

It is also employed for laymen who belong to the royal and imperial families (for example the House of Aviz in Portugal and the House of Braganza in Portugal and Brazil). It was also accorded to members of families of the titled Portuguese nobility. Unless ennobling letters patent specifically authorised its use, Dom was not attributed to members of Portugal's untitled nobility: Since hereditary titles in Portugal descended according to primogeniture, the right to the style of Dom was the only apparent distinction between cadets of titled families and members of untitled noble families.

In the Portuguese language, the feminine form, Dona (or, more politely, Senhora Dona), has become common when referring to a woman who does not hold an academic title. It is commonly used to refer to First Ladies, although it is less common for female politicians.

Croatia
Within the Catholic Church, the prefix Don is usually used for the diocesan priests with their first name, as well as velečasni (The Reverend).

Religion
Dom is used as a title in English for certain Benedictine (including some communities which follow the Rule of St. Benedict) and Carthusian monks, and for members of certain communities of canons regular. Examples include Benedictine monks of the English Benedictine Congregation (e.g. Dom John Chapman, late Abbot of Downside). Since the Second Vatican Council, the title can be given to any monk (lay or ordained) who has made a solemn profession. The equivalent title for a nun is "Dame" (e.g. Dame Laurentia McLachlan, late Abbess of Stanbrook, or Dame Felicitas Corrigan, author).

In popular culture
In the United States, Don has also been made popular by films depicting the Italian mafia, such as The Godfather trilogy, where the crime boss is given by his associates the same signs of respect that were traditionally granted in Italy to nobility. However, the honorific followed by the last name (e.g. Don Corleone) would be used in Italy for priests only: the proper Italian respectful form is similar to the Spanish-language form in that it is applied only to the first name (e.g. "Don Vito"). This title has in turn been applied by the media to real-world mafia figures, such as the nickname "Teflon Don" for John Gotti.

title: Don (honorific)


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I'm a Little Teapot

"I'm a Little Teapot" is an American novelty song describing the heating and pouring of a teapot or a whistling tea kettle. The song was originally written by George Harry Sanders and Clarence Z. Kelley and published in 1939. By 1941, a Newsweek article referred to the song as "the next inane novelty song to sweep the country".

Creation
Kelley and his wife ran a dance school for children, which taught the "Waltz Clog", a popular and easy-to-learn tap dance routine. This routine, however, proved too difficult for the younger students to master. To solve this problem, George Sanders wrote The Teapot Song, which required minimal skill and encouraged natural pantomime. Both the song and its accompanying dance, the "Teapot Tip", became enormously popular in America and overseas.

The song was recorded and made famous by Art Kassel and His Kassels in the Air orchestra with featured vocalist Marion Holmes singing the tune. It was published in 1941 by Bluebird Records. (Marion Holmes soon after married Broadway, film, and TV star Don DeFore.)

The lyrics begin "I'm a little teapot, short and stout..." and go on to further describe the appearance and actions of the singer-as-teapot. The song may be accompanied with actions: extending one arm in a curve like the spout, placing the other arm like the handle, and bending sideways to pour.

Recordings
"I'm a Little Teapot" has been recorded by a number of artists, particularly on children's albums. It's been released as a single by various artists besides Kassel, including Horace Heidt (1941), Lawrence Duchow's Red Raven Orchestra (1956), and Two Ton Baker (1947). It's included on Leonard Bernstein's 1973 album Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf plus 10 More Great Children's Favorites.

In popular culture
The song is played extensively in the 1999 horror film miniseries Storm of the Century.

In the episode "Pavlov's Mice" of Pinky and the Brain", Brain sings the song itself.

title: I'm a Little Teapot


text:
The Absentee (1989 film)

The Absentee  (El ausente) is a 1989 Argentine film directed and written by Rafael Filippelli. The film starred Verónica Castro, Daniel Greco and Ana María Mazza.

Plot
The story chronicles the hardships and ultimate demise of Raúl Salas, a progressive labor union leader, and his companion Muñoz, an intellectual, in the city of Córdoba. Taking place between 1973 and 1976, the narrative unfolds against the backdrop of Argentina's transition from dictatorship to democracy following the election of President Héctor J. Cámpora. However, their hopes for a better future are shattered when a military coup takes place, resulting in the oppressive regime known as the National Reorganization Process, which lasted from 1976 to 1983.

Cast

 * Ricardo Bertone
 * Verónica Castro Julia
 * Alejandro Cuevas
 * Daniel Greco .... Lencinas
 * Hugo Guzzo
 * Miguel Angel Iriarte
 * Ana María Mazza .... Elena
 * Pepe Novoa
 * Omar Rezk .... Raúl Salas
 * Beatriz Sarlo
 * Andrés Silvart
 * Roberto Suter .... Muñiz
 * Omar Viale .... Rios

Release
The film premiered in 1989.

title: The Absentee (1989 film)


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