text:
1984 in aviation

This is a list of aviation-related events from 1984.

Events

 * Cirrus Aircraft founded

January

 * Frontier Horizon, a low-cost subsidiary of Frontier Airlines operating Boeing 727-100s, begins flight operations.
 * January 10 – A Balkan Bulgarian Airlines Tupolev Tu-134 strikes a power line and crashes on approach to Sofia Airport in Sofia, Bulgaria, in heavy snow, killing all 50 people on board.
 * January 24 – A United States Air Force F-15A Eagle performs the first of five test launches of the ASM-135 anti-satellite missile. In this first launch, the missile does not carry its third stage, the Miniature Homing Vehicle (MHV) interceptor.

February

 * February 1
 * In the Iran–Iraq War, Iraq threatens air and missile attacks against Iranian cities, including Abadan, Ahwaz, Dezful, Ilam, and Kermanshah, and warns their residents to evacuate.
 * Iraqi Air Force aircraft attack a convoy of four Cypriot cargo ships – Breeze, Neptune, Skaros, and City of Rio – in the Persian Gulf near the Iranian port of Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni. Missile hits set fire to Breeze and Skaros, and they are lost, and Neptune also catches fire but is not seriously damaged. City of Rio strikes a naval mine and runs aground.
 * February 3 – Iran threatens air attacks against Basra, Kanaqin, and Mandali, Iraq.
 * February 16
 * Iraqi Air Force aircraft raid the Iranian port of Bushehr, badly damaging the Liberian cargo ship Al Tariq with missile hits.
 * Iran launches a major helicopter- and waterborne assault against Iraqi forces in the Hawizeh Marshes.
 * February 21 – 14 hours and 2 minutes after taking off from New York, Air France pilot Patrick Fourticq and his companion, race driver Henry Pescarolo, land their Piper Malibu in Paris, setting a world record for a trans-Atlantic flight by a single engined light aircraft.
 * February 27 – Iraqi aircraft raid the Iranian oil terminal at Kharg Island.
 * February 29
 * Iraqi helicopters apparently join artillery in attacking Iranian forces in the Ghuzail area with mustard gas.
 * American Airlines sets an industry record by ordering 67 McDonnell Douglas MD-80 airliners, with options to order 100 more in the future.
 * Late February – Iraq threatens to attack any ship putting into the Iranian ports of Bushehr and Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni.

March

 * March 1 – Iraqi Air Force aircraft attack a convoy of 15 merchant ships in the Persian Gulf on a voyage between the Iranian ports of Bushehr and Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni. Missile hits sink the Indian bulk carrier Apj Ankiba and set fire to the British 19,000-gross-ton bulk carrier Charming – which suffers a hit in her superstructure – and the Turkish cargo ship Sema-G. Charming runs aground, and Sema-G's crew abandons ship. Iraqi aircraft apparently have hit seven ships in the Persian Gulf since February 25.
 * March 22 – A fire breaks out aboard Pacific Western Airlines Flight 501, a Boeing 737-235 with 119 people on board, during its takeoff roll at Calgary International Airport at Calgary, Alberta, Canada, after a faulty compressor disk breaks apart and pierces a fuel tank. Its pilot aborts the take off and all aboard evacuate the aircraft without fatalities, although 27 people are injured, five seriously. The airliner is badly damaged.
 * March 27 – The Iraqi Air Force makes its first combat use of its newly acquired Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard strike fighters, when a Super Étendard fires an Exocet anti-ship missile at the 85,000-gross-ton Greek oil tanker Filikon L. – which the Super Étendard's pilot apparently assumes is carrying Iranian oil but actually is carrying 80,000 tons of Kuwaiti oil – in the Persian Gulf south of Kharg Island. The missile strikes the ship but fails to detonate, and she suffers only minor damage.
 * March 28 – Iraq formally announces that it has used the Exocet missile for the first time in its attack on Filikon L. Iraq has about 200 Exocet missiles.
 * March 29 – The Iraqi Air Force conducts a missile strike against the 16,000-gross-ton Greek cargo ship Iapetos at the head of the Persian Gulf. She catches fire and her crew abandons ship.

April

 * April 18 – An Iraqi Air Force missile strike slightly damages the empty 52,000-gross-ton Panamanian oil tanker Robert Star in the Persian Gulf while she is on her way to the Iranian oil terminal at Kharg Island.
 * April 25 – The Iraqi Air Force conducts a missile attack against the 357,000-gross-ton Saudi oil tanker Safina-al-Arab, carrying 340,000 tons of Iranian crude oil in the Persian Gulf south of Kharg Island. A missile blows a large hole in the ship's side and ignites a fire which burns for two days and consumes 10,000 tons of oil. The ship is declared a constructive total loss.
 * April 27 – An Iraqi Air Force missile attack slightly damages the 179,000-gross-ton Liberian cargo ship Sea Eagle in the Persian Gulf near the Iranian port of Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni.
 * April 29 – Trans World Airlines starts services to ten new cities in one day, the largest single-day expansion in its history.

May

 * Due to the expiration of a bilateral air traffic agreement between Peru and the United States in November 1983 and disagreements between the two countries over "fifth freedom rights" – which allow an airline to carry revenue traffic between foreign countries as a part of services connecting the airline's own country – commercial air traffic between the two countries is suspended. It will not resume until mid-1985.
 * May 7 – An Iraqi Air Force missile attack against the 118,000-gross-ton Saudi oil tanker Al-Ahood, carrying 114,000 tons of Iranian crude oil in the Persian Gulf near Kharg Island. The missile strikes the ship's accommodation area near her engine room and starts a fire that consumes 35,000 tons of oil and burns for five days, extensively damaging the ship. One of her crewmen is killed.
 * May 13
 * An Iraqi Air Force missile attack causes slight damage to the 69,000-gross-ton Iranian oil tanker Tabriz, carrying a full load of Iranian oil in the Persian Gulf south of Kharg Island.
 * The Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force makes its first reported attack against commercial shipping. After an Iranian reconnaissance aircraft sights the 80,000-gross-ton Kuwaiti oil tanker Umm al-Casbah, carrying 77,000 tons of Kuwaiti crude oil, in the Persian Gulf south of Kuwait, an F-4 Phantom II fires two rockets at the ship, both of which strike her deck.
 * May 14
 * Two Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force F-4 Phantom II fighter-bombers attack the empty Kuwaiti oil tanker Bahrah, which is in the Persian Gulf on a voyage to Kuwait, firing five rockets at her. Three rockets hit, blowing a large hole in Bahrah's side and starting a fire that burns for eight hours. Two crewmen are injured. Bahrah proceeds to Kuwait under her own power.
 * An Iraqi Air Force missile strike hits the empty 62,000-ton Panamanian oil tanker Esperanza II while she is in the Persian Gulf on a voyage to Kharg Island. A fire burns out her engine room and accommodation section.
 * May 16 – Two Iranian F-4 Phantom II fighter-bombers circle the 215,000-gross-ton Saudi oil tanker Yanbu Pride, carrying 120,000 tons of Saudi crude oil in the Persian Gulf within Saudi Arabia's territorial waters near the port of Jubail, to identify her, then fire five rockets at her. Two rockets strike Yanbu Pride, causing explosions and starting a fire in one of her holds that is quickly extinguished.
 * May 18 – An Iraqi Air Force missile attack sinks the 17,000-ton Panamanian bulk carrier Fidelity in the Persian Gulf near the Iranian port of Bushehr.
 * May 19 – Iraq begins a five-day suspension of attacks on shipping in the Persian Gulf as part of an effort to negotiate a peace settlement with Iran. After the effort fails, Iraqi strikes resume on May 24.
 * May 24
 * The Iraqi Air Force conducts a missile strike against the fully loaded, 140,000-ton Panamanian oil tanker Arizona in the Persian Gulf south of Kharg Island, narrowly missing her.
 * Two Iranian F-4 Phantom II fighter-bombers fire rockets at the empty 29,000-gross-ton Liberian tanker Chemical Venture in Saudi Arabia's territorial waters near the port of Jubail, striking her superstructure and starting a fire which burns out her pilothouse before it is extinguished. Ten of Chemical Venture's crewmen are injured.
 * May 25 – An Iraqi Air Force missile attack hits the 19,000-ton Liberian bulk carrier Savoy Dean in the Persian Gulf.

June

 * June 3
 * The Iraqi Air Force attacks the empty 153,000-gross-ton Turkish oil tanker Buyuk Hun, bound for the Iranian oil terminal at Kharg Island, in the Persian Gulf 50 nmi south of the island. The missile strikes Buyuk Hun in her accommodation section, killing three of her crewmen, and she has to be taken under tow by an Iranian tugboat. In response, the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force begins patrols over the southern Persian Gulf, and Saudi Arabia announces the "Fahd Line," a line well beyond Saudi territorial waters within which F-15 Eagles of the Royal Saudi Air Force, guided by United States Air Force E-3A Senry Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft and refueled by U.S. Air Force KC-10 Extender tankers, will intercept any aircraft threatening merchant ships.
 * During an air show at Großostheim, West Germany, a Hawker Siddeley Harrier GR3 loses thrust at an altitude of 90 ft after launching vertically for a demonstration flight, crashes next to the runway, and bursts into flames about 100 ft away from the audience. Although the pilot ejects safely, the falling ejection seat kills a spectator.
 * June 5
 * Saudi F-15s, guided by U.S. Air Force E-3A Sentry aircraft, shoot down an Iranian jet flying over Saudi territorial waters. Iran ceases air operations over Saudi waters and never again challenges Saudi air defenses.
 * Iraqi aircraft strike Banneh, Iran.
 * June 6 – Iraqi aircraft raid Dezful, Masjid-e Suleiman, and Nahavand, Iran.
 * June 10 – An Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force F-4 Phantom II attacks the empty 295,000-ton Kuwaiti oil tanker Kazimah in the Persian Gulf east of Qatar, dropping bombs which all miss. The F-4 follows up with a rocket attack which hits Kazimah but inflicts only slight damage and injures none of her crew.
 * June 16 – Frontier Airlines pilot Emily Warner and co-pilot Barbara Cook make history by directing the first all-female commercial airline crew, on a flight from Denver, Colorado, to Lexington, Kentucky.
 * June 22
 * Richard Branson's Virgin Atlantic, begins services from London, England, to Newark, using Boeing 747s.
 * The Rutan Voyager makes its first flight.
 * June 24 – The Iraqi Air Force attacks Kharg Island, damaging oil facilities at Sea Island on the western side of the island. One missile strikes the 152,000-gross-ton Greek oil tanker Alexander the Great, which is fully loaded with Iranian oil, penetrating an oil tank but failing to explode.
 * June 27 – The Iraqi Air Force attacks the 260,000-gross-ton Kuwaiti oil tanker Tiburon, carrying 250,000 tons of Iranian oil, in the Persian Gulf southeast of Kharg Island, hitting her in the engine room with a missile. A fire with 100-foot- (30-meter)-tall flames breaks out and spreads to Tiburon's accommodation area and destroys the ship's entire superstructure and funnel but does not burn any of her cargo. Eight crewmen die and three suffer serious injuries. The ship is towed to Bahrain.

July

 * July 1 – An Iraqi Air Force missile attack damages the 6,200-gross-ton South Korean cargo ship Wonju-Ho in the Persian Gulf while she is on a voyage to the Iranian port of Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni and seriously damages the 13,000-gross-ton Greek cargo ship Alexander-Dyo. Two crewmen die and four suffer injuries.
 * July 3 – Air Florida suspends all its flights after declaring bankruptcy.
 * July 5 – Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force jets hit the Japanese-owned Liberian-registered supertanker Primrose with two rockets in the Persian Gulf. Primrose suffers no important damage and continues her voyage at full speed.
 * July 10 – An Iranian reconnaissance aircraft sights the British oil tanker British Renown while she is in international waters in the Persian Gulf 70 nmi northwest of Bahrain on her way to pick up crude oil from the Liberian tanker Tiburon, which had been heavily damaged by an Iraqi missile on June 27, and apparently mistakes her for another ship. An Iranian F-4 Phantom II arrives and fires two rockets at British Renown, one of which bounces off her deck while the other hits her oil-loading equipment and starts a small fire which her crew soon puts out.
 * July 25
 * Xiamen Airlines – the future XiamenAir – is established.
 * Since June 23, Iraq has launched four series of attacks on commercial shipping in the Persian Gulf.

August

 * August 5 – A Biman Bangladesh Airlines Fokker F27-600 (registered S2-ABJ) crashed into a marsh near Zia International Airport in Dhaka. The aircraft was performing a scheduled domestic passenger flight between Chittagong Patenga Airport, Chittagong and Zia International Airport, Dhaka. The crash was a controlled flight into terrain caused by bad weather. With a total death toll of 49 people, it is the deadliest aviation disaster to occur on Bangladeshi soil.
 * August 7 – An Iraqi Air Force missile attack slightly damages the fully loaded 123,000-gross-ton Greek oil tanker Friendship L. in the Persian Gulf 30 nmi south of Kharg Island. A missile pierces one of Friendship L.'s oil tanks and starts a small fire which spreads to her engine room and accommodation area, but is quickly extinguished.
 * August 15 – An Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force jet fires two rockets at the empty 89,000-gross-ton Pakistani oil tanker while she is in the Persian Gulf on a voyage to Saudi Arabia. They both miss.
 * August 18 – An Iranian jet fires rockets at the 47,000-gross-ton Panamanian tanker Endeavor, fully loaded with Kuwaiti oil, 100 nmi east of Bahrain. One rocket starts a small fire which Endeavor's quickly extinguishes, and she proceeds to Dubai.
 * August 24 – An Iraqi Air Force attack succeeds in hitting the 53,000-gross-ton Cypriot oil tanker Amethyst, carrying 50,000 tons of Iranian crude oil, in the Persian Gulf south of Kharg Island. One of Amethyst's crewmen is killed. A fire spreads from the engine room to the accommodation area and some of the ship's oil tanks before tugboats put it out.
 * August 27 – An Iranian jet hits the 21,000-gross-ton Panamanian tanker Cleo-1 with a rocket in the Persian Gulf 70 nmi northeast of Qatar while she is on a voyage to Saudi Arabia's oil terminal at Ras Tanura. The ship proceeds to Dubai.
 * August 30 – While taxiing out for takeoff at Douala International Airport outside Douala, Cameroon, Cameroon Airlines Flight 786, a Boeing 737-2H7C with 116 people on board, suffers an uncontained compressor failure in its number two engine which starts a fire. All on board evacuate the plane, although the fire kills two of them after they exit the cabin. The aircraft is destroyed.

September

 * September 4 – 61-year-old Elaine Yadwin, who is not a pilot, lands a Piper Cherokee Warrior II safely in Florida after her husband, the plane's pilot, dies during the flight.
 * September 11 – An Iraqi Air Force Exocet anti-ship missile strikes the fully loaded 251,000-gross-ton Norwegian-owned, Liberian-registered oil tanker St. Tobias in the Persian Gulf 50 nmi south of Kharg Island, blowing a hole in her side and starting a small fire that is quickly extinguished. She heads for Abu Dhabi under her own power.
 * September 12 – An Iraqi Air Force missile strike sinks the 500-gross-ton West German platform supply vessel Seatrans 21 in the Persian Gulf 50 nmi south of Kharg Island.
 * September 14–18 – American Joseph Kittinger makes the first solo transatlantic balloon flight, from Carbon, Maine, in the United States to Savona, Italy.
 * September 16 – An Iranian reconnaissance aircraft sights the Greek-owned, Liberian-registered 122,000-gross-ton oil tanker Medheron in the Persian Gulf on a voyage to the Saudi oil terminal at Ras Tanura, and the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force attacks her with rockets her in the central Persian Gulf, destroying her bridge and part of her accommodation section and injuring three of her crewmen. She proceeds to Bahrain with serious damage. Iranian aircraft also fire rockets at the 127,000-gross-ton South Korean tanker Royal Colombo while she is in the Gulf on her way to Ras Tanura, hitting her in the engine room and injuring three crewmen, but she continues her voyage with only slight damage.

October

 * October 2 – The United States Navy awards McDonnell Douglas a US$438 million contract to develop the T-45 Goshawk.
 * October 8 – An Iraqi Air Force missile strike wrecks the engine room of the empty Liberian oil tanker World Knight in the Persian Gulf southwest of Kharg Island, to which she is headed, also setting fire to her crew accommodations. She is heavily damaged, with seven crewmen dead and five seriously injured.
 * October 11
 * After a ground controller falls asleep on duty, Aeroflot Flight 3352, a Tupolev Tu-154, strikes several maintenance vehicles and crashes while landing at Omsk Tsentralny Airport in Omsk in the Soviet Union, killing 174 of the 179 people on board and four people on the ground.
 * Iranian aircraft attack the 21,000-gross-ton Indian tanker Jag Pari in the Persian Gulf while she is heading to Kuwait. She proceeds to Bahrain with minor damage and one injured crewman.
 * October 12 – Iranian aircraft attack the 21,000-gross-ton Panamanian liquified natural gas tanker Gaz Fountain, fully loaded with 20,000 tons of pressurized propane and butane, in the central Persian Gulf, damaging her with three rockets. Her crew abandons ship, and she is declared a total loss.
 * October 15 – Iraqi Air Force missiles set fire to the fully loaded 219,000-gross-ton Iranian oil tanker Sivand after she leaves the Iranian oil terminal at Kharg Island.
 * October 19 – An Iranian F-4 Phantom II fighter-bomber fires rockets at the Panamanian-registered 1,538-gross-ton diving support ship Pacific Prospector in the southern Persian Gulf, setting her on fire and killing two people.
 * October 24 – The first flight of PZL-130 Orlik, a Polish turboprop trainer aircraft, takes place.

November

 * November 1
 * British Airways and some other international airlines begin relief flights carrying food and supplies to Ethiopia during a major famine there.
 * American Eagle Airlines begins operations.
 * November 13 – A United States Air Force F-15A Eagle performs the second of five test launches of the ASM-135 anti-satellite missile and the first in which the missile carries its third stage, the Miniature Homing Vehicle (MHV) interceptor. The missile fails when the MHV is pointed at a star, simulating the targeting of a satellite.
 * November 21 – The Israel Defense Forces, the Central Intelligence Agency, the United States Embassy in Khartoum, mercenaries, and Sudanese state security forces begin Operation Moses, a covert airlift of Jews of the Beta Israel community who had fled a famine in Ethiopia and were living in refugee camps in Sudan. Using Trans European Airways airliners, Operation Moses will carry around 8,000 Jews about 200 at a time in over 30 flights from Sudan to Israel via Brussels, Belgium, before it ends on January 5, 1985.
 * November 25 – Capitol Air ceases operations. The airline, founded in June 1946, had become bankrupt after its owner, George Batchelor, had largely dismantled it in favor of his new acquisition, Arrow Air.

December

 * December 1 – The United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration intentionally crashes a Boeing 720 as part of its Controlled Impact Demonstration Program at Edwards Air Force Base, California.
 * December 3 – An Iraqi Air Force missile hits the empty 386,000-gross-ton Cypriot oil tanker Minotaur in the Persian Gulf while she is on her way to the Iranian oil terminal at Kharg Island, setting her engine room on fire. The fire is brought under control five hours later.
 * December 4 – An Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force F-4 Phantom II fires rockets into a Kuwaitii supply boat operating in the Iraqi exclusion zone around Kharg Island.
 * December 6 – Provincetown-Boston Airlines Flight 1039, an Embraer 110 Bandeirante, crashes on takeoff from Jacksonville International Airport at Jacksonville, Florida, after its tail section separates from the rest of the aircraft due to a maintenance error. All 13 people on board die in the crash and ensuing fire.
 * December 9 – An Iraqi Air Force strike hits the empty 163,000-gross-ton Bahamian-registered oil tanker B. T. Investor in the Persian Gulf with an Exocet anti-ship missile while she is on her way to Kharg Island. Although the missile punches a hole in the ship's side, no fire occurs, damage is minor, and no one is injured.
 * December 15 – An Iraqi Air Force strike hits the empty Greek oil tanker Ninemia with two missiles in the Persian Gulf while she is heading toward Kharg Island. The first missile starts a fire in her engine room, killing two crewmen, and she suffers heavy damage.
 * December 17
 * An Iraqi Air Force missile strikes the Greek cargo ship Aegis Cosmic in her cargo hold in the Persian Gulf 85 nmi north of Bahrain, but she is only slightly damaged, her crew suffers no injuries, and she continues her voyage.
 * A United States Air Force C-5 Galaxy becomes airborne with 920,836 lb aboard, setting a U.S. national record.
 * December 21 – An Iraqi Air Force missile strike hits the 53,000-gross-ton Liberian-registered tanker Magnolia and the Norwegian supertanker Thorshavet 31 nmi south of Kharg Island. Aboard Magnolia, two crewmen die. Thorshavet, carrying 230,000 tons of Iranian oil, suffers heavy damage and 26 crewmen abandon ship.
 * December 25 – Iranian aircraft damage the 277,000-gross-ton Indian tanker Kanchenjunga, bound for India fully loaded with Saudi crude oil she had loaded at Ras Tanura, with rockets in the Persian Gulf 70 nmi northeast of Qatar. Her bridge and control room catch fire and some of her crewmen are injured. She diverts to Dubai for repairs.
 * December 26 – Iranian aircraft damage the empty 239,000-gross-ton Spanish supertanker Aragon in the Persian Gulf, hitting her with two rockets. She continues her voyage to the Saudi oil terminal at Ras Tanura.
 * December 31 – During 1984, Iraq has conducted 35 air attacks against shipping in the Persian Gulf, all using air-to-surface missiles, while Iran has conducted 18 air attacks against Persian Gulf shipping.

February

 * February 6 – AIDC AT-3
 * February 14 – Cessna Citation S/II
 * February 15 – Cessna T-47
 * February 24 – Boeing 737-300

March

 * March 6 – Airship Industries Skyship 600
 * March 19 – IAI Astra

April

 * April 24 – Dornier SeaStar D-ICDS

May

 * May 7 – Pilatus PC-9
 * May 15 – AMX International AMX

June

 * June 22 – Rutan Voyager
 * June 28 – Fuji KM-2D

July

 * July 4 – Bell Twin Ranger
 * July 18 – Latécoère 225
 * July 27 — Sikorsky S-75

August

 * August 16
 * ATR 42
 * Harbin Y-12
 * August 17 – Dornier Seastar
 * Stits DS-1 Baby Bird

September

 * September 13 – Lockheed S-3B Viking
 * September 17 – Avtek 400 N400AV
 * September 21 – Dassault Falcon 900
 * September 29 — NAC Freelance

October

 * October 5 — RTAF-5
 * October 6 – FMA IA 63 Pampa
 * October 12 – PZL-130 Orlik

December

 * December 14 – Grumman X-29

Entered service

 * Bell 214ST
 * Beriev A-50 (NATO reporting name "Mainstay") with the Soviet Air Forces

May

 * May 12 – Airbus A310 with Air France.

June

 * June 15 – Saab 340 with Crossair.

July

 * July 2 – Mirage 2000 with Escadron de Chasse 1/2

December

 * December 17 – Boeing 737-300 with Southwest Airlines

Retirements

 * Republic F-105 Thunderchief by the United States Air National Guard
 * Tupolev Tu-126 (NATO reporting name "Moss") by the Soviet armed forces

March

 * March 31 – Avro Vulcan

Deaths

 * April – Maxine (Blossom) Miles, aviation engineer (b. 1901)

Deadliest crash
The deadliest crash of this year was Aeroflot Flight 3352, a Tupolev Tu-154 which crashed on landing in Omsk, Russian SFSR on 11 October, killing 174 of the 179 people on board, as well as four on the ground.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1984 in aviation


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Binirayan festival

The Binirayan Festival is an annual month-long cultural festival in the province of Antique, Philippines, held every December.

The festival commemorates the arrival of Malay migrants prior to the Spanish conquest, as documented in Maragtas, a compilation of legends and oral history by Pedro Alcantara Monteclaro.

Etymology
Binirayan comes from the Karay-a word biray, which translates sailboat. The word Binirayan literally means "where they sailed to".

Date of celebration
The festival was conceived by Governor Evelio Javier, and first celebrated on January 11–13, 1974. In 1975, the festival was moved to April 25–27, but in the succeeding years was celebrated in December to coincide with the Christmas celebration in the province. In 1981, with the assumption of Governor Enrique A. Zaldivar, it was moved back to April. The festival was not celebrated in 1980, 1984–1987, and 1995 due to political crises. Consequently, the dates of the festival, which has become one of the major festivals in the Western Visayas region has suffered inconsistency with the every change of leadership of the province. In 2002, however, the provincial board of Antique passed a resolution fixing the date of the celebration in April, and when the management of the festival was given to Binirayan Foundation, Inc. the dates were set on the third weekend of April.

In 2011, the date was again changed to December, and ever since, it is being celebrated every December.

Purpose
The Binirayan Festival commemorates the legend of the arrival of the ten Bornean datus on the island of Aninipay now known as Panay. (See the legend of Maragtas.) As Governor Evelio B. Javier, the Father of Binirayan Festival, reminded the Antiqueños during the earlier celebrations, "let us gather the strands and memories of our past, as we look back with pride, that we may look ahead with confidence to Antique tomorrow."

Binirayan Festival's permanent theme is "Retracing Roots, Celebrating Culture and Greatness."

Events
The festival opens with a fluvial parade from the Pantalan port to Malandog Beach in Hamtic, believed to be the original settlement of the Bornean datu. In Malandog is a historical marker commemorating this legendary event. There are beauty pageants, cultural shows, street dancing, parades, and arts and crafts local products exhibits. In 2006, the Binirayan Foundation introduced the Komedya Antiqueña as a sub-festival to promote the komedyas traditional folk theater.

From Ati-ati to Malay-ati
The ati-ati, now popularly known as "ati-atihan" in Philippine fiestas, used to be one of the main events of the festival. Patterned after the famous ati-ati of Aklan, the Binirayan ati-ati is participated in by people of all walks of life painting their faces with black soot. A tribe competition is held among towns and barangays. The popular tribes during the first decade of the festival were Tribu Kamihanon (Bgy 8), Tribu Bukaka (Bgy 2), Tribu Karintukay Dagatnon (Marina) and Tribu Campan (Kampo-Pantalan). Tribu Kaunlaran (Bgy 3) of Comon under then tribe trainer and choreographer Herman Cortez became a regular winner, that they represented the province in 1981 in the Dinagyang Festival in Iloilo City as Tribu Binirayan. Tribu Binirayan emerged Champion in 1983, the first-ever non-Ilonggo tribe to win the competition. It also boosted the popularity of Binirayan Festival as a major festival in Region VI. In later years, however, the high cost of maintaining tribes, prevented many tribes join the ati-ati competition. In 2001, the Binirayan Executive Committee repackaged the competition as Malay-Ati competition to introduce the idea that the Malays and Ati are the ancestors of the Antiqueños. Current Malay-Ati performance show historical events, folk practices and lifestyles in Antique. The competition in April 2008 was a best of the best among festivals in the province.

Antique International Marathon
This year, 2017, a new event is being slated, the Antique International Marathon (AIM). It aims to showcase the pristine nature and hassle free lifestyle of the Antiqueños. It also intends to put the province at the center of sports tourism in the country. AIM will also spark the enthusiasm of the Antiqueños and everyone else to get into sports, go outdoors and have a healthy lifestyle.

Part of the Registration Fee (10.00) will go to the beautification/upkeep of the Malandog River. Malandog River is the site where the Landing of the Ten Malayan Datus took place.

The Binirayan Confab
In 2007, Binirayan Foundation convened the Binirayan Confab (initially billed as Binirayan Summit) as a gathering of scholars, academicians, researchers, artists, cultural workers, and almost anyone interested in "Antiqueniana." The confab serves as the intellectual strand of the festival, because according to the organizers, to make the Binirayan Festival closer to its vision of bringing together Antiqueños to look at their past with pride, and look ahead with confidence. The Binirayan festival is not all raucous revelry, but also a time to think about which direction the province takes.

title: Binirayan festival


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Shantou

Shantou, alternately romanized as Swatow and sometimes known as Santow, is a prefecture-level city on the eastern coast of Guangdong, China, with a total population of 5,502,031 as of the 2020 census (5,391,028 in 2010) and an administrative area of 2248.39 km2. However, its built-up (or metro) area is much bigger with 12,543,024 inhabitants including Rongcheng and Jiedong districts, Jiexi county and Puning city in Jieyang plus all of Chaozhou city largely conurbated. This is de facto the 5th built-up area in mainland China between Hangzhou-Shaoxing (13,035,026 inhabitants), Xian-Xianyang (12,283,922 inhabitants) and Tianjin (11,165,706 inhabitants).

Shantou, a city significant in 19th-century Chinese history as one of the treaty ports established for Western trade and contact, was one of the original special economic zones of China established in the 1980s, but did not blossom in the manner that cities such as Shenzhen, Xiamen and Zhuhai did. However, it remains eastern Guangdong's economic centre, and is home to Shantou University, which is under the provincial Project 211 program in Guangdong.

History
Shantou was a fishing village part of Tuojiang Du, Jieyang County during the Song dynasty. It came to be known as Xialing during the Yuan dynasty. In 1563, Shantou became a part of Chenghai County in Chao Prefecture (Chaozhou). As early as 1574, Shantou had been called Shashanping. In the seventeenth century, a cannon platform called Shashantou Cannon was made here, and the place name later was shortened to "Shantou". Locally it has been referred to as Kialat.

Connecting to Shantou across the Queshi Bridge is Queshi which had been known by the local people through the 19th century as Kakchio. It was the main site for the American and British consulates. Today the area is a scenic park but some of the structures from its earlier history are somewhat preserved. In 1860, Shantou was opened for foreigners and became a trading port according to Treaty of Tientsin.

It became a city in 1919, and was separated from Chenghai in 1921. 1922 saw the devastating Swatow Typhoon, which killed 5,000 out of the 65,000 people then inhabiting the city. Some nearby villages were totally destroyed. Several ships near the coast were totally wrecked. Other ones were blown as far as two miles inland. The area around the city had around another 50,000 casualties. The total death toll was above 60,000, and may have been higher than 100,000.

In the 1930s, as a transport hub and a merchandise distribution centre in Southeast China, Shantou Port's cargo throughput ranked third in the country. A brief account of a visit to the city in English during this period is the English accountant Max Relton's A Man in the East: A Journey through French Indo-China (Michael Joseph Ltd., London, 1939). On 21 June 1939, Japanese troops invaded Shantou. Japanese forces occupied Shantou until 15 August 1945. The Communist People's Liberation Army captured Shantou on 24 October 1949, 23 days after the People's Republic of China was founded.

With higher-level administrative authority, Shantou governed Chaozhou City and Jieyang City from 1983 to 1989.

Geography
Shantou is located in eastern Guangdong with latitude spanning 23°02′33″ – 23°38′50″ N and longitude 116°14′40″ – 117°19′35″ E; the Tropic of Cancer passes through the northern part of the city, and along it there is a monument, in fact the easternmost in mainland China, at 23.4424°N, 116.58885°W. The highest peak in the city's administration is Mount Dajian (大尖山) on Nan'ao Island, at 587 m; the highest peak on the geographic mainland is Mount Lianhua (莲花山), at 562 m in Chenghai District. The city is located at the mouths of the Han, Rong (榕江), and Lian Rivers.

Shantou is 301 km northeast of Hong Kong.

Climate
Shantou has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa), with short, mild to warm winters, and long, hot, humid summers. Winter begins sunny and dry but becomes progressively wetter and cloudier. Spring is generally overcast, while summer brings the heaviest rains of the year though is much sunnier; there are 8.2 days annually with 50 mm of rainfall. Autumn is sunny and dry. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from 14.7 °C in January to 29.1 °C in July, and the annual mean is 22.58 °C. The annual rainfall is around 1618 mm, about 60% of which occurs from May to August. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 28% in March to 58% in July and October, the city receives 1,979 hours of bright sunshine annually.

Administration
Shantou is a prefecture-level city. It has direct jurisdiction over six districts and one county.

As of 2003, the district of Haojiang was established out of Hepu and Dahao which had been merged, and the district of Jinping Shengping and Jinyuan; Waisha and Xinxi Town, part of former Chenghai City, was merged into Longhu District; Chenghai City became Chenghai District; Chaoyang City was divided and became Chaoyang and Chaonan District respectively.

Economy

Shantou's economy is medium by Guangdong standards. Manufacturing accounts for a large and increasing share of employment. Canning, garments, lithography, plastic, and toys are some of the principal products. Toy manufacturing is the city's leading export industry, with 400 million U.S. dollars worth of exports each year. Canaton Calculator Co. is a multinational electronic devices manufacturing company.

Guiyu, a populous town in Chaoyang District, is the biggest electronic waste site on earth. Health-environmental issues incurred have concerned international organizations such as Greenpeace.

In 2000, the biggest tax fraud in the history of the People's Republic of China was uncovered, estimated worthy of 32.3 billion yuan. In 2017, the analyzed data of Shantou GDP is approximately 230 billion yuan(US$35.4 billion).

Development zone
With an area of 2.34 km², Shantou Free Trade Zone lies at the south part of Shantou city. It was ratified by the State Council of the People's Republic of China and founded in January 1993, and it formally came into use on December of the same year after its supervision installations were checked and accepted by the General Administration of Customs. It has been comprehensively developing export processing, storage, international trade, finance and information industry. Its goal is to establish a modernized international zone that is open to overseas by drawing experience from international free trade zones.

Demographics
Shantou is one of the most densely populated regions in China. Former Chaoyang City was China's most populous county-level administrative region, with 2.4 million inhabitants. Shantou has direct jurisdiction over six districts and one county, and the six urban districts of Shantou have a population of 5,330,764.

Metro area
With it and the surrounding cities of Jieyang and Chaozhou, the administrative metropolitan area known as Chaoshan covers an area of 10404 km2, and had a permanent population of 13,648,232 as of the 2020 census. Nevertheless, its built-up area spread on 11 districts, Puning city and Raoping county was home to 12,543,024 inhabitants as of 2020 census. This is de facto the fifth built-up area of China after Guangzhou-Shenzhen Pearl River Delta megacity, Shanghai-Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou conurbation, Beijing and Hangzhou-Shaoxing agglomeration.

Languages
Most residents are linguistically Chaoshan Min. Chaoshan dialect is a variant of Min Nan (Hokkien-Taiwanese) spoken in the neighbouring Southern Fujian and Taiwan. There are also Hakka, popularly known as Half-Hakka (半山客), living mainly in Chaoyang District and Chaonan District, although they speak Chaoshan on a daily basis and practise Chaoshan culture. The Mandarin-medium education system, widely promoted throughout China, has made most people, especially younger generations, speak Mandarin fluently. Cantonese language TV and labor migrations to the Pearl River Delta has also made Cantonese widely spoken as a third language by the younger generations.

Governmental statistics show that 2.16 million overseas Chinese have roots in Shantou, with significant populations of Teochew people residing in Thailand and Cambodia, which constitute a majority of Thai Chinese and a majority of Chinese Cambodians. This is demonstrated by the unusually high number of international direct flights between Bangkok and Shantou. In addition, there are at least two Teochew-speaking air hostesses on board each China Southern flight between Shantou and Bangkok. The Teochew presence, furthermore, is evident in Singapore and Malaysia; Johor Bahru, a coastal city situated at the latter's southernmost tip, is known as 'Little Swatow', due to the majority local Chinese populace is dominantly Teochew and as well as the second largest group of the local Chinese population in Singapore.

Culture and lifestyle
Shantou people share the same culture with other Teochew. The tea-drinking tradition widely practised in town is a classic instance. According to China Daily, Shantou people "drink more tea than anyone else in China, in total 700 million yuan (US$87.5 million) each year".

Religions
Most of the population in Shantou is non-religious or practices traditional folk religions, Buddhism, Taoism, or worship of Chinese deities and ancestors. About 2% of the population belongs to an organised religion, with 40,000 Protestants, 20,000 Catholics and 500 Muslims. St. Joseph's Cathedral of Shantou is the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Shantou.

Health
The public hospitals in the Shantou metropolitan area are operated by the Government of Shantou. Management of these hospitals and other specialist health facilities are coordinated by Shantou Board of Health.

Utilities
Shantou's electricity is provided entirely by China Southern Power Grid, postal service operated by China Post.

Telecommunications
Shantou is one of the most important international telecommunications ports in China. Four international submarine communications cables land at Shantou submarine cable landing station, including APCN 2, China-US Cable Network, SMW3 and South-East Asia Japan Cable System (SJC).

China Telecom, China Unicom and China Mobile provide fixed lines, broadband internet access and mobile telecommunications services there.

Urban transport
Public transportation is provided by bus, ferry, bike sharing system and taxi. Residents also travel by private car and motorbikes. There are two bridges throughout the city that cross the Shantou Harbor: the Queshi Bridge and Shantou Bay Bridge. A metro system is planned with construction of 3 lines (Lines 1, 2, and 3) commencing in 2018 and opening of the system planned in 2020.

Air
Shantou previously had its own civil airport, Shantou Waisha Airport. It was formerly the main airport serving the Shantou until nearby Jieyang Chaoshan Airport was opened on 15 December 2011. Shantou Waisha Airport became a military airbase since then and all civilian flights were transferred to the newly built airport in Jieyang. Taxi is the usual way to travel between the airport and the city proper. The taxi fare is around 60 RMB. Airport-Downtown Shantou shuttle charter is also suggested. Based in Shantou, Shantou Airlines Co. operated by China Southern Airlines has a 15 aircraft fleet in service.

Railways
There are 3 railway stations which serve Shantou: Chaoshan Railway Station and Chaoyang railway station which lie on the Xiamen-Shenzhen Railway line, and Shantou Railway Station which lies on the Guangzhou–Meizhou–Shantou Railway and is under construction for the Guangzhou-Shanwei-Shantou 350 km/h high speed railway.

Tourism attractions

 * Shantou Times Square light show (19:00-21:00 on Friday and weekend)
 * Shipaotai Park
 * Chen Cihong's Former Residence
 * Nan'ao Island, rated as Guangdong's most beautiful island by China's National Geographic magazine
 * Palace-Temple of Old Mother : dedicated to Mazu, Goddess of Sea
 * Temple of Emperor Guan : dedicated to Lord Guan
 * Tropic of Cancer Symbol Tower : The Tropic of Cancer slips through Centipede Mountain, which is 20 kilometers away from the city properly.
 * Shantou Museum : An art museum.
 * Shantou Founding Museum : This history museum is devoted to the establishment of Swatow (Shantou) as a treaty port in the 19th century, not to be confused with Shantou Museum.
 * Old town of Swatow and Dr. Sun Yat-sen memorial pavilion
 * Chaoshan Historical and Cultural Exhibition Center 潮汕历史文化博览中心 is a museum includes four major exhibition areas: Chaoshan cultural relics exhibition area, Chaoshan folk customs exhibition area, overseas Chinese cultural exhibition area, and calligraphy and painting art exhibition area.

 * East Coast Avenue

The Shantou Cultural Revolution Museum was the country's only museum dedicated to the Cultural Revolution. It closed in 2016.

Media
In 1912 Swatow had four newspapers, all in Chinese. They were Han Chao Pao, Ming Chuan (People's Rights), Ta Fung Pao (The Typhoon), and Ta Tung Pao (Eastern Times). In 2018, Shantou Metropolis Daily Post and Shantou Special Economic Zone Evening News both stopped their traditional newspaper business and transform into e-newspaper newspapers. Meanwhile, the Shantou Daily (Municipal) keep providing both newspaper service and e-newspaper service for Shantou citizens and other readers.

Education
Education is overseen provincewide by the Guangdong Education Bureau.

Primary and secondary
Shantou has a host of well-known schools:
 * Shantou Jinshan Middle School
 * Shantou Number One Middle School
 * Shantou Experimental School

Colleges and universities

 * Shantou University (STU)
 * Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT)
 * South China University of Technology Shantou College
 * Shantou Polytechnic
 * Shantou Radio and TV University

Sports

 * Haibin Stadium (Jinping District)
 * Zhengda Stadium (Longhu District)
 * Shantou Natatorium and Diving Stadium (Haojiang District)
 * Youngsters Soccer Court of Shantou Times Square (Downtown)
 * Fitness square and tennis courts of Xinghu Park (Longhu District)
 * Shantou Citic Golf Club(27Holes) (Haojiang District)
 * Shantou Jinfeng Sports Park(Including golf course, basketball fields and soccer courts)(Longhu District)

Twin towns – sister cities
Shantou is twinned with:
 * Cần Thơ, Vietnam (2005)
 * 🇮🇱 Haifa, Israel (2015)
 * 🇯🇵 Kishiwada, Japan (1990)
 * 🇨🇦 Saint John, Canada (1997)

Friendly cities
Shantou has friendly relations with:

 * 🇹🇭 Bangkok, Thailand (2000)
 * 🇦🇱 Durrës, Albania (2015)
 * 🇦🇺 Fairfield, Australia (2005)
 * 🇺🇸 Federal Way, United States (2013)
 * 🇲🇾 Johor Bahru, Malaysia (2011)
 * 🇷🇺 Khabarovsk, Russia (2019)
 * Leiria, Portugal (2018)
 * 🇬🇦 Libreville, Gabon (2015)
 * 🇨🇷 Puntarenas, Costa Rica (2014)
 * 🇰🇷 Pyeongtaek, South Korea (2003)

Notable people
Many notable Chinese come from Shantou or their ancestral home is Shantou.

Entrepreneurs

 * Mainland China
 * Huang Guangyu (1969–), Chairman of Gome Group and once the richest persons in Mainland China
 * Ma Huateng (1971–), Founder of Tencent Computer System Co., Ltd and creator of QQ
 * Ji Haipeng, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Logan Property Holdings Co, Ltd.
 * Yao Zhenhua, the chairman of Baoneng Group, China's fourth-richest man as of January 2017
 * Xie Jian, the chairman of Leyu Bricks
 * Thailand
 * Low Kiok Chiang (1843–1911), founder of Khiam Hoa Heng entreprises (1872-1950s)
 * Dhanin Chearavanont (1939-), Senior Chairman of CP Group, Thailand's largest private company and Forbes ranked.
 * Hong Kong
 * Sir Li Ka-shing GBM KBE JP (1928–; Chaozhou), tycoon, the chairman of the board for CK Hutchison Holdings.
 * Lim Por-yen (1914–2005), media tycoon, banker and charitarian
 * Singapore
 * Tang Choon Keng (1901–2000), founder of Tangs

Entertainment

 * Hong Kong born
 * Emil Chau (1960–) actor and singer
 * Kwong Wah (1962–), actor and singer
 * Canti Lau (1964–) actor and singer
 * Sammi Cheng (1972–) actress and singer
 * Kent Cheng(1951-),actor
 * Mainland China
 * Cai Chusheng (1906–1968), director, and his film Song of the Fisherman (渔光曲) received the first international film prize in China's history

Other

 * King Taksin (Zheng Xin) (1734–1782), Thailand King from 1767 to 1782
 * Hsu Shu-hsi (1892–1982), Chinese diplomat
 * Nuon Chea (1926–2018), Cambodian politician
 * Wu Nansheng (1922-2018), former Secretary of Guangdong Provincial Party Committee
 * Adele M. Fielde (1839–1916), missionary and author
 * Qin Mu (1919–1992), writer
 * Watchman Nee (1903–1972), theologian, and opponent of prosperity theology
 * Tan Howe Liang (1933–), Singaporean weightlifting Olympian
 * Chua Soi Lek (1947–), Malaysian politician and former President of MCA
 * Xu Shilin (1998–), Chinese tennis player, Junior Olympic gold medallist
 * Shing-Tung Yau (1949–), American mathematician, winner of the 1982 Fields Medal, the William Caspar Graustein Professor of Mathematics at Harvard University
 * Hao Huang, Chinese mathematician, solver of Sensitivity Conjecture and Assistant Professor at Emory University

title: Shantou


text:
Zhuhai

Zhuhai is a prefecture-level city located on the west bank of the Pearl River estuary on the central coast of southern Guangdong province, People's Republic of China, on the southeastern edge of the Pearl River Delta. Its name literally means "pearl sea", which originates from the city's location at the mouth of the Pearl River meeting the South China Sea. Zhuhai borders Jiangmen to the west, Zhongshan to the north and Macau to the southeast, and shares maritime boundaries with Shenzhen and Hong Kong to the northeast across the estuary.

Zhuhai was one of the original four Special Economic Zones established in 1980, as well as one of China's premier tourist destinations, being called the Chinese Riviera. While the city is located in the traditionally Cantonese-speaking province of Guangdong, a significant portion of the population is now made up of Mandarin-speaking economic migrants originally from inland provinces.

The core of Zhuhai, Xiangzhou District along with Macao, in the northeastern portion of the administrative division, are part of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area, the biggest built-up area in the world with more than 65,565,622 inhabitants as of the 2020 census, encompassing Shenzhen, Dongguan, Foshan, Zhongshan, Macau, the main part of Guangzhou, and small parts of Jiangmen and Huizhou cities but with Hong Kong not quite conurbated yet.

According to a report released in 2014 by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Zhuhai is the most livable city in China. Zhuhai is classified as a Medium-Port Metropolis.

History
Zhuhai has had a long history in the development of the exhibition industry in China. Zhuhai was the first permanent motor racing facility in China and has become a centre for the local racing scene, as well as a semi-regular fixture on the international racing circuit, including the Zhuhai Special Economic Zone.

Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge
This bridge was first proposed by Gordon Wu and contemplated by stakeholders, municipal governments in the Pearl River Delta, the provincial government of Guangdong, and the central government of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Before the government handover of Hong Kong, the British government also considered plans for a bridge. After 1997 the commercial interests of Hong Kong prompted the local government to consider the plans as well.

On 24 October 2018 the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge (HZMB) was opened.

Geography
Zhuhai borders the Macau Special Administrative Region (north and west), and is 140 km southwest of Guangzhou. Its territory has 690 km of coastline and 217 islands, of which 147 are over 500 square metres in area.

The islands within the prefecture-level city of Zhuhai include a number of near-shore islands, often connected to the mainland by bridges or causeways (such as Hengqin, Qi'ao, or Yeli Islands), as well as some islands in the open South China Sea (the Wanshan Archipelago). Some of the latter are actually geographically closer to Hong Kong than to the Zhuhai mainland. The jurisdiction of Nei Lingding Island, located in the Pearl River estuary was transferred from Zhuhai to Shenzhen in 2009.

Climate
Despite being located within the tropics, Zhuhai has a humid subtropical climate affected by the East Asian Monsoon (Koppen classification Cwa) and moderated by the South China Sea, with long, hot and humid summers with frequent thunderstorms, and short, mild and dry winters. Average highs in January and July are 18 and 32 C respectively. Snowfalls are unknown and a frost has never been recorded in the city centre. Conversely, extreme heat waves do not occur as they do further inland. Being named one of the most liveable cities in China, real estate is robust here. Residents from the mainland, especially those from the North, will buy homes and spend their winters in Zhuhai.

Economy
In 1980 the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) announced that the city of Zhuhai would be one of four special economic zones. Those doing business in the SEZ are eligible for a range of incentives provided by the PRC. Zhuhai became a city in 1979, a year before it was designated as one of the first Special Economic Zones of China (SEZ). Similarly to neighboring Shenzhen, which became the first Special Economic Zone of China in 1978, the implementation of Zhuhai as an SEZ was largely due to its strategic position adjacent to Macau, a capitalist trading center similar to Shenzhen's position with Hong Kong.

The establishment of Zhuhai as an SEZ allowed the Chinese Central Government and economy to have easier access to the Macau and consequently, global market. As a result, Zhuhai is now a major city in the Pearl River Delta region according to the new general urban plan approved by the State Council. The implementation of Special Economy Zone intended for the city to become a key port city, science and education city, scenic and tourism city, and as a regional hub for transportation.

The outstanding geographic location, a wide range of supporting infrastructure and a deep-water port serve as a major attraction for foreign capital. Utilized foreign investment reached US$10.344 billion in 2008. Among the top 500 enterprises worldwide, 19 of them have investment projects in Zhuhai such as ExxonMobil, BP, Siemens, Carrefour and Matsushita.

Manufacturing industries

Industrial development in Zhuhai focuses on five new high-tech and heavy industries including electronics, computer software, biotechnology and pharmacy, machinery and equipment as well as petrochemical industries. Aiming to strengthen the existing industrial base as well as to provide a better environment for the development of new high-tech industries, the local government has taken the initiative in developing five economic zones:

Zhuhai High-Tech Industrial Development Zone
As one of the four earliest Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in China, Zhuhai SEZ was set up in the year 1980 and granted with a local legislative right. Zhuhai hi-tech zone is located in the north of Zhuhai, which is very close to downtown. Furthermore, technological resources are centralized in our zone; there is also a huge development in hi-tech industries led by the software and IC industries. The hi-tech zone is the showcase for Zhuhai's scientific development. Meizu is one high tech product headquartered in Zhuhai.

Zhuhai Free Trade Zone
Zhuhai Free Trade Zone (Zhuhai FTZ) was founded in 1996 with the State Council's approval, occupying 3 km2. A Zhuhai FTZ Administrative Committee was set up in June 1997. By the end of 2006 there had been over 200 companies registered in the Free Trade Zone, including more than 150 foreign-funded enterprises, and the total investment amount was one billion US dollars.Industries encouraged in the zone include electronics assembly and manufacturing, telecommunications equipment, building/construction materials, instruments and industrial equipment production, medical equipment and supplies, raw material processing, research and development, shipping/warehousing/logistics, and heavy industry.

Wanshan ocean development testing zone
The Wanshan archipelago is located in one of the major fishing areas of China and is core to the Wanshan ocean development testing zone. However, Perna viridis, a species of green mussel, was found to be contaminated by HCHs, DDTs, and PCBs.

Hengqin economic development zone
In April 2023 the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) has published for the Hengqin economic development zone a list of industries that are illegible for investment policies, including income tax benefits for workers. The stated aim of the investment policy is to integrate Macao with key industries in the Pearl River Delta.

Global printer consumables manufacturing centre
Zhuhai manufactured and supplied 70 percent of the world's ribbons, 60 percent of the world's aftermarket inkjet cartridges and 20 percent of the world's third-party laser toner cartridges. Their combined sales were worth more than 1.3 billion US dollars or 10 percent of all the sales in the world. Zhuhai owns a comprehensive supply chain and almost any of the raw materials needed by the printer consumables industry can be provided locally.

Administration
The prefecture-level city of Zhuhai administers three county-level divisions and four special economic districts, all of which are districts.

Transportation

Airports
Zhuhai also is served by airports outside:
 * Zhuhai Jinwan Airport, formerly Zhuhai Sanzao Airport, an international airport connecting all provincial capital cities in Mainland China (except Xining and Lhasa) and many other major cities, hosting an annual air show and an exhibition hall, with Chinese space rockets located in Jinwan District.
 * Jiuzhou Airport (珠海九洲机场), verbally "Jiuzhou Heliport (九州直升机场)"), is located in Xiangzhou district, near the Jiuzhou harbour, and has short plane runway and a helipad. Its place inside Jiuzhou inner district, permits quick transport of injured people from surrounding islands to the city hospitals. China Southern Airlines offer sightseeing flights and charters to drilling stations in South China Sea using Sikorsky S-76 helicopters via this airport as well. They used to fly to Guangzhou Baiyun Airport from this airport using Cessna C208 Caravan as well, but the route was discontinued.
 * Macau International Airport, which is closer to the city of Zhuhai proper, than Zhuhai Jinwan Airport itself, has an "Express Link" service in which transiting passengers who go through Gongbei Port of Entry/Posto Fronteiriço das Portas do Cerco are not processed through Macau customs; passengers may also have their baggage taken from Macau Airport to Lotus Bridge in Hengqin Island.
 * Hong Kong International Airport ; ticketed passengers can take ferries from the Zhuhai Ferry Terminal to the HKIA Skypier. Since its inauguration in September 2018, Zhuhai residents can reach HKG via Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge.

Zhuhai residents may also use Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport and travel there by bus or ferry.

Railway
Zhuhai Railway Station is located at the western end of Gongbei Port of Entry and Portas do Cerco at the border of Zhuhai and Macau. There are frequent high speed trains to Guangzhou, Guilin, Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu and other main cities in China. The intercity railway between Zhuhai Gongbei and Zhuhai Jinwan International Airport is under construction. It is expected to be opened to Hengqin in November 2019, and the whole project will be completed in 2024. It will take only 30 minutes to commute from urban district to the airport using the completed line.

Zhuhai also has a tram network, with the first phase of Line 1 completed in 2014. In 2017, Line 1 began service to the public. The trams ceased running in January 2021 due to frequent power issues and low patronage.

The Zhuhai Metro is currently in the planning stage. Line 1 will start from Jiuzhou Port and end at the Jinwan Station, with a total length of 36.8 km; Line 2 will start from Jinding Industrial Area and end at Gongbei Port, with a total length of 30.5 km. Construction was expected to start in 2019, with an estimated time of completion in 2024.

Sea
Zhuhai is known for its good climate and good air quality. Endowed with a long coastline, it is the only city on the western Pearl River Delta with natural deep-water ports.

Zhuhai has two international seaports: Jiuzhou and Gaolan. Gaolan Port is one of the leading ports in Guangdong province, while Jiuzhou Port focuses on heavy passenger sea transport.

Chu Kong Passenger Transport operates a ferry service between Zhuhai's Jiuzhou Port, Hong Kong and Shekou Passenger Terminal, in the Nanshan District of Shenzhen. A service between Jiuzhou Port and Hong Kong International Airport for air passengers using the airport began on 10 July 2007.

Road
Zhuhai is currently served by two major Chinese national expressways:

G94 Pearl River Delta Ring Expressway
 * The G94 Pearl River Delta Ring Expressway, which will form a beltway surrounding the Guangzhou metropolitan area when completed, currently connects Zhuhai to the Sanshui District of Foshan. In 2018 the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge opened, reducing the travel time by road from Zhuhai to Hong Kong in approximately 40 minutes. G94 was extended to follow this bridge, with sections currently under construction connecting the bridge to the Zhuhai-Foshan section.

G0425 Guangzhou–Macau Expressway
 * A spur route of the mainline G4 Beijing–Hong Kong and Macau Expressway, G0425 directly links Guangzhou to Zhuhai (and thus, Macau). It has a concurrency with G94 for several kilometers. Heavy traffic between Zhuhai and Macau has led to the construction of a new cross-border corridor, the Lotus Bridge, built in November 1999 to divert traffic away from the congested Gongbei Port of Entry (Portas do Cerco). G0425 currently ends in Zhuhai at Zhuhai Avenue, pending an extension to the Lotus Bridge via Hengqin island.

Tourism
Zhuhai and the surrounding landscapes were developed into an industrial output zone in the 1980s. Prior to that, Zhuhai generated economic development on the basis of tourism, benefiting from the comfortable subtropical climate. Zhuhai enjoys the reputation of a coastal garden city. When environmental pollution from the manufacturing industries threatened the quality of life, Zhuhai introduced strict environmental laws and hired engineers from Singapore to assist the city with urban planning.

Realizing the benefits brought by tourism, the local government is expanding tourist destinations and is developing new spots such as Hengqin, Dong'ao , Hebao , Qi'ao and Yeli.

Exhibitions and conferences
Zhuhai hosts the China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition biannually in November. It is the largest Air Show in China and a huge tourist attraction.

New Yuan Ming Palace
The New Yuan Ming Palace is a park of 1.39 km², including an 80000 m² lake. It features a partial reconstruction of the Old Summer Palace in Beijing which was destroyed during the Second Opium War and was never rebuilt on its original site.

Coast of Xianglu Bay—Fisher Girl Statue
The coast of Xianglu Bay is considered the "symbol" of Zhuhai, offering a scenic view of Pearl River Delta with silt-rich water, rocks, and a beach. The famous landmark of the city, the Fisher Girl Statue, stands elegantly on a boulder in Xianglu Bay; the statue is draped by a fishnet and holds a pearl high in the air with both hands up to the sky, symbolizing a vigorous and lively Zhuhai welcoming visitors from all over the world. It was erected in 1982 by a professor from the Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts and is 8.7 meters tall, composed of 70 pieces of granite. Visitors can view the statue up close from a boardwalk on the shore.

The statue was based on a local legend, in which the daughter of the celestial Dragon King visited the Pearl River delta. Enamored by the beauty of the Zhuhai region, she disguised herself as a fisher girl and lived among the people there, weaving baskets and healing locals with her powers until she fell in love with a fellow fisherman named Haipeng. The romance between Haipeng and the fisher girl was interrupted by vicious rumors among the people about the latter's true origins. Haipeng eventually confronted the fisher girl about this and demanded she give her magical pearl bracelets to him as proof of her love. She confirmed the rumors and explained that if she removed even one of the pearls, she would die. As Haipeng refused to believe her story and turned to leave, the fisher girl took off her bracelets, dying in Haipeng's arms. Heartbroken and guilt-ridden, Haipeng set out to find a cure, eventually discovering from a local elder that he would need to cultivate a special grass with his own blood. After years of toiling, Haipeng finally harvested enough to revive the fisher girl, turning her into a mortal. The two later married and the fisher girl found a large pearl, which she gifted to the elder in gratitude on the day of the wedding.

Strategic development
Developing a university park is part of Zhuhai's strategy to strengthen its high-tech and IT industries. The local government is taking significant initiatives to set up a university park with an area of 20 square kilometres (8 square miles), the only such plan in the western Pearl River Delta.

Colleges and universities

 * Beijing Normal University Zhuhai Campus
 * Sun Yat-Sen University Zhuhai Campus
 * Jinan University Zhuhai Campus
 * Zunyi Medical University Zhuhai Campus
 * Zhuhai College of Science and Technology
 * University of Macau (under the jurisdiction of Macau SAR government)
 * Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College
 * Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhuhai
 * Guangdong Polytechnic of Science and Technology Zhuhai Campus
 * Zhuhai Art College
 * Zhuhai City Polytechnic
 * Zhuhai Gree Polytechnic

A number of other colleges and universities are also located in or near Zhuhai. Beijing Normal University Zhuhai Campus was created as a new model university. Besides its high quality of education, it is more internationally oriented than many universities in China. Many students here prepare to go abroad to finish their junior and senior years.

Primary and secondary education
Despite the shortage of higher education, Zhuhai government has been paying a lot of attention to primary and secondary education. From 2007, high school students in Zhuhai needn't pay school fees anymore.

As a result, there are many famous high schools in Zhuhai. Zhuhai No.1 High School (ZH1Z) is one of the most competitive high schools in Guangdong Province, and also a member of the Guangdong "Six Schools Union".

Dulwich International High School Zhuhai, QSI International School of Zhuhai, and Zhuhai International School serve expatriates and/or use foreign educational systems.

Supplementary schools
Zhuhai Japanese Saturday School (珠海日本人補習校) is a supplementary school for overseas Japanese in Zhuhai. It holds classes at QSI School.

Sports facilities
Zhuhai is the first city in China to have constructed a motor racing circuit. The Zhuhai International Circuit was built in 1996 and is located at Jinding, near the border to Zhongshan. ZIC has held the BPR Global GT Endurance Series in 1996, the FIA GT Championship in 1997, 1999, 2004 and 2005. It hosted the championship's 2007 opening round on 24 and 25 March. ZIC had planned to host a round of the Champ Car World Series on 20 May 2007, but agreement was not reached. ZIC held an A1GP race in 2007 for the first time in series' history. ZIC became the first venue in China to host the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup on 7 November 2010 when the 2010 1000 km of Zhuhai was staged.

Zhuhai has also a new tennis center which hosts WTA Elite Trophy, the last tournament of the year for players that are in the top 20 but did not qualify to WTA Finals.

Notable people

 * Rong Hong (1828–1912), first Chinese student to graduate from a western university
 * Huang Kuan (1828–1878), first Chinese person to study in Europe
 * Tang Tingshu (1832–1892), general manager of China Merchants' Steam Navigation Company
 * Tang Shaoyi (1862–1938), first Premier of the Republic of China
 * Su Zhaozheng (1885–1929), early phase leader of the Chinese Communist Party
 * (1887–1927), leader of labour movement, member of the Chinese Communist Party
 * (1896–1931), early phase leader of the Chinese Communist Party
 * Rong Guotuan (1937–1968), first Chinese world champion in table tennis.
 * Dong Mingzhu (1954–), chairperson of Gree Electric
 * Zhang Lianwei (1965–), Chinese professional golfer
 * Yi Siling (1989–), Chinese Sport shooter, Champion of Women's 10 metre air rifle at London 2012 Olympics
 * Hon Chio Leong (2001–), Macanese racing driver and 2-time Macau Grand Prix champion

Sister cities

 * 🇯🇵 Atami, Japan
 * 🇩🇪 Braunschweig, Germany
 * Castelo Branco, Portugal
 * 🇦🇺 Gold Coast, Australia
 * 🇵🇰 Gwadar District, Pakistan
 * 🇨🇦 Halifax, Canada
 * 🇻🇺 Luganville, Vanuatu
 * 🇺🇸 Providence, United States
 * 🇺🇸 Redwood City, United States
 * 🇮🇹 La Spezia, Italy
 * 🇨🇦 Surrey, Canada
 * 🇧🇷 Vitória, Brazil
 * 🇷🇺 Zhukovsky, Russia

title: Zhuhai


text:
Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste

The Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste ("Universal Encyclopaedia of Sciences and Arts") was a 19th-century German encyclopaedia published by Johann Samuel Ersch and Johann Gottfried Gruber, therefore also known as the "Ersch-Gruber." One of the most ambitious encyclopaedia projects ever, it remains uncompleted.

It was designed and begun in 1813 by Professor Ersch to satisfy the wants of Germans, only in part supplied by foreign works. It was stopped by the Napoleonic Wars until 1816, when Professor Gottlieb Hufeland joined, but he died on November 25, 1817, while the specimen part was at press. The first volume appeared in Leipzig in 1818. The editors of the different sections at various times were some of the best-known men of learning in Germany, including Gruber, M.H.E. Meier, Hermann Brockhaus, W. Müller and A.G. Hoffmann of Jena. Naturalist Eduard Poeppig wrote most of the articles on the Americas. All articles bear the authors' names, and those not ready in time were placed at the end of their letter.

The work is divided into three sections:
 * 1) A-G (99 volumes published, complete) :
 * 2) H-N (only the first 43 volumes published, through Ligatur)
 * 3) O-Z (only the first 25 volumes published, through Phyxios)

From its beginning through 1830, the Encyclopädie was published at Leipzig by Johan Friedrich Gleditsch. From 1831 until publication ceased in 1889, the Encyclopädie was published by Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus, also of Leipzig. Gleditsch published volumes 1 through 21 of the first section; volumes 1 through 7 of the second, but only the first volume of the third section. Brockhaus published the remaining volumes through 1889. By 1889, when the project was abandoned, the Encyclopädie had reached 167 volumes. The article about Greece alone covered 3,668 pages, spanning eight volumes.


text:
Talk:The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: The Original Radio Scripts

Untitled
I have therecent reprint (25th anniversary edition) - I just checked and no dialogue is missing for Fit the 12th, nor any other thant I noticed. I've removed the comment about it. GRAHAMUK 10:16 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Which edition is the dialogue meant to be missing from? I've compared Fit the Twelfth from the first US edition (1985) to the 2003 anniversary edition and I don't notice any difference either. --JohnDBuell 02:25, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I have the American first and 10th anniversary editions and both versions of Fit The 12th are identical. Is it only the UK first edition that is incorrect? Ttenchantr (talk) 06:06, 12 March 2023 (UTC)

ISBN?
For those Wikipedians with this book, would someone please post an ISBN Link in this page?

 * Done. --JohnDBuell 17:34, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

Marvin sketch on Studio B15
Broadcast 03/01/1982 (Sunday) on BBC Radio 1 between 14:30pm and 16:00pm. Presented by Adrian Love, with reporter Terry Christian. Produced by Chris Longle. Marvin The Paranoid Android (voiced by Stephen Moore) appears in eighteen minute 'phone in interview' sketch written by Douglas Adams. Show not preserved in Sound Archives. Details as recorded on log of all broadcast programmes in BBC Written Archives Centre at Caversham, although there's nothing online (barring brief mentions on a couple of blogs and Hitchhikers fan sites). Feel free to check this at the Written Archives Centre if you really feel the need.

Fair use rationale for Image:HitchHikersScriptsCover.jpg
Image:HitchHikersScriptsCover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 05:03, 28 September 2007 (UTC)


text:
Saimaa

Saimaa (, ; Saimen) is a lake located in the Finnish Lakeland area in southeastern Finland. At approximately 4279 km2, it is the largest lake in Finland, and the fourth-largest natural freshwater lake in Europe.

The name Saimaa likely comes from a non-Uralic, non-Indo European substrate language. Alternatively, it has been proposed that the name may be connected to the Sami word sápmi.

History
It was formed by glacial melting at the end of the Ice Age. Major towns on the lakeshore include Lappeenranta, Imatra, Savonlinna, Mikkeli, Varkaus, and Joensuu. About 6,000 years ago, ancient Lake Saimaa, estimated to cover nearly 9000 km2 at the time, was abruptly discharged through a new outlet. The event created thousands of square kilometres of new residual wetlands. Following this event, the region saw a population maximum in the decades following only to later return to an ecological development towards old boreal conifer forests which saw a decline in population.

Topography
The Vuoksi River flows from Saimaa to Lake Ladoga. Most of the lake is dotted with islands, and narrow canals divide the lake in many parts, each having its own name (major basins include Orivesi, Puruvesi, Haukivesi, Yövesi, Pihlajavesi, and Pyhäselkä, among others). The southernmost major basin is sometimes called "Suur-Saimaa", or "Greater Saimaa", but this is not an official name.

Saimaa exhibits all major types of lake in Finland at different levels of eutrophication.

Finland's Ministry for Foreign Affairs describes the Saimaa basin (an area larger than the lake) as a "maze of detail": according to an English-language statement, the area includes 14,000 islands and "more shoreline here per unit of area than anywhere else in the world, the total length being nearly 15000 km."

Natural resources
An endangered freshwater seal, the Saimaa ringed seal, lives only at Saimaa. Another of the lake's endangered species is the Saimaa salmon.

Due to its rich, easily accessible asbestos deposits, the shores of the lake are the most probable origin of asbestos-ceramic, a type of pottery made between c. 1900 BC – 200 AD.

The areas around Saimaa lake are a very popular location for summer cabins as well as lake cruises.

Saimaa canal
The Saimaa Canal from Lauritsala (Lappeenranta) to Vyborg connects Saimaa to the Gulf of Finland. Other canals connect Saimaa to smaller lakes in Eastern Finland and form a network of waterways. These waterways are mainly used to transport wood, minerals, metals, pulp and other cargo, though tourists also use the waterways.

Notable people

 * The Russian writer Maxim Gorky went into exile near the shores of Lake Saimaa for a period of time after his apartment was raided by the Black Hundreds in the aftermath of the Moscow Uprising of 1905. He wrote to his divorced wife Ekaterina, writing "it's beautiful here, like a fairy tale".

title: Saimaa


text:
Muntenia

Muntenia (, also known in English as Greater Wallachia) is a historical region of Romania, part of Wallachia (also, sometimes considered Wallachia proper, as Muntenia, Țara Românească, and the seldom used Valahia are synonyms in Romanian). It is situated between the Danube (south and east), the Carpathian Mountains (the Transylvanian Alps branch) and Moldavia (both north), and the Olt River to the west. The latter river is the border between Muntenia and Oltenia (or Lesser Wallachia). Part of the traditional border between Wallachia/Muntenia and Moldavia was formed by the rivers Milcov and Siret.

Geography

Muntenia includes București - Ilfov, Sud - Muntenia, and part of the Sud-Est development regions. It consists of ten counties entirely:
 * Brăila
 * Buzău
 * Călărași
 * Argeș
 * Dâmbovița
 * Giurgiu
 * Ialomița
 * Ilfov
 * Prahova

And parts of four others:
 * Teleorman (the entire county with the exception of Islaz)
 * Vrancea (southern part)
 * Vâlcea (eastern part)
 * Olt (eastern part)

Romania's capital city, Bucharest, is situated in Muntenia. Other important cities are:
 * Brăila
 * Buzău
 * Pitești
 * Ploiești
 * Târgoviște

title: Muntenia


text:
Ghent University

Ghent University (Universiteit Gent, abbreviated as UGent) is a public research university located in Ghent, Belgium.

Located in Flanders, Ghent University is one of the largest Belgian universities, consisting of 50,000 students and 9,000 staff members. The university also supports the Ghent University Library (including the famous Boekentoren) and the Ghent University Hospital, which is one of the biggest hospitals in Belgium. In addition to satellite campuses elsewhere in Flanders and a Global Campus in Songdo, South Korea, Ghent University maintains many inter-university partnerships and programs both inside and outside of Europe.

Established before the state of Belgium itself, the university was founded by the Dutch King William I in 1817, when the region was incorporated into the United Kingdom of the Netherlands after the fall of First French Empire. In that same year, he founded two other universities for the southern provinces as well, alongside Ghent University: University of Liège and State University of Leuven.

After the Belgian revolution of 1830, the newly formed Belgian state began to administer Ghent University. In 1930, UGent became the first Dutch-speaking university in Belgium. Previously, French (and, even earlier, Latin) had been the standard academic language in what was Université de Gand. In 1991, it was granted major autonomy and changed its name accordingly from State University of Ghent (Rijksuniversiteit Gent, abbreviated as RUG) to its current designation.

Foundation in the 19th century
Ghent was one of the largest and most important cities of Europe in the medieval period.

The university in Ghent was opened on 9 October 1817, with JC van Rotterdam as the first rector. The foundation of universities in Ghent, Liege, and Leuven that year – by the Dutch King William I – was part of a larger policy to stimulate academic lag across the southern provinces of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands (which would later become Belgium). The original four faculties comprised Humanities (Letters), Law, Medicine, and Science, with the language of instruction being Latin. In the first year, it had 190 students and 16 professors. In the wake of the Belgian Revolution, of 1830, the number of students declined, having peaked at 414. Although the faculties of humanities and science were dissolved from the university, they were restored five years later, in 1835. At this time, French also became the language of instruction, taking the place of Latin.

Ghent University played a role in the foundation of modern organic chemistry. Friedrich August Kekulé unraveled the structure of benzene at Ghent and Adolf von Baeyer (Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer), a student of August Kekulé, made contributions to organic chemistry.

In 1882, Sidonie Verhelst became the first female student at Ghent University, in science and pharmacology.

Developments in the 20th century
In 1903, the Flemish politician Lodewijk De Raet led a successful campaign to begin instruction in Dutch, and the first courses were begun in 1906.

During World War I, Ghent University was closed initially due to the hostilities and subsequently due to the refusal of the academic staff and the students to resume classes while Belgium was occupied. Moritz von Bissing, the German Governor-General of occupied Belgium sought to make the territory easier to govern by exploiting the pre-war linguistic division. The Flamenpolitik ("Policy regarding the Flemish people") was launched in 1916. The occupying German administration set up the first Dutch-speaking university in Belgium in Ghent under the name Vlaamsche Hoogeschool (Flemish Institute of Higher Learning). Pejoratively referred to as the Von Bissing University, the Vlaamsche Hoogeschoolwas founded in 1916 but was disestablished after the war and the University of Ghent resumed its activities with French as the sole medium of instruction. In 1923, Cabinet Minister Pierre Nolf put forward a motion to definitively establish the university as a Dutch-speaking university, and this was realized in 1930. August Vermeylen served as the first rector of a Dutch-language university in Belgium. In the Second World War, the German administration of the university attempted to create a German orientation, removing faculty members and installing loyal activists. In the postwar period, Ghent University became a much larger institution, following the government policy of democratizing higher education in Flanders during the 1950s and 1960s. By 1953, there were more than 3,000 students, and by 1969 more than 11,500.

The number of faculties increased to eleven, starting with Applied Sciences in 1957. It was followed by Economics and Veterinary Medicine in 1968, Psychology and Pedagogy, as well as Bioengineering, in 1969, and Pharmaceutical Sciences.

In the 1960s, there were several student demonstrations at Ghent University, notably around the Blandijn site, which houses the Faculty of Arts & Philosophy. The most severe of demonstrations took place in 1969 in the wake of May 1968.

Since the end of the Cold War
In 1991, the university officially changed its name from Rijksuniversiteit Gent (RUG) to Universiteit Gent (UGent), following an increased grant of autonomy by the government of the Flemish Community. The faculty of Politics and Social Sciences is the most recent addition, in 1992.

Ghent University had a program founded by Andre Vlerick in 1953, then called Centre for Productivity Studies and Research. The program later evolved into a separate school called Instituut Professor Vlerick voor Management. Later in 1999 together with KU Leuven, Ghent University established Vlerick Business School merging the two MBA programs of the universities, naming the newborn institute Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School. In 2006, the school rebranded itself as Vlerick Business School. KU Leuven and Ghent University are still the parent institutions of the business school where many of the school's professors teach also in Leuven or Ghent. Nevertheless, UGent still offer MBA programs even after the merger.

Organisation and structure
Ghent University consists of eleven faculties with over 130 individual departments. In addition, the university maintains the Zwijnaarde science park and Greenbridge science park.

List of faculties

 * Faculty of Arts and Philosophy
 * Faculty of Bio-science Engineering
 * Faculty of Law
 * Faculty of Sciences
 * Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences
 * Faculty of Engineering and Architecture
 * Faculty of Economics and Business Administration
 * Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
 * Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences
 * Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
 * Faculty of Political and Social Sciences

Library
Standing on the Blandijnberg, the Boekentoren houses the Ghent University Library, which contains nearly 3 million volumes. The university library has joined the Google Books Library Project. Among other notable collections, it preserves Papyrus 30, an early manuscript of the Greek New Testament.

The university is also a partner in the development of De Krook, the new public library and media center in the center of Ghent that opened in 2017.

Reputation & rankings
Ghent University consistently ranks among the top 100 universities in the world, alongside the Catholic University of Leuven. In 2017, it was ranked, globally, 69th by the Academic Ranking of World Universities (or Shanghai ranking) and 125th by QS World University Rankings. For 2021, Ghent University has been ranked, worldwide, 85th by U.S. News & World Report and 96th by Times Higher Education. The Faculty of Economics and Business Administration has also been awarded with an international Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) accreditation.

International relations
The university maintains many partnerships within Belgium, across Europe, and throughout the world.

Inside Belgium, Ghent University supports the Belgian Co-ordinated Collections of Micro-organisms and the Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie.

Within Europe, it is a member of the Santander Network, the Enlight (previously the U4) Network, and the 3i University Network. It also participates in the Conference of European Schools for Advanced Engineering Education and Research. In addition, the university cooperates with numerous universities for the Erasmus and Erasmus Mundus programs; within the framework of the latter, it heads the International Master of Science in Rural Development and the International Master of Science in Soils and Global Change (IMSOGLO).

Beyond Europe, Ghent University conducts exchange programs on all six continents. Frameworks include its campus in South Korea and its 3C Partnership.

Associated contributions and innovations
Ghent University has been instrumental in the development of COinS and Unipept.

Notable alumni

 * Joseph Antoine Ferdinand Plateau (1801-1883), physicist, mathematician
 * Abdoel Rivai (1871-1937), physician, journalist, the first native of the dutch east indies to obtain doctoral degree
 * Leo Apostel (1925–1995), philosopher
 * Leo Baekeland (1863–1944), chemist, inventor of Bakelite
 * Wim Blockmans (born 1945), historian
 * Thierry Bogaert, founder of DevGen
 * Luc Bossyns, civil engineer
 * Marc Bossuyt (born 1944), judge, professor
 * Dries Buytaert (born 1978), computer scientist, founder of the Drupal CMS
 * Robert Cailliau (born 1947), co-inventor of the World Wide Web
 * Luc Coene (1947–2017), economy, governor of the National Bank of Belgium (NBB)
 * Marc Coucke (born 1965), co-founder of Omega Pharma
 * Franz Cumont (1868–1947), historian
 * (1922–1992), gynecologist, best known as chocolate maker of the brands Leonidas and Daskalidès.
 * Bert De Graeve (born 1955), law, businessman
 * Michel de Kemmeter, author and researcher in human sustainable development
 * Arnoud De Meyer (presently) director of Judge Business School of the University of Cambridge
 * Martin De Prycker (born 1955), engineer
 * Bertha De Vriese (1877–1958), first woman to enroll and graduate as a physician
 * Wim De Waele, economy and computer science, director of the IBBT
 * Catherine de Zegher (born 1955), international curator, art critic, and art historian
 * Rudy Dekeyser, molecular biologist, assistant director of the VIB
 * Bart Deplancke (born 1975), professor at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
 * Martin Dobelle (1906–1986), veteran orthopedic surgeon
 * Yaakov Dori (1899–1973), first chief of staff of the Israeli Defense Forces, president of the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
 * Paul Fredericq (1850–1920), historian
 * Walter Fiers (1931–2019), molecular biologist
 * Leopold Flam (1912–1995), historian, philosopher
 * Dirk Frimout (born 1941), physicist, astronaut
 * Derrick Gosselin (born 1956), engineer, economist, business manager
 * Joseph Guislain (1797–1860), physiologist and psychiatrist
 * Jacques-Joseph Haus (1796–1881), jurist
 * Lucienne Herman-Michielsens (1926–1995), law, politician
 * Philippe Herreweghe (born 1947), doctor, psychiatrist, orchestra conductor
 * Corneille Heymans (1892–1968), physiologist (Nobel prize winner)
 * Jan Hoet, (1936–2014), art historian, museum director, founding director of the SMAK
 * Mark Janse (born 1959), classicist and linguist
 * Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz (1829–1896), chemist
 * Jaap Kruithof (1929–2009), philosopher
 * Tom Lanoye (born 1958), philologist, writer
 * François Laurent (1810–1887), jurist
 * Marguerite Legot (1913–1977), jurist, first Belgian woman to serve as a government minister
 * Yves Leterme (born 1960), prime minister of Belgium
 * Emma Leclercq (1851–1933), cell biologist
 * Herman Liebaers (1919–2010), writer, former Marschal of the Royal Household.
 * Suzanne Lilar (born Suzanne Verbist) (1901–1992), philosopher, jurist, essayist, novelist
 * Julius Mac Leod (1857–1919), botanist
 * Maurice Maeterlinck (1862–1949), jurist, writer (Nobel prize winner)
 * Hélène Mallebrancke (1902–1940), first female Belgian civil engineer to graduate from the University of Ghent, Resistance member in Second World War
 * Paul Mansion (1844–1919), mathematician
 * Rudi Mariën, pharmacy, chairman of Innogenetics
 * Gerard Mortier (1943–2014), artistic director
 * Roland Peelman, conductor and musical director
 * Jean-Pierre Nuel (1847–1920), physiologist
 * Peter Piot (born 1949), doctor, assistant secretary-general of the United Nations
 * Henri Pirenne (1862–1935), historian
 * Karel Poma (1920–2014), chemist and politician
 * Ockert Potgieter (1965-2021), missionary and film director
 * Adolphe Quetelet (1796–1874), statistician
 * Godfried-Willem Raes (born 1952), composer, performer and instrument maker
 * Jacques Rogge (1942–2021), doctor, president of the International Olympic Committee
 * Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns (1835–1902), jurist, diplomat and cofounder of the Institut de droit international
 * George Sarton (1884-1956), chemist and historian of science
 * Jozef Schell (1935–2003), molecular biologist
 * Ferdinand Augustijn Snellaert (1809–1872), physician and writer
 * Imre Takács, environmental engineer and process engineer
 * Manuel Tito de Morais (1910-1999), electronic engineer and Portuguese politician
 * Luc Van den Bossche (born 1947), law, politician
 * Guido van Gheluwe (1926–2014), jurist and founder of the Orde van den Prince
 * Herman Vanderpoorten (1922–1984), politician
 * Hugo Van Heuverswyn (born 1948) chemist, biotech pioneer and businessman
 * Ann Van Gysel, zoology
 * Dirk Van de Put, businessman, incoming CEO of Mondelez International
 * Karel van de Woestijne (1878–1929), writer
 * Henry van de Velde (1863–1957), architect
 * Alexander Van Dijck, pioneer in rare diseases
 * Prudens van Duyse (1804–1859), writer
 * Paul van Geert (born 1950), psychologist
 * Marc Van Montagu (born 1933), biotech pioneer
 * Désiré van Monckhoven (1934–1882), physicist
 * Jules Van Praet (1806–1887), statesman
 * Willy van Ryckeghem (born 1935), economist
 * Piet Vanthemsche (born 1955), veterinary surgeon
 * Daniel Varoujan (1884–1915), Armenian poet
 * Guy Verhofstadt (born 1953), former prime minister of Belgium, liberal European politician
 * Dirk Verhofstadt (born 1955), publisher
 * Etienne Vermeersch (1934–2019), philosopher
 * Katrien Vermeire (born 1979), artist
 * Frank J. M. Verstraete, veterinary dentist and academic
 * Swen Vincke (born 1972), video game director and founder of Larian Studios
 * André Vlerick (1919–1990), economy
 * Emile Waxweiler (1867–1916), engineer and sociologist
 * Marc Zabeau (born 1949), zoology
 * Gerald Misinzo (born 1975), molecular biology, Tanzanian veterinary virologist and professor

Notable faculty

 * S.N. Balagangadhara (born 1952), comparative science of cultures
 * George de Hevesy (1885–1966), Nobel Prize winner, Chemistry
 * François Laurent (1810–1887), historian and jurisconsult
 * Jan De Maeseneer (born 1952), medicine, family medicine
 * Georges De Moor (born 1953), medicine, medical informatics
 * Walter Fiers (1931-2019), molecular biologist
 * Corneille Heymans (1892–1968), physiologist (Nobel prize winner)
 * Joseph Plateau (1801–1883), physicist
 * Xavier Saelens (born 1965), biotechnology
 * Jeff Schell (1935–2003), biotech pioneer
 * Erwin Schrödinger (1887–1961), physicist (Nobel Prize winner), visiting scholar
 * Johan Rudolf Thorbecke (1798–1872), statesman
 * Marc Van Montagu (born 1933), biotech pioneer
 * August Vermeylen (1872–1945), author, art historian, statesman
 * Adolf von Baeyer (1835–1917), chemist (Nobel prize winner), visiting scholar
 * August Kekulé (1829–1896), chemist
 * Victor D'Hondt (1841–1901), lawyer and jurist, known for D'Hondt method

Rectors

 * 1817–1818: Jean Charles Van Rotterdam
 * 1818–1819:
 * 1819–1820: Jean Baptiste Hellebaut
 * 1820–1821:
 * 1821–1822: François Egide Verbeeck
 * 1822–1823: Jean Guillaume Garnier
 * 1823–1824: Pierre De Ryckere
 * 1824–1825: Louis Vincent Raoul
 * 1825–1826: Jacques Louis Kesteloot
 * 1826–1827: Jean Charles Hauff
 * 1827–1828: Jacques Joseph Haus
 * 1828–1829: Pierre Lammens
 * 1829–1830:
 * 1830–1831: Jacques Van Breda
 * 1831–1832: Leopold Auguste Warnkoenig
 * 1832–1833: François Verbeeck
 * 1833–1834: Jacques Joseph Haus
 * 1834–1835: Jacques Louis Kesteloot
 * 1835–1838: Jacques Joseph Haus
 * 1838–1839: Philippe Auguste De Rote
 * 1839–1840:
 * 1840–1841: Jean Timmermans
 * 1841–1842: Josephus Nelis
 * 1842–1843: Georg Wilhelm Rassmann
 * 1843–1844: Charles Van Coetsem
 * 1844–1845: Marie-Charles Margerin
 * 1845–1846: Jean-Baptiste Minne-Barth
 * 1846–1847: Joseph Roulez
 * 1847–1848: François Verbeeck
 * 1848–1852: Eloi Manderlier
 * 1852–1855:
 * 1855–1857: Constant-Philippe Serrure
 * 1857–1864: Joseph Roulez
 * 1864–1867: Jacques Joseph Haus
 * 1867–1870:
 * 1870–1873: Joseph Jean Fuerison
 * 1873–1879:
 * 1879–1885:
 * 1885–1887: Jean-Jacques Kickx
 * 1887–1891: Gustave Wolters
 * 1891–1894: Adhémar Motte
 * 1894–1897: Charles Van Cauwenberghe
 * 1897–1900: Polynice Van Wetter
 * 1900–1903:
 * 1903–1906:
 * 1906–1909: Hector Leboucq
 * 1909–1912:
 * 1912–1915: Henri Schoentjes
 * 1916–1918: Pierre Hoffmann
 * 1918–1919: Henri Schoentjes
 * 1919–1921: Henri Pirenne
 * 1921–1923: Eugène Eeman
 * 1923–1924: Jean-François Heymans
 * 1924–1927:
 * 1927–1929: Camille De Bruyne
 * 1929–1930:
 * 1930–1933: August Vermeylen
 * 1933–1936:
 * 1936–1938:
 * 1938–1939: Jean Haesaert
 * 1939–1941: René Goubau
 * 1940–1944:
 * 1944–1947:
 * 1947–1950:
 * 1950–1953:
 * 1953–1957:
 * 1957–1961:
 * 1961–1969:
 * 1969–1973:
 * 1973–1977:
 * 1977–1981:
 * 1981–1985:
 * 1985–1993:
 * 1993–2001:
 * 2001–2005: Andreas De Leenheer
 * 2005–2013: Paul Van Cauwenberge
 * 2013–2017:
 * 2017–2021:

Recipients of honorary doctorates

 * J. G. ten Houten, Wageningen Agricultural University, Agricultural Sciences
 * Mary Beard, University of Cambridge, Classics (2021)

title: Ghent University


text:
River Churnet

The River Churnet is a river in Staffordshire, England. It is a tributary of the River Dove.

Etymology
The origins of the name "Churnet" are unknown, though it is thought to derive from the pre-English, British name for the river.

Course
The source of the river is located over 1000 ft above sea level in the Staffordshire moorlands, near the gritstone escarpment of the Roaches, and next to the A53 Leek to Buxton road, It is only a few hundred yards away from Black Brook which ultimately, through the Dane and Weaver, flows into the Irish Sea; however, the Churnet, through the Dove, Trent and Humber Estuary, ultimately flows into the North Sea.

After flowing downhill for a few miles it reaches Tittesworth Reservoir, a major supplier of fresh water to the Potteries and Leek. After it leaves the dam at Tittesworth, it flows into the ancient market town of Leek, where it was used until quite recently to aid the manufacture of dyes that were used in the town's textile and silk industries. South of Cheddleton, the river flows through the Churnet Valley, an area of outstanding beauty with ancient woodland, an abundance of wildlife and industrial heritage.

The Caldon Canal locks into the river at Oak Meadow Ford Lock, 2 miles on from Cheddleton and river and canal are one until Consall Forge, where the canal goes its own way again. The river continues through the valley, past ancient woodland and the Bolton Copper works at Froghall, then through the villages of Oakamoor and Alton. It flows past the JCB factory at Rocester and shortly afterwards joins the River Dove near the hamlet of Combridge.

Churnet Valley
The course of the river from Cheddleton to Rocester runs through the Churnet Valley – a part of Staffordshire that has been known either as Staffordshire's Rhineland or Staffordshire's Little Switzerland. Throughout the valley there are steep gorges and banks, with an abundance of woodland and Wildlife. There are several woods owned by the National Trust and the RSPB.

Industry
The Churnet has been heavily influenced by industry along its length for nearly a thousand years and as a result became possibly the most polluted river in Europe. The river was heavily used in Leek by the textile industry to make dyes. The dyeing industry was established in 1734 and it was claimed that the water from the Churnet was the finest in Europe for this purpose. In nearby Cheddleton the Churnet was used to power a flint mill that ground down flint for use in the pottery industry. Further downriver at Froghall and at Oakamoor the Thomas Bolton Copper works used the power of the Churnet to help manufacture the world's first transatlantic telegraph cables. The processes involved in manufacturing copper wire at the sites caused high levels of pollution.

The Churnet Valley was heavily involved in the iron-smelting industry and it is documented from as long ago as 1290 that iron was smelted using the river as its main source of energy. The early forges were at East Wall, near Oakamoor, but a later forge is still standing at Consall, next to the locks on the Caldon Canal.

The Caldon Canal runs with the river through the Churnet Valley and along parts the river is canalised. There was intensive freight traffic on the waterway transporting limestone and ironstone from the wharves on the canal. Today the only industrial use of the river is by the sand quarry at Oakamoor.

Since the decline of industry in Leek and the Churnet Valley, the quality of the water has improved so much that a programme of re-introducing salmon is underway.

title: River Churnet