text:
George Washington Goethals

George Washington Goethals ( June 29, 1858 – January 21, 1928) was a United States Army general and civil engineer, best known for his administration and supervision of the construction and the opening of the Panama Canal. He was the State Engineer of New Jersey and the Acting Quartermaster General of the United States Army.

Early life and education
Goethals was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Flemish immigrants from Stekene, Belgium, Johannes Baptista (John Louis) Goethals, a carpenter, and wife Marie Le Barron. Aged 14, he entered the College of the City of New York. In April 1876, after three years of college, he won an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point. He graduated second in his class in 1880, and was commissioned as second lieutenant in the Army Corps of Engineers.

Military career
Goethals remained at the military academy during the summer and fall of 1880 as an assistant instructor in practical astronomy. In 1881, he attended the Engineer School of Application at Willets Point, New York. His first field assignment came in 1882 with his appointment as engineer officer of the Department of Columbia in Vancouver, Washington. His routine duties included reconnaissance, surveys, and astronomical work, while his most consequential project was the replacement of a 120-foot bridge across the Spokane River.

From 1885 to 1889, he taught civil and military engineering at West Point. He returned to the field in 1889 to assist Colonel John W. Barlow with navigational improvements on the Cumberland River and Tennessee River.

While an instructor at West Point, Goethals agreed to tutor Charles Young, the third African-American graduate of West Point; Young had failed an engineering class but – after being tutored by Goethals – passed and graduated in 1889.

In 1891, Goethals was promoted to captain. He soon was placed in charge of the completion of the Muscle Shoals Canal along the Tennessee River near Florence, Alabama. This was his first independent command, and his responsibilities included the design and construction of the Riverton Lock at Colbert Shoals. His recommendation of a single lock with an unprecedented lift of twenty-six feet was initially opposed by his superiors in Washington, and he was forced to persuade the conservative army engineers of the merits of his design. The lock's successful construction set a world record for lock height. The success of the Riverton Lock inspired the eventual adoption of high-lift locks elsewhere, including those for the Panama Canal.

During the Spanish–American War, he was lieutenant colonel and chief of engineers of United States Volunteers. In 1903, Goethals became a member of the first Army General Staff in Washington, D.C., and served as coastal defence expert.

Construction of the Panama Canal
Theodore Roosevelt believed that a US-controlled canal across Central America was a vital strategic interest of the country. Roosevelt encouraged the acquisition of the French Panama Canal effort. The purchase of the French-held land for $40 million was authorized by the June 28, 1902, Spooner Act. Since Panama was then part of Colombia, Roosevelt began negotiating with that country to obtain the necessary rights. In early 1903 the Hay–Herrán Treaty was signed by both nations, but the Senate of Colombia failed to ratify the treaty.

Roosevelt implied to Panamanian rebels that if they revolted, the US Navy would assist their fight for independence. Panama declared its independence on November 3, 1903, and the USS Nashville impeded Colombian interference. The victorious Panamanians gave the United States control of the Panama Canal Zone on February 23, 1904, for $10 million in accordance with the November 18, 1903 Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty.

United States takeover
The United States took control of the French property—after the bankruptcy of the French Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interocéanique de Panama that started constructions on The Panama Canal under Ferdinand de Lesseps— on May 4, 1904. The new Panama Canal Zone Control was overseen by the Isthmian Canal Commission (ICC) during construction.

The US inherited a small workforce and an assortment of buildings, infrastructure and equipment, much of which had been neglected for fifteen years in the humid jungle environment. There were no facilities in place for a large workforce, and the infrastructure was crumbling.

Although chief engineer John Findley Wallace was pressured to resume construction, red tape from Washington stifled his efforts to obtain heavy equipment and caused friction between Wallace and the ICC. He and chief sanitary officer William C. Gorgas were frustrated by delay, and Wallace resigned in 1905. He was replaced by John Frank Stevens, who arrived on July 26, 1905. Stevens' approach was to press ahead first and obtain approval later. He improved drilling and dirt-removal equipment at the Culebra Cut for greater efficiency, revising the inadequate provisions in place for soil disposal. In November 1906 Roosevelt visited Panama to inspect the canal's progress, the first trip outside the United States by a sitting president.

Chief engineer of the Panama Canal
Whether contract employees or government workers would build the canal was controversial. Bids for the canal's construction were opened in January 1907, and Knoxville, Tennessee-based contractor William J. Oliver was the low bidder. Stevens disliked Oliver, and vehemently opposed his choice. Although Roosevelt initially favoured the use of a contractor, he eventually decided that army engineers should carry out the work. According to the book The Panama Canal: An Army's Enterprise, Goethals made such an impression on William Howard Taft, then Secretary of War, that Taft recommended him as an engineer for the Panama Canal. Stevens, frustrated by government inaction and the army involvement, resigned from his position.

In February 1907 US President Theodore Roosevelt appointed Colonel George Washington Goethals chief engineer of the Panama Canal. The building of the Canal was completed in 1914, two years ahead of the target date of June 10, 1916.

Colonel Goethals received unstinted praise from visiting engineers and from the technical press of the world. In 1913 the degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by the University of Pennsylvania, and in the spring of 1914 he was awarded medals by           the National Geographic Society, the Civic Forum (New York), and the National Institute of Social Sciences. In 1914, Goethals and William Crawford Gorgas were awarded the inaugural Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences. Also, Congress awarded Goethals their thanks and a promotion to major general. President Wilson appointed Goethals as the first Civil Governor of the Panama Canal Zone.

World War I
General Goethals resigned from the post of Governor of the Canal Zone in 1916. Soon he was made chairman of the board of inquiry in regard to the Adamson eight-hour law. His positions thereafter were: State engineer of New Jersey in 1917 and manager of the Emergency Fleet Corporation (briefly). George Washington Goethals was appointed as acting Quartermaster General of the United States Army during the most crucial period of World War I (December 19, 1917 to May 9, 1918) and was a member of the War Industries Board (1918).

Quartermaster General of the United States Army
In April 1917 George W. Goethals was serving at President Woodrow Wilson's request, as General Manager and Director of the Emergency Fleet Corporation— charged with creating improvised ships, to carry the American army and its supplies to France, in the shortest possible time.

The United States as late as 1917 maintained only a small army, smaller than thirteen of the nations and empires already active in the war. After the passage of the Selective Service Act of May 1917, the U.S. drafted 4 million men into military service, the logistics demands were unprecedented. By the summer of 1918, about 2 million US soldiers had arrived in France and approximately 10,000 fresh soldiers were arriving in Europe each day.

Mainly as a result of supply blunders during the bitter winter of 1917, a Congressional investigation was under way, when General Goethals was recalled to active service, and was asked on December 19, 1917 to accept appointment as Acting Quartermaster General. Goethals did so only after Secretary of War Newton D. Baker had assured him full authority and that he would not be interfered with, nine days later he was appointed Director of the Storage & Traffic Service. Reaction to his appointment at home and overseas is illustrated by a message he is said to have received from former President Theodore Roosevelt: "I congratulate you, and thrice over I congratulate the country."

The Army's supply chain suffered from three main problems—a shortage of specialized personnel, decentralized organization and diverse uncoordinated functions. When the United States entered the war, the Quartermaster Corps had suffered a loss of personnel—most officers were sent to the front—this was the first problem demanding attention. Believing the Army's business could be best organized along civilian lines, he hired military men who could get along with industrialists and built with and around a number of highly trained executives and businessmen (among the new recruits were Hugh S. Johnson and Robert J. Thorne). Some of these men were commissioned and some were dollar-a-year-men, most of whom never collected the dollar. From General Goethals down, practically everyone was on the job from early morning to late at night, seven days a week.

Goethals reorganized the corps along functional lines and by January 26, purchasing had been taken away from outside agencies, and placed under his control. The functions of each division and branch were specifically set forth and the personnel in charge was officially designated.

The Overman Act, a result of the Congressional investigations started in December 1917, authorized what became known as the "interbureau procurement system," and was to make the Quartermaster Corps the most important War Department purchasing agency. Goethals established a system of standardization of bureau record keeping and supply chain planning. He also worked on installing uniform procurement policies, with the goal of presenting consolidated estimates to congress.

In April 1918 a further reorganization of the General Staff led to the creation of the Purchase, Storage, & Traffic Division, with General Goethals as Director and Assistant Chief of Staff of the Army. Its creation was the result of protests by General Goethals, to the effect that, though coordination in the handling of Army logistics problems had been a major objective when the General Staff was created in 1903, coordination was practically nonexistent. In the months to come, his division took control of purchasing and storage by the Army as a whole and of transportation over land and water. Now one person coordinated all supply bureaus, which had previously competed for the nation's resources, in a system that had inevitably slowed down input of war supplies.

At a meeting of quartermaster personnel in Washington, on August 8, 1918, Secretary of War Baker said:

"How fortunate this great army is to have so good and able a provider. Indeed, when the history of this war comes to be written, there will be chapters which have, up to now, almost escaped .... Today, I had a letter from General John J. Pershing in which he was commenting upon the perfection of supplies on the other side...."

France and England were not the only overseas destinations for quartermaster supplies. Among others were Italy, Hawaii, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, China, Russia, and Siberia. In a talk General Wood made at this meeting he mentioned that:

"... to handle this task, there are now in the Quartermaster Corps over eight thousand officers, one hundred and fifty-five thousand enlisted men, and sixty-five thousand civilian employees, and that number is being increased all the time to keep pace with the wants of our constantly increasing Army."

In 1919, Goethals requested his release from active service.

Honors and awards
For his World War I service General Goethals, who retired March 1, 1919—and whom General Peyton C. March, the Army Chief of Staff, called "a great engineer, a great soldier, and the greatest Chief of Supply produced by any nation in the World War "—was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal; was named Commander of the Legion of Honor by France and Honorary Knight Commander, by Great Britain; and was awarded the British Order of St. Michael & St. George and the Grand Cordon of the Order of Wen Hu by China. Previously he had been awarded many medals by scientific and geographic societies and some fifteen honorary degrees by universities and colleges. The citation for his Army DSM reads:

"The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Major General George Washington Goethals, United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I, in reorganizing the Quartermaster Department and in organizing and administering the Division of Purchase, Storage, and Traffic during the war."

Civilian life
Later on, he headed an engineering and construction firm. He became the first consulting engineer of the Port of New York Authority (now the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey or PANYNJ). Both the original Goethals Bridge and the current Goethals Bridge, which the PANYNJ operates between New York and New Jersey, were named for him. Goethals was an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and the United States National Academy of Sciences.

Personal life and death
In 1884, he married Effie Rodman; they had two sons. Goethals died at his apartment at 12 East 86th Street in Manhattan, New York City on January 21, 1928. He was buried at the cemetery of the United States Military Academy at West Point.

Legacy and tributes

 * He is the great-great-grandfather of actress Angela Goethals.
 * In World War II, the United States liberty ship, USNS George W. Goethals (T-AP-182), was named in his honor.
 * The United States Army Corps of Engineers dredge Goethals, which operated 1937–1982, was named in his honor.
 * The Goethals Medal was named after him, awarded by the Society of American Military Engineers for eminent contributions to engineering and related fields.
 * The Goethals Bridge between Staten Island, New York City and Elizabeth, New Jersey also bears his name.
 * The Goethals Road North in Staten Island, New York City bears his name.
 * The Goethals Avenue in Queens, New York City bears his name.

 * Streets are named for him in Richland, Washington, in Queens, New York City at St. John's University,  in Fort Leonard Wood and in Gamboa, Panama.the Goethals Blvd.
 * His image is depicted on several US and Panama Canal Zone stamps.
 * The Goethals Monument was built in Panama City in 1954.
 * Goethalsia, a monotypic genus of flowering plants from Central America. Was named after him.

title: George Washington Goethals


text:
Red Herring (magazine)

Red Herring is a media company that at different times has published a magazine about tech innovation, an online daily technology news service, and technology newsletters, and has hosted events for technology leaders.

Red Herring is perhaps best known for its Red Herring Top 100 technology awards and international conferences it hosts each year. The Red Herring Top 100 began in 1996 and highlights startup companies and private ventures in Asia, Europe, and the Americas.

Red Herring began as a technology business magazine in 1993 and flourished during the dot com boom, with global distribution and bureaus in Bangalore, Beijing, and Paris. It also sponsored conferences designed to bring venture capitalists, entrepreneurs, and technologists together. The magazine went into decline with the dot com crash, and ceased print publication in 2003. It was relaunched in late 2004 under publisher Alex Vieux and editor-in-chief Joel Dreyfuss, but again ceased print publication in 2007, continuing publication in digital form until 2011. Red Herring continues to publish technology sector news online.

History
Red Herring began as a magazine in Belmont, California, founded in 1993 by a former banker named Anthony Perkins. Perkins named the magazine "Red Herring" after what bankers use to describe the prospectus for an initial public offering of stock. The publication initially focused on the venture capital community and expanded its focus to include more of the technology sector.

The founders sold stakes in the magazine to outside investors, but as the dot-com bust deepened, the magazine struggled, ceasing publication in 2003. Later that year, Alex Vieux of Dasar acquired some of the company's assets. In September 2003, Vieux relaunched the Herring as a website with James Daly as editor-in-chief. The first official issue of the relaunched print publication was published in November 2004.

Corporate history
Perkins had previously founded Upside magazine with Rich Karlgaard (who later became publisher of Forbes). Chris Alden and Zack Herlick, friends since junior high school, had started a computer consulting company and taught computer science prior to partnering with Perkins.

Ron Conway, of Angel Investors, was an early adviser and board member.

Dot-com era
Red Herring launched an event and an Internet division on the same day in May 1995 when Venture Market West premiered in Monterey, California, accompanied by the company's first website. The Venture Market series (including West, East, South, and Europe) ran successfully until 2001 and were accompanied by other events, such as NDA, Venture, and Herring on Hollywood.

The Internet operation grew steadily and peaked in 2000 when it acquired Stockmaster.com.

Ziff Davis invested $2 million in Red Herring in 1997 for approximately 10% of the company, with Eric Hippeau, then CEO of ZD, joining the Red Herring board. Scott Briggs, a former president of Ziff Davis, joined the board in 1997 as well. Broadview Capital Partners invested $25 million into Red Herring in 2000, with Steven Brooks and Stephen Bachman joining the board.

Red Herring was joined in the late 1990s by competitors such as IDG's The Industry Standard and Imagine Media's Business 2.0. It was also compared to Wired magazine, Fast Company, and Inside.com.

Hilary Schneider was hired by the board as CEO in late 2000 and succeeded Alden (who had succeeded Perkins as CEO).

Red Herring's revenues reached nearly $100 million with a staff around 350, but contracted in 2001 and 2002. BCP invested in several additional rounds to help stabilise the organisation, which went through several rounds of layoffs. Through these financings, BCP obtained control of Red Herring and in 2002 put the company through an assignment for the benefit of creditors (ABC), which is a California state process similar to a federal bankruptcy. RHC Media, owned by BCP, bought the Red Herring assets out of ABC and kept the business operating.

After trying unsuccessfully to sell the company, RHC Media decided in early 2003 to cease operations and sell the company's assets. The subscription obligation was sold to Time Inc. and the Red Herring brand, URL, and Intellectual Property (such as back issues and online content) were sold to Alex Vieux, Anam Alpenia, Ana Baltodano and Dani Essindi Behrendt of DASAR.

Purchase
In April 2003, Vieux, a French technology leader and entrepreneur, purchased the Red Herring brand with plans to revive the magazine. DASAR, a French company led by Vieux, held a 20 percent stake in the undisclosed purchase price.

Vieux began hiring employees and refocusing the Red Herring brand out of offices in Mountain View, Calif. James Daly, founding editor-in-chief of Business 2.0, was hired to head the Red Herring editorial staff. James Dreyfuss, a former editor of PC Week and Information Week, was hired as editor-in-chief.

Vieux vowed to make the magazine "systematically global," focusing on influential technology companies large and small around the world. He refocused Red Herring's target audience to C-level tech executives and international readers. Building a solid editorial team and keeping costs low were also high priorities for Vieux during Red Herring's revival. He claimed to have spent 20 percent less per weekly issue than publishers spent previously.

Post dot-com relaunch
Shortly after the purchase by DASAR, the new owners brought in a team of new editors with experience at competitors of the former print magazine. Red Herring re-launched as a website in the fall of 2003.

Red Herring produced several test issues of the print magazine in the fall of 2004 and launched as a full-fledged weekly magazine in January 2005. The print edition came to an end in 2007, but a digital edition continued, available via the company's website.

In recent years, Red Herring has been focused in actively promoting the events and awards for new innovative startups, venture capital scene and these events are branded as Red Herring Global 100, Red Herring North America 100, Red Herring Europe 100 and Red Herring Asia 100.

Controversy
Some noted critics say that the Red Herring Top 100 is a scam and companies are forced to pay a large fee to attend award ceremonies in order to receive the award. Red Herring has objected to the criticism.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Red Herring (magazine)


text:
Talk:Federal Council (Switzerland)

 * Pre-2006 discussion can be found at Talk:Swiss_Federal_Council/Archive_1

"Women (...) remain poorly represented on the Council"
Of the current seven members of the Council, three are women. That doesn't look like poor representation to me... --Jcmo (talk) 13:28, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

it's a claim, and a claim needs an attribution. If it hasn't got one, remove it. obviously, women have been underrepresented 1971 to 1984, when there weren't any on the council. Since 1984, six out of fourteen Councillors elected were women. Now 6 is obviuosly still less than 50% of 14, but the progression was such that of six Councillors elected during the 2000s, three were women, so that for the past decade, the claim does not hold good. We are, of course, still waiting for the first time that four women are on the council, but the point is that gender is just not an issue in elections any longer. At this point, claiming that women are underrepresented is just as random a statement as claiming that redheads, or waterski enthusiasts, or cat owners are underrepresented. Obviously, if you elect seven out of four million people, lots of demographic segments will not be represented at all. But whether this is relevant or not is entirely dependent on, who can we cite as claiming it was relevant (WP:RS). --dab (𒁳) 10:38, 24 August 2009 (UTC)

GA Reassessment

 * This discussion is transcluded from Talk:Swiss Federal Council/GA1. The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the reassessment.

GA Sweeps: Delisted
As part of the WikiProject Good Articles, we're doing sweeps to go over all of the current GAs and see if they still meet the GA criteria. I believe the article currently has multiple issues that need to be addressed, and as a result, I have delisted the article. Although several references are listed, there are no inline citations for the majority of the article's content which is required under the criteria. Add additional citations from a variety of sources to provide a balanced representation of the information present. Perhaps sources can be pulled from the main articles linked to within the article. Look to books, magazines, newspaper articles, other websites, etc. The lead also needs to be expanded to better summarize the article. See WP:LEAD for guidelines. There are also multiple grammar issues throughout the article as well as single sentences that should either be expanded on or incorporated into other paragraphs. Although the article has been delisted, the article can be return to GA status by addressing the above points. Once sources are added and cleanup is done, I recommend renominating the article at WP:GAN or you can contact me on my talk page and I'll review it for you so you can bypass the month-long backlog. If you need assistance with any of these issues, please contact me on my talk page and I'll do my best to help you out. --Happy editing! Nehrams2020 (talk • contrib) 05:00, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

this article may be incorrect
I watch TSR, Swiss news. Dec 2015.. The federal council has 8 members, not 7. Must have been increased by 1. One of the members was a very short man. Who is he? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Markus451 (talk • contribs)
 * The article is correct (you can check out https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start.html in case of doubt). You probably mistook the new Federal Chancellor, Walter Thurnherr, for a council member. The chancellor, as the chief of staff for the council, is usually on their group pictures. MLauba (Talk) 22:37, 2 January 2016 (UTC)

Since it includes Walter Thurnherr, it's not technically a picture of the subject of the article, the (7-member) federal council. But then again, it's a very nice picture. Khromegnome (talk) 14:22, 16 March 2020 (UTC)

"Government of Switzerland" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Switzerland&redirect=no Government of Switzerland] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Queen of Hearts 02:34, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Federal Council (Switzerland)


text:
Hard hat

A hard hat is a type of helmet predominantly used in workplace environments such as industrial or construction sites to protect the head from injury due to falling objects, impact with other objects, debris, rain, and electric shock. Suspension bands inside the helmet spread the helmet's weight and the force of any impact over the top of the head. A suspension also provides space of approximately 30 mm (1.2 inches) between the helmet's shell and the wearer's head, so that if an object strikes the shell, the impact is less likely to be transmitted directly to the skull. Some helmet shells have a mid-line reinforcement ridge to improve impact resistance. The rock climbing helmet fulfills a very similar role in a different context and has a very similar design.

A bump cap is a lightweight hard hat using a simplified suspension or padding and a chin strap. Bump caps are used where there is a possibility of scraping or bumping one's head on equipment or structure projections but are not sufficient to absorb large impacts, such as that from a tool dropped from several stories.

History
In the early years of the shipbuilding industry, workers covered their hats with pitch (tar), and set them in the sun to cure, a common practice for dock workers in constant danger of being hit on the head by objects dropped from ship decks.

Management professor Peter Drucker credited writer Franz Kafka with developing the first civilian hard hat while employed at the Worker's Accident Insurance Institute for the Kingdom of Bohemia (1912), but this information is not supported by any document from his employer.

In the United States, the E.D. Bullard Company was a mining equipment firm in California created by Edward Dickinson Bullard in 1898, a veteran of the industrial safety business for 20 years. The company sold protective hats made of leather. His son, E. W. Bullard, returned home from World War I with a steel helmet that provided him with ideas to improve industrial safety. In 1919 Bullard patented a "Hard-Boiled hat" made of steamed canvas, glue and black paint. That same year, the U.S. Navy commissioned Bullard to create a shipyard protective cap that began the widespread use of hard hats. Not long after, Bullard developed an internal suspension to provide a more effective hat. These early designs bore a resemblance to the steel M1917 "Brodie" military helmet that served as their inspiration.

MSA introduced the new non-conductive thermoplastic, reinforced Bakelite-based "Skullguard" Helmet in 1930. Able to withstand high temperatures and radiant heat loads in the metals industry up to 350 °F (177 °C) without burning the wearer, it was also safe around high-voltage electricity. Bakelite was used to provide protection rigid enough to withstand hard sudden impacts within a high-heat environment but still be light enough for practical use. Made of a Bakelite resin reinforced with wire screen and linen, the Skullgard Helmet is still manufactured in nearly two dozen models in 2021. MSA also produced a low-crown version for coal miners known as Comfo-Cap Headgear, likewise offered with fittings for a headlamp and battery.

On the Hoover Dam project in 1931, hard hat use was mandated by Six Companies, Inc. In 1933, construction began on the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco California. Construction workers were required to wear hard hats, by order of Joseph Strauss, project chief engineer. Strauss strove to create a safe workplace; hence, he installed safety nets and required hard hats to be worn while on the job site. Strauss also asked Bullard to create a hard hat to protect workers who performed sandblasting. Bullard produced a design that covered the worker's face, provided a window for vision and a supply of fresh air via a hose connected to an air compressor. The MSA Skullgard was the best, but quite expensive. Many hard hats were made of cheaper steel.

Lighter affordable aluminum became popular for hard hats around 1938, except for electrical applications. Fiberglass came into use in the 1940s. Injection-molded thermoplastics appeared in the 1950s, and began to dominate in the 1960s. Easily shaped with heat, it is cost-effective to manufacture. In 1952, MSA offered the Shockgard Helmet to protect linemen from electrical shock of up to 10,000 volts. In 1961, MSA released the Topgard Helmet, the first polycarbonate hard hat. 1962 brought the V-Gard Helmet, which today is the most widely used hard hat in the United States. Today, most hard hats are made from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or advanced engineering resins, such as Ultem.

In 1997, ANSI allowed the development of a ventilated hard hat to keep wearers cooler. Accessories such as face shields, sun visors, earmuffs, and perspiration-absorbing lining cloths could also be used; today, attachments include radios, walkie-talkies, pagers, and cameras.

Design

Because hard hats are intended to protect the wearer's head from impacts, hats are made from durable materials, originally from metal, then Bakelite composite, fiberglass, and most-commonly (from the 1950s onward) molded thermoplastic.

Some contemporary cap-style hard hats feature a rolled edge that acts as a rain gutter to channel rainwater to the front, allowing water to drain off the bill, instead of running down the wearer's neck. A wide-brimmed cowboy hat-style hard hat is made, although some organizations disallow their use.

Organizations issuing hard hats often include their name, logo, or some other message (as for a ceremonial corner stone laying) on the front.

Accessories
Hard hats may also be fitted with:
 * A visor, as in a welding helmet, or safety visor.
 * An extra-wide brim attachment for additional shade.
 * Ear protectors.
 * Mirrors for increased rear field-of-view.
 * A small device that is used to mount a headlamp or flashlight to a hard hat. The mounting device frees hands to continue working rather than having to hold a flashlight.
 * A chinstrap to keep the helmet from falling off if the wearer leans over.
 * Thick insulating side pads to keep sides of the head warm. Examples are seen in Ice Road Truckers.
 * Silicone bands stretched around the brim for color worker ID and Hi Viz night retro-reflectivity.

Colors and identification

Hard hat colors can signify different roles on construction sites. These color designations vary from company to company and worksite to worksite. Government agencies such as the United States Navy and DOT have their own hard hat color scheme that may apply to subcontractors. On very large projects involving a number of companies, employees of the same company may wear the same color hat.

Stickers
Stickers, labels and markers are used to mark hard hats so that important information can be shared. As some paints or permanent markers can degrade the plastic in hard hats, adhesive labels or tape are often used instead. Stickers with company logos, and those that indicate a worker's training, qualifications, or security level, are also common. Many companies provide ready-made stickers to indicate that a worker has been trained in electrical, confined space, or excavation trench safety, as well as operation of specialized equipment. Environmental monitors often make stickers to indicate that the worker has been educated on the risk of unexploded ordnance or the archaeological/biological sensitivity of a given area. Unions may offer hard hat stickers to their members to promote the union, encourage safety, and commemorate significant milestones.

A hard hat also provides workers with a distinctive profile, readily identifiable even in peripheral vision, for safety around equipment or traffic. Reflective tape can increase visibility both day and night.

Standards
OSHA regulation 1910.135 states that the employer shall ensure that each affected employee wears a protective helmet when working in areas where there is a potential for injury to the head from falling objects. Additionally, the employer shall ensure that a protective helmet designed to reduce electrical shock hazard is worn by each such affected employee when near exposed electrical conductors which could contact the head.

The OSHA regulation does not specifically cover any criteria for the protective helmets, instead OSHA requires that protective helmets comply with ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014 – American National Standard for Industrial Head Protection.

Each hard hat is specified by both Type and Class. Types include: Classes: A hard hat is specified by both Type and Class; for example: Type I Class G.
 * ANSI Type I / CSA Type 1 hard hats meet stringent vertical impact and penetration requirements.
 * ANSI Type II / CSA Type 2 hard hats meet both vertical and lateral impact and penetration requirements and have a foam inner liner made of expanded polystyrene (EPS).
 * Class E (Electrical) provides dielectric protection up to 20,000 volts.
 * Class G (General) provides dielectric protection up to 2,200 volts.
 * Class C (Conductive) provides no dielectric protection.

ANSI standards for hard hats set combustibility or flammability criteria. ANSI Z89 standard was significantly revised in 1986, 1997 and 2003. The current American standard for hard hats is ISEA Z89.1-2009, by the International Safety Equipment Association that took over publication of the Z89 standard from ANSI. The ISO standard for industrial protective headgear is ISO 3873, first published in 1977.

In the UK, the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Regulations 1992 specifies that hard hats are a component of PPE and, by law, all those working on construction sites or within hazardous environments are required to wear hard hats.

In Europe all hard hats must have a manufacturer set lifespan, this can be determined from the expiry date or a set period from the manufacture date, which is either stuck to the inside or embossed in the hard hat's material.

title: Hard hat


text:
Scox

Scox may refer to:

 * Scox, an alternate spelling of Shax, a figure in demonology
 * SCOX, the NASDAQ stock ticker for the SCO Group

title: Scox


text:
Bitwise operation

In computer programming, a bitwise operation operates on a bit string, a bit array or a binary numeral (considered as a bit string) at the level of its individual bits. It is a fast and simple action, basic to the higher-level arithmetic operations and directly supported by the processor. Most bitwise operations are presented as two-operand instructions where the result replaces one of the input operands.

On simple low-cost processors, typically, bitwise operations are substantially faster than division, several times faster than multiplication, and sometimes significantly faster than addition. While modern processors usually perform addition and multiplication just as fast as bitwise operations due to their longer instruction pipelines and other architectural design choices, bitwise operations do commonly use less power because of the reduced use of resources.

Bitwise operators
In the explanations below, any indication of a bit's position is counted from the right (least significant) side, advancing left. For example, the binary value 0001 (decimal 1) has zeroes at every position but the first (i.e., the rightmost) one.

NOT
The bitwise NOT, or bitwise complement, is a unary operation that performs logical negation on each bit, forming the ones' complement of the given binary value. Bits that are 0 become 1, and those that are 1 become 0. For example:

NOT 0111 (decimal 7) = 1000 (decimal 8)

NOT 10101011 (decimal 171) = 01010100 (decimal 84)

The result is equal to the two's complement of the value minus one. If two's complement arithmetic is used, then.

For unsigned integers, the bitwise complement of a number is the "mirror reflection" of the number across the half-way point of the unsigned integer's range. For example, for 8-bit unsigned integers,, which can be visualized on a graph as a downward line that effectively "flips" an increasing range from 0 to 255, to a decreasing range from 255 to 0. A simple but illustrative example use is to invert a grayscale image where each pixel is stored as an unsigned integer.

AND
A bitwise AND is a binary operation that takes two equal-length binary representations and performs the logical AND operation on each pair of the corresponding bits. Thus, if both bits in the compared position are 1, the bit in the resulting binary representation is 1 (1 × 1 = 1); otherwise, the result is 0 (1 × 0 = 0 and 0 × 0 = 0). For example:

0101 (decimal 5) AND 0011 (decimal 3) = 0001 (decimal 1)

The operation may be used to determine whether a particular bit is set (1) or cleared (0). For example, given a bit pattern 0011 (decimal 3), to determine whether the second bit is set we use a bitwise AND with a bit pattern containing 1 only in the second bit:

0011 (decimal 3) AND 0010 (decimal 2) = 0010 (decimal 2)

Because the result 0010 is non-zero, we know the second bit in the original pattern was set. This is often called bit masking. (By analogy, the use of masking tape covers, or masks, portions that should not be altered or portions that are not of interest. In this case, the 0 values mask the bits that are not of interest.)

The bitwise AND may be used to clear selected bits (or flags) of a register in which each bit represents an individual Boolean state. This technique is an efficient way to store a number of Boolean values using as little memory as possible.

For example, 0110 (decimal 6) can be considered a set of four flags numbered from right to left, where the first and fourth flags are clear (0), and the second and third flags are set (1). The third flag may be cleared by using a bitwise AND with the pattern that has a zero only in the third bit:

0110 (decimal 6) AND 1011 (decimal 11) = 0010 (decimal 2)

Because of this property, it becomes easy to check the parity of a binary number by checking the value of the lowest valued bit. Using the example above:

0110 (decimal 6) AND 0001 (decimal 1) = 0000 (decimal 0)

Because 6 AND 1 is zero, 6 is divisible by two and therefore even.

OR
A bitwise OR is a binary operation that takes two bit patterns of equal length and performs the logical inclusive OR operation on each pair of corresponding bits. The result in each position is 0 if both bits are 0, while otherwise the result is 1. For example:

0101 (decimal 5) OR 0011 (decimal 3) = 0111 (decimal 7)

The bitwise OR may be used to set to 1 the selected bits of the register described above. For example, the fourth bit of 0010 (decimal 2) may be set by performing a bitwise OR with the pattern with only the fourth bit set:

0010 (decimal 2) OR 1000 (decimal 8) = 1010 (decimal 10)

XOR
A bitwise XOR is a binary operation that takes two bit patterns of equal length and performs the logical exclusive OR operation on each pair of corresponding bits. The result in each position is 1 if only one of the bits is 1, but will be 0 if both are 0 or both are 1. In this we perform the comparison of two bits, being 1 if the two bits are different, and 0 if they are the same. For example:

0101 (decimal 5) XOR 0011 (decimal 3) = 0110 (decimal 6)

The bitwise XOR may be used to invert selected bits in a register (also called toggle or flip). Any bit may be toggled by XORing it with 1. For example, given the bit pattern 0010 (decimal 2) the second and fourth bits may be toggled by a bitwise XOR with a bit pattern containing 1 in the second and fourth positions:

0010 (decimal 2) XOR 1010 (decimal 10) = 1000 (decimal 8)

This technique may be used to manipulate bit patterns representing sets of Boolean states.

Assembly language programmers and optimizing compilers sometimes use XOR as a short-cut to setting the value of a register to zero. Performing XOR on a value against itself always yields zero, and on many architectures this operation requires fewer clock cycles and less memory than loading a zero value and saving it to the register.

If the set of bit strings of fixed length n (i.e. machine words) is thought of as an n-dimensional vector space $${\bf F}_2^n$$ over the field ${\bf F}_2$, then vector addition corresponds to the bitwise XOR.

Mathematical equivalents
Assuming $x \geq y$, for the non-negative integers, the bitwise operations can be written as follows:

 * $$\begin{align}

\operatorname{NOT}x &= \sum_{n=0}^{\lfloor\log_2(x)\rfloor} 2^n\left[\left(\left\lfloor\frac{x}{2^n}\right\rfloor \bmod 2 + 1\right) \bmod 2\right] = 2^{\left\lfloor\log_2(x)\right\rfloor + 1} - 1 - x \\ x\operatorname{AND}y &= \sum_{n=0}^{\lfloor\log_2(x)\rfloor} 2^n\left(\left\lfloor\frac{x}{2^n}\right\rfloor \bmod 2\right)\left(\left\lfloor\frac{y}{2^n}\right\rfloor \bmod 2\right) \\  x\operatorname{OR}y &= \sum_{n=0}^{\lfloor\log_2(x)\rfloor} 2^n\left(\left(\left\lfloor\frac{x}{2^n}\right\rfloor \bmod 2\right) + \left(\left\lfloor\frac{y}{2^n}\right\rfloor \bmod 2\right) - \left(\left\lfloor\frac{x}{2^n}\right\rfloor \bmod 2\right)\left(\left\lfloor\frac{y}{2^n}\right\rfloor \bmod 2\right)\right) \\ x\operatorname{XOR}y &= \sum_{n=0}^{\lfloor\log_2(x)\rfloor} 2^n\left(\left[\left(\left\lfloor\frac{x}{2^n}\right\rfloor \bmod 2\right) + \left(\left\lfloor\frac{y}{2^n}\right\rfloor \bmod 2\right)\right]\bmod 2\right) = \sum_{n=0}^{\lfloor\log_2(x)\rfloor} 2^n\left[\left(\left\lfloor\frac{x}{2^n}\right\rfloor + \left\lfloor\frac{y}{2^n}\right\rfloor\right) \bmod 2\right] \end{align}$$

Truth table for all binary logical operators
There are 16 possible truth functions of two binary variables; this defines a truth table.

Here is the bitwise equivalent operations of two bits P and Q:

Bit shifts
The bit shifts are sometimes considered bitwise operations, because they treat a value as a series of bits rather than as a numerical quantity. In these operations, the digits are moved, or shifted, to the left or right. Registers in a computer processor have a fixed width, so some bits will be "shifted out" of the register at one end, while the same number of bits are "shifted in" from the other end; the differences between bit shift operators lie in how they determine the values of the shifted-in bits.

Bit addressing
If the width of the register (frequently 32 or even 64) is larger than the number of bits (usually 8) of the smallest addressable unit, frequently called byte, the shift operations induce an addressing scheme from the bytes to the bits. Thereby the orientations "left" and "right" are taken from the standard writing of numbers in a place-value notation, such that a left shift increases and a right shift decreases the value of the number ― if the left digits are read first, this makes up a big-endian orientation. Disregarding the boundary effects at both ends of the register, arithmetic and logical shift operations behave the same, and a shift by 8 bit positions transports the bit pattern by 1 byte position in the following way:

 * Little-endian ordering:
 * a left shift by 8 positions increases the byte address by 1,
 * a right shift by 8 positions decreases the byte address by 1.
 * Big-endian ordering:
 * a left shift by 8 positions decreases the byte address by 1,
 * a right shift by 8 positions increases the byte address by 1.
 * }
 * a left shift by 8 positions decreases the byte address by 1,
 * a right shift by 8 positions increases the byte address by 1.
 * }
 * a right shift by 8 positions increases the byte address by 1.
 * }

Arithmetic shift
In an arithmetic shift, the bits that are shifted out of either end are discarded. In a left arithmetic shift, zeros are shifted in on the right; in a right arithmetic shift, the sign bit (the MSB in two's complement) is shifted in on the left, thus preserving the sign of the operand.

This example uses an 8-bit register, interpreted as two's complement:

00010111 (decimal +23) LEFT-SHIFT = 00101110 (decimal +46)

10010111 (decimal −105) RIGHT-SHIFT = 11001011 (decimal −53)

In the first case, the leftmost digit was shifted past the end of the register, and a new 0 was shifted into the rightmost position. In the second case, the rightmost 1 was shifted out (perhaps into the carry flag), and a new 1 was copied into the leftmost position, preserving the sign of the number. Multiple shifts are sometimes shortened to a single shift by some number of digits. For example:

00010111 (decimal +23) LEFT-SHIFT-BY-TWO = 01011100 (decimal +92)

A left arithmetic shift by n is equivalent to multiplying by 2n (provided the value does not overflow), while a right arithmetic shift by n of a two's complement value is equivalent to taking the floor of division by 2n. If the binary number is treated as ones' complement, then the same right-shift operation results in division by 2n and rounding toward zero.

Logical shift
In a logical shift, zeros are shifted in to replace the discarded bits. Therefore, the logical and arithmetic left-shifts are exactly the same.

However, as the logical right-shift inserts value 0 bits into the most significant bit, instead of copying the sign bit, it is ideal for unsigned binary numbers, while the arithmetic right-shift is ideal for signed two's complement binary numbers.

Circular shift
Another form of shift is the circular shift, bitwise rotation or bit rotation.

Rotate
In this operation, sometimes called rotate no carry, the bits are "rotated" as if the left and right ends of the register were joined. The value that is shifted into the right during a left-shift is whatever value was shifted out on the left, and vice versa for a right-shift operation. This is useful if it is necessary to retain all the existing bits, and is frequently used in digital cryptography.

Rotate through carry
Rotate through carry is a variant of the rotate operation, where the bit that is shifted in (on either end) is the old value of the carry flag, and the bit that is shifted out (on the other end) becomes the new value of the carry flag.

A single rotate through carry can simulate a logical or arithmetic shift of one position by setting up the carry flag beforehand. For example, if the carry flag contains 0, then  is a logical right-shift, and if the carry flag contains a copy of the sign bit, then   is an arithmetic right-shift. For this reason, some microcontrollers such as low end PICs just have rotate and rotate through carry, and don't bother with arithmetic or logical shift instructions.

Rotate through carry is especially useful when performing shifts on numbers larger than the processor's native word size, because if a large number is stored in two registers, the bit that is shifted off one end of the first register must come in at the other end of the second. With rotate-through-carry, that bit is "saved" in the carry flag during the first shift, ready to shift in during the second shift without any extra preparation.

In C family of languages
In C and C++ languages, the logical shift operators are " " for left shift and " " for right shift. The number of places to shift is given as the second argument to the operator. For example,

assigns  the result of shifting   to the left by two bits, which is equivalent to a multiplication by four.

Shifts can result in implementation-defined behavior or undefined behavior, so care must be taken when using them. The result of shifting by a bit count greater than or equal to the word's size is undefined behavior in C and C++. Right-shifting a negative value is implementation-defined and not recommended by good coding practice; the result of left-shifting a signed value is undefined if the result cannot be represented in the result type.

In C#, the right-shift is an arithmetic shift when the first operand is an int or long. If the first operand is of type uint or ulong, the right-shift is a logical shift.

Circular shifts
The C-family of languages lack a rotate operator (although C++20 provides  and  ), but one can be synthesized from the shift operators. Care must be taken to ensure the statement is well formed to avoid undefined behavior and timing attacks in software with security requirements. For example, a naive implementation that left-rotates a 32-bit unsigned value  by   positions is simply

However, a shift by  bits results in undefined behavior in the right-hand expression   because   is , and   is outside the range 0–31 inclusive. A second try might result in where the shift amount is tested to ensure that it does not introduce undefined behavior. However, the branch adds an additional code path and presents an opportunity for timing analysis and attack, which is often not acceptable in high-integrity software. In addition, the code compiles to multiple machine instructions, which is often less efficient than the processor's native instruction.

To avoid the undefined behavior and branches under GCC and Clang, the following is recommended. The pattern is recognized by many compilers, and the compiler will emit a single rotate instruction:

There are also compiler-specific intrinsics implementing circular shifts, like _rotl8, _rotl16, _rotr8, _rotr16 in Microsoft Visual C++. Clang provides some rotate intrinsics for Microsoft compatibility that suffers the problems above. GCC does not offer rotate intrinsics. Intel also provides x86 intrinsics.

Java
In Java, all integer types are signed, so the " " and " " operators perform arithmetic shifts. Java adds the operator " " to perform logical right shifts, but since the logical and arithmetic left-shift operations are identical for signed integer, there is no " " operator in Java.

More details of Java shift operators:
 * The operators  (left shift),   (signed right shift), and   (unsigned right shift) are called the shift operators.
 * The type of the shift expression is the promoted type of the left-hand operand. For example,  is equivalent to ((int) aByte) >>> 2.
 * If the promoted type of the left-hand operand is int, only the five lowest-order bits of the right-hand operand are used as the shift distance. It is as if the right-hand operand were subjected to a bitwise logical AND operator & with the mask value 0x1f (0b11111). The shift distance actually used is therefore always in the range 0 to 31, inclusive.
 * If the promoted type of the left-hand operand is long, then only the six lowest-order bits of the right-hand operand are used as the shift distance. It is as if the right-hand operand were subjected to a bitwise logical AND operator & with the mask value 0x3f (0b111111). The shift distance actually used is therefore always in the range 0 to 63, inclusive.
 * The value of n >>> s is n right-shifted s bit positions with zero-extension.
 * In bit and shift operations, the type  is implicitly converted to  . If the byte value is negative, the highest bit is one, then ones are used to fill up the extra bytes in the int. So 0x0200; will result in i == -5.

JavaScript
JavaScript uses bitwise operations to evaluate each of two or more units place to 1 or 0.

Pascal
In Pascal, as well as in all its dialects (such as Object Pascal and Standard Pascal), the logical left and right shift operators are " " and " ", respectively. Even for signed integers,  behaves like a logical shift, and does not copy the sign bit. The number of places to shift is given as the second argument. For example, the following assigns x the result of shifting y to the left by two bits:

Other

 * popcount, used in cryptography
 * count leading zeros

Applications
Bitwise operations are necessary particularly in lower-level programming such as device drivers, low-level graphics, communications protocol packet assembly, and decoding.

Although machines often have efficient built-in instructions for performing arithmetic and logical operations, all these operations can be performed by combining the bitwise operators and zero-testing in various ways. For example, here is a pseudocode implementation of ancient Egyptian multiplication showing how to multiply two arbitrary integers  and   (  greater than  ) using only bitshifts and addition:

Another example is a pseudocode implementation of addition, showing how to calculate a sum of two integers  and   using bitwise operators and zero-testing:

Boolean algebra
Sometimes it is useful to simplify complex expressions made up of bitwise operations, for example when writing compilers. The goal of a compiler is to translate a high level programming language into the most efficient machine code possible. Boolean algebra is used to simplify complex bitwise expressions.

AND

XOR

Additionally, XOR can be composed using the 3 basic operations (AND, OR, NOT)

Inverses and solving equations
It can be hard to solve for variables in Boolean algebra, because unlike regular algebra, several operations do not have inverses. Operations without inverses lose some of the original data bits when they are performed, and it is not possible to recover this missing information.

 * Has inverse
 * NOT
 * XOR
 * Rotate left
 * Rotate right
 * No inverse
 * AND
 * OR
 * Shift left
 * Shift right

Order of operations
Operations at the top of this list are executed first. See the main article for a more complete list.

title: Bitwise operation


text:
Chax

Chax may refer to:

 * A Great Marquis of Hell, also spelled Shax
 * A line of Japanese products designed by Mori Chack
 * A free, third-party add-on for iChat

title: Chax


text:
User:Weezer76

x

title: User:Weezer76


text:
User:Don A

Don A lives in Toronto, Canada. His prime interests are George Bernard Shaw, The Fabians, The Theatre and England in Shaw's lifetime 1856-1950. For these interests he is deeply indebted to the world-class Shaw Festival in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada. (www.shawfest.com)

title: User:Don A


text:
Haagenti

In demonology, Haagenti is a Great President of Hell, ruling thirty-three legions of demons. He makes men wise by instructing them in every subject, transmutes all metals into gold, and changes wine into water and water into wine.

Haagenti is depicted as a big bull with the wings of a griffin, changing into a man under request of the conjurer.

Also called "Haage"/"Hgog".

title: Haagenti


text:
Joseph Gelfer

Joseph Gelfer (born 1974) is a British author and academic. He is noted for his academic analysis of spiritual and religious topics and masculinity. His book 2012: Decoding the Countercultural Apocalypse (which brought together scholarly analyses of the end of the world phenomenon from anthropology, Mayan studies, religious studies and cultural studies) attracted considerable media attention.

Gelfer is the founding and current editor of Journal of Men, Masculinities and Spirituality, creator of the Future Masculinity online course and Director of Masculinity Research.

Early life and education
Gelfer was born in 1974 in Southampton, England.

He has a BA Hons from University of Bristol and a doctorate in religious studies from Victoria University of Wellington (2008). His thesis was titled Numen, Old Men: contemporary masculine spiritualities and the problem of patriarchy.

Academic research and professional positions
Joseph Gelfer is a lecturer and tutor at Université Catholique de l'Ouest. He has had concurrent careers in research in religion and masculinities and in academic editing and coaching. He has held positions as Adjunct Research Associate at the School of Political and Social Inquiry at Monash University, Honorary Research Associate at University of Divinity, Melbourne, as editorial specialist at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) and an assistant editor at the University of London.

The book derived from his doctoral thesis, Numen, Old Men: Contemporary Masculine Spiritualities and the Problem of Patriarchy (Equinox Publishers, 2009) proposed that masculine spirituality tends to perpetuate a patriarchal spirituality, and that gay spirituality and queer theory can be a useful way to think about masculinities for all men, gay or straight. He has published extensively on how masculinity functions in contemporary society and, more specifically, in contemporary religion. He proposes that by questioning the social construction of masculinity in the everyday it is possible to create a more equitable and sustainable society.

2012: Decoding the Countercultural Apocalypse
Leading up to and during 2012 Gelfer received media attention  surrounding the publishing of his book 2012: Decoding the Countercultural Apocalypse which brought together scholarly analyses of the end of the world phenomenon from anthropology, Mayan studies, religious studies and cultural studies. The book examined the "merits and demerits of cultural appropriation" and "the lack of consensus between different scholars and the inconsistent goals of different disciplines." Gelfer's aim in writing the book was "to strike some balance between visionary and critical thinking" and he was criticised by members from the skeptical, catastrophist, conspiracy and spiritually inclined communities for his non-partisan views. His proposition from the book's analysis was that no physical event would occur but "that people [would] realise the changes they dearly wish to see in the world will not come from some cosmic source, but rather instead political agency and social activism. And that, ironically, may result in 2012 being a catalyst for a shift in human consciousness, exactly as the prophets predicted."

Other writing
In addition to his academic work, Gelfer has also been active in social commentary publishing articles about such wide-ranging topics as psychedelic substances within a spiritual context,  the commercialisation of spiritualities, child discipline, open access publishing and teetotalism. He has also published a number of travel articles   and a book of Latrinalia called The Little Book of Toilet Graffiti (which according to Gelfer was simply a fund raising exercise and was followed by The Little Book of Student Bollocks and The Little Book of Office Bollocks).

The Five Stages of Masculinity

 * The Five Stages of Masculinity is a model used to view a person's understandings of masculinity. This model is the basis of the Masculinity Research organisation directed by Joseph Gelfer which offers " insight into men and masculinity in three key areas: Market research for products and services, Social research for non-profit and governmental policymakers [and] People and culture development for businesses and organizations."

InformitTV interviews
In 2012 Gelfer undertook a number of interviews on a variety of topics published through InformitTV.
 * Lynette Russell and Joseph Gelfer discuss the challenges faced by Indigenous Australians. Professor Lynette Russell is Director of Monash Indigenous Centre, Monash University. Professor Russell specialises in anthropological and Indigenous history.
 * Marcus Powe and Joseph Gelfer discuss the entrepreneurial spirit. Marcus Powe is an entrepreneurship and business coaching specialist who is the Entrepreneur in Residence at RMIT University
 * Jenny Smith and Joseph Gelfer discuss homelessness in Australia. Jenny Smith is the chief executive officer, Council to Homeless Persons in Victoria.
 * Sophie Cunningham and Joseph Gelfer discuss Australian literature. Sophie Cunningham is a Melbourne-based writer and editor.
 * Joseph Gelfer and Christopher Fairley discuss sexual health. Christopher Fairley is Director of the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Professor of Public Health at Monash University.

Books

 * Numen, Old Men: Contemporary Masculine Spiritualities and the Problem of Patriarchy (Equinox Publishers, 2009)
 * The Best of Journal of Men, Masculinities and Spirituality (Gorgias Press, 2010)
 * The Masculinity Conspiracy (Online, 2010). This is a free ebook.
 * 2012: Decoding the Countercultural Apocalypse (Equinox Publishers, 2011)
 * Masculinities in a Global Era (Springer, 2013)

Articles

 * "Changing Masculinity: Three Subtle Mistakes." The Good Men Project, February 2015.
 * "Masculinity, Terrorism and Charlie Hebdo." The Good Men Project, January 2015.
 * "Changing Masculinity: It’s Time to Pivot." The Good Men Project, January 2015.
 * "Why Won’t Australia Run Medical Trials of MDMA?" Vice, April 2014.
 * "After the 2012 Not-Apocalypse." Vice, January 2014.
 * "GenerationX-Men." Disinfo, August 2013.
 * "Smacks of Denial." Online Opinion, August 2013.
 * "Teetotal Consciousness Shift." The Good Men Project, May 2013.
 * "The Other Apocalypses." The Skeptic, September 2012.
 * "The Way Men Are." VoiceMale, Fall 2012.
 * "A Cynic in a Sweat Lodge." Travel Mag, May 2012.
 * "Gender, Sexuality and Psychedelic Spirituality." Elephant Journal, April 2012.
 * "Occupy Porosity." OnlineOpinion, April 2012.
 * "2012 and Indigenous Fantasy." Fortean Times, February 2012.
 * "Interview with Joseph Gelfer on 2012." Sacred Tribes Journal, February 2012.
 * "2012: Between Critical and Visionary Thinking." Reality Sandwich, January 2012.
 * "2012 Cometh: How to Prepare for the Apocalypse." The Conversation, January 2012.
 * "Towards a Sacramental Understanding of Dextromethorphan: A Research Story.” Entheogenesis Australis Journal (2010).
 * “The Masculinity Conspiracy." OnlineOpinion, May 2010.
 * "Both Remedy and Poison: Religious Men and the Future of Peace." Journal of Men, Masculinities and Spirituality 4, no. 1 (2010): 1–5.
 * "Open Access Economics." Journal of Men, Masculinities and Spirituality 3, no. 2 (2009): 97–99.
 * "Pray Like a Man." The Guardian, March 2009 (reprinted in E-Journal of Solidarity, Sustainability, and Nonviolence 5, no. 5 (2009).
 * "Menergy: Men’s Ministries and the New Masculinity." Religion Dispatches, May 2008.
 * "Turn On, Log In, Log Out." Religious Studies News, October 2006.
 * "Smacks of Denial." Scoop, August 2006.
 * "An Interview with Matthew Fox." Ashé, Summer 2006.
 * "I Remember Adlestrop." Perceptive Travel, March/April 2006.
 * "Otago, Invercargill & Stewart Island (update)." Fodors New Zealand 2006, edited by Jennifer Paull. New York: Fodors, 2006, pp. 409–437.
 * “H2Odyssey: The Human-Dolphin-Spirit Connection.” Rainbow News, December 2005.
 * “Review of ‘A New Reformation’ by Matthew Fox.” Ashé, Summer 2005.
 * “Climbing the Old Man: The Vanuatu Volcano." Pology Magazine, 2005.
 * "Review of 'The Miracle Detective' by Randall Sullivan." Ashé, Summer 2004.
 * "The Dreaming Project." Rainbow News, June 2004.
 * "New Catholics." The Tablet, March 2004.
 * "The Brits Abroad and the Philosophy of Holiday Hedonism." Exquisite Corpse, Winter 2003.
 * "Who'll Raise a Pint to the Future of Religion?" Spirituality & Health, Winter 2003.
 * "Review of 'The Sun at Midnight' by Laurence Galian." Ashé, Winter 2003.
 * "The Rugby Bible." Rugby World, November 2003.
 * "Healed by Hévíz." Fate Magazine, October 2003.
 * "Rumi Nation." Conscious Living, Autumn 2003.
 * "Radical Breaking News: The Surfer’s Bible.” Spirituality & Health, April 2003.
 * “Visiting a Celtic Christian Community.” Spirituality & Health, Summer 2002.
 * “Anarchy in the PRC." Exquisite Corpse, Spring/Summer 2002.
 * "Vanuatu Kaval Kool." Pilot Guides, Spring 2002.

Journal articles

 * "Meat and Masculinity in Men’s Ministries." The Journal of Men's Studies 21, no. 1 (2013): 78–91.
 * "Will the Real Joseph Gelfer Please Stand Up: Multiple Masculinities and the Self." NORMA: Nordic Journal for Masculinity Studies 7, no. 2 (2012): 125–138.
 * “Entheogenic Spirituality and Gender in Australia." Paranthropology 3, no. 3 (2012): 22–33.
 * "That’s Not How We Do Things Here: American Men’s Ministries in an Australasian Context." CrossCurrents 61, no. 4 (2011): 455–466.
 * "Lohas and the Indigo Dollar: Growing the Spiritual Economy." New Proposals: Journal of Marxism and Interdisciplinary Inquiry 4, no. 1 (2010): 48–60.
 * “Evangelical and Catholic Masculinities in Two Fatherhood Ministries." Feminist Theology 19, no. 1 (2010): 36–53.
 * "Identifying the Catholic Men’s Movement." The Journal of Men's Studies 16, no. 1 (2008): 41–56.
 * "Towards a Sacramental Understanding of Dextromethorphan." Journal of Alternative Spiritualities and New Age Studies 3 (2007): 80–96.

Chapters in books

 * "Integral Spirituality or Masculine Spirituality?" In Integral Voices on Sex, Gender, and Sexuality edited by Sarah Nicholson and Vanessa Fisher. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2014.
 * “Introduction” and “In a Prophetic Voice: Australasia 2012.” In 2012: Decoding the Countercultural Apocalypse, edited by Joseph Gelfer. London: Equinox Publishing, 2011, pp. 1–7, 144–162.
 * “A River Runs Through It: Queer Theory and Fatherhood.” In Papa, PhD: Essays on Fatherhood by Men in the Academy, edited by Mary Ruth Marotte and Paige Martin Reynolds. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2011, pp. 46–50.
 * “Introduction.” In The Best of Journal of Men, Masculinities and Spirituality, edited by Joseph Gelfer. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2010, pp. 11–16.
 * “Beyond a Sense of Place.” In Immigrant Academics and Cultural Challenges in a Global Environment, edited by Femi J. Kolapo. Youngstown, NY: Cambria Press, 2009, pp. 263–267.

Encyclopedia entries

 * “Focus on the Family” and “Million Man March.” In Religion and Politics in America, edited by Philip C. DiMare. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC Clio (forthcoming).
 * “Sisters of Mercy” and “Sisters of Charity.” In Encyclopedia of American Women’s History, edited by Hasia Diner. New York: Facts on File (forthcoming).
 * “Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence.” In Encyclopedia of Gay Folklife, edited by Mickey Weems. Armonk NY: M.E. Sharpe (forthcoming).
 * “Native American Church,” “Peyote Cult,” and “Roma.” In Encyclopedia of Immigration, Migration, & Nativism in American History, edited by James S. Olson and Bradley A. Olson. New York: Facts on File (2010).
 * “Men and Boys Drinking.” In Alcohol in Popular Culture: An Encyclopedia, edited by Rachel E. Black. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2010, pp. 131–133.
 * “Branch Davidians,” “Robert Pirsig” and “Psychedelia.” In American Countercultures: An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists, Alternative Lifestyles, and Radical Ideas in US History, edited by Gina Misiroglu. Armonk NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2009.
 * “Androgyny” and “World Magazine.” In Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices, edited by Roger Chapman. Armonk NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2009, pp. 24–25; 624–625.
 * “Buddhists and Buddhism” and “Mormons”. In LGBTQ America Today, edited by John Hawley. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2008, pp. 170–171; 762–763.
 * “Low riders,” “Ernesto Galarza,” and “Fray Junípero Serra.” In The US-Mexico Border: An Encyclopedia of Culture and Politics, edited by Andrew G. Wood. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2008, pp. 107–08; 141–43; 248–50.
 * “Playboys.” In International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities, edited by Michael Flood, Judith K. Gardiner, Bob Pease & Keith Pringle. London: Routledge, 2007, p. 483.

Reviews

 * “Review of The Making of Manhood Among Swedish Missionaries in China and Mongolia, c.1890–c.1914 and Christian Masculinity: Men and Religion in Northern Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries." Journal of Men, Masculinities and Spirituality 6, no. 1 (2012): 41–42.
 * "Review of ‘Men and Masculinities in Christianity and Judaism: A Critical Reader' edited by Bjorn Krondorfer." Journal of Men, Masculinities and Spirituality 4, no. 1 (2010): 41–42.
 * "Review of ‘The Good Men Project: Real Stories from the Front Lines of Modern Manhood' edited by James Houghton, Larry Bean & Tom Matlack." Journal of Men, Masculinities and Spirituality 4, no. 1 (2010): 32–33.
 * "Review of ‘The Hidden Spirituality of Men: Ten Metaphors to Awaken the Sacred Masculine' by Matthew Fox." Journal of Men, Masculinities and Spirituality 3, no. 1 (2009): 94–96.
 * "Review of 'A Psychonaut's Guide to the Invisible Landscape: The Topography of the Psychedelic Experience’ by Dan Carpenter.” International Journal of Drug Policy 18, no. 3 (2007): 240.
 * “Review of ‘From Boys to Men: Spiritual Rites of Passage in an Indulgent Age’ by Bret Stephenson.” Journal of Men, Masculinities and Spirituality 1, no. 1 (2007): 99–100.
 * “Review of ‘No More Christian Nice Guy' by Paul Coughlin." Journal of Men's Studies 14, no. 2 (2006): 259–60.

title: Joseph Gelfer


text:
Murmur

Murmur usually means:
 * Quiet or indistinct speech
 * Breathy voice, a type of phonation in speech, also known as a "murmured voice"
 * Heart murmur, a pathologic heart sound produced as a result of turbulent blood

Murmur can also refer to:

Music

 * Murmur (album), the 1983 debut R.E.M. album
 * Murmur (EP), a 2009 EP by The Sight Below
 * Murmur (record label), an imprint of Sony Music Australia
 * Murmur, a 2007 album by Yoko Shimomura
 * "Murmur", a song by John Frusciante from the 2001 album From the Sounds Inside
 * Murmurs (album), a 2006 album by Caroline Lufkin album
 * The Murmurs, an American band

Characters

 * Murmur (DC Comics), a male supervillain from The Flash comic book
 * Murmur (Marvel Comics), a female psychic superhero from the group Alpha Flight or a different male mutant character related to Hellions
 * Murmur (demon), a Great Duke and Earl of Hell
 * James "Murmur" Zancone, a character in The Sopranos (played by Lenny Venito)
 * Murmur, a minor character in the manga and anime series Future Diary

Computing

 * Murmur, the corresponding server to the communication software Mumble (software)
 * MurmurHash, a non-cryptographic hash function

Other uses

 * Murmur (film), a Canadian docufiction film
 * mürmur, a New York City podcast
 * Murmur (placoderm), a genus of placoderms
 * Murmuration, a group of starlings
 * Mur Murs, documentary film

title: Murmur


text:
Talk:Ustaše

Misinformation
this article claims member of the Utashe assassinated the King of Yugoslavia, while in reality it was members of the International Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, a group that, while allied, did not claim subordinance to the Utashe. Therefore, the article is in need of revision and editing. It's locked nature impedes this 136.35.193.249 (talk) 20:46, 30 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Hi. Please provide some sources, preferably academic. I am adding the page to my watchlist but it would be better if someone who knows the topic better made that edit. They too will want sources however so a good place to start is there. Elinruby (talk) 08:59, 23 June 2023 (UTC)
 * The man who assassinated the king(Vlado Chernozemski) was a member of both the independent Macedonian revolutionary organization and a member of the Ustaše. The assassination was planned by Ante Pavelić and Ivan Mihailov. Napalm Guy (talk) 21:25, 9 July 2023 (UTC)

Change of sentence
"The Ustaše espoused Roman Catholicism and Islam as the religions of the Croats and condemned Orthodox Christianity."

Ustaše were and still are Catholics, not Muslims. There is only 1.3% Muslims in Croatia, check Croatian government stats. In civil Croatia war they were fighting against Muslims. So saying Ustaše espoused Islam is false information, please check historic and statistic data. LjubiZubi (talk) 22:40, 11 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The gaping flaw in your assertion about the population is that the NDH included all of the current nation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. There were plenty of Muslim Ustashas. Peacemaker67 (click to talk to me) 23:18, 11 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Ustaše is a staunch Catholic organization. Its ideology is National Catholicism. How were the Muslims Ustašes? Andridefian0 (talk) 08:31, 22 June 2024 (UTC)
 * It certainly was staunchly Catholic, but Pavelić echoed as Starčević's words that the Muslims were the "flower" of the Croatian nation, and as Tomasevich states, there were Muslim members of the NDH cabinet, and many Muslims in the Ustaše. Tomasevich 2000, pp. 489-491 refers. Cheers, Peacemaker67 (click to talk to me) 08:56, 22 June 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 22 June 2024
Hello, i'm a new user, i want to stating this, which the Ustaše site on its religion category is wrong. It stated Islam as 2nd religion, when in fact Ustaše is staunch and solely Catholic organization, could you or any editors edit it, or should i edit it?

I hope we could go through this to improve the site, Thank you!. Andridefian0 (talk) 08:29, 22 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I've replied above. Peacemaker67 (click to talk to me) 08:57, 22 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ustaše


text:
Brobdingnag

Brobdingnag is a fictional land, which is occupied by giants, in Jonathan Swift's 1726 satirical novel Gulliver's Travels. The story's main character, Lemuel Gulliver, visits the land after the ship on which he is travelling is blown off course. As a result, he becomes separated from a party exploring the unknown land. In the second preface to the book, in 1727, Gulliver laments that the publisher misspelled the land's name, which Gulliver asserts is actually called Brobdingrag.

The adjective "Brobdingnagian" has come to describe anything of colossal size.

Location
Brobdingnag is placed by Swift into the real world, he describes its location and geography in Part II of Gullivers Travels and provides a map showing where it is. However, the accounts are somewhat contradictory.

The map printed at the beginning of Part II indicates that Brobdingnag is located on the northwest coast of North America, in probably what is now British Columbia. The map shows (from south to north) Point Monterey, Port Sir Francis Drake, Cape Mendocino, Cape St. Sebastian, Cape Blanco and the semi-mythical Strait of Anián, all locations on the Pacific coast of North America, and depicts Brobdingnag as a peninsula extending west into the Pacific to the north of the Straits.

In the book, Gulliver describes his voyage from England. After wintering at the Cape of Good Hope, the ship reached a latitude of five degrees south, northward of Madagascar in March 1703, and the Moluccas, "about three degrees northwards of the line" in April. From there, a storm drives the ship "about five hundred leagues to the east" (this would place the ship still in Micronesia), after which the crew determine to "hold on the same course rather than turn more northerly, which might have brought us to the north-west parts of Great Tartary". They sighted land, which Gulliver later discovers is Brobdingnag, on 16 June 1703.

Brobdingnag is claimed to be a continent-sized peninsula 6000 mi long and 3000–5,000 mi miles wide, which based on the location given by Gulliver would suggest that it covers most of the North Pacific. Contrariwise, his map shows Brobdingnag to be of a similar size and extent as the present-day Washington, and his description of the voyage puts it at a six-week voyage from the Moluccas.

Swift was highly sceptical about the reliability of travel writings, and the unlikely geographic descriptions parody many unreliable travel books published at the time which Percy Adams describes as "travel lies".

Scale
Gulliver states that a nine-year-old girl named Glumdalclitch, who teaches him the language, stands "not above 40 feet tall, being small for her age". In at least two cases, he states explicitly that a Brobdingnagian's eyes are "above sixty feet" from the ground, giving a ratio of at least eleven to one. He also states that he would "appear as inconsiderable to this nation as a Lilliputian would be among us", indicating the same twelve to one ratio given for Lilliput was intended. This is further reinforced by hailstone being almost 1,800 times as heavy as in Europe (with 1/12 ratio, it should be 1,728). The queen's court dwarf, the shortest native on record, is not quite thirty feet tall, which, on a 1/12 scale, would make him equivalent to a person a bit below thirty inches, the height of the Chinese dwarf He Pingping. Gulliver also describes visiting the chief temple in Lorbrulgrud, whose tower was the highest in the kingdom, but reports he "came back disappointed, for the height is not above three thousand foot", which "allowing for the difference in size between those people and us in Europe" is "not equal in proportion to Salisbury steeple". Outside world whales are stated to be of a size that one man can barely carry, and are eaten by common folk if they find a beached specimen.

Geography
Brobdingnag is said to be located between Japan and California, extending six thousand miles in length, and between three and five thousand miles in breadth. It is described as a peninsula, terminated to the northeast by a range of volcanoes up to 30 mi high separating the country from unknown land beyond. It is surrounded on three other sides by the ocean, and the people have never been able to develop ocean-going ships. The land "has 51 cities, near 100 walled towns, and a great number of villages". Lorbrulgrud is claimed to be the capital with the king having a seaside palace at Flanflasnic. The capital "contains above 80,000 houses" and "is in length three glonglungs (about fifty four English miles) and two and a half in breadth". Gulliver tells us that Lorbrulgrud was "situated near the middle of that empire" and was three thousand miles distant from the farmer's house on the coast, that the journey took ten weeks and that they "crossed five or six rivers many degrees broader and deeper than the Nile or the Ganges", and "there was hardly a rivulet smaller than the Thames at London Bridge".

People, flora and fauna
The people of Brobdingnag are described as giants who are as tall as 60 feet high and whose stride is ten yards. All of the other animals and plants, and even natural features such as rivers and even hail, are in proportion. The rats are the size of mastiffs, with tails "two yards long, wanting an inch", while mastiffs are "equal in bulk to four elephants". Gulliver describes flies "as big as a Dunstable lark", and wasps the size of partridges, with stings "an inch and a half long, and sharp as needles". This also means that the country is far more dangerous for people of normal human size, as evidenced by Gulliver using his hanger far more often here—namely, on attacking vermin—than in any other of the strange countries he visited, but the people are civilised. A splacknuck is an animal about 6 ft long, to which Gulliver is compared in size, although it is never explained which animal it corresponds to. Fossil records are claimed to show that the ancestors of the Brobdingnagians were once even larger, likely as an allusion to the medieval tendency of supporting similar claims with bones that had, around Swift's time, started being identified as belonging to elephants, mastodons and even whales. The King of Brobdingnag argues that the race has deteriorated. The language of Brobdingnag is depicted as being of a character distinctively different from that of Lilliput.

History and government
Gulliver relates that, in the past, there were battles between the monarchy, nobility, and people resulting in a number of civil wars ending in a treaty. The monarchy is based on reason. City officials are elected by ballot. The King of Brobdingnag finds English institutions and behaviour wanting in comparison with his country's. Based on Gulliver's descriptions of their behaviour, the King describes the English as "the most pernicious race of little odious vermin that nature ever suffered to crawl upon the surface of the earth". Swift intended the moral relationship between the English and Brobdingnagians to be as disproportionate as the physical relationship. The King of Brobdingnag is considered to be based on Sir William Steele, a statesman and writer, whom Swift worked for early in his career. Some critics believed it to be based on Sir William Temple.

The army of Brobdingnag is claimed to be large with 207,000 troops including 32,000 cavalry although the society has no known enemies. The local nobility commands the forces; firearms and gunpowder are unknown to them. The King scolds Gulliver when he tries to interest the statesman in the use of gunpowder.

The laws of Brobdingnag are simple and easy to follow. There is little civil litigation. Murderers are beheaded.

In Gulliver's in-character preface to the story, headed A letter from Captain Gulliver to his cousin Sympson, he specifies that the correct spelling is in fact "... Brobdingrag (for so the word should have been spelt, and not erroneously Brobdingnag), ... [emphasis added]". This correction by the fictional author is a device used to add an element of verisimilitude to the story.

Culture
Brobdingnagian culture consists of history, poetry, mathematics and ethics, mathematics being a particular strength. Printing has been long known but libraries are relatively small. The king has the largest library, which contains about one thousand volumes. The Brobdingnagians favour a clear literary style.

Symbolism
The mismatch between body sizes of Brobdingnag giants and Gulliver is the main feature of the plot: as Dr Johnson stated with some derision in 1775, "once you have thought of big and little men, it is very  easy to do all the rest". However, Swift investigates deeper: the mismatch between the world of Brobdingneg and Gulliver's size creates an environment akin to the one experienced by real-life babies, "Every child begins life in Brobdingnag" (cf. John Locke's children that "are Travellers newly arrived in a strange Country, of which they know nothing"). Brobdingnagians are nice to Gulliver, trying to teach him, providing with toys, while he yearns for comfort and approval, proudly demonstrating his achievements. The enlarged world diminishes adulthood. Child analogy is reinforced by a contrast between a bad parent (the farmer) and a good one (the King). The scene of being found in Brobdingnag: emergence from the safe confines of the ship into the world of giants - screaming - being picked up and looked upon - reception by the family - is an allusion to birth.

In each of the Gulliver journeys, Swift dismisses a particular aspect of high opinion that humanity holds about itself. The travel to Brobdingnag exposes the lack of maturity: Gulliver has to be saved by Brobdingnagians not just from the danger of the oversized world around him, but from his own follies: quarreling with a "dwarf", suggesting the King to use gunpowder on his subjects, seeing his own smallness, but overlooking narrowmindedness.

Brobdingnag can be interpreted as an outsider's view of England (the farther he goes away, the closer he comes to the own country, seen from a different perspective), while Gulliver's travel is similar to a life story of an English gentlemen of the time.

While traveling to and staying at Brobdingnag, he is always confined (aboard a ship, on a boat in a water tank, in a box); to go anywhere, he needs an adult to carry him. The box might symbolize the restriction of freedom, a prison, or a coffin. In the end, the box becomes a vehicle for freedom (symbolized by sea, possibly, the final freedom granted by death).

Legacy
The land is the subject of James Gillray's satirical hand-coloured etching and aquatint print, titled ''The King of Brobdingnag and Gulliver.–Vide. Swift's Gulliver: Voyage to Brobdingnag''. Produced in 1803, it shows a profile of George III of the United Kingdom, representing the Brobdingnagian king, holding a miniature Napoleon, representing Gulliver, while observing him through a spyglass. It was published on 26 June, five weeks after the breakdown of the Treaty of Amiens, which precipitated the Napoleonic Wars. The king's speech balloon in the top half of the print reads "My little friend Grildrig, you have made a most admirable panegyric upon Yourself and Country, but from what I can gather from your own relation & the answers I have with much pains wringed & extorted from you, I cannot but conclude you to be one of the most pernicious, little-odious-reptiles, that nature ever suffer'd to crawl upon the surface of the Earth".

On Mars's largest moon, Phobos, the crater Grildrig is named because of Swift's 'prediction' of the two then undiscovered Martian moons, which his Laputan astronomers had discovered.

title: Brobdingnag


text:
Margo Kingston

Margo Kingston (born 1959) is an Australian journalist, author, and commentator. She is best known for her work at The Sydney Morning Herald and her weblog, Webdiary. Since 2012, Kingston has been a citizen journalist, reporting and commenting on Australian politics via Twitter and her own Web site.

Early life and education
Kingston was born in Maryborough, Queensland and was raised in Mackay. She attended the University of Queensland, graduating with a degree in arts and law.

Her sister Gay Alcorn is a journalist and newspaper editor.

Career
Kingston qualified as a solicitor and practised in Brisbane and later lectured in commercial law in Rockhampton, before becoming a journalist for The Courier-Mail. Within a year she moved to The Times on Sunday. She also worked for The Age, The Canberra Times and A Current Affair before moving to The Sydney Morning Herald, where she worked until August 2005.

Kingston gained prominence in 1998 when she led a sit-in of journalists at the federal election campaign launch of the One Nation Party in the Queensland town of Gatton. The group was protesting the party's treatment of the media during the campaign. Her experiences during this time are recorded in her book, Off The Rails: The Pauline Hanson Trip, which won the 2000 Dobbie award for best first book by a female writer.

In 2004, Margo wrote Not Happy, John, launched in Sydney by Tony Fitzgerald QC.

Kingston may be seen as part of the "larrikin/ratbag" Australian journalistic tradition which also encompasses Alan Ramsey and Stephen Mayne. This tradition is characterised by a willingness to break with convention, espouse controversial opinions and intervene in the events which the journalist is reporting. Kingston has been perceived by many, including her supporters, as openly left wing in her political views, however she describes her own position this way: "the irony [is] that I'm not left wing, I'm a small-l liberal. A dying breed."

Webdiary
Margo Kingston also wrote Webdiary, which until 22 August 2005 was on the Sydney Morning Herald website. On this site Kingston recorded opinions on current events alongside contributors from the general public. Kingston terminated her contract with John Fairfax Holdings, publishers of The Sydney Morning Herald in August 2005. A new site was set up bearing the motto, "Independent, Ethical, Accountable and Transparent".

Webdiary content is collected to form part of the Pandora Archive, Australia's Web Archive established initially by the National Library of Australia and now built in collaboration with nine other Australian libraries and cultural collecting organisations. The Pandora Archive collects and provides long-term access to selected online publications and web sites that are about Australia, are by an Australian author on a subject of social, political, cultural, religious, scientific or economic significance and relevance to Australia, or are by an Australian author of recognised authority and make a contribution to international knowledge.

Webdiary's Charter states, in part, that its mission is "to help meet the unmet demand of some Australians for conversations on our present and our future, and to spark original thought and genuine engagement with important issues which effect us all, to link thinking Australians whoever they are and wherever they live and to insist that thinking Australians outside the political and economic establishment have the capacity to contribute to the national debate".

Margo Kingston set an ethical standard for Webdiary based on the Code of Ethics of the Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance, and also an Editorial Policy. The Editorial Policy states inter alia: "If you think you've been unfairly edited, or that we've wrongly refused to publish your comments, please feel free to query our decision by posting a comment. This sometimes happens, and leads to an online discussion of the meaning and interpretation of the guidelines."

Margo Kingston announced on 7 December 2005 that she would be leaving the site (and journalism) due to financial constraints. The site continued in existence without her input and is managed by Webdiary Pty Ltd, a private company established by volunteers who had helped Margo Kingston to establish and maintain the independent new site. Directors of Webdiary Pty Ltd and a group of volunteers kept the site alive after Margo Kingston had walked away from it. Margo Kingston related her view of the Webdiary story in a lecture to the South Australian Governor's Leadership Forum in February 2006. In June 2007, one of the four directors of Webdiary Pty Ltd resigned and the one volunteer still actively involved in comment moderation also quit for a time. Margo Kingston returned to Webdiary at that point in order to keep it alive.

Many opinions featured in Webdiary made their way into Margo Kingston's 2004 book Not Happy, John, which inspired the 'Not happy, John!' campaign, of which she was a founding member. Kingston was also a regular guest on Late Night Live, a nightly radio programme on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Radio National network.

On 3 August 2007, the publishing director of Penguin Australia, Bob Sessions, asked Margo Kingston to update Not Happy, John. The update, titled Still Not Happy, John! was published by Penguin on 1 October 2007, and it was launched at an event held at Manning Clark House on 8 October 2007.

No Fibs
After community supported Webdiary closed in July 2012, Margo Kingston came out of retirement to co-publish No Fibs, a crowd funded Citizen journalism news source focusing on Australian politics, with former Webdiary colleague, Tony Yegles. Kingston credited Twitter with her re-emergence as a journalist, and No Fibs began to distribute its articles via its own website and Twitter. In early 2013 an ebook of Still Not Happy, John! was published by Penguin.

In May 2013 No Fibs launched a citizen journalism project in partnership with Macquarie University to report the 2013 Australian federal election. A national call for voluntary citizen journalists was distributed on Twitter resulting in reports from all states and territories except the Northern Territory.

No Fibs published reports by a cluster of citizen journalists resident in the Victorian Division of Indi where, after a lengthy preference count, Independent candidate Cathy McGowan was elected over long-term Liberal incumbent, Sophie Mirabella. During the election campaign, Kingston created a Twitter hashtag, #IndiVotes, to distribute No Fibs' reports and focus widespread social and mainstream media interest on the election outcome in Indi.

title: Margo Kingston