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Montezuma Castle National Monument

Montezuma Castle National Monument protects a set of well-preserved dwellings located in Camp Verde, Arizona, which were built and used by the Sinagua people, a pre-Columbian culture closely related to the Hohokam and other indigenous peoples of the southwestern United States, between approximately AD 1100 and 1425. The main structure comprises five stories and about 20 rooms and was built over the course of three centuries.

Several Hopi clans and Yavapai communities trace their ancestries to early immigrants from the Montezuma Castle/Beaver Creek area. Archaeological evidence proves that the Hohokam and Hakataya settled around or in the Verde Valley. Clan members periodically return to these ancestral homes for religious ceremonies.

Etymology
Neither part of the monument's name is correct. When European-Americans first observed the ruins in the 1860s, by then long-abandoned, they named them for the famous Aztec emperor Montezuma in the mistaken belief that he had been connected to their construction (see also Montezuma mythology). Having no connections to the Aztecs, the Montezuma Castle was given that name due to the fact that the public had this image of the Aztecs creating any archaeological site. In fact, the dwelling was abandoned more than 40 years before Montezuma was born, and was not a "castle" in the traditional sense, but instead functioned more like a "prehistoric high rise apartment complex".

Cliff dwelling
Montezuma Castle is situated about 90 ft up a sheer limestone cliff, facing the adjacent Beaver Creek, which drains into the perennial Verde River just north of Camp Verde. It is one of the best-preserved cliff dwellings in North America, in part because of its ideal placement in a natural alcove that protects it from exposure to the elements. The precariousness of the dwelling's location and its immense scale of floor space across five stories suggest that the Sinagua were daring builders and skilled engineers. Access into the structure was most likely permitted by a series of portable ladders, which made it difficult for enemy tribes to penetrate the natural defense of the vertical barrier.

Perhaps the main reason the Sinagua chose to build the Castle so far above the ground, however, was to escape the threat of natural disaster in the form of the annual flooding of Beaver Creek. During the summer monsoon season, the creek frequently breached its banks, inundating the floodplain with water. The Sinagua recognized the importance of these floods to their agriculture, but likely also the potential destruction they presented to any structures built in the floodplain. Their solution was to build a permanent structure in the high recess afforded by the limestone cliff.

The walls of Montezuma Castle are examples of early stone-and-mortar masonry, constructed almost entirely from chunks of limestone found at the base of the cliff, as well as mud and/or clay from the creek bottom. The ceilings of the rooms also incorporated sectioned timbers as a kind of roof thatching, obtained primarily from the Arizona sycamore, a large hardwood tree native to the Verde Valley.

History
Evidence of permanent dwellings like those at Montezuma Castle begins to appear in the archaeological record of Arizona's Verde Valley about 1050 AD. The first distinctly Sinagua culture may have occupied the region as early as 700 AD.

The area was briefly abandoned due to the eruption of Sunset Crater Volcano, about 60 mi to the north, in the mid-11th century. Although the short-term impact may have been destructive, nutrient-rich sediment deposited by the volcano may have aided more expansive agriculture in later decades. During the interim, the Sinagua lived in the surrounding highlands and sustained themselves on small-scale agriculture dependent on rain. After 1125, the Sinagua resettled the Verde Valley, using the reliable watershed of the Verde River alongside irrigation systems left by previous inhabitants, perhaps including Hohokam peoples, to support more widespread farming.

The region's population likely peaked around 1300 AD, with the Castle housing between 30 and 50 people in at least 20 rooms. Radiocarbon dates from multiple construction beams show that the cliff dwelling was probably constructed in the middle 1100s AD with remodeling and additions in the last decades of the 1200s. A neighboring segment of the same cliff wall suggests there was an even larger dwelling ("Castle A") around the same time, of which only the stone foundations have survived. Its discovery in 1933 revealed many Sinagua artifacts and greatly increased understanding of their way of life.

The latest estimated date of occupation for any Sinagua site comes from Montezuma Castle, around 1425 AD. After this, the Sinagua people apparently abandoned their permanent settlements and migrated elsewhere, as did other cultural groups in the southwestern United States around that time. The reasons for abandonment are unclear, but possibilities include drought, resource depletion, and clashes with the newly arrived Yavapai people. Due to the very little human contact since abandonment, Montezuma Castle was well preserved. It was heavily looted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, though other Sinagua sites have remained more or less intact. Because of the rise in settlers, tourists and industries in or surrounding Montezuma Castle, the monument and even Verde Valley have been threats to the preservation of Montezuma Castle.

Plants and animals
Due to the lack of basic knowledge on the natural resources of the national parks, the National Park Service created a program in order to record and identify any changes in the environment and its inhabitants. An inventory of plants and animals at Montezuma Castle was taken between 1991 and 1994 by researchers from Northern Arizona University and the United States Geological Survey. According to the United States Geological Survey, about 784 species were recorded at Montezuma Castle National Monument, including plants, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Only 11% of the species were non-native. Common species include bats, snakes, turtles, lizards, frogs, foxes, owls and mice.

Federal protection
The monument itself encloses 860 acres near the geographic center of Arizona and the intersection of the Colorado Plateau and Basin and Range physiographic provinces.

The dwellings and the surrounding area were declared a U.S. National Monument on December 8, 1906 as a result of the American Antiquities Act, signed earlier that year. It is one of the four original sites designated National Monuments by President Theodore Roosevelt. Montezuma Castle was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.

It is an easy monument to visit, just a short distance off Interstate 17, at exit 289. There is a 1/3 mi paved trail starting at the visitor center that follows the base of the cliff containing the ruins. Access to the interior of the ruins has not been allowed since 1951 due to concerns about visitor safety and damage to the dwelling. About 400,000 tourists visit the site each year. The park is open from 8am to 5pm every day of the year, except for Christmas Day.

The visitor center includes a museum about the Sinagua culture and the tools they used to build the dwellings. The museum houses many artifacts, such as stone tools, metates used for grinding corn, bone needles, and ornaments of shell and gemstone, which prove that the Sinagua were fine artisans as well as prolific traders. There is also a Park Store operated by Western National Parks Association.

Montezuma Well
Montezuma Well, a natural limestone sinkhole, measuring approximately 100 by 120 yards, also containing Sinagua dwellings, was purchased by the federal government in 1947 and is considered a detached unit of Montezuma Castle National Monument. It is located about 5 miles north of the Castle near the town of Rimrock, Arizona, accessible from exits 293 and 298 off Interstate 17.

Climate
Montezuma Castle National Monument has a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSk) with cool winters and very hot summers.

In popular culture
Montezuma Castle plays a key role in the climax of the Western Flaming Feather (1952), which was shot on location at the site.

Architecture based on
The Rocky Slope Residence was designed by well-known Phoenix Valley architect Eddie M. Jones and the residence had strong architectural similarities to the Montezuma Castle Monument. The design and the residence were featured by many magazines including the "Architect Magazine" in 2013. The design was completed and approved by the City of Phoenix in 2007 and construction was completed by 2009. As seen in the photos, the house design has a strong resemblance to the curved walls of Montezuma Castle as well as the layered structure.

title: Montezuma Castle National Monument


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Mesoproterozoic

The Mesoproterozoic Era is a geologic era that occurred from. The Mesoproterozoic was the first era of Earth's history for which a fairly definitive geological record survives. Continents existed during the preceding era (the Paleoproterozoic), but little is known about them. The continental masses of the Mesoproterozoic were more or less the same ones that exist today, although their arrangement on the Earth's surface was different.

Major events and characteristics
The major events of this era are the breakup of the Columbia supercontinent, the formation of the Rodinia supercontinent, and the evolution of sexual reproduction.

This era is marked by the further development of continental plates and plate tectonics. The supercontinent of Columbia broke up between 1500 and 1350 million years ago, and the fragments reassembled into the supercontinent of Rodinia around 1100 to 900 million years ago, on the time boundary between the Mesoproterozoic and the subsequent Neoproterozoic. These tectonic events were accompanied by numerous orogenies (episodes of mountain building) that included the Kibaran orogeny in Africa; the Late Ruker orogeny in Antarctica; the Gothian and Sveconorwegian orogenies in Europe; and the Picuris and Grenville orogenies in North America.

The era saw the development of sexual reproduction, which greatly increased the complexity of life to come and signified the start of development of true multicellular organisms. Though the biota of the era was once thought to be exclusively microbial, recent finds have shown multicellular life did exist during the Mesoproterozoic. This era was also the high point of the stromatolites before they declined in the Neoproterozoic.

Subdivisions
The subdivisions of the Mesoproterozoic are arbitrary divisions based on time. They are not geostratigraphic or biostratigraphic units. The decision to base the Precambrian time scale on radiometric dating reflects the sparse nature of the fossil record, and Precambrian subdivisions of geologic time roughly reflect major tectonic cycles. It is possible that future revisions to the time scale will reflect more "natural" boundaries based on correlative geologic events.

The Mesoproterozoic is presently divided into the Calymmian (1600 to 1400 Mya) and the Ectasian (1400 to 1200 Mya), and the Stenian (1200 to 1000 Mya). The Calymmian and Ectasian were characterized by stabilization and expansion of cratonic covers and the Stenian by formation of orogenic belts.

The time period from 1780 Ma to 850 Ma, an unofficial period based on stratigraphy rather than chronometry, named the Rodinian, is described in the geological timescale review 2012 edited by Gradstein et al., but, this has not yet been officially adopted by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mesoproterozoic


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Talk:Russo-Turkish War

= Comments =

Old discussions
Hm. I'm not sure if this goes here or not: "On July 21, 1774, Russia and the Ottoman Empire signed the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji ending six years of war. " This is from the linked day and year pages ; please correct as needed. --mav 07:17 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * We need a disambiguation page for Russo-Turkish wars (now should that be a capital "W" or not?) linking to the individual conflicts of 1710-11, 1736-39, 1768-74, 1806-12, 1828-29, 1853-56 (the southern front to the Crimean War), 1877-78 (the one in this article) and perhaps 1914-18 as a front to the wider WW1. I'll sort one out later with appropriate stubs unless you want to do so in the meantime. Graculus 07:58 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Please go ahead! I really don't know much about this part of history. Capitals seem OK for older wars at least. --mav

How to organize the Russo-Turkish Wars
I do not know how Russions percieve the wars, but all these wars are percieved as a single entity from Turkish History. I thought that is the main view; when I saw this page. "Main page" stated the fact that all these fights share a comman view. Generally in Turkish books this section is given a cheapter and small sub-cheapters for each campain and battles. ((Accept Crimean war)). That is conceptually more integrating. At the end a story tries to give the relations between its components. Somebody advised me to create War Series on this issue. I was working to create a menu that will link each important item(battle, campaign, war). I do not see the need to keep one paragraf "period stories" under different pages, especially disconnected from the perious and next ones. Somebody the mention of discussions under these pages; There is only period page that has very extensive one. That is the last one. I have hard time understanding how you concepts are organized within 10 subheadings. Because the smallest concept is battle, campaign or war. And we should seek that path to tell the story. Develop these concepts and link them under the "MAIN PAGE." Time sections that cover 30-60 years are not coherant among themselves niether from a "specific goal", nor the battles you are clustered together sometimes share the same region. I stop redesigning the page because Mikkalai wanted to keep it as it is. THANKS.--tommiks 19:05, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

I don't want to keep it "as is". Turkisn books gives them "cheaper and smaller" for a simple reason: Turkey lost there, nothing for them to brag about. I do appreciate yor goal to paint a broader picture, but each of the 10 may realy be expanded into long texts, rather than shrunk into 2 sentences. Once again, please take a look at WWII. there is WWII, there is Operation Barbarossa, there is Battle of Stalingrad. mikka (t) 19:23, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Merge proposal

 * Disagree. This article (Russo-Turkish wars) is kind of disambiguation page, for ease of navigation. In fact, it must be renamed into singular: Russo-Turkish War (look here, lots of links). Another one ("History of Russo-Turkish wars") is an overview. mikka (t) 01:06, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

Great redirect mess-up and anti-Turkish pov
This set of articles was in a state of total mess-up. I tried to clear tings up and restore the content of Russo-Turkish Wars. I do not know why you guys are trying to delete the contents. Is this some kind of anti-Turkish POV? -- Petri Krohn 17:13, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Related articles

 * Russo-Turkish Wars
 * Russo-Turkish War
 * Russo-Turkish wars --redirects--> Russo-Turkish War
 * History of Russo-Turkish wars

 * Talk:Russo-Turkish War --redirects--> Talk:Russo-Turkish Wars

History of Russo-Turkish wars
For the discussion, see: Talk:History of Russo-Turkish wars -- Petri Krohn 03:07, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Russo-Turkish Wars → Russo-Ottoman Wars — Historically wrong. — Must . T  C 13:53, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's naming conventions.

 * Oppose all, per the discussion below. Wikipedia articles are generally titled based on the most common use. It is not our role to prescribe new ones. Dekimasu よ! 02:27, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Wikipedia should not be prescribing "correct" usage but reflecting existing usage. --Russ (talk) 11:12, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:

What are the verifiable reliable sources that are being used as a basis for this move? Britannica uses Russo-Turkish Wars. --Philip Baird Shearer 20:23, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia COLLECTS scholarship which has already been published. It doesn't write new scholarship.  These wars are commonly called "Russo-Turkish" in the scholarly literature; that is what Wikipedia follows. Noel S McFerran 23:58, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

 * It is true that the Philip Baird Shearer reference is a valid reference for western sources. I believe User:Makalp's opinion originates from Turkish sources, which uses the name "Ottoman" for the given reason. (if you have doubts about User:Makalp, do not but I bet s/he can not find "modern western sources" using the "ottoman" terminology.) Even during the existence of Ottoman Empire, there were other Turkish states. Some of them had conflicts with the (like Selchuks) Russians. When you say Turkish does that mean it covers all the conflicts of Turkish empires to Russians? (are we going to have a date limitation??) Also the Ottoman system was a multi-nation system which was established before rise of nationalism. "Turkish" generally is used for Republic of Turkey, which is a nation based state. If this move occurs Philip Baird Shearer position should be in the introduction section, but I believe what is pointed is a misconception based on western sources. It does not exist in Turkish sources. Are we going to continue with this misconception, or deal with it using an appropriate way? Thanks. --OttomanReference 03:04, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

So what you are saying is that English sources use Russo-Turkish Wars, but Turkish sources do not and use Ottoman which is more accurate. Then we should stick with the commnon English name for the article. Rational WP:NC: "Generally, article naming should prefer what the majority of English speakers would most easily recognize, with a reasonable minimum of ambiguity, while at the same time making linking to those articles easy and second nature.". --Philip Baird Shearer 09:36, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

 * That is not really what I'm saying. You found a reference which used the terminology "Turkish," but that is the extend of it. A millennium long (beginning from tribe period) Ottoman history has been analyzed by westerners in couple hundred pages. That is small part of Turkish history. Except current publications (increased interest in Ottoman Empire thanks to Armenians :-)), it is impossible to find good resources. Regarding Ottoman-Russian history:  If you find a single bind, I would like you to give me the reference. But besides short sections there is no detailed analysis. That is why there is a misconception. I'm sure in your logic and background of Ottoman history; you have a valid response. But it does not make it correct. And the Rational WP:NC is designed to choose the one among the correct (valid) arguments. Like the name of the capital city of Turkey should be "Ankara" or "Angora" (two words used for the same concept). I know I'm correct; I know User:Makalp jump on a topic that is very hard to deal with (requires changes in minds) but he has a valid potion. Just couple years a go the first Turkology department opened in USA. These issues going to take time. However to be more clear: the conceptual analysis of Turkish-Russian wars is a wider concept that what is represented in these articles and "Ottoman-Russian wars" is the correct definition as all these wars were performed using the military of Ottoman Empire. The argument that Ottoman and Turkish are exchangeable is wrong (can not be used for one another and even the argument that Ottoman is a subset of Turkish is only valid in specific contexts).  Thanks for the interest. Hope I had some use to you guys. --OttomanReference 04:03, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

I agree to keep it Russo-Turkish, a sad attempt to push Turkce POV in these articles.Hetoum I 05:39, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

It was requested that this article be renamed but there was no consensus for it be moved. --Stemonitis 13:41, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

'Soviet-Turkish War (Russian Civil War) - Turkish intervention in Russia'
No such event occured in history. What the hell is going on here?

Russian Civil War
The Russian Civil War also in the same way Russo-Turkish War. Turkey one of the agressor in the War. Doncsecz —Preceding comment was added at 07:25, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

You are distorting historical facts. Ottoman Turks were fighting against Imperial Russia since 1915, the civil war between Reds and White has nothing to do with this.

Ottomans didn't help Whites against Reds, and they didn't help Reds against Whites either. They were just fighting a war which started even before than the civil war. Like I said, they had nothing to do with it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Slntssssn (talk • contribs) 17:16, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

I am not interested! War turkish attack in Soviet-Russia. Here in Hungary this is the general opinion! Doncsecz —Preceding comment was added at 17:53, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

I don't care. Ottoman Turks never fought against Reds. And they didn't fight against Whites in the contex of the Russian Civil War. They were fighting against Imperial Russia since 1915, thus it's First World War.

Case closed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Slntssssn (talk • contribs) 15:43, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

The Proof
The board in the Russian wikipedia

Гражданская война в России → Civil War in Russia Центральные державы (1917-1918): Германия → Germany Османская империя → Ottoman Empire Австро-Венгрия → Austria-Hungary

WHAT IS THAT?? Doncsecz

Apparently that's Central Powers of WWI. And how is that related to the fact that you added Ottoman Empire to 'Allies' in Russian Civil War article? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Slntssssn (talk • contribs) 06:29, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

Wouldn't this be more useful as a disambiguation page?
It doesn't have much useful content, and History of the Russo-Turkish wars covers the subject more thoroughly. The page's name also hints more to a disambiguation page, and makes it more likely to be found by users looking for one of these wars.

Conversion should be easy. Waltham, The Duke of 19:58, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Actually I made a conversion to a simple disambiguation page, but this was reverted by User:Voyevoda, who incidentally has a long history of edit-warring and numerous official blockings. Essentially, he doesn't seem to understand the concept of a disambiguation page--Joostik (talk) 15:26, 13 June 2011 (UTC) P.S.: Disambiguation dos and don'ts

Russo-Turkish War (1914–1918), Indefinite?
Is it indefinite or Turkish victory? After the war, Turkey liberated Kars and occupied Baku, so it is a victory but Turkey eventually lost the First World War to Great Britain. Kavas (talk) 20:06, 24 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I think the Russians won the Russo-Austrian-Turkish War (1735–1739)! The Russians defeated the Ottomans in the Battle of Stavuchany and the Ottomans defeated the Austrians, not the Russians!Ti2008 (talk) 06:29, 1 October 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Russo-Turkish War


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Bananaquit

The bananaquit (Coereba flaveola) is a species of passerine bird in the tanager family Thraupidae. Before the development of molecular genetics in the 21st century, its relationship to other species was uncertain and it was either placed with the buntings and New World sparrows in the family Emberizidae, with New World warblers in the family Parulidae or its own monotypic family Coerebidae. This small, active nectarivore is found in warmer parts of the Americas and is generally common.

Its name is derived from its yellow color and the English word quit, which refers to small passerines of tropical America; cf. grassquit, orangequit.

Taxonomy
The bananaquit was formally described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae as Certhia flaveola. Linnaeus based his description on the "black and yellow bird" described by John Ray and Hans Sloane, and the "Black and Yellow Creeper" described and illustrated by George Edwards in 1751. The bananaquit was reclassified as the only member of the genus Coereba by Louis Pierre Vieillot in 1809. The genus name is of uncertain origin but may be from a Tupi name Güirá for a small black and yellow bird. The specific epithet flaveolus is a diminutive of the Latin flavus meaning "golden" or "yellow".

Before the development of techniques to sequence DNA, the relationship of the bananaquit to other species was uncertain. It was variously placed with the New World warblers in the family Parulidae, with the buntings and New World sparrows in the family Emberizidae, or in its own monotypic family Coerebidae. Based on the results of molecular phylogenetic studies, the bananaquit is now placed in the tanager family Thraupidae and belongs with Darwin's finches to the subfamily Coerebinae.

It is still unclear if any of the island subspecies should be elevated to species, but phylogenetic studies have revealed three clades: the nominate group from Jamaica, Hispaniola, and the Cayman Islands, the bahamensis group from the Bahamas and Quintana Roo, and the bartholemica group from South and Central America, Mexico (except Quintana Roo), the Lesser Antilles and Puerto Rico. Several taxa were not sampled, but most of these are easily placed in the above groups based on zoogeography alone. Exceptions are oblita (San Andrés Island) and tricolor (Providencia Island), and their placement is therefore uncertain. In February 2010, the International Ornithological Congress listed bahamensis and bartholemica as proposed splits from C. flaveola.

Subspecies
There are 41 currently recognized subspecies:

 * C. f. bahamensis (Reichenbach, 1853) : Bahamas
 * C. f. caboti (Baird, 1873) : east Yucatan Peninsula and nearby islands
 * C. f. flaveola (Linnaeus, 1758) : nominate, Jamaica
 * C. f. sharpei (Cory, 1886) : Cayman Is.
 * C. f. bananivora (Gmelin, 1789) : Hispaniola and nearby islands
 * C. f. nectarea Wetmore, 1929 : Tortue I.
 * C. f. portoricensis (Bryant, 1866) : Puerto Rico
 * C. f. sanctithomae (Sundevall, 1869) : north Virgin Is.
 * C. f. newtoni (Baird, 1873) : Saint Croix (south Virgin Is.)
 * C. f. bartholemica (Sparrman, 1788) : north and central Lesser Antilles
 * C. f. martinicana (Reichenbach, 1853) : Martinique and Saint Lucia (south central Lesser Antilles)
 * C. f. barbadensis (Baird, 1873) : Barbados
 * C. f. atrata (Lawrence, 1878) : St. Vincent (south Lesser Antilles)
 * C. f. aterrima (Lesson, 1830) : Grenada and the Grenadines (south Lesser Antilles)
 * C. f. uropygialis von Berlepsch, 1892 : Aruba and Curaçao (Netherlands Antilles)
 * C. f. tricolor (Ridgway, 1884) : Providencia I. (off east Nicaragua)
 * C. f. oblita Griscom, 1923 : San Andrés I. (off east Nicaragua)
 * C. f. mexicana (Sclater, 1857) : southeastern Mexico to western Panama
 * C. f. cerinoclunis Bangs, 1901 : Pearl Is. (south of Panama)
 * C. f. columbiana (Cabanis, 1866) : eastern Panama to southwestern Colombia and southern Venezuela
 * C. f. bonairensis Voous, 1955 : Bonaire I. (Netherlands Antilles)
 * C. f. melanornis Phelps & Phelps, 1954 : Cayo Sal I. (off Venezuela)
 * C. f. lowii Cory, 1909 : Los Roques Is. (off Venezuela)
 * C. f. ferryi Cory, 1909 : La Tortuga I. (off Venezuela)
 * C. f. frailensis Phelps & Phelps, 1946 : Los Frailes and Los Hermanos Is. (off Venezuela)
 * C. f. laurae Lowe, 1908 : Los Testigos (off Venezuela)
 * C. f. luteola (Cabanis, 1850) : coastal northern Colombia and Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago
 * C. f. obscura Cory, 1913 : northeastern Colombia and western Venezuela
 * C. f. minima (Bonaparte, 1854) : eastern Colombia and southern Venezuela to French Guiana and north central Brazil
 * C. f. montana Lowe, 1912 : Andes of northwestern Venezuela
 * C. f. caucae Chapman, 1914 : western Colombia
 * C. f. gorgonae Thayer & Bangs, 1905 : Gorgona I. (off western Colombia)
 * C. f. intermedia (Salvadori & Festa, 1899) : southwestern Colombia, western Ecuador and northern Peru east to southern Venezuela and western Brazil
 * C. f. bolivari Zimmer & Phelps, 1946 : eastern Venezuela
 * C. f. guianensis (Cabanis, 1850) : southeastern Venezuela to Guyana
 * C. f. roraimae Chapman, 1929 : tepui regions of southeastern Venezuela, southwestern Guyana and northern Brazil
 * C. f. pacifica Lowe, 1912 : eastern Peru
 * C. f. magnirostris (Taczanowski, 1880) : northern Peru
 * C. f. dispar Zimmer, 1942 : north central Peru to western Bolivia
 * C. f. chloropyga (Cabanis, 1850) : east central Peru to central Bolivia and east to eastern Brazil, northern Uruguay, northeastern Argentina and Paraguay
 * C. f. alleni Lowe, 1912 : eastern Bolivia to central Brazil

Description

The bananaquit is a small bird, although there is some degree of size variation across the various subspecies. Length can range from 4 to 5 in. Weight ranges from 5.5 to 19 g.

Most subspecies of the bananaquit have dark grey (almost black) upperparts, black crowns and sides of the head, a prominent white eyestripe, grey throat, white vent, and yellow chest, belly, and rump. Coloration is heavily influenced by melanocortin 1 receptor variation.

The sexes are alike, but juveniles are duller and often have partially yellow eyebrows and throat.

In the subspecies bahamensis and caboti from the Bahamas and Cozumel, respectively, the throat and upper chest are white or very pale grey, while ferryi from La Tortuga Island has a white forehead. The subspecies laurae, lowii, and melanornis from small islands off the coast of northern Venezuela are overall blackish, while the subspecies aterrima and atrata from Grenada and Saint Vincent have two plumage morphs, one "normal" and another blackish. The pink gape is usually very prominent in the subspecies from islands in the Caribbean Sea.

The tongue is paddle-shaped, with an extremely long paddle section.

Distribution and habitat
It is resident in tropical South America north to southern Mexico and the Caribbean. It is found throughout the West Indies, except for Cuba. Birds from the Bahamas are rare visitors to Florida.

It occurs in a wide range of open to semi-open habitats, including gardens and parks, but it is rare or absent in deserts, dense forests (e.g. large parts of the Amazon rainforest), and at altitudes above 2000 m.

Bananaquit nests are known to be used by frog species, such as the Common coquí.

Behaviour and ecology
The bananaquit has a slender, curved bill, adapted to taking nectar from flowers, including mistletoes. Nectivory is probably an independent innovation in Coereba. Since then C. flaveola's tongue shape has shown convergent evolution with other birds feeding on the same flowers, and its source flowers have shown convergence to accommodate its tongue. It sometimes pierces flowers from the side, taking the nectar without pollinating the plant - known as nectar robbing. It also feeds on fruits - including mistletoe fruits, other berries, and ripe bananas (hence the common name and bananivora for the Hispaniolan subspecies). It has been observed taking fruits' sweet juices by puncturing fruit with its beak and it will also eat small insects (such as ants and flies), their larvae, and other small arthropods (such as spiders) on occasion. While feeding, the bananaquit must always perch, as it cannot hover like a hummingbird.

The bananaquit is known for its ability to adjust remarkably to human environments. It often visits gardens and may become very tame. Its nickname, the sugar bird, comes from its affinity for bowls or bird feeders stocked with granular sugar, a common method of attracting these birds. The bananaquit builds a spherical lined nest with a side entrance hole, laying up to three eggs, which are incubated solely by the female. It may also build its nest in human-made objects, such as lampshades and garden trellises. The birds breed all year regardless of season and build new nests throughout the year.

title: Bananaquit


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Lazlo Toth

Lazlo Toth is the name of:

 * Laszlo Toth (1938–2012), Hungarian-born geologist who attacked Michelangelo's Pietà with a hammer in 1972
 * Lazlo Toth, pen name under which comedian Don Novello (born 1943) wrote a series of letters to public figures and corporations; the name is derived from that of the Pietà vandal
 * László Fejes Tóth (1915–2005), mathematician

title: Lazlo Toth


text:
Coburg (disambiguation)

Coburg is a town in Germany.

Coburg may also refer to:

Places

 * Antarctica
 * Coburg Peak, Graham Land

 * Australia
 * Coburg, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne
 * Coburg railway station
 * City of Coburg, a former local government area
 * Cobourg Peninsula, Northern Territory

 * Canada
 * Cobourg, Ontario
 * Coburg Island, Nunavut

 * Germany
 * Free State of Coburg, which existed from 1918 to 1920
 * Coburg (district), a district of Bavaria
 * Coburg (electoral district), a parliamentary constituency of Bavaria

 * United States
 * Coburg, Indiana, an unincorporated community
 * Coburg, Iowa, a city
 * Coburg, Kentucky, an unincorporated community
 * Coburg, Oregon, a city
 * Coburg Hills, a range of foothills of the Cascades, east of Coburg, Oregon

Sports

 * FC Coburg, a football club in Bavaria
 * DVV Coburg, a former football club in Bavaria, predecessor of FC Coburg
 * HSC 2000 Coburg, a handball team in Bavaria
 * Coburg Football Club, Coburg, Australia

Schools

 * Coburg University of Applied Sciences, Coburg, Bavaria
 * Coburg High School, Coburg, Australia

Other uses

 * Coburg Dock, Port of Liverpool, England
 * GERMAN WEATHER SHIP WBS 2 Coburg, a Kriegsmarine weather ship
 * Operation Coburg, a 1968 Australian and New Zealand Vietnam War operation

title: Coburg (disambiguation)


text:
Marc Lépine

Marc Lépine  (born Gamil Rodrigue Liass Gharbi; October 26, 1964 – December 6, 1989) was a Canadian mass murderer from Montreal, Quebec, who, in 1989, murdered fourteen women, and wounded ten women and four men at the École Polytechnique de Montréal, an engineering school affiliated with the Université de Montréal, in the École Polytechnique massacre.

Lépine was born in Montreal, the son of Canadian nurse Monique Lépine and Algerian businessman Rachid Gharbi. Gharbi was abusive towards and contemptuous of women, and left the relationship after Monique returned to nursing to support her children; Lépine was seven at the time. Lépine and his younger sister lived with other families, seeing their mother on weekends. Lépine was considered bright but withdrawn, and had difficulties with peer and family relationships. He legally changed his name at the age of 14 giving "hatred of his father" as the reason.

Lépine's application to the Canadian Forces was rejected, and in 1982 he began a science program at a college, switching to a more technical program after one year. In 1986 he dropped out of the course in his final term, and was subsequently fired from his job at a hospital due to his poor attitude. Lépine began a computer programming course in 1988, and again abandoned it before completion. He twice applied for admission to the École Polytechnique, but lacked two required compulsory courses.

Lépine had long complained about women working in "non-traditional" jobs. After several months of planning, including the purchase of a Ruger Mini-14, he entered the École Polytechnique on the afternoon of December 6, 1989, separated the men from the women in a classroom, and shot the women, while yelling, "I hate feminists", claiming that he was "fighting feminism". He then moved into other parts of the building, targeting only the women, before killing himself. His suicide note blamed feminists for ruining his life.

Lépine's actions have been variously ascribed from a psychiatry perspective with diagnoses such as personality disorder, psychosis, or attachment disorder, noting societal factors such as poverty, isolation, powerlessness, and violence in the media. The massacre is regarded by criminologists as an example of a hate crime against women, and by feminists and government officials as a misogynist attack and an example of the larger issue of violence against women. December 6 is now observed in Canada as a National Day of Remembrance and Action on Violence Against Women.

Childhood
Marc Lépine was born Gamil Rodrigue Liass Gharbi on October 26, 1964, in Montreal, Quebec, the son of Algerian immigrant Rachid Liass Gharbi and Canadian nurse Monique Lépine. Gamil's sister, Nadia, was born in 1967. Rachid was a mutual funds salesman and was travelling in the Caribbean at the time of his son's birth. During his absence, Monique discovered evidence that her husband had been having an affair. Rachid was a non-practising Muslim, and Monique a former Catholic nun who had rejected organized religion after she left the convent. Their son was baptized a Catholic as an infant, but received no religious instruction during his childhood; his mother described her son as "a confirmed atheist all his life".

Instability and violence marked the family: they moved frequently, and much of young Lépine's early childhood was spent in Costa Rica and Puerto Rico, where his father worked for a Swiss mutual funds company. The family returned to Montreal permanently in 1968, shortly before a stock market crash led to the loss of much of the family's assets. Rachid was an authoritarian, possessive and jealous man, frequently violent towards his wife and children. He had contempt for women and believed that they were intended only to serve men. He required his wife to act as his personal secretary, slapping her if she made any errors in typing, and forcing her to retype documents in spite of the cries of their toddler. He was also neglectful and abusive towards his children, particularly his son, and discouraged any tenderness as he considered it spoiling.

In 1970, following an incident in which Rachid struck Gamil so hard that the marks on his face were visible a week later, Monique decided to leave. The legal separation was finalized in 1971, and the divorce in 1976. Following the separation, Gamil lived with his mother and younger sister Nadia; soon after, their home and possessions were seized when Rachid defaulted on mortgage payments. Gamil was afraid of his father, and at first saw him on weekly supervised visits. The visits ended quickly, as Rachid ceased contact with his children soon after the separation. Gamil never saw his father again, and in the future refused to discuss him with others.

Rachid stopped making child support payments after paying them twice, and to make ends meet Monique returned to nursing. She subsequently started taking further courses to advance her career. During this time the children lived with other families during the week, seeing their mother only on weekends. Concerned about her children and parenting skills, she sought help for the family from a psychiatrist at Sainte- Justine Hospital in 1976; the assessment concluded there was nothing wrong with the shy and withdrawn Gamil, but recommended therapy for his sister Nadia, who was challenging Monique's authority. Nadia died in 1996 at the age of 28 from a drug overdose of cocaine.

Adolescence
After the divorce became final in 1976, the Lépine children, then aged 12 and 9, returned to live with their mother, who was director of nursing at a Montreal hospital. In 1977 the family moved to a house purchased in the middle-class Montreal suburb of Pierrefonds. Gamil attended junior high and high school, where he was described as a quiet student who obtained average to above average marks. He developed a close friendship with another boy, but he did not fit in with other students. Taunted as an Arab because of his name, at the age of 14 he legally changed it to "Marc Lépine", citing his hatred of his father as the reason for taking his mother's surname. Lépine was uncommunicative and showed little emotion. He suffered from low self-esteem, exacerbated by his chronic acne. Family relations remained difficult as his younger sister Nadia publicly humiliated him about his acne and his lack of girlfriends. Lépine fantasized about her death, and on one occasion made a mock grave for her. He was overjoyed when in 1981 she was placed in a group home because of her delinquent behaviour and drug abuse.

Seeking a good male role model for Lépine, his mother arranged for a Big Brother. For two years, the experience proved positive as Lépine, often with his best friend, enjoyed the time with photography and moto-cross motorcycles. However, in 1979, the meetings ceased abruptly when the Big Brother was detained on suspicion of molesting young boys. Both Lépine and his Big Brother denied that any molestation had occurred. Lépine owned an air rifle as a teenager, which he used to shoot pigeons near his home with his friend. They also enjoyed designing and building electronic gadgets. Lépine developed an interest in World War II and an admiration of Adolf Hitler, and enjoyed action and horror movies. He also took considerable responsibility at home, including cleaning and doing repairs while his mother worked.

Lépine applied to join the Canadian Forces as an officer cadet in September 1981 at the age of 17, but was rejected during the interview process. He later told his friend it was because of difficulties accepting authority, and in his suicide letter noted that he had been found to be "anti-social". An official statement from the military after the massacre stated that he had been "interviewed, assessed and determined to be unsuitable".

Adulthood
In 1982, at the age of 18, the Lépine family moved to Saint-Laurent, closer to his mother's work and to Lépine's new CEGEP. He lost contact with his school friend soon after the move. This period marks the beginning of the seven years which he described in his suicide note as having "brought [him] no joy".

In August 1982 Lépine began a two-year pre-university course in pure sciences at Cégep de Saint-Laurent, failing two courses in the first semester but improving his grades considerably in the second semester. He worked part-time at the hospital where his mother worked, serving food and doing custodial duties. Lépine was seen as nervous, hyperactive, and immature by his colleagues. He developed an attraction to another employee, but he was too shy to act on his feelings. After a year at college, he switched from the university-destined science program into electronics technology, a three-year technical program geared more towards immediate employment. His teachers remembered him as being a model student, quiet, hardworking, and generally doing well in his classes, particularly those related to electrotechnology. There was an unexplained drop in his marks in the fall 1985 term and in February 1986, during the last term of the program, he suddenly and without explanation stopped attending classes, as a result failing to complete his diploma.

Lépine moved out of his mother's home into his own apartment, and in 1986 he applied to study engineering at École Polytechnique de Montréal. He was admitted on the condition that he complete two compulsory courses, including one in solution chemistry. In 1987, Lépine was fired from his job at the hospital for aggressive behaviour, as well as disrespect of his superiors and carelessness in his work. He was enraged at his dismissal, and at the time described a plan to commit a murderous rampage and then commit suicide. Lépine's friends noted that he became unpredictable, flying into rages when frustrated.

In the fall of 1987, in order to complete his college diploma, Lépine took three courses, obtaining good marks in all of them, and in February 1988 began a course in computer programming at a private college in downtown Montreal, funding his studies with government student loans. He moved into a downtown apartment with his old high school friend,  and in the winter of 1989 took a CEGEP night course in solution chemistry, a prerequisite course for the École Polytechnique. Lépine wanted a girlfriend, but was generally ill at ease around women. He tended to boss women around and show off his knowledge in front of them. He spoke out to men about his dislike of feminists, career women and women in traditionally male occupations, such as the police force, stating that women should remain in the home caring for their families. Lépine applied again to the École Polytechnique in 1989; however his application was rejected as he lacked required courses. In March 1989 he abandoned the course in computer programming, though he performed well in the CEGEP course, obtaining 100% in his final exam. In April 1989 he met with a university admissions officer and complained about how women were taking over the job market from men.

Massacre
The massacre appeared to have been planned for several months. In August 1989 Lépine picked up an application for a firearms-acquisition certificate, and in mid-October he received his permit. On November 21, 1989, he purchased a Ruger Mini-14 semi-automatic rifle at a local sporting goods store. Between October and December 1989 he was seen at least seven times at the École Polytechnique. Four days before the shooting, Lépine brought his mother a present, though it was several weeks before her birthday; he also brought a note and two bags of belongings, which she did not discover until long after the shooting. Lépine had previously always been very punctual paying his rent, but had not done so in December 1989.

On December 6, 1989, Lépine walked into the École Polytechnique. There, he entered a second-floor classroom where he separated the men and women and then ordered the approximately fifty men to leave. Claiming that he was fighting feminism, he shot the nine women who remained, killing six and injuring the rest. After this, Lépine moved to other areas of the building, including the cafeteria, corridors and another classroom. A total of fourteen women (twelve engineering students, one nursing student, and one university employee) were killed, and four men and ten women injured before Lépine turned the gun on himself. The event was later described as a "pseudo-community" type of "pseudo-commando" murder-suicide, in which the perpetrator targets a specific group, usually in a public place and intending to die in "a blaze of glory".

A three-page suicide letter was found in the pocket of Lépine's jacket. The letter was never officially made public, but was leaked in November 1990 to Francine Pelletier and published in the newspaper La Presse. In his letter, Lépine claimed political motives, blamed feminists for ruining his life, and expressed admiration for Denis Lortie, who had mounted an attack on the Quebec National Assembly in 1984 for political reasons, killing three Quebec government employees. The letter also contained a list of nineteen Quebec women whom Lépine apparently wished to kill because of their feminism. Another letter, written to a friend, promised the explanation to the massacre lay by following clues left in Lépine's apartment. The hunt led only to a suitcase of computer games and hardware.

Lépine was buried in the Cimetière Notre-Dame-des-Neiges in Montreal, a few blocks from where he committed the massacre.

Rationale
A police psychiatrist who interviewed Lépine's family and entourage, and who had access to his letters, suggested that he may have had a serious personality disorder, as he chose the multiple homicide/suicide strategy (killing oneself after killing others) that is a characteristic of this disorder. The psychiatrist noted "extreme narcissistic vulnerability" as shown by fantasies of power and success combined with high levels of self-criticism and difficulties dealing with rejection and failure. Feelings of powerlessness and incompetence were compensated for by a violent and grandiose imaginary life. Other psychiatrists suggested that Lépine was psychotic, having lost touch with reality as he tried to erase the memories of a brutal and absent father, while at the same time unconsciously identifying with a violent manhood that dominates women. Other theories were that Lépine's experiences of abuse as a child had caused brain damage or led him to feel victimized as he faced losses and rejections in his later life.

Lépine's mother speculated that he may have suffered from attachment disorder due to the abuse and sense of abandonment he had experienced in his childhood. She also wondered whether Lépine viewed her as a feminist, and that the massacre might have been an unconscious attempt to get revenge for her neglect while she pursued her career and for his sister's taunts. Others take a less individualistic approach. Many feminists and governmental officials view it as an illustration of misogynistic violence against women. Criminologists consider the massacre as an example of a hate or bias crime against women. A few antifeminists have sought to rehabilitate Lépine as hero of the antifeminist cause. Others wondered if Lépine's actions were the result of societal changes that had led to increased poverty, powerlessness, individual isolation or increased violence in the media and in society.

Suicide statement
The following is a translation of the suicide letter written by Lépine on the day of the shooting. The original letter in French is also available. "Forgive the mistakes, I had 15 minutes to write this. See also Annex.

Please note that if I commit suicide today 89-12-06 it is not for economic reasons (for I have waited until I exhausted all my financial means, even refusing jobs) but for political reasons. Because I have decided to send the feminists, who have always ruined my life, to their Maker. For seven years life has brought me no joy and being totally blasé, I have decided to put an end to those viragos.

I tried in my youth to enter the Forces as an officer cadet, which would have allowed me possibly to get into the arsenal and precede Lortie in a raid. They refused me as [I was] asocial. I therefore had to wait until this day to execute my plans. In between, I continued my studies in a haphazard way for they never really interested me, knowing in advance my fate. Which did not prevent me from obtaining very good marks despite my theory of not handing in work and the lack of studying before exams.

Even if the Mad Killer epithet will be attributed to me by the media, I consider myself a rational erudite that only the arrival of the Grim Reaper has forced to take extreme acts. For why persevere to exist if it is only to please the government. Being rather backward-looking by nature (except for science), the feminists have always enraged me. They want to keep the advantages of women (e.g. cheaper insurance, extended maternity leave preceded by a preventative leave, etc.) while seizing for themselves those of men.

Thus it is an obvious truth that if the Olympic Games removed the Men-Women distinction, there would be women only in the graceful events. So the feminists are not fighting to remove that barrier. They are so opportunistic they [do not] neglect to profit from the knowledge accumulated by men through the ages. They always try to misrepresent them every time they can. Thus, the other day, I heard they were honoring the Canadian men and women who fought at the frontline during the world wars. How can you explain [that since] women were not authorized to go to the frontline??? Will we hear of Caesar's female legions and female galley slaves who of course took up 50% of the ranks of history, though they never existed. A real Casus Belli.

Sorry for this too brief letter.

Marc Lépine"

The letter is followed by the list of nineteen names, with a note at the bottom:

""They nearly died today. The lack of time (because I started too late) has allowed these radical feminists to survive. Alea iacta est.""

Memorial
Canadians mark the day of the killings with a National Day of Remembrance and Action on Violence Against Women. In 2008, Monique Lépine published Aftermath, a memoir of her own journey through the grief and pain of the incident. She had stayed silent until 2006, when she decided to speak out for the first time in the wake of that year's Dawson College shooting.

In popular culture
Lépine's life and death was dramatized by Adam Kelly in his controversial play The Anorak.

Lépine was portrayed by Maxim Gaudette in Denis Villeneuve's 2009 film Polytechnique, although the film never refers to Lépine by name. Gaudette won the Genie Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of Lépine.

title: Marc Lépine


text:
Sinepuxent, Maryland

Sinepuxent or Sinepuxent Town was a village in Worcester County, Maryland, located on Sinepuxent Neck across Sinepuxent Bay from the barrier island of Assateague. The village was destroyed by a hurricane in 1818 and never rebuilt. Its location arose in large part from its convenience to ocean-going ships: an inlet—Sinepuxent Inlet—allowed access through Assateague Island from the Atlantic Ocean to Sinepuxent Bay, until it was closed by the same hurricane that destroyed the village.

Sinepuxent was the birthplace of U.S. Navy officer Stephen Decatur in 1779.

title: Sinepuxent, Maryland


text:
Talk:First Battle of Bull Run

USMC
Not much mention of the USMC's role in the battle. Should be added. – Illegitimate Barrister (talk • contribs), 01:00, 11 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:First Battle of Bull Run


text:
Talk:List of Montreal Metro stations

Untitled
We should use English for the street names in this list. Our policy is to use the most commonly used English version of the name. - Efghij 07:55 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * That is for titles of articles. The official names of Montreal streets are in French, with very few exceptions. In the case of odonyms with articles (for example Mount Royal, University of Montreal), I have used an English name.) - Montréalais

This is the english wikipedia, so by definition we should call things by the names that english-speakers use. The fact that the official name is in French doesn't change that for "University of Montreal" or "Quebec City". I don't see why it should be any different for street names, just because none of them deserve articles (except maybe Saint-Laurent Boulevard). - Efghij 17:12 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * It so happens that most of these are the most commonly used names in English. When I write a letter, I list my return address as Rue Saint-Whatever Ouest. Businesses list their addresses as 1000, rue de La Gauchetière, in their English materials.

 * In addition to being official, the French also has the advantage that we know what form it should be. This is not the case in English. (Verdun Street? De Verdun Street? Saint-Laurent Blvd.? Saint Laurent Blvd? Saint Lawrence Blvd? The Main? du Parc Ave? Park Ave? de l'Assomption Blvd? Assomption Blvd? Assumption Blvd? What are you going to do, take an opinion poll?)

 * I know this is the English wiki, but surely you wouldn't change "rue de Rivoli" to "Rivoli Street," nor would you expect the French wiki to refer to "Central Park West" as "promenade du Parc-Central ouest."

 * If we were talking about an officially bilingual city like Ottawa, I would agree with you. But we're not. An encyclopedia is supposed to be authoritative, and someone trying to find "Pine Avenue" or "Saint James Street" on a modern map of Montreal is going to have a long search, no matter what English speakers call them - or used to call them. - Montréalais

I'm not sure these are necessarily the most commonly used names. "Peel Street" and "Saint-Laurent Boulevard" are in my experience much more widspread among anglophones than "Rue Peel" or "Boulevard Saint-Laurent". But still, you have a point. English use of street names is mostly unofficial, and therefore somewhat haphazard. Still, I think in places were English is an official language we should use the proper English names. - Efghij 19:28 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * No question. However, Montreal is not one of those places. - Montréalais

Some boroughs are officially bilingual, including Westmount and Saint-Laurent. - Efghij 21:04 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I don't think that authority extends to street names. Anyway, there are no metro station street names in Westmount, and I really don't think any English speakers call them "du Collège Street" or "Cote-Vertu Road". - Montréalais

Boroughs have juristiction over street names. In Mount Royal, for example all the street signs say " BOULEVARD Graham BOULEVARD " or " CHEMIN Rockland ROAD " because both versions are official. Similarly in Saint-Laurent, street signs say "Cote-Vertu" not "Chemin de la Cote-Vertu" because Cote-Vertu Road is way more common than Chemin de la Cote Vertu among Saint-Laurent anglos. "Du College Street" is used too, believe it or not. Also, Atwater Avenue forms the border between Ville-Marie and Westmount, so it does have an official English name. - Efghij 21:59 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I just think it looks ridiculous to have 9/10 of the names in French and 1/10 in semi-English. - Montrealais

I guess so. I suppose this is one of this situations where we have to sacrifice strict acuracy for clairity. - Efghij 01:53 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I'm an anglophone Montrealer, and these are all the names I would use. I'd also be pretty p.o.'d if I was using this list as a reference and it had names that were different from the maps or street signs. -- ESP 01:51 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I'd like to point out that all media outlets (or at least The Gazette, The Globe & Mail, The Mirror, CBC, CFCF, & CJAD) use the English form whenever they mention any Montreal street by name. Furthermore, they all seem to be pretty consistent on which form they use (Saint Laurent Blvd, l'Assomption Blvd, Saint Jauques Street, Park Ave, Pine Ave). - Efghij 22:39, 30 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Well, see, that's not very consistent. Why Pine Ave. and not Des Pins Ave.? Why Saint-Jacques Street and not Saint James Street? Which was my point. - Montréalais

What I mean is that it's called Saint Jauques St. by The Gazette & The Globe & CBC & CFCF. There's no question of knowing what form it should be in. I suppose the reason they use these forms is that there's little phonemic difference between "Pins Avenue" & "Pine Avenue" and none between "Parc Avenue" & "Park Avenue". The point is that there is a standard English set of names, and it's used by Montreal's media and most anglophones, so I see no reason why we can't use it here. - Efghij 04:09, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Here's why: when my friend Hamish first moved to the city, at one point he asked for directions, and someone told him that something was on the corner of "Pine Ave." Needless to say, he got completely lost, since not being from Montreal, he had no idea that "Pine Ave." was the same as Av. des Pins. You have to be a Montreal anglophone for a long time to know that kind of thing, and the vast majority of our readers are not Montreal anglophones. If they're looking for Park Avenue on a map, they will not find it. - Montréalais 17:18, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

If you think wikipedia readers can't figure out that "Avenue du Parc" is the same as "Park Avenue" (even though The Globe obviously thinks their readers can), why not list it as "Park Avenue (French: Avenue du Parc)". Similarly you could have "St. Helen's Island (French: Île Sainte-Hélène )" and "University of Montreal (French: Université-de-Montréal)". That way wikipedia stays in line with the rest of the English-speaking world, and no one is left scrathing their head while searching on a map. - Efghij 20:06, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Why do it at all? I don't think it would put us in line with "the rest of the English-speaking world" at all.

 * In the main, the people who would use "Park Avenue" for Av. du Parc are Montrealers. But the English-speaking world extends beyond Montreal, and people outside Montreal do not know that "Park Avenue" is Av. du Parc.

 * The French names are the most commonly recognized ones for English speakers around the world simply because to actually find any of these places they will have to look at a map which will be labelled with the French names.

 * In sum, English Montrealers will find the English names unnecessary, and English non-Montrealers will find those names useless. There is no point in putting the English names on this list, not least because we can't agree on what they are. - Montréalais 20:21, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

It's not just Montreal. These are used by The Globe & Mail, The Toronto Star, The Ottawa Citizen, The Calgary Sun, The Edmonton Journal, The Vancouver Sun, CBC, and Global. I guess English-speaking Canada would be a better charaterization. Most maps don't even have street designations (which explains why I've herd tourists ask where "De Maisonneuve Street" is). If a Torontonian reads about "Park Avenue" in The Globe, and then sees this page, will he know that "Avenue du Parc" is the same thing? Wouldn't it be better to list both names? - Efghij 20:54, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Even if I thought that was a good idea, we still have the problem of what the "real" English name is, especially for less famous streets. De L'Acadie Blvd? L'Acadie Blvd? Acadie Blvd? D'Iberville Ave.? Iberville Ave.? I've seen them all. - Montréalais 22:30, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

That's easy, just search The Gazette archives. This gives you: - Efghij 03:11, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * Verdun St.
 * de l'Église Ave.
 * Montigny St.
 * l'Assomption Blvd.
 * Cadillac St.
 * du Collège St.
 * de la Savane St.
 * Vendôme Ave.
 * Mount Royal Ave.
 * de la Concorde Blvd.
 * l'Acadie Blvd.
 * Castelnau St.
 * Iberville St.

 * And the Gazette is now the authoritative source? Frankly, I wouldn't consider the Gazette an authoritative source if it told me the sky was blue. "Castelnau Street" is just wrong - the man's name was De Castelnau. "Collège" would be much more correct than "Castelnau" - at least the "du" in "du" Collège" isn't part of another proper name. The Gazette is a pathetic excuse for a newspaper and an even worse one for a nomenclaturist. - Montréalais 04:43, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Well the other papers use the forms as them for the more famous streets, although that's probably because more famous streets are, well, more famous. At any rate, this shows the patern of use. If they get the details wrong we can fix them. - Efghij 04:58, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes, but to whose usage? This is the problem: there is no standard of English usage for these street names, because most of them do not have English names. - Montréalais

I really don't see what's so difficult about this. If a street is named after a person, than the street name is the same as the person's name (Cadillac St., de Castelnau St.). Same thing for a street named for a place (Verdun St., l'Acadie Blvd.). If a street has an English name used by local authorities, we just use that (du Collège St., de la Savane St.), and if a street is famous enough we just use the same form the media does (l'Assomption Blvd., Mount Royal Ave.). - Efghij 02:05, 8 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * We can't just make up a standard to use and pretend it's real, efghij. That's not fair and it's not encyclopedic. I could poke holes in a number of your examples but I don't feel like wasting the typing time; suffice it to say they betray their origin. - Montréalais 19:13, 8 Aug 2003 (UTC)

How is that making up standard use? You said yourself that Castelnau St. would be incorrect because the guy was "de Castelnau". Does the same not apply to the rest of Montreal streets? Anyway, I give up. Go ahead, do what you want. Change Peel St. to "rue de la Peau" for all I care. - Efghij 21:21, 8 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Here's a question. If I (an American) am walking around Montreal and looking at street signs, what language are they in? That's the language you should be using in the article. Chadloder 05:02, Aug 7, 2003 (UTC)

 * There's usally no "language" at all. Most street signs just say "Verdun" or "Sherbrooke". We can't just use these because the Metro Stations are named after Verdun Street & Sherbrooke Street, not Verdun, Quebec & Sherbrooke, Quebec. To confuse matters further, some parts of the city (mostly downtown) have French-only street signs (which usualy look like " av. du Parc") and some parts (prodominantly english-speaking areas) have bilingual street signs (which usualy look like " RUE SHERBROOKE ST. ") - Efghij 05:14, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)

And there are no areas which use only English on their street signs. - Montréalais 06:07, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)

As a practical matter, if I'm riding the Metro, reading the signs or looking at maps or listening to announcements, the station names are in French. That means those are the names that will be useful to our readers. (And as a side note, the English for Ave. de l'Eglise would be "Church Avenue", which I hope nobody wants us to use.) Vicki Rosenzweig 11:32, 8 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Heh, I don't think anyone's called it that since the fifties. - Montréalais 19:13, 8 Aug 2003 (UTC)

well, for reference purposes only, canada post says that the proper way of writing an french address in english (or vice versa) is to translate only the street type and directional (except in the case of numbered streets, in which it is acceptable to translate them). that being said, "rue saint-jacques" becomes "saint-jacques street", not "saint james street". conversely, "water street" in vancouver becomes "rue water", not "rue de l'eau".

think of it this way: if you were sending a francophone tourist to the intersection of oak street and king edward avenue in vancouver, it's totally useless to tell them to go to the corner of "rue des chênes et avenue roi-édouard".

 * As explained, the problem is that there is NO extant standard for dealing with the problems that come up when we attempt it. Is chemin de la Côte-des-Neiges properly transliterated "de la Côte-des-Neiges Road," "De la Côte-des-Neiges Road," "Côte-des-Neiges Road," "Côte des Neiges Road"? I've seen all of them, plus variations.
 * Nobody says "des Pins Avenue" or "Pins Avenue," they say "Pine Avenue" if anything, but as you point out that's completely useless to anyone visiting Montreal. So if we try to translate we're trapped between silliness and incomprehensibility.
 * Not only are the French names the only official ones as determined by the relevant authority (the Commission de toponymie), but they're the only ones that we can be sure will be on maps and on the street signs, and therefore they are the most useful. Furthermore, as I pointed out, in other articles about cities, we put the street names in the original form (Straße des 17. Juni, not "des 17. Juni Street," "17. Juni Street," or "June 17th Street.")
 * As an anglophone Montrealer I can really only conclude that the appropriate thing to do is to leave the street names in French. - Montréalais 14:40, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * oh, i agree with you 100% (i mean, come on, it's montréal). it's just that, for clarification purposes, i was just letting people know how canada post does things. if anyone knows about the etiquette of translating canadian street names, it's them.

 * m.

title: Talk:List of Montreal Metro stations


text:
Pietà

The Pietà (meaning "pity", "compassion") is a subject in Christian art depicting the Blessed Virgin Mary cradling the dead body of Jesus Christ after his Descent from the Cross. It is most often found in sculpture. The Pietà is a specific form of the Lamentation of Christ in which Jesus is mourned by the Virgin Mary alone. However, in practice works called a Pietà may include angels, the other figures usual in Lamentations, and even donor portraits.

An image consisting only of a dead Christ with angels is also called a Pietà, at least in German, where Engelpietà (literally "Angel Pietà") is the term for what is usually called Dead Christ supported by angels in English.

Several Pietà images have received a pontifical decree of coronation, including the Pieta of Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome, those in the Marienthal Basilica in France, the Franciscan church in Leuven, Belgium, Kamp-Bornhofen, Germany, and Our Lady of Charity in Cartagena, Spain.

Context and development

The Pietà is one of the three common artistic representations of a sorrowful Virgin Mary, the other two being the Mater Dolorosa ("dolorous mother") and the Stabat Mater ("standing mother"). The other two representations are most commonly found in paintings, rather than sculpture, although combined forms exist.

The Pietà developed in Germany (where it is called Vesperbild) about 1300, reached Italy about 1400, and was especially popular in Central European Andachtsbilder. Many German and Polish 15th-century examples in wood greatly emphasise Christ's wounds. Although the subject was known in Italy, the name may have been slower to be adopted, and the Florentine diarist Luca Landucci, after describing a painting in an entry for June 1482, added "which is called by some a Pietà".

The Deposition of Christ and the Lamentation or Pietà form the 13th of the Stations of the Cross, as well as one of the Seven Sorrows of the Virgin.

Although the Pietà most often shows the Virgin Mary holding Jesus, there are other compositions, including those where God the Father participates in holding Jesus Christ. In Spain the Virgin often holds up one or both hands, sometimes with Christ's body slumped to the floor.

Michelangelo

A famous example by the Italian sculptor Michelangelo in marble is in Saint Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City. The body of Christ is different from most earlier Pietà statues, which were usually smaller and in wood. The Virgin is also unusually youthful, and in repose, rather than the older, sorrowing Mary of most Pietàs. She is shown as youthful for two reasons: God is the source of all beauty and she is one of the closest to God, and because the exterior is thought as the revelation of the interior; therefore, the virgin is morally beautiful. Michelangelo's Pieta sculpture is also unique in the fact that it is the only one of his works that he ever signed. Upon hearing that visitors thought it had been sculpted by Cristoforo Solari, a competitor, he carved his signature into Mary's sash as "MICHAELA[N]GELUS BONAROTUS FLORENTIN[US] FACIEBA[T]": "Michelangelo Buonarroti the Florentine made this".

In a lesser known Michelangelo Pietà, The Deposition (c. 1547–1555), it is not the Virgin Mary who is holding Christ's body, but rather Nicodemus (or possibly Joseph of Arimathea), Mary Magdalene, and the Virgin Mary. There is some indication that the man in the hood is based on a self-portrait of the artist. The sculpture is housed in the Museo dell'Opera del Duomo in Florence and is also known as the Florentine Pietà.

A generation later, the Spanish painter Luis de Morales painted a number of highly emotional Pietàs, with examples in the Louvre and Museo del Prado.

Dead Christ supported by angels
This related subject is called Engelpietà (literally "Angel Pietà") in German, and included here for that reason. It is a variant of the Man of Sorrows (Imago Pietatis) type of andachtsbilder, but showing a Christ who is clearly dead (in Man of Sorrows images he tens to have his eyes open). Typically the half-length body of the dead Christ sits on a ledge, held up by smaller angels at each side. Christ is naked down to a loin-cloth and his wounds are visible. But there are many variants of this composition, especially after about 1500. It was common in both sculpture and painting from the 14th century until the Counter Reformation, but found through the Baroque period as well.

Comic book art and popular culture
The iconography of Piéta, with a figure holding a body in their arms, has been regularly used in comic book art, especially on covers. One of the most famous examples is the cover for Crisis on Infinite Earths #7, which features the death of Supergirl.

Lana Del Rey's 2012 music video Born to Die features the scene of a man holding the corpse of the singer in a Piéta-like pose.

The ending to John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath is often interpreted to symbolize a pietà, with Rose of Sharon cradling a dying old man.

title: Pietà


text:
Decametre

A decametre (International spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures and by most English speaking countries, United States spelling dekameter or decameter ), symbol dam ("da" for the SI prefix deca-, "m" for the SI unit metre), is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI) equal to ten metres.

While any combination of SI prefix and unit can be used, many are rarely used in practice; the decametre is used less frequently than other units of length. One practical use is for altitude of geopotential heights in meteorology. The volumetric form cubic decametre is convenient for describing large volumes of water such as in rivers and lakes; a volume of one cubic decametre (dam3) is equivalent to a capacity of one megalitre (ML).

One technical atmosphere is the pressure of one decametre of water. Also, the are (a), a metric unit for land area, is equal to one square decametre (dam2).

title: Decametre


text:
User talk:172/Talk block 6

Gee, excellent work on History of Germany. For a while I thought I was the only one interested in German history around here. :-) In case you're interested, I was the one who tried to split up the enormously confusing History of Germany page into several articles and added a lot to the Franks, Holy Roman Empire, and Weimar Republic pages (and some stuff around Gleichschaltung too). Now, I'm wondering, since you commented your edits as "copyediting", what exactly does that mean? Have you copied the text for the 19th century and German Empire from somewhere else, or is this your own creation? In any case, I find this quite impressive, and I'd love to work with you on the history of Germany more.

I am just wondering whether the texts below the "Unification... 1806-1866" and "German Empire" headings should rather go into separate articles (see my comments at the bottom of Talk:History of Germany), with only a brief summary under the two headings and the bulk of the text in the other article, respectively, as it is now with the previous headings. My reasoning for this is that people interested in the history of Germany are probably quite overwhelmed with that many details, and many probably want to know about post-1945 Germany in the first place anyway. (Thinking about it, even that deserves its own article, but I'll leave that for later.) I would therefore suggest to move stuff to German Empire (which already exists) and to a new article about the time from 1806-1866, for which I cannot think of a decent title as of yet. What do you think? -- djmutex 14:13 3 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Alright, I moved stuff around; History of Germany is under 32 KB again, and your texts are now in German Confederation and German Empire. I have also restructured your German Empire text; see Talk:German Empire for details. I hope this is still in line with your plans still. :-) djmutex 17:17 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)

172, I'm glad you were not offended. :-) — Since you asked me what I think you could work on (not that I feel I am in the position to suggest), I can come up with some. Nazi Germany is mostly empty, except for a few lists. Some related information is in World War II (although primarily military), some in Adolf Hitler (which I'd rather keep to biographical information, although that is probably hard to separate in this case), and I wrote something about the steps by which the Nazis installed themselves in Gleichschaltung, including the laws the produced in the process. Would that be something you'd be interested in?

Also, in general, my expertise is mainly legal history, so I feel that what I write is usually a little weak on economic and social issues. So if you find something missing in my pet articles on German history, feel free to jump in.

Thanks for your offer, I'd be happy to collaborate! BTW, you have a real name too? I hate to call people by number. :-) djmutex 19:04 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)

If you find the time and are knowledgeable about that era, could you look over Mohammed Mossadegh? The article as originally written could have been directly approved by the CIA; I tried to add some neutrality but it could still use balance. --Eloquence 21:20 7 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Thanks! djmutex 19:33 8 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Hi Abe. Great to see you back! I'm very busy with work (and some other things) at present and I'm not even getting to do much on birds and mammals, let alone other topics, so I think it will be a while before you see me around and about in the hitory articles. But thanks for asking, and keep up your good work. Best -- Tony (Tannin)

Hello there 172. There's an article on the New Economic Policy (which I wrote most of ages ago) I thought you might want to add something to G-Man 17:29 9 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Nice thorough job on both articles! A few things to note though: "CPC" is the acronym now used by the People's Daily so I made that change; and whether Falun Gong is a cult is disputed. --Jiang 10:54 10 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Nice work on "Changing demographics and the growth of the Sunbelt". It's very clear and very well-written. RickK 07:53 13 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I wasn't trying to debate him, I was asking him to stop vandalizing. I am not quite as tolerant to vandals as you. MB

You are going a bit too far to be nice to this vandal, because of his perceived beliefs. I find this a bit disturbing, probably as disturbing as you feel my criticism of his perceived beliefs were. The fact is, I didn't really take this guy seriously to begin with. You did. That is where you and I differed in the handling of this vandal. I'll be sure to not bring political views into things in the future, but I am also opposed to you giving a vandal special treatment in the hopes of reforming them, because of their personal beliefs. MB 14:33 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Well I was saying, as an aside, that I felt his beliefs were a bit twisted. In any case, I'm willing to let this go, as long as you are.  I think we would have better luck finding people with unique views elsewhere, but the truth is, most of people with these type of radical views have little grasp of reality.  I admit, they sometime make good points, but they often have to ignore large parts of reality to make thier beliefs hold true.  (IMO Capitalists are as much as a culprit in this regard as Communists, they are both extremes).  MB 14:47 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Why did you revert in Cold War ? This might be poorly written but I don't think it was out of the subject ? Did you find it to POVed ? Ericd 20:09 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I think moving great depression is a great idea. What I would suggest is that the Great Depression page should perhaps have a couple of paragraph explanation of what the GD was, maybe explaining its international impact. Then at the end of that page, a series of linked articles could be placed, as in etc.
 * Great Depression (United States),
 * Great Depression (Europe)
 * Great Depression (Australia)

The main page should have enough info to know in an overall way what the GD was, with they then able to go into separate pages for specific analyses of individual state studies. Overtime a very useful set of individual studies could develop with a depth of local analysis that would make wiki a premier encyclopædic source of information. Is that idea workable/ FearÉIREANN 01:57 21 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I have only made two edits to New Imperialism. You must have me mistaken for somebody else. Pizza Puzzle

I have no idea what you are talking about. Pizza Puzzle

You are no longer welcome to leave comments upon my talk page. Take your conspiracy theories elsewhere. Pizza Puzzle

Hello there 172, Thanks for removing the dross from the New Deal article, I dont know why I didn't do it myself ages ago. If you think that that was bad, look at the history page and see what the New Deal article looked like before I got my hands on it, I almost had a heart attack when I first saw it.

By-the-way I added a lot of stuff to the Wall Street Crash article. I just thought you might like to look at it and maybe add some more, as youre far more knowledgeable about these things than I am G-Man 22:28 21 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Sounds like a good idea about the great depression article. I should be able to contribute something to a Great Depression (United Kingdom) article, I'll have to do some reading up on it though.

I'll take a look at the Cold War article tommorow (going to bed soon) so I'll get back to you on that then G-Man 00:44 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Noticed you mentioning dividing up the Cold War article and thought I'd throw in my two cents; the way I see it there are three periods, immediately post-WWII (Marshall Plan etc.), the period after the Soviet Union developed nuclear weapons, and the period beginning with the detente process. - Hephaestos 00:46 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I agree about PP. I think it would be a shame if he got himself banned again, because he is obviously someone of considerable intellect and ability. I've added another comment or two. I only hope he heeds it. lol FearÉIREANN 05:20 22 Jul 2003 (UTC) Thanks for the compliment, BTW.

BTW, I have indeed written about postal history, in case you hadn't noticed; see Stamps and postal history of Austria and Stamps and postal history of the United States for instance, although the latter still needs illustrations. Not as high-falutin' as scholarly history of course, but consider that there are several hundred thousand collectors of Brazilian postage stamps out there, and adroit cross-linking from a stamp article would be a clever way to interest more people in the history of Brazil. (It will be a while before I can write up Brazil stamps though, their history is very complicated and I lack a good reference work.) Stan 06:18 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Heh, I'm pretty sure I never used the word "rubbish"! But I'll be honest; whether or not you intend it so, much of your writing strikes me as painfully strained rationalization of Marxist philosophy, and blanket condemnation of capitalism. Now having personally witnessed unconscionable lying and scheming by businessfolk, I'm inclined to the socialist side myself, but your interpretation goes much further left than I think is justified.  For instance, in History of the United States (1945-1964) I believed you characterized the Berlin Airlift as a "provocative propaganda stunt".  I have a hard time understanding the mindset that could call the saving of two million people from starvation a "propaganda stunt".  My interest piqued, I've been looking up material on the airlift, and I have yet to see anybody call it anything but a humanitarian operation, in response to a dastardly attempt to take an entire civilian population hostage.  In fact, who else but the Soviets would characterize the airlift as a bad thing? So it looks to me like you've given away your bias.  Another example is your characterization of the 1950s. You have so many bad things to say about the 50s that you never actually mention that the majority of the population was ecstatically happy, so happy that even a half-century later, the older boomers are still nostalgic, so much so that it influences politics today. Now I know this is all criticism, but I wouldn't spend my limited time writing this instead of articles, if I didn't think you were capable of considering whether your material was habitually tilted in the socialist direction. I know that if readers were getting the impression that my material was pushing a particular POV, I would want somebody to tell me, and give me some examples to work from so I could improve my neutrality. Stan 07:45 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:172/Talk block 6


text:
C-QUAM

C-QUAM (Compatible QUadrature Amplitude Modulation) is the method of AM stereo broadcasting used in Canada, the United States and most other countries. It was invented in 1977 by Norman Parker, Francis Hilbert, and Yoshio Sakaie, and published in an IEEE journal.

Using circuitry developed by Motorola, C-QUAM uses quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) to encode the stereo separation signal. This extra signal is then stripped down in such a way that it is compatible with the envelope detector of older receivers, hence the name C-QUAM for Compatible. A 25 Hz pilot tone is added to trigger receivers; unlike its counterpart in FM radio, this carrier is not necessary for the reconstruction of the original audio sources.

Description
The C-QUAM signal is composed of two distinct modulation stages: a conventional AM version and a compatible quadrature PM version.

Stage 1 provides the transmitter with a summed L+R mono audio input. This input is precisely the same as conventional AM-Mono transmission methods and ensures 100% compatibility with conventional 'envelope detector' receivers.

Stage 2 provides the stereo multiplexed (muxed) audio input and replaces the conventional crystal oscillator stage of otherwise AM-Mono transmitters. So as to not create interference with 'envelope detector' receivers, the stage 2 signal takes the multiplexed (muxed) audio signals and phase modulates both, using a divide-by-4 Johnson counter and two balanced modulators operating 90 degrees out of phase with each other. Stage 2 is not amplitude modulated, it is phase modulated, and is made up of both a L+R input and a L-R input.

To recover the 'stereo' audio signals, a synchronous detector extracts the L-R audio from the phase modulated quadrature portion of the signal created in stage 2. The L+R audio can be extracted from either the AM (stage 1) or the PM (stage 2) modulation component. From there, the audio can be readily de-multiplexed (de-muxed) back to 'stereo', a.k.a. Left and Right channels.

For additional information, see the attached PDF: "Introduction to the Motorola C-QUAM AM Stereo System".

Known problems
C-QUAM is not perfect, however, in large part because pre-AMAX it exhibited platform motion, with the audio "center" rocking back and forth as if changing the balance knob. This effect is potentially bothersome, especially in a moving vehicle where the received signal changes rapidly, and occupants (particularly the driver) would be more prone to its effects (this was an effect that happened primarily with skywave signals. Groundwave or local coverage usually did not suffer from this issue). This has been alleviated in subsequent revisions. Also, since some stereo information is contained in the sidebands, adjacent channel interference can cause problems. Finally, when only part of a sideband is attenuated (as often happens to skywave signals reflecting off the ionosphere), an effect known as selective fading, very unpleasant effects result; hence, the C-QUAM system is not often if ever used for shortwave broadcasting, nor by stations which receive a great deal of skywave interference.

User base
, there are still a number of AM radio stations in North America broadcasting in C-QUAM stereo. Among those stations are WXYG/540: Sauk Rapids, MN; CFCB/570: Corner Brook, NL; CFCO/630: Chatham, Ontario (covering SW Ontario, Eastern Michigan and Northern Ohio); WNMB/900: North Myrtle Beach, South Carolina; WBLQ/1230: Westerly, Rhode Island; WIRY/1340: Plattsburgh, New York; WAXB/850: Ridgefield, Connecticut and WYLD-AM/940: New Orleans, Louisiana. In addition to FCC-Licensed C-QUAM AM broadcast stations, low-powered (<100 mW) Part 15 C-QUAM stereo transmitters are available for sale for use in the United States. In Rome, Italy, there is Broadcastitalia on 1485 kHz.

Also see:
 * AM Stereo radio stations in the United States
 * AM Stereo radio stations worldwide

Competition from IBOC Hybrid Digital Systems
While C-QUAM is an accepted international standard for AM Radio broadcasting, it is incompatible with the IBOC (In-band on-channel) "HD" (Hybrid Digital) radio system, so a broadcaster must choose what system they will use. The IBOC system allows transmission of an audio frequency range extending to approximately 15 kHz, 2-ch Stereo on the AM band, but with significant digital artifact and aliasing due to substantial codec inadequacy.

In addition, C-QUAM patents have expired. iBiquity still controls IBOC intellectual property through patents, through licensing fees for both the use of the technology, and any modifications to be made, even if the broadcaster in question has purchased the equipment outright and made costly modifications to their transmitter plant in order to implement it.

Very few AM radio stations that broadcast with IBOC HD Radio during the day switch to C-QUAM AM Stereo during nighttime operation to reduce sideband digital (hash) interference and to provide long-range stereo reception. A number of HD radio tuners have the limited ability to decode C-Quam stereo transmissions, (typically with lower bandwidth), and as a result, reduced audio quality than what could be expected from a specifically designed AMAX/C-QUAM only tuner. C-QUAM AM Stereo transmissions have the same range as AM Monural transmission, a key benefit.

Whereas many stations in the late 2000s changed from C-QUAM to HD Radio, in the 2010s the trend reversed with many HD Radio stations shutting off their digital equipment. However, few of these stations returned to C-QUAM broadcasts.

There has been a move to bring back C-QUAM in the last few years, due to the poor sound quality of digital audio encoding at low bit rates. Where AM stereo receivers use a dual IF bandwidth setup, for an extended audio frequency response over mono receivers. Providing for a full, rich stereo sound is simply not possible with digital audio encoding. The down side of analog broadcasting is the amount of unwanted noise.

title: C-QUAM


text:
WPS Office

WPS Office (an acronym for Writer, Presentation and Spreadsheets, previously known as Kingsoft Office) is an office suite for Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, iOS, Android, Fire OS and HarmonyOS developed by Zhuhai-based Chinese software developer company, Kingsoft. It also comes pre-installed on Fire tablets. WPS Office is made up of three primary components: WPS Writer, WPS Presentation, and WPS Spreadsheet. By 2022, WPS Office reached a number of more than 494 million monthly active users and over 1.2 billion installations.

The personal basic version previously was free to use; it now requires a subscription. A fully featured professional-grade version is also available for a subscription fee. WPS Office 2016 was released in 2016. As of 2019, the Linux version is developed and supported by a volunteer community rather than Kingsoft itself.

The product has had a long history of development in China under the name "WPS" and "WPS Office". For a time, Kingsoft branded the suite as "KSOffice" for the international market, but later returned to "WPS Office". Since the release of WPS Office 2005, the user interface is similar to that of Microsoft Office products, and it supports Microsoft document formats in addition to its own files.

Origins
WPS Office was initially known as Super-WPS文字处理系统 (Super-WPS Word Processing System, then known simply as WPS) in 1988 as a word processor that ran on DOS systems and sold by then-Hong Kong Kingsun COMPUTER CO. LTD.. It was the first Chinese-language word processor designed and developed for the mainland Chinese market. WPS was used from the late 1980s.

Early history
Faced with competition from Microsoft Office, Kingsoft chief software architect Pak Kwan Kau (求伯君) diverted 4 million Renminbi from his personal account to assist in the development of WPS 97 for Microsoft Windows. In 1997, WPS 97 was released. The next version, WPS 2000, was released two years later. Both products were developed for a 16-bit Windows platform, with the capability of running on 32-bit Windows platforms.

In May 2001, Kingsoft launched a full office suite under the name WPS Office 2001, which contained a word processor together with spreadsheet and presentation applications. With WPS Office 2001, Kingsoft entered the office productivity market in the People's Republic of China.

In 2002, WPS Office 2002 was released, adding an email client to the office suite. WPS Office 2002 aimed to maintain interface compatibility with established office products.

The 2004 incarnation of the office suite, dubbed WPS Office Storm, was released in late 2004. It claimed to offer total backward compatibility with Microsoft Office file formats. Unlike previous versions, WPS Storm was based on OpenOffice.org and was the first WPS Office suite to support operating systems other than Microsoft Windows. Kingsoft collaborated with Intel and IBM to integrate its text-to-text and text-to-speech technology into WPS Office Storm.

In late 2005, WPS Office 2005 was released with a revamped interface and a smaller file size. Besides the Professional edition, a free Simplified Chinese edition was offered for students and home users. A Wine-hosted edition was provided for Linux users of WPS Office Storm.

In 2007, Kingsoft Office 2007 was released. This was the first version that tried to enter international markets, with support for the English and Japanese languages. The native Chinese-language version continued under the name WPS Office.

In 2009, Kingsoft Office 2009 was released. It had increased compatibility with Microsoft Office including support for the newer 2007-version file formats.

In 2011, Kingsoft Office was granted funding from the Chinese government and received further orders from central ministries in China.

Kingsoft Office Suite Free 2012 was released in 2011. Kingsoft Office Professional 2012 and Kingsoft Office Standard 2012 were released for sale in February 2012, in addition to Kingsoft Office for Android. The initial release for Android included standard word processor functions such as creating documents, spreadsheets, and presentations.

On 28 March 2012 Kingsoft announced that WPS for Linux was under development. It is the third WPS Linux product, following WPS Storm and WPS 2005. It was developed from scratch, based on the Qt framework, as compatible as possible with its Windows counterpart.

The free and paid versions of Kingsoft Office 2013 were released on 4 June 2013. They consist of three programs: Writer, Spreadsheets, and Presentation, which are similar to Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint. WPS Office for Linux Alpha 18 Patch 1 was released on 11 June 2015.

2014-present
On June 6, 2014, all Kingsoft Office products were renamed WPS Office.

On December 16, 2014, WPS Office 2014 for Windows, build 9.1.0.4932, was released as a subscription model for a monthly charge of US$3 for some features. The free version provided basic features and supported Microsoft Office .doc, .xls, and .ppt file formats. Premium paid versions provided full compatibility for Microsoft Office files. Officially only the paid 2014 version supported saving files in .docx, .xlsx, and .pptx formats, but, actually, the free version also supported these formats (as had the 2013 free version).

On June 21, 2016, WPS Office 2016 for Windows became generally available as Freemium software, with no subscription needed for basic features.

On 28 May 2017 Kingsoft tweeted that the Linux version was at a halt, but denied this a few days later, removed the tweet, and issued a further alpha version. Kingsoft also tweeted making reference to making WPS Office for Linux open-source towards the end of 2017 to allow the Linux community to step in and continue maintaining it, but later deleted this tweet too. Since at least June 2022, the fully functional Linux freeware version "WPS 2021" could simply be downloaded from the WPS website at no cost to the user.

WPS Office 2019 was released on May 6, 2019. It introduced new integration and personalized features as well as full support for the PDF format.

On July 22, 2021, WPS Office arrived on Huawei's new HarmonyOS platform on smartphones and tablets with Multi-terminal document service capabilities as a native APP format. HarmonyOS version comes with large-screen presentation, small-screen prompts, text highlighting to focus on key information, full-screen video playback without professional settings, small-screen graffiti, large-screen presentation, picture zoom information at a glance, atomic service on-the-go. Also the HarmonyOS version of WPS Office connects the personal version and multi-screen collaboration to improve productivity.

On March 15, 2024, Huawei announced that the WPS Office has completed the HarmonyOS native app core features development for HarmonyOS NEXT system which will launch in fall 2024. It was reported that consumers would soon be able to use a new version of the Office app with smoother and safer services across many devices with continuity with smart screen office functionalities.

Editions
WPS Office has versions for multiple operating systems: Windows, macOS, Linux (Fedora, CentOS, OpenSUSE, Ubuntu, Mint, Knoppix), Android, iOS and HarmonyOS. In addition, WPS Office also has a web version.

File format
According to an April 2017 review of WPS Office 2016 Free v10.2.0.5871 for Windows, the program opens and saves all Microsoft Office document formats (doc, docx, xls, xlsx, etc.), HTML, RTF, XML, and PDF.

 * Text document formats: wps, wpt, doc, dot, docx, dotx, docm, dotm
 * XML document formats: xml, htm, html, mht, mhtm, mhtml
 * Spreadsheet document formats: et, ett, xls, xlsx, xlt, xltx, csv, xlsm, xltm, xlsb, ets
 * Slideshow document formats: ppt, pot, pps, dps, dpt, pptx, potx, ppsx, pptm, potm, ppsm, dpss

Exploits
Since at least 2018, threat actor 'Blackwood' has used sophisticated methods to operate as an Adversary-in-the-Middle (AitM) to inject malware identified as 'NSPX30' into update mechanisms for WPS Office. Once the malware is installed, it can affect many other programs, such as virus protection software 360 Safeguard, and messaging software such as Skype, Telegram, and Tencent QQ. Activity by this system was first noticed in 2023 by cybersecurity company ESET.

title: WPS Office