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Lady Victoria Hervey

Lady Victoria Frederica Isabella Hervey (born 6 October 1976) is an English model, socialite, aristocrat, and former "It girl". She is the daughter of the 6th Marquess of Bristol, half-sister of the 7th Marquess, and sister of the 8th Marquess and Lady Isabella Hervey.

Early life
Lady Victoria is the eldest child of the 6th Marquess of Bristol and his third wife, Yvonne Marie Sutton, and was born on her father's 61st birthday, 6 October 1976. She is the elder sister of the incumbent 8th Marquess of Bristol and Lady Isabella Hervey. Her older half-brothers were the 7th Marquess of Bristol and Lord Nicholas Hervey, both of whom are deceased. Leka, Crown Prince of Albania, stood sponsor as one of her godfathers.

For the first two years of her life Hervey lived at Ickworth House, the family seat in Suffolk, before her parents went into tax exile in Monaco. At the time of her father's death in 1985, the family was living in an apartment at 1E Formentor, Avenue Princesse Grace, Monte Carlo, but still employing a butler and a nanny.

She was educated at Benenden School, and spent a gap year in Florence before working at advertising agencies in London.

Early work
After Hervey turned down a place to read French and History of Art at the University of Bristol, her mother stopped her allowances and she reluctantly became a receptionist for producer Michael Winner.

Modelling and fashion
Hervey became a part-time catwalk model in a career move she hoped would take her into television presenting, but with her statuesque 6-foot height she took to the career full-time, ultimately modelling for Christian Dior. In April 2000, she and friend Jayne Blight opened Knightsbridge fashion boutique Akademi. Frequented by Victoria Beckham, Meg Mathews and Martine McCutcheon, it closed in 2001 with debts estimated at £350,000. Hervey was reportedly only £20 out of pocket by the business failure but in the year following the closure, Hervey owed a series of personal debts. In 2012, it was reported that Hervey had taken the position as Events and Society Editor for The Untitled Magazine, a bi-annual magazine about fashion and entertainment.

Film
In December 2003, Hervey secured a small part in the 2004 Colin Hanks film Rx as a waitress in a diner.

Television
In 2001, Hervey made a cameo appearance in BBC sitcom Absolutely Fabulous in the first episode of series four. In October 2004, Hervey appeared on channel Five'sThe Farm. In July 2006, she appeared in the ITV show Love Island. On 18 September 2007, she appeared on ITV's Don't Call Me Stupid programme, where she was asked to learn about the Labour Party Movement with George Galloway. In February 2015, Hervey, an experienced skier, appeared on Channel 4's The Jump where she participated on the condition her dog joined her in Austria.

Literary
In 2016 Hervey's young adult book, Lady in Waiting, was published by Finch. The novel is semi-autobiographical and concerns life at a girls' boarding school.

Personal life
Hervey lives in Los Angeles. She has had relationships with several well-known people, including Prince Andrew and Boyzone member Shane Lynch.

In 2003, Hervey attracted controversy after saying, "It's so bad being homeless in winter. They should go somewhere warm like the Caribbean where they can eat fresh fish all day."

In January 2022 Hervey said in an interview that she felt that Ghislaine Maxwell had used her as "bait", to attract women to Jeffrey Epstein's parties. She later suggested that a photo showing Prince Andrew with Virginia Giuffre had been faked with body doubles.

title: Lady Victoria Hervey


text:
Advertorial

An advertorial is an advertisement in the form of editorial content. The term "advertorial" is a blend (see portmanteau) of the words "advertisement" and "editorial." Merriam-Webster dates the origin of the word to 1946.

In printed publications, the advertisement is usually written to resemble an objective article and designed to ostensibly look like a legitimate and independent news story. In television, the advertisement is similar to a short infomercial presentation of products or services. These can either be in the form of a television commercial or as a segment on a talk show or variety show. In radio, these can take the form of a radio commercial or a discussion between the announcer and representative. The concept of internet-based advertorials is linked to native advertising; however, whether the two terms are synonymous is contested.

Advertorials, especially those that are not clearly disclosed, are the subject of controversy in journalism ethics and marketing ethics. Researchers have found that they often mislead readers who are unaware of their origin, co-opting and damaging a publication's reputation. As many as two thirds of readers confuse advertorials for reporting, according to a 2016 study.

Types
Advertorials can be classified into three types:
 * Image advertorials: The organization running the advertisement wants to produce a favorable view of the organization or its products among the readers.
 * Advocacy advertorials: The organization wants to explain their view of a controversial subject.
 * Journalism advertorials: The organization wants to attract media attention to a subject or themselves.  Their goal may be inspiring independently written stories about their area of interest, to get quoted in related stories, or to influence how journalists will write about a subject in the future.

Publications
Advertorials differ from traditional advertisements in that they are designed to look like the articles that appear in the publication. Most publications will not accept advertisements that look exactly like stories from the newspaper or magazine they are appearing in. The differences may be subtle, and disclaimers—such as the word "advertisement"—may or may not appear. Sometimes terms describing the advertorial such as a "special promotional feature" or "special advertising section" are used. The tone of the advertorials is usually closer to that of a press release than of an objective news story.

Advertorials can also be printed and presented as an entire newspaper section, inserted the same way within a newspaper as store fliers, comics sections, and other non-editorial content. These sections are usually printed on a smaller type of broadsheet and different newsprint than the actual paper, along with different fonts and column layouts. Many newspapers and magazines will assign staff writers or freelancers to write advertorials, usually without a byline credit. A major difference between regular editorial and advertorial is that clients usually have content approval of advertorials, a luxury usually not provided with regular editorial.

A related practice is the creation of material that looks like traditional media (for instance, a newspaper or magazine) but is actually created by a company to market its products. One familiar example is airline in-flight magazines, which may feature reports about travel destinations to which the airline flies.

In 1996, a UK based company called Parkway Publishing began publishing advertorials for advertisers. Parkway began enlisting clients and created PRPros to function as PR via advertorials with great success. The cottage industry is now widely used and considered very successful. Sheldon Schorr, the president of Parkway, was a leader in the crafting of advertorials and placed hundreds a year in scores of periodicals, especially magazines, utilizing quotes, brand references and trade enhancement, "meant to complement a company or persons' brand passively and more affordably than any other form of editorial content with much greater success than a press release". Historically, advertorials were less frowned upon and newspapers would even "show how magazine advertising is serving the public".

Television
Advertorials on television are longer than typical television advertisements. They are usually played on cable and satellite channels, which are less expensive than broadcast television. They may include a plot or story line to increase the entertainment value for viewers, and thus hold their attention longer.

Daytime programs featuring light talk designed to draw in mainly a female audience often use advertorial segments which feature presentations of products, services, and packages by businesses. A representative of a business will have a discussion with a regular host, along with perhaps making a special offer for viewers.

Australia
In Australia, daytime programs featuring light talk and advertorials have been in television schedules since the late 1960s. One of the first was Good Morning Melbourne starring Roy Hampson and Annette Allison which began in 1967 followed by Good Morning Sydney in 1978, hosted by Maureen Duvall. Nine Network produced similar shows like In Sydney Today and In Melbourne Today, later merged into Ernie and Denise in 1994. They were followed by a national program which began in 1992 on Network Ten called Good Morning Australia (formerly The Morning Show) with Bert Newton. This success of that show prompted the Nine Network to launch a competing program in 2002 presented by Kerri-Anne Kennerley titled Mornings with Kerri-Anne, later shortened to Kerri-Anne. The Seven Network followed suit with a show starring Denise Drysdale called Denise before the debut of The Morning Show in 2007. Network Ten had 9am with David & Kim from 2006 which was replaced by The Circle in 2010. In November 2011, Nine Network cancelled Kerri Anne which was replaced by a new program titled 'Mornings' which premiered in 2012 presented by Sonia Kruger and David Campbell. It was later rebranded as Today Extra which meant the show was tied closer to Nine's breakfast news program Today. These programs feature a traditional daytime show format of light talk, health, beauty, fashion and recipe segments along with advertorial segments scattered throughout the show. The advertorials are usually hosted by regular advertorial hosts who interact with business representatives. The main hosts of the show usually do not interact with the advertorial hosts or the business representatives. Advertorials are regulated under the Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice, which has been registered by the Australian Broadcasting Authority.

India
In India, the nexus between cable television companies, popular news papers and political parties came to the fore front in a 2011 documentary made by Prasar Bharati which revealed that the ownership of seven of the ten largest media companies in India was connected to some political party or the other. This was given further credence to reports on paid news that appeared in 2015-18 in selected Indian news papers and channels connecting the dark links between the two largest political parties BJP and Congress, black money and payments made to media channels to paint them in a better light. In 2018, a sting operation nicknamed "Cobrabost 136" by Cobrapost, an Indian investigative journalism agency showed videos of meetings held with the 15 largest media companies, who agreed to publish / telecast communally and politically motivated and misleading information as a campaign in return for payments, routed through advertising and PR companies.

United States
In the United States, locally produced daytime television rose in the mid-2000s as local television stations (especially those with the NBC and Fox Networks, where NBC gave up the most programming time) saw network time on weekday mornings after 9am returned to local control and saw new national talk shows either fail or not attract the right demographic to a timeslot. Beginning with Daytime on Media General station WFLA-TV in Tampa, Florida in the early 2000s, a new format featuring the structure of a traditional locally produced daytime show with the usual format of light talk, health features, beauty tips and recipe segments which was popular up to the early 1990s (when expansion of newscasts became a much less expensive, more dependable form of revenue) came into use. Some of these shows, such as WKBW-TV's AM Buffalo in Buffalo, New York, seamlessly made the transition from a traditional local talk show to a paid program with little notice.

This type of program usually features light talk designed to draw in mainly a female audience, and then presentation of products, services, and packages by local businesses; for example a basement waterproofing system might be discussed by the representative of a company in that business with the hosts, along with perhaps a special offer for viewers. Like in Australia, to prevent any conflict of interest concerns with their counterpart local newsrooms, the hosts of advertorials have no communication with those personalities in the news department on-air, nor do they even mention any breaking news stories or perform a handoff to the newsroom for further details.

In U.S. newspapers, for example, ExxonMobil purchased an advertorial positioned next to The New York Times op-ed page every Thursday between 1972 and 2001.

Radio
On radio, advertorials can feature discussions between an announcer or a DJ and the representative of a business. The discussion may feature testimonials from customers or a personal endorsement from the announcer. The products featured can range from mobile phone/cable/satellite providers, insurance, financing, auto servicing, travel agencies, and upcoming concerts or music releases.

Australia
The "cash for comment affair" was an Australian scandal that broke in 1999, concerning paid advertising in radio that was presented to the audience in such a way as to sound like editorial commentary.

Legal issues
In the United Kingdom, the Advertising Standards Authority requires advertorials to be clearly marked as such. In one case, the Scottish newspaper The Herald published a feature titled "Professional Brief" that had been submitted by Glasgow-based French Duncan Chartered Accountants. According to a complaint, it did not clearly indicate that it was a paid advertisement. The newspaper argued that, because it was a "sponsored column" and it was indicated that the opinions expressed were those of the author, it did not have to refer to it as an advertisement. The ASA responded that, because payment was given in exchange for the publication of the columns and because the content was provided by the marketers rather than the newspaper, they considered the columns advertisements and required that they indicate as much.

For magazines in the United States mailed at the publication rate, the Postal Service has regulations as to how to mark editorial and advertising. Domestic Mail Manual states that under 18 USC 1734, "if a valuable consideration is paid, accepted, or promised for the publication of any editorial or other reading matter in a Periodicals publication, that matter must be plainly marked 'advertisement' by the publisher. When a single item of paid editorial or other reading matter occupies more than one page, it need only be marked 'advertisement' on the first page. The word "advertisement" may be included in a statement that explains why the material is marked 'advertisement.' Such a statement must be prominent on the first page of the material and the word 'advertisement' in the statement must be in bold or italicized print or otherwise emphasized so that it can be plainly seen. Editors or publishers who print such matter without plainly marking it 'advertisement' are subject to a fine of not more than $500."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Advertorial


text:
Quebec Conference

Quebec Conference refers to one of several different meetings by the same name that were held in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada:

 * The Quebec Conference, 1864, the second conference to discuss Canada's confederation, which was finally accomplished three years later. It was here that the 72 Resolutions were drafted
 * The Quebec Conference, 1943, a top-level meetings between the United States and Britain, with Canada as host, to plan strategy in 1944. It also resulted in the Quebec Agreement to share nuclear technology
 * The Second Quebec Conference, held in 1944. Only the United States and the United Kingdom were represented. It is known mostly for the agreement on and the signing of the Morgenthau Plan
 * The Quebec City Summit of the Americas, in 2001, which discussed the Free Trade Area of the Americas and was targeted by massive anti-globalization protests

title: Quebec Conference


text:
Timeline of Albanian history

This is a timeline of Albanian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Albania and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Albania. See also the list of Albanian monarchs and list of heads of state of Albania.

title: Timeline of Albanian history


text:
Talk:Timeline of Albanian history to 1993

Wikify
We need to wikify this article. Heroeswithmetaphors (talk) 07:39, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

Font
Any reason why most of this is in a non-proportional font? -- Schnee 01:03, 10 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I pasted it from LOC site, don't know what you mean though. --Dori 03:07, 29 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * When a row doesn't begin from the first column in the edit box, a different, uncomfortable font style is shown. It's tedious to change this, but I am going to do this as I go through the time-table. Where this is done, there I have gone through. Andres 12:08, 29 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Thank you, Dori. This is much better. Andres 12:30, 29 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * You replied before I made another change (the months were screwed up because of newlines), look again. --Dori 13:08, 29 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * Actually, I might take a stab at wikifying the years too, so be in the lookout for that if it works. --Dori 13:10, 29 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I think bolding the months was a great idea. Thank you! And the years should be wikified when they are headings.

 * Should we bold the dates too?

 * Could you give me an example? This might be a bit hard as I'm not a regexp guru, but I'll give it a shot and let you know. --Dori 13:31, 29 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I mean having the dates as headings in the same style as we have the months now, that is date in bold plus plus the text without an empty line. I don't see any technical problem but I wonder if this looks good. Andres 13:50, 29 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I think I had the same idea, see my reply below. I don't think it is a technical problem for wikipedia, but I meant it might be a technical problem for me :) I am not going through and manually editing the dates, I am doing a fancy replace (see the regexp article if you're not familiar with those) which I might not be able to do depending on how the expressions look. --Dori 13:58, 29 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I see. Yes, there are few such cases right now (only the dates I put in), and I can style them manually. I'll give a try and then judge it please, as I am going to add many dates, and so I'll be able to write them right by first edit. Andres 14:11, 29 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I think the months and the dates should contain the year but probably only when they don't immediately follow the year as a heading.

 * I doubled months and dates. That is, when an event (1939 or 1940) was reported under a month and I had its exact date, I preserved it both under the month and the date. Is this a good idea? Andres 13:24, 29 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I don't think it's necessary and it might add clutter. If you just have January 1, then it is good to put this date below the January section since we might link it eventually. --Dori 13:31, 29 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I don't understand your last sentence.

 * OK, I'll remove the redundant passages. Andres 13:50, 29 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I was saying if we have a more specific date than just January (e.g. January 1) then it should perhaps be like this:

 * January
 * January 1 blah, blah, blah

 * By looking at it, maybe there aren't that many dates like this, so worse come we could do it manually. I made a change to year 1939. How does that look? The only thing I see wrong is that if we had specific dates for everything we wouldn't need the month as a separate entry (we'd just have the listings in order as in the year pages). --Dori 16:57, 29 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * That's rather good and I'll follow it. But there remain some problems. Yes, if we don't state anything without the specific date then we don't need the month. We need the month when (1) the exact date is unknown; (2) the event is a process that cannot be specified by days; (3) there are so many events in one month that a survey is needed. Do you mean that in that case the description should follow from the same row, as in the case of dates? The other problem is that if the description of a year is detailed enough then the year and the date don't appear on the same screen, therefore the year should somehow appear. Andres 18:28, 29 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Regarding #3, yes I think the survey (or whatever) of a month should be on the same indentation as specific dates, but at the end. The same would be true for a year survery (meaning it would be on the indent. of the year, at the end.
 * OK, let's try that. Andres 06:05, 30 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * I still don't think it would be a good idea to add the years because of the clutter, but that's just my opinion. I would think most people will remember what year they're reading about, and if not they can just scroll a bit. --Dori 05:51, 30 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * OK, I won't add years for time being. Andres 06:05, 30 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I like the way how the months appear. And another question. If we have different events on the same day, probably the descriptions of all of them should be at one and the same distance from the margin? Andres 18:40, 29 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes, continuing on the same indentation, but on a new line would probably be OK. Or we might duplicate the specific date, but not link it. --Dori 05:51, 30 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * OK. Andres 06:05, 30 Aug 2003 (UTC)

King Zog's son
Regarding "King Zog with his wife Geraldine Apponyi and their infant son Skander emigrate to Greece." I thought their only son (and child) was Leka. See also: Talk:Countess Geraldine Apponyi de Nagy-Apponyi --Dori 03:07, 29 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * You are right. I copied this from the article Albania between wars but this is a mistake. Leka was born on April 5, 1939. This makes me cautious about the report on which the longer history articles about Albania are based. Another place where something is wrong is about Ali Kelmendi's and Enver Hoxha's cooperation. I also am suspicious about the name "National Liberation Movement". I'll try to check it. Andres 12:08, 29 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I found out why Skander was mentioned as King Zog's son. Both names derive from "Alexander" or "Aleksander". Andres 15:15, 2 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * Probably, what is mentioned in the preamble of 1940, in fact occurred in 1939. Andres 22:48, 31 Aug 2003 (UTC)

A good source
On the timeline of Albanian history, see: []. Majuru (talk) 23:49, 21 October 2011 (UTC)

Merge with Timeline of Albanian history
From the outside it seems the easiest merge is to shift everything of value from 'Timeline of Albanian history to 1993' to 'Timeline of Albanian history'. Then delete 'Timeline of Albanian history to 1993'. IS that our preference or do we like the formatting of 'Timeline of Albanian history to 1993' better?
 * Changed to a redirect after moving missing information to Timeline of Albanian history. Dushan Jugum (talk) 11:19, 6 August 2021 (UTC)


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Talk:Continous wave

Problems with this redirect:
 * Continuous wave is a transmission mode, not a code, and should be defined separately.
 * Some things that link here expect definition/discussion of continuous wave and have nothing whatever to do with morse code.

title: Talk:Continous wave


text:
Business-to-government

Business-to-government (B2G), also known as business-to-public-administration (B2PA) or business-to-public-sector (B2PS) refers to trade between the business sector as a supplier and a government body as a customer playing a major impact in public procurement. Business-to-government also includes the segment of business-to-business (B2B) marketing known as public sector marketing — a form of business-to-business-to-government (B2B2G) phenomenon, which encompasses marketing products and services to various government levels—local, state/provincial, and national—through integrated marketing communications techniques such as strategic public relations, branding, marketing communications, advertising, and web-based communications.

B2G is a fundamental market, alongside Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) or Business-to-Consumer (B2C) and Business-to-Business (B2B). It is a relevant marketing and sales area, distinct from B2B or B2C. Other terms used are business-to-administration (B2A); public procurement (PP). It combines elements of business administration, public administration, marketing, communications, political science, and several other fields in order to facilitate trade between the private sector and public sector.

The B2G domain is relevant: public sector represents 54% of EU GDP, and 47% of US GDP. Public sector procurement amounts to 14-20% of GDP. In the European Union, the public procurement market is 13.6% of the GDP, i.e. 2 trillion Euro, spent by 250,000 public authorities.

More than 60% of Fortune 1000 companies are active on the B2G market, with government customers generally having a positive impact on a firm’s value.

Public-sector organizations generally post tenders in the form of requests-for-proposals, requests-for-information, requests-for-quotations, and sources-sought, to which private suppliers respond. Business-to-government networks provide a platform for businesses to bid on government opportunities that are presented as solicitations, in the form of requests-for-proposals, through a reverse auction.

Government agencies typically have pre-negotiated standing contracts vetting the vendors/suppliers and their products and services for set prices. These can be local or national contracts, and some may be grandfathered in by other entities. For example, in the United States, California's MAS Multiple Award Schedule will recognize the federal government contract holder's prices on a General Services Administration Schedule.

title: Business-to-government


text:
Request for proposal

A request for proposal (RFP) is a document that solicits a proposal, often made through a bidding process, by an agency or company interested in procurement of a commodity, service, or valuable asset, to potential suppliers to submit business proposals.

Overview
An RFP is used where the request requires technical expertise, specialized capability, or where the product or service being requested does not yet exist, and the proposal may require research and development to create whatever is being requested.

The RFP presents preliminary requirements for the commodity or service, and may dictate to varying degrees the exact structure and format of the supplier's response. Effective RFPs typically reflect the strategy and short/long-term business objectives, providing detailed insight upon which suppliers will be able to offer a matching perspective.

Similar requests include a request for quotation (RFQ), whereby the customer may simply be looking for a price quote, and a request for information (RFI), where the customer needs more information from vendors before submitting an RFP. An RFI is typically followed by an RFP or RFQ.

In principle, an RFP:
 * Informs suppliers that an organization is looking to procure and encourages them to make their best effort.
 * Requires the company to specify what it proposes to purchase. If the requirements analysis has been prepared properly, it can be incorporated quite easily into the Request document.
 * Alerts suppliers that the selection process is competitive.
 * Allows for wide distribution and response.
 * Ensures that suppliers respond factually to the identified requirements.
 * Is generally expected to follow a structured evaluation and selection procedure, so that an organization can demonstrate impartiality, a crucial factor in public sector procurement.

Specifications
An RFP typically involves more than a request for a price. Examples of such are: Choosing requirements, the timetable for the project, the RFP Package format, and Obtain clearance for the RFI Package format. Other requested information may include basic corporate information and history, financial information (can the company deliver without risk of bankruptcy), technical capability (used on major procurements of services, where the item has not previously been made or where the requirement could be met by varying technical means), product information such as stock availability and estimated completion period, and customer references that can be checked to determine a company's suitability (including educational and military background of its employees on the project --- college graduates and those with advanced college degrees may add "value" from the bidder).

The ubiquitous availability of the internet has made many government agencies turn either to state-run or vendor operated websites which provide listings of RFPs as well as RFIs and RFQs. Many allow vendors to sign up at no charge to receive e-mails of requests either generally or for specific categories of product or service for which there is an interest. In some cases, the entire process is done on-line with responses as scanned documents or PDF files uploaded to the server; in other cases, or for legal reasons, a response must be sent in hard copy form and/or on CD/DVD disc or flash drive by mail or delivery service.

In the militaries of many countries, an RFP is often raised to fulfill an Operational Requirement (OR), after which the military procurement authority will normally issue a detailed technical specification against which tenders (i.e., bids) will be made by potential contractors. In the civilian use, an RFP is usually part of a complex sales process, also known as enterprise sales.

RFPs often include specifications of the item, project or service for which a proposal is requested. The more detailed the specifications, the better the chances that the proposal provided will be accurate. Generally RFPs are sent to an approved supplier or vendor list.

The bidders return a proposal by a set date and time. Late proposals may or may not be considered, depending on the terms of the initial RFP. The proposals are used to evaluate the suitability as a supplier, vendor, or institutional partner. Typically organizations follow a detailed vendor screening process to short list the vendors who should be invited for further rounds of negotiation. This screening process could either be vendor scoring models or internal discussions within the buyer organization. Discussions may be held on the proposals (often to clarify technical capabilities or to note errors in a proposal or in many cases to negotiate on the price). In most instances, only selected bidders may be invited to participate in subsequent bids, or may be asked to submit their best technical and financial proposal, commonly referred to as a Best and Final Offer (BAFO). Subsequent changes can be referred to as the Best and Revised Final Offer (BARFO).

Once both the parties, i.e. a buyer organization and seller organization, agree on the technical and commercial terms and conditions of the proposal, they could move on to next steps like contract signing, statement of work which would formalize the purchase transactions.

Today, many organizations are becoming more collaborative in the development of RFPs; this is especially true for universities and other major public entities making major technology purchases. RFP-issuing groups ask for specific use cases, rather than providing a list of features, and ensure they have the opportunity to include demonstrations, webinars and meetings as part of the RFP process to ensure they have a strong understanding of all competing products before making a purchase.

RFP Template
An RFP template is a document that is used to create a formal request for proposal. It is usually created by the person who will be issuing the RFP. The template can be used as a guide for those who are responding to the RFP.

The purpose of an RFP template is to provide all of the necessary information and instructions in order for someone to respond with a proposal that meets all of the requirements set out in the document.

A well-written RFP template will include sections on:

 * Write an introduction. Why are you going into this project and what do you hope to achieve with the project?
 * Explain your company’s history and project’s background.
 * Define high-level business and tech requirements.
 * Describe solution architecture with an understandable diagram (current setup, with desired changes) or in case of a completely new solution provide architecture on how the solution should be integrated with your other systems (CRM, Billing…)
 * List all detailed technical requirements in the format of a Statement of Compliance
 * Explain how vendors should respond. Write the structure you expect your vendors to follow when planning their response to your RFP. When all vendors follow the same format, responses are easier to evaluate.
 * Outline your selection criteria.
 * Note your timelines.

Role in government procurement
In United States government procurement, Federal Acquisition Regulation 15.203 covers requests for proposals, stating"Requests for proposals (RFPs) are used in negotiated acquisitions to communicate Government requirements to prospective contractors and to solicit proposals." The FAR allows for evaluation of proposals, further discussions with bidders and invitation for submission of written final proposal revisions (FPRs), upon which a final selection decision is based. Federal government requests for final proposal revisions must"advise offerors that the final proposal revisions shall be in writing and that the Government intends to make award without obtaining further revisions."

The term "request for proposals" is sometimes used in relation to government procurement in the United Kingdom, for example a request for proposals to raise and manage the UK Government's proposed Broadband Investment Fund was issued in June 2016.

Other requests
The collective term RFX is often used to embrace a request for proposal (RFP), or any of the terms listed below.
 * A request for association (RFA), also known as request for partnership or request for alliance, is a proposal from one party to another for acting together (usually in business) and sharing the benefits of this joint action.
 * A request for expression(s) of interest (RFEI), is part of the EOI (expression of interest) discovery process in order to gather information regarding the potential procurement of the services sought, similar to the RFQ, sometimes done prior to publishing an RFP.
 * A request for information (RFI) is a proposal requested from a potential seller or a service provider to determine what products and services are potentially available in the marketplace to meet a buyer's needs and to know the capability of a seller in terms of offerings and strengths of the seller. RFIs are commonly used on major procurements, where a requirement could potentially be met through several alternate means. An RFI, however, is not an invitation to bid, is not binding on either the buyer or sellers, and may or may not lead to an RFP or RFQ.
 * A request for quotation (RFQ) is used when discussions with bidders are not required (mainly when the specifications of a product or service are already known) and when price is the main or only factor in selecting the successful bidder. An RFQ may also be used prior to issuing a full-blown RFP to determine general price ranges. In this scenario, products, services or suppliers may be selected from the RFQ results to bring in to further research in order to write a more fully fleshed out RFP. In commercial business practice, the RFQ is the most popularly used form of RFx, with many companies not understanding the distinction between the RFx's, and so defaulting to RFQ.
 * A request for qualifications (RFQ) also known as pre-qualification questionnaire (PQQ) is a document often distributed before initiation of the RFP process. It is used to gather vendor information from multiple companies to generate a pool of prospects. This eases the RFP review process by preemptively short-listing candidates which meet the desired qualifications.
 * A request for solution (RFS) is similar to a RFP, but more open and general. This allows the vendor or supplier the most flexibility of all RFx in expressing their solution, or their product and service combination.
 * A request for tender (RFT), also known as invitation to tender (ITT), is more commonly used by governments.

title: Request for proposal


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RFQ

RFQ is the initialism for a number of things:

 * Radio-frequency quadrupole, a particular setup of electrodes used as a mass analyzer or an element of a linear accelerator.
 * Regulatory Focus Questionnaire, a questionnaire designed to measure prevention focus and promotion focus.
 * Request for quotation, a (general) request for a quote to perform work.
 * Request for quote, a (specific) financial term when asking a bank for an offer of a financial instrument.
 * Request for qualifications, the qualification request for a position, job or work.

title: RFQ