text:
Talk:Minority

split majority from minority
Minority and majority should be split into two separate articles.

Minority?
This article needs to do a better job explaining the difference between the minority and majority that EVERYONE agrees with (the numerical ones) and the ones that are politically correct. Many object to the usage of of the term minority to refer to someone in the numerical majority, and it needs to be better clarified as such. I think the last paragraph needs perhaps the most work, it concerns me. Sam Spade 07:51, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I wrote it, what are you objections? Nikola

 * I made some edits. Since I was reverted when removing the last section, I will wait for others to rewrite it. Perhaps then we might remove the NPOV header? Sam Spade 08:08, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't know who inserted the NPOV header, I don't see the article as NPOV. Nikola 09:02, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

"These policies are notoriously controversial, and are often viewed as either being insufficient, or as unacceptable racial preferences" -- surely it would be unacceptable racial preference NOT to have these policies? And why would they be controversial? Nikola 22:13, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Firstly, our own personal POV's are not the issue here. My opinion might upset you, and if you would like to hear it, I suggest you contact me outside of the wiki. If you would like to hear some examples of people being upset by racial preferences, here are some links . I will have you know that this is nowhere near as clear cut a matter of concensus as you seem to believe, and is actually the source of a great deal of contentious debate, violence, and legal contests. Sam Spade 01:12, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, I wasn't talking about ratial preferences. I think that this rewrite will cover what you wanted to say. Nikola 00:15, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, I just worked over a significant amount of the article. With all due respect to the previous writer, it was simply far too lawyerly and kept beating around the bush when the point could have been made. A minority is less than half the population, and--generally speaking--is also smaller than at least one other sub-group (i.e. it does not form a plurality).  There, I think that's about as good as you'll get.

moving sentance from article
"Converse is also possible: for example, although oversea Chinese people are outnumbered by local residents, they tend to dominate economy and politics." I'd like some documentation on this, I don't know it to be the case. Sam Spade 10:04, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

bias
Yet another page with a politically correct (aka leftist) bias. Not everyone worships certain people for the sole reason they aren't white or male. --130.218.71.187

If you feel this way you should attempt to edit the page to clean the bias, or at least state some examples here of what the biases are on the page.--Bigplankton 04:54, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

moved "PC" stuff from article
I've removed the following:

 * In recent decades the term minority has taken on a new meaning among the politically correct, being used to refer to a group with which they perceive to be worthy of special preferential treatment. For instance, while numerically women outnumber men in most societies, they can be said in politically correct terms to be a minority, given their claim of inferior treatment compared to men. Some find this usage to be unhelpful or inaccurate.

This is not only unhelpful or inaccurate, it's also pointless. I'd even venture to say it's patent nonsense... If a group that is less numerous has control or power, that can be called preferential treatment, inequality, or even hegemony, oligarchy, ... but they do not automatically become a "majority" and the opposed ones "minorities", that just doesn't work that way. Political correctness means going out of one's way to avoid offending anyone, but that doesn't imply that it means talking nonsense. I'd really like to see some examples/sources for such a broken use of this terminology, esp. mainstream. --Joy [shallot]   21:26, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * majority is that segment of the population that [...], in a politically correct sense of the word, enjoys traditionally higher social status than other groups. For example, while men are outnumbered by women in the United States and many other countries, they are sometimes viewed as a "majority" due to their traditionally dominant social role.

This too. --Joy [shallot]   09:25, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Note that there's an article dominant minority. --Joy [shallot]

Ethnicity and sexual orientation
I quote from the article: "All criteria for ethnicity have bearing on designating a minority — language, nationality, religion, culture, lifestyle, or sexual orientation".

Perhaps somebody could explain how exactly the "sexual orientation" criterion can help define ethnicity ?!?! Or perhaps someone could provide - at least - an example of which one ethnicity is defined (inter alia) by it's "sexual orientation" ?!

 * I agree, I don't know about a single such case. Nikola 17:10, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

In politics and government
the following sentence is highly problematic: ''Many contemporary governments prefer to assume the people they rule all belong to the same nationality rather than separate ones based on ethnicity. Examples of this are France and Greece.''

This is under politcas and govenrment ie legal treatement. About 90% of countries rule that its citizens have the same nationality, to single out a coupe of states seems problematic.

 * I'd disagree. To my knowledge, most countries recognise that multiple nationalities live in them. Nikola 17:09, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Not in the sense the setennce implies. Nationality is a legal relationship with a state to its citiens.
 * For example are the Albanians of Macedonia, "Albanian Nationals"? no.DaveHM 21:59, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

I have not seen an edit page thing in supermajority discussion. So, I will bring it up here in the protection of minority context. British Columbia had a referendum to change from first past the post to single transferable vote. It got a 58% majority but required a 60% supermajority. Here is the problem. If 40 votes for one option is given the same value as 60 votes for another option, then clearly, (do the math), the first past the posters had the equivalent of 1.5 votes each! That clearly violates the democratic principle of one person one vote. Indeed in the context of minority protection, single transferable vote has a better record. Just take the greens. I dont think they have ever won a seat in first past the post anywhere. But in stv, the green party gets elected representives. So here is a case where supermajority requirements PREVENTED better representation for minoritys! Could someone fix the definition for supermajority? It aint democratic and people should know. Brian White BC Canada

Assumptions
This has an anti-white tone to it, to the point of being almost nasty. I can see it being offensive to white people:

In the United States, the term minority typically refers to members of the non-white population, but as the numerical, social, economic, political and cultural influence of whites erodes over time in the US, and the "browning of America" is now an irreversible process, the wisdom of using the term "minority" to identify non-whites is increasingly questioned and considered by some to be offensive.

It should either be removed or modified. This section is too high up in this article. Who says white cultural influence is declining? what's the "browing of america"? why is it irreversible? how does this describe what a "minority" is? what does non-whites being offended by "minority" have to do with anything. this doesn't belong here. --Bigplankton 22:43, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

I changed it. Now, it sounds like a simple fact, instead of a politically charged statement. --Bigplankton 22:50, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

I moved "assumptions" into the "In Politics and Goverment" section. It fits better there.I got rid of the weird title "assumptions." It didn't belong near the top of the artice. I'm from the U.S. but I can see some non-U.S. person saying "oh here we go again, something about the u.s. has to be at the top of the artice. annoying." Also I added the word "power" because "minority" is not just about numbers as is written in the article. It's all not perfect but it's better than it was.--Bigplankton 19:37, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Here's the problem, BP. The original author was implying that there is a relationship between the declining proportion of the white population, vis-a-vis other ethnic groups in the U.S., and the power of whites as a group. The passage exaggerates the relationship of sociological and numerical minority.  Political power, by itself, can only go so far. Even when a numerical majority and sociological minority can translate their greater numbers into political power, as in S. Africa, there are persistent barriers to their social mobility; among these, geographic segregation and social distance (the willingness of one group to interact with another; related to prejudice).  These barriers--and others--contribute to the visible disparity of social rewards between the dominant and minority groups; in fact, such visible disparity defines both groups.  On a positive note, the dramatic changes experienced as a consequence of the fall of the Apartheid system have brought these persistent disparities to the fore, and have given new impetus to social movements that seek to ameliorate them--particularly for the benefit of the lowest strata of society.

 * I digress. I should add that this article is peppered liberally with POV arguments. I'm not singling out this passage.  For example, the comments on affirmative action..."the idea that minorities should be granted special privileges that the majority does not enjoy"...This is a mysterious definiton.  It's like someone blaming their instrument because they can't play.  Affirmative action did not fall from the sky.  It was, in fact, the first rigorous application of social theory to social policy on a federal level.  Years of sociological and ethnographic research went into the implementation of federal law and the creation of the EEOC.  Legislation and enforcement are imperfect instruments of social policy; but to ameliorate an intractible social problem, they are necessary.  Part of the problem is that not many people understand the problem.  One of the best applications of affirative action is to bridge the gaps in the social networks between dominant and minority groups that are so vital to the attainment of good jobs and the opportunities for social advancement that such jobs offer.  To say that the dominant group does not enjoy the benefits of their group status is to deny what has been demonstrated.  And to deny what has been demonstrated is a hallmark of prejudice.  Niko481 00:33, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

Hello Niko. What you're doing in your 2nd paragraph is expressing your point of view on why you believe affirmative action is necessary for the good of society. It's a valid point of view, and others agree with you. There are also many arguments against affirmative action that are also valid. These arguments at length would fit better in the affirmative action page though, or I wasn't intending to argue affirmative action with anyone. My main objection was about about the "tone" and placement of the passage I changed. It was too close to the top of the article. It was about the U.S. Very U.S. centric for such a general word. There are obviously "minorities" all over the world. It fits better intergrated into the article with other countries. The tone of the passage hit me right away with "anti-white". "White cultural influence erodes..." browning of america irreversible.." "wisdom of using.. " "the word minority offensive to minorities..". I think it may be offensive to whites to say their culture is "eroding." That sounds like an opinion that doesn't belong on this page. Are the influences of other races around the world eroding? ...But basically you're saying that people are confusing minority with population numbers and I agree so either the whole idea can be removed completely like you suggested below, or it can easily be explained near the top of the article, but just don't use the U.S. as an example. Solved? Solved! Thank you!--Bigplankton 02:09, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I did say I was digressing from your point...anyway, I'll agree with you that my views on affirmative action are POV--which is why I didn't add them to the article. I was just making the observation that the article presented POVs and that they didn't belong there.

 * As far as the article goes, I'd be happy with a basic definition of numerical and sociological minority, a caveat (there is a tendency to confuse the usage; an argument against the disambiguation of this article), and an example or two. Since it is so specific to politics, there is an argument for the disambiguation of the terms minority party and minority govermnent.  But, overall, this is an article about sociological minorities.  That said, we have some problems.  I've taken some passages from the article and added italics for emphasis.

 * "In a socio-economic context, the term "minority" tends to refer to groups of people who, according to a particular set of criteria, are fewer in population than other ethnic groups."
 * "A majority, in sociological terms, is that segment of the population that outnumbers all others combined,..."
 * "In the United States, the term minority typically refers to members of the non-white population, but since the population and power of whites has been decreasing over time in the US, using the term "minority" to identify non-whites in some regions is becoming a misnomer."
 * The three cited examples above take minority out of it's sociological context (the first example, blatantly so) and should be corrected/expunged.
 * "Some minorities are so relatively large or historically or otherwise important that the system is set up in a way to ensure complete equality. As an example, the former Yugoslav republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina recognizes the three main nations, none of which constitute a numerical majority..." As with most examples in the politics and government section, this belongs either in a article about pluralism/assimilation or in one covering the specific region in question. The cited example speaks more of social and political arrangements than of minorities, per se.
 * And then there's the quip on affirmative action. Covered previously.

 * Except for my comments on your comments on the article, BP, I realize this should all be in a separate heading. Sorry for getting lost in the flow. Niko481 04:53, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

Regarding the defintion of minority
I am considering changing the introductory section. It lacks focus, presenting too many ideas that are better explored in sub-sections. Also, the sociology section is inaccurate and needs a major overhaul. Even though this article is written by a number of people, there is no reason that it should look that way: this is the problem with the politics and government section...a patchwork quilt of ideas.

When one speaks of groups of individuals, there are two definitions of minority. One is numerical; the other, sociological.

Numerical minorities refer to groups that have fewer members than another group--called a majority group, or, simply, the majority. This defintion has more relevance politically than sociologically. The US Senate, for example, is comprised of 100 individuals, typically with one of two party affiliations, Republican and Democrat; if the Republican party holds 51 seats and the Democats 49, the Democrats are said to be the minority party.

The sociological definition of minority, on the other hand, is very different. The definition of a minority group (sometimes called a subordinate group), as put forward by sociologist Louis Wirth--way back in 1945, but still considered classic--is "a group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out by others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment, and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination." To avoid any confusion with the numerical definition, sociologists tend to use the term dominant group instead of majority group to describe the group who holds a disproportionate amount of social, political, and economic power (or, in terms of stratification, those that are at the top of the social hierarchy).

To illustrate the difference between numerical and sociological minorities, consider South Africa. In 1970, "African" and "Coloured" peoples numbered approximately 24 million, a majority of the population. "Whites," numbering less than 4 million, were clearly a numerical minority. However, social policies under the rubric of Apartheid both segregated African and Coloured peoples from Whites and limited their access to the same social rewards that Whites enjoyed. Overt discrimination by Whites--the dominant group in South African society--against African and Coloured peoples, define the latter as a sociological minority.

I am strongly proposing expunging the "Assumptions" section. Why not just say "In recent years, with its declining white population, more people in the US have been confusing numerical minority with sociological minority. Hopefully, Wikipedia will serve to solve this problem..." Just delete it alltogether.

Niko481 10:24, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Merger with Minority group
Instead of redirecting this article to minority group, I'm suggesting that it be merged instead. I've offered a clearer, more concise definition and outlined the new article on minority groups to include groups not mentioned here. The new article avoids the ambiguity with numerical minority that was present here. Niko481 01:17, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Minority
Minority (マイノリティー; mainoritei-) is a Japanese rock band from Nara. The group consists of one MC and three members: Higashi (vocal), D-C (lead guitar) and Yokoyuki (drums). Minority made their major label debut on 21 October 2001, with the release of their first single Sekaiichi (世界一). They are known for performing the 13th opening of Gintama.

History
The origin of the name comes from young age of members. When searching on the internet for a backronym Higashi discovered Minority and the connection to Radiohead, who's members are of the same generation. The team expresses in their songs approach to the world. They sing about the passage of years and the reluctance to grow up, as evidenced by the outrageous behavior at concerts.

On September 3, 2006, the band announced that they would make their official debut through Sony Music Japan's Epic Records, which was also the label of Higashi's solo project My Day. The band performed at the Japanese Animelo in Tokyo on July 7, 2007. Their debut peaked at no.2 on the Oricon charts. On July 16, 2008, Minority released a live DVD from the concert they held in February 2009.

Members

 * Higashi - vocals
 * D-C – lead guitar
 * Yokoyuki – drums

Discography
Studio albums

 * Sekaiichi (世界一)
 * Wasuremono (忘れ物)
 * 僕の愛してるだれもいない

title: Talk:Minority


text:
Carl Ferdinand Cori

Carl Ferdinand Cori, ForMemRS (December 5, 1896 – October 20, 1984) was a Czech-American biochemist and pharmacologist. He, together with his wife Gerty Cori and Argentine physiologist Bernardo Houssay, received a Nobel Prize in 1947 for their discovery of how the glucose derivative glycogen (animal starch) is broken down and resynthesized in the body for use as a store and source of energy. In 2004, both Coris were designated a National Historic Chemical Landmark in recognition of their work that elucidated carbohydrate metabolism.

Education and early life
Carl Ferdinand Cori was born on December 5, 1896, in Prague, Austria-Hungary (now the Czech Republic). Carl was the son of Carl Isidor Cori (1865, Brüx – 1954, Vienna), a zoologist, and Maria Cori (née Lippich; 1870, Graz – 1922, Prague), a daughter of the Italian-Bohemian/Austrian/Slovenian /Hungarian physician Ferdinand Lippich (1838, Padua – 1913, Prague).

The Cori family came from the Papal State (later the Roman Republic, today's Central Italy) to the royal Bohemian crownland, (Monarchical Austria at the end of the 17th century). Carl Ferdinand's grandfather Eduard Cori (1812–1889) was an administrative officer and beekeeper in Brüx, and his grandmother was Rosina Trinks (?–1909). Carl Ferdinand's younger sister Margarete Cori (born 1905) was a lecturer in Prague and the wife of the Bohemian geneticist Felix Mainx (1900, Prague – 1983, Vienna).

He grew up in Trieste, where his father Carl Isidor was the director of the Marine Biological Station. In late 1914 the Cori family moved to Prague and Carl entered the medical school of Charles University in Prague. While studying there he met his future wife Gerty Theresa Radnitz. He was drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army and served in the ski corps, and later was transferred to the sanitary corps, for which he set up a laboratory in Trieste. At the end of the war Carl completed his studies, graduating with Gerty in 1920. Carl and Gerty married that year and worked together in clinics in Vienna. Their only child, Tom, married Anne, a daughter of the American constitutional lawyer and anti-feminist Phyllis Schlafly.

Career
Carl was invited to Graz to work with Otto Loewi to study the effect of the vagus nerve on the heart (Loewi would receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1936 for this work). While Carl was in Graz, Gerty remained in Vienna. A year later Carl was offered a position at the State Institute for the Study of Malignant Diseases (now Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center) in Buffalo, New York, and the Coris moved to Buffalo. In 1928, they became naturalized citizens of the United States.

While at the Institute the Coris' research focused on carbohydrate metabolism, leading to the definition of the Cori cycle in 1929. In 1931, Carl accepted a position at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri. Carl joined as professor of pharmacology and in 1942 was made professor of biochemistry. In St. Louis, the Coris continued their research on glycogen and glucose and began to describe glycogenolysis, identifying and synthesizing the important enzyme glycogen phosphorylase. For these discoveries, they received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1947, making them the third ever married couple to win the Nobel Prize.

Gerty died in 1957 and Carl married Anne Fitzgerald-Jones (1909-2006) in 1960. He stayed on at Washington University until 1966, when he retired as chair of the biochemistry department. He was appointed visiting professor of Biological Chemistry at Harvard University while  maintaining a laboratory space at the Massachusetts General Hospital, where he pursued research in genetics. From 1968 to 1983, he collaborated with noted geneticist Salomé Glüecksohn-Waelsch of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York, until the 1980s when illness prevented him from continuing. In 1976, Carl received the Laurea honoris causa in Medicine from the University of Trieste. Carl shares a star with Gerty on the St. Louis Walk of Fame.

Awards and honors
In addition to winning the Nobel Prize, Cori won the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research in 1946 and in 1959, the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art. Cori was elected a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1940, a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1947, a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1950. The Carl Cori Endowed Professorship at Washington University is named in his honor, currently held by Colin Nichols.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Carl Ferdinand Cori


text:
Gerty Cori

Gerty Theresa Cori (August 15, 1896 – October 26, 1957 ) was a Bohemian-Austrian and American biochemist who in 1947 was the third woman to win a Nobel Prize in science, and the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for her role in the "discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen".

Cori was born in Prague, back then the capital of Bohemia within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Growing up at a time when women were marginalized and allowed few educational opportunities, she gained admittance to medical school, where she met her future husband Carl Ferdinand Cori in an anatomy class. Upon their graduation in 1920, they married. Because of deteriorating conditions in Europe, the couple emigrated to the United States in 1922. Gerty Cori continued her early interest in medical research, collaborating in the laboratory with Carl. She published research coauthored with her husband, as well as publishing singly. Unlike her husband, she had difficulty securing research positions, and the ones she obtained provided meager pay. Her husband insisted on continuing their collaboration, though he was discouraged from doing so by the institutions that employed him.

Together with her husband Carl and Argentine physiologist Bernardo Houssay, Gerty Cori received the Nobel Prize in 1947 for the discovery of the mechanism by which glycogen—a starch made from glucose—is broken down in muscle tissue into lactic acid and then resynthesized in the body and stored as a source of energy (known as the Cori cycle). They also identified the important catalyzing compound, the Cori ester. The Coris were the third ever married couple to win the Nobel Prize. In 2004, both Gerty and Carl Cori were designated a National Historic Chemical Landmark in recognition of their work in clarifying carbohydrate metabolism.

In 1957, Gerty Cori died after a ten-year struggle with myelosclerosis. She remained active in the research laboratory until the end of her life. She received recognition for her achievements through multiple awards and honors.

Early life and education
Gerty Cori was born Gerty Theresa Radnitz into a Jewish family in Prague, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary (modern Czech Republic) in 1896. Her father, Otto Radnitz, was a chemist who became manager of sugar refineries after inventing a successful method for refining sugar. Her mother, Martha, a friend of Franz Kafka, was a culturally sophisticated woman. Gerty was tutored at home before enrolling in a lyceum for girls, and at the age of 16, she decided she wanted to be a medical doctor. Pursuing the study of science, Gerty learned that she lacked the prerequisites in Latin, physics, chemistry, and mathematics. Over the course of a year, she managed to study the equivalent of eight years of Latin, five years of science, and five years of mathematics.

Her uncle, a professor of pediatrics, encouraged her to attend medical school, so she studied for and passed the university entrance examination. She was admitted to the medical school of the Karl-Ferdinands-Universität in Prague in 1914, an unusual achievement for women at that time.

Marriage and early career
While studying, she met Carl Cori, who was immediately attracted to her charm, vitality, sense of humor, and her love of the outdoors and mountain climbing. Gerty and Carl had both entered medical school at 18 and both graduated in 1920. They married that same year. Gerty converted to Catholic Christianity, enabling her and Carl to marry in the Catholic Church. They moved to Vienna, capital of Austria, where Gerty spent the next two years at the Carolinen Children's Hospital, and her husband worked in a laboratory. While at the hospital, Gerty Cori worked on the pediatrics unit and conducted experiments in temperature regulation, comparing temperatures before and after thyroid treatment, and published papers on blood disorders.

Carl was drafted into the Austrian army and served during World War I. Life was difficult after the war, and Gerty developed dry eye caused by severe malnutrition due to food shortages. These problems, in conjunction with the increasing anti-Semitism, contributed to the Coris' decision to leave Europe.

Immigration to the United States
In 1922, the Coris both immigrated to the United States (Gerty six months after Carl because of difficulty in obtaining a position) to pursue medical research at what later became the Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo, New York. In 1928, they became naturalized citizens. The director of the institute threatened to dismiss Gerty if she did not cease collaborative research with her husband. She continued to work with Carl and was nevertheless kept on at the institute.

Although the Coris were discouraged from working together at Roswell, they continued, specializing in investigating carbohydrate metabolism. They were particularly interested in how glucose is metabolized in the human body and the hormones that regulate this process. They published fifty papers while at Roswell. The lead author of each paper was the one who had done the most research. Gerty Cori published eleven articles as the sole author. In 1929, they proposed the theoretical cycle that later won them the Nobel Prize, the Cori cycle. The cycle describes how the human body uses chemical reactions to break some carbohydrates such as glycogen in muscle tissue into lactic acid, while synthesizing others.

Washington University
The Coris left Roswell in 1931 after publishing their work on carbohydrate metabolism. Several universities offered Carl a position but refused to hire Gerty. Gerty was informed during one university interview that it was considered "un-American" for a married couple to work together. Carl refused a position at the University at Buffalo because the school would not allow him to work with his wife.

In 1931, they moved to St. Louis, Missouri, when Washington University offered positions to both Carl and Gerty, although Gerty's rank and salary were much lower than her husband's. Despite her research experience, Gerty was only offered a position as a research associate at a salary one tenth of that received by her husband; she was warned that she might impede her husband's career. Washington University's Chancellor, Arthur Compton, made a special allowance for Gerty to hold a position there, ignoring the university's nepotism rules. Gerty waited thirteen years before she attained the same rank as her husband. In 1943, she was appointed associate professor of Research Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology. Months before she won the Nobel Prize, she was promoted to full professor, a post she held until her death in 1957.

While working at Washington University, they discovered an intermediate compound in frog muscles that enabled the breakdown of glycogen, called glucose 1-phosphate, later known as the Cori ester. They established the compound's structure, identified the enzyme phosphorylase that catalyzed its chemical formation, and deduced that the Cori ester is the beginning step in the conversion of the carbohydrate glycogen into glucose (breaking down energy stores into a form that can be used). It can also be the last step in the conversion of blood glucose to glycogen, as it is reversible. Gerty Cori also studied glycogen storage disease, identifying at least four forms, each related to a particular enzymatic defect. She was the first to show that a defect in an enzyme can cause a human genetic disease.

Gerty and Carl Cori collaborated on most of their work, including that which won the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen". They received one half the prize, the other half going to the Argentinian physiologist, Bernardo Houssay "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar". Their work helped clarify the mechanisms of carbohydrate metabolism, advancing understanding of the reversible conversion of sugars and starch, which proved crucial to the development of diabetic treatments.

Awards and recognition
In 1947, Gerty Cori became the third woman—and the first American woman—to win a Nobel Prize in science. Previously, Marie Curie had received two, and Irène Joliot-Curie won one. Cori was the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. She was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1953. Cori was the fourth woman elected to the National Academy of Sciences. She was appointed by President Harry S. Truman as board member of the National Science Foundation, a position she held until her death.

Gerty was a member of the American Society of Biological Chemists, the American Chemical Society and the American Philosophical Society. She and her husband were presented jointly with the Midwest Award (American Chemical Society) in 1946 and the Squibb Award in Endocrinology in 1947. In addition, Cori received the Garvan-Olin Medal (1948), the St. Louis Award (1948), the Sugar Research Prize (1950), the Borden Award (1951).

The twenty-five foot square laboratory shared by Cori and her husband at Washington University was deemed a National Historic Landmark by the American Chemical Society in 2004. Six scientists mentored by Cori and her husband went on to win Nobel Prizes, which is only surpassed by the number mentored by British physicist J.J. Thomson.

In 1949, she was awarded the Iota Sigma Pi National Honorary Member for her significant contribution. The crater Cori on the Moon is named after her, as is the Cori crater on Venus. She shares a star with her husband on the St. Louis Walk of Fame. She was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1998.

Cori was honored by a US Postal Service stamp in April 2008. The 41-cent stamp was reported by the Associated Press to have a printing error in the chemical formula for glucose-1-phosphate (Cori ester), but was distributed despite the error. Her description reads: "Biochemist Gerty Cori (1896–1957), in collaboration with her husband, Carl, made important discoveries—including a new derivative of glucose—that elucidated the steps of carbohydrate metabolism and contributed to the understanding and treatment of diabetes and other metabolic diseases. In 1947, the couple was awarded a half share of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine."

The US Department of Energy named the NERSC-8 supercomputer installed at Berkeley Lab in 2015/2016 after Cori. In November 2016, NERSC's Cori ranked 5th on the TOP500 list of world's most powerful high-performance computers.

Gerty is the more celebrated of the Coris because she is considered a pioneer woman of science. In her lifetime, however, she experienced much prejudice as a woman.

Final years
Just before winning the Nobel prize, while they were on a mountain climbing trip, the Coris learned that Gerty Cori was ill with myelosclerosis, a fatal disease of the bone marrow. During her years at the Institute for the Study of Malignant Disease, Gerty had worked with X-rays, studying their effects on the human body, which may have contributed to her illness. She struggled for ten years with the illness while continuing her scientific work; only in the final months did she let up. In 1957, she died in her home. Gerty was cremated and her ashes scattered. Later, her son erected a cenotaph for Gerty and Carl Cori in Bellefontaine Cemetery in St. Louis, Missouri.

She was survived by her husband and their only child, Tom Cori, who married the daughter of conservative activist Phyllis Schlafly.

Carl Cori remarried in 1960 to Anne Fitzgerald-Jones. The two later moved to Boston, where Carl taught at Harvard Medical School. He continued to work there until his death in 1984, aged 87.

title: Gerty Cori


text:
Debout Congolais

"Debout Congolais" (Telama besi Kongo; "Arise, Congolese") is the national anthem of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was originally adopted in 1960 upon independence from Belgium but was replaced by "La Zaïroise" when the Congo changed its name to Zaire in 1971. It was finally reinstated when the Congo was reorganised in 1997. The lyrics were written by historian and professor Joseph Lutumba, and the music was composed by Jesuit father Simon-Pierre Boka di Mpasi Londi, who also wrote and composed "La Zaïroise".

title: Debout Congolais


text:
Talk:Phutball

I am fairly certain that the official name of this game is Philospher's Football and not Phutball, but I don't happen to have a copy of Winning Ways lying around to check it. Does anyone? Phil Bordelon 23:03 24 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I checked the book. The article heading is Philosopher's Football, but in the article they refer to it three times as Phutball, so the terms are clearly meant to be interchangeable. --Fritzlein 20:06 10 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Works for me. Phil Bordelon

I proposed a move. The title should be the formal name. savidan(talk) (e@) 20:16, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

Theoretical Win?
The article states "theoretically one of the players has a winning strategy". It isn't immediately obvious to me why this should be so, given that stones can come off the board as well as being placed on the board. How do we know that perfect play by both sides doesn't return the game state to the starting position? --Fritzlein 18:54, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

==Name? Is the game's name from american or international football? 惑乱 分からん 17:31, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

O and X
Instead of Ohs and Eks, why not Oh and Ecks? --Kjoonlee 16:56, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Single jump claim
"It is never worth jumping just one man - your opponent can replace it as his next move." Is this true? It seems to me that jumping a single man changes the state in two ways: a piece is removed, and the football moves. If the opponent uses his next move to replace the jumped piece, this still doesn't cancel out the single jump entirely. Factitious 10:51, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

 * You are correct, it can be advantageous to jump a single piece, although it rarely is. For example, if the football is on the edge of the board, and you jump diagonally away, and the other player replaces the jumped man, you can place a man on the edge of the board where the football came from.  This makes a return jump impossible, as the football would go off the edge of the board.  --Fritzlein 20:07, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

Rule question
Are there "official" rules and where to find them?

Is it allowed to jump over the corner, e.g. jump a stone on a19 with the ball on b18?

Is ist allowed to move the ball over the own goal line, i.e. jump onto the virtual line 0 or 20 and back onto the board again: e.g. the ball is on c2 and black stones on d1 and f1; is it then allowed to move c2-e0-g2 ? --79.216.243.35 (talk) 09:52, 9 September 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Phutball


text:
La Congolaise

"La Congolaise" ("The Congolese", "Besi Kôngo") is the national anthem of the Republic of the Congo. It was adopted upon independence from France in 1959, replaced in 1969 by "Les Trois Glorieuses" but reinstated in 1991. The lyrics were written by Jacques Tondra and Georges Kibanghi, and the music was composed by Jean Royer and Joseph Spadilière.

Lyrics
The first verse and chorus constitute as the official national anthem and are most commonly played during events.

title: La Congolaise


text:
Syllabic

Syllabic may refer to:
 * Syllable, a unit of speech sound, considered the building block of words
 * Syllabic consonant, a consonant that forms the nucleus of a syllable
 * Syllabary, writing system using symbols for syllables
 * Abugida, writing system using symbols for consonant-vowel combinations (previously called syllabic and syllabic alphabet)
 * Canadian Aboriginal syllabics, a family of abugidas used to write a number of Aboriginal Canadian languages
 * Syllabic octal, octal representation of 8-bit syllables or bytes
 * Syllabic verse, poetry that has a certain number of syllables per line
 * Syllabic text setting in music, in which each syllable is matched to a single note, as opposed to melismatic

title: Syllabic


text:
UB40

UB40 are an English reggae and pop band, formed in December 1978 in Birmingham, England. The band has had more than 50 singles in the UK Singles Chart, and has also achieved considerable international success. They have been nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album four times, and in 1984 were nominated for the Brit Award for Best British Group. UB40 have sold more than 70 million records worldwide. The ethnic make-up of the band's original line-up was diverse, with musicians of English, Welsh, Irish, Jamaican, Scottish, and Yemeni parentage.

Their hit singles include their debut "Food for Thought" and two Billboard Hot 100 number ones with "Red Red Wine" and "Can't Help Falling in Love". Both of these also topped the UK Singles Chart, as did the band's version of "I Got You Babe", recorded with Chrissie Hynde. Their two most successful albums, Labour of Love (1983) and Promises and Lies (1993), reached number one on the UK Albums Chart. UB40 and the English ska band Madness hold the record for most weeks spent by a group in the UK singles chart during the 1980s, with 214 weeks each.

The band's line-up was stable for nearly 29 years, from March 1979 until January 2008, when frontman Ali Campbell left the band, followed shortly thereafter by keyboardist Mickey Virtue. Another member, Astro, remained with the band until November 2013, when he departed the original band to team up with Campbell and Virtue in a new version of UB40. In 2014, legal advice was sought by the original band (now consisting of remaining co-founding members drummer Jimmy Brown, guitarist Robin Campbell, bassist Earl Falconer, percussionist Norman Hassan, and saxophonist Brian Travers, along with new vocalist Duncan Campbell) who took action against the group containing Campbell, Virtue, and Astro over usage of the band name, due to it being used by both parties. On 5 July 2021, it was announced that Matt Doyle (formerly of the reggae band Kioko) would become the band's new vocalist, following Duncan Campbell's retirement due to ill health.

1978–1983: Formation and rise to stardom
The band members began as friends who knew each other from various schools across Birmingham, England. The name "UB40" was selected in reference to an attendance card issued to people claiming unemployment benefits from the UK government Department of Employment. The designation UB40 stood for Unemployment Benefit, Form 40.

The origins of what would become UB40 began when in mid-1978 guitarist Ali Campbell, together with the rhythm section of drummer Jimmy Brown and bassist Earl Falconer, began rehearsing charting reggae songs in addition to some of their own original compositions. They were soon joined by several of their friends, firstly percussionists Yomi Babayemi and Norman Hassan, and then saxophonist Brian Travers and keyboardist Jimmy Lynn. Robin Campbell, although initially reluctant to commit to forming a band with the others, was invited to join once again by his brother and bought a guitar with which to do so in December of that year. Once Robin had joined the others in their jamming sessions, the eight musicians formed a band, deciding on the name 'UB40' after a friend suggested it was an appropriate name given the unemployed status of all of the band members. Prior to this, Travers had work as an electrical apprentice for NG Bailey; whilst Robin Campbell had been an apprentice toolmaker.

This lineup of the band lasted long enough to play their first show at the Hare & Hounds pub in Kings Heath in February 1979 and one other, before the band underwent its first lineup change in the form of Babayemi and Lynn leaving the band and Mickey Virtue joining in place of Lynn. A month later UB40's classic lineup was rounded out with the inclusion of percussionist and vocalist Astro. He had previously been working for Duke Alloy's sound system attending reggae dances in Birmingham. Before some of them could play their instruments, Ali Campbell and Brian Travers travelled around Birmingham promoting the band, putting up UB40 posters. Their sound was created and honed through many long jam sessions at various locations in Birmingham.

Their first gig took place on 9 February 1979 at The Hare & Hounds Pub in Kings Heath, Birmingham for a friend's birthday party. This was commemorated in October 2011 by the unveiling of a plaque at the venue, indicating the band receiving the Performing Rights Society's Music Heritage Award. UB40 caught their first break when Chrissie Hynde saw them at a pub and gave them an opportunity as a support act to her band, The Pretenders. UB40's first single, "King"/"Food for Thought" was released on Graduate Records, a local independent label run by David Virr. It reached No. 4 on the UK Singles Chart.

The title of their first album, Signing Off, indicates the band was signing off from, or ending, their claim for unemployment benefits. It was recorded in a bedsit in Birmingham and was produced by Bob Lamb. Norman Hassan said of the recording: "if you stripped my track down, you could hear the birds in the background." This is because his tracks were recorded outside in the garden. Signing Off was released on 29 August 1980. It entered the UK Albums Chart on 2 October 1980, and spent 71 weeks in total on the chart. Signing Off is now a Platinum album. As UB40 grew in popularity, they encouraged and supported local musicians and bands from Birmingham, such as Beshara, often bringing them on tour. After great success in the UK, UB40's popularity in the US was established when they released Labour of Love, an album of cover songs, in 1983. The album reached number one on the UK Albums Chart and number 14 on the Billboard 200 in the US five years later. The album featured the song "Red Red Wine", a cover version of a Neil Diamond song (in an arrangement similar to that of Tony Tribe's version); it reached number one in the UK in 1983 and number one in the US in 1988. Three years later UB40 performed at the Birmingham Heart Beat Charity Concert 1986. In 1987 Ray "Pablo" Falconer, producer of UB40 music, died in a car crash. His brother, Earl Falconer, the band's bassist, was driving with nearly twice the legal limit of alcohol in his blood. Earl was sentenced to six months imprisonment in June 1988 and banned from driving for three years.

1988–2008: Continued success
On 11 June 1988, UB40 performed at the Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute concert that took place at Wembley Stadium in London and also involved Dire Straits, George Michael, Whitney Houston, the Bee Gees and other artists.

Their most successful worldwide single release is their reggae/pop version of "(I Can't Help) Falling in Love With You", which was the main title to the 1993 Sharon Stone movie Sliver; it was a number one hit across Europe and in the US. In 1995 they covered the Stevie Wonder song "Superstition" for the Eddie Murphy movie Vampire in Brooklyn and it appears on their album The Best of UB40 – Volume Two which they released that year. The group also made a guest appearance in the 1997 feature film Speed 2: Cruise Control. UB40 are featured in the 1988 film The Yob. UB40 toured South Africa in July 2007 and headlined the Live Earth concert at the Cradle of Humankind, near Johannesburg.

In 2003, UB40 and the United Colours of Sound recorded "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" as the official anthem for the England national rugby union team. Following England's victory in the 2003 Rugby Union World Cup, it reached number 15 in the UK Singles Chart.

2008–present: Line-up changes and the current era
On 24 January 2008, it was announced that Ali Campbell would be leaving the group after 30 years. It was originally stated that this was in order for Campbell to concentrate on solo projects, but Campbell later said he was leaving due to management and business disputes. The remaining seven members released a statement saying: "Ali made a very simple decision; he chose to pursue and put his solo career over and above continuing to work with UB40 after February 2008. It's as simple as that". Mickey Virtue departed shortly afterwards citing the same issues that Campbell had as reasons for his departure.

It was reported by some Birmingham newspapers on 13 March 2008, that Maxi Priest would be the new lead singer of UB40 and had recorded a cover of Bob Marley's "I Shot the Sheriff" with the band, based on information from an unnamed "source close to the band." Priest had joined UB40 on their arena tour in 2007, culminating in sell-out shows at the NEC Birmingham in December. Another local newspaper reporting that Maxi Priest would be the new UB40 frontman, also included a statement from band spokesman Gerard Franklyn which contradicted this claim: "Maxi is collaborating with the band to record material but no decision has been made to replace Ali Campbell with one definitive singer. The reports are half correct he will be appearing with them for this new recording." In April 2008, the BBC reported that Campbell was to be replaced in the band by his brother Duncan, with reggae singer Maxi Priest also bolstering the line-up on tour.

The band released their next album, TwentyFourSeven, UB40's last with their classic lineup, by way of a free insert in The Mail on Sunday's 4 May 2008 issue. The newspaper sold nearly three million copies. This led to a backlash when the full 17-track version was released 21 June 2008, and most of the big retailers refused to stock it. It failed to reach the Top 75 in the UK, which was a first, as all their official albums had previously made the Top 50 on the UK Albums Chart. Their next release, on EMI, was a collection called Love Songs, which was a compilation of hits mainly from the Labour of Love series and all featuring Ali Campbell on vocals – it reached number 3 in the UK. The band toured the US, which included their first show at the Hollywood Bowl.

In 2009 the band released the first new album with their new lead singer Duncan Campbell; another in the Labour of Love cover series entitled Labour of Love IV. The album was in the charts for only two weeks reaching number 24. During the 2009 US Tour UB40 offered fans live concert recordings on USB wristbands. The wristbands also included the Dub Sessions remix album and photos.

UB40 announced that after completing a coast-to-coast 2010 American tour they would be playing a nationwide UK tour of theatres in October/November 2010 performing their seminal album Signing Off, in full, along with a second set of popular UB40 songs. To coincide, on 1 November 2010 a remastered 2CD+DVD of Signing Off was released as a '30th Anniversary Special Edition'.

In 2011 five founding members of the group and directors of their DEP International label, had bankruptcy proceedings started against them relating to debts of the record label. In October 2011 Travers, Wilson, Hassan and Brown were declared bankrupt. Former member Ali Campbell was also declared bankrupt. In 2013 a new album, Getting Over the Storm was announced, their first since 2010 and Labour of Love IV.

In November 2013, UB40 revealed dates in anticipation of their UK Tour in early 2014. The announcement of the tour followed the success of the band's latest Top 30 album, Getting Over The Storm, which was awarded BBC Radio 2's 'Album of the Week' accolade and received 5-star reviews from the UK's music press on its release in September 2013. On 22 November 2013 Astro announced in a statement that he had left the band, describing it as a "rudderless ship" and criticising the "serious lack of communication between the band and management" and the country-orientated direction of their latest album. Astro joined former UB40 members Ali Campbell and Mickey Virtue on stage at the indigO2 Arena in London on 6 December 2013, and on 17 January 2014 the trio announced on their website that they were in the studio recording new music. Ali Campbell was highly critical of his replacement in UB40, stating "I sat back for five years and watched my brother Duncan murdering my songs." Ali Campbell toured as UB40 with Astro and Virtue over the summer. The new album Silhouette, featuring the trio, was set for release on 6 October 2014.

In December 2014 Ali Campbell claimed that he would be prepared to go to the High Court in London over the matter rather than settle out of court.

Duncan Campbell retired from UB40 in June 2021 due to ill health, following a stroke he had suffered the previous year; he was replaced the following month by Matt Doyle of fellow Birmingham reggae band Kioko.

On 22 August 2021, saxophonist Brian Travers died of cancer at the age of 62 in his Moseley home. On 6 November of that year, former vocalist and founding member Astro died following a short illness at the age of 64.

In August 2022, the band performed "Red Red Wine" at the Commonwealth Games Closing Ceremony,  with the show also featuring other acts from Birmingham and the West Midlands region such as Musical Youth, Panjabi MC, Dexys, Ozzy Osbourne and Apache Indian. They also issued the single "Champion" in association with the Commonwealth Games with this Official Anthem being their first single to be sung by Matt Doyle. "Champion" also features Dapz on the Map and Gilly G, and can be found on the On Record compilation of Birmingham-based bands alongside "It's a Brum Ting" by Friendly Fire Band, the track the BBC used for their Commonwealth Games coverage.

Influences
UB40 were influenced by the many blues parties they attended as teenagers in the multicultural Balsall Heath area of Birmingham. Their love of ska, reggae and early lovers rock inspired such original tracks as "King", "Madam Medusa", "Food for Thought", "Signing Off" and "One in Ten". Their early musical style was unique, with a heavy influence of analogue synthesisers, psychedelic rock guitar, saxophone and dub producer techniques.

The Campbell brothers are the sons of the late folk musician, Ian Campbell. Their father regularly took them to folk festivals and gigs and introduced them to music and to touring. It was at his father's folk club "Jug O' Punch" that Ali Campbell made his singing debut with Dave Swarbrick's daughter, Suss, singing "Why Does It have To Be Me?".

Achievements
UB40 are one of the most commercially successful reggae acts of all time in terms of record sales (over 70 million), chart positions and touring schedule. During their three-decade long career, they have been performing sell-out shows worldwide and headlining the Reggae Sunsplash music festival in Jamaica, as well as spreading reggae to Russia, South America, etc. They have performed twice at the Night of the Proms, in 2000 and in 2006. They have been nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album four times, and in 1984 were nominated for the Brit Award for Best British Group.

In October 2011, UB40 were commemorated with a Heritage Award, a ceremonial plaque from the UK's PRS for Music. A plaque was placed at the Hare & Hounds Pub in Birmingham, England, the location where they played their first gig.

All three of their UK number one hits and four of their five US top ten hits were cover versions. UB40 collaborators include: Pato Banton, Madness, Bitty McLean, Chrissie Hynde, Maxi Priest, Robert Palmer, Hunterz, Japanese artist Mikidozan, French artist Nuttea, Lady Saw, Afrika Bambaataa, 808 State. With 214 weeks spent on the UK singles charts over the course of the 1980s, UB40 and Madness hold the record for most weeks spent by a group in the 1980s UK singles charts.

Referencing the group's longevity, Ali Campbell has said that the group was fortunate in choosing a relatively young genre, as reggae "... hasn't outlived its own cool like jazz has".

Band members
Current members
 * Jimmy Brown – drums (1978–present)
 * Robin Campbell – guitar, vocals, keyboards (1978–present)
 * Earl Falconer – bass guitar, vocals, keyboards (1978–present)
 * Norman Lamont Hassan – percussion, trombone, vocals (1978–present)
 * Matt Doyle – lead vocals, guitar, lyricist (2021–present)

Current touring musicians
 * Laurence Parry – trumpet, vocals (1994–present)
 * Martin Meredith – saxophone, keyboards, WX7 (1997–present)
 * Ian Thompson – saxophone, keyboards, percussion (2021–present; previously substituted for Travers from 2019)
 * Gilly G - MC, vocals (2023–present)
 * Jahred Gordon – keyboards (2023–present)
 * Matt Campbell - vocals (2023–present)

Former members
 * Brian Travers – tenor saxophone (1978–2021; died 2021)
 * Ali Campbell – vocals, guitar (1978–2008)
 * Yomi Babayemi – percussion (1978–1979)
 * Jimmy Lynn – keyboards (1978–1979)
 * Mickey Virtue – keyboards (1979–2008)
 * Astro – percussion, trumpet, vocals, toasting (1979–2013; died 2021)
 * Duncan Campbell – vocals (2008–2021)

Former touring musicians
 * Henry Tenyue – trombone (1983–1994)
 * Patrick Tenyue – trumpet (1983–1994)
 * Tony Mullings – keyboards (2008–2023)

Astro
Terence Oswald Wilson (24 June 1957 – 6 November 2021), better known by his stage name Astro, was a British musician, rapper, and toaster, who was part of UB40 from 1979 until he left the group in November 2013. His nickname comes from his childhood as he wore a pair of Dr. Martens boots with the model name "Astronaut".

Born to Jamaican immigrant parents, he went to school with the future keyboard player of UB40, Virtue. While DJ-ing, he met the Campbell brothers, and bonded so well with them over a love of Jamaican music that they invited him to join them as their MC. He believed that reggae music was for everyone, and shouldn't just be for Jamaican Rastafarians.

In the band's 1983 version of Red Red Wine, he added his own "toasting" lyrics, which is a Jamaican forerunner to rapping. This became an integral part to the group's sound. Astro offered the band a more militant edge, rapping about social injustice and racism. He encountered racism himself when he was refused admittance to nightclubs on account of his dreadlocks, when white members of the band were welcomed.

He eventually quit the band in 2013 after they decided to record a set of country songs. He wasn't interested in this genre of music and was only interested in performing and promoting reggae. He went on to join Ali Campbell and Virtue in a rival band to UB40.

Astro died following a short illness on 6 November 2021, at the age of 64.

Duncan Campbell
Duncan Campbell (born 3 April 1958 in Birmingham) is an English musician and former lead singer of UB40. He joined the band in 2008 after the departure of his brother Ali Campbell, the former UB40 lead singer. Current bandmate Robin Campbell is also his brother, and he is the son of the late folk singer Ian Campbell. Campbell announced his retirement from live concert performances after suffering a seizure in August 2020. His replacement as lead singer was announced on 5 July 2021 as Matt Doyle, formerly of the band Kioko.

Campbell sang in a harmony group with his brothers as children and performed with their father on stage. He also recorded a reggae album in Jamaica for his brother Ali's record label, but it was never released. He was a professional spoon player. "I was the only professional spoon player in the country registered with the Musicians' Union – until they registered me as a vocalist," said Campbell. He also worked as a casino manager in Barbados, ran a fish and chip shop in Perth, Australia, and has worked as an actor.

On 24 January 2008, UB40 lead singer Ali Campbell announced that he was leaving the band after a dispute with the management; UB40 announced that they would carry on. On 30 April 2008, UB40 unveiled Duncan as their new lead singer.

Duncan was offered the position of lead singer in 1978, but turned it down at the time, and said that he "wouldn't get the chance in another 30 years". Ali Campbell was "disappointed but didn't object" to him joining UB40. When asked why he did not join UB40 in 1978, he joked because they were "crap" and that he "was too smart for them and he knew that they would get nowhere". In 2014, Ali formed a rival version of UB40 with Astro and Mickey Virtue. He said of his brother's singing, "I sat back for five years and watched my brother Duncan murdering my songs. We're saving the legacy". Duncan suffered a stroke in August 2020 and announced his retirement from the band in June 2021, citing ill health.

Earl Falconer
Earl Acton Falconer (born 23 January 1957 in Meriden, Warwickshire) is a British bass player and singer in UB40. Falconer also co-founded the UK bass label Circus Records alongside Flux Pavilion, Doctor P and DJ Swan-E.

Falconer attended St. Benedict's junior school and Mosely Road School of Art. He was an unemployed plasterer at the time of UB40's formation.

Norman Hassan
Norman Lamont Hassan (born 26 January 1958) is a British musician of Yemeni and Welsh descent who is best known as being a member of UB40 since its foundation in 1978. Norman Lamont Hassan was born in Birmingham to Yemeni and Welsh parents, and attended Park Hill School and later Queensbridge School in the city. He worked as a carpet fitter before joining the band UB40 in 1978. After starting off as percussionist in 1978, he learned the trombone in 1981, when the band decided to add a brass section. He sang his first lead vocal on Labour of Love. He is also known for his on-stage dancing. Like the rest of UB40, he still lives in the City of Birmingham. He is also a fan of the local football club Birmingham City. He has wide-ranging musical tastes, from reggae to soul to opera.

Brian Travers
Brian David Travers was one of the founders of the band. He played the saxophone and was also an arranger and lyricist. He had suffered from cancer since 2019 and he died in August 2021. Travers was a founding member of the socialist Workers Party of Britain in 2019.

UB40 featuring Ali Campbell and Astro
In January 2014, Astro, with other former UB40 members Ali Campbell, and Mickey Virtue, announced plans to reform and record under the UB40 name. The band released their new song, "Reggae Music" as a free download in January 2014. In February, with the original band and the newly formed splinter group both due to perform in Dubai under the name UB40 within a few months of each other, the new group announced a name change to "UB40 Reunited". Then the splinter group changed their name again, settling on "UB40 featuring Ali, Astro, and Mickey", until late 2018 when Virtue departed the band, after which they continued touring and recording as "UB40 featuring Ali Campbell and Astro". Astro died on 6 November 2021 after recording tracks for the band's new album Unprecedented. The first single from these sessions, "Sufferer", was released in February 2022, with the album due to be released by UMC on 17 June 2022. Ali Campbell's UB40 splinter group also featured the vocalist Matt Hoy until he quit in July 2021.

Discography

 * Signing Off (1980)
 * Present Arms (1981)
 * UB44 (1982)
 * Labour of Love (1983)
 * Geffery Morgan (1984)
 * Baggariddim (1985)
 * Rat in the Kitchen (1986)
 * UB40 (1988)
 * Labour of Love II (1989)
 * Promises and Lies (1993)
 * Guns in the Ghetto (1997)
 * Labour of Love III (1998)
 * Cover Up (2001)
 * Homegrown (2003)
 * Who You Fighting For? (2005)
 * TwentyFourSeven (2008)
 * Labour of Love IV (2010)
 * Getting Over the Storm (2013)
 * For the Many (2019)
 * Bigga Baggariddim (2021)
 * UB45 (2024)

title: UB40


text:
Constans II

Constans II (Κώνστας; 7 November 630 – 15 July 668), also called "the Bearded" (Pogonatus; ὁ Πωγωνᾶτος), was the Byzantine emperor from 641 to 668. Constans was the last attested emperor to serve as consul, in 642,  although the office continued to exist until the reign of Leo VI the Wise (r. 886–912). His religious policy saw him steering a middle line in disputes between the Orthodoxy and Monothelitism by refusing to persecute either and prohibited discussion of the natures of Jesus Christ under the Type of Constans in 648. His reign coincided with Muslim invasions under, Umar, Uthman, and Mu'awiya I in the late 640s to 660s. Constans was the first emperor to visit Rome since the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, and the last one to visit Rome while the Empire still held it.

Origins and early career
Constans was born on 7 November 630 in Constantinople, the Byzantine capital, to Gregoria and Constantine III. Constantine was a son of Emperor Heraclius, while his mother Gregoria was a daughter of Nicetas, a first cousin of Heraclius.

Heraclius died an February 641 and was succeeded by Constantine III and Heraclonas, his younger half-brother through Heraclius' second marriage to Martina. Constans was most likely elevated to caesar by his father to ease his succession to the throne against Martina and her sons. Constantine died suddenly after 3 months of rule, leaving the 15-year old Heraclonas as senior emperor.

In September 641, the 10-year old Constans II was crowned co-emperor due to rumors that Heraclonas and Martina poisoned Constantine III. Later that same year, on or around 5 November, Heraclonas was deposed by Valentinus, one of Heraclius’ most trusted generals, and Constans II was left as sole emperor. Constans owed his rise to the throne to a popular reaction against his uncle and to the protection of the soldiers led by Valentinus. Although the precocious emperor addressed the senate with a speech blaming Heraclonas and Martina for eliminating his father, he reigned under a regency of senators led by Patriarch Paul II of Constantinople. In 644, Valentinus attempted to seize power for himself, but failed.

Reign as emperor
Under Constans, the Byzantines completely withdrew from Egypt in 642, and the third Rashidun caliph Uthman ((r. 644 – 656)) launched numerous attacks on the islands of the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas. A Byzantine fleet under the admiral Manuel occupied Alexandria again in 645, and the Alexandrians hailed him as a liberator, since the caliphate levied heavier taxes and showed less respect for their religion. However, Manuel squandered his time and popularity in plundering the countryside, and eventually the Arab army managed to force him to embark for home. The situation was complicated by the violent opposition to Monothelitism by the clergy in the west and the related rebellion of the Exarch of Carthage, Gregory the Patrician. The latter fell in battle against the army of caliph Uthman, and the region remained a vassal state under the Caliphate until civil war broke out and imperial rule was again restored. Constans attempted to steer a middle line in the church dispute between Orthodoxy and Monothelitism by refusing to persecute either and prohibiting further discussion of the natures of Jesus Christ by decree in 648 (the Type of Constans). Naturally, this live-and-let-live compromise satisfied few passionate participants in the dispute.

Meanwhile, the advance of the Rashidun Caliphate continued unabated. In 647 they entered Armenia and Cappadocia and sacked Caesarea Mazaca. In the same year, they raided Africa and killed Gregory. In 648, the Arabs raided into Phrygia, and in 649 they launched their first maritime expedition against Crete. A major Arab offensive into Cilicia and Isauria in 650–651 forced the Emperor to enter into negotiations with Caliph Uthman's governor of Syria, Mu'awiya I ((r. 656 – 661)), who later reigned as the first Umayyad caliph. The truce that followed allowed a short respite and made it possible for Constans to hold on to the western portions of Armenia. In 654, however, Mu'awiya renewed his raids by sea, plundering Rhodes. Constans led a fleet to attack the Muslims at Phoinike (off Lycia) in 655 at the Battle of the Masts, but he was defeated: 500 Byzantine ships were destroyed in the battle, and the Emperor himself was almost killed. The sea battle was so devastating that the emperor escaped only by trading clothes with one of his men. Before the battle, chronicler Theophanes the Confessor says, the Emperor dreamed of being at Thessalonica; this dream predicted his defeat against the Arabs because the word Thessalonika is similar to the sentence "thes allo niken", which means "gave victory to another (the enemy)". Caliph Uthman was preparing to attack Constantinople, but he did not carry out the plan, as the first Fitna broke out in 656.

In 658, with the eastern frontier under less pressure, Constans defeated the Slavs in the Balkans, temporarily reasserting some notion of Byzantine rule over them and resettled some of them in Anatolia (c. 649 or 667). In 659 he campaigned far to the east, taking advantage of a rebellion against the Caliphate in Media. The same year he concluded peace with the Arabs. Now Constans could turn to church matters once again. Pope Martin I had condemned both Monothelitism and Constans' attempt to halt debates over it in the Lateran Council of 649. The Emperor ordered the Exarch of Ravenna to arrest the Pope. Exarch Olympius excused himself from this task, but his successor, Theodore I Calliopas, carried it out in 653. Pope Martin was brought to Constantinople and condemned as a criminal, ultimately being exiled to Cherson, where he died in 655.

Constans grew increasingly fearful that his younger brother, Theodosius, could oust him from the throne; he therefore obliged Theodosius to take holy orders and later had him killed in 660. Constans' sons Constantine, Heraclius, and Tiberius had been associated on the throne since the 650s. However, having attracted the hatred of the citizens of Constantinople, Constans decided to leave the capital and to move to Syracuse in Sicily.

On his way, he stopped in Macedonia and fought the Slavs at Thessalonica with success. Then, in the winter of 662–663, he made his camp at Athens.

From there, in 663, he continued to Italy. He launched an assault against the Lombard Duchy of Benevento, which then encompassed most of Southern Italy. Taking advantage of the fact that Lombard king Grimoald I of Benevento was engaged against Frankish forces from Neustria, Constans disembarked at Taranto and besieged Lucera and Benevento. However, the latter resisted and Constans withdrew to Naples. During the journey from Benevento to Naples, Constans II was defeated by Mitolas, Count of Capua, near Pugna. Constans ordered Saburrus, the commander of his army, to attack the Lombards again, but he was defeated by the Beneventani at Forino, between Avellino and Salerno.

In 663 Constans visited Rome for twelve days—the first emperor since the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and, along with John V Palaiologos, one of only two Eastern Roman emperors since the division of the Roman empire in 395 to set foot in Rome—and was received with great honor by Pope Vitalian (657–672). Although on friendly terms with Vitalian, he stripped buildings (including the Pantheon) of their ornaments and bronze to be carried back to Constantinople, and in 666 declared the Pope to have no jurisdiction over the Archbishop of Ravenna, since that city was the seat of the Exarch, his immediate representative. His subsequent moves in Calabria and Sardinia were marked by further strippings and request of tributes that enraged his Italian subjects.

According to Warren Treadgold, the first themes were created between 659 and 661, during the reign of Constans II. However, John Haldon states that this idea is not supported by a "a shred of evidence", although redistribution of the armies across the Anatolian provinces did take place, and likely resulted in administrative changes.

Death and succession
On 15 July 668, he was assassinated in his bath by his chamberlain, either killed with a bucket or stabbed with a knife. His son Constantine succeeded him as Constantine IV. A brief usurpation in Sicily by Mezezius was quickly suppressed by the new emperor.

Assessments and legacy
The historian Robert Hoyland asserts that Mu'awiya was a significant Islamic challenge for Constans to "deny [the divinity of] Jesus and turn to the Great God who I worship, the God of our father Abraham" and speculates that Mu'awiya's tour of Christian sites in Jerusalem was done to demonstrate "the fact that he, and not the Byzantine emperor, was now God's representative on earth".

Record in Chinese sources
The Chinese dynastic histories of the Old Book of Tang and New Book of Tang mention several embassies made by Fu lin (拂菻), which they equated with Daqin (the Roman Empire). These are recorded as having begun in the year 643 with an embassy sent by the king Boduoli (波多力, Constans II Pogonatos) to Emperor Taizong of Tang, bearing gifts such as red glass and green gemstones. Other contacts are reported taking place in 667, 701, and perhaps 719, sometimes through Central Asian intermediaries. These histories also record that the Arabs (Da shi 大食) sent their commander "Mo-yi" (Chinese: 摩拽伐之, Pinyin: Mó zhuāi fá zhī), to besiege the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, and forced the Byzantines to pay them tribute.

This Arab commander "Mo-yi" was identified by historian Friedrich Hirth as Muawiyah I (r. 661–680), the governor of Syria before becoming the Umayyad caliph. The same books also described Constantinople in some detail as having massive granite walls and a water clock mounted with a golden statue of man. The Byzantine historian Theophylact Simocatta, writing during the reign of Heraclius (r. 610–641), relayed information about China's geography, its capital city Khubdan (Old Turkic: Khumdan, i.e. Chang'an), its current ruler Taisson whose name meant "Son of God" (Chinese: Tianzi), and correctly pointed to its reunification by the Sui dynasty (581–618) as occurring during the reign of Maurice, noting that China had previously been divided politically along the Yangzi River by two warring nations.

Family
By his wife Fausta, a daughter of the patrician Valentinus, Constans II had three sons:
 * Constantine IV, who succeeded him as Emperor
 * Heraclius, co-emperor from 659 to 681
 * Tiberius, co-emperor from 659 to 681

title: Constans II


text:
Bernardo Houssay

Bernardo Alberto Houssay (April 10, 1887 – September 21, 1971) was an Argentine physiologist. Houssay was a co-recipient of the 1947 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for discovering the role played by pituitary hormones in regulating the amount of glucose in animals, sharing the prize with Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Cori. He is the first Latin American Nobel laureate in the sciences.

Early life
Bernardo Alberto Houssay was born April 10, 1887, in Buenos Aires. His parents Albert and Clara Houssay were immigrants from France. A precocious youngster, he was admitted to the Pharmacy School at the University of Buenos Aires at 14 years of age and subsequently to the Faculty of Medicine of the same university at 17 years old and was there from 1904 to 1910. While a third-year medical student, Houssay took up a post as a research and teaching assistant in the Chair of Physiology.

Career
After graduating, he quickly developed and presented his M.D. thesis on the physiological activities of pituitary extracts, published in 1911. This was a theme he would pursue for the rest of his scientific career. Since 1908 he was an assistant lecturer in the same department and immediately after his doctorate, he took up the post of Professor of Physiology in the university's School of Veterinary Medicine. Simultaneously, he started a private practice as an assistant physician at the municipal hospital of Buenos Aires. In 1913, he became Chief Physician at the Alvear Hospital, and in 1915, became Chief of the Section of Experimental Pathology at the National Public Health Laboratories in Buenos Aires.

In 1919, Houssay was appointed as the chair of physiology at the University of Buenos Aires Medicine School, serving there until 1943. He transformed and directed the department into a highly respected research department in experimental physiology and medicine of international class. In that year, however, the military dictatorship deprived him of his university posts, due to his liberal political ideas and Houssay was forced to re-establish his research lines and staff at a privately funded Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. This situation, reinforced by a second dismissal by the Peronist government in 1945, was prolonged until 1955 when Peron was ousted from power and Houssay was reinstated in the University of Buenos Aires, where he remained until he died. From 1957, he was also director of the National Scientific and Technical Research Council.

Houssay worked in many fields of physiology, but his main contribution was experimental investigation of the role of the anterior hypophysis gland in the metabolism of carbohydrates, particularly in diabetes mellitus. Houssay demonstrated in the 1930s the diabetogenic effect of anterior hypophysis extracts and the decrease in diabetes severity with anterior hypophysectomy. These discoveries stimulated the study of hormonal feedback control mechanisms which are central to all aspects of modern endocrinology. This work was recognized by the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1947.

Houssay's many disciples along his years of activity became also influential themselves as they spread around the world; such as Eduardo Braun-Menéndez, and Miguel Rolando Covian, who went to become the "father" of Brazilian neurophysiology, as chairman of the Department of Physiology of the Medical Faculty of Ribeirão Preto of the University of São Paulo. Houssay wrote with them the most influential textbook of Human Physiology in Latin America, in Spanish and Portuguese, which, since 1950 has been published in successive editions and used in almost all medical schools of the continent. Houssay published more than 600 scientific papers and several specialized books. Besides the Nobel, Houssay won many distinctions and awards from the Universities of Harvard, Cambridge, Oxford, Paris, and 15 other universities, as well as the Dale Medal of the Society for Endocrinology in 1960.

Houssay was also very active as a scientific leader and promoter of the advancement of scientific research and medical education, in Argentina as well as in Latin America. Houssay was elected a Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1940, an International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1941, a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1943, and an International Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1944.

Legacy

 * In 1996, the Prefectura Naval Argentina acquired a ketch-rigged research vessel from CONICET, renaming her Dr. Bernardo Houssay (MOV 1).

 * Houssay's pioneering research on the endocrine hormones system, or "hormone feedback loops", was the basis for the cortisol injection treatment for US President John F. Kennedy's often-fatal adrenal insufficiency, diagnosed in 1947.

Tributes
On 8 April 2013, Google celebrated Bernardo Alberto Houssay's 126th Birthday with a doodle.

title: Bernardo Houssay


text:
National anthem of Costa Rica

The "Himno Nacional de Costa Rica" ("Costa Rican National Anthem"), also known by its incipit, "Noble patria, tu hermosa bandera" ("Noble fatherland, your beautiful flag"), is the national anthem of Costa Rica. Its music was composed by, who dedicated the score to French adventurer , and adopted in 1852. The music was created to receive delegates from the United Kingdom and the United States that year for the Webster-Crampton Treaty. It was the first Central American national anthem.

The anthem has had several lyrics; the current lyrics were written for a contest held in 1903 by the government of Ascensión Esquivel Ibarra to give the anthem lyrics that reflected the idea of being Costa Rican. The contest was won by José María Zeledón Brenes.

The anthem's lyrics were made official in 1949 by the Founding Junta of the Second Republic, led by José Figueres Ferrer. The music was made official in 1979, under President Rodrigo Carazo Odio.

History
From the period of independence within the First Mexican Empire from 1821 to the beginning of the First Costa Rican Republic in 1848, Costa Rica did not have a national anthem. After the establishment of the republic, Costa Rica began to gain more recognition from other nations. In 1852, then president, Juan Rafael Mora Porras, learnt of the arrival of diplomatic representatives from the United Kingdom and United States in order to establish embassies.

Musician and Director of the Costa Rican Military Band,, then 22 years old, was asked to compose an anthem. Professing a lack of experience and little time, Gutiérrez asked for help from French adventurer, who instructed and encouraged him. After consulting Lafond, Gutiérrez composed the anthem in three or four days in his home in central San José. An apocryphal story circulates that Gutiérrez had to compose the music for the anthem while locked in a prison cell for refusing the order the president gave him to compose the anthem, and that he composed the anthem in 24 hours.

The anthem was played in public for the first time by the Banda de San José (San José Band) at the welcome receptions for the delegations from the United Kingdom and United States on 11 June 1852 at the Casa de Gobierno (Government House). The event was held in the Main Barracks, where the Raventós Theatre was later situated, today the Melico Salazar Theatre.

The anthem was largely forgotten after this, so much so that lyrics for it were not made official until 1949, after the civil war and the founding of the Second Republic, and the music was not made official until 1 September 1979, with decree 10471-E, during the presidency of Rodrigo Carazo Odio. The decree was intended to coincide with Gutiérrez's birthday (which is now known to be 3 September).

Lyrics
There was no intention to add lyrics at the time of the anthem's creation, as it was urgently needed for the welcome ceremonies for the foreign delegations. Some lyrics had been written in 1856 during the Filibuster War, to encourage troops on the battlefield, but they were quickly forgotten.

1873 lyrics
The first lyrics of the national anthem were written by a Colombian poet living in Costa Rica, José Manuel Lleras, and premiered in 1873. In the context of looming threats by other states to overthrow then president Tomás Guardia Gutiérrez, as well as a threat of the instrumental anthem becoming forgotten by non–military band members, Lleras wrote long lyrics that included high praise of President Guardia, intended to encourage Costa Ricans in the event of war:

Lleras's lyrics were forgotten after the events regarding President Guardia.

1879 lyrics
In 1879, the anthem began to be sung with shorter lyrics written by seminarian Juan Garita y Guillén, which premiered on 24 June that year at the Colegio Seminario (Seminary College). Garita's lyrics were very simplistic:

Like Lleras's lyrics, Garita's lyrics also stopped being sung. The Lleras and Garita lyrics were never officially adopted.

1888 lyrics
In 1888, Spanish pedagogue Juan Fernández Ferraz wrote a poetic third set of lyrics for the national anthem, which were longer than the previous lyrics. After being distributed in schools and colleges, they were sung for longer and were made official:

Current lyrics
Although Fernández Ferraz's composition had literary merit, its language was somewhat too elevated to take root in the people, in addition to not adapting well to the music of the anthem, and adjustments had to be made to the original score by maestro Gutiérrez. All of this led to a decision to replace Fernández Ferraz's lyrics with new lyrics, for which a public contest was held in 1903. The contest was won by a composition by José María Zeledón Brenes, presented under the pseudonym "El Labrador". Zeledón Brenes was declared the winner on 24 August, and his lyrics were first sung publicly on 15 September.

Zeledón Brenes's lyrics, with minor changes, are the current lyrics of the national anthem of Costa Rica. They were officially adopted on 10 June 1949 by the Founding Junta of the Second Republic with decree number 551:

In Zeledón's original wording, the first stanza read:

And the last:

title: National anthem of Costa Rica


text:
L'Abidjanaise

"L'Abidjanaise" ("The Song of Abidjan") is the national anthem of Ivory Coast, adopted under law number 60–207 on 27 July 1960. It takes the form of a lyric and very patriotic poem, invoking inspiring imagery expressing the greatness of the Ivorian soil and values such as hope, peace, dignity, and the "true brotherhood".

History

Adopted in 1960 at the country's independence, "L'Abidjanaise" remains the national anthem of Côte d'Ivoire, though the de jure capital is now Yamoussoukro, while Abidjan remains the economic capital and retains some political functions. This hymn is strongly tinged with patriotism and influenced by religion. The lyrics are from ministers Mathieu Vangah Ekra and Joachim Bony. The music was composed by abbots Pierre-Marie Coty and Pierre-Michel Pango, taking "La Marseillaise" as a model.

Between 2007 and 2009, under the leadership of Laurent Gbagbo, there was a proposal to replace "L'Abidjanaise" with a different song, "L'Ode à la Patrie" as the national anthem. This Ode was composed in 2002 after the start of the Ivorian civil war, and was selected by contest in 2003. "Ode à la Patrie" was sung by supporters of the now former head of state and broadcast on the RTI's television network instead of "L'Abidjanaise" until 2007, even though the latter remained, according to the constitution, the country's national anthem. However, the proposal was eventually dropped.

title: L'Abidjanaise


text:
Talk:Bryce Canyon National Park

Bryce Canyon and Bryce Canyon National Park distinction
Do we need seperate virtually duplicate articles for Bryce Canyon and Bryce Canyon National Park? It seems like unnecessary duplication of effort (and photos) to me... I'd think that the Canyon article could simply be a redirect to the NP one because they contain virtually the same information. KJ 23:16 24 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * This was fixed some time ago. --mav

Image queue:

Comparisons
Writing this article in a comparison to Zion is an insult to it. No article should be written as a comparison - the subject should be just that. Also, giving the location relative to Zion is ridiculous as it rovides no relevant reference point.

 * It was co-administered with Zion for much of its history and is still a secondary close-by destination that people who go to Zion go to. Its proximity and long history of being linked makes such comparisons apt (not to mention the fact that the geology is related in that each part exposes overlapping parts of the Grand Staircase). --mav 04:11, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Image descriptor
The footnote for the image Bryce_Cabin_circa_1881.jpg "Ebenezer Bryce and his family lived in Bryce Canyon, in this cabin, here photographed circa 1881." is ambigous. It is not clear if the year 1881 is the year when the cabin was photographed or the family lived.

Can someone fix this?

Mahadevan T S 10:21, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

Image replacement
I think this one trumps all - http://stashbox.org/561809/pano-bryce10-cropped.jpg or this one http://stashbox.org/561815/pano-bryce12-cropped.jpg Weaklid (talk) 07:03, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

I'd like to replace the second panoramic image in the article with this one, unless someone thinks this would not be a significant improvement.

 * I couldn't notice any major change. Please enlighten me. - Mahadevan Subramanian 07:39, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

 * It is done now, thats why both pictures look the same now :-). This was the old one:[[Image:Bryce canyon pan.jpg|thumb|left|400px]] --Dschwen 07:44, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh, great! The new one is definitely, a significant improvement. The old one looks a bit unprofessional. -- Mahadevan Subramanian 06:26, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

Nationalparksgallery.com
User:Npgallery seems to want the link to his/her website (based on his/her username, I assume it's the website) on the page. I removed it stating spamish - low quality pictures, commercial website with lots of ads, many better pics out there, but then Npgallery put it right back saying rv vandal. Nationalparks 05:17, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Those are extremely subjective assertions. That site is hardly 'spammish', nor does it have 'low quality' pictures, nor does it have lots of ads. And there are no rules against 'commercial' sites. I suspect user national parks is IP 67.182.22.71 who has been deleting/altering lots of links lately and adding links to what appears to be his/her site. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Npgallery (talk • contribs).

 * 1. Take a look at http://www.nationalparksgallery (dot) com/items/3288.JPG this pic from the site, as an example. It is very pixelated, as are the rest of the pictures from the site.  Honestly, I don't think these pictures add value to the page...  If they did, you could just upload them directly to the page itself.
 * 2. My IP is 18.95.6.172, as any admin could tell you. I hadn't changed the links on this page.
 * 3. You didn't sign your post here using 4 tildes, as you are supposed to.
 * 4. Please refer to External links (numbers 1, 2, 4, and 8).
 * 5. Why don't we wait for other people's opinions (also see User Talk:Npgallery)...
 * Nationalparks 06:39, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Very pixelated? You need to see an eye doctor. And your claim the 'rest' of the pictures on the site are 'very pixelated' too is flat out untrue. This user nationalparks simply appears to have nothing better to do with his time than attack people/sites based on specious criteria he makes up. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Npgallery (talk • contribs).

 * The jpgs are low resolution and have been highly compressed. The edges of the features are not distinct.  Also see No personal attacks. Nationalparks 07:38, 6 February 2006 (UTC)
 * And it's not only here, but most of the NPS sites have a link to Npgallery's site. Nationalparks 07:42, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

I've renamed the title here, as it triggers the Talk page spam filter. Tijuana Brass (talk) 22:53, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Ununique unique structures
This article states in the opening section that it has unique geological structures called hoodoos. Hoodoos exist elsewhere all over the world and are by no means unique to Bryce Canyon. This should be removed or rephrased both here and on the Wikipedia main page where an image of the canyon is the featured image. Ben W Bell  talk  01:17, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't see a single instance of the word "unique" anywhere in the article
 * ICE77 (talk) 06:25, 22 August 2021 (UTC)

Gallery
This article is a good example of what happens when there's so many good images available that they're allowed to overwhelm the text. I've placed some into a gallery at the end of the article while leaving others in places where they seemed especially relevant and representative of the corresponding text. Changes are welcome, but consider aesthetics and relevance before adding new ones in - Wikipedia is not a photo archive, and there are far more images of Bryce Canyon out there than this article could possibly need. Tijuana Brass (talk) 22:53, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm thinking of transwiki-ing the 4 photos in the gallery over to Commons (and eliminating the gallery entirely). Given that this is an FA, I wanted to get a sense of what the other editors thought before doing this. hike395 (talk) 04:29, 22 December 2008 (UTC)
 * In general we don't use galleries, so I would be in favour of moving it to commons (I suspect those pix are already there). Cheers, Casliber (talk · contribs) 04:59, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Cleaned-up. Will need to do that once in a while. Images need to stay highly relevant. --mav (talk)

Uncited para on climate
This needs to be cited to a WP:RS before going back in article. --mav (please help review urgent FAC and FARs) 19:17, 20 December 2009 (UTC)
 * The record high temperature at the park headquarters was 98°F on July 14, 2002. The record low temperature was -28°F on December 10, 1972.  Average annual precipitation is 15.53 inches.  The wettest year was 1993 with 25.06 inches and the dryest year was 1950 with 7.25 inches.  The most precipitation in one month was 8.83 inches in September 1939.  The most precipitation in 24 hours was 3.81 inches on August 21, 1947.  The snowiest year was 1952 with 206.0 inches.  The most snowfall in one month was 82.0 inches in January 1993.

WP Earthquakes banner
I've removed the WP Earthquakes banner as the article doesn't mention earthquakes or seismicity, but I've also added a WP geology banner, which does seem appropriate - if anyone has a good reason why this page should be in the Earthquakes Project, please just add it back. Mikenorton (talk) 17:15, 29 December 2010 (UTC)

File:Bryce Amphitheater from Sunrise Point Highres 2013.jpg to appear as POTD
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Bryce Amphitheater from Sunrise Point Highres 2013.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on August 22, 2015. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2015-08-22. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page. Thanks! — Chris Woodrich (talk) 00:13, 4 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Bryce Canyon National Park. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080430013859/http://www.nps.gov:80/history/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/64bryce/64bryce.htm to http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/64bryce/64bryce.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:00, 10 November 2016 (UTC)

Hoodoo collapse
An iconic hoodoo called the Sentinel fell last month due to frost wedging. Pretty fascinating to see geology in action. I'm not sure how frequently this happens at Bryce, but it seems pretty noteworthy. Maybe this belongs in the Geology section. Do any editors who know more about geology than I do have an opinion?Pistongrinder (talk) 18:09, 13 December 2016 (UTC)

Elevation vs Zion
The statement that Bryce is 1000 feet higher than Zion is rather conservative. For example, Bryce's visitor center is almost 4000 feet higher than Zion's (7900 vs 3934). 75.169.158.172 (talk) 17:54, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

Featured picture scheduled for POTD
Hello! This is to let editors know that the featured picture File:Inspiration Point Bryce Canyon November 2018 panorama.jpg, which is used in this article, has been selected as the English Wikipedia's picture of the day (POTD) for August 19, 2021. A preview of the POTD is displayed below and can be edited at Template:POTD/2021-08-19. For the greater benefit of readers, any potential improvements or maintenance that could benefit the quality of this article should be done before its scheduled appearance on the Main Page. If you have any concerns, please place a message at Wikipedia talk:Picture of the day. Thank you! Cwmhiraeth (talk) 10:49, 7 August 2021 (UTC)

Question and comments
1. If the park is not a canyon then why is it improperly called "Bryce Canyon National Park" and why the NPS does not properly rename it simply to "Bryce National Park"?

2. I think the history section should be placed before anything else, including the geography and climate sections.

3. The section called "Creation of the park" does not tell the story in a linear and chronological fashion. It should be reorganized and rewritten so that the sequence is from the past to the present. I see several instances of jumping back and forth in time.

ICE77 (talk) 06:35, 22 August 2021 (UTC)

Featured article - Status
Greetings, Today I added several cn-tags within the article; and the Ref. improve notice. If article is to remain FA, improvements are needed. Thanks, JoeNMLC (talk) 15:52, 3 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bryce Canyon National Park


text:
Winning Ways for Your Mathematical Plays

Winning Ways for Your Mathematical Plays (Academic Press, 1982) by Elwyn R. Berlekamp, John H. Conway, and Richard K. Guy is a compendium of information on mathematical games. It was first published in 1982 in two volumes.

The first volume introduces combinatorial game theory and its foundation in the surreal numbers; partizan and impartial games; Sprague–Grundy theory and misère games. The second volume applies the theorems of the first volume to many games, including nim, sprouts, dots and boxes, Sylver coinage, philosopher's phutball, fox and geese. A final section on puzzles analyzes the Soma cube, Rubik's Cube, peg solitaire, and Conway's Game of Life.

A republication of the work by A K Peters split the content into four volumes.

Editions

 * 1st edition, New York: Academic Press, 2 vols., 1982; vol. 1, hardback: ISBN 0-12-091150-7, paperback: ISBN 0-12-091101-9; vol. 2, hardback: ISBN 0-12-091152-3, paperback: ISBN 0-12-091102-7.
 * 2nd edition, Wellesley, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters Ltd., 4 vols., 2001–2004; vol. 1: ISBN 1-56881-130-6; vol. 2: ISBN 1-56881-142-X; vol. 3: ISBN 1-56881-143-8; vol. 4: ISBN 1-56881-144-6.

Games mentioned in the book
This is a partial list of the games mentioned in the book.

Note: Misère games not included

 * Hackenbush
 * Blue-Red Hackenbush
 * Blue-Red-Green Hackenbush (Introduced as Hackenbush Hotchpotch in the book)
 * Childish Hackenbush
 * Ski-Jumps
 * Toads-and-Frogs
 * Cutcake
 * Maundy Cake
 * (2nd Unnamed Cutcake variant by Dean Hickerson)
 * Hotcake
 * Coolcakes
 * Baked Alaska
 * Eatcake
 * Turn-and-Eatcake
 * Col
 * Snort
 * Nim (Green Hackenbush)
 * Prim
 * Dim
 * Lasker's Nim
 * Seating Couples
 * Northcott's Game (Poker-Nim)
 * The White Knight
 * Wyt Queens (Wythoff's Game)
 * Kayles
 * Double Kayles
 * Quadruple Kayles
 * Dawson's Chess
 * Dawson's Kayles
 * Treblecross
 * Grundy's Game
 * Mrs. Grundy
 * Domineering
 * No Highway
 * De Bono's L-Game
 * Snakes-and-Ladders (Adders-and-Ladders)
 * Jelly Bean Game
 * Dividing Rulers

Reviews

 * Games