text:
Bluestocking

Bluestocking (also spaced blue-stocking or blue stockings) is a term for an educated, intellectual woman, originally a member of the 18th-century Blue Stockings Society from England led by the hostess and critic Elizabeth Montagu (1718–1800), the "Queen of the Blues", including Elizabeth Vesey (1715–1791), Hester Chapone (1727–1801) and the classicist Elizabeth Carter (1717–1806). In the following generation came Hester Lynch Piozzi (1741–1821), Hannah More (1745–1833) and Frances Burney (1752–1840). The term now more broadly applies to women who show interest in literary or intellectual matters.

Until the late 18th century, the term had referred to learned people of both sexes. It was later applied primarily to intellectual women and the French equivalent bas bleu had a similar connotation. The term later developed negative implications and is now often used in a derogatory manner. The reference to blue stockings may arise from the time when woollen worsted stockings were informal dress, in contrast to formal, fashionable black silk stockings. The most frequent such reference is to a man, Benjamin Stillingfleet, who reportedly lacked the formal black stockings, yet participated in the Blue Stockings Society. As Frances Burney, a Bluestocking, recounts the events, she reveals that Stillingfleet was invited to a literary meeting by Elizabeth Vesey but was told off because of his informal attire. Her response was "don’t mind dress! Come in your blue stockings!".

History
The Blue Stockings Society was a literary society led by Elizabeth Montagu and others in the 1750s in England. Elizabeth Montagu was an anomaly in this society because she took possession of her husband's property when he died. This allowed her to have more power in her world. This society was founded by women, and included many prominent members of English society, both male and female, including Harriet Bowdler, Edmund Burke, Sarah Fielding, Samuel Johnson, and Frances Pulteney. M.P., an 1811 comic opera by Thomas Moore and Charles Edward Horn, was subtitled The Blue Stocking. It contained a character Lady Bab Blue who was a parody of bluestockings.

A reference to bluestockings has been attributed to John Amos Comenius in his 1638 book, where he mentioned the ancient tradition of women being excluded from higher education, citing the Bible and Euripides. That second reference, though, comes from Keatinge's 1896 translation and is not present in Comenius's Latin text. The name may have been applied in the 15th century to the blue stockings worn by the members of the Compagnie della Calza in Venice, which then was adopted in Paris and London; in the 17th century to the Covenanters in Scotland, who wore unbleached woollen stockings, in contrast to the bleached or dyed stockings of the more affluent. In 1870 Henry D. Wheatley noted that Elizabeth Montagu's coterie were named "blue stockings" after the blue worsted stockings worn by the naturalist Benjamin Stillingfleet.

William Hazlitt said, "The bluestocking is the most odious character in society...she sinks wherever she is placed, like the yolk of an egg, to the bottom, and carries the filth with her".

Recent use
In Japan, a literary magazine Seitō (Bluestocking) was launched in 1911 under the leadership of Raichō Hiratsuka. It ran until 1916, providing a creative outlet and political platform for Japanese feminists even while it faced public outcry and government censorship.

The Toledo Blue Stockings was a major league baseball team in Toledo, Ohio, from 1883 to 1885. Historically, the team is best known for being the only major league team with black players (Moses Fleetwood Walker and his brother, Weldy Walker) prior to Jackie Robinson's appearance with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947.

Bluestockings is the name of a volunteer-run and collectively owned radical bookstore, fair-trade cafe, and activist center located on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, New York City, which opened in 1999.

"The Bluestocking" is the name of the yearbook of Mary Baldwin College, a traditionally all-women's school in Staunton, Virginia.

"Blue Stocking" was an "unabashedly feminist" (tag line) newspaper published in Portland, Oregon 1993 to 1996.

title: Bluestocking


text:
Igla

Igla may refer to:

 * 9K38 Igla, a man-portable surface-to-air missile (SAM)
 * Igla (spacecraft docking system), Soyuz's orbital automatic docking radio telemetry
 * Bella Igla (born 1985), Israeli female chess player
 * Jonathan Igla, writer and producer
 * International Gay and Lesbian Aquatics Association, the international governing body for gay and lesbian aquatics clubs
 * The Needle (1988 film) (Igla), 1989 Soviet film directed by Rashid Nugmanov

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Igla


text:
Valldemossa

Valldemossa is a village and municipality on the island of Mallorca, part of the Spanish autonomous community of the Balearic Islands. It is famous for one landmark: the Royal Charterhouse of Valldemossa, built at the beginning of the 14th century, when the mystic and philosopher Ramon Llull lived in this area of Mallorca.

Since the 19th century Valldemossa has been promoted internationally as a place of outstanding beauty, largely as a result of the affection of distinguished traveller and cultural writer, the Austrian Archduke Ludwig Salvator. Valldemossa is the birthplace of Catalina Thomas, Mallorca's patron saint.

Valldemossa is a very attractive tourist destination, as it shows early Spanish culture. There are many shops and restaurants to indulge in Spanish culture.

History
In the year 1399, the king of Aragon, Martin the Humane, donated his summer residence, the Royal Palace of Valdemossa, to the Carthusian Order. This order had been founded by Bruno of Cologne in 1084 and its monasteries were known as charterhouses according to its motherhouse, Chatreuse, which is why the building is called today the Valldemossa Charterhouse. The charterhouse was populated by twelve monks, a prior and several lay brothers who performed menial work around the charterhouse. Catalina Thomas, the patron saint of Mallorca, was born here in 1533. The town was pillaged by Muslim raiders in the year 1552.

In the 1830s the Spanish government confiscated monasteries and the historic estate was sold to private owners, who have since hosted some prominent guests. These have included the Polish composer Frédéric Chopin and his lover the pioneering French writer Amantine-Lucile-Aurore Dupin, better known by her pseudonym George Sand, who wrote a notable account of A Winter in Majorca, describing their 1838–39 visit and praising the island's natural beauty, but criticizing what she perceived as the prejudice and vices of the natives.

Later the Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío was guest of the Sureda y Montaner families who own the Chartreuse estate. To fight his own nightmares Rubén Dario would sleep in monk habits; however, his drinking habits caused a rift with his private hosts and thus his departure from the former monastery and from Majorca.

Also Jorge Luis Borges lived in the town with his parents and his sister Norah, after the First World War let them free from their refuge in Geneva. Borges passionate friendship with the young artist Jacobo Sureda Montaner, son of the painter Pilar Montaner, was decisive for Borges writing mainly in Spanish.

Until the elections of 2007 the town's mayor was the only one in the democratic Kingdom of Spain to remain in office from the times of the Francoist dictatorship, which legally disappeared as the current Spanish Constitution of 1978 was passed.

Chopin and Sand in Valldemossa
In October 1836, Chopin met a French writer George Sand (Aurore Dudevant) at Liszt's house. In the summer of 1838, Sand and Chopin became lovers. They spent the following winter from 8 November 1838 to 11 February 1839 together with Sand’s two children in Mallorca. At first, they stayed in Palma de Mallorca and then at the Charterhouse in Valldemossa.

Already after a month, Chopin was writing about Valldemossa in rather sad tones, complaining about the weather and local cuisine. The Mediterranean climate was to agree with the composer; however, that year’s winter was particularly rainy and Chopin caught a cold. On top of that, the piano that was imported from Europe especially for him, was lost during the transport. After the piano was found, it was waiting later for weeks at the Palma port for the duty to be paid. During this time, Chopin was forced to play on a poor Majorcan piano. Despite the difficulties, he was working on his next pieces. It was in Mallorca where the collection of 24 preludes was completed (including prelude in D-flat major nicknamed "Raindrop").

There was not much left after the visit of the couple of lovers. The locals, afraid of tuberculosis, burnt most of the furniture of the rooms Chopin and Sand had lived in. Museums dedicated to the famous couple are located in the monastery cells 2 and 4. Memorabilia collected there include letters and manuscripts, portraits and sketches, as well as the Majorcan piano, on which Chopin had been composing since January 1836. There are also a Chopin's death mask and a lock of his hair, preserved in a George Sand's book. The museum is private and was founded in 1929 by Anne-Marie Boutroux de Ferrà and her husband Bartomeu Ferrà i Juan.

The Chopin Festival organised by Festivals Chopin de Valldemossa has been held since 1930 in August at the Carthusian monastery.

In cell 4, visitors can see the Pleyel piano ordered by the composer in Paris, which arrived in Valldemossa three weeks before his departure. When Chopin and Sand were leaving, they did not want to pay a high duty for the second time and left the piano to the director of the bank where Sand had opened an account. The piano, not yet fully paid off, was probably a form of a settlement. The piano was passed on in the banker’s family from one generation to another. Its current owners are the heirs of the bank director, the Quetglas brothers, who administer Chopin’s and G. Sand’s cell. The instrument is the greatest pride of their Chopin museum.

Tourism
Valldemossa is a very popular tourist destination in the Balearic Islands of Spain. Some main attractions include the 13th century monastery, where the musician Frederic Chopin spent a winter (1838–39). The monastery was originally built as a royal palace; however, in 1399 it was converted into a monastery.

Actor Michael Douglas and actress Catherine Zeta-Jones have a coastal estate near Valldemossa.

Events and festivals
There are many spectacular festivals that take place in Valldemossa, including:
 * Festes de la Beata: takes place during July 28, celebrates the Patron Saint of Valldemossa. Many parades take place on the streets during this festival.
 * Festival of Saint Bartomeu: on 24 August, also celebrates the Patron Saint. There are magnificent performances in the Cloisters of the Monastery.
 * Annual Artdemossa: this festival, ae the end of July, includes art and performance exhibitions.

Activities
In Valldemossa, one should enjoy the setting in the countryside and the views. However, there are also hikes, cycling, rock climbing, golfing, and horseback riding that is available in the near vicinity.

Born in Valldemossa

 * Catherine of Palma (1533-1574), saint

Related to Valldemossa

 * Ramon Llull (ca 1232-ca 1316), author and philosopher
 * Manuel Bayeu (1740-1809), monk and painter
 * George Sand (1804-1876), French author and feminist
 * Frédéric Chopin (1810-1849), Polish composer and piano player
 * Ludwig Salvator of Austria (1847-1915), Austrian archduke and prince, author, scientist and ethnographer of the Mediterranean
 * Santiago Rusiñol (1861-1931), Catalan painter
 * Rubén Darío (1867-1916), Nicaraguan poet
 * Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986), Argentinian author and essayist

title: Valldemossa


text:
Talk:Coca eradication

Untitled
I noticed that this wonderful article misses one little factoid I picked up when I travelled to Peru. The coca plant is also brewed in coca tea as a cure for altitude sickness. I tried to edit this fact in, but it doesnt sound right, any help would be good - Torien

 * Thanks, you're quite right. -- Viajero 12:36, 13 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * No problem, this marks my first unkilled contribution to Wikipedia - Torien

Something should be said about the Genetically Modified (GM) coca plants being engineered in colombia right now. It's estimated that the majority of coca plants will be resistant to spraying efforts by the government in a few years: http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.11/columbia.html

--Yes, more info on (and an independent verification of) the RoundUp resistant coca trees would be nice. Note that the author found that the Boliviana negra strain is NOT Genetically Modified, but rather the RoundUp resistance is a trait encouraged thru artifical selection. That's old school plant breeding, not genetic engineering. The article also reports that farmers are forced to grow Boliviana negra after aerial spraying kills their food sources. -Zirconscot 22:26, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

The article mentions the environmental impact of eradication programs but fails to mention the enivronmental impacts of coca production. Firstly, aerial fumigation is only used as part of the Colombia eradication efforts. In Boliva and Peru eradication is 100% manual. The concerns over long-term impacts of aeiral fumigation are valid and need to be monitored carefully. However, to claim that manual eradication has negative environmental impacts is simply incorrect. The primary causes of increased soil erosion and desnuding of hill sides in Bolivia, particularly in the Yungas region, is coca production. Coca production is increasingly chemically intensive and with 3-4 harvests per year strips the land of nutirents quickly requiring farmers to move to another forested area in order to chaqueo (clearing then burining). This practice has left the steep hill-sides of the Yungas extremely susceptible to erosion and landslides. In the Chapare region, coca production is the major cause of deforestation in the Madidi, Carrasco, and Amboro national parks...one of the most diverse biological corridors in the world. Even in Colombia where aerial fumigation is used, the more serious environmental risk stems directly from coca processing: rivers and streams in the Putumayo province are choked with the toxic chemicals used to make coca paste: sulferic acid, hydrochloric acid, diesel fuel, acetone, and toulene.

Also, I edited the section on socio economic impact to include current export figures for alternative crops in Bolivia.

For purposes of disclosure, I work on a rural development project (not related to eradication) in coca growing regions of Bolivia; these views represent opinions based on my own observations rather than the views of any government or organization. Jdubinbolivia 15:59, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

January 2008 clean up
I removed dead links which I could not trace back to title or source and cleaned up the references in such a way that titles, authors and sources are now available. However, the article needs a further clean up contentwise. Mentioning the areas cultivated in square kilometers is not common and should be put in hectares. As it is now it is rather silly. - Mafia Expert (talk) 15:03, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

What purpose does the quote serve?
I'm not saying I disagree with it but it doesn't really serve any purpose and kind of editorializes the article. It would be better if there were several quotes with several different opinions rather than just one opinion.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Coca eradication. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050406013944/http://www.wola.org/drug_policy/press_release_coca_cultivation_2004.htm to http://www.wola.org/drug_policy/press_release_coca_cultivation_2004.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050504052251/http://www.ecolombia.org/parques.htm to http://www.ecolombia.org/parques.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:07, 10 August 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Coca eradication


text:
Kangerlussuaq

Kangerlussuaq (lit. 'Big Fjord'; Søndre Strømfjord), is a settlement in western Greenland in the Qeqqata municipality located at the head of the fjord of the same name. It is Greenland's main air transport hub and the site of Greenland's largest commercial airport. The airport dates from American settlement during and after World War II, when the site was known as Bluie West-8 and then Sondrestrom Air Base.

The Kangerlussuaq area is also home to Greenland's most diverse terrestrial fauna, including muskoxen, caribou, and gyrfalcons. The settlement's economy and population of 508 is almost entirely reliant on the airport and tourist industry. It is the only town in Greenland which is not located on the proper ocean, being situated at the end of a 160 km long fjord, although it still has a coastline on the ocean.

Geography
Kangerlussuaq occupies an alluvial flatland on the far end of the 190 km long Kangerlussuaq Fjord, straddling both sides of the Qinnguata Kuussua river estuary. On the East of Kangerlussuaq is a confluence of the two major regional rivers, the Qinnguata Kuussua and Akuliarusiarsuup Kuua. The valley of the latter forms large quicksand plains. Both rivers originate from the Russell Glacier. The edge of the glacier is easily accessible and is a major tourist attraction from the town, as is the edge of the ice sheet in the Isunngua highlands to its northeast.

Highlands such as Tarajornitsut bound Kangerlussuaq from the north and south. To the southeast behind lake Tasersuatsiaq, which provides fresh water to the town, is the vast highland of Ammalortup Nunaa, the original region artificially populated with 27 muskoxen.

The town is situated about 50 km north of the Arctic Circle, and is the starting point for the Arctic Circle Trail.

History
While Inuit hunters certainly visited Kangerlussuaq, settlement at the location has never appeared.

Kangerlussuaq was founded at the east end of Kangerlussuaq fjord as Bluie West-8 on 7 October 1941, under the supervision of Colonel Bernt Balchen of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). Following the fall of Denmark to Germany in World War II, US forces assumed security for Greenland, building several bases including Bluie West-1 to the south in Narsarsuaq and Bluie West-8 at the Kangerlussuaq fjord.

The base briefly came under Danish control in 1950, but following mounting concerns about the Cold War threat, a new agreement saw the United States reopen Bluie West-8 under the name of Sondrestrom Air Base on 27 April 1951.

It served as one of the Distant Early Warning Line bases and a supply station for similar early warning facilities. Following the fall of the Soviet Union, the usefulness of the base was greatly diminished and the last U.S. Air Force personnel left the base on 30 September 1992. The base subsequently came under Greenlandic Home Rule and was renamed using the Kalaallisut dialect of the West Greenland Inuit.

This site and Bluie West-1 in Narsarsuaq remain Greenland's best-equipped airports. Almost all of the permanent structures in the town were built during the American occupation of the site.

Climate
The climate in Kangerlussuaq is subarctic (Köppen Dfc), bordering on tundra climate (Köppen ET) and unusually for somewhere this far north (in the Arctic Circle), a cold-semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk), with the area receiving very little rainfall.

In July 2012 a gust of warm air resulted in glacier meltwater which wiped out a key crossing of the Watson River.

Population
The population of Kangerlussuaq dropped significantly after the liquidation of the Sondrestrom Air Base. Since then it has increased by more than 80%, although it has begun dropping again in recent years.

Air
As the only civilian airport in Greenland large enough to support large long-range airplanes such as Boeing 747s, Kangerlussuaq Airport is Greenland's most important transport hub. Hotel Kangerlussuaq operates at the airport.

Sea
Kangerlussuaq Fjord is navigable in its entire length. There is a seaport at Kangerlussuaq, 20 km west of Kangerlussuaq Airport. It is fairly shallow and suitable for small ships only, mainly used by supply ships of the Royal Arctic Line, and unusable in winter. Cruise ships, such as Norway's Hurtigruten, navigate the fjord, anchoring outside the port. They go to Kangerlussuaq mainly to exchange passengers by air, because the travel time to and from Greenland is too long for many passengers.

Plans were approved in 2018 to build a new deep port, around 10 km west of the present one, together with a road to it.

Road
Kangerlussuaq has the largest road network outside any settlement in Greenland (not counting streets inside the settlement).

A gravel road through Isunngua connects Kangerlussuaq with the ice sheet, initially serving as venue for car endurance experiments. Since then it has been mainly used for tourist purposes.

There are plans to construct a road to Sisimiut (170 km) as of 2017. The cost estimates have been between 250 and 500 million Danish kroner (DKK), depending on road quality, and therefore the plans are delayed. The drive time would be much longer than the fly time, and there are also considerations to move the main hub of Air Greenland to Nuuk Airport, closing Kangerlussuaq airport.

A road to Sisimiut with a low quality, aimed to off-road vehicles was built 2020-2021, at a cost of 25 million DKK. There are hopes that the road will be rebuilt to a proper paved road in future.

Scientific research

From 1982 to 2018, an ionospheric and atmospheric research facility known as the Sondrestrom Upper Atmospheric Research Facility was situated at about 15 km west of Kangerlussuaq. It was commonly known around the town as Kellyville. It was operated by SRI International for the U.S. National Science Foundation and the Danish Meteorological Institute. The facility was host to more than 20 instruments, the majority of which provide unique and complementary information about the arctic upper atmosphere. The centerpiece instrument of the facility was an L band incoherent scatter (IS) radar with a 32 m fully steerable antenna. It was transported from Alaska to Kangerlussuaq in 1983.

title: Kangerlussuaq


text:
Cullinan Diamond

The Cullinan Diamond is the largest gem-quality rough diamond ever found, weighing 3106 carat, discovered at the Premier No.2 mine in Cullinan, South Africa, on 26 January 1905. It was named after Thomas Cullinan, the owner of the mine. In April 1905, it was put on sale in London, but despite considerable interest, it was still unsold after two years. In 1907, the Transvaal Colony government bought the Cullinan and Prime Minister Louis Botha presented it to Edward VII, the British king who reigned over the territory. It was then cut by Joseph Asscher & Co. in Amsterdam.

Cullinan produced stones of various cuts and sizes, the largest of which is named Cullinan I, and named the Great Star of Africa by Edward VII, and at 530.4 carat it is the largest clear cut diamond in the world. The stone is mounted in the head of the Sovereign's Sceptre with Cross. The second-largest is Cullinan II or the Second Star of Africa, weighing 317.4 carat, mounted in the Imperial State Crown. Both are part of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom. Seven other major diamonds, weighing a total of 208.29 carat, were privately owned by Elizabeth II, who inherited them from her grandmother, Queen Mary, in 1953. The Queen also owned minor brilliants and a set of unpolished fragments.

Discovery and early history
The Cullinan is estimated to have formed in Earth's mantle transition zone at a depth of 410–660 km (255–410 miles) and reached the surface 1.18 billion years ago. It was found 18 ft below the surface at Premier Mine in Cullinan, Transvaal Colony, by Frederick Wells, surface manager at the mine, on 26 January 1905. It was approximately 10.1 cm long, 6.35 cm wide, 5.9 cm deep, and weighed 3106 carat. Newspapers called it the "Cullinan Diamond", a reference to Sir Thomas Cullinan, who opened the mine in 1902. It was three times the size of the Excelsior Diamond, found in 1893 at Jagersfontein Mine, weighing 972 carat. Four of its eight surfaces were smooth, indicating that it once had been part of a much larger stone broken up by natural forces. It had a blue-white hue and contained a small pocket of air, which at certain angles produced a rainbow, or Newton's rings.

Shortly after its discovery, Cullinan went on public display at the Standard Bank in Johannesburg, where it was seen by an estimated 8,000–9,000 visitors. In April 1905, the rough gem was deposited with Premier Mining Co.'s London sales agent, S. Neumann & Co. Due to its immense value, detectives were assigned to a steamboat that was rumoured to be carrying the stone, and a parcel was ceremoniously locked in the captain's safe and guarded on the entire journey. It was a diversionary tactic – the stone on that ship was fake, meant to attract those who would be interested in stealing it. Cullinan was sent to the United Kingdom in a plain box via registered post. On arriving in London, it was conveyed to Buckingham Palace for inspection by King Edward VII. Although it drew considerable interest from potential buyers, Cullinan went unsold for two years.

Presentation to Edward VII
Transvaal Prime Minister Louis Botha suggested buying the diamond for Edward VII as "a token of the loyalty and attachment of the people of the Transvaal to His Majesty's throne and person". In August 1907, a vote was held in the Legislative Council on the Cullinan's fate, and a motion authorising the purchase was carried by 42 votes in favour to 19 against. Initially, Henry Campbell-Bannerman, then British Prime Minister, advised the king to decline the offer, but he later decided to let Edward VII choose whether or not to accept the gift. Eventually, he was persuaded by Winston Churchill, then Colonial Under-Secretary. For his trouble, Churchill was sent a replica, which he enjoyed showing off to guests on a silver plate. The Transvaal Colony government bought the diamond on 17 October 1907 for £150,000, which adjusted for pound-sterling inflation is equivalent to £ in. Due to a 60% tax on mining profits, the Treasury received some of its money back from the Premier Diamond Mining Company.

The diamond was presented to the king at Sandringham House by Agent-General of the colony, Sir Richard Solomon, on 9 November 1907 – his 66th birthday – in the presence of a large party of guests, including the Queen of Sweden, the Queen of Spain, the Duke of Westminster and Lord Revelstoke. The king asked his colonial secretary, Lord Elgin, to announce that he accepted the gift "for myself and my successors" and that he would ensure "this great and unique diamond be kept and preserved among the historic jewels which form the heirlooms of the Crown". King Edward gave the larger diamond the name Great Star of Africa, while the smaller diamond was named the Smaller Star of Africa.

Cutting process
The king chose Joseph Asscher & Co. of Amsterdam to cleave and polish the rough stone into brilliant gems of various cuts and sizes. Abraham Asscher collected it from the Colonial Office in London on 23 January 1908. He returned to the Netherlands by train and ferry with the diamond in his coat pocket. Meanwhile, to much fanfare, a Royal Navy ship carried an empty box across the North Sea, again throwing off potential thieves. Even the captain was unaware that his "precious" cargo was a decoy.

On 10 February 1908, the rough stone was split in half by Joseph Asscher at his diamond-cutting factory in Amsterdam. At the time, technology had not yet evolved to guarantee the quality of modern standards, and cutting the diamond was difficult and risky. After weeks of planning, an incision 0.5 in deep was made to enable Asscher to cleave the diamond in one blow. Making the incision alone took four days, and a steel knife broke on the first attempt, but a second knife was fitted into the groove and split the stone cleanly in two along one of four possible cleavage planes. In all, splitting and cutting the diamond took eight months, with three people working 14 hours per day to complete the task.

"The tale is told of Joseph Asscher, the greatest cleaver of the day," wrote Matthew Hart in his book Diamond: A Journey to the Heart of an Obsession (2002), "that when he prepared to cleave the largest diamond ever known … he had a doctor and nurse standing by and when he finally struck the diamond … he fainted dead away". Lord Ian Balfour, in his book Famous Diamonds (2009), dispels the fainting story, suggesting it was more likely Joseph would have celebrated, opening a bottle of champagne. When Joseph's nephew Louis heard the story, he exclaimed "No Asscher would ever faint over any operation on any diamond".

Diamonds cut from the Cullinan
Cullinan produced 9 major stones of 1055.89 carat in total, plus 96 minor brilliants and some unpolished fragments weighing 19.5 carat. All but the two largest stones – Cullinans I and II – remained in Amsterdam by arrangement as the fee for Asscher's services, until the South African government bought them (except Cullinan VI, which Edward VII had purchased and given to his wife Queen Alexandra in 1907), and the High Commissioner for Southern Africa presented them to Queen Mary on 28 June 1910. Mary also inherited Cullinan VI from Alexandra, and she left all her Cullinan diamonds to her granddaughter Elizabeth II in 1953. Cullinans I and II are part of the Crown Jewels, which belong to the King in right of the Crown.

Asscher sold the minor stones to the South African government, which distributed them to Queen Mary; Louis Botha, then prime minister of South Africa; the diamond merchants Arthur and Alexander Levy, who supervised the cutting of Cullinan; and Jacob Romijn (later Romyn), who co-founded the first trade union in the diamond industry. Some were set by Mary into a long platinum chain, which Elizabeth never wore in public, saying that "it gets in the soup". In the 1960s, two minor Cullinan diamonds owned by Louis Botha's heirs were analysed at the De Beers laboratory in Johannesburg and found to be completely free of nitrogen or any other impurities. Cullinans I and II were examined in the 1980s by gemologists at the Tower of London and both graded as colourless type IIa.

Cullinan I
Cullinan I, or the Great Star of Africa, is a pendeloque-cut brilliant weighing 530.2 carat and has 74 facets. It is set at the top of the Sovereign's Sceptre with Cross, made in 1661, which had to be redesigned in 1910 to accommodate it. Cullinan I was surpassed as the world's largest cut diamond by the 545.67 carat brown Golden Jubilee Diamond in 1992, but remains the largest colourless cut diamond in the world. In terms of clarity, it has a few tiny cleavages and a small patch of graining. The 5.89 × diamond is fitted with loops and can be taken out of its setting to be worn as a pendant suspended from Cullinan II to make a brooch. Queen Mary, wife of George V, often wore it like this. In 1908, the stone was valued at US$2.5 million (equivalent to US$ million in )– two and a half times the rough Cullinan's estimated value.

Cullinan II
Cullinan II, or the Second Star of Africa, is a cushion-cut brilliant with 66 facets weighing 317.4 carat set in the front of the Imperial State Crown, below the Black Prince's Ruby (a large spinel). It measures 4.54 ×. The diamond has a number of tiny flaws, scratches on the table facet, and a small chip at the girdle. Like Cullinan I, it is held in place by a yellow gold enclosure, which is screwed onto the crown.

Cullinan III
Cullinan III, or the Lesser Star of Africa, is pear-cut and weighs 94.4 carat. In 1911, Queen Mary, wife and queen consort of George V, had it set in the top cross pattée of a crown that she personally bought for her coronation. In 1912, the Delhi Durbar Tiara, worn the previous year by Mary instead of a crown at the Delhi Durbar, where her husband wore the Imperial Crown of India, was also adapted to take Cullinans III and IV. In 1914, Cullinan III was permanently replaced on the crown by a crystal model. Elizabeth II frequently wore Cullinan III in combination with Cullinan IV as a brooch. In total, the brooch is 6.5 cm long and 2.4 cm wide. Cullinan III has also been used as a pendant on the Coronation Necklace, where it occasionally replaced the 22.4 carat Lahore Diamond.

Cullinan IV
Cullinan IV, also referred to as a Lesser Star of Africa, is square-cut and weighs 63.6 carat. It was also set in the base of Queen Mary's Crown but was removed in 1914. On 25 March 1958, while she and Prince Philip were on a state visit to the Netherlands, Queen Elizabeth II revealed that Cullinan III and IV are known in her family as "Granny's Chips". They visited the Asscher Diamond Company, where Cullinan had been cut 50 years earlier. It was the first time the Queen had worn the brooch publicly. During her visit, she unpinned the brooch and offered it for examination to Louis Asscher, nephew of Joseph Asscher, who split the rough diamond. Aged 84, he was deeply moved that the Queen had brought the diamonds with her, knowing how much it would mean to him seeing them again after so many years.

Cullinan V
Cullinan V is an 18.8 carat heart-shaped diamond set in the centre of a platinum brooch that formed a part of the stomacher made for Queen Mary to wear at the Delhi Durbar in 1911. The brooch was designed to show off Cullinan V and is pavé-set with a border of smaller diamonds. It can be suspended from the VIII brooch and can be used to suspend the VII pendant. It was often worn like this by Mary. In May 2023, the brooch was placed on the front of cross Queen Mary's Crown for the Coronation of Queen Camilla instead of the traditional and controversial Koh-i-Noor.

Cullinan VI
Cullinan VI is marquise-cut and weighs 11.5 carat. It hangs from the brooch containing Cullinan VIII and forming part of the stomacher of the Delhi Durbar parure. Cullinan VI along with VIII can also be fitted together to make yet another brooch, surrounded by some 96 smaller diamonds. The design was created around the same time that the Cullinan V heart-shaped brooch was designed, both having a similar shape.

Cullinan VII
Cullinan VII is also marquise-cut and weighs 8.8 carat. It was originally given by Edward VII to his wife and consort Queen Alexandra. After his death she gave the jewel to Queen Mary, who had it set as a pendant hanging from the diamond-and-emerald Delhi Durbar necklace, part of the parure.

Cullinan VIII
Cullinan VIII is an oblong-cut diamond weighing 6.8 carat. It is set in the centre of a brooch forming part of the stomacher of the Delhi Durbar parure. Together with Cullinan VI it forms a brooch.

Cullinan IX
Cullinan IX is smallest of the principal diamonds to be obtained from the rough Cullinan. It is a pendeloque or stepped pear-cut stone, weighs 4.39 carat, and is set in a platinum ring known as the Cullinan IX Ring.

title: Cullinan Diamond


text:
Talk:Peggy Lee

Pic
I like to see portraits of celebrities from their prime, the most flattering and impressive, not too young and not too old. It is acceptable to use album covers in the context of album discussion. George Slivinsky 16:26, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

McCoy
Joe McCoy wrote "Why Don't You Do Right?", so I took out the attribution to Ms Lee. Trontonian

Gay Icon Project
In my effort to merge the now-deleted list from the article Gay icon to the Gay icons category, I have added this page to the category. I engaged in this effort as a "human script", adding everyone from the list to the category, bypassing the fact-checking stage. That is what I am relying on you to do. Please check the article Gay icon and make a judgment as to whether this person or group fits the category. By distributing this task from the regular editors of one article to the regular editors of several articles, I believe that the task of fact-checking this information can be expedited. Thank you very much. Philwelch 21:10, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Errors
The dates on the Peggy Lee page don't add up correctly. If she was born in 1912 and died in 1997, she was not 81 when she died. Further, there is considerable reference to music she recorded in the 1920s, which suggests that perhaps she was even born prior to 1912. The text moves between 1920's work and 1940's work in an awkward way. I don't know enough about Lee to correct these points, but can see that there are errors here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 140.192.35.100 (talk) 22:01, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

There is also a problem with dates in the following sentence: "She was also a regular on NBC's Jimmy Durante Show during the 1938-48 season."

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Peggy_Lee" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.92.227.51 (talk) 07:38, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

 * There are still more problems with dates. She left Capitol from the early 1940s until 1943, but Capitol was formed in 1947?  All dates must be checked; they are very erratic. Zaslav (talk) 02:34, 6 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Capitol Records was created in 1942. Not 1947. CDPorter (talk) 21:35, 25 November 2023 (UTC)

Peggy's last named husband links to a man born in 1963. It seems unlikely that this is correct. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.15.51.174 (talk) 20:48, 5 March 2010 (UTC)

Citations & references
See Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the  tags Nhl4hamilton (talk) 04:41, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

Added: Category:Transcendental Meditation practitioners
Added Category per the source: -- — Kbob •  Talk  • 20:11, 24 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Categorizations should reflect the text in the article. For this and the other aricles you've categorized you shold add a sourced statement to the article.   Will Beback    talk    21:29, 24 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Good point, I have therefore removed the category I added earlier. If other editors feel this is notable and wish to add it to this article, then the category may also be re-added.

-- — Kbob • Talk  • 02:17, 25 October 2009 (UTC)

WP: Women's History Assessment Commentary
The article was assessed C-class for lack of in-line citations. Boneyard90 (talk) 19:11, 14 January 2012 (UTC)

legal stuff
i removed unsourced info on her lawsuits. those definitely need sources. heres most of it:

In the early 1990s, she retained famed entertainment attorney Neil Papiano to sue Disney for royalties on Lady and the Tramp. Lee's lawsuit claimed that she was due royalties for video tapes, a technology that did not exist when she agreed to write and perform for Disney. Her lawsuit was successful.

Never afraid to fight for what she believed in, Lee passionately insisted that musicians be equitably compensated for their work. Although she realized litigation had taken a toll on her health, Lee often quoted Ralph Waldo Emerson on the topic: "God will not have his work be made manifest by cowards."

Mercurywoodrose (talk) 03:01, 8 January 2014 (UTC)

"Forcibly bound to a wheelchair"
Retirement and death section: "Forcibly bound" suggests against her will, which is not the case – she needed a wheelchair due to he poor health, but there's nothing in either cited source that refers to her being "forcibly bound" (as with a straitjacket). I've changed "forcibly bound" to "confined". Brianboulton (talk) 16:05, 29 June 2017 (UTC)

Inspiration for the Margarita (?)
It is highly improbable, if not impossible, that Peggy Lee was the inspiration for the Margarita cocktail. The tequila-based cocktail and associated name can reliably be traced back to at least the mid-1920s in Tijuana, Mexico, and the origins of the drink go back even further in time to the original brandy- and gin-based Daisy cocktails of the 1870s and 1880s. And far from being named for Peggy Lee (Peggy being a common nickname for Margaret), the word "margarita" is a literal translation of the English word for the daisy flower (also translated into French as marguerite). Thus, the "Margarita" tequila cocktail predates the origins stated in this article by at least two decades, and the origin of the "Margarita" name has nothing to do with a woman named Margaret/Peggy. Please consider deleting this factually incorrect information from the article. Cocktail history is full of such ephemeral, but historically inaccurate origin stories (e.g., the Manhattan being named in honor of Jenny Jerome, Winston Churchill's mother), and while you can often find a printed source for such origins, that does not mean such printed source is correct. Thanks. 2603:8080:2500:9BF5:F860:1B63:62C3:5CDD (talk) 19:52, 24 July 2023 (UTC)

 * The article says she is "often cited as the inspiration" for margaritas, which is fine. Seasider53 (talk) 22:05, 24 July 2023 (UTC)

Engstrom not Egstrom
Her Swedish maiden name was Engstrom (in Swedish: Engström, meaning meadow brook) as confirmable via various reliable sources. From what unreliable source do we have Egstrom which is far from Swedish? Needs changing. SergeWoodzing (talk) 01:51, 21 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Hello! I had a look for you! (I don't find myself on these topics frequently but since this was a classic one it was easy to look up.) When Swedes emigrated to the US and when they took "swedish names" in the US they often became Americanised. Swanson is a classic example. But in this case just looking up her parents with a quick google shows that this was the case here. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/83487155/marvin-olaf-egstrom I'm not saying this is definite proof but it is the name on the graves from above reasons. I would find it tricky to call someone something that is not on their grave as is currently done in the above examples case in this article without an explanation.
 * A rose by any other name. Hope I added something 😀 2A02:1406:39:D245:8D7A:1858:F0DC:889C (talk) 23:03, 22 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I would think her own autobiography is a reliable source, and she says it's Egstrom. https://www.amazon.com/Miss-Peggy-Lee-Autobiography/dp/1556111126?asin=B09VKZ5RJ4&revisionId=f19a0d3c&format=1&depth=1|isbn=1556111126 PSPazW (talk) 13:30, 22 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Might I propose a section dealing with the surname inconsistency, something like this: PSPazW (talk) 13:44, 22 March 2024 (UTC)
 * That's pretty good, and belongs in a footnote. Scratch the word "reliable"; we wouldn't use them at all if they weren't. --jpgordon𝄢𝄆𝄐𝄇 14:20, 22 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The whole statement, including all the citations, within one footnote? Forgive my ignorance, I'm not sure how that would work. PSPazW (talk) 16:55, 22 March 2024 (UTC)
 * See what I just did? I surrounded your entire proposed note with efn, and added a notes section at an appropriate place below. --jpgordon𝄢𝄆𝄐𝄇 20:03, 22 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you! I've made the edits as you suggest. Not sure where the best place for the Notes section is – I placed it after the final section of narrative. (I actually think the Discography section should go after that section.) PSPazW (talk) 16:59, 25 March 2024 (UTC)
 * It usually goes right above the references. I've moved it for you. --jpgordon𝄢𝄆𝄐𝄇 17:35, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

Ekström

 * Looking at my own source a second time it's an obvious Americanisation of Ekström her father's and grandfather's name alongside the patronym.😀 2A02:1406:39:D245:8D7A:1858:F0DC:889C (talk) 23:19, 22 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I found a source & have now added Ekström. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 17:11, 24 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Nice! I added what you missed! Thank you! 😀 2A02:1406:39:D245:498:B802:894C:3414 (talk) 21:17, 25 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Find-A-Grave is not normally considered a reliable source. But I suppose the gravestone photos are accurate. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 07:57, 26 November 2023 (UTC)

I someone wants t ochange article text re: this item the change must respect cited sources, so that they do not end up sourcing something other than what's in them. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 10:30, 22 March 2024 (UTC)

1940 and 1941.
I notice that Peggy Lee is listed as going back to California in 1940, after traveling with the Osborne orchestra. This isn't the case. The biographies contort the dates of her career unintentionally sometimes. Peggy was traveling with Osborne in the Fall of 1940 up in the Mid-West, and had a surgery that went poorly, with an incompetent surgeon causing her to fall to the floor of the operating room when pouring myrrh all over her face. When she woke up, her mouth was so damaged that she had it surgically shut. She couldn't sing for months until the Orchestra was rebranded as Osborne singer Dick Rogers' orchestra in January, 1941, with Will leaving. Upon this happening, Lee was fired. Lee, Dale Jones of the orchestra and Osborne's manager driving down to California.

Look at the biographies, and compare it with Down Beat, The Billboard, and Variety articles, and you'll be able to see the the dates of the above events did happen like that. CDPorter (talk) 21:29, 25 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peggy Lee


text:
Gerry Marshall

Gerald Dallas Royston Marshall (16 November 1941 – 21 April 2005) was a British racing driver. He was commonly referred to by the nickname Big Gerry. According to a 2002 edition of Motor Sport Magazine poll, he was one of the best drivers of all time. According to the 28 August 2019 edition of Motorsport News, he is the United Kingdom's number one British motorsport hero. He was awarded the BARC Gold Medal in 2002, the first saloon car driver to be presented with the honour and was a life member of the prestigious BRDC. He took 625 overall and class wins and countless championship wins throughout his motor racing career.

He was also well known in motoring circles for his successful car dealership, Marshall Wingfield, originally located on the Finchley Road, London, before moving to Brook Street in Tring and through his adult life lived in Harrow, Chiswell Green, Bricket Wood, Hemel Hempstead, Northchurch, Aston Clinton and Pitstone.

His ashes are buried at St. Leonards Church in Southoe, where his grandparents are also buried - he was relocated locally during the Second World War.

Career
His professional driving career spans five decades, in 2000 chalking up his 600th win in a race at Snetterton Motor Racing Circuit, Norfolk in an Aston Martin DB4. His first Sprint victory was in 1963 driving a Mini, with his first race win following in 1964 (again in a Mini) and his last (and 625th) on 11 September 2004.

He is probably best remembered for his flamboyant and crowd-pleasing style during the 1970s driving for Dealer Team Vauxhall in the racing Firenzas "Old Nail" and "Baby Bertha", and also the V8 Holden-Repco Ventora, "Big Bertha". He also won the 1971 Escort Mexico championship, beating future Formula 1 World Champion Jody Scheckter and finished 2nd in the 1974 Avon Tour of Britain driving for the same team as the equally respected rally driver Roger Clark.

Marshall's style has been described as "sideways, on-the-edge cornering that was to distinguish his driving in any car, large or small, front or rear drive." This outward appearance belied an extraordinary cool-headed ability and intelligence behind the wheel.

His first biography, published in 1978, is titled Only Here For The Beer and a tribute edition was re-issued shortly after his death and his new biography (published by Haynes and written by Jeremy Walton and Gregor Marshall) was released in April 2010.

He died of a heart related illness whilst testing the ex-Richard Petty's IROC Chevrolet Camaro at Silverstone. His son, Gregor, is also a race driver and he also has two daughters.

Some of Marshall's career highlights:

In 1963, Marshall started his first footsteps into motor journalism, something he was to enjoy for many years and he brought a smile to the face of many a reader with his "Marshall Art" and "From the Hot Seat" columns that he regularly used to write. You could often find club event reports in Autosport with glowing tributes to a Gerry Marshall and then notice at the end of the report that it was written by a certain GDRM, G.Marshall or G.Maynard (his first wife's maiden name).

Marshall's first official race was at Brands Hatch in March 1964 and in qualifying he was quickest in his class, but the weather (for once) and lady luck conspired against him and the race was snowed off. Therefore, Marshall's first proper race was at Snetterton on the Easter Monday of 1964. Beginning what would quickly become a habit, he won the 1000cc class and continued winning that season. Although he rolled the car at Mallory Park in practice he was able to keep racing until money and impending engagement (to Carol) forced the sale of the Mini and absence from the tracks for a few months.

Driving Newtune's 1275s in the Snetterton 500 km with David Warnsborough the pair won the 1300 cc class in the European Saloon Car Championship race.

Whilst working in London for Robbie Gordon and James Boothby he was offered a drive in June 1965 in a TVR Grantura. Marshall handled this with his usual verve and impressed Martin Lilley of Barnet Motor Company enough for him to offer a drive in a Lotus Elan and Marshall also went to work for the Barnet Motor Company, becoming sales manager and a director of TVR.

This change for Marshall proved to be a good one and as the sales manager he got to buy and sell many sports, GT and competition cars. Towards the end of 1965 and at the beginning of 1966 Marshall had a string of wins at Brands Hatch and also drove the company's TVR Griffith. It was reported at the time "This was a converted road car and only had a mildly-tweaked V8 motor, but it still went like stink!". With this car Marshall enhanced his blossoming reputation and photographers rushed out of their usual hiding spots whenever he was on track and got dramatic pictures of Marshall driving the TVR in his now customary sideways fashion. "It was the only way to drive the car" said Marshall, "although the Elan had to be driven neatly".

Also in 1966 Marshall raced Roy Ensor's 1275 Mini-Cooper S and a near-standard TVR 1800S Mk 3 in marque events, with some success. In the Brands Hatch six-hour race the car was very well placed when a wheel fell off with only a few minutes to go. Marshall and co-driver, his great friend Tony Lanfranchi, had got the car extremely well-placed whilst it was wet at the beginning of the race and it was only towards the end of the race when the track started to dry that several more potent cars managed to pass them.

"The meeting Gerry Marshall will want to forget" was the headline Auto News gave for a Brands Hatch sprint in the July. On a wet track Marshall had aquaplaned off the circuit at Paddock Hill Bend and pretty much wrote off the Barnet Motor Company's Elan, which had only been raced a handful of times. A week later, with a couple of broken ribs strapped up, Marshall raced a TVR at Silverstone in the Six-Hour Relay Race and there he lost a wheel twice.

In 1966 Marshall won numerous club races and gained publicity for the Barnet Motor Company. With Martin Lilley now being in charge of TVR Engineering (him and his father had rescued TVR from bankruptcy) Marshall's racing plans for 1967 seemed to naturally revolve around TVR; the TVR Griffith was ideal, especially with the planned 400 bhp 5.3 litre Ford V8, there was the possibility of the 1-litre TVR Tina (named after Marshall's eldest daughter and one of the two prototypes is owned by the Marshall family) and also the TVR 1800S. In addition Marshall had the use of a Lotus Elan and there was a plan to go into partnership with Ken Ayres in a hot Mini 850.

Marshall also wanted to prove his "sideways" critics wrong by racing a single-seater and in one of the Motor Racing Stables Lotus cars at Brands Hatch he had already lapped as fast as the senior instructors.

As reported in Sporting Motorist "Gerry Marshall really gets to grips with his motor cars and flings them about with such gay abandon that people expect him to fly off the road – he has been named the Jochen Rindt of club racing, also the Mr. Dunlop Benefit (by commentator Barry Simons) but he rarely does and more often than not wins".

The 1970s really were Marshall's most prolific decade of motor racing. Club motor racing in Britain then was on the BBC every week (on Grandstand). It has always been widely reported that Marshall was not shy and retiring and this made him ideal for interviews, quotes, guest speaking at club and charity events and columns (he wrote in Car and Car Conversions, Motor and Autosport). He even had several films made, including Barry Hinchcliff's There's Only One Gerry, and the publications of Only Here for the Beer and Competition Driving.

Not only was there the numerous race and championship wins for Marshall in the DTV Vauxhalls but there was also his own forays into racing cars of his own, sponsoring others (including F1 World Champion Denis Hulme, Tony Lanfranchi and offering Colin Chapman and Graham Hill a drive in Marshall's Lotus XI) and his business, Marshall Wingfield, in partnership with John Wingfield.

Marshall also won the final car meeting to be held at Crystal Palace in 1972. Run by AMOC, the final race was a Historic Sports Car race. Marshall won in a Lister Jaguar, WTM446.

Marshall raced Lotus Elans, the special Costin Amigo, Ford Escorts (winning the inaugural Mexico Championship from Jody Scheckter in 1971 and also finishing runner up to Roger Clark in the 1974 Avon Tour of Britain), Lola T70, Holden Torana at Bathurst, Hillman Avenger, Clan Crusader, Austin Marina, Birdcage Maserati, Mk2 Jaguar, Sunbeam Tiger Le Mans, Porsche 924, an Alfa Romeo, Chevrolet Camaro and BMWs.

Marshall competed in hundreds of events, ranging from the one-make Ford Escort Mexico Championship, competed in many rallies (including second to Roger Clark in a Ford Escort in the '74 Avon Tour of Britain).

When in 1977 DTV and Vauxhall decided to go rallying everyone thought Marshall would be okay and there were rumours flying around of offers and deals involving Ford and Leyland products. The truth for '78 was somewhat different and he managed to scrape a deal together to race Colin Vandervell's '77 spec Ford Capri for the national Tricentrol championship and a Triumph Dolomite Sprint for the two production car championships, the Derwent TV/Shellsport and the Britax championships, with both cars being sponsored by Triplex, who were Colin's sponsor but due to work commitments he wouldn't be competing in '78. Marshall asked if Triplex would be prepared to throw in a few extra bob for the Dolomite. The Dolomite was prepared by Roger Dowson and Alistair Barrie under the Downie racing banner and the Capri was prepared by John Westwood. The Dolomite turned out to be the far more successful of the two cars with 21class wins and three second places from 25 starts, with Marshall winning both the Derwent TV/Shellsport and the Britax championships in the Dolomite. The Capri driving was not the success that Marshall had hope, with the Tricentrol Championship costing more than anticipated and the only result of note was the start of the season, in the wet at the International Trophy at Silverstone, when he finished first in class and second overall. There were other flashes of brilliance but bad luck always seemed to prevail, like when leading at Donington when the gearlever broke off.

The start of the 1979 season looked promising, with Marshall forming GMR (Gerry Marshall Racing) in partnership with Roger Dowson to run two Triumph Dolomites in the Group 1 RAC Tricentrol Championship (with Rex Greenslade in the second car) and one car in both the Production Saloon car championships (which had both been one the season before). Both cars had continued sponsorship from Triplex and new deals with Esso, Motor and significant backing from BL Motorsport. Also, the engines were being prepared by Don Moore, who also built the engine for Marshall's Lister Jaguar for the Lloyds & Scottish series.

1979 was also the first season Marshall really started preparing cars for other people with GMR. Things started well and even though being in a lower class he managed to battle for outright wins. There was also the accolade of John Webb and the BARC organising the Gerry Marshall Benefit Races at Brands Hatch and sharing the Dolomite with Roger Clark at the TT event at Silverstone and all seemed to be going well with Marshall really being at the height of his career when disaster struck at the Grand Prix support race in July 1979 which was supposed to be the highlight of the year, with good rides in the Dolomite and Lister Jaguar.

"As the Capris stormed off on their second lap, one of the nastiest accidents in recent saloon racing befell Gerry Marshall. Almost flat out down the straight from Stowe to Club, Marshall was fractionally ahead of Walkinshaw's Mazda and keen to stop him moving up to challenge class leader Greenslade. A few feet before the 100yds marker board, the two cars touched and Marshall was launched into a series of rolls, the severely damaged Sprint landing in the catch fencing at Club" Autosport, 19 July 1979.

Marshall would have been travelling over 100 mph and was extremely lucky to survive. During the accident, the sheer force made his helmet come off (still intact and fastened) and the mountings of his seat had broken, which meant he was thrown around the inside of the car, unprotected. He was knocked unconscious, had severe lacerations to his face and head (needing over 100 stitches), had three fractures to his skull, cracked ribs, damaged jaw, teeth, kidneys and damage to his back and spine (these plagued him through the rest of his life). As bad as this was, the doctors told him if his helmet had not come off he would probably have broken his neck.

He was out of hospital in ten days and back behind the wheel of a Dolomite and his Lister in the August Bank Holiday races at Brands Hatch and before the season was out he was back to winning ways, looking forward to the eighties and the possibility of more to come with his relationship with British Leyland.

For the 1980s Marshall decided to retire from full-time Group One racing as he wasn't happy with the current regulations and there was a disagreement with British Leyland. He therefore decided to concentrate on his racing team and Productions Saloons and also re-kindled his love affair for Historic racing.

He won various Production Saloon Championships (Wilcomatic, Monroe Shock Absorbers, etc.) and drove an even more diverse range of cars than ever before (also winning the Lloyds and Scottish Championship.

More racing (and winning) followed in the 1990s, notably in the TVR Tuscans (narrowly missing the title in 1991 due to political moves) and also the famous Marsh Plant Aston Martins. Gerry also found time to squeeze himself into the Multisport Van Dieman and Caterham Vauxhall for various one-off drives and a return to Production Saloons in Sierra and Sierra Sapphire Cosworths.

There were more historic outings in Jaguar E-Types, Austin-Healey 3000, Austin-Healey 100S, Chevrolet Corvettes, Ford Anglia, Lotus Cortinas, Ford Mustangs and who will forget his drive in the rain at the 1999 Goodwood Revival St Marys Trophy race, narrowly beating another saloon car legend John Rhodes. This drive also netted Marshall the coveted driver of the day award.

In 2000, on 6 August he scored his 600th win at Snetterton in the Marsh Plant Aston Martin DB4 and also made a return to racing a Vauxhall Firenza, driving one of the original 1974 Thruxton racecar Droop Snoots. There was also a reunion with Baby Bertha at the 2001 Goodwood Festival of Speed (as well as 2002/3 and several other demonstration runs).

Marshall continued to race with forays into Europe, as well as various British event. There were also outings at the Goodwood Revival in Mk1 Jaguars, Chevrolet Corvettes and Austin-Healey 100s, plus an Alvis Grey Lady and Ferrari 330LM that he shared with Ivan Dutton and Peter Hardman at the 2004 Revival, with his last race at Silverstone in November 2004.

Complete British Saloon / Touring Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.) † Events with 2 races staged for the different classes.

‡ Endurance driver.

 * Endurance driver – not eligible for points.

title: Gerry Marshall


text:
Lil Green

Lil Green (probably born Lillie May Johnson; December 22, 1901 (some sources give 1905, 1910 or 1919) – April 14, 1954) was an American classic female blues singer and songwriter. She was among the leading female rhythm and blues singers of the 1940s, with a sensual soprano voice. Gospel singer R.H. Harris lauded her voice, and her interpretation of religious songs.

Life and career
Originally named Lillian Green or Lillie May Johnson, she was born in Mississippi. After the early deaths of her parents, she began performing in her teens and, having honed her craft in the church performing gospel, she sang in Mississippi jukes, before heading to Chicago, Illinois, in 1929, where she would make all of her recordings.

Green was noted for superb timing and a distinctively sinuous voice. In the 1930s, she and Big Bill Broonzy had a nightclub act together. In 1940, she recorded her first session for the Bluebird budget subsidiary label of RCA Victor. Her two biggest hits were her own composition "Romance in the Dark" (1940), which was later covered by many artists, such as Dinah Washington and Nina Simone (in 1967) (Billie Holiday recorded a different song with the same title), and Green's 1941 version of Kansas Joe McCoy's minor-key blues- and jazz-influenced song "Why Don't You Do Right?", which was recorded by Peggy Lee in 1942 and by many others since. As well as performing in Chicago nightclubs, Green toured with Tiny Bradshaw and other bands but never broke away from the black theatre circuit.

By 1949, Green had changed direction with the foresight to become a jazz vocalist, and tried to emulate the jazz style of Billie Holiday. She signed with Atlantic Records in 1951, but at this point was already in poor health. She died of pneumonia in Chicago in April 1954 and was buried in Oak Hill Cemetery, in Gary, Indiana.

title: Lil Green


text:
Locally constant function

In mathematics, a locally constant function is a function from a topological space into a set with the property that around every point of its domain, there exists some neighborhood of that point on which it restricts to a constant function.

Definition
Let $$f : X \to S$$ be a function from a topological space $$X$$ into a set $$S.$$ If $$x \in X$$ then $$f$$ is said to be locally constant at $$x$$ if there exists a neighborhood $$U \subseteq X$$ of $$x$$ such that $$f$$ is constant on $$U,$$ which by definition means that $$f(u) = f(v)$$ for all $$u, v \in U.$$ The function $$f : X \to S$$ is called locally constant if it is locally constant at every point $$x \in X$$ in its domain.

Examples
Every constant function is locally constant. The converse will hold if its domain is a connected space.

Every locally constant function from the real numbers $$\R$$ to $$\R$$ is constant, by the connectedness of $$\R.$$ But the function $$f : \Q \to \R$$ from the rationals $$\Q$$ to $$\R,$$ defined by $$f(x) = 0 \text{ for } x < \pi,$$ and $$f(x) = 1 \text{ for } x > \pi,$$ is locally constant (this uses the fact that $$\pi$$ is irrational and that therefore the two sets $$\{ x \in \Q : x < \pi \}$$ and $$\{ x \in \Q : x > \pi \}$$ are both open in $$\Q$$).

If $$f : A \to B$$ is locally constant, then it is constant on any connected component of $$A.$$ The converse is true for locally connected spaces, which are spaces whose connected components are open subsets.

Further examples include the following:
 * Given a covering map $$p : C \to X,$$ then to each point $$x \in X$$ we can assign the cardinality of the fiber $$p^{-1}(x)$$ over $$x$$; this assignment is locally constant.
 * A map from a topological space $$A$$ to a discrete space $$B$$ is continuous if and only if it is locally constant.

Connection with sheaf theory
There are of locally constant functions on $$X.$$ To be more definite, the locally constant integer-valued functions on $$X$$ form a sheaf in the sense that for each open set $$U$$ of $$X$$ we can form the functions of this kind; and then verify that the sheaf  hold for this construction, giving us a sheaf of abelian groups (even commutative rings). This sheaf could be written $$Z_X$$; described by means of we have stalk $$Z_x,$$ a copy of $$Z$$ at $$x,$$ for each $$x \in X.$$ This can be referred to a, meaning exactly  taking their values in the (same) group. The typical sheaf of course is not constant in this way; but the construction is useful in linking up sheaf cohomology with homology theory, and in logical applications of sheaves. The idea of local coefficient system is that we can have a theory of sheaves that look like such 'harmless' sheaves (near any $$x$$), but from a global point of view exhibit some 'twisting'.

title: Locally constant function


text:
Talk:Jeeves

Style
Jeeves and Wooster are very twenties in style. If they had an Edwardian style, it would be a much more Upstairs Downstairs style. Here the servant does have some say in how the master conducts himself. Was Ganymede a servant to Jupiter or to Zeus?

 * According the Ganymede article, Ganymede was a servant to Zeus, and Catamitus was the equivalent to Jupiter. I'll correct the article. —Paul A 13:48, 13 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Clarification
Ok, so the part about 'Bertie Wooster Changes His Mind' & 'Ring For Jeeves' need some clarifying. Is Ring For Jeeves narrated by Jeeves or by Bertie? Or is it a 3rd-Person POV? I have not read Ring For Jeeves, though I've read Changes His Mind, so I would not know. --'DTPQueen' 22:21, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Well spotted - I've edited the article to clarify this. Ring for Jeeves is written in the third person. Robin Johnson (talk) 22:39, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

Jeeves's first name
I have reverted the removal of "Reginald" from Jeeves's name after reading the following passage from Much Obliged, Jeeves, which I thought was quite clear (Bertie is speaking): "'Hullo Reggie,' he said, and I froze in my chair, stunned by the revelation that Jeeves's first name was Reginald."

I have also clarified the first paragraph accordingly. — Dan | Talk 20:58, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Seems reasonable. Thanks. --Minority Report (entropy rim riot) 22:29, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

(re Twenties) I have read that some people suggest Jeeves and Bertie are frozen in the timeless Edwardian world of Wodehouse's youth, and that Wodehouse concurred with this notion. I myself had always seen them as 1920's, but I cannot recall WWI ever being mentioned in the canon? John Winkler 14 Jan 2006

 * Ring for Jeeves (the only novel with Jeeves but no Wooster) is set after the Second World War - I believe this is explicitly mentioned; someone definitely asks Jeeves if he was involved in "the first war" - at a time in which the British aristocracy is losing power. Robin Johnson 13:10, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

Bertie Wooster Sees It Through
Call me an Insane Jack, but the article does not mention Bertie Wosster Sees It Through. That was a quite remarkable book. (unsigned comment by Waux J.V. Trident 07:20, 28 October 2005)

 * The old multiple-titles problem surfaces again; that's the U.S. title for Jeeves and the Feudal Spirit, already mentioned. David Arthur 15:28, 28 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Only UK titles seem to be listed here; perhaps the US ones should be included as well. In any case, all variations may be found at List of books by P. G. Wodehouse. — Dan | Talk 15:36, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Family?
Maybe it would be nice to have some mention of what little is known about Jeeves' family. I seem to remember a niece somewhere along the line, and that he had an uncle Charlie Silversmith, who was a butler, but I'm not sufficiently familiar with the cannon to write it myself. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.40.5.134 (talk) 15:18, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

He does have a niece, who was engaged to one of Bertie's friends. I also can't remember which since I don't have them in front of me. Wasn't he also engaged at some point? To a cook. Caitiland (talk) 23:18, 25 October 2010 (UTC)

Characters inspired by Jeeves
"to Joseph Marcell's Geoffrey of the Banks residence on the Fresh Prince of Bel-Air."

On this I must disagree. Geoffrey is more in the line of wisecracking butlers that would include Benson from Soap, et al. Jeeves would advise, never contradict, and certainly never make disparaging remarks about one's charge, to his face or behind his back.

I would consider Mr. French from Family Affair, and even the eponymous Mr. Belvedere from the TV series.

Suggestions? Preceding unsigned comment added by Vbartilucci (talk contribs) 18:33, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

 * How about the numerous AIs named Jeeves, along with other AIs derived from those, in the Ringworld circumquel subseries by Larry Niven and Edward M Lerner? Their personalities varied subtly, and the narrative nudged the reader into caring about them as persons.  Will Mengarini (talk) 10:45, 21 November 2018 (UTC)

Jeeves and the Wedding Bells
Should this page mention the authorized addition to the canon, Jeeves and the Wedding Bells by Sebastian Faulks? It's rather good. 142.204.42.72 (talk) 03:19, 23 August 2014 (UTC)

Another article?
This article is about the character. Should there be a separate article about the book series itself? Carlo (talk) 17:55, 31 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Not sure what you mean. There are scads of related articles, about Wodehouse, characters, etc. It's not like there's an simple Jeeves series vs. other Wodehouse works. I don't see that another article is needed. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 22:20, 31 January 2015 (UTC)

 * There seems to be no article about the Jeeves canon, and Jeeves's character page is filling in as a substitute. The novels of the Jeeves canon are grouped on P. G. Wodehouse bibliography, and the short stories in the canon are grouped on the page P. G. Wodehouse short stories bibliography, but the works and short story detail only seem to be listed them together on Jeeves's character page (and not, for comparison, also on Bertie Wooster's character page). If we can't make a Jeeves canon page, can we at least remove some of the Jeeves#Stories content and link instead to the existing content on the bibliography/short stories bibliography pages? This content makes it seem like this character page is a canon page. Thesoulofdiscretion (talk) 14:50, 10 November 2017 (UTC)

 * This is still an issue. Specifically a canon page for Jeeves could be called Jeeves canon (following the example of Star Trek canon) or Canon of Jeeves (following the example of Canon of Sherlock Holmes) Thesoulofdiscretion (talk) 19:55, 18 December 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Jeeves. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.blandings.org.uk/who/Jeeves.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 08:37, 4 July 2016 (UTC)

"Last appearance"
The page currently lists Jeeves's "last appearance" as being in the 2013 book Jeeves and the Wedding Bells in the infobox at the top of the page. This book was an homage written by Sebastian Faulks, not Wodehouse. While I do think this book should be mentioned on the page, I think it is confusing to list it as Jeeves's last appearance, since this seems to imply that the book was written by Wodehouse and not Faulks. Though this book was authorized by the Wodehouse estate, I don't think that's a good enough reason to list it as Jeeves's last official appearance because it is not part of the Wodehouse canon. (Also, Jeeves's most recent non-canonical appearance was actually in an authorized stage production, Jeeves and Wooster in Perfect Nonsense, that toured as recently as last year.) If there are no objections, I would like to change this "last appearance" to Wodehouse's last Jeeves book, or if that isn't possible, to delete that part of the infobox. Miles26 (talk) 23:25, 10 December 2017 (UTC)

 * Good point - "Aunts Aren't Gentlemen" (US title: The Cat-nappers) it is, I'd say. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 12:01, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

File:P.G. Wodehouse - My Man Jeeves - 1st American edition (1920 printing) - Crop.jpg to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:P.G. Wodehouse - My Man Jeeves - 1st American edition (1920 printing) - Crop.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on April 8, 2018. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2018-04-08. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page. — Chris Woodrich (talk) 06:29, 31 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jeeves