text:
Talk:Formula

We need a WikiChem language to write chemical formulae, similarly to WikiMath - unsigned

This page needs improvement
Is this a disambiguation page? It has the template and the alternate meanings, but what the heck? It seems like it was written by a high-school Chemestry teacher or something. Eww. Who wrote this? Is anyone going to step in and improve it? I'd rather not intrude, though I guess if I have to eventually... =/ Matt Yeager 06:26, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

The reference to needing integral calculus to determine the volume of a sphere doesn't make sense, in light of Archimedes. While it makes sense to argue that integral calculus is needed to derive a formula with which to determine the volume of a sphere without dunking the sphere in water, one can nonetheless dunk a smaller sphere in water, measure the volume of water displaced, and proportionately calculate the volume of a larger sphere. So, calculus is not needed to determine the volume of any sphere. Its use is limited to creating a general formula with which to calculate a sphere's volume. - unsigned

If you don't have the formula, you do in fact need integral calculus, because otherwise you will encounter experimental error, and you will only come up with a rough approximation. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.144.178.98 (talk) 18:56, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

 * It seems that the word "formula" - even in the limited context of mathematics - has multiple meanings. The basic meaning is akin to "shorthand". The other meaning is like in the conversation: "how do you calculate the volume of a sphere?". Answer: "you may compute the volume using integral calculus, but there is a formula for that". This is probably why the sphere volume formula is included at all in this article. Would it be a suggestion to write a short abstract article on "formulae in mathematics and science", which only says that a formula is a shorthand, and then to expand in separate articles on formulae in mathematics and (most) other sciences, and formulae in chemistry? Rbakels (talk) 12:17, 26 April 2012 (UTC)

Looking at this page, I'm thinking that it could still use a lot of improvement (eg: adding a section on chemical formulae), although it is much better than it was when Matt Yeager made his comment. DonkeyKong the mathematician (in training) 10:34, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

by the way, this page should include the standard units used for the formula. the is what is the unit that we use to measure the r (radius),is it in M, cm or mm? by including the standard can help the readers to understand more easily. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.50.152.179 (talk) 08:33, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

 * The formula $$ V = \begin{matrix} \frac{4}{3} \end{matrix} \pi r^3 $$ is independent of the used units. For example, if you insert numbers with r in cm then you get V in cm3 after taking the cube, and if you insert r in mm then you get V in mm3. The same applies to E=mc2 and other physical formulas. You don't replace the variable with a number only. You replace it with a number and unit of your choice, and the unit is included in the operations. When geometry is not applied to the physical world, it is common to not use units for length, area, volume. For example, the radius of a circle may simply be given as 1 and it's area as π. This may assume some underlying coordinate system. PrimeHunter 15:13, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

Should this page be renamed?
The disambiguation page says: "See [formula] for an account of the concept in mathematics and the sciences". I think this is a good description of what this page seems to be trying to achieve, and so perhaps it should be renamed to reflect this. DonkeyKong the mathematician (in training) 19:38, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Beware though that chemistry is a branch of science that uses formulae in an entirely different way (e.g. structure formulae). Rbakels (talk) 12:08, 26 April 2012 (UTC)

i think that wikipedia should be a place where people can't edit material. it's not right. people come here for help and what they read is usually not true and weird. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.62.102.249 (talk) 02:08, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

 * This is not the place to discuss who can edit. Have you found an error in formula? PrimeHunter 03:04, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Plural
'Formulas' is not the plural of 'formula' in this world or the next! Please, for the sake of the children, don't use it. Falcifer 14:46, 5 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Both forms are usually considered right in English and this is the English Wikipedia. See for example http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/formula. Google shows 'formulas' is more common than 'formulae', and I'm guessing the difference is increasing. 36 million pages currently disagree with you. PrimeHunter 15:15, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

It doesn't really matter how many pages disagree, but if a Merriam Websters uses it I guess it must be acceptable (probably a case of being incorrect but gradually becoming accepted over time). Richard001 01:20, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

 * If it becomes sufficiently accepted then I think it also becomes correct (which doesn't have to mean the old form becomes incorrect). MathWorld is referenced in lots of math articles and http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Formula.html says:
 * The correct Latin plural form of formula is "formulae," although the less pretentious-sounding "formulas" is more commonly used.
 * The Latin Wikipedia can say formulae but we don't have to. Lots of words with Latin origin are changed in English and other languages. PrimeHunter 02:41, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm reminded of an old commercial where the tag line was, "Stop! You're both right!"

 * If we're talking about Latin, the correct plural form of formula is indeed "formulae" in the nominative case (subject), but it's "formulas" in the accusative case (object), because "formula" is a first-declension feminine regular noun.

 * That's where the problem comes from, IMHO. Myself, I have no problem writing both -ae and -as in English technical manuals, depending on whether it's subjective or objective case.  But since most words in English are made plural by adding "s" in either case, the momentum among the masses is with "formulas".    Kkken (talk) 12:03, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

Stop arguing which one is right. I set new reference for both words. Thanks to Oxford. --Octra Bond (talk) 03:36, 18 February 2011 (UTC)

Expressions
I fail to see how "formula" is analogous with "expression". You can make an argument for it, but as the article says "In mathematics, a formula is a key to solve an equation with variables." - which means a variable is being solved for by setting it equal to a known expression, i.e. an equation. Not only this, but it is misleading, since typing in "physics formulae" in Google shows pages and pages of equations and no expressions. Mind you, that is just physics, but I can't recall a single formula from either math or physics that is just an expression. I realize that formulas can be inequalities or identities etc... but wouldn't any of these make more sense than expression? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.227.12.225 (talk) 22:22, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Funny thing, I agree with 99.227.12.225 in "failing to see how 'formula' is analogous to 'expression'", but I don't go with "formulas can be inequalities or identities etc." I know you can find dictionaries to support a lot of different definitions, but the way I learned it, there was a hierarchy with nice, clean divisions: an equation and an inequality are statements, and have verbs (equals, doesn't equal, is greater/lesser than); a formula is the string on one side of an equation or inequality (usually the right side), it has one or more operators but no verb, and it's a formula for whatever's on the other side of its equation; an expression might be a parts of a formula, or a whole formula, or just some variables slung together, but again there's one or more operators and no verb; and variables and constants are single characters with no operator or verb.

 * In that nice, clear division, y=mx+b is an equation, mx+b is the formula for y, and it's also an expression. mx is also an expression.  And a/b would also be an expression, one without any assumptions that it refers to anything.

 * Funny that that's how I learned it, and how well it worked where I did my schoolin' and cipherin', but it clearly isn't universal. Kkken (talk) 12:38, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

There's definitely a problem with the whole "expression" thing, because the article on 'expression' says that it can't contain an equals sign. So a formula, which by definition virtually has to contain an equals sign, must be made of two expressions, one on either side of that sign. i.e. this page currently contradicts the 'expression' page to which it is linked. Could someone with a bit more confidence about the finer points of terminology correct this and/or that page?? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.219.248.4 (talk) 09:10, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

A further comment, relating to Kkken's entry: having had to research this for teaching Maths, I think the way Kkken learned it, while it chimes with my own experience, contains just a small misconception (which, really, doesn't matter that much): we often meet formulae as just the 'string on one side of an equation or inequality' etc., such as IR for voltage, or ma for mass, but in both cases the entire formula (or 'recipe') does contain an equals sign: V=IR; F=ma. So although the important part of a formula is generally the RHS, a formula really can be an equation or inequality, and in fact pretty much has to be. If Kken's definition were right, he'd have to accept that a formula is at least a kind of expression (if not analogous with 'expression'), since IR, ma or just mx+c are all expressions.

The difference between equations/inequalities and formulae, as I now understand it, is that although formulae are always equations/inequalities, the reverse does not hold. A statement such as V=15 is not generally true (only works if I = 5 and R = 3, or some other such combination), but is still an equation. A formula, however, must be generally true under certain conditions; hence V=IR is a formula as it works for all combinations of I and R under 'normal' conditions. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.219.248.4 (talk) 16:35, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

 * V=15 is an equation as well: it is an equality that is only true for one or more particular values of the unknown. In this case, solving the equation is almost tautological: the equality is only true if V=15.
 * I always thought that an expression is a (very) simple form of an equation in the form "unknown = formula not containing the unkown". But I may be wrong. Supposedly equations must be contrasted with identities, relationships between variables that are always true, or at least for a range of values. An equation calls for a solution, an identity doesn't. Rbakels (talk) 07:51, 12 December 2010 (UTC)

Changing the subject of a formula
This would be a good addition on this page: e.g. The area of a circle (A) is p * r^2. So A = p * r^2 If we know the radius, it is easy to find the area using this formula. However, if we know the area and want to find the radius, rearrange the formula to make 'r' the subject. A = pi * r^2

[Start by dividing both sides by pi] A/pi = r^2

[Then take the square root of both sides]

r = sqrt (A / pi)

Constructive editor (talk) 20:56, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

Linguistic explanation
As far as I know, the word "formula" is used because it is the Latin deminutive of "forma", I guess because a formula is in essence a shorthand (for something that could have been expressed in ordinary language as well).

I added this comment to the dicussion page rather than the article itself because I am not entirely sure.

Rbakels (talk) 07:42, 12 December 2010 (UTC)

"Math formula" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Math formula and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 May 20 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. fgnievinski (talk) 00:14, 20 May 2022 (UTC)

"Formulas in mathematics" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Formulas in mathematics and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 May 20 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. fgnievinski (talk) 00:16, 20 May 2022 (UTC)

"Mathematical Formulas" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Mathematical Formulas and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 May 20 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. fgnievinski (talk) 00:16, 20 May 2022 (UTC)

"Formula (mathematics and physics)" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Formula (mathematics and physics) and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 May 20 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. fgnievinski (talk) 00:16, 20 May 2022 (UTC)

English
No 2C0F:ED28:503A:BA30:E93F:7589:977A:7E57 (talk) 13:21, 23 October 2022 (UTC)

Expressions containing equals signs
The article states apodictically, "Expressions are distinct from formulas in that they cannot contain an equals sign (=)." The citation is not practically verifiable; it refers to a 228-page book without supplying a page number. But here is an indisputable example of an expression containing an equals sign, taken from :
 * For a value $x$ in $V$ and an event $A$, the conditional probability is given by $$ P(A \mid X=x) $$.

In elementary mathematics, most expressions, such as $$ax+by+c$$ or $$x^2-1$$, are not commonly referred to as formulas, but not because of the absence of an equals sign. While it is true that in informal mathematical parlance equations are not commonly referred to as "expressions", this also applies to inequations and in most elementary contexts to implications and other logical formulas. But why should this be mentioned here, in the article Formula? I propose to delete the statement. Objections? --Lambiam 10:41, 26 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Formula


text:
Wikipedia:Spotting possible copyright violations

This is a guide to spotting violations of the Wikipedia copyright policy that are simple copy-and-pastes from other websites. Please remember to assume good faith when doing the important work of keeping Wikipedia compliant with CC BY-SA and, where co-licensed, GFDL. It's important to keep in mind as well that what appears to be copied content may not be a copyright issue in some cases - for example, when Wikipedia had the content first or when the content is public domain or compatibly licensed.

Signs that an article might be copy-and-pasted
There are a number of signs that an article might be copy-and-pasted. None of these are conclusive evidence, but more than one of these signs tends to be apparent in a copy-and-pasted article.

Indicative, but by no means conclusive signs:

 * The text is not wikified or is over-wikified, with every occurrence of a word or phrase made into a wiki link (as if search-and-replace had been used to insert the links)
 * The text was added all at once by one person in finished form with no spelling or other errors.
 * The writing style is "too good to be true"
 * The text has a strange tone of voice, such as an overly informal tone or a very slanted marketing voice with weasel words
 * Use of first person pronouns ("we/our/us...")
 * Use of non-standard characters such as Microsoft "smart quotes" (Note that these may have been created in Microsoft Word or another word processing software offline)
 * In-line footnote links such as "[1]", especially when no footnotes are given.

Strong signs of copy and pasting:

 * Out of context phrases like "this site/page/book/whitepaper"
 * Isolated or out-of-context words or phrases such as "top", "go to top", "next page", and "click here", that were originally part of the navigation structure of the original website
 * Use of trademark symbols (™,®) and similar typical signs of commercial text
 * A writing style that rarely occurs outside of a specific, invariably copyrighted, use, such as an advertisement or press release
 * A contribution from a user who has a history of violating copyright

Irrefutable evidence:

 * Pages which exhibit the above characteristics, and include the original site's copyright notice, copied intact!
 * A copy of the page source, including links to other pages on the same server which would not occur on Wikipedia or a wiki (e.g., a link to /home/news/latest.html)
 * A URL, labeled as "reference" or "source", which links to a page on a copyrighted website containing the exact (or almost exact) same text where the Wayback Machine verifies they had it first.

Checking it out
Once alerted by one or more of these suspicious signs, you can then check the article by highlighting a sentence or non-trivial sentence fragment that is unlikely to be found by chance in many documents, copying and pasting it into a search engine. You should then check the matching pages, if any, for further correspondence to the submitted article. Be aware that many sites "mirror" content from Wikipedia, so a search engine may find several sites with the exact content. Those sites should list Wikipedia as the source of the article, but do not always do so. Mirrors and forks can help you identify known mirror sites, if you suspect that's what you've encountered. The Wayback Machine can also help confirm copying but has limitations in eliminating it - it does not store every site or every page within a site and may lag by six months or so even on pages that it does store. For extra thoroughness, you may also want to check out the "groups" or "books" options in Google.

Many times an image from some other website is uploaded here under the same name. Hence if you suspect an image to be a copyright violation, you can try searching Google Images for the filename of the image to check if there are matches from other websites for the same image. Even if the image was uploaded with a different name, a google image search for relevant search terms might help finding the original image in case of a copyright violation. TinEye and other reverse image search engines can also be useful.

To find the date when suspected copyrighted text was inserted into an article, you can use the [http://wikipedia.ramselehof.de/wikiblame.php? WikiBlame tool] for this. There is a link to WikiBlame (as well as to an alternative tool) on the 'View History' tab of every article. Look for the line beginning "External tools: Find addition/removal" towards the top of that page. This lets you determine when specified text was inserted and to compare it against the date of the other source (assuming one was given). Sometimes we find that old article text has been taken from Wikipedia and used without attribution on more recent blogs or websites. Understanding who has copied from who is extremely helpful, and avoids the embarrassment of making flawed accusations of WP:COPYVIO to good faith editors. Where currently active editors appear to be making copyright violations, it is appropriate to warn them and to request WP:REVDEL of all the subsequent edits containing that text. This can sometimes span a number of years.

If you suspect that a page is a copyright infringement
If you suspect one, you should at the very least bring up the issue on that page's talk page. Others can then examine the situation and take action if needed. The most helpful piece of information you can provide is a URL or other reference to what you believe may be the source of the text. If the talk page is not watched, however, your note on the talk page may go unseen. If you suspect this will be the case, please consider also using Copypaste or opening a section listing your concern at WT:CP.

 * Remember: please don't bite the newbies -- many copy-and-paste contributors may not understand that what they are doing is wrong, and some may turn into valuable contributors if educated rather than punished. You can use the user's talk page to discuss your concerns with them. The Uw-copyright-new template may be useful for this.

 * Some cases will be false alarms. For example:
 * if the contributor was in fact the author of the text that is published elsewhere under different terms, that does not affect their right to post it here under the CC-BY-SA and GFDL. Point them to Donating copyrighted materials.
 * Material from public domain resources is sometimes republished with unclear or misleading copyright notices which may obscure the origin. Please see Plagiarism for how this is corrected.
 * Content might be copied from one Wikipedia article to another or an article from another language's Wikipedia might be translated and published here (bringing with it seemingly suspicious anomalies, particularly if the contributor's understanding of English and/or wikification is limited). As long as attribution is supplied to meet licensing requirements, these are not a copyright violation. Please see Copying within Wikipedia.
 * Also, sometimes you will find text elsewhere on the Web that was copied from Wikipedia. In these cases, it is a good idea to make a note in the talk page to discourage such false alarms in the future. See backwardscopyvio.

 * List the page on Copyright problems - follow the instructions there, if you get no response, or you still have doubts.

 * Please see the Wikipedia copyright policy document for what to do in difficult cases, such as where a user continues to post copyrighted material in spite of warnings.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Demetrius

Demetrius is the Latinized form of the Ancient Greek male given name Dēmḗtrios (Δημήτριος), meaning “Demetris” - "devoted to goddess Demeter". Alternate forms include Demetrios, Dimitrios, Dimitris, Dmytro, Dimitri, Dimitrie, Dimitar, Dumitru, Demitri, Dhimitër, and Dimitrije, in addition to other forms (such as Russian Dmitry) descended from it. Nicknames include Demmie, Dimmie, Demi, Jim, Jimmy, Jimmie, Metry, Metrie, Mimmie, Demetri, Dimitri, Mitică and Dima.

Demetrius and its variations may refer to the following:

 * Demetrius of Alopece, 4th century BC Greek sculptor noted for his realism
 * Demetrius of Phalerum (c. 350 – c. 280 BC)
 * Demetrius (somatophylax), somatophylax of Alexander the Great (d. 330 BC)
 * Demetrius I of Macedon (337–283 BC), called Poliorcetes, son of Antigonus I Monophthalmus, King of Macedonia 294–288 BC
 * Demetrius the Fair (Demetrius the Handsome, Demetrius of Cyrene) (285 BC-249/250 BC) - Hellenistic king of Cyrene
 * Demetrius II Aetolicus, son of Antigonus II, King of Macedonia 239–229 BC
 * Demetrius (son of Philip V), son of Philip V of Macedon
 * Demetrius of Pharos, ruler of Pharos c. 222 – 219 BC, involved in the First Illyrian War
 * Demetrius the Chronographer (late 3rd century BC), Jewish chronicler (historian)
 * Demetrius I Soter (185–150 BC), king of Syria
 * Demetrius I of Bactria (d. 180 BC), Greek king of Bactria
 * Demetrius II of India (fl. early 2nd century BC), possible relative of the above
 * Demetrius II Nicator (d. 125 BC), son of Demetrius I Soter
 * Demetrius III Aniketos, Indo-Greek king c. 100 BC
 * Demetrius III Eucaerus (d. 88 BC), son of Antiochus VIII Grypus, Seleucid King
 * Demetrius the Cynic (1st century), Cynic philosopher
 * Pope Demetrius I of Alexandria, ruled in 189–232
 * Demetrius of Thessaloniki (died 306), Christian martyr and saint
 * Demetrius of Bulgaria was the second Patriarch of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church between c. 927 and c. 930, and the first one to have been recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
 * Demetrius Zvonimir of Croatia (died 1089), King of Croatia 1075–1089
 * Demetrius I of Georgia, son of David IV of Georgia the Great, (1125–1156)
 * Demetrio Progoni (1208-1216), medieval Albanian prince
 * Pseudo-Demetrius I, also known as False Dmitry I, Tsar of Russia, ruled 1605–1606
 * Demetrius the Neomartyr (1779–1803), Orthodox Christian martyr and saint
 * Pope Demetrius II of Alexandria, ruled in 1861–1870
 * Demetrius Stefanovich Schilizzi (1839–1893)
 * Demetriu Radu (1861–1920), Romanian Greek Catholic bishop
 * Demetrios Trakatellis (born 1928), Greek Orthodox Archbishop of America and Exarch of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In office since 1999.
 * Dimitrios Salpingidis, Greek footballer
 * Dimitris Papadopoulos (football), Greek footballer
 * Demetrious Johnson (American football) (1961–1922), American football player
 * Demetrious Johnson (born 1986), American mixed martial arts fighter
 * Demetrius Rhaney (born 1992), American football player
 * Dimitrios Siovas, Greek footballer
 * Demetrius Treadwell (born 1991), American basketball player for Hapoel Gilboa Galil of the Israeli League Liga Leumit
 * Temetrius Jamel Ja Morant (born 1999), American basketball player for Memphis Grizzlies in the NBA.

Fictional characters

 * Demetrius (Shakespeare), a main character in William Shakespeare's play, A Midsummer Night's Dream; Demetrius is also a villainous character in Shakespeare's revenge tragedy, Titus Andronicus
 * Demetrius, a character in Mira Nair's Mississippi Masala
 * Demetrius, a Greek slave in the Lloyd C. Douglas Christian novel The Robe and its film sequel below
 * Demetrius and the Gladiators, a 1953 20th Century Fox film
 * Demetrius, one of the Titans in the two-part Charmed episode "Oh My Goddess!"
 * Demetrius Desmond, a character in Tatsuya Endo's Spy × Family
 * Demetrios, a character in The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles
 * Demetri, a fictional character in the Twilight fantasy series
 * Demitri Maximoff, a vampire from the Capcom video game series Darkstalkers
 * Dmitri Kissoff, a character in Stanley Kubrick's Dr. Strangelove or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb
 * Dimitri Petrenko, a character in the first-person shooter Call of Duty: World at War

In other languages

 * Зьміцер, Дзмітрый (Źmicier, Dz'mitry)
 * Димитър (Dimitar)
 * Dimitri
 * Mitri, Mitro, Dimitri
 * Dimitri
 * დემეტრე (Demetre), დიმიტრი (Dimitri)
 * Demetrius
 * Modern Δημήτριος, Δημήτρης, Μήτρος, Μήτσος, Μητσάρας, Ντίμης (Dimitrios, Dimitris, Mitros, Mitsos, Mitsaras, Dimis)
 * (Demetrius) דמיטריוס ,(Dima) דימה ,(Dmitriy) דמיטרי
 * Dömötör
 * Demetrio, Dimitri
 * Dymitr, Demetriusz
 * Demétrio
 * Dumitru, Dimitrie
 * Дмитрий, Митя (Dmitriy, Mitja)
 * Demeter
 * Dimitrij, Mitja
 * Demeter
 * Demetrio
 * Дмитро (Dmytro)
 * Serbian: Димитрије (Dimitrije), Дмитар (Dmitar), Митар (Mitar)
 * Croatian:Dmitar
 * Croatian:Dmitar

title: Demetrius


text:
Talk:Demetrius

Untitled
Removed redirect to Talk:Demetrius_I_of_Bactria. The disambiguation page needs to have its own talk page. Matchups 03:55, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Etymology
John Chadwick in The Mycenaean World (ISBN 0521290376) finds this etymology unconvincing. (p 87) The problem is that the derivation of "da"="ge" is circular. (Demeter is the earth-mother; -meter is "mother" therefore "da" is earth.) It wasn't attested elsewhere with that meaning at the time that book was written. Are there more recent developments that say otherwise? TCC (talk) (contribs) 03:39, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

James??? This is a custom of Greek-Americans, but I don't think it should be in the listing at the bottom. I guess the English would technically be the same as the Latin? !?!? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.97.9.166 (talk) 20:45, 30 October 2009 (UTC)

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Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Demetrio (disambiguation) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 15:50, 27 June 2021 (UTC)

Names
Demetrios metrius Daimetrius and LaMetrius And ZaMetrius And JayMetrius or JaMetrius 2001:1970:5E1D:5300:CD19:64B4:3310:D6B2 (talk) 05:55, 23 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Demetrius


text:
Talk:And He Built a Crooked House

disambiguation
As long as Wikipedia's own search engine does not work no disambiguation seems "needless". KF 13:48, 2 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Hrmm.... someone who gets to this article can't possibly be looking for the Agatha Christie novel, as far as I can see. Evercat 13:56, 2 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Of course not, since the novel is called simply "Crooked House". No danger of confusion to the alert mind. -- 188.28.119.90 (talk) 13:55, 22 May 2010 (UTC)

Crooked man
I wonder, if the heading of the story is connected to the nursery rhyme "There was a Crooked Man". Maybe there should be some reference to it? Aethralis 10:46, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Undoubtedly. But as it is now, the article has zero references.  I don't think there is a huge critical literature, but there should be discussion by critics at least in the context of Heinlein chronologies.TCO (talk) 02:39, 4 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I assume that the title is obviously a reference to that nursery rhyme. But what I wonder about is whether it was an intentional alteration, or whether Heinlein had actually mis-remembered the words of it. The nursery rhyme ends with "And they all lived together in a little crooked house". Tesseract12 (talk) 18:50, 29 June 2023 (UTC)

Related stories, art?
This reminds me of a few M. C. Escher paintings, and a surprising number of cartoons or anime. Could this be (the? a?) originating story of a set of rooms where the topology of the rooms is messed up that all these pieces of art or entertainment came from? I see several of M. C. Escher's engravings that seem to be related, like 0ther World ('47), Relativity ('53) came after this story. I guess I ought to see if in my literature on Escher if he was ever inspired by Heinlein. But that doesn't explain the cartoon references. I don't know how many times it seemed Scooby-Doo encountered rooms where there was some rather interesting connections or you had a set of rooms that connected in a twisty fashion. Maybe it wasn't Scooby-Doo, but I swear it was some old cartoon. A filler episode of Bleach (anime) featured something like this recently. Root4(one) 04:11, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
 * The Scooby Doo stuff was probably just a running gag the creators thought of, or it was already in a cartoon. The purpose of it is just to be silly.  I'm not sure about the Escher stuff though.216.186.210.168 00:46, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

Mathematics fiction
Perhaps this article should be linked to the mathematics fiction list here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mathematics_fiction_books unsigned

 * Yes, I agree. R. Creighton Buck, in his Advanced Calculus Book, third edition. page 4, makes reference to two of Robert Heinlein's books. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.183.110.20 (talk) 20:38, 29 December 2022 (UTC)

other editions
This story was also re-published in "The pocket book of science fiction" Ed. Donald A. Wollheim.Pocket books Inc., New York, 1943 eltonusp

 * I've seen it in at least half a dozen different anthologies, as noted on the Time-Gate page. -- 188.28.119.90 (talk) 14:18, 22 May 2010 (UTC)

change first image?
Why not just vertically rotate the double cross image rather than tag it with the comment that Teal's house had the extensions on the second floor? Seems like a simpler, more straight-forward way to get that point across. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.36.57.3 (talk) 05:46, 3 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree. I'd rotate the image myself if I knew how. As it is I'll just change the caption to say it is upside down.Dalek9 (talk) 12:19, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

 * If you literally just rotated that image 180°, then you would get an unusual angle of view (looking up from below), and it would not seem too natural. I could make a little SVG, but it would have to be in Isometric projection, and would not be at all photorealistic... AnonMoos (talk) 21:34, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Managed to modify an SVG made by someone else... AnonMoos (talk) 02:26, 5 January 2010 (UTC)

address
The article says "In the story, it says that Quintus Teal lived at 8775 Lookout Mountain Avenue in Hollywood, across the street from the Hermit, the original Hermit of Hollywood. That address is actually across the street from Heinlein's own house at the time the story was written." The article on Laurel Canyon says "In real life, that address, #8775, was the residence of Mr. & Mrs. C. M. Kornbluth and later of Mr. & Mrs. Robert Heinlein." Which is correct? And is "the Original Hermit of Hollywood" a reference to Heinlein or to someone else? csloat (talk) 22:26, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

 * It's fairly well known that Heinlein put in "the Hermit of Hollywood" as a joke reference to himself. -- 188.28.119.90 (talk) 14:21, 22 May 2010 (UTC)

Picard-Vessiot theory ??
What does differential Galois theory have to do with four-dimensional house building? Why does Teal refuse to discard it? And why should we think that he is supposed to discard a valid mathematical theory in the first place? This cryptic sentence in the plot summary does not seem to make any sense. —Emil J. 11:50, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

 * It's not explained in the Heinlein story either (just a passing reference), and it's not actually that important... AnonMoos (talk) 14:24, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

edit wars are LAME
We really don't need to have an edit war over punctuation. This is the kind of thing that gives Wikipedia a bad reputation. —And He Built a Crooked House  is used here. www.amazon.com/dp/0312875576/?tag=tbook-20 Amazon doesn't even use the hyphen. At the very least, the quotation marks should not be part of the Wikipedia article. If someone wants the quotation marks to be part of the Wikipedia article again, let's form a consensus here on the talk page first. Heroeswithmetaphors (talk) 08:36, 1 May 2010 (UTC)

reference
reference 2 is to a link that does not work. Whether this is because the plans for a film have been cancelled or some other reason, the link should be either deleted or corrected.24.168.74.214 (talk) 21:06, 30 December 2011 (UTC)

 * In my opinion it is very unfortunate that the film was never made. Tesseract12 (talk) 20:45, 16 August 2023 (UTC)

Peter the Hermit
It appears that this article make reference to Peter the Hermit, aka the Hermit of Hollywood. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.183.110.20 (talk) 20:34, 29 December 2022 (UTC)

 * According to what I once read, a jocular reference to Heinlein himself when he lived there (see "address" section above on this page)... AnonMoos (talk) 23:39, 16 August 2023 (UTC)

Joshua Tree
A bit of trivia:

At the time the story was written (1941), that place was officially called Joshua Tree National Monument. Heinlein had the truck driver refer to it as "Joshua-Tree National Forest". Since 1994, it has been Joshua Tree National Park.

Tesseract12 (talk) 20:32, 16 August 2023 (UTC)

Requested move 7 December 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved to And He Built a Crooked House (closed by non-admin page mover) Bensci54 (talk) 17:12, 14 December 2023 (UTC)

'—And He Built a Crooked House—' → "—And He Built a Crooked House—" – Outer quotation marks might be an integral part of this title, like "Heroes" (David Bowie album) (highlighted at WP:AT), but in such cases we use ordinary double quotation marks rather than single ones. Confusion over the proper formatting of the title is evident from the several bold page moves in the article history and the commentary by at Talk:'—And He Built a Crooked House—', but there has never been an RM for this. The outer em dashes are also unusual, but for the moment I'm focused on the type of quotation marks. There is no unusual punctuation at all in the cited New York Times article. The Internet Speculative Fiction Database has no trailing em dash in its primary title, and shows six title variations in publications – including one with no punctuation at all. There are no other article titles that start with '— or "— or '– or "– on the entire English Wikipedia. See also "All You Zombies", which uses the same styling in its lead section and has similar redirects pointing to it (and was published in the same collection at least once, in 1959 and in paperback in 1961 – see The Unpleasant Profession of Jonathan Hoag (collection)). — BarrelProof (talk) 16:06, 7 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Per MOS:MINORWORK, short stories are put in double quotes, so the proposed move would violate MOS:QWQ. Move to And He Built a Crooked House if anything, per NYT. Nardog (talk) 12:11, 11 December 2023 (UTC)
 * You may have missed the (four article) RM discussion at Talk:Marge Simpson in: "Screaming Yellow Honkers". See also Talk:No More "I Love You's" and Talk:"Slut!". The way we title an article is not necessarily the way we reference it in some other article or in running text within the article. When we refer to an article, we can use a different type of quote marks and rely on redirects. When an article is viewed, there are no quote marks around its title, so that is not a MOS:QWQ situation, and the choice has been to format the title as if such quote marks are not present. These cases are rare enough that they are not a major maintenance headache.
 * Having said all that, I might be OK with moving this to And He Built a Crooked House. That would provide consistency with All You Zombies. It's just a question of whether to consider the punctuation marks part of the title or not. Currently, both articles say the quotation marks and dashes are part of the title.
 * — BarrelProof (talk) 17:34, 11 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Oh, so we would be supposed to link to the redirect with single quotes in prose? That I can see, though it's preferably sorted out on the PAG level, and my preference is still the one with no punctuation absent evidence that it's not the common name. Nardog (talk) 21:43, 13 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, correctly linking to it would use the single-quoted redirect or use a piped link (esp. in an infobox template, as discussed in WP:NOTBROKEN). — BarrelProof (talk) 03:51, 14 December 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:And He Built a Crooked House


text:
Talk:Quefrency

This is not a joke? Please, could somebody with a clue take a look?

4lex 13:57, 2 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * OK, probably it's OK. As stated before, I got no clue, and
 * this ethimology is funny for the newby :P

 * 4lex 14:00, 2 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Quefrency and gamnitude? Instead of frequency and magnitude... looks like a joke to me, but there are Google hits... Evercat 14:01, 2 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * They're real, in use at my university. Obviously light-hearted, but they have specific meanings understood by scientists who work with them. -Maebmij 04:20, 9 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes they are real, and are used in speech processing. Anyone wants to mention how quefrency is related to frequency? Saileshganesh 16:34, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quefrency


text:
Chang Chong-Chen

Chang Chong-Chen (Tchang Tchong-Jen) is a fictional character in The Adventures of Tintin, the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé. Although Chang and Tintin only know each other for a short time, they form a deep bond which drives them to tears when they separate or are re-united.

Chang was based on the Chinese artist Zhang Chongren, a real friend of Hergé's.

The story that introduced him was to have a major effect on Hergé and Tintin, making it one of the most popular series of all time.

Character history
In the process of planning his story, Hergé was contacted by a Father Gosset, chaplain to the Chinese students at Louvain University, who suggested that he do some actual research into life in China as it really was. Hergé agreed and Gosset introduced him to Zhang Chongren, a student at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels.

The two men, both aged 27, got on well and Hergé decided to include his new friend in the story. Zhang supplied much of the Chinese writing that was to feature and told Hergé a lot about Chinese culture, history and drawing techniques. He also gave a detailed description of life in 1930s China, which included the occupation of eastern territories by the Japanese, British and Americans and other Western powers.

The result of their meetings was the 1936 story The Blue Lotus, a major landmark in the development of The Adventures of Tintin. From now on Hergé would research his subjects thoroughly. He also changed his attitude towards the relationship between native peoples and foreigners. He had previously taken a positive view of imperialism in Tintin in the Congo (published in 1930). Now, in The Blue Lotus (1934-35), he criticised the Japanese occupation of China and featured an event inspired by the Mukden incident. The Shanghai International Settlement, with its racist Western businessmen and corrupt police (which includes White and Sikh officers), was also shown in a bad light.

Meeting Tintin
The fictional Chang first appeared in The Blue Lotus as a young orphan whom Tintin saved from drowning. The first thing he asked was why a white foreigner like Tintin would bother saving a non-white boy at all (Tintin was to cause similar queries when helping Zorrino in Prisoners of the Sun). He and Tintin then exchanged notes on the prejudice that Chinese and non-Chinese have for each other and laughed it away. In his description of Western prejudices, Tintin includes a Fu Manchu-like character. (In fact The Blue Lotus features a Japanese villain called Mitsuhirato.)

They now became friends and Chang led Tintin to Hukow where he was on the trail of a kidnapped doctor. There they stayed with a friend of Chang's late father. They later encountered Thomson and Thompson who had arrived dressed as figures out of a Chinese opera and were being followed with amusement by half the population.

Thomson and Thompson had been sent to arrest Tintin and took him to the local police station in order to start extradition proceedings. However, they had lost a document written in Chinese which instructed the local police to give them assistance. Chang replaced the paper with another one which claimed that Thomson and Thompson were "lunatics and this proves it". When he read the document, the chief of police roared with laughter, then he had Thomson and Thompson thrown out and Tintin released.

Chang also saved Tintin from a Japanese agent dressed as a photographer who had been sent to kill him.

Tintin took Chang with him back to Shanghai in order to settle his scores with his enemy Mitsuhirato. Tintin was staying at the headquarters of the Sons of the Dragon, a secret society that fought against the trafficking of opium. Chang moved in with them and joined in the battle of wits against a major gang of opium smugglers.

Chang played a crucial part in the capture of the leaders of the gang and saving Tintin and others from execution. The crooks included Tintin's arch-enemy Rastapopoulos. After that Chang was adopted by Tintin's ally Wang Chen-Yee.

Tintin and Snowy then left for Europe amid a tearful and emotional farewell to Chang and his new family.

Chang and the Yeti
Chang remained unmentioned in the stories until Tintin in Tibet, published 24 years later in 1960. In this story, Chang sends Tintin a letter in which he announces his imminent move from Hong Kong, where he had been living, to London in order to work in an antique shop owned by a brother of Wang's.  His aeroplane, however, crashes over the mountains of Tibet. Chang survives the disaster while all his fellow passengers perish, and is rescued by the yeti, the mythical creature said to live in the Himalayas. The yeti takes care of Chang, providing him with food, but when rescue arrives, he also takes Chang, weak with fever, as far away as possible.

Tintin is convinced that Chang is not dead, after seeing him in a dream calling for help. Against all logic he sets off to find him, with the grudging help of Captain Haddock who, along with almost everyone else, believes Chang to be deceased.

Tintin and Haddock eventually track Chang and the yeti down to another cave, and manage to get him out, following a tearful reunion.

Although he has to leave him, Chang is very grateful to the yeti for keeping him alive and describes him as "poor snowman", rather than "abominable". When Tintin wonders if he might one day be captured, Chang objects to this, feeling that the yeti should be looked upon as a human rather than a wild animal.

Chang later goes to London from where he keeps in touch, sending letters to Tintin and Haddock (see The Castafiore Emerald).

Tintin in Tibet was perhaps Hergé's most deeply personal work. When he wrote it, he had not seen the real-life Zhang for several decades. Later, in 1981, the French media managed to find Zhang in China and arrange a trip to Europe for a reunion with Hergé. In 1985, Zhang received French citizenship and settled in Paris to teach, where he died in 1998.

title: Chang Chong-Chen


text:
Methotrexate

Methotrexate, formerly known as amethopterin, is a chemotherapy agent and immune-system suppressant. It is used to treat cancer, autoimmune diseases, and ectopic pregnancies. Types of cancers it is used for include breast cancer, leukemia, lung cancer, lymphoma, gestational trophoblastic disease, and osteosarcoma. Types of autoimmune diseases it is used for include psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Crohn's disease. It can be given by mouth or by injection.

Common side effects include nausea, feeling tired, fever, increased risk of infection, low white blood cell counts, and breakdown of the skin inside the mouth. Other side effects may include liver disease, lung disease, lymphoma, and severe skin rashes. People on long-term treatment should be regularly checked for side effects. It is not safe during breastfeeding. In those with kidney problems, lower doses may be needed. It acts by blocking the body's use of folic acid.

Methotrexate was first made in 1947 and initially was used to treat cancer, as it was less toxic than the then-current treatments. In 1956 it provided the first cures of a metastatic cancer. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Methotrexate is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 132nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 4million prescriptions.

Chemotherapy
Methotrexate was originally developed and continues to be used for chemotherapy, either alone or in combination with other agents. It is effective for the treatment of a number of cancers, including solid tumours of breast, head and neck, lung, bladder, as well as acute lymphocytic leukemias, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, osteosarcoma, and choriocarcinoma and other trophoblastic neoplasms.

Autoimmune disorders
Although originally designed as a chemotherapy drug, in lower doses methotrexate is a generally safe and well-tolerated drug in the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.

Methotrexate is used as a disease-modifying treatment for a number of autoimmune diseases in adults, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, enteropathic arthritis, myositis, systemic sclerosis,  lupus, sarcoidosis, Crohn's disease, eczema and many forms of vasculitis. In children, it can be used for juvenile dermatomyositis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, uveitis and localised scleroderma.

Methotrexate is one of the first-line therapies for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Weekly doses of 5 to 25mg were found by a Cochrane review to be beneficial for 12-52 weeks duration of therapy, though it is used longer-term in clinical practice. Discontinuation rates are as high as 16% due to adverse effects.

Use of low doses of methotrexate together with NSAIDs such as aspirin or analgesics such as paracetamol is relatively safe in people being treated for rheumatoid arthritis, with appropriate monitoring. Methotrexate is also sometimes used in combination with other conventional DMARDs, such as sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine.

Studies and reviews have found that most rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with methotrexate for up to one year had less pain, functioned better, had fewer swollen and tender joints, and had less disease activity overall as reported by themselves and their doctors. X-rays also showed that the progress of the disease slowed or stopped in many people receiving methotrexate, with the progression being completely halted in about 30% of those receiving the drug. Those individuals with rheumatoid arthritis treated with methotrexate have been found to have a lower risk of cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarctions and strokes.

Results of a systematic review exploring the comparative effectiveness of treatments of early rheumatoid arthritis show that treatment efficacy can be improved with combination therapy with anti-TNF or other biologic medications, compared with methotrexate monotherapy.

Likewise, a 2016 study found the use of methotrexate, in combination with anti-TNF agents, has been shown to be effective for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

Methotrexate has also been used for multiple sclerosis and is used occasionally in systemic lupus erythematosus, with tentative evidence to support such use.

During pregnancy
Methotrexate is an abortifacient and is used to treat ectopic pregnancies, provided the fallopian tube has not ruptured. Methotrexate with dilation and curettage is used to treat molar pregnancy. Rarely, it is used in combination with mifepristone to abort uterine pregnancies.

Administration
Methotrexate can be given by mouth or by injection (intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous, or intrathecal). Doses are usually taken weekly, not daily, to limit toxicity. Routine monitoring of the complete blood count, liver function tests, and creatinine are recommended. Measurements of creatinine are recommended at least every two months.

Folic acid is commonly co-prescribed with methotrexate to minimise the risk of adverse effects.

Adverse effects
The most common adverse effects include hepatotoxicity, stomatitis, blood abnormalities (leukopenia, anaemia and thrombocytopenia), increased risk of infection, hair loss, nausea, reduced appetite, abdominal pain, diarrhea, fatigue, fever, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, acute pneumonitis and renal impairment. Methotrexate can also cause mucositis.

Methotrexate pneumonitis is a rare complication of therapy, and appears to be reducing in frequency in most recent rheumatoid arthritis treatment trials. In the context of rheumatoid arthritis interstitial lung disease, methotrexate treatment may be associated with a lower incidence of ILD over time.

Methotrexate is teratogenic and it is advised stop taking it at least 4 weeks before becoming pregnant and it should be avoided during pregnancy (pregnancy category X) and while breastfeeding. Guidelines have been updated to state that it is safe for a male partner to take at any point while trying to conceive.

Central nervous system reactions to methotrexate have been reported, especially when given via the intrathecal route (directly into the cerebrospinal fluid), which include myelopathies and leukoencephalopathies. It has a variety of cutaneous side effects, particularly when administered in high doses.

Another little understood but serious possible adverse effect of methotrexate is neurological damage and memory loss. Neurotoxicity may result from the drug crossing the blood–brain barrier and damaging neurons in the cerebral cortex. People with cancer who receive the medication often nickname these effects "chemo brain" or "chemo fog".

Drug interactions
Penicillins may decrease the elimination of methotrexate, so increase the risk of toxicity. While they may be used together, increased monitoring is recommended. The aminoglycosides neomycin and paromomycin have been found to reduce gastrointestinal (GI) absorption of methotrexate. Probenecid inhibits methotrexate excretion, which increases the risk of methotrexate toxicity. Likewise, retinoids and trimethoprim have been known to interact with methotrexate to produce additive hepatotoxicity and haematotoxicity, respectively.

Other immunosuppressants like cyclosporins may potentiate methotrexate's haematologic effects, hence potentially leading to toxicity. NSAIDs have also been found to fatally interact with methotrexate in numerous case reports. Nitrous oxide potentiating the haematological toxicity of methotrexate has also been documented.

Proton-pump inhibitors such as omeprazole and the anticonvulsant valproate have been found to increase the plasma concentrations of methotrexate, as have nephrotoxic agents such as cisplatin, the GI drug colestyramine, and dantrolene.

Mechanism of action

Methotrexate is an antimetabolite of the antifolate type. It is thought to affect cancer and rheumatoid arthritis by two different pathways. For cancer, methotrexate competitively inhibits dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), an enzyme that participates in the tetrahydrofolate synthesis. The affinity of methotrexate for DHFR is about 1000-fold that of dihydrofolate. DHFR catalyses the conversion of dihydrofolate to the active tetrahydrofolate. Tetrahydrofolate is needed for the de novo synthesis of the nucleoside thymidine, required for DNA synthesis. Also, folate is essential for purine and pyrimidine base biosynthesis, so synthesis will be inhibited. Methotrexate, therefore, inhibits the synthesis of DNA, RNA, thymidylates, and proteins.

For the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, inhibition of DHFR is not thought to be the main mechanism, but rather multiple mechanisms appear to be involved, including the inhibition of enzymes involved in purine metabolism, leading to accumulation of adenosine; inhibition of T cell activation and suppression of intercellular adhesion molecule expression by T cells; selective down-regulation of B cells; increasing CD95 sensitivity of activated T cells; and inhibition of methyltransferase activity, leading to deactivation of enzyme activity relevant to immune system function. Another mechanism of MTX is the inhibition of the binding of interleukin 1-beta to its cell surface receptor. Thereby, it acts as anticytokine.

History
In 1947, a team of researchers led by Sidney Farber showed aminopterin, a chemical analogue of folic acid developed by Yellapragada Subbarao of Lederle, could induce remission in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The development of folic acid analogues had been prompted by the discovery that the administration of folic acid worsened leukemia, and that a diet deficient in folic acid could, conversely, produce improvement; the mechanism of action behind these effects was still unknown at the time. Other analogues of folic acid were in development, and by 1950, methotrexate (then known as amethopterin) was being proposed as a treatment for leukemia. Animal studies published in 1956 showed the therapeutic index of methotrexate was better than that of aminopterin, and clinical use of aminopterin was thus abandoned in favor of methotrexate.

In 1951, Jane C. Wright demonstrated the use of methotrexate in solid tumors, showing remission in breast cancer. Wright's group was the first to demonstrate use of the drug in solid tumors, as opposed to leukemias, which are a cancer of the marrow. Min Chiu Li and his collaborators then demonstrated complete remission in women with choriocarcinoma and chorioadenoma in 1956, and in 1960 Wright et al. produced remissions in mycosis fungoides.

title: Methotrexate


text:
Calypsonian

A calypsonian, originally known as a chantwell, is a musician from the anglophone Caribbean who sings songs of the calypso genre.

Calypsos are musical renditions having their origins in the West African griot tradition. Originally called "Kaiso" in Trinidad, these songs, based on West African Yoruba, Ewe-Fon and Akan musical beats, were sung by slaves and later ex-slaves in Trinidad and Tobago during recreation time and about a host of topics – their land of origin, social relationships on the plantations and the lives of community members, including plantation managers, overseers and owners.

Traditionalists see calypso as social commentary because in earlier years it served the purpose of telling stories, relaying news events and giving criticisms of persons and policy. Calypso was therefore divided into two classes: the social commentaries, which had songs dealing with politics and community issues; and the humorous calypso, which told stories of events, real or imagined, with the intent of making the audience laugh.

By the late 19th century the British began large-scale immigration projects, mainly from Barbados, in an effort to anglicise Trinidad, which resulted in a decline in the use of French Creole in the songs so that by the 1930s English Creole became the language of Trinidad Calypso. Despite the changeover, many words and expressions survived in Trinidad Creole and as a result also survived in its calypsos, including terms such as "santimanitay" from the original sans humanité, among others.

Trinidad became the mecca of calypso in part because it was the most prosperous territory in the region and consequently many migrants headed to the island during the 20th century, including performers. As a direct result, Trinidad became known as the land of calypso.

Many early kaiso/calypsos were sung in French Creole, as Trinidad gained a significant number of free and enslaved blacks from the French Antilles of Martinique, Guadeloupe, French-dominated Grenada and Dominica following the Cedula of population of 1783. The patois or French creole was the original language of the calypsonian and calypso music.

Origin
Calypso music was developed in Trinidad in the 17th century from the West African kaiso and canboulay music brought by African slaves imported to that Caribbean island to work on sugar plantations. They were stripped of all connections to their homeland and family and not allowed to talk to each other. African griots (musicians and storytellers) among the slaves used calypso song to mock the slave-masters and to communicate with each other. As calypso developed, the African griots became later-generation chantuelles or "chantwells" preserving their people's history and traditions orally, a role that would eventually develop into that of the modern calypsonian.

Chantwells
The Chantwells would sing of contemporary and mythical figures. They would also preserve the complex oral traditions of their West African origins, with songs of derision, praise, satire, and lament. At first, the chantwells were mostly women because the males were targeted for destruction on the plantation. Upon emancipation, the tradition continued and developed, and chantwells would sing call-and-response chants called lavways, sometimes lionizing and cheering on locals sportsmen such as stick-fighters, with the chantwell giving the call and the audience providing the response. This form of music gradually evolved into the modern calypso. As the country became urbanized, chantwells became more and more a male function.

Social commentary, extempo, competitions
Traditionalist see calypso as social commentary because in earlier years it served the purpose of telling stories, relaying news events and giving criticisms of persons and policy. Calypso was therefore divided into two classes: the social commentaries, which had songs dealing with politics and community issues; and the humorous calypso, which told stories of events, real or imagined, with the intent of making the audience laugh.

The latter form was supplemented by the extempo, which was a singing competition between two competitors. In classic extempo, competitors were pitted against one another, hurling insults in verse about each competitor's appearance, singing ability or personal situation.

Extempo competitions and the Calypso Monarch championship are held during Carnival time in Trinidad. The extempo competitions have developed so that competitors choose a topic from a container and are given a designated period of time to compose an agreed number of verses to be sung. A performer sings one verse and then his competitor is allowed to reply, either by responding to the verse sung or by singing about his competitor. Verses about competitors, which may range from insults about their attire to derogatory comments on physical attributes, form part of what Trinidadians term pekong, where someone is allowed to insult another for fun. In this respect, the form is similar to that of the rap battle.

The major difference between a calypsonian and a calypso singer is that a true calypsonian writes his/her own material, and sings topical music that reflects the reality of the community, an example being Attila the Hun, whereas a calypso singer will tend to sing standards, an example being Ritchie Delamore. Some calypsonians both compose and sing their calypsoes while many calypsonians in more recent decades have turned to professional composers, some being fellow calypsonians, for songs that they in turn sing.

Sobriquets
Calypsonians traditionally use sobriquets linked with the ideas they wish to convey or referencing childhood or community-based "nick-names", including some such as the Mighty Sparrow, Short Shirt of Antigua and Ras Irie of Barbados. Lord Melody, for example, wished to indicate that he was the lord of melodious singing, while King Obstinate of Antigua gained his name as a young man in his home village of Greenbay, where people declared his attitude to be stubborn. The political calypsonian Sugar Aloes of Trinidad through his name conveys two almost opposite aspects of his character: that while his singing, and perhaps he himself, may be sweet, his calypsoes are so scathing as to be bitter for those about whom he sings.

Calypsonians of the 20th century

 * Arrow
 * The Duke of Iron
 * Wilmoth Houdini
 * Lord Invader
 * Lord Kitchener
 * Lord Melody
 * Roaring Lion
 * Mighty Sparrow
 * Calypso Rose

title: Calypsonian


text:
Talk:The Well-Tempered Clavier

=Authenticity= Though I am not an expert (but a qualified note-writer making orchestral voices for state-symph.orch) from the time with pen and ink) I would suggest that the authenticity of the prelude-1 entry i Wilh.Friedeman-book was written by a child or newcomer. Also the error of forgetting bar 5 and adding it, and then - adding it as not one written out arpeggio but TWO TIMES! though the pattern already is well-established seem too un-professional to be Johann Sebastian at age 35 !!! !!! !!! --d-axel (talk) 02:02, 6 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Well-Tempered Clavier


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Ashdod

Ashdod (אַשְׁדּוֹד, ; أسدود,, or إسدود ; Philistine: , romanized: *ʾašdūd) is the sixth-largest city in Israel. Located in the country's Southern District, it lies on the Mediterranean coast 32 km south of Tel Aviv and 20 km north of Ashkelon. Ashdod's port is the largest in Israel, handling 60% of the country's imported goods.

Ashdod has a history spanning approximately 3,700 years. In biblical times, it was one of the five principal cities of the Philistines. The city's name was later preserved in the Arab town of Isdud, which was depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. In ancient times, Ashdod developed as an active maritime trade center, with its ports identified at Ashdod-Yam and Tel Mor. The remains of the ancient city and later settlements are located at Tel Ashdod.

Modern Ashdod was established in 1956 on the sand hills, 6 kilometers northwest of the ancient site. It was incorporated as a city in 1968, with a land-area of approximately 60 km2. Being a planned city, expansion followed a main development plan, which facilitated traffic and prevented air pollution in the residential areas, despite population growth. Alongside the port, the city hosts additional national infrastructure, making it an important industrial center. Dr. Yehiel Lasri has been the mayor of Ashdod since 2008. The city is a member of the Forum of 15 cities.

Since its establishment, Ashdod has absorbed extensive Jewish immigration from around the world, resulting in one of the highest percentages of new immigrants in Israel. The city is home to the largest Moroccan and Karaite Jewish communities in Israel, and to the largest Georgian Jewish community in the world. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, Ashdod had a population of in, with an area of 47242 dunam.

Stone Age
Three stone tools dating from the Neolithic era were discovered, but no other evidence of a Stone Age settlement in Ashdod was found, suggesting that the tools were deposited there in a later period.

Historical Ashdod and Ashdod-Yam
The historical town of Ashdod (today referred to as Tel Ashdod / Isdud), was c. 6 km southeast of the center of the modern town. It dates to the 17th century BCE, and was a prominent Philistine city, one of the five Philistine city-states. The coastal site of Ashdod-Yam, today southwest of the modern city, was a separate city for most of its history.

The first documented urban settlement at Tel Ashdod / Isdud dates to the 17th century BCE, when it was a fortified Canaanite city. It was destroyed at the end of the Late Bronze Age.

During the Iron Age, it was a prominent Philistine city, one of the five Philistine city-states. It is mentioned 13 times in the Hebrew Bible. After being captured by Uzziah, it was briefly ruled by the Kingdom of Judah before it was taken by the Assyrians. During the Persian period, Nehemiah condemned the returning Jews for intermarrying Ashdod's residents. Under Hellenistic rule, the city was known as Azotus. It was later incorporated into the Hasmonean kingdom. During the 1st century BCE, Pompey removed the city from Judean rule and annexed it to the Roman province of Syria. Ashdod was a bishopric under Byzantine rule, but its importance gradually slipped and by the Middle Ages it was a village.

Ashdod-Yam, later known as Azotos Paralios, appears to have been first settled in the Bronze Age, gradually gaining in importance through the Iron Age. In the Byzantine period the port town overshadowed in importance the city further inland: the bishops of Azotos present at the council of 325 and the council of Jerusalem in 536 seem to have resided in Azotos Paralios rather than in Azotos Mesogeios. The prominence of Hellenised, then Christian Azotus continued until the 7th century, when it came under Muslim rule. The city was represented at the Council of Chalcedon by Heraclius of Azotus. A coastal fort "Minat al-Qal'a" (lit. "the port with the castle" in Arabic) was erected by the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik, the builder of the Dome of the Rock, at or near the former Azotus Paralios, which was later reconstructed by the Fatimids and Crusaders. The port city stops being mentioned during the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods, making it likely that it was destroyed due to fears that they might again be used by Crusader invasions from the sea.

Isdud before 1948
Isdud was to be part of the Arab Palestinian state according to the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, but Egyptians defending Isdud withdrew in late 1948, causing most of Isdud's roughly 5,000 residents to flee. The 300 townspeople who remained were driven southwards by the Israel Defense Forces.

Foundation of modern Ashdod
The modern city of Ashdod was founded in 1956. On May 1, 1956, then finance minister Levi Eshkol approved the establishment of the city of Ashdod. "Ashdod Company Ltd.", a daughter company of City-Builders Company Ltd., was created for that purpose by Oved Ben-Ami and Philip Klutznick. The first settlers, 22 families from Morocco, arrived in November 1956, followed by a small influx of immigrants from Egypt. In July 1957, the government granted a 24 km2, approximately 32 km from Tel Aviv, to the Ashdod Company Ltd., for building the modern city of Ashdod. The building of the Eshkol A power station in Ashdod was completed in 1958 and included 3 units: 2 units of 50 megawatt, and one unit of 45 megawatt (with sea water desalination capabilities).

The city's development was made possible by the large investment of industrialist Israel Rogosin who opened his main Israeli factory in the city of Ashdod on August 9, 1960. Three of the high schools he funded were also built in Ashdod. The Main boulevard in Ashdod is named in his honour as a founder of the city.

The first local council was appointed in October 1959. Dov Gur was appointed the first local council head on behalf of the Israeli Ministry of Interior. In 1961, Ashdod was a town of 4,600. The Magistrates' Court in the city was inaugurated in 1963. The building of the port of Ashdod began in April 1961. The port was inaugurated in November 1963, and was first utilized in November 1965, with the coming of the Swedish ship "Wiengelgad". The city expanded gradually, with the construction of two quarters in the 1960s, followed by four more in the 1970s and two more in the 1980s. In 1972, the population was 40,300, and this grew to 65,700 by 1983.

Large-scale growth of the city began in 1991, with the massive arrival of immigrants from the Soviet Union and Ethiopia and infrastructure development. From 1990 to 2001 the city accepted more than 100,000 new inhabitants, a 150% growth. Five more quarters of the city were completed, and a business district was built. In the 2000s, three more quarters and the marina districts were completed.

Ashdod was one of six cities that won the 2012 Education Prize awarded by the Israel Ministry of Education.

Urban development
The modern city of Ashdod city was built outside the historic settlement site, on virgin sands. The development followed a main development plan. The planners divided the city into seventeen neighborhoods of ten to fifteen thousand people. Wide avenues between the neighborhoods make traffic flow relatively freely inside the city. Each neighborhood has access to its own commercial center, urban park, and health and education infrastructure. The original plan also called for a business and administrative center, built in the mid-1990s, when the city population grew rapidly more than doubling in ten years.

Three industrial zones were placed adjacent to the port in the northern part of the city, taking into account the prevailing southern winds which take air pollution away from the city. The plan had its problems, however, including asymmetric growth of upscale and poorer neighborhoods and the long-time lack of a main business and administrative center.

The city was planned for a maximum of 250,000 inhabitants, and an additional area in the south was reserved for further development.

In 2012, a plan to build an industrial zone on part of the Ashdod Sand Dune was approved. The plan calls for a hi-tech industrial park, events halls, and coffee shops to be built adjacent to the train station. It will cover 400 dunam, including 130 dunams of built-up space, with the rest of the area being preserved as a nature reserve. In addition, the Port of Ashdod is undergoing a massive expansion program.

Geography
The Ashdod-Nitzanim sand dune nature reserve is a 20 km stretch of sand dunes on the southern outskirts of Ashdod.

Climate
Ashdod has a Mediterranean climate with hot summers, and cool, rainy winters. As a seaside town, the humidity tends to be high many times year round, and rain occurs mainly from November to March. In winter, temperatures seldom drop below 5 C and are more likely to be in the range of 10 - 15 C, while in summer the average is 27 C. The average annual rainfall is 510. mm.

Economy
Ashdod is one of the most important industrial centers in Israel. All industrial activities in the city are located in northern areas such as the port area, the northern industrial zone, and around the Lachish River. The port of Ashdod is the largest port in Israel, handling about 60% of Israel's port cargo. It was mainly upgraded in recent years and will be able to provide berths for Panamax ships. Various shipping companies offices are also located in the port area which also is home to an Eshkol A power station and coal terminal.

The Northern industrial zone is located on Highway 41 and includes various industry including an oil refinery, which is one of only two in the country. The heavy industry zone located south of the Lachish River was once the main industrial center in Ashdod. Recently, however, leisure facilities have moved into the area. There is still some industry here, however, such as a Teva Pharmaceutical Industries plant, construction components producer Ashtrom, and Solbar a soybean oil producer. Ashdod is also home to Elta, a part of Israel Aircraft Industries where radar equipment, electronic warfare systems, and ELINT are developed.

Retail and entertainment

Historically each neighborhood of Ashdod had its own commercial center. In 1990, however, when the mall shopping culture developed in Israel, the main commercial activity in Ashdod moved to malls. The first mall to open in Ashdod was the Forum Center in the industrial zone. Restaurants, bars and night clubs were opened in the area. Today, the Forum center is mainly used for offices. Lev Ashdod Mall, which opened in 1993, has been enlarged and upgraded since then. Ashdod Mall, billed at the time as the city's largest shopping mall, has also been redesigned since its opening in 1995. City Mall, Ashdod was opened in a combined building with the central bus station in 1996, following the examples of the Tel Aviv Central Bus Station and the Jerusalem Central Bus Station. The Sea Mall, a three-story mall near the government offices, has a climbing wall and movie theater. Star Center doubled in size in 2007.

Education
In 2013, Ashdod had 500 schools employing 3,500 teachers. The student population was 55,000. The city's education budget was NIS 418 million shekels.

Lycée français Guivat-Washington, a French international high school, is in Givat Washington, in proximity to Ashdod.

Healthcare

Assuta Ashdod Medical Center, Ashdod's only general hospital, serves the city and the surrounding area. It is a 300-bed hospital, and its "bomb shelter" design with thick concrete walls offers sufficient protection so as to keep operating without having to transfer patients during a time of war. It is also a university hospital affiliated with Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. The hospital opened in 2017. Prior to the opening of the hospital, Ashdod did not have a general hospital, and residents in need of hospitalization had to travel to Kaplan Medical Center in Rehovot or Barzilai Medical Center in Ashkelon.

There are public and private clinics operating in the city. A special clinic run by Hatzalah operates at times when all other clinics in the city are closed.

Road
Ashdod is located on the historic Via Maris. Highway 4 was developed following this route along the southern sea shore of Israel; it serves as the main connection to the north, towards the Tel Aviv metropolitan area, and to the south, towards Ashkelon. Ad Halom junction was planned as the main entrance to the city from the east.

Ashdod Interchange was opened in 2009. The interchange continues the freeway section of Highway 4 further south, by removing the traffic light at this junction, and also added grade separation with the railway. The other main road in the area is Highway 41 which served the city from the start of its modern history. This road runs from west to east towards Gedera and it is the main transport link to the port of Ashdod and the industrial zones, and connects to Highway 4 with an interchange.

In late 2012, Ashdod won a NIS 220 million grant from the MOT to improve public transportation and decrease private car use. by opening exclusive bus lanes along the main boulevards of the city, establishing a BRT system, smart bus stops equipped with touch screens and paving cycling and pedestrians-only lanes. In August 2019, the initial stage of the program, which was named 'Reway' was completed — with bus lanes established in Menachem Begin and Herzl boulevards. In early 2022, the second stage was completed too — adding bus lanes on Jabotinsky boulevard, commencing operation of the Reway control center and opening the Bnei Brit bus terminal at north.

Train

The passenger railway connection to Ashdod opened in 1992 after the renovation of the historical railway to Egypt. Ashdod railway station is on Israel Railways' Binyamina/Netanya – Tel Aviv – Ashkelon line and it is located near Ad Halom Junction. The station was upgraded in 2003 when a new terminal building was built. The station building is modern, but proper road access to it was only organized on September 23, 2008, when a new road to the station was opened.

There is also heavy freight traffic in the area. Port of Ashdod has its own railway spur line as well as a special terminal for potash brought from the Sodom area and exported abroad.

Buses
A new central bus station opened in 1996. It serves as the terminus both for inter- and intracity lines. The central bus station is attached to the City Mall. Intercity bus lines connect the city with most population centers in central and southern Israel. Following is the list of bus companies serving routes at the central bus station:

Cruise ships and yachts
There is a passenger pier in the Port of Ashdod. The traffic at this gateway is constantly growing, especially due to cruise ship activities. The other sea gateway is Blue Marina.

Demographics

According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, Ashdod had a population of about at the end of, making it the sixth largest city in Israel. The annual population growth rate is 2.6% and the ratio of women to men is 1,046 to 1,000. The population age distribution was recorded as 19.7% under the age of 10, 15.7% from age 10 to 19, 14.9% from 20 to 29, 19.1% from 30 to 44, 19.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% were 65 or older. The population of Ashdod is significantly younger than the Israeli average because of the large number of young couples living in the city. The city is ranked medium-low in socio-economic grading, with a rating of 4 out of 10. 56.1% of 12th grade students in Ashdod were eligible for matriculation certificates in 2000. The average salary in 2000 was NIS 4,821 compared to the national average of NIS 6,835.

Immigrant absorption
Ashdod has seen much of its growth as the result of absorption of immigrants. The first settlers were Jewish immigrants from Morocco and Egypt. In the 1960s Ashdod accepted a large number of immigrants from Romania, followed by a large number from Georgia (then part of the Soviet Union) in the 1970s. More than 60,000 Russian Jews from the former Soviet Union who immigrated to Israel in the 1990s following the collapse of the Soviet Union settled in Ashdod. Recent demographic figures suggest that about 32% of the city's population are new immigrants, 85% of whom are originally from the former Soviet Union. During the 1990s the city absorbed a large number of Beta Israel immigrants from Ethiopia, and in more recent years Ashdod absorbed a large number of immigrants from the United States, United Kingdom, France, Argentina, and South Africa. Many of the 60,000 Marathi-speaking Bene Israel from Maharashtra, India who moved to Israel also settled there. Ashdod also receives a significant amount of internal migration, especially from the Gush Dan region.

Religion
Over 95% of Ashdod's population is Jewish, over 30% of Ashdod's population are Haredi. The Haredi population has been growing in Ashdod, and Haredi children make up the majority in the city's schools.

The rapidly increasing Haredi population has caused some social and community tensions, particularly regarding the city's character, Mayor Lasri levying fines against retail stores if they are open on Shabbat, and growing community tensions with secular Russian Jews.

Despite this, the city is generally secular, although most of the non-Jewish population is a result of mixed marriages. About 100 families are affiliated with the Pittsburg Hasidic group, established there in 1969 by Grand Rabbi Avraham Abba Leifer and continued today by his son, Grand Rabbi Mordechai Yissachar Ber Leifer. Ashdod has many synagogues serving different streams of Judaism. The city is also home to the world's largest Karaite community, about five thousand strong. There is also a Scandinavian Seamen Protestant church, established by Norwegian Righteous Among the Nations pastor Per Faye-Hansen.

Local government
Ashdod was declared a city in 1968. The Ashdod City Council has twenty-five elected members, one of whom is the mayor. The mayor serves a five-year term and appoints six deputies. The current mayor of Ashdod, Yehiel Lasri, was last elected in 2008 after Zvi Zilker has been in office continuously since 1989. Within the city council there are various factions representing different population groups. The headquarters of the Ashdod Municipality and the mayor's office are at city hall. This new municipal building is located in the main culture and business area.

Mayors

 * Dov Gur (1959–61)
 * Robert Hayim (1961–63 )
 * Avner Garin (1963–69)
 * Zvi Zilker (1969–83)
 * Aryeh Azulay (1983–89)
 * Zvi Zilker (1989–2008)
 * Yehiel Lasri (2008–)

Music and performing arts
Ashdod is home to the Israeli Andalusian Orchestra, which performs Andalusian classical music. It is an Arabic music style that originates from Moorish Iberia or Al-Andalus, has been jealously preserved in its original form by Arab and Jewish musicians of the Maghreb over the centuries, and has left its mark on the cante flamenco, the flamenco singing style, perhaps better known in the West. The orchestra was awarded the Israel Prize in 2006.

Ashdod also has one of the biggest open theaters in Israel - Amphi Ashdod that can hosts more than 6,400 guests. The Amphi hosts Ashdod's international art festival "Méditerranée".

The MonArt Centre for the Arts, which includes a ballet school, a music center and the Ashdod Museum of Art, is a performing arts center which comprises different galleries, art schools, studios and events. The ambitious architectural complex has been inaugurated in 2003. Theatre and concerts are hosted in several cultural venues; the most important are performed at the Ashdod Performing Arts Center, a new 938-seat concert hall of distinct elegance and originality designed by Israeli architect Haim Dotan and inaugurated in 2012 in the city's cultural center. Ashdod plays host to many national and international music festivals, including the annual Super Jazz Ashdod Festival managed by Leonid Ptashka.

The ACADMA conservatory is a professional educational institute for music and performance studies based in Ashdod. Operated under the supervision of the Ministry of Education, the institute was established in 1966, and serves as a home for 600 young musicians in different fields.

Museums
The Corinne Mamane Museum of Philistine Culture is worldwide the only museum dedicated to this topic. It reopened in 2014 with a new interactive exhibition. The Museum displays significant Philistine artifacts form each of the five cities in the Philistine pentapolis.

The Ashdod Museum of Art, located in the MonArt center (see above at "Music and performing arts"), has 12 galleries and two exhibition halls. In an architectural echo of the Louvre, the entrance to the museum is through a glass pyramid. In 2003 the internal spaces of the museum were redesigned by the architects Eyal Weizman, Rafi Segal and Manuel Herz.

Sports
Ashdod's football team, F.C. Ironi Ashdod represents the city in the Israeli Premier League. The club is known for its successful football school. It is also home to Hapoel Ashdod F.C., which plays in Liga Alef. The city's top basketball team is Maccabi Ashdod. The men squad plays in First League, Israel's First tier league, and the women squad Maccabi Bnot Ashdod plays in top division.

Ashdod plays host to many national and international sporting tournaments, including the annual Ashdod International Chess Festival. The city has a cricket team, a rarity in Israel. It is run and organized by citizens of Indian descent. Ashdod's beaches are a venue for water sports, like as windsurfing and Scuba diving. The Ashdod Marina offers yachting services.

Notable athletes from Ashdod include:
 * Vered Borochovsky – 2000 Sydney Olympics and 2004 Summer Olympics swimmer.
 * Alon Day – Professional race car driver.
 * Alon Hazan – international soccer player
 * Haim Revivo – international soccer player

Twin towns–Sister cities
Ashdod is twinned with

Notable people

 * Ofir Ben Shitrit (born 1995), singer
 * Nir Bitton (born 1991), footballer
 * Alon Day (born 1991), racing driver
 * Igor Olshanetskyi (born 1986), Olympic weightlifter
 * Valery Panov (born 1938), dancer and choreographer
 * Dorit Revelis (born 2001), model
 * Haim Revivo (born 1972), footballer
 * Anna Zak (born 2001), social media star

Past
Georgy Adelson-Velsky resided in the city from 1992 until his death in 2014

title: Ashdod


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Dissident

A dissident is a person who actively challenges an established political or religious system, doctrine, belief, policy, or institution. In a religious context, the word has been used since the 18th century, and in the political sense since the 20th century, coinciding with the rise of authoritarian governments in countries such as Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, Francoist Spain, the Soviet Union (and later Russia), Saudi Arabia, North Korea, Turkey, Iran, China, and Turkmenistan. In the Western world, there are historical examples of people who have been considered and have considered themselves dissidents, such as the Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza. In totalitarian countries, dissidents are often incarcerated or executed without explicit political accusations, or due to infringements of the very same laws they are opposing, or because they are supporting civil liberties such as freedom of speech.

Eastern Bloc
The term dissident was used in the Eastern Bloc, particularly in the Soviet Union, in the period following Joseph Stalin's death until the fall of communism. It was attached to citizens who criticized the practices or the authority of the communist party. Writers for the non-censored, non-conformist samizdat literature were criticized in the official newspapers. Soon, many of those who were dissatisfied with Eastern Bloc regimes began to self-identify as dissidents. This radically changed the meaning of the term: instead of being used in reference to an individual who opposes society, it came to refer to an individual whose non-conformism was perceived to be for the good of the society. In Hungary, the word disszidens was used in contemporary language for a person who had left for the West without permission (i.e. a defector), by illegally crossing the border or travelling abroad with a passport, but not returning and (sometimes) applying for asylum abroad. Such persons' citizenship was usually revoked, and their left behind property (if there was any to their name) would revert to the state.

Soviet

Soviet dissidents were people who disagreed with certain features in the embodiment of Soviet ideology and who were willing to speak out against them. The term dissident was used in the Soviet Union in the period following Joseph Stalin's death until the fall of communism. It was used to refer to small groups of marginalized intellectuals whose modest challenges to the Soviet regime met protection and encouragement from correspondents. Following the etymology of the term, a dissident is considered to "sit apart" from the regime. As dissenters began self-identifying as dissidents, the term came to refer to an individual whose non-conformism was perceived to be for the good of a society.

Political opposition in the USSR was barely visible and, with rare exceptions, of little consequence. Instead, an important element of dissident activity in the Soviet Union was informing society (both inside the Soviet Union and in foreign countries) about violation of laws and of human rights. Over time, the dissident movement created vivid awareness of Soviet Communist abuses.

Soviet dissidents who criticized the state faced possible legal sanctions under the Soviet Criminal Code and faced the choice of exile, the mental hospital, or penal servitude. Anti-Soviet political behavior, in particular, being outspoken in opposition to the authorities, demonstrating for reform, or even writing books – was defined as being simultaneously a criminal act (e.g., violation of Articles 70 or 190-1), a symptom (e.g., "delusion of reformism"), and a diagnosis (e.g., "sluggish schizophrenia").

Myanmar
Aung San Suu Kyi is a famous Myanmar dissident who also won the Nobel Peace Prize.

Ireland
The term dissident has become the primary term to describe Irish republicans who politically continue to oppose Good Friday Agreement of 1998 and reject the outcome of the referendums on it. These political parties also have paramilitary wings which espouse violent methods to achieve a United Ireland.

Irish republican dissident groups include the Irish Republican Socialist Party (founded in 1974 – its currently-inactive paramilitary wing is the Irish National Liberation Army), Republican Sinn Féin (founded in 1986 – its paramilitary wing is the Continuity IRA), and the 32 County Sovereignty Movement (founded in 1997 – its paramilitary wing is the Real IRA). In 2006 the Óglaigh na hÉireann emerged, which is a splinter group of the Continuity IRA.

Technology
Dissidents and activists were among the earliest adopters of encrypted communications technology such as Tor and the dark web, turning to the technology as ways to resist totalitarian regimes, avoid censorship and control and protect privacy.

Tor was widely used by protestors against the Mubarak regime in Egypt in 2011. Tor allowed Egyptian dissidents to communicate anonymously and securely, while sharing sensitive information. Also, Syrian rebels widely used Tor in order to share with the world all of the horrors that they witnessed in their country. Moreover, anti-government dissidents in Lebanon, Mauritania, as well as other nations affected by the Arab Spring, widely used Tor in order to stay safe while exchanging their ideas and agendas.

Saudi Arabia
Jamal Khashoggi was a Saudi American dissident and journalist. He was murdered inside the Saudi Arabian consulate in Istanbul by agents of the Saudi government, allegedly at the behest of Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman.

Various other human rights activists from Saudi Arabia have been either silenced or punished. This also happens if the individual lives outside the country. If a dissident is not a Saudi citizen, they will probably face deportation.

The Fact Finding Panel (FFP), an independent jury of British parliamentary members and international attorneys, was tasked with reviewing the detention of former Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia Mohammed bin Nayef and Prince Ahmed bin Abdulaziz. In mid-December 2020, the panel published a report stating its findings, which claimed that the collective detention of political prisoners by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a violation of the country's international legal obligations, as the authorities are holding the detainees without charge and not allowing them a chance to challenge their imprisonment. The imprisonment has also risked the safety of the detainees by posing fatal risks to their health by keeping them behind bars without providing proper medical aid amid the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

Bahrain
Another monarchy of the Middle East, Bahrain, is known for violating the rights of peaceful critics of the government, including political activists and human rights defenders. A report released by Amnesty International in 2017 revealed that the country opted for several repressive tactics, including arbitrary detention, torture and harassment between June 2016 and June 2017 to crush the dissidents. Several human rights organizations and international leaders have consistently denounced Bahrain's poor human rights records.

The Human Rights Watch World Report 2021 also highlighted that Bahrain continued its repressive actions against the dissidents, including acts against online activities, peaceful critics and opposition activists. In January 2021, forty cross-party MPs of the UK wrote a letter to the vice-chancellor of an educational institution, the University of Huddersfield, stating that it was at risk of “indirect implication in human rights abuse”. The university was running a master's course, MSc in security science, for the officers of Bahrain's Royal Academy of Policing, the building which was also being used for torturing dissidents.

In April 2021, the European Parliament adopted a resolution on Bahrain, especially concerning the cases of detained dissidents Nabeel Rajab, Abdulhadi al-Khawaja and Ibrahim Sharif. With 48 votes in favor, the MEPs condemned Bahrain for its human rights violations and called for an immediate release of all the political activists, prisoners in conscience, human rights defenders, journalists and peaceful protesters. The European Parliament also demanded that the Bahraini government take all necessary measures to respect the law and make sure that its actions remain in full compliance with the international standards of human rights.

In March 2023, Bahrain hosted a meeting of the Inter-Parliamentary Union. However, on 8 March 2023, officials cancelled the entry visas issued to the HRW officials on 30 January 2023 to attend the 146th Congress of the IPU. Bahraini authorities have imposed restrictions on expression, association and assembly in violation of the country's international human rights obligations.

On 31 March 2023, three men, Jalal Al-Kassab, Redha Rajab and Mohammed Rajab, were sentenced to prison for a year and faced a fine in Bahrain. They were prosecuted under a law criminalizing the "ridicule" of all books recognized as religious in Bahrain, including the Quran and the Bible. The men were members of a Bahraini religious and cultural society that promotes open discussion of Islamic issues. Human rights groups claimed that they were indicted for exercising his freedom of expression.

Iran
Iranian dissidents are composed of scattered groups that reject the current government and by extension the previous regime, instead seeking the establishment of democratic institutions. A partnership council called Mahsa had formed between Reza Pahlavi and other opposition groups in support of the future of Iran’s democracy movement in 2022. The government in 2023 charged 107 exiled Mujahideen with treason. Dissidents have formed Iran Human Rights. Despite the Mykonos restaurant assassinations, the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany actively silences exiled Iranian dissidents. Even so, in 2023, the Woman Life Freedom Movement won the Sakharov Prize and imprisoned anti-regime journalist Narges Mohammadi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Iran condemned the decision.

UAE
The UAE has been accused of imprisoning critics. Like many other Middle Eastern countries, it does not allow criticism of the government. Many Emirati dissidents have been languishing in jail, some of them for a decade.

Egypt
A March 2023 report by HRW stated that Egyptian authorities systematically refused to issue or renew ID cards for dozens of foreign dissidents, journalists and human rights activists over the past few years. The denial was possibly intended to pressure them to return to near-certain persecution in Egypt. By arbitrarily denying citizens valid passports and other overseas identification documents, Egyptian authorities violated both the constitution and international human rights law.

title: Dissident