text:
Parsons

Parsons may refer to:

Places
In the United States:
 * Parsons, Kansas, a city
 * Parsons, Missouri, an unincorporated community
 * Parsons, Tennessee, a city
 * Parsons, West Virginia, a town
 * Camp Parsons, a Boy Scout camp in the state of Washington
 * Lake Parsons, near Parsons, Kansas
 * Parsons Field, a multi-purpose stadium in Brookline, Massachusetts
 * Parsons Memorial Lodge, Yosemite National Park, California
 * Parsons Peak, a mountain in Yosemite National Park
 * Lucy Parsons Center, an all-volunteer, nonprofit collectively run radical, independent bookstore and community center, located in Jamaica Plain, Boston, Massachusetts

On the Moon:
 * Parsons (crater)

People

 * Parsons (surname)
 * Parsons Baronets, four baronetcies, two in Ireland, one in England, and one in the United Kingdom

Companies

 * CA Parsons & Company, company founded by Charles Parsons to build turbo-generators
 * Parsons Corporation, engineering firm headquartered in Centreville, Virginia
 * Parsons Dance Company, based in New York City
 * Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company, company founded by Charles Parsons to build marine steam turbines
 * WSP Global, formerly Parsons Brinckerhoff, engineering firm headquartered in New York City

Schools

 * Parsons School of Design, part of The New School, New York City
 * Parsons Paris (2013), Paris school under Parsons School of Design
 * Parsons College, a former private college in Fairfield, Iowa, closed in 1973
 * Parsons Senior High School, Parsons, Kansas

Other uses

 * USS Parsons (DD-949), a US Navy destroyer
 * Parsons code, a system of notation used to identify a musical work
 * Parsonsite, a mineral

title: Parsons


text:
Person on business from Porlock

The "person on business from Porlock" was an unwelcome visitor to Samuel Taylor Coleridge during his composition of the poem Kubla Khan in 1797. Coleridge claimed to have perceived the entire course of the poem in a dream (possibly an opium-induced haze), but was interrupted by this visitor who came "on business from Porlock" while in the process of writing it. Kubla Khan, only 54 lines long, was never completed. Thus "person from Porlock", "man from Porlock", or just "Porlock" are literary allusions to unwanted intruders who disrupt inspired creativity.

Story
In 1797, Coleridge was living at Nether Stowey, a village in the foothills of the Quantocks. However, due to ill health, he had "retired to a lonely farm house between Porlock and Lynton, on the Exmoor confines of Somerset and Devonshire". It is unclear whether the interruption took place at Culbone Parsonage or at Ash Farm. He described the incident in his first publication of the poem, writing about himself in the third person:

"On awakening he appeared to himself to have a distinct recollection of the whole, and taking his pen, ink, and paper, instantly and eagerly wrote down the lines that are here preserved. At this moment he was unfortunately called out by a person on business from Porlock, and detained by him above an hour, and on his return to his room, found, to his no small surprise and mortification, that though he still retained some vague and dim recollection of the general purport of the vision, yet, with the exception of some eight or ten scattered lines and images, all the rest had passed away like the images on the surface of a stream into which a stone has been cast, but, alas! without the after restoration of the latter!"

Speculations
In Coleridge, Opium and "Kubla Khan", University of Chicago Press, 1953, Elisabeth Schneider suggested that this prologue, as well as the person from Porlock, was fictional and intended as a credible explanation of the poem's seemingly fragmentary state as published. The poet Stevie Smith also suggested this view in one of her own poems, saying "the truth is I think, he was already stuck".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Person on business from Porlock


text:
Amanda Winn-Lee

Amanda Winn-Lee (née Winn) is an American semi-retired voice actress, ADR director and script writer who works mainly on anime dubs. She was the voice of Mimiru in .hack//SIGN, Rally Vincent in Gunsmith Cats, Yohko Mano in Devil Hunter Yohko, Momiji Kushinada in Blue Seed and was featured most notably as Rei Ayanami of Neon Genesis Evangelion fame. Aside from voice work she quite often handles production, ADR direction and the scripting of various projects for her dubbing company Gaijin Productions, LLC.

Career
She can be heard in the commentary for the Region 1 The End of Evangelion DVD along with fellow voice actors Taliesin Jaffe and husband/Gaijin co-owner Jaxon Lee.

Expanding on her anime work, Winn-Lee also provided the voice of Konoko, the protagonist of the Bungie video game Oni.

Winn-Lee served as ADR director, script writer and producer for the English versions of The End of Evangelion and Evangelion: Death and Rebirth. She also directed and performed leading roles in the English versions of Dead Leaves and the Read or Die OVA.

She had been working with ADV Films for years before she moved out to create Gaijin Productions.

It was suggested by Spike Spencer (her friend as well as fellow voice actor) at Nan Desu Kan 2007 that she was interested in reprising her role(s) in the upcoming Rebuild of Evangelion films. However, in May 2009, North American anime distributor Funimation announced that the role of Rei for the first film Evangelion: 1.0 You Are (Not) Alone would be voiced by Brina Palencia, who is under contract to voice Rei Ayanami for the three remaining Evangelion "Rebuild" films. However, Winn-Lee returned to voice Rei for the 2021 Amazon release of the entire Rebuild series, including the new Evangelion: 3.0+1.0 Thrice Upon a Time.

Personal life
Amanda and Jason Lee's son, Nicholas "Noodle" Lee, was born in November 2004. Her son was soon discovered to have infant leukemia, requiring extensive treatment before he was one year old. Amanda and Jason were not involved in any new projects for several years, because they were caring for their son. However, by November 2008, Nicholas had been cancer-free for three years, which is the benchmark for doctors that his odds of cancer recurrence are virtually non-existent. She wrote a book about these experiences in a memoir called The Noodle Chronicles: Everything I Know About Cheating Death I Learned from My Kid, which was released as an e-book.

Anime dubbing

 * .hack//Intermezzo – Mimiru
 * .hack//SIGN – Mimiru
 * .hack//Legend of the Twilight – Magi
 * .hack//Unison – Mimiru
 * Battle Angel – Gally / Alita (ADV Films dub)
 * Blue Seed – Momiji Fujimiya, Kaede Kunikida
 * Burn Up! – Reimi (debut role)
 * Burn Up W, Burn Up Excess – Rio Kinezono
 * Dead Leaves – Pandy
 * Devil Hunter Yohko – Yohko Mano, Ayako Mano
 * Dragon Half – Princess Vina
 * Ellcia – Crystel
 * F3 – Hiroe Ogawa (Soft Cel dub, credited as Helen Bed)
 * Fire Emblem – Elis
 * Geneshaft – Mika Seido
 * Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex – Kurutan
 * Golden Boy – Girl A, producer
 * Gunsmith Cats – Rally Vincent
 * Marchen Awakens Romance – Gido
 * Neon Genesis Evangelion – Rei Ayanami, Pen Pen, Yui Ikari (movies only)
 * Persona 4: The Animation – Yukiko Amagi
 * Persona 5: The Animation - Ichiko Ohya
 * Plastic Little – Titaniva Mu Koshigaya
 * Read or Die (OVA) – Nancy "Miss Deep" Makuhari
 * Spriggan – Flight Attendant
 * Sukeban Deka – Saki Asamiya
 * Super Atragon – Annette

Video game credits

 * .hack//Quarantine – Mimiru
 * .hack//Outbreak – Mimiru
 * BlazBlue: Cross Tag Battle – Yukiko Amagi
 * Bravely Second: End Layer – Magnolia Arch
 * Heavy Gear II – Pinter, O'Neill
 * Oni – Konoko
 * Persona series – Ulala Serizawa, Yukiko Amagi, Ichiko Ohya
 * Revolution 60 – Crimson 09
 * Saints Row: The Third – Additional Voices
 * Saints Row IV – Additional Voices
 * Star Trek: Elite Force II – Kleeya
 * Tail Concerto – Alicia Pris
 * Trauma Team – Maria Torres

ADR director/voice direction

 * A Silent Voice
 * Battle Angel
 * Blue Seed
 * Burn Up Excess
 * Burn Up W
 * Dead Leaves
 * Devil Hunter Yohko
 * Ellica
 * The End of Evangelion
 * Evangelion: Death and Rebirth
 * Fire Emblem
 * Gunsmith Cats
 * Neon Genesis Evangelion
 * Plastic Little
 * Read or Die

Script adaptation

 * A Silent Voice
 * Blue Seed
 * Burn Up Excess
 * Dead Leaves
 * Ellica
 * The End of Evangelion
 * Evangelion: Death and Rebirth
 * Project ARMS
 * Read or Die

title: Amanda Winn-Lee


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Tricky Sam Nanton

Joe "Tricky Sam" Nanton (February 1, 1904 – July 20, 1946) was an American trombonist with the Duke Ellington Orchestra. A pioneer of the plunger mute, Nanton is notable for his use of the distinctive wah-wah effect.

Early life
He was born Joseph Irish Nanton in New York City, United States. His parents were John Barzly Nanton and Emily Irish, both immigrants from the British West Indies.

Nanton began playing professionally in Washington, D.C., with bands led by Cliff Jackson and banjoist Elmer Snowden.

From 1923 to 1924, Nanton worked with Frazier's Harmony Five. A year later, he performed with Snowden. At the age of 22, Nanton found his niche in Duke Ellington's Orchestra, when he reluctantly took the place of his friend Charlie Irvis in 1926, and remained with Ellington until his early death in 1946. Nanton, along with Lawrence Brown, anchored the trombone section.

The wah-wah sound
Nanton was one of the great pioneers of the plunger mute. In 1921, he heard Johnny Dunn playing the trumpet with a plunger, which Nanton realized could be used to similar effect on the trombone. Together with Ellington's trumpeter Bubber Miley, Nanton is largely responsible for creating the characteristic wah-wah, or wa-wa, effect. Their highly expressive growl and plunger sounds were the main ingredient in the band's early "jungle" sound, that evolved during the band's late 1920s engagement at Harlem's Cotton Club. According to Barney Bigard, Nanton "grabbed his plunger. He could use that thing, too. It talked to you. I was sitting there, looking up at him, and every time he'd say 'wa-wa,' I was saying 'wa-wa' with my mouth, following him all the way through." Sensing Nanton's impressive manual dexterity, the jovial alto saxophonist Otto Hardwick, ever inclined to tag friends with fitting nicknames, dubbed Nanton "Tricky Sam": "anything to save himself trouble—he was tricky that way."

From his early days with the Ellington band, Nanton was featured regularly. But he and Miley worked especially well in combination, often playing in harmony or "playing off each other" (embellishing and developing the musical theme of the preceding soloist into one's own new musical idea). Nanton and Miley successfully incorporated plunger skills into their playing to evoke moods, people, or images.

The celebrated brass growl effect was vividly described by Duke Ellington's son, Mercer Ellington: "There are three basic elements in the growl: the sound of the horn, a guttural gargling in the throat, and the actual note that is hummed. The mouth has to be shaped to make the different vowel sounds, and above the singing from the throat, manipulation of the plunger adds the wa-wa accents that give the horn a language. I should add that in the Ellington tradition a straight mute is used in the horn besides a plunger outside, and this results in more pressure. Some players use only the plunger, and then the sound is usually coarser, less piercing, and not as well articulated."

Nanton and Miley gave the Ellington Orchestra the reputation of being one of the "dirtiest" jazz groups. Many listeners were excited by the raunchy, earthy sounds of their growls and mutes. Among the best examples of their style are "East St. Louis Toodle-oo", "The Blues I Love to Sing", "Black and Tan Fantasy", "Goin' to Town", and "Doin' the Voom-Voom". After Miley's premature departure in 1929, Nanton taught Cootie Williams, Miley's successor, some of the growl and plunger techniques that Miley had used. Williams became a plunger virtuoso in his own right and helped the band retain its distinctive sound. The sounds they created were copied by many brass soloists in the swing era.

While other brass players became adept at growl and plunger techniques, Nanton's sound was all his own. He developed, in addition to other tricks in his bag, a "ya-ya" effect with a plunger, in combination with a Magosy & Buscher nonpareil trumpet straight mute. He kept the details of his technique a secret, even from his band mates, until his premature death.

Some ingredients in Nanton's unique "ya-ya" sound, however, are known: inserting a trumpet straight mute into the bell, using a large plumber's plunger outside the bell, and "speaking" into the instrument while playing. This sort of speaking involved changing the cavity of the mouth while silently reproducing different vowel sounds without actually vibrating the vocal cords. His palette of near-vocal sounds was radical for its time and helped produce the unique voicings in Ellington compositions, such as "The Mooche" "Black and Tan Fantasy", and "Mood Indigo".

Death
Nanton died from a stroke in San Francisco, California, on July 20, 1946, while on tour with the Ellington Orchestra. His death was an enormous loss for the Ellington Orchestra. While later trombonists, including Tyree Glenn and Quentin Jackson, tried to duplicate Tricky Sam's plunger techniques, no one was able to completely replicate his sound. Nanton had a wide variety of expressions, and his intricate techniques were not well documented.

title: Tricky Sam Nanton


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Rubin Carter

Rubin "Hurricane" Carter (May 6, 1937 – April 20, 2014) was an American-Canadian middleweight boxer, wrongfully  convicted and imprisoned for murder, until released following a petition of habeas corpus after almost 20 years in prison.

In 1966, Carter, and his co-accused, John Artis, were arrested for a triple homicide which was committed at the Lafayette Bar and Grill in Paterson, New Jersey, United States. Shortly after the killings at 2:30 a.m., a car, carrying Carter, Artis, and a third man, was stopped by police outside the bar while its occupants were on their way home from a nearby nightclub. They were allowed to go on their way but, after dropping off the third man, Carter and Artis were stopped and arrested while they were passing the bar a second time, 45 minutes later.

Carter and Artis were interrogated for 17 hours, released, then re-arrested weeks later. In 1967, they were convicted of all three murders, and given life sentences, to be served in Rahway State Prison; a retrial in 1976 upheld their sentences, but they were overturned in 1985. Prosecutors appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, but declined to try the case a third time after the appeal failed.

Carter's autobiography, titled The Sixteenth Round, written while he was in prison, was published in 1974 by Viking Press. The story inspired the 1975 Bob Dylan song "Hurricane" and the 1999 film The Hurricane, starring Denzel Washington as Carter. From 1993 to 2005, Carter served as executive director of the Association in Defence of the Wrongly Convicted (later rebranded as Innocence Canada).

In 2019, the case was the focus of a 13-part BBC podcast series, The Hurricane Tapes. The series was based on interviews which were conducted with survivors, case notes which were taken during the original investigations, and 40 hours of recorded interviews of Carter by the author Ken Klonsky, who cited them in his 2011 book The Eye of the Hurricane.

Early life
Carter was born in Clifton, New Jersey in 1937, the fourth of seven children. He later admitted to a troubled relationship with his father, a strict disciplinarian; at the age of eleven, he was sentenced to a juvenile reformatory for assault, having stabbed a man who he alleged had tried to sexually assault him. Carter escaped from the reformatory in 1954 and joined the United States Army. A few months after completing basic training at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, he was sent to West Germany. While in Germany, Carter began to box for the Army. He was discharged in 1956 as unfit for service, after four courts-martial. Shortly after his discharge, he returned home to New Jersey, was convicted of two muggings and sent to prison.

Boxing career
After his release from prison in September 1961, Carter became a professional boxer. At 5 ft, Carter was shorter than the average middleweight, but he fought all of his professional career at 155–160 lb (70–72.6 kg). His aggressive style and punching power (resulting in many early-round knockouts) drew attention, establishing him as a crowd favorite and earning him the nickname "Hurricane". After he defeated a number of middleweight contenders—such as Florentino Fernandez, Holley Mims, Gomeo Brennan, and George Benton—the boxing world took notice. The Ring first listed him as one of its Top 10 middleweight contenders in July 1963. At the end of 1965, they ranked him as the number five middleweight.

He fought six times in 1963, winning four bouts and losing two. He remained ranked in the lower part of the top 10 until December 20, when he surprised the boxing world by flooring past and future world champion Emile Griffith twice in the first round and scoring a technical knockout. That win resulted in The Ring's ranking of Carter as the number three contender for Joey Giardello's world middleweight title. Carter won two more fights (one a decision over future heavyweight champion Jimmy Ellis) in 1964, before meeting Giardello in Philadelphia for a 15-round championship match on December 14. Carter landed a few solid rights to the head in the fourth round that left Giardello staggering, but was unable to follow them up, and Giardello took control of the fight in the fifth round. The judges decided unanimously in favor of Giardello.

After that fight, Carter's ranking in The Ring began to decline. He fought nine times in 1965, winning five but losing three of four against contenders Luis Manuel Rodríguez, Dick Tiger, and Harry Scott. Tiger, in particular, floored Carter three times in their match. "It was", Carter said, "the worst beating that I took in my life—inside or outside the ring". During his visit to London to fight Scott, Carter was involved in an incident in which a shot was fired in his hotel room.

Carter's last fight was in August 5, 1966, against Juan Carlos Rivero. He lost the fight via Points decision. Carter's career ended short with a record of 27 wins with 19 total knockouts (8 KOs and 11 TKOs), 12 losses, and one draw in 40 fights. He received an honorary championship title belt from the World Boxing Council in 1993 (as did Joey Giardello at the same banquet) and was later inducted into the New Jersey Boxing Hall of Fame.

Arrest and conviction
At approximately 2:30 a.m. on June 17, 1966, two men entered the Lafayette Bar and Grill in Paterson, New Jersey, and began shooting. The bartender, James Oliver, and a customer, Fred Nauyoks, were killed immediately. Hazel Tanis died in a hospital a month later, having suffered multiple wounds from shotgun pellets; a third customer, Willie Marins, survived the attack, despite a head wound that blinded him in one eye. When questioned, both told police the shooters had been black males, but neither identified Carter or John Artis.

Ten minutes after the murders, around 2:40 AM, a police cruiser stopped Carter and Artis in a rental car, returning from a night out at the Nite Spot, a nearby bar. Carter was in the back, with Artis driving, and a third man, John Royster, in the passenger seat. The police recognised Carter, a well-known and controversial local figure, but let him go. Minutes later, the same officers solicited a description of the getaway car from two eyewitnesses outside the bar, Patricia "Patty" Valentine and Alfred Bello.

Bello later admitted he was in the area acting as a lookout while an accomplice, Arthur Bradley, broke into a nearby warehouse. At the time, he claimed to have discovered the bodies when he entered the bar to buy cigarettes; it also transpired that he took the opportunity to empty the cash register, and encountered the police as he exited. At the trial, he testified he was approaching the Lafayette when two black males, one with a shotgun, the other a pistol, came around the corner. He ran from them, and they got into a white car that was double-parked near the Lafayette.

Valentine lived above the bar, and heard the shots. Like Bello, she reported seeing two black men leave the bar, then get into a white car. They reportedly described it as white, with "a geometric design, sort of a butterfly type design in the back of the car", and New York state license plates, with blue background and orange lettering. Another neighbor, Ronald Ruggiero, also heard the shots, and said that, from his window, he saw Alfred Bello running west on Lafayette Street toward 16th Street. He then heard the screech of tires and saw a white car shoot past, heading west, with two black males in the front seat.

Valentine initially stated the car had rear lights which lit up completely like butterflies. At the retrial in 1976, she changed this to an accurate description of Carter's car, which had conventional tail-lights with aluminum decoration in a butterfly shape. This aligned with that provided by Bello; the prosecution later suggested the confusion was the result of a misreading of a court transcript by the defense.

Having dropped off Royster, Carter was now being driven home by Artis; they were stopped again at 3:00 AM, and ordered to follow the police to the station, where they were arrested. However, variances in descriptions given by Valentine and Bello, the physical characteristics of the attackers provided by the two survivors, lack of forensic evidence, and the timeline provided by the police were key factors in the conviction being overturned in 1985.

Forensics later established the victims were shot by a .32-caliber pistol and a 12-gauge shotgun, although the weapons were never found. There was no forensic evidence linking Carter or Artis to the murders. While gun residue tests were commonly used, DeSimone, the lead detective, later claimed he had insufficient time to bring in an expert to administer the tests. He did arrange for an expert to conduct lie detector tests, which they passed. In 1976, a second report was discovered, claiming they failed. After 17 hours of interrogation, they were released. Carter and Artis voluntarily appeared before a grand jury, which found there was no case to answer. Several months later, Bello changed his story, after the police discovered why he was in the area, and his theft from the cash register. He positively identified Artis as one of the attackers, while Bradley now came forward to claim Carter was the other; based on this, the two were arrested and indicted. Bello later claimed that in return he was promised the US$10,500 reward offered for catching the killers, though it was never paid.

The rental car had been impounded when Carter and Artis were arrested, and retained by police. Five days after their release a detective reported that on searching it again he discovered two unfired rounds, one .32 caliber, the other 12-gauge. Neither matched those retrieved from the victims; the .32 round was brass, rather than copper, while the shotgun shell was an older model, with a different wad and color.

Asked to account for these differences at the trial, the prosecution produced a second report, allegedly lodged 75 minutes after the murders which recorded the two rounds. They were unable to explain why, having that evidence, the police released the men, or why standard 'bag and tag' procedure was not followed. They also argued that, since the expended rounds retrieved at the scene were also a mixture, the fact that the two rounds did not match was meaningless; what did matter was they were the same caliber as those used in the shootings.

The defense, led by Raymond A. Brown, focused on inconsistencies in the evidence given by eyewitnesses Marins and Bello. He also produced witnesses who confirmed Carter and Artis were still in the Nite Spot at the time of the shootings. The all-white jury convicted both men of first-degree murder, with a recommendation of mercy, so that they were not sentenced to death. Judge Samuel Larner imposed one concurrent and two consecutive life sentences on Carter, and three concurrent life sentences on Artis.

Retrial and release
In 1974, Bello and Bradley withdrew their identifications of Carter and Artis, and these recantations were used as the basis for a motion for a new trial. Judge Samuel Larner denied the motion on December 11, saying they "lacked the ring of truth".

Despite Larner's ruling, Madison Avenue advertising executive George Lois organized a campaign on Carter's behalf, which led to increasing public support for a retrial or pardon. Boxer Muhammad Ali lent his support to the campaign (including publicly wishing Carter good luck on his appeal during his appearance on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson in September 1973). Bob Dylan co-wrote (with Jacques Levy) and performed a song called "Hurricane" (1975), which declared that Carter was innocent. On December 7, 1975, Dylan performed the song at a concert at Trenton State Prison, where Carter was temporarily an inmate.

During the hearing on the recantations, defense attorneys also argued that Bello and Bradley had lied during the 1967 trial, telling the jurors that they had made only certain narrow, limited deals with prosecutors in exchange for their trial testimony. A detective taped one interrogation of Bello in 1966, and when it was played during the recantation hearing, defense attorneys argued that the tape revealed promises beyond what Bello had testified to. If so, prosecutors had either had a Brady obligation to disclose this additional exculpatory evidence, or a duty to disclose that their witnesses had lied on the stand.

Larner denied this second argument as well, but the New Jersey Supreme Court unanimously held that the evidence of various deals made between the prosecution and witnesses Bello and Bradley should have been disclosed to the defense before or during the 1967 trial as this could have "affected the jury's evaluation of the credibility" of the eyewitnesses. "The defendants' right to a fair trial was substantially prejudiced", said Justice Mark Sullivan. The court set aside the original convictions and granted Carter and Artis a new trial.

Despite the difficulties of prosecuting a ten-year-old case, Prosecutor Burrell Ives Humphreys decided to try Carter and Artis again. To ensure, as best he could, that he did not use perjured testimony to obtain a conviction, Humphreys had Bello polygraphed—once by Leonard H. Harrelson and a second time by Richard Arther, both well-known and respected experts in the field. Both men concluded that Bello was telling the truth when he said that he had seen Carter outside the Lafayette immediately after the murders.

However, Harrelson also reported orally that Bello had been inside the bar shortly before and at the time of the shooting, a conclusion that contradicted Bello's 1967 trial testimony wherein he had said that he had been on the street at the time of the shooting. Despite this oral report, Harrelson's subsequent written report stated that Bello's 1967 testimony had been truthful.

Second conviction and appeal
During the new trial in 1976, Alfred Bello repeated his 1967 testimony, identifying Carter and Artis as the two armed men he had seen outside the Lafayette Grill. Bradley refused to cooperate with prosecutors, and neither prosecution nor defense called him as a witness.

The defense responded with testimony from multiple witnesses who identified Carter at the locations he claimed to be at when the murders took place. Investigator Fred Hogan, whose efforts had led to the recantations of Bello and Bradley, appeared as a defense witness. Hogan was asked on cross examinations whether any bribes or inducements were offered to Bello to secure his recantation, which Hogan denied. His original handwritten notes on his conversations with Bello were entered into evidence. The defense also pointed out the inconsistencies in the testimony of Patricia Valentine, and read the 1967 testimony of William Marins, who had died in 1973, noting that his descriptions of the shooters were drastically different from Artis and Carter's actual appearances.

The court also heard testimony from a Carter associate that Passaic County prosecutors had tried to pressure her into testifying against Carter. Prosecutors denied the charge. After deliberating for almost nine hours, the jury again found Carter and Artis guilty of the murders. Judge Leopizzi re-imposed the same sentences on both men: a double life sentence for Carter, a single life sentence for Artis.

Artis was released on parole in 1981. Carter's attorneys continued to appeal. In 1982, the Supreme Court of New Jersey affirmed his convictions (4–3). Although the justices felt that the prosecutors should have disclosed Harrelson's oral opinion (about Bello's location at the time of the murders) to the defense, only a minority thought this was material. The majority thus concluded that the prosecution had not withheld information the Brady disclosure law required them to provide to the defense.

According to bail bondswoman Carolyn Kelley, in 1975–1976 she helped raise funds to win a second trial for Carter, which resulted in his release on bail in March 1976. On a fund-raising trip the following month, Kelley said the boxer beat her (Kelley weighed 112 pounds at the time of the alleged beating) severely over a disputed hotel bill. The Philadelphia Daily News reported the alleged beating in a front-page story several weeks later, and celebrity support for Carter quickly eroded, though Carter denied the accusation. Kelley declined to pursue charges, stating that she felt Carter needed help, stating "I don't want to press charges because jail is not the place for Rubin. He needs treatment. I don't want to do anything to hurt him". Passaic County Judge William Marchese held hearings on the incident in July 1976 and changed the terms of Carter's bail after determining that the assault had occurred. Mae Thelma Basket, whom Carter had married in 1963, divorced him after their second child was born, because she found out that he had been unfaithful to her.

Federal court action
In 1985, Carter's attorneys filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in federal court. Later that year, Judge H. Lee Sarokin of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey granted the writ, noting that the prosecution had been "predicated upon an appeal to racism rather than reason, and concealment rather than disclosure", and set aside the convictions. Carter, 48 years old, was freed without bail in November 1985.

Prosecutors appealed Sarokin's ruling to the Third Circuit Court of Appeals and filed a motion with the court to return Carter to prison pending the outcome of the appeal. The court denied this motion and eventually upheld Sarokin's opinion, affirming his Brady analysis without commenting on his other rationale.

The prosecutors appealed to the United States Supreme Court, which declined to hear the case.

Prosecutors therefore could have tried Carter (and Artis) a third time, but decided not to, and filed a motion to dismiss the original indictments. "It is just not legally feasible to sustain a prosecution, and not practical after almost 22 years to be trying anyone", said New Jersey Attorney General W. Cary Edwards. Acting Passaic County Prosecutor John P. Goceljak said several factors made a retrial impossible, including Bello's "current unreliability" as a witness and the unavailability of other witnesses. Goceljak also doubted whether the prosecution could reintroduce the racially motivated crime theory due to the federal court rulings. A judge granted the motion to dismiss, bringing an end to the legal proceedings.

Post-emancipation
Carter lived in Toronto, Ontario, where he became a Canadian citizen, and was executive director of the Association in Defence of the Wrongly Convicted (AIDWYC) from 1993 until 2005. Carter resigned when the AIDWYC declined to support Carter's protest of the appointment to a judgeship of Susan MacLean, who was the prosecutor of Canadian Guy Paul Morin, who served over eighteen years in prison for rape and murder until exonerated by DNA evidence.

Carter's second marriage was to Lisa Peters. The couple separated later.

In 1996, Carter, then 59, was arrested when Toronto police mistakenly identified him as a suspect in his thirties believed to have sold drugs to an undercover officer. He was released after the police realized their error.

Carter often served as a motivational speaker. On October 14, 2005, he received two honorary Doctorates of Law, one from York University (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) and one from Griffith University (Brisbane, Queensland, Australia), in recognition of his work with AIDWYC and the Innocence Project. Carter received the Abolition Award from Death Penalty Focus in 1996.

Prostate cancer and death
In March 2012, while attending the International Justice Conference in Burswood, Western Australia, Carter revealed that he had terminal prostate cancer. At the time, doctors gave him between three and six months to live. Beginning shortly after that time, John Artis lived with and cared for Carter, and on April 20, 2014, he confirmed that Carter, at the age of 76, had succumbed to his illness. He was afterwards cremated and his ashes were scattered in part over Cape Cod and in part at a horse farm in Kentucky.

In the months leading up to his death, Carter had worked for the exoneration of David McCallum, a Brooklyn man who had been incarcerated since 1985 on charges of murder. Two months before his death, Carter published "Hurricane Carter's Dying Wish", an opinion piece in the New York Daily News, in which he asked for an independent review of McCallum's conviction. "I request only that McCallum be granted a full hearing by the Brooklyn conviction integrity unit, now under the auspices of the new district attorney, Ken Thompson. Knowing what I do, I am certain that when the facts are brought to light, Thompson will recommend his immediate release ... Just as my own verdict 'was predicated on racism rather than reason and on concealment rather than disclosure', as Sarokin wrote, so too was McCallum's", Carter wrote. On October 15, 2014, McCallum was exonerated. John Artis died of an Abdominal aortic aneurysm on November 7, 2021, at the age of 75.

In popular culture
Carter's story inspired:
 * The 1975 Bob Dylan song "Hurricane", which proclaimed that Carter was innocent. Carter appeared as himself in Dylan's 1978 movie Renaldo and Clara. In the 2019 film Rolling Thunder Revue: A Bob Dylan Story by Martin Scorsese, Dylan talked about his involvement with the Carter case and Carter was also interviewed in the film, describing his relationship with Dylan.
 * Norman Jewison's 1999 feature film The Hurricane, starring Denzel Washington in the lead role as Carter. The film is about Rubin Carter's accusation, trials, and time spent in prison. Carter later discussed at a lecture how he fell in love with Washington's portrayal of him during auditions for The Hurricane, noting that boxer Marvelous Marvin Hagler and actors Wesley Snipes and Samuel L. Jackson all vied for the role. For his performance as Carter, Washington won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama at the 57th Golden Globe Awards. Washington was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance as Carter at the 72nd Academy Awards.

title: Rubin Carter


text:
Wikipedia:Guide for Indymedia authors

Welcome to Wikipedia! Just as Indymedia is a collaborative project (similar to open publishing ), so is Wikipedia. However, there are some important differences between the two, so this guide has been put together to help you. Our general Help and FAQ pages are also at your disposal.

(For those unfamiliar with it, local Indymedia sites are listed on the global Indymedia site and the Wikipedia article about Indymedia.)

Cultural differences
Indymedia claims (and aims) to have primary-source material, though policies on accepting or rejecting reposted material from mainstream media groups vary among the local Indymedia collectives.

Wikipedia is entirely focused on making an encyclopedia. Unlike Indymedia, there's not a lot of links to grassroots, social citizens' groups, nor face-to-face meetings, nor any attempt to claim direct access to first-hand news reports; almost all of Wikipedia's chat is about improving specific articles based mainly on material sourced to secondary, published and reputable sources;

Wikipedia doesn't accept announcements of social or political actions, though it does accept a neutral description of social and political groups or programs, in the sense that they would be accepted in an ordinary encyclopedia, with the difference that the process of accepting such descriptions is much more open, transparent and non-hierarchical than in a conventional encyclopedia.

Anyone can edit any article here. Your contributions will be edited, rearranged, reworded, expanded, and occasionally deleted. You shouldn't be shy about doing the same to other people's work. Be bold!

Wikipedia is self-moderated and relatively anarchic, rather than having moderation imposed upon it. This is similar to Indymedia, except that moderation of feature articles in Indymedia may often be done at face-to-face local meetings. See Power structure and or  for guides on the respective power structures. Most Wikipedians try to avoid personal attacks and to spread WikiLove wherever they go :-). If you say something you regret, just apologize and delete it. If someone offends you, we have some advice on staying cool when the editing gets hot. Indymedia has similar guides, e.g. see.

In Wikipedia, we don't have a voting system or experience measure -- be assured that Wikipedia is more than addictive enough without it.

In Indymedia, as of July 2003, there is no formal global decision-making method, though de facto decision making methods on specific functions, such as accepting new local collectives to the network or making global financial decisions  or coordinating technical decisions  each have their own, transparent, consensus-related decision-making methods.

Each local Indymedia collective is expected to be autonomous and have its own general decision-making method and editorial policy, including an editorial decision-making method .'''

Using content from Indymedia in Wikipedia articles
Please consider generating good encyclopedic content from Indymedia and writing it to Wikipedia! Don't forget to search for related Wikipedia content first -- if Wikipedia already has an article on the subject, just merge your own content into it: be bold!

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Since the priority of Indymedia is news reporting, the default from the Indymedia point of view is usually that anything posted is free of copyright unless otherwise indicated. However, this does not mean you can blindly copy from Indymedia to Wikipedia.

Moreover, Indymedia articles or features are generally not written in a way directly suitable for copying to Wikipedia, so there's probably no point making verbatim copies. If you really think an Indymedia article or feature is worth copying to Wikipedia with only minor changes, you should contact that Indymedia collective and ask what they think - and maybe suggest they update this page!

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This article was originally based on an analogous Guide for Everything2 noders.

title: Wikipedia:Guide for Indymedia authors


text:
Talk:Rubin Carter

Added Honorary Doctor of Laws
I can't find a source for it right now, but I was there. It should be in the Sunday papers, most likely the Toronto Star, or the Monday Globe and Mail. York is notoriously slow in updating their web pages. https://www.nj.com/opinion/index.ssf/2014/04/spare_us_the_lies_about_the_late_hurricane_carter_mulshine.html

Removed European record/title
I removed this section as I can find no trace of him at all in the European amateur records and the 1955 European lightweight championship was won by Harry Kurschat not Carter.

Semi-protected edit request on 7 May 2021
For the section, "In popular culture" Under, "Carter's story inspired:" Add the following:

The Patti Smith Group song, Pumping (my heart), from the 1976 album Radio Ethiopia also deals with the incarceration of Rubin "Hurricane" Carter. In a May 6, 2021, post on her Substack blog, Patti Smith shared the following anecdote about her and Bob Dylan's songs about Carter: "One early summer evening in 1975, I was walking down the street in Greenwich Village, scribbling down some lyrics on an envelope, when I bumped into Bob Dylan. He asked me what I was writing and I told him a song to a boxer.  He seemed taken aback and said he had just written one too. Afraid that he might be annoyed, I said yours is probably better, and he laughed.  At the time he was writing the songs for the album Desire and was on his way to a loft to play some of them and asked me to come along. I can still picture him with his acoustic guitar in that dimly lit place with only a handful of people at his feet. That night he played many of the songs he was soon to record...He also sang Hurricane about the boxer Rubin “Hurricane” Carter, who was serving time in a New Jersey prison for a murder he didn’t commit." Source: https://pattismith.substack.com/p/pumping-my-heart?token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjoxNzgzMzUyLCJwb3N0X2lkIjozNjA0MzU5MCwiXyI6IkNiZldrIiwiaWF0IjoxNjIwMzk4OTE5LCJleHAiOjE2MjA0MDI1MTksImlzcyI6InB1Yi0zMDA3NjEiLCJzdWIiOiJwb3N0LXJlYWN0aW9uIn0.1wW29vpVlaTZgux2A4u8KtnKWya3NnBcT2vcj_sj910 159.178.224.138 (talk) 14:53, 7 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Maybe, but not at this length, with this long a quote. Can you condense? Drmies (talk) 14:54, 7 May 2021 (UTC)

DNA evidence
I read in a newspaper quite some time ago that a recent DNA evidence examination had pointed towards  Carter's guilt but can find no record of my reading now .Anyone else remember or see such ?--— ⦿⨦⨀Tumadoireacht Talk/Stalk 21:11, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

 * He was guilty fooled Hollywood and his Canadian friends. Jacob805 (talk) 01:25, 27 March 2024 (UTC)
 * https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/66808/rubin-hurricane-carter-rip-the-triple-murderer-who-fooled-hollywood/?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=WE_DSA_New-Targeting_2024&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjw5ImwBhBtEiwAFHDZx1-2Lx7hMymnOyjlY1jguAFJGHsq3aEa9VYq0FD8ydIvmTJ9Q43nkBoCwRQQAvD_BwE Jacob805 (talk) 01:25, 27 March 2024 (UTC)

I'm not sure how to create a citation
But here is the article relating to Mrs. Kelley's statement and the judge changing his bond conditions. The Violent Side of Rubin “Hurricane” Carter. (n.d.). Www.graphicwitness.com. Retrieved November 17, 2023, from https://www.graphicwitness.com/carter/character-mulshine.html

 2600:6C56:7E00:B019:F967:59B5:A6BC:7416 (talk) 07:22, 17 November 2023 (UTC)

Biased wording on first paragraph
The first paragraph on this page directly states that Rubin Carter was falsely tried and falsely imprisoned except that’s not a known fact… It’s entirely possible he was guilty just as much as him being innocent. I think it should be removed or reworded 135.131.139.169 (talk) 01:32, 23 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rubin Carter


text:
My Best Friend's Wedding

My Best Friend's Wedding is a 1997 American romantic comedy film directed by P.J. Hogan from a screenplay by Ronald Bass who also produced. The film stars Julia Roberts, Dermot Mulroney, Cameron Diaz, and Rupert Everett.

My Best Friend's Wedding received positive reviews from critics upon release and emerged as a global box-office hit. The soundtrack song "I Say a Little Prayer" was covered by singer Diana King and featured heavily in the film, making it a U.S. Billboard Hot 100 hit. The soundtrack featured a number of Burt Bacharach/Hal David songs.

My Best Friend's Wedding was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Musical or Comedy Score (James Newton Howard), in addition to 3 Golden Globe Award nominations – Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical (Roberts) and Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture (Everett). Post-release, it has often been cited as one of the best romantic comedy films of the 1990s and of all time.

Plot
Three weeks before her 28th birthday, New York City food critic Julianne "Jules" Potter receives a call from her lifelong friend Michael O'Neal, a Chicago sportswriter. Years earlier, the two agreed that if they were both unmarried by age 28, they would marry each other. Michael tells her that in four days, he will marry the beautiful Kimmy Wallace, a college student eight years his junior whose father owns the Chicago White Sox. Realizing she is in love with him, Jules resolves to sabotage his wedding. Arriving in Chicago, she reunites with Michael and meets Kimmy, who asks her to be the maid of honor. Jules schemes to break up the couple, but her attempt to humiliate Kimmy at a karaoke bar backfires. She manipulates Kimmy into asking her father to offer Michael a job, which Jules knows will anger Michael, but this fails as well.

Frustrated, Jules begs her friend George Downes for help, and he flies to Chicago. On George's advice, Jules prepares to tell Michael how much she loves him but instead tells him that she is engaged to George, hoping to make Michael jealous. George, who is gay, plays along but embarrasses Jules at lunch with the wedding party, singing "I Say a Little Prayer" as the whole restaurant joins in. George flies home, and Jules tells Michael that her "relationship" with George is over. Michael admits to feeling jealous and gives her the chance to confess her feelings, but she lets the moment pass. They share a dance as Michael sings their song, "The Way You Look Tonight".

The day before the wedding, at Kimmy's father's office, Jules uses his email account to forge a message from him to Michael's boss, asking that Michael be fired to allow Kimmy's father to hire him at Kimmy's insistence. She saves the message rather than send it, but later realizes that Kimmy's father has unknowingly sent the email. Jules lies to enlist Michael's help, but they find the office locked. Returning to Jules' hotel, Michael receives a message from his boss notifying him of the email. Furious, he calls Kimmy, calling off the wedding.

The next morning, Jules discovers that neither Michael nor Kimmy have told anyone else that the wedding is off. She tries to manipulate the couple into breaking up for good, but Michael and Kimmy decide to get married after all. Jules finally confesses her love to Michael and passionately kisses him. Kimmy witnesses this and drives away distraught, pursued by Michael, who in turn is pursued by Jules in a caterer's truck. Jules calls George while driving and explains the situation, who assures her that Michael loves Kimmy and Jules has now a brief opportunity to ensure the couple are reconciled before the scheduled time of the wedding. Finding Michael at Chicago Union Station, Jules confesses to everything. He forgives her and tells her that here at the station is where he proposed to Kimmy and she accepted, and they split up to look for Kimmy.

Jules finds Kimmy in the bathroom of Comiskey Park. Amid a crowd of onlookers, Kimmy confronts Jules for interfering with Michael. Jules apologizes, assuring Kimmy that Michael truly loves her, and they reconcile. The wedding proceeds, and at the reception, Jules gives a heartfelt speech as Kimmy's maid of honor. Jules allows the newlyweds to temporarily have "The Way You Look Tonight" as their song until they find their own song. Jules and Michael share their goodbyes, both finally moving on. On the phone with George, Jules is surprised to see him at the reception, and they dance together.

Cast

 * Julia Roberts as Julianne Potter, a 27-year-old food critic who realizes she's in love with her best friend Michael and tries to win him back after he decides to marry someone else
 * Dermot Mulroney as Michael O'Neal, Julianne's best friend and a sportswriter who is engaged to Kimmy Wallace
 * Cameron Diaz as Kimberly "Kimmy" Wallace, Michael's bubbly and lovable fiancée who comes from an affluent family
 * Rupert Everett as George Downes, Julianne's gay friend and editor who pretends to be engaged to Julianne to make Michael jealous
 * Philip Bosco as Walter Wallace, husband of Isabelle, father of Kimmy, and future father-in-law of Michael; he is a rich businessman who owns the Chicago White Sox baseball team
 * M. Emmet Walsh as Joe O'Neal, father of Michael and Scotty O'Neal and future father-in-law of Kimmy; he suggested that Julianne be Michael's best man, but had to go with Scotty instead
 * Rachel Griffiths as Samantha Newhouse, twin sister of Mandy and one of Kimmy's bridesmaids
 * Carrie Preston as Amanda Newhouse, twin sister of Samantha and one of Kimmy's bridesmaids
 * Susan Sullivan as Isabelle Wallace, wife of Walter, mother of Kimmy, and future mother-in-law of Michael
 * Charlie Trotter as himself

In addition, Christopher Masterson plays Michael's younger brother, Scotty, while Paul Giamatti briefly appears as a bellman who encounters Julianne in a hotel hallway.

Box office
My Best Friend's Wedding opened at No. 2 at the North American box office, making $21,678,377 USD in its opening weekend, behind Batman & Robin. It stayed in the top 10 weekly U.S. box-office for six consecutive weeks, and eventually earned $127,120,029. The worldwide gross total stands at $299,288,605 (listed as one of the 10 biggest films of 1997 both domestically and worldwide).

Critical reception
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 74% based on 61 reviews, with an average rating of 6.5/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Thanks to a charming performance from Julia Roberts and a subversive spin on the genre, My Best Friend's Wedding is a refreshingly entertaining romantic comedy." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 50 out of 100 based on 23 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.

Total Film praised the film, giving it four stars out of five and stating "[h]ere [Roberts] banishes all memories of Mary Reilly (1996) and I Love Trouble (1994) with a lively, nay sparkling, performance. Smiling that killer smile, shedding those winning tears, delivering great lines with effortless charm, Roberts is back where she rightly belongs - not in grey period costume, but as the sexy queen of laughs." The review also called the film "a perfect date movie" that "proves Roberts isn't as crap as we all thought she was."

Peter Travers of Rolling Stone praises Roberts as "riper, more dexterous with a comic line, slyer with modulation," concluding that "Roberts puts her heart into this one." Joanna Berry of Radio Times gave it four stars out of five, observing that this "sparkling comedy" proved to be a career-resurrecting film for Julia Roberts.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three out of four stars and said, "One of the pleasures of Ronald Bass' screenplay is the way it subverts the usual comic formulas that would fuel a plot like this." CNN movie reviewer Carol Buckland said Roberts "lights up the screen", calling the film "fluffy fun".

Andrew Johnston, writing in Time Out New York, observed, "The best scene occurs when Julianne's gay editor and confidant George (Everett) turns up in Chicago and poses as her fiancé, seizing control of the film for five delicious minutes. His devilish impersonation of a straight guy is priceless, and things only get better when he leads a sing-along at the rehearsal dinner. At times like this, when the film spins into pop culture overdrive it stops being a star vehicle and flirts with genuine comic brilliance." Michelle Regna of BuzzFeed, in 2015, claimed it is one of the greatest romantic comedy films of all time.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack was released on June 17, 1997, and contains covers of familiar songs. It was praised by AllMusic for working "better than it should, since most of the vocalists... concentrate on the songs".

 * Chart positions

Remakes
Two official remakes with the same title have been released.
 * A Chinese version was released in China on August 5, 2016.
 * A Mexican remake was presented in Mexico on February 14, 2019.

In addition, the 2002 Bollywood film Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai ("It's My Friend's Wedding") was partially inspired by the film.

Stage musical
A stage musical adaptation of the film featuring songs by Burt Bacharach and Hal David and a book by screenplay writer Ronald Bass and Jonathan Harvey was announced to open in September 2021 (originally due to open September 2020 but postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic) on a UK and Ireland tour, and was due to be directed by Rachel Kavanaugh and star Alexandra Burke as Julianne Potter. However on June 30, 2021, it was announced that the production was canceled due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, with the producers revealing they hope to revisit the show at a later date.

Trivia
The actual owner of the Chicago White Sox at the time of My Best Friend's Wedding's release was Jerry Reinsdorf, who purchased the team from Bill Veeck in 1981.

title: My Best Friend's Wedding


text:
There's Something About Mary

There's Something About Mary is a 1998 American romantic comedy film directed by Peter Farrelly and Bobby Farrelly, who co-wrote it with Ed Decter and John J. Strauss. The film features Cameron Diaz as the title character, while Ben Stiller, Matt Dillon, Lee Evans, and Chris Elliott all play men who are in love with Mary, and vying for her affection.

There's Something About Mary was released theatrically on July 15, 1998, by 20th Century Fox. It received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised its humor and Diaz's performance. The film became a major box office success, grossing over $369 million worldwide against its $23 million budget, becoming the fourth-highest-grossing film of the year. It is placed 27th in the American Film Institute's 100 Years, 100 Laughs: America's Funniest Movies, a list of the 100 funniest movies of the 20th century. In 2000, readers of Total Film magazine voted There's Something About Mary the fourth-greatest comedy film of all time.

Diaz won a New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress, an MTV Movie Award for Best Performance, an American Comedy Award for Best Actress, a Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Best Actress. Her performance additionally was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. The film was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. It won four out of eight MTV Movie Awards, including Best Movie.

Plot
In 1985, Providence, Rhode Island, 16-year-old high school student Ted Stroehmann is about to go on a prom date with his dream girl, Mary Jensen, when he gets his scrotum stuck in his zipper. He is hospitalized after managing to painfully unzip it, which causes him to miss their date. Ted subsequently loses contact with her.

Thirteen years later, in 1998, Ted is a magazine writer and still in love with Mary. On the advice of his best friend, Dom Woganowski, Ted hires private investigator Pat Healy to track her down. Healy discovers that she is an orthopedic surgeon living in Miami with her intellectually disabled brother Warren. After observing her for a few days, Healy also becomes fixated on her. He returns to Providence and lies to Ted about Mary, telling him she is overweight and has four kids by three different men. Healy quits his job and returns to Miami to pursue her. He resorts to lying and stalking to win Mary over.

Meanwhile, Ted finds out that Healy was lying about Mary and drives to Florida to see her. During the drive, he picks up a hitchhiker who leaves a dead body in his car. Ted is mistakenly arrested for the murder and bailed out by Dom after the hitchhiker confesses to being the killer. Healy and Mary spend several weeks dating before her British architect friend Tucker exposes his lies. She ends their relationship after Tucker slanders Healy with false stories of being a suspected serial killer. Angered over this, Healy confronts him and discovers Tucker actually is an American pizza delivery boy named Norm Phipps who also is infatuated with Mary. Years earlier, Norm deliberately injured himself in order to become her patient and get close to her. He pretends to still be disabled to stay close and drive away other possible love interests. When Ted and Mary begin dating again, Healy and Norm team up to drive Ted away.

When Mary reads an anonymous letter revealing that Ted hired Healy to find her, she becomes upset and dumps him. Ted then angrily confronts Healy and Norm, who deny sending the letter, and Ted leaves in frustration. Dom, who is revealed to be Mary's ex-boyfriend "Woogie", later shows up in her apartment and admits to writing the letter. She previously had a restraining order against Dom after he became obsessed with her, which started again when Ted found her despite being married with kids.

Norm and Healy, listening outside, intervene and save Mary from Dom. Ted then arrives along with Brett Favre, an ex-boyfriend Mary dumped after Norm lied about him insulting Warren. Ted declares Favre should be with her since he is the only one not to use deception to win her over. After reuniting Favre with her and leaving the other men defeated, Ted leaves in tears, but she chases him down outside and says "I'd be happiest with you" before they kiss.

Cast

 * Cameron Diaz as Mary Jensen, an orthopedic surgeon who becomes the obsession of several men. She previously lived in Rhode Island but was forced to change her last name to "Matthews" and move to Florida to avoid a stalker.
 * Matt Dillon as Pat Healy, a private investigator who becomes obsessed with Mary and quits his job to pursue her
 * Ben Stiller as Ted Stroehmann, a magazine writer who is still infatuated with Mary after missing his chance with her as a teenager
 * Lee Evans as Tucker/Norm Phipps, a pizza delivery man who meets Mary while delivering her a pizza and becomes obsessed with her. He adopts the persona of "Tucker", a British architect, and gets his back injured to become one of Mary's patients and get closer to her. Norm hides how his injury has healed.
 * Chris Elliott as Dom "Woogie" Woganowski, Mary's ex-boyfriend who became obsessed with her to the point where she took out a restraining order against him
 * Lin Shaye as Magda, Mary's neighbor and friend.
 * Jeffrey Tambor as Sully, Healy's friend and contact in Miami
 * Markie Post as Sheila Jensen, Mary and Warren's mother.
 * W. Earl Brown as Warren Jensen, Mary's intellectually disabled brother who is very protective of his ears.
 * Keith David as Charlie, Mary and Warren's stepfather.
 * Sarah Silverman as Brenda, Mary's sarcastic best friend.
 * Khandi Alexander as Joanie, another of Mary's friends.
 * Richard Tyson as Detective Krevoy
 * Rob Moran as Detective Stabler
 * Willie Garson as Dr. Bob "Zit Face", Ted's chiropractor and friend from high school
 * Harland Williams as The Hitchhiker, an escaped mental patient and murderer (uncredited).
 * Brett Favre as himself, Mary's ex-boyfriend whom she broke up with after Tucker lied to her about him
 * Steve Sweeney as Police Officer
 * Jonathan Richman as Jonathan, the singing narrator and a guitarist who always appears with Tommy.
 * Tommy Larkins as Tommy, a drummer who always appears with Jonathan.
 * Lenny Clarke as Fireman.
 * Richard Jenkins as Psychiatrist (uncredited).

Production
There's Something About Mary was directed by Peter and Bobby Farrelly, who had previously made Dumb and Dumber in 1994 and Kingpin in 1996. According to Bobby, the scene where Ted accidentally gets his scrotum stuck in his pants fly was inspired by a real incident, when their sister was listening to some records with some eighth grade students in the basement of their house: "One of the kids went up [to the bathroom] and he zipped himself up. He was in there for a long time. My dad, who was a doctor, actually had to go in and say, 'Hey, kid. You alright?'" Most of the film was shot in Miami, Florida. The Big Pink Restaurant is where Healy meets with Sully, and the Miami-Dade Cultural Center is the location for the architecture exhibit Mary and Healy attend together. The hair gel scene was filmed at the Cardozo Hotel, while Churchill's Pub was used as a strip club for a scene with Healy. The makeup effects were the handiwork of makeup effects designer Tony Gardner. Director Peter Farrelly said in an interview that he had offered Courteney Cox the role of Mary and Cox had accepted, but due to her filming Friends at the time, her agent turned down the offer on her behalf without her knowing.

Besides Ben Stiller, actors Owen Wilson and Jon Stewart were considered potential candidates for the role of Ted Stroehmann. Bill Murray was considered for the role of Pat Healy, but the Farrelly brothers thought he was too old for it. Vince Vaughn and Cuba Gooding Jr. were also considered for the role of Pat Healy. Because the Farrelly brothers were fans of the New England Patriots, they originally wanted to cast quarterback Drew Bledsoe as Mary's football-playing boyfriend, but he could not do it due to a mosh incident he had in a club. The Farrelly brothers later offered the role to Steve Young, but he turned it down due to the film's coarse nature. Ultimately, the role was given to Brett Favre. Chris Farley was considered for the role of Mary's brother Warren, however, his health was in a rapid decline due to his drug addictions and he was forced to turn down the role. He died in December 1997 in the middle of the film's production.

Release
There's Something About Mary was released on VHS and DVD on August 3, 1999. Four years later, a new two-disc Collector's Edition DVD release premiered on July 1, 2003. On May 5, 2009, the film was officially released on Blu-ray.

Box office
Upon its release, There's Something About Mary ranked in fourth place behind Armageddon, Lethal Weapon 4 and The Mask of Zorro, collecting $13.7 million during its opening weekend, combined with $17.8 million from its first five days. During Labor Day weekend, the film reached the number one spot, making $10.9 million and beating Blade. There's Something About Mary was 1998's third-highest-grossing film in North America as well as the fourth highest-grossing film of the year globally. The film made $369million worldwide on a budget of $23million, with $176million coming from the U.S. and Canada. It was released in the United Kingdom on September 25, 1998, and topped the country's box office for the next two weekends.

Critical response
Rotten Tomatoes reported that 84% of 85 critics reviews were positive, with an average rating of 7.1/10. The site's consensus reads: "There's Something About Mary proves that unrelentingly, unabashedly puerile humor doesn't necessarily come at the expense of a film's heart." Metacritic gives the film a weighted average score of 69 out of 100 based on 29 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert gave it three out of four stars, stating, "What a blessed relief is laughter. It flies in the face of manners, values, political correctness, and decorum. It exposes us for what we are, the only animal with a sense of humor."

Gene Siskel ranked the film number 9 on his 10 Best films of 1998 (the final "best of" list before his death).

Accolades
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
 * 2000: AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs – #27
 * 2002: AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – Nominated
 * 2007: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – Nominated
 * 2008: AFI's 10 Top 10 – Nominated Romantic Comedy Film

Soundtrack

 * 1) "There's Something About Mary" (Jonathan Richman) – 1:47
 * 2) "How to Survive a Broken Heart" (Ben Lee) – 2:47
 * 3) "Every Day Should Be a Holiday" (The Dandy Warhols) – 4:02
 * 4) "Everything Shines" (The Push Stars) – 2:27
 * 5) "This Is the Day" (Ivy) – 3:33
 * 6) "Is She Really Going Out with Him?" (Joe Jackson) – 3:36
 * 7) "True Love Is Not Nice" (Jonathan Richman) – 2:13
 * 8) "History Repeating" (The Propellerheads feat. Shirley Bassey) – 4:04
 * 9) "If I Could Talk I'd Tell You" (The Lemonheads) – 2:51
 * 10) "Mary's Prayer" (Danny Wilson) – 3:54
 * 11) "Margo's Waltz" (Lloyd Cole) – 4:01
 * 12) "Speed Queen" (Zuba) – 3:44
 * 13) "Let Her Go Into the Darkness" (Jonathan Richman) – 1:19
 * 14) "Build Me Up Buttercup" (The Foundations) – 2:59

title: There's Something About Mary


text:
James Hammond Trumbull

James Hammond Trumbull (December 20, 1821 – August 5, 1897) was an American historian, philologist, bibliographer, and politician. A scholar of American Indian languages, he served as the first Connecticut State Librarian in 1854 and as Secretary of State from 1861 to 1866.

Early life and education
Trumbull was born in Stonington, Connecticut, to parents Gurdon and Sarah Ann (Swan) Trumbull. His mother was descended from Stonington's first colonists; his father was a wealthy merchant and state legislator, distantly related to Governor Jonathan Trumbull. James Trumbull's siblings included clergyman and author Henry Clay Trumbull and entomologist and author Annie Trumbull Slosson. Trumbull studied at Tracy's Academy in Norwich and enrolled at Yale University in 1838. He never received his degree, withdrawing before the end of his junior year because of ill health.

Trumbull received an honorary Master of Arts degree from Yale in 1850 and an honorary LLD in 1871. He subsequently received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Harvard University and an honorary Doctor of Letters degree from Columbia University, both in 1887.

Career
While at Yale, Trumbull developed a keen interest in natural history, particularly conchology. Joining the Yale Natural History Society, he collaborated with James Harvey Linsley to write and publish a three-volume catalog of Connecticut's fish, reptiles, and shellfish in 1844 and 1845.

In 1847, Trumbull moved to Hartford and became assistant secretary of state of Connecticut from 1847 to 1852. Becoming interested in local history, in 1852 he edited and published, at his own expense, the first volume of the Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut (1636-1689), followed two years later by a second volume and in 1859 by a third volume. Charles J. Hoadly subsequently edited the remaining twelve volumes in the series.

Trumbull was appointed as the first Connecticut State Librarian in 1854. Although he served for only one year before Hoadly assumed the office, he did much to organize the library and advocate for better funding. He served as assistant secretary of state again from 1858 to 1861 before winning consecutive annual elections to serve as Secretary of the State of Connecticut from 1861 to 1866. He was a member of the Republican Party.

Trumbull was a life member of the Connecticut Historical Society, having been elected to membership in 1847. He served as secretary from 1848 to 1863, president from 1863 to 1889, and librarian for its David Watkinson Library from 1863 to 1891 before becoming librarian emeritus until 1897. He was a founding member of the American Philological Association, of which he was elected treasurer in 1869, vice president in 1873, and president in 1874. He was a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and of the historical societies of Massachusetts, Maine, Rhode Island, New York, and Wisconsin. He was elected to the American Antiquarian Society in 1855 and the National Academy of Sciences in 1872.

Writings
Trumbull was a prolific historian and bibliographer. He wrote extensively on the history of Connecticut, such as Historical Notes on some Provisions of the Connecticut Statutes (1860–1861), The True Blue Laws of Connecticut (1876), and The Memorial History of Hartford County (1886). He published numerous scholarly editions of writings by Roger Williams, Thomas Lechford, Abraham Pierson, John Eliot, and other historical figures. Between 1878 and 1893, he prepared a massive five-volume catalog for the auction of George Brinley's private book collection of 9500 titles.

Trumbull's contemporaries considered his knowledge of Native American philology second only to Daniel Garrison Brinton. His study of Algonquian languages led him to publish The Composition of Indian Geographical Names (1870), The Best Methods of Studying the Indian Languages (1871), Indian Names of Places in Connecticut (1881), and other works. Yale University appointed Trumbull a lecturer in Native American languages during the 1870s and 1880s, though the appointment came with no responsibilities and was largely honorary.

Trumbull's correspondence, manuscripts, notebooks, and other papers are held at the Connecticut History Society and at Yale University.

Personal life
In April 1855, Trumbull married Sarah A. Robinson of Hartford. The couple traveled to Europe and Egypt for their honeymoon. Trumbull died of influenza (grippe) following a brief illness at his home in Hartford on August 5, 1897. He was 75 years old. He was survived by his wife and their only child, Annie Eliot Trumbull.

title: James Hammond Trumbull