text:
Talk:UB40

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 * ✅ Richard3120 (talk) 14:34, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

Removal of individual members' infoboxes
Hi all,

I have removed the individual members' infoboxes from the main page (in the biographies section for the following members: Astro, Duncan Campbell, Earl Falconer, and Norman Hassan). The reason for this is as follows: these infoboxes were a hangover from the merger of their individual pages with the main UB40 page in 2016 (as per the discussion topic 'Merger proposals' on this page), and given the lack of information on the individual members' (which was what led to the merger of their pages with the main page in the first instance) these infoboxes are surplus to requirements. All of the information found in them is listed elsewhere on the page: their birthnames, birth dates, place of birth are featured in the written content of their biography, their genre is all cases is given as 'reggae' which is UB40's principle genre, their occupation is given as 'musician' which goes without saying, their instrumentation is already listed in the personnel section of the page, their years of activity are identical to the band's (except in Duncan Campbell's case, where his years of activity are given as the year's he joined and left the band), and their associated acts are given as 'UB40' or, in Astro's case, both UB40's.

Kind regards, Sburbridge92 (talk) 14:34, 5 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Entirely agree - I don't think any of them are individually notable outside of UB40, and there's no need for them.to have their own sections that are just sources from the band's own website anyway. Richard3120 (talk) 14:51, 5 September 2021 (UTC)

Big Love by Ali Campbell
I've just created a basic article for Ali Campbell's 1995 album Big Love if any UB40 fans or contributors want to improve it or add any further info! --Geach (talk) 19:34, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

Brian Travets
Brian had Green Eyes, very green, there is a lot of mistakes in this information. 80.192.104.214 (talk) 09:39, 30 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:UB40


text:
La Bayamesa

"El Himno de Bayamo" ("The Bayamo Anthem", lit. 'The Hymn of Bayamo"') is the national anthem of Cuba. It was first performed in 1868, during the Battle of Bayamo. Perucho Figueredo, who took part in the battle, wrote and composed the song. The melody, also called "La Bayamesa" ("The Bayamo Song"), was composed by Figueredo in 1867.

Overview
On October 20, 1868, the Cuban forces obtained the capitulation of the Spanish colonial authorities in Bayamo, the jubilant people surrounded Figueredo and asked him to write an anthem with the melody they were humming. Right on the saddle of his horse, Figueredo wrote the lyrics of the anthem, which was longer than the current official version. Figueredo was captured and executed by the Spanish two years later. Just before the firing squad received the Fire command, Figueredo shouted the line from his song: "Morir por la Patria es vivir" ("To die for one's country is to live").

Officially adopted by Cuba as its national anthem in 1902, upon the foundation of the Republic, it was retained even after the revolution of 1959. The Cuban composer Antonio Rodriguez-Ferrer contributed the musical introductory notes to the Cuban national anthem.

In addition to the "Himno de Bayamo", there are two other well-known Cuban songs called "La Bayamesa". The first Bayamesa was composed in 1851 by Carlos Manuel de Céspedes and José Fornaris at the request of their friend Francisco Castillo Moreno, who is sometimes also credited with the lyrics. After 1868, during the Cuban war, a "mambí" version of "La Bayamesa" became popular. It has the same melody but different lyrics. Many years later, in 1918, the composer and trovador Sindo Garay, from Santiago de Cuba, composed a song that he called "Mujer Bayamesa"; popular usage shortened the title to "La Bayamesa".

Lyrics
Originally, the song had three stanzas. The last two stanzas were excluded when the anthem was officially adopted in 1902, because the lyrics were seen to be excessively anti-Spanish and too long compared with the other stanzas.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: La Bayamesa


text:
Edward Calvin Kendall

Edward Calvin Kendall (March 8, 1886 – May 4, 1972) was an American biochemist. In 1950, Kendall was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine along with Swiss chemist Tadeusz Reichstein and Mayo Clinic physician Philip S. Hench, for their work with the hormones of the adrenal glands. Kendall not only researched the adrenal glands, he also isolated thyroxine, a hormone of the thyroid gland and worked with the team that crystallized glutathione and identified its chemical structure.

Kendall was a biochemist at the Graduate School of the Mayo Foundation at the time of the Nobel award. He received his education at Columbia University. After retiring from his job with the Mayo Foundation, Kendall joined the faculty at Princeton University, where he remained until his death in 1972. Kendall Elementary School, in Norwalk is named for him.

Early life and education
Kendall was born in South Norwalk, Connecticut in 1886. He attended Columbia University, earning a Bachelor of Science degree in 1908, a Master of Science degree in Chemistry in 1909, and a Ph.D. in Chemistry in 1910.

Research career
After obtaining his Ph.D., his first job was in research for Parke, Davis and Company, and his first task was to isolate the hormone associated with the thyroid gland. He continued this research at St. Luke's Hospital in New York until 1914. He was appointed Head of the Biochemistry Section in the Graduate School of the Mayo Foundation, and the following year he was appointed as the Director of the  Division of Biochemistry.

Kendall made several significant contributions to biochemistry and medicine. His most important discovery was the isolation of thyroxine, although it was not the work for which he received the most accolades. Along with associates, Kendall was involved with the isolation of glutathione and determining its structure. He also isolated several steroids from the adrenal gland cortex, one of which was initially called Compound E. Working with Mayo Clinic physician Philip Showalter Hench, Compound E was used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. The compound was eventually named cortisone. In 1950, Kendall and Hench, along with Swiss chemist Tadeus Reichstein were awarded the 1950 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for "their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects." His Nobel lecture focused on the basic research that led to his award, and was titled "The Development of Cortisone As a Therapeutic Agent." As of the 2010 awards, Kendall and Hench were the only Nobel Laureates to be affiliated with Mayo Clinic.

Kendall was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1950, and both the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society in 1951.

Kendall's career at Mayo ended in 1951, when he reached mandatory retirement age. He moved on to Princeton University, where he was a Visiting Professor in the Department of Biochemistry. He remained affiliated with Princeton until his death in 1972. In addition to the Nobel Prize, Kendall received other major awards including the Lasker Award, the Passano Foundation Award and the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh. Kendall received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1966. He was awarded honorary doctorates from the University of Cincinnati, Western Reserve University, Williams College, Yale University, Columbia University, National University of Ireland, and Gustavus Adolphus College.

Family life
Kendall married Rebecca Kennedy in 1915, and they had four children. He died in 1972 in Princeton, New Jersey. His wife died in 1973.

title: Edward Calvin Kendall


text:
Talk:Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

Superfluous additions

 * 1) Adding flags for decoration purposes is a violation of MOS:FLAG
 * 2) Adding the 11th till 20th busiest connections (passenger and freight) serves no purpose, especially when unsourced. The Top Ten is enough.

I request more eyes on this, to prevent an edit war. The Banner talk 11:29, 29 September 2023 (UTC)

Etymology
In the article, the listed etymology is that it comes from "Ship's Hell", where ships would be pulled underwater and sink. According to Schiphol's own website, this is not true Reilandeubank (talk) 03:11, 7 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you for noticing this. I have corrected the vandalism. The Banner  talk 09:44, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Amsterdam Airport Schiphol


text:
Ode to Freedom

Ode to Freedom may refer to:

 * An die Freiheit ("Ode to Freedom"), purported original phrase in Ode to Joy, lyrics that accompany the final movement of Symphony No. 9 by Beethoven
 * The 1989 recording of Symphony no 9. conducted by Leonard Bernstein
 * "Ode to Freedom", a song by ABBA on the 2021 album Voyage
 * "Ode to Freedom", a conjectured early title of Schiller's poem "Ode to Joy"

title: Ode to Freedom


text:
Talk:Romano Scarpa

Untitled
I've just merged the info that were already on the page with a short bio (and other info) I'd written some years ago for the IMDB and for the Disney Comics Mailing List. The bio is actually a bit movie-oriented (not heavily, but quite a bit), if someone wants to "comicize" it, he's welcome. Lazarus Long 23:40 24 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Unencyclopedic
"Later, when Disney Comics took Gladstone's place; they published some more of his stories, and in 2003, the same happened with Gemstone Publishing, that is publishing his stories in the US at the moment."

I'll bet this, and other sections, sounded good in some other language. The info is also wrong (by about 15 years). Why risk instant obsolescence by writing "at the moment"? 2A02:AA1:104D:1981:3D63:4A71:6678:977C (talk) 10:28, 12 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Romano Scarpa


text:
Philip Showalter Hench

Philip Showalter Hench (February 28, 1896 – March 30, 1965 ) was an American physician. Hench, along with his Mayo Clinic co-worker Edward Calvin Kendall and Swiss chemist Tadeus Reichstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1950 for the discovery of the hormone cortisone, and its application for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The Nobel Committee bestowed the award for the trio's "discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects."

Hench received his undergraduate education at Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania, and received his medical training at the United States Army Medical Corps and the University of Pittsburgh. He began working at Mayo Clinic in 1923, later serving as the head of the Department of Rheumatology. In addition to the Nobel Prize, Hench received many other awards and honors throughout his career. He also had a lifelong interest in the history and discovery of yellow fever.

Early life
He attended Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania, where he obtained his Bachelor of Arts in 1916. After serving in the Medical Corps of the U.S. Army and the reserve corps to finish his medical training, he was awarded a doctorate in medicine from the University of Pittsburgh in 1920. Immediately after finishing his medical degree, Hench spent a year as an intern at St. Francis Hospital in Pittsburgh, and then he subsequently became a Fellow of the Mayo Foundation.

In 1928 and 1929, Hench furthered his education at Freiburg University and the von Müller Clinic in Munich.

Medical career
Hench started his career at Mayo Clinic in 1923, working in the Department of Rheumatic Diseases. In 1926, he became the head of the department. While at Mayo Clinic, Hench focused his work on arthritic diseases, where his observations led him to hypothesize that steroids alleviated pain associated with the disease. During this same time, biochemist Edward Calvin Kendall has isolated several steroids from the adrenal gland cortex. After several years of work, the duo decided to try one of these steroids (dubbed Compound E at the time, later to become known as cortisone) on patients afflicted by rheumatoid arthritis. Testing of the hypothesis was delayed because the synthesis of Compound E was costly and time-consuming, and Hench served in the military during World War II. The tests were conducted successfully in 1948 and 1949.

Hench, Kendall, and Swiss chemist Tadeus Reichstein were awarded the 1950 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects." As of the 2010 prizes, Hench and Kendall are the only two Nobel laureates affiliated with Mayo Clinic. Hench's Nobel Lecture was directly related to the research he was honored for, and titled "The Reversibility of Certain Rheumatic and Non-Rheumatic Conditions by the Use of Cortisone Or of the Pituitary  Adrenocorticotropic Hormone". His speech at the banquet during the award ceremony acknowledged the connections between the study of medicine and chemistry, saying of his co-winners "Perhaps the ratio of one physician to two chemists is symbolic, since medicine is so firmly linked to chemistry by a double bond."

During his career, Hench was one of the founding members of the American Rheumatism Association, and served as its president in 1940 and 1941. In addition to the Nobel Prize, Hench has been awarded the Heberdeen Medal (1942), the Lasker Award (1949), the Passano Foundation Award (1950), and the Criss Award. Lafayette College, Washington and Jefferson College, Western Reserve University, the National University of Ireland and the University of Pittsburgh awarded Hench honorary doctorates.

In addition to his work with cortisone, Hench had a career long interest in yellow fever. Starting in 1937, Hench began to document the history behind the discovery of yellow fever. His collection of documents on this subject are at the University of Virginia in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection. His wife donated the collection to the university after his death.

Family
Hench married Mary Kahler (1905–1982) in 1927. His father-in-law, John Henry Kahler, was a friend of Mayo Clinic founder William J. Mayo. Hench and his wife had four children, two daughters and two sons. His son, Philip Kahler Hench also studied rheumatology. Hench died of pneumonia while on vacation in Ocho Rios, Jamaica in 1965.

title: Philip Showalter Hench


text:
Talk:Marcha Real

Cantonese Version of the Spanish Anthem 西班牙王国国歌粤语版
There was some discussion some time ago since the latest changes to the score were under copyright by some musician. A law had to be passed conceding exemption of royalties to the State (but not the general public). Can somebody confirm? -- Error

I was wondering if I could add information on its origins from what I read here: http://www.webislam.com/numeros/2002/190/Noticias%20190/himno_nacional_origen_andalusi.htm -- Zulu, King Of The Dwarf People

西班牙王国国歌 粤语 版

 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcha_Real

 * Doso, Mido
 * So Famiredo Dosi,
 * Dore Mi Mi
 * So Famiredo So

 * 国王之国
 * 歌声将你赞颂
 * 帅土之滨
 * 一气同心

 * Doso, Mido
 * So Famiredo Dosi,
 * Dore Mi Mi
 * So Famiredo So

 * 国王之国
 * 江海相拥而捍卫
 * 放声高歌
 * 兄弟携手

 * So Miso Fa Refa
 * Mi Domi Re
 * Dore Mifasofa
 * Mire Do

 * 乡土百万里
 * 亲爱拥抱
 * 王道乐土
 * 遍自由

 * So Miso Fa Refa
 * Mi Domi Re
 * Dore Mifasofa
 * Mire Do

 * 千载志士牵赤子
 * 人道顺天
 * 享太平

East Iberian Republic
Maybe? Also southwest.

Franco was a dictator, not King
He did not claim kingship and did not have a descendant ascend to the leader of the country nor was he elected. John wesley 18:45, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco Bahamonde aka Francisco Franco designed himself as "caudillo de España por gracia de Dios" which is "leader of Spain by grace of God" he never was nor wanted to be king and only after his death was the prince of Spain Juan Alfonso Carlos Víctor María de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias crowned king. Chris CII 01:25, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Audio link
While I see the usefulness of having a link to the anthem being sung with the Alfonso XIII lyrics under the Alfonso XIII lyrics section (and a version of the Franco lyrics being sung, suitable for Wikipedia use, should also be sought out as well), I don't think it's appropriate to put it in the main section as well, as it could cause confusion that officially it has words (those). I have removed it (but kept the link in the Alfonso XIII section intact.) --Canuckguy (talk) 01:52, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

"English language version"
FYI, the "English language version" shown in the article is actually the english translation of the Francoist version of the Marcha Real. I'm going to get a copy in spanish from youtube and add its lyrics next to it, but someone should double check my work, as it's not something that I sing every day... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.117.154.31 (talk) 17:34, 18 April 2009 (UTC)

Never mind, the lyrics were already there. A wiseguy simply removed them from the text. I've reverted his change. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.117.154.31 (talk) 17:38, 18 April 2009 (UTC)

Cristero lyrics
From Cristero_War:
 * Surviving Cristero, Juan Gutiérrez, recited a hymn sung by the Cristeros, to the tune of the Spanish Marcha Real[citation needed]:

 * Spanish
 * La Virgen María es nuestra protectora y nuestra defensora cuando hay que temer,
 * Vencerá a los demonios gritando "¡Viva Cristo Rey!",
 * Vencerá a los demonios gritando "¡Viva Cristo Rey!"

 * Soldados de Cristo: ¡Sigamos la bandera que la Cruz enseña el ejército de Dios!
 * Sigamos la bandera gritando, "¡Viva Cristo Rey!"

If you can get a reference, add it to the article. --Error (talk) 00:20, 26 December 2009 (UTC)

Nubah Al-Istihlal by Ibn Bajjah
Based on my knowledge, this anthem bears an uncanny resemblance to the tushiya (instrumental prelude) of the Mizan D-dary movement of the Nubah Al-Istihlal by Ibn Bajjah (Avempace). There are several videos on YouTube confirming that (search for Himno de españa - arabe?). In fact, Ibn Bajjah's Nubah Al-Istihlal is closer to the modern anthem, than the original Marcha de grenaderos is, yet, it was written centuries earlier. I think this article should mention this, but I'm not going to write anything there, as long as it doesn't get approved here first. - 94.140.73.150 (talk) 03:45, 7 October 2010 (UTC)

Edit: Thanks to the Spanish Wikipedia article, I found a few reliable sources to support this:
 * - Página web acerca de la partitura original de la Nuba al-Istihlál, posible origen del himno de España;
 * - Redacción de Webislam, «El himno nacional, ¿de origen andalusí?», Número 189, 8 de octubre de 2002. URL visitada el 13 de marzo de 2007); actualización: 19 de agosto de 2007. Grabación sonora de la Nuba al-Istihlál. - 94.140.73.150 (talk) 03:58, 7 October 2010 (UTC)

No, the origins of the Spanish hymn are not Arabic
The supposed Arab/Andalusian origins of the Spanish national anthem are false. It's just the opposite: the Spanish hymn was added to the end of the al-Istihlal nuba as a close in the beginning of the XX century. It's a myth pread by some Islamic sources, like the webislam some others editers mention.

Here it's debunked (in Spanish), included in a long and very detailed history of the Spanish hymn from a musicological point of view.

 * - Página web de un músico y divulgador científico, con multitud de fuentes técnicas.

Copyright status of lyrics
Are the various lyrics not covered by copyright ? Racklever (talk) 00:22, 16 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I have removed the lyrics as the copyright status is unclear Racklever (talk) 11:49, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

second sentence of the article: "It is one of the few national anthems in the world to have no official lyrics." There are no lyrics at all. 174.117.233.162 (talk) 02:06, 31 July 2011 (UTC)

Doubt
"This march was used in Holland as bugle call, almost 100 years before he was born". Who is the one that what born? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.158.191.22 (talk) 12:32, 9 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I have removed the sentence as it was uncited. Racklever (talk) 12:43, 9 January 2012 (UTC)

The recording is not really suitable...
Firstly, the music sample is too slow, and secondly, the first line is repeated twice, neither of which are present in the actual anthem, we need to find a better sample. - TheChampionMan1234 23:07, 21 December 2014 (UTC)

Ibn Arabi
This is raised above 2010, should perhaps be mentioned here - if there are any reliable sources: Ibn Arabi article mentions http://www.webislam.com/articulos/26475-el_himno_nacional_tiene_su_origen_en_una_composicion_andalusi_del_siglo_xil.html 2002 web article, no trace in books by 2015? In ictu oculi (talk) 18:28, 29 November 2015 (UTC)

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Talk:Eusko Abendaren Ereserkia

Untitled
Isn't it Eusko Abendaren Ereserkia without i? -- Error

Abenda
Does abenda mean "homeland" or "race"? -- Error 01:29, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Hiztegia 3000 gives etnia. But Spanish etnia is not translated as abenda. Enda is "race". I leave it as "ethnicity". -- Error 02:26, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

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Constantine IV

Constantine IV (Constantinus; Κωνσταντῖνος; c. 650 – 10 July 685), called the Younger (iunior; ὁ νέος)  and often incorrectly the Bearded (Pogonatus; Πωγωνᾶτος) out of confusion with his father,  was Byzantine emperor from 668 to 685. His reign saw the first serious check to nearly 50 years of uninterrupted Islamic expansion, most notably when he successfully defended Constantinople from the Arabs, and the temporary stabilization of the Byzantine Empire after decades of war, defeats, and civil strife. His calling of the Sixth Ecumenical Council saw the end of the monothelitism controversy in the Byzantine Empire; for this, he is venerated as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church, with his feast day on September 3.

Early career
The eldest son of Constans II and Fausta, daughter of patrician Valentinus, Constantine IV had been named a co-emperor with his father in 654, almost certainly in Easter (13 April). His year of birth is unknown, but often given as c. 650. He became emperor in September 668, when news arrived at Constantinople that Constans II had been assassinated in Sicily. The first task before the new Emperor was the suppression of the military revolt in Sicily under Mezezius which had led to his father's death. Within seven months of his accession, Constantine IV had dealt with the insurgency with the support of Pope Vitalian, but this success was overshadowed by troubles in the east.

As early as 668 the Caliph Muawiyah I received an invitation from Saborios, the commander of the troops in Armenia, to help overthrow the Emperor at Constantinople. He sent an army under his son Yazid against the Byzantine Empire. Yazid reached Chalcedon and took the important Byzantine center Amorion. While the city was quickly recovered, the Arabs next attacked Carthage and Sicily in 669. In 670 the Arabs captured Cyzicus and set up a base from which to launch further attacks into the heart of the Empire. Their fleet captured Smyrna and other coastal cities in 672. Finally, in 672, the Arabs sent a large fleet to attack Constantinople by sea. While Constantine was distracted by this, the Slavs laid siege to Thessalonica.

The Siege of Constantinople (674–678)
Commencing in 674, the Arabs launched the long-awaited siege of Constantinople. The great fleet that had been assembled set sail under the command of Abdul-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr before the end of the year; during the winter months some of the ships anchored at Smyrna, the rest off the coast of Cilicia. Additional squadrons reinforced the forces of Abd ar-Rahman before they proceeded to the Hellespont, into which they sailed in about April 674. From April to September 674 the fleet lay moored from the promontory of Hebdomon, on the Propontis, as far as the promontory of Kyklobion, near the Golden Gate, and throughout those months continued to engage with the Byzantine fleet which defended the harbour from morning to evening.

Knowing that it was only a matter of time before Constantinople was under siege, Constantine had ensured that the city was well provisioned. He also constructed a large number of fireships and fast-sailing boats provided with tubes or siphons for squirting fire. This is the first known use of Greek fire in combat, which was one of the key advantages that the Byzantines possessed. In September, the Arabs, having failed in their attempts to take the city, sailed to Cyzicus, which they made their winter quarters. Over the following five years, the Arabs returned each spring to continue the siege of Constantinople, but with the same results. The city survived, and finally in 678 the Arabs were forced to raise the siege. The Arabs withdrew and were almost simultaneously defeated on land in Lycia in Anatolia. This unexpected reverse forced Muawiyah I to seek a truce with Constantine. The terms of the concluded truce required the Arabs to evacuate the islands they had seized in the Aegean, and for the Byzantines to pay an annual tribute to the Caliphate consisting of fifty slaves, fifty horses, and 300,000 nomismata. The raising of the siege allowed Constantine to go to the relief of Thessalonica, still under siege from the Sclaveni.

Later reign
With the temporary passing of the Arab threat, Constantine turned his attention to the Church, which was torn between Monothelitism and Orthodoxy. In November 680 Constantine convened the Sixth Ecumenical Council (also known as the Third Council of Constantinople). Constantine presided in person during the formal aspects of the proceedings (the first eleven sittings and then the eighteenth), surrounded by his court officials, but he took no active role in the theological discussions. The Council reaffirmed the Orthodox doctrines of the Council of Chalcedon in 451. This solved the controversy over monothelitism; conveniently for the Empire, most monothelites were now under the control of the Umayyad Caliphate. The council closed in September 681. Due to the ongoing conflicts with the Arabs during the 670s, Constantine had been forced to conclude treaties in the west with the Lombards, who had captured Brindisi and Taranto. Also in 680, the Bulgars under Khan Asparukh crossed the Danube into nominally Imperial territory and began to subjugate the local communities and Slavic tribes. In 680, Constantine IV led a combined land and sea operation against the invaders and besieged their fortified camp in Dobruja. Suffering from bad health, the Emperor had to leave the army, which panicked and was defeated by the Bulgars. In 681, Constantine was forced to acknowledge the Bulgar state in Moesia and to pay tribute/protection money to avoid further inroads into Byzantine Thrace. Consequently, Constantine created the Theme of Thrace. His brothers Heraclius and Tiberius had been crowned with him as augusti during the reign of their father, and this was confirmed by the demand of the populace, but in late 681 Constantine had them mutilated by slitting their noses so they would be considered ineligible to rule. Some argue that he then associated Justinian II to the throne, but all contemporary evidence indicates that he became emperor only after Constantine's death on 10 July 685.

Family
By his wife Anastasia, Constantine IV had at least two sons:
 * Justinian II in 669, who succeeded him as emperor at the age of sixteen.
 * Heraclius c. 670, known only from an episode in which his father sent locks of his and his brother's hair to Pope Benedict II.

In art and popular culture

 * Constantine IV was portrayed by Iossif Surchadzhiev in the 1981 Bulgarian movie Aszparuh, directed by Ludmil Staikov.
 * Constantine IV is the subject of the song "Imperator" ("Emperor"), released by the Bulgarian heavy metal band Epizod in their 2012 album Moyata molitva ("My prayer").

title: Constantine IV


text:
Talk:Inverse function rule

Old arguments deleted. Look `em up in the history pages.

Discussion of Rewrite
Before we get into an edit war - if anyone really doesn't like the rewrite I would hope we could discuss it first.

The basic question that prompted this is what is the page about. Supposedly it is about inverse functions and differentiation. Not inverse functions (all my technical stuff and examples). Not differentiation. But the two concepts together, which can only mean the reciprocal relation between the derivatives.

The idea is to get to the point as fast as possible, point people who want to know more about inverse functions and calculus at the right places, and then gives some examples not just of inverse functions but of the whole reciprocal thing.

Only the one really simple proof is needed in my opinion. And lets make full use of the chain rule - people who want details can look there.

The integral formula stuff for the inverse function had errors in it. I've fixed it up so that it is now true. Functions can be differentiable but non-invertible - even locally!

Best Wishes hawthorn

Te one "proof" of course assumes differentiability of the inverse, and in showing differentiability of the inverse you will have found the derivative, so is more useful as an aide memoire than a proof. I have made some slight adjustments and added a statement about the differentiability of the inverse which would seem to be required. CSMR 07:48, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

-

I think that the new version is much worse. It is not pedagogoical and not helpfull at all for someone who just wants to learn what an inverse function is. Please revert. User:Kevin_baas

 * Wouldn't someone who just wants to know what an inverse function is be better off looking at page inverse function? (suitably upgraded if neccessary)

 * Even accepting your point of view, I wouldn't recommend a simple revert. The old page had
 * Examples of inverse functions, but no examples talking about their derivatives
 * two proofs, the first of which was in my opinion flawed.
 * some fallacies about the relationship between differentiability and invertibility.
 * Forthese reasons I would prefer to discuss which aspects of the old page you want preserved and talk about reintroducing just those elements.
 * hawthorn

 * In respone to your points:
 * Examples of the derivatives of inverse functions were under development(by pizza), and there was a perfect spot for them at the bottom. Thank you for making examples.  These are perfect for this application.
 * the advantage of two "proofs" is obvious. "your opinion" is quite vague, and to use the word "flawed" is inappropriate, being that they are mathematically correct (hence you said "my opinion").  Furthermore, the first "proof" is geometrically clear and intuitive.  How is that a flaw?

 * The first proof included the following

 * which combines to:
 * $$f'(x)=\frac{df(x)}{dx}=\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dy}{df^{-1}(y)}=\frac{1}{{f^{-1}}'(y)}$$

 * The last step cannot be justified without making use of the result we are trying to prove, namely
 * $$ \frac{dx}{dy} = \frac{1}{\frac{dy}{dx}} $$
 * Note that this isn't just a trivial nitpick on my part. It is a fatal flaw. The proof actually uses circular logic. The Leibnitz notation may look like a fraction, but it isn't actually a fraction. You can't assume it has the same inverse = reciprocal behavior without proof.

 * "some fallacies", is quite a politically tainted expression. To say that it is fallacious is misleading.  The difference between continuous and differentiable, and differentiable, is slight, especially given the fact that were a function is not continuous, it is not differentiable.(however, the converse does not always hold)  In any case, this is quite a small point, which could be easily 'tweaked' by a very very minor correction.

 * Politics has nothing to do with it. This is maths. Consider the function
 * $$ y = x^2 \sin\left(\frac{1}{x}\right) + x $$
 * This function is differentiable everywhere. Its derivative however has an essential discontintuity at zero. Note that the derivative at zero is 1, but the function has no local inverse in a neighbourhood of zero. You might argue that the problem only occurs at one point. But by cunningly adding examples like this together, I can build examples where the same bad behaviour happens at many points - at countably many points even - maybe even at every rational point, although that might take more work. Invertible and differentiable are quite distinct concepts, and the relationship between them is a lot more subtle than you seem to think.

 * On the point of the page title: the title should then be "differentation of inverse functions", rather than the ambigious title.

 * Good idea - lets shift the page then shall we?

 * But let's stop a moment here, could the two benefit from being combined into one page, or would they be better off separate?

 * I'd say better off separate. I don't really see all that much synergy between the two topics. The only link really is the law which is the focus of the amended page.

 * I would argue that the concepts are simple and belong together, if they only want to learn about inverse functions, they can stop at half the page. If they only want to know about differentation thereof, they can skip the first half, and they have a reference with a smooth transition, so that the approach is contextualized.  Similarily, the approach from inverse->diff is straightforward.  Besides, one should generally introduce a topic before they discuss it.
 * User:Kevin_baas 2003.06.28

 * I suspect you think there is a closer relationship between the two than actually exists.
 * hawthorn

-- Re:
 * $$ \frac{dx}{dy} = \frac{1}{\frac{dy}{dx}} $$

implicit differentation? In any case, I can see this spatially, I could see this spatially in high school. It's trivial.

Re: "I suspect you think there is a closer relationship between the two than actually exists." Probably not. I think that the relationship is just very straight-forward to me. I figured it out on my own in high school.

Also: I don't think this is the proper page to show that trivial result. It's really very trivial, and it really is dividing. dx isn't just a symbol, it's a function of x.

And: I don't think your little explanation of differentation at the the top is really going to do any good. I think they'll just have to go to the diff. page for that. That is, I think that this page should assume knowledge of differentation as a prerequisite. The top could tell them that they need differentation and provide a link. User:Kevin_baas 2003.06.29

 * Implicit differentiation = ? How?
 * or the chain rule. The point is, the infinitesimals are not operators, they act just like variables and functions. -kb
 * In some respects yes. In pther respects no. In all respects - proof required.

hawthorn

 * With regard to the spatial visualisation of inverse=reciprocal for derivatives. - sure! That might be a useful addition to the page so long as it is not presented as a proof. Keep in mind though that visualisation can lead us astray as the functions we visualise tend to be 'nice'.
 * visualization is the most fundamental tool of mathematics. I don't know what you guys are doing with this stuff if it has nothing to do with spatial reasoning.  These aren't just a bunch of symbols that you manipulate and talk about, you know. -kb

 * dx is not a function of x. It is a differential, originally defined as representing an infinitesimal variation in x. Derivatives as originally defined were simply fractions of these things while integrals were infinite sums. However after Berkeleys attack on the notion of infinitesimal, differentials became regarded as dangerous items when appearing by themselves, and most people preferred to talk about them only when safely confined in a derivative or integral. This situation still holds today.
 * by function of x, i do not mean to be formal. i was more to the point in resp. to implicit diff. I hope I don't have to talk in math in order to talk about it, that would be senseless.

 * I'm not familiar with Berkeley's attack. I can say, however, that I don't consider him much of a philosopher.  Re: Safely confined to a derivative or integral -> well, duh! It's subjective to that context and only has form with respect to it.  Whoever was screwing around with infinitesimals like this must have been really clumsy mathematicians.  But should we all suffer for this? -kb

 * Newton and Leibnitz `screwed around' with this, and I doubt they could be called `clumsy'. Berkeley was a crap philosopher I agree. He had very strange beliefs especially where science was concerned. In particular he believed that science should be concerned purely with observing and cataloguing the world, and that under no circumstances should any attempt be made to explain it. For this reason he hated the success of Newton who was very good at explanations. He also thought that science was 'getting uppity' and trampling on the toes of religion. His article "The Analyst" was nothing short of a full blooded attack on mathematics and science. He found one weak point in the calculus and exploited it for all he was worth. Much as I dislike the motivations and philosophy of the man, the weakness he pointed out was real enough, although in my opinion the retreat to formalism which it caused was an overreaction.

hawthorn

 * Thanks for the info. It is interesting.  I wouldn't call them clumsy at all. Btw, it's nice to see that we agree on many things. (Regarding Berk and the reaction.)-kb

 * Any mechanism of a scientific theory can be interpreted as a cataloguing of observations (ambiguity aside) so if Newton was "good at explanations" which are opposed to "cataloguings and observings" these explanations could not have been scientific theories but interpretations of scientific theories, so you are saying that Newton was very good at the interpretation of scientific theory, in particular very good showing that scientific theory "explains" rather than describes, and very good therefore at refuting Berkeley's idealism?

CSMR 07:48, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

 * You might be right about the explanation of differentiation. I felt that something needed to be said - a one sentence brief description of some sort. But it is really hard to write a good one. If you can write a better one - go for it.
 * I don't think anything usefull can be said in one sentence, or even a paragraph. They'll just read it, and think that they should at that point be able to understand the rest, and they won't, and they'll just get frustrated.  If I'd rewrite it, I'd defer more than explain.  If that's fine, I'll go ahead.

 * Addition: The page, as it stands, says very little about how inverse functions relate to differentation. I don't know who started this page, or what their exact intentions were, but I don't think that this would satisfy them. -kb

 * What do you think is missing. hawthorn

 * A decent-size section which explicitly shows the relationship. Something akin to my "proofs" you were refering to earlier.  You asked what from the old should be added back in...
 * Not the one with the error in it I trust. I think your idea of describing the geometric picture was a better one. In particular some mention of the fact that the graphs inverse functions are reflected in the line y = x, and hence the m1m2 = 1 relationship for slopes of lines reflected in the line y = x implies the result pretty strongly.

 * Also, the first two formulas that aren't indented, that's been distracting. I don't know what it is exactly, maybe it's just indenting, maybe putting the discriptions before, maybe I just don't like seeing formulas so small being so prominent.
 * If you are talking about the description of dy/dx and dx/dy then I agree they dont look good. It is the fault of the way wikipedia typesets maths inline.
 * I really wanted to put a box around the formula
 * $$\frac{dx}{dy}\,.\, \frac{dy}{dx} = 1 $$
 * which is what the page is all about. However my initial attempts didn't work so I left it. I really would like to put a box around this though.

 * Very minor; I don't care, really: I'm not used to the dot. Is it really better to have it, or to omit it?
 * feel free to kill it if you want. I used it simply as a spacer because things looked cluttered without it.
 * I think it's clearer without, but that's probably because I'm more acquanted with it's abscence. But then again, that's because it usually is absent.  If, by itself, it's affect is purely a conditioned effect, then I would argue that it's omission is more clear, simply because it's one less symbol. -kb

Inverse of y = ex?
Isn't the inverse of y = ex y = ln(x) and not x = ln(y)? -beasty401

 * If, by any chance you are still looking at this page: both are valid. x = ln(y) describes the exact same relationship as y = ex, though, whereas y = ln(x) describes the inverse relationship (x and y swapped). When working with inverses, you may swap the x and y at the beginning, or you may swap them at the end. Either way works. Not ever swapping them works too, depending on your goal. --69.91.95.139 (talk) 03:13, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

Completely Empty
This is disapointing, almost nothing is here, this is not even the dust of the tip of the iceberg. No theorems of inverse functions are here, nothing is mentioned about the matrix derivatives, its inverse, nonsingularity of the matrix, the one to one property related to the nonsingularity, boundness and openness of the inverse matrix and thus the inverse derivative of the function and the function itself, the continuity of both functions, inverse matrix of the derivative function and the derivative is no where to be found, and the list goes on. Truely disapointed.

I also highly urge that Euler's notation should be inroduced and the concepts be developed using it.--Gustav Ulsh Iler (talk) 03:21, 24 October 2009 (UTC)

-- This is my first time encountering this page. The material is helpful, but lacks citations and seems like a loose end. I propose paring it down and adding it as a subsection to the page on the inverse function theorem. What do folks think about that?

Also, what are some good references for this material? I think that a reference in the spirit of spivak or rudin would be good, in addition to a more elementary source.

-Tomhallward(talk)

Notation is extremely confusing
Since there are two variables in the introductory section, there should be at least one notation that refers explicitly to which variables the derivative is with respect to. Since this is an introductory page, writers should not assume readers will pick up on implicit (really, lazy) notation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.84.199.178 (talk) 05:37, 17 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Inverse function rule


text:
Talk:Proof that 1 is less than 0

There's one of these pseudo-proofs for "1 = 0", too; it basically goes like this: 0 = 0 + 0 + 0 + ... = (1 - 1) + (1 - 1) + ..."; using associativity, "(1 - 1) + (1 - 1) + ... = 1 + (-1 + 1) + (-1 + 1) + ... = 1 + 0 + 0 + ... = 1". What's invalid here is that the law of associativity does not hold for infinite sums that aren't absolutely convergent. -- Schnee 00:12 25 Jun 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Proof that 1 is less than 0


text:
Fairtrade International

Fairtrade International, or Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International E.V. is a product-oriented multistakeholder group aimed at promoting the lives of farmers and workers through trade. Fairtrade's work is guided by a global strategy focused on ensuring that all farmers earn a living income, and agricultural workers earn a living wage. Fairtrade works with farmers and workers of more than 300 commodities. The main products promoted under the Fairtrade label are coffee, cocoa, banana, flowers, tea, and sugar.

Fairtrade is an association of three Producer Networks, nineteen National Fairtrade Organisations (formerly: Fairtrade Labelling Organisations) and eight Fairtrade Marketing Organisations that promote and market the Fairtrade Certification Mark in their countries

Producer Networks exist in Latin America, The Caribbeans, Africa, Middle East, Asia and the Pacific. National Fairtrade Organisations exist in 16 European countries as well as in Canada, the United States, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. Fairtrade International also oversees Fairtrade Marketing Organisations in the Czech Republic, Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, India, Philippines, and Poland.

History
Fairtrade International was established in 1997. It set private standards relating to labour, cooperative organisation, and the governance of the Fairtrade benefits. The organisation was divided in January 2004 into two independent organisations as below:

 * Fairtrade International develops and reviews Fairtrade standards and assists producers in gaining and maintaining certification and in capitalizing on market opportunities on the Fairtrade market. To ensure the transparency of the system, the standards are developed and reviewed by the Fairtrade Standards and Policy Committee, in which Fairtrade members, producer organizations, traders and external experts participate.
 * FLOCERT ensures that producers and traders comply with the FLO Fairtrade Standards and that producers invest the benefits received through Fairtrade in their development. Operating independently from any other interests, it follows the international ISO standards for certification bodies (ISO 65).

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The following are National Fairtrade Organizations and Fairtrade Marketing Organizations:

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These initiatives were joined in 2007 by three Producer Networks:

 * Network of Asian and Pacific Producers (NAPP)
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Fairtrade International is divided into six units:

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The coordination of all global activities is led by a Global Leadership Team, made of the CEO, the COO, and the CVO (Chief Value Officer).

Fairtrade standards
Given the development focus of fair trade, related standards contain minimum requirements that all producer organisations must meet to become certified as well as progress requirements in which producers must demonstrate improvements over time.

There are two types of fairtrade standards for disadvantaged producers: standards for small farmers' organizations and for hired labor situations.

 * Small farmers' organization standards include requirements for democratic decision making, ensuring that producers have a say in how the fair trade premiums are invested, etc. They also include requirements for capacity building and economic strengthening of the organization.
 * Hired labour situation standards seek to ensure that employees receive decent wages and may join unions and bargain collectively. Fairtrade certified plantations must also ensure that there is no forced or child labour and that health and safety requirements are met. In a hired labor situation, fair trade standards require a "joint body" to be set up with representatives from both management and employees. This joint body decides on how fairtrade premiums will be spent to benefit plantation employees.

For some products, such as coffee, only fair trade standards for small farmers' organizations are applicable. For others, such as tea, both small farmers' organizations and plantations can be certified.

Fair trade standards and procedures are approved by the FLO Standards Committee, an external committee comprising all FLO stakeholders (labeling initiatives, producers, and traders) and external experts. Fair trade standards are set in accordance to the requirements of the ISEAL Code of Good Practice in standards setting and are in addition the result of an extensive consultation process, involving a variety of stakeholders: producers, traders, external experts, inspectors, certification staff etc.

In 2020, Fairtrade issued a position statement defending their use of private standards in response to a report from The Institute for Multi-Stakeholder Initiative Integrity (MSI Integrity).

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A list of hazardous materials whose use in production of Fairtrade products is prohibited or restricted is maintained by Fairtrade International, divided into sections known as the "Red List", "Orange List" and "Yellow List" respectively. The Red List covers materials which are prohibited and may not be used in Fairtrade products. The Orange List details materials which may only be used in specified conditions; some of these were to be disallowed from June 2020 or June 2022. The Yellow List covers materials which are flagged as hazardous and only to be used with caution. The organisation relied on international conventions including the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2014) in formulating its list. Earlier versions of the list distinguished between "red" (prohibited) and "amber" (under consideration for prohibition) elements.

Child labour
Fairtrade prohibits child labour and anyone under 15 years old cannot be employed by Fairtrade organisation. Children under 18 years old can be employed, but their employment cannot interfere with their education or development. Children are only allowed to work on family farms under strict conditions, the work must be age appropriate and outside of school hours or on holidays.

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International Fairtrade Certification Mark
The Fairtrade Mark is an international independent consumer Mark which appears on products as a guarantee that producers and traders have met fair trade standards. The Fairtrade Mark is owned and protected by Fairtrade International, on behalf of its 25-member and associate member labeling initiatives and producer networks.

For a product to carry the Fairtrade Mark, it must come from FLOCERT inspected and certified producer organizations. The crops must be grown and harvested in accordance with the International Fairtrade Standards set by Fairtrade International. The supply chain is also monitored by FLOCERT to ensure the integrity of labelled products. Only authorized licensees can use the Fairtrade Mark on their products.

title: Fairtrade International


text:
User:Cefake

Most of what you need to know about cefake can be found at her web site: http://www.caterina.net/.

title: User:Cefake


text:
Guido Cantelli

Guido Cantelli (27 April 1920 – 24 November 1956) was an Italian orchestral conductor. Toscanini elected him his "spiritual heir" since the beginnings of his career. He was named Musical Director of La Scala, Milan in November 1956, but his promising career was cut short only one week later by his death at the age of 36 in the 1956 Paris DC-6 crash in France en route to the United States.

Early years
Cantelli was born on 27 April 1920 in Novara, Italy, to Antonio and Angela (née Riccardone). He started studying music while still very young. From 1939 until 1941 he studied with Arrigo Pedrollo, and then, from 1941 until 1942, with Giorgio Federico Ghedini and Antonino Votto. In 1940 he started his conducting career, graduating from the Milan Conservatory in 1943.

Career
Cantelli studied at the Milan Conservatory and began a promising conducting career. In 1943, he garnered acclaim for a representation of the Traviata at the Teatro Coccia. Besides being the conductor, Cantelli was also the artistic director of the representation.

Cantelli's career was interrupted by World War II, during which he was forced to serve in the Italian army, and then placed in a German labour camp because of his outspoken opposition to the Nazis. He was sent with a team of labourers to Frankfurt am Main. While in Germany, Cantelli was interned in a concentration camp in Szczecin. He fell ill and managed to escape the camp. Cantelli was repatriated to Italy in 1944, establishing himself in Turin. He resumed his musical career after the Allies liberated Italy.

After resuming his musical career in Turin, Cantelli was invited to conduct some concerts with the Symphony Orchestra of the Radio of Milan (Orchestra sinfonica della Radio di Milano). Riccardo Pick-Mangiagalli, the director of the Milan Conservatory, decided it was the moment to present the young conductor to the wide public, organizing a concert at the Rocchetta Court of the Castello Sforzesco on 27 July 1945, entrusting to Cantelli the Orchestra of La Scala. The programme was very proving, and included, among other things, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 6, or Pathétique Symphony. The performance immediately signalled Cantelli's "innate elegance of the gesture, the interpretative strength and stylistic purity, which, animated by the youthful momentum of the young conductor, made a great impression on the public."

After the success of the Castello Sforzesco concert, a successful international career started for Cantelli. This career would bring him to the major stages of the world, where he would conduct the world's most famous orchestras. He was acclaimed by the public and the critics alike. However, in spite of all the compliments and the success, Cantelli's attention was not diverted from his studies. He kept on studying with "scrupulous commitment and professionalism," encouraged by the great Arturo Toscanini. Toscanini saw him conduct at La Scala, Milan, and remained impressed. The results of these stylistic studies by Cantelli maturated on 21 May 1948, with a concert that, in a way, "marked his definitive Scaliger consecration and at the same time his authoritative entry into the small number of great international conductors." Toscanini invited him to guest conduct the NBC Symphony Orchestra in 1949. In a note written to Cantelli's wife Iris in 1950 after four of these concerts, Toscanini said:

I am happy and moved to inform you of Guido's great success and that I introduced him to my orchestra, which loves him as I do. This is the first time in my long career that I have met a young man so gifted. He will go far, very far.

He debuted in America on 15 January 1949, with a "most positive encounter with the New Yorker public". On 3 January 1952 he was welcomed again by the American public, conducting the New York Philharmonic. Between these two dates, he had been welcomed in Edinburgh (1950), and had completed an acclaimed tournée in London.

Cantelli, who had started his career very young in 1940, was already performing in the greatest theatres in Europe and America by 1945. In the course of his brief career, he had conducted not only in many of the most famous concert halls of Europe but also in the United States and South Africa. Besides conducting the NBC Symphony from 1949 to 1954, Cantelli also guest conducted the New York Philharmonic and the Boston Symphony Orchestra in the U.S. and the Philharmonia Orchestra in the UK.

While he was conducting in America and Europe and garnering acclaim therein, Cantelli "also continued his triumphal career in his homeland". After dedicating himself for a long time to symphonic music, Cantelli wanted to return to the "lyric repertoire". The result of such decision was a memorable Così fan tutte conducted by Cantelli at the Piccola Scala on 27 January 1956. Cantelli, besides conducting, was also the director of the opera, the cast of which included such prominent names as Elisabeth Schwarzkopf and Graziella Sciutti. The opera had a triumphal outcome, and it nothing but confirmed Cantelli's "exceptional directorial abilities." The opera was repeated in Johannesburg, where it came to an "equally sensational success."

He was named Musical Director of La Scala on 16 November 1956. Cantelli was called in the United States to conduct a series of concerts with the New York Philharmonic Orchestra, but tragedy struck. He died in the crash of LAI Flight 451 at Orly Airport in Paris, France only a week after he was named director of La Scala, on 24 November. He was 36 years old. Toscanini, who was in failing health and died less than two months later, was not informed of Cantelli's death.

At the time of his death, Cantelli was being considered as the next music director of the New York Philharmonic, as successor to Dimitri Mitropoulos; instead, Leonard Bernstein (who also guest conducted the NBC Symphony) was appointed conductor of the Philharmonic in 1958.

Toscanini had elected Cantelli his "spiritual heir" since the beginning of his career. A "sensible and refined artist", Cantelli is remembered as a "living presence in the Italian music world", especially as an "admirable example of professional seriousness, whose artistic commitment was constantly aimed at achieving a severe and unquenchable stylistic perfection". Cantelli had a strong will, and character endowments that enhanced his communicative skills and magnetism. He had a wide repertory, that he always conducted from memory even during rehearsals. He performed "a very rigorous systematic analysis, noting the salient phrases of each composition in the margins of each score, also specifying rhythmic characteristics and interpretative aspects".

Massimo Mila stated that for Cantelli "conducting was a peremptory and absolute vocation, an inexorable determination", which allowed him, in a short time, to size "the most recondite secrets of the art of conducting, and to reach a surprising artistic maturity very soon". He studied with the greatest, learning their secrets and benefiting from their experience, yet never imitating anyone, "manifesting without hesitation his artistic personality", entering, in each execution, in an "almost supernatural state that isolated him from the surrounding world".

Cantelli had been made "one of the most representative figures in the contemporary directorial panorama" by the aforementioned gifts along with, among other things, his communicative skills with the orchestra and the public, the natural "limpidity" of his gesture, his magnetism, and his interpretative versatility. It is not a case that he was considered the living heir of Toscanini.

Performances and recordings
Cantelli left a small legacy of commercial and live recordings. Among these are recordings of Beethoven's 7th symphony (ASD 254) and 5th piano concerto (with Walter Gieseking and the New York Philharmonic Orchestra in Carnegie Hall from 25 March 1956), Symphony No. 29 (Mozart) on HMV's ALP 1461, Schubert's 8th symphony (ALP 1325), Brahms' 1st (ALP 1152) and 3rd symphonies (BLP 1083), Franck's D minor symphony (ALP 1219 mono issue) (with the NBC Symphony in Carnegie Hall in stereo from 6 April 1954), Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition, Paul Hindemith's Symphony: Mathis der Maler, Liszt's 2nd piano concerto with Claudio Arrau, and shorter pieces by Ravel (ALP 1207), Rossini, and others. He recorded Vivaldi's The Four Seasons with the New York Philharmonic for Columbia Records. He recorded a fine performance of Tchaikovsky’s Pathetique Symphony with The Philharmonia Orchestra [HMV]

His one surviving opera performance is of Così fan tutte, from La Scala in 1956. There is also a live recording of the Verdi Requiem (with Herva Nelli). He conducted the Mozart Requiem at La Scala in 1950. There are live recordings with the New York Philharmonic of Beethoven's first and fifth piano concertos, with Rudolf Serkin as soloist, from 1953 and 1954, respectively.

The Franck, Brahms 3rd, Schubert 8th, and Beethoven 7th symphonies were among his few stereo recordings. Just before his death, Cantelli recorded the final three movements of Beethoven's Symphony No. 5 in stereo for EMI, but did not record the first movement, due to a construction project outside London's Kingsway Hall. In recent years, many performances from broadcasts and recording sessions with the NBC Symphony, from 1949 to 1954, have been made available.

Personal life
Cantelli's wife was Iris Cantelli, née Bilucaglia, the daughter of a noted Istrian Italian paediatrician and obstetrician, who had to leave his native land in the Istrian-Dalmatian exodus. They had a son together, Leonardo, who was but 5 months old at the time of his father's death.

title: Guido Cantelli


text:
Leontius

Leontius (Λεόντιος; died c. 15 February 706) was Byzantine emperor from 695 to 698. Little is known of his early life, other than that he was born in Isauria in Asia Minor. He was given the title of patrikios, and made strategos of the Anatolic Theme under Emperor Constantine IV. He led forces against the Umayyads during the early years of Justinian II's reign, securing victory and forcing the Umayyad caliph, Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, to sue for peace.

In 692, Justinian declared war upon the Umayyads again, and sent Leontius to campaign against them. However, he was defeated decisively at the Battle of Sebastopolis, and imprisoned by Justinian for his failure. He was released in 695, and given the title of strategos of the Theme of Hellas in Southern Greece. After being released, he led a rebellion against Justinian, and seized power, becoming emperor in the same year.

He ruled until 698, when he was overthrown by Apsimarus, a droungarios who had taken part in a failed expedition that had been launched by Leontius to recover Carthage. After seizing Constantinople, Apsimar took the name Tiberius (III), and had Leontius' nose and tongue cut off. He was sent to the Monastery of Dalmatou, where he remained until some time between August 705 and February 706. By this time Justinian had retaken the throne. Both Leontius and Tiberius were executed.

Origin and early life
Little of Leontius' early life is known, other than that he was from Isauria, and possibly of Armenian descent. Christian Settipani speculates that Leontius was the son of certain Lazarus, who was the direct descendant of emperor Phocas and general Priscus. Furthermore, Settipani identifies patrikios Tarasius as Leontius' son. Leontius was appointed as strategos of the Anatolic Theme, at the time the most senior military command of the Byzantine Empire, and patrikios by Emperor Constantine IV, possibly c. 682 AD.

Starting in 680, the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate erupted into a civil war, known as the Second Fitna. Umayyad authority was challenged even in their metropolitan province of Syria, while most of the Caliphate recognized Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr instead. Under Marwan I and his son Abd al-Malik, however, the Umayyads gained the upper hand, although the Zubayrids were not finally defeated until 692.

The civil war in the Umayyad Caliphate provided an opportunity for the Byzantine Empire to attack its weakened rival, and, in 686, Emperor Justinian II sent Leontius to invade Umayyad territory in Armenia and Iberia, where he campaigned successfully, before leading troops into Media and Caucasian Albania; during these campaigns he gathered loot. Leontius' successful campaigns compelled the Umayyad Caliph, Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, to sue for peace in 688, agreeing to tender part of the taxes from Umayyad territory in Armenia, Iberia, and Cyprus, and to renew a treaty signed originally under Constantine IV, providing for a weekly tribute of 1,000 pieces of gold, one horse, and one slave.

Justinian invaded the Caliphate again in 692, feeling that the Umayyads were in a weak position, but was repulsed at the Battle of Sebastopolis, where a large number of Slavs defected to the Umayyads, ensuring the Byzantine defeat. After this, the Umayyads renewed their invasion of North Africa, aimed at taking the city of Carthage in the Exarchate of Africa, and also invaded Anatolia. Around this time, Justinian imprisoned Leontius. Some Byzantine sources, such as Nikephoros and Theophanes, suggest that Justinian did so because he believed that Leontius was seeking to take the throne, but it is possible that the crushing defeat at Sebastopolis played a part in his imprisonment; as strategos of the Anatolic Theme, he likely served in the battle, and may have even been the main Byzantine commander in it.

After further setbacks in the war, Justinian released Leontius in 695 because he feared losing control of Carthage, and appointed him strategos of the Theme of Hellas in Southern Greece. During his captivity, Leontius was cared for by two monks, Gregorios and Paulos, who prophesied his rise to the throne, and encouraged him to rise against Justinian after his release. Leontius, once free, quickly raised a rebellion against Justinian. Leontius had wide support from the aristocracy, who opposed Justinian's land policies, which restricted the aristocracy's ability to acquire land from peasant freeholders, and the peasantry, who opposed Justinian's tax policies, as well as the Blue faction (one of the Hippodrome factions), and the Patriarch of Constantinople Callinicus. Leontius and his supporters seized Justinian and brought him to the Hippodrome, where Justinian's nose was cut off, a common practice in Byzantine culture, done in order to remove threats to the throne, as mutilated people were traditionally barred from becoming emperor; however, Leontius did not kill Justinian, out of reverence for Constantine IV. After Justinian's nose was cut off, Leontius exiled him to Cherson, a Byzantine exclave in the Crimea.

Reign and downfall
Upon his coronation, Leontius, now known as "Leo", adopted a moderate political stance. He restricted the activity of the Byzantine army, allowing small raids against the border of the Byzantine empire to proceed without reprisal, and instead focused upon consolidation. Very little is known of his domestic policy, except that he had the port of Neorion in Constantinople cleared, which allegedly led to a four-month outbreak of plague.

The Umayyads, emboldened by Leontius' perceived weakness, invaded the Exarchate of Africa in 696, capturing Carthage in 697. Leontius sent the patrikios John to retake the city. John was able to seize Carthage after a surprise attack on its harbor. However, Umayyad reinforcements soon retook the city, forcing John to retreat to Crete and regroup. A group of officers, fearing the Emperor's punishment for their failure, revolted and proclaimed Apsimar, a droungarios (mid-level commander) of the Cibyrrhaeots, emperor.

Apsimar took the regnal name Tiberius, gathered a fleet and allied himself with the Green faction, before sailing for Constantinople, which was enduring the bubonic plague. After several months of siege, the city surrendered to Tiberius, in 698. Tiberius captured Leontius, and had his nose slit before imprisoning him in the Monastery of Dalmatou. Leontius stayed in the monastery under guard until Justinian retook the throne with the assistance of the Bulgar king Tervel in 705. Justinian then had both Leontius and Tiberius dragged to the Hippodrome and publicly humiliated, before being taken away and beheaded. The execution took place on 15 February 706 according to the 13th-century Chronicon Altinate. The body of Leontius was thrown into the sea alongside Tiberius, but was later recovered and buried in a church on the island of Prote.

title: Leontius


text:
Jack Herer

Jack Herer (June 18, 1939 – April 15, 2010), sometimes called the "Emperor of Hemp", was an American cannabis rights activist and the author of the 1985 book The Emperor Wears No Clothes. Herer founded and served as the director of the organization Help End Marijuana Prohibition (HEMP).

As an activist, he advocated for the decriminalization of the cannabis plant and argued that it could be used as a renewable source of fuel, medicine, food, fiber, and paper/pulp and that it can be grown in virtually any part of the world for medicinal as well as economic purposes. He further asserted that the U.S. government has been deliberately hiding the proof of this from its own citizens.

Biography
An early glass pipe entrepreneur, Herer opened his first head shop in 1973.

In 1985, Herer self-published The Emperor Wears No Clothes, a book — in 2020 in its fourteenth edition after having been continuously in print for 35 years — frequently cited in efforts to decriminalize and legalize cannabis and to expand the use of hemp for industrial use. In 1987, Herer opened the Third Eye Shoppe head shop in Portland, Oregon. Herer's son Mark Herer took over as the shop's owner in 2001. The Third Eye closed on March 31, 2017.

A former Goldwater Republican, Herer twice ran for President of the United States, in 1988 (1,949 votes) and 1992 (3,875 votes), as the Grassroots Party candidate.

Health problems and death
In July 2000, Herer suffered a minor heart attack and a major stroke while attending the BioFach trade show, resulting in difficulties speaking and moving the right side of his body. Herer mostly recovered, and claimed in May 2004 that treatment with the Amanita muscaria, a psychoactive mushroom, was the "secret".

On September 12, 2009, Herer suffered another heart attack while backstage at the Hempstalk Festival in Portland, Oregon.

He was discharged to another facility on October 13, 2009. Paul Stanford of The Hemp and Cannabis Foundation said, "He is waking up and gazing appropriately when someone is talking... but he is not really communicating in any way."

On April 15, 2010, Herer died in Eugene, Oregon, from complications related to the September 2009 heart attack. He was 70 years old at the time of his death. Herer was buried at the Eden Memorial Park Cemetery in Mission Hills, California.

Criticism
European experts on hemp, like Dr. Hayo M.G. van der Werf, author of the doctoral thesis Crop physiology of fibre hemp (1994), and Dr. Ivan Bocsa criticized Herer for making unrealistic claims regarding the potential of hemp (cf. the work of Lyster Hoxie Dewey).

 * Herer claimed that hemp produces higher yields than other crops. Van der Werf argued that is simply wrong. Under most favorable growing conditions, other crops such as maize, sugar beet, or potato produced similar dry matter yields. Fiber hemp is in many ways superior to other crops under adverse growing conditions.
 * Herer claimed that hemp hurds, which make up 60 to 80% of the stem dry weight, contain 77% cellulose. Van der Werf argued that is wrong. Cellulose content of hemp hurds has been found to vary between 32 and 38% (Bedetti and Ciaralli 1976, van der Werf 1994). Possibly, Herer confused the hurds, which form the woody core of the hemp stem, with the bark, which forms the outer layer of the hemp stem. The bark contains the long bast fibers which are used in textile manufacturing.

Legacy
A sativa-dominant hybrid strain of cannabis was named after Herer in honor of his work. The Jack Herer strain was originally created by Sensi Seeds. Today almost all seed banks carry their own take on this famous cannabis favorite. This strain has won several awards, including the 7th High Times Cannabis Cup. Jack Herer was also inducted into the Counterculture Hall of Fame at the 16th Cannabis Cup in recognition of his first book.

The Jack Herer Cup, created by R. Foreman is held in Amsterdam, Colombia, Las Vegas, Jamaica, Germany, Oklahoma City, and Thailand each year to honor the Worldwide Cannabis Legalization Movement that Jack Herer helped start. The Jack Herer Cup is considered one of the most famous cannabis award shows in the world for several reasons:

1. Named after a cannabis activist: The Jack Herer Cup is named after Jack Herer, a well-known cannabis activist and author of "The Emperor Wears No Clothes." Herer was a prominent advocate for the legalization of cannabis and hemp, and his name is associated with high-quality cannabis products and advocacy efforts.

2. Prestige and recognition: The Jack Herer Cup is highly regarded in the cannabis industry and is seen as a prestigious award show that recognizes excellence in cannabis products, strains, and businesses. Winning a Jack Herer Cup award is a significant achievement and can help boost the reputation and credibility of a cannabis brand.

3. Global reach: The Jack Herer Cup has gained international recognition and attracts cannabis enthusiasts, industry professionals, and businesses from around the world. This global reach has helped establish the Jack Herer Cup as a leading event in the cannabis industry and has contributed to its reputation as a premier award show.

4. Emphasis on quality and innovation: The Jack Herer Cup focuses on awarding products and businesses that demonstrate exceptional quality, innovation, and excellence in the cannabis industry. This emphasis on recognizing top-tier cannabis products and brands has helped solidify the Jack Herer Cup's reputation as a prestigious award show.

5. Commitment to advocacy and education: In addition to recognizing excellence in the cannabis industry, the Jack Herer Cup is also committed to promoting cannabis advocacy and education. The event often features panels, seminars, and discussions on important topics related to cannabis legalization, social justice, and industry trends.

Overall, the Jack Herer Cup's combination of prestige, recognition, global reach, focus on quality and innovation, and commitment to advocacy and education have contributed to its status as one of the most famous cannabis award shows in the world.

Emperor of Hemp is a documentary made about Herer's life that aired on PBS stations throughout the U.S., and was translated into French and Spanish.

Works
Books
 * (with Al Emmanuel) G.R.A.S.S.: Great Revolutionary American Standard System: The Official Guide for Assessing the Quality of Marijuana on the 1 to 10 Scale (Primo Publications, 1973)
 * The Emperor Wears No Clothes (Van Nuys, California: Ah Ha Publishing, 1985, 1990) ISBN 978-1878125002

Articles
 * "Cannabis Medicines Banned," Totse.com, archived at the Wayback Machine — excerpt from The Emperor Wears No Clothes
 * "Hemp for Victory — Coverup," Totse.com, archived at the Wayback Machine

title: Jack Herer


text:
Talk:Lee Teng-hui

Interview?
I removed the following from the article:

In 2014, Lee said in a Japanese right-wing magazine SAPIO published by Shogakukan "China spreads lies such as Nanjing massacre to the world ... Korea and China use invented history as their activity of propaganda for their country. Comfort women is the most remarkable example."

I can't find anything about the source at all, it doesn't seem to be RS. Best would be to get the original interview. DrIdiot (talk) 06:55, 1 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Also just realized I cited BLP but subject is not LP anymore... either way, I think the reasoning stands. DrIdiot (talk) 06:57, 1 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Never mind, I think the linked source is somehow affiliated with Shogakukan? But some clarity on the issue would be nice, and other citations (e.g. to Taiwanese media?). DrIdiot (talk) 07:02, 1 August 2020 (UTC)

Taihoku High School (臺灣總督府臺北高等學校)
Taihoku High School was not a "high school" in the modern Western sense of the word. "高等學校" also cannot be translated as "high school". There is a lack of English sources regarding this particular institution, and so it is difficult to find an English source to verify the name "Taihoku High School". However, the name "Taihoku High School" has still been commonly used by other English editors; e.g. at Wikimedia Commons' Category:Taihoku High School and Category:Students of Taihoku High School. Ideally someone would add a reliable English source and just change the name to whatever was cited, but "Taihoku Higher School" is not an appropriate translation because "higher school" is not an English noun. Taihoku Institute of Higher Learning is a possible suggestion, but that does not seem like the best translation. Wiktionary also suggests "Japanese high school" for 高校, but I'm not going to pretend I am an expert and say Taihoku should be considered a high school. Bottom line is, anything is better than "higher school" because that sounds like a bad translation. Centre Left Right ✉ 03:30, 13 August 2020 (UTC)

"Under Japanese rule"
That's a helluva euphemism, CIA stooges! 174.95.50.192 (talk) 13:14, 4 August 2022 (UTC)

Hakka descent
The article says, that Lee "was of Yongding, Tingzhou, Hakka descent." In footnote 8, it is said that his great-grandfather 李乾蔥 (Li Qianlian) was a Hakka. While the article is correct (Lee is of Hakka descent, at least 1/8 of him is Hakka), in the video listed at footnote 6 Lee speaks Hokkien (台語) – with a rare Japanese ("ato", 後) in his talk; and footnote 8 even claims that Lees father was Japanese ... So, what is Lee's "descent"? Thg (talk) 12:02, 16 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Lee Teng-hui used Japanese name under Japanese rule, and as we all know, Chinese people don't like Lee Teng-hui, because of nationalism or they are stan on politics,IDK.
 * Show some people may want to create a "fact", let people suspect: "What if Lee are totally a Japanese. And he'll be fair here is for the good of Japan? You konw...... Maybe this is the reason why he made more people think: 'I am Taiwanese, not Chinese.' So for the sake of Taiwan, we should say we're Chinese, not Taiwanese."
 * So as far as I understand, Lee is not Japanese at all. Also, because Lee's "Japanese father" have too many versions, like a soldier from Japan or a policeman from Japan, in some versions even his mother is not the same person in law. Most importantly, if you search Lee's ancestry in any kind of Chinese, most articles which judge Lee have Japanese ancestry are from the China using simplified Chinese, or source from so pro-China newspaper.
 * And I think this kind of suspect is from the KMT supporter at first, because although President Lee is KMT's Taiwan president, but he help the DPP grow up. But the Chinese Government might think: "This is a good tool to make Taiwanese suspect their ethnic identity", so they just used it.
 * So I think Lee definitely doesn't have Japanese ancestry. If someone wants to prove that it's true, they need more proof, like the recording from the Japanese colonial government. Deadline fighter.Dying (talk) 01:27, 18 May 2024 (UTC)
 * It's also quite common to use Japanese phrases in Taiwanese, and many older Taiwanese can speak Japanese (like Lee Teng-hui), and modern Taiwanese language also have many phrases from the Japanese.
 * Example:
 * ENG:Hospital, manga.etc
 * TAI:pēnn-īnn(病院),bàng-gà(漫畫).etc
 * JAN:byōin(病院),manga(漫画).etc Deadline fighter.Dying (talk) 01:36, 18 May 2024 (UTC)
 * https://parupuntenobu.hatenablog.jp/entry/japanese-in-taiwanese Deadline fighter.Dying (talk) 01:38, 18 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, I know. Adding Japanese to one's speech (because of partially Japanese education?) does not prove at all to be of Japanese descent :) Thg (talk) 11:36, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the comment. So, in effect, footnote 8, while being written in a somewhat "doubtful" newspaper, does not contain anything that is not also found in other footnotes (especially in #6). And since the other theory, of Lee having a Japanese father, has as its only source an unnamed father of politician Che, that theory seems to be more a rumor.- In effect, footnote 8 should be deleted? Thg (talk) 11:34, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
 * ......the footnote 8 are from China Times, this daily newspaper are famous by pro-China and lots of fake news, they are controlled by "Want Want"(A Taiwan company, but their biggest market in China. They also have a disqualified television station called CTI Television Incorporation, because of fake news).
 * Some Taiwanese are even organising a political demonstration to show they don't like the pro-China stance of China Times.
 * https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2019/06/24/2003717475 Deadline fighter.Dying (talk) 02:16, 18 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lee Teng-hui


text:
List of governors of Louisiana

The governor of Louisiana is the head of government of the U.S. state of Louisiana. The governor is the head of the executive branch of Louisiana's state government and is charged with enforcing state laws. Republican Jeff Landry has served as the current governor since January 8, 2024.

Territory of Orleans
Louisiana was purchased by the United States from France in 1803. On October 1, 1804, Orleans Territory was organized from the southern part of the Purchase, with the remainder being made the District of Louisiana and placed under the jurisdiction of Indiana Territory. The District of Louisiana would later become Louisiana Territory, but after Orleans Territory became the state of Louisiana, Louisiana Territory was renamed Missouri Territory.

State of Louisiana
Louisiana was admitted to the Union on April 30, 1812. It seceded from the Union on January 26, 1861, and it was a founding member of the Confederate States of America on February 8, 1861. However, since substantial parts of the state remained in Union hands throughout the war, there were two lines of governors elected. Following the end of the American Civil War, Louisiana during Reconstruction was part of the Fifth Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Louisiana was readmitted to the Union on July 9, 1868.

The 1812 constitution established the office of governor, to serve for four years starting from the fourth Monday after the election. In 1845, the start date was moved to the fourth Monday of the January after the election; in 1864, it was moved to the second Monday of the January after the election; in 1879 it was moved to the first Monday after the General Assembly announced the election result; the 1921 Constitution fixed the new inauguration date as the second Tuesday in May. The 1974 Constitution changed the date, effective in 1980, to the second Monday of the March following the election; this was amended in 1987, to become effective in 1992, to the second Monday of January. Governors were not allowed to succeed themselves until 1864, when the constitution held no term limits. The restriction on governors succeeding themselves was reintroduced in 1868, removed in 1870, and again added in 1898. An amendment to the constitution passed in 1966 allowed governors to succeed themselves once before requiring a gap before they can be elected again. Five governors have served nonconsecutive terms. Andre B. Roman, Francis T. Nicholls, and Jimmie Davis each served two non-consecutive terms, while Earl Long and Edwin Edwards both served in three distinct stints.

In the event of a vacancy, the President of the Senate originally acted as governor. The 1845 constitution created the office of lieutenant governor, to be elected at the same time and manner as the governor and who would act as governor in the event of a vacancy. The 1913 constitution established that the lieutenant governor would become governor in case of a vacancy. The governor and the lieutenant governor are not officially elected on the same ticket.

title: List of governors of Louisiana


text:
Michael of Cesena

Michael of Cesena (Michele di Cesena or Michele Fuschi) (c. 1270 – 29 November 1342) was an Italian Franciscan, minister general of that order, and theologian. His advocacy of evangelical poverty brought him into conflict with Pope John XXII.

Biography
Of his early life little is known. He was born at Cesena. Having entered the Franciscan Order, he studied at Paris and took the doctor's degree in theology in 1316. He taught theology at Bologna and wrote several commentaries on Holy Scripture and the Sentences of Peter Lombard.

At the general chapter in Naples on 31 May 1316, he was elected minister general in absentia and went at once to Assisi, where he convoked a chapter to consider the revision of the Constitutions of the order. Returning to Bologna, he issued the document, Gravi qua premor (21 August 1316), which, together with several other ordinances regarding the matter of poverty, induced John XXII to publish the bull Quorumdam exigit (7 October 1317), whose purpose was to explain the decretals of Nicholas III, Exiit qui seminat (13 August 1279), and of Clement V, Exivi de paradiso (6 May 1312). John XXII ordered rebellious spirituals to stop arguing and obey their superiors. Initially, Michael agreed with the pope in suppressing the spirituals, whom he had been unable to persuade to conform.

As the papal bull concerned the principal chapter of the Franciscan Rule, this action caused no little disturbance within the order. Earlier, in an effort to quell the disagreements between the conventuals and the zelanti, Pope Gregory IX had ruled that all property given to the Franciscans was vested in the Holy See, which granted the friars the mere use of it. This was later confirmed by Pope Nicholas III. John XXII reversed this. By the bull Ad conditorem canonum of 8 December 1322, he declared it ridiculous to pretend that every scrap of food given to the friars and eaten by them belonged to the pope, refused to accept ownership over the goods of the Franciscans in future and granted them exemption from the rule that absolutely forbade ownership of anything even in common, thus forcing them to accept ownership.

Michael of Cesena and his supporters opposed this, asserting that in adopting the strict poverty upon which Cesena had insisted in his letters, they were following the example and teaching of Christ and the Apostles. They held the view that since Christ and the Apostles held no property, neither should the Church. Thus the controversy finally shifted to a speculative theological question: whether or not it was consonant with Catholic faith to hold that Christ and the Apostles had no property individually or in common, and while in the famous dispute at Narbonne in 1321 the inquisitor John of Belna claimed that it was heretical, Berengarius of Perpignan declared it a Catholic dogma in perfect accordance with the decretals of Nicholas III and Clement V.

The matter having been brought before John XXII, a further attempt to settle the controversy was made by distinguishing between dominion and simple use, so that both propositions, Christ and the Apostles had no property, i.e., dominion of property, and Christ and the Apostles possessed property, i.e., the use of property, were true. In the bull Quia nonnunquam (26 March 1322) the pope declared that he intended merely to explain the decrees of his predecessors, and excommunicated anyone who attempted to misconstrue the meaning of the papal Constitution Quorumdam exigit.

In June of the same year a general chapter of the order was convoked at Perugia and decided that to assert that Christ and His Apostles possessed no earthly goods was not only not heretical, but sound and Catholic doctrine. At the same time, Bonagratia of Bergamo was commissioned to represent the chapter before the Papal Curia, at Avignon.

Summons to Avignon
The controversy continued unabated until, in 1327, Michael was summoned to appear before the pope in Avignon in 1327. Michael eventually agreed to go, after feigning illness and delaying. He obeyed a subsequent summons and was forbidden by the pope under pain of grave censure to leave Avignon. He was thus unable to attend the chapter held at Bologna in May of the following year (1328). Despite his absence and the protest of the papal legate, he was reelected minister general, the chapter deeming the charges against him insufficient to deprive him of office.

Michael managed to win over William of Ockham to his cause. Several prelates and princes wrote to the pope on Cesena's behalf. In the following year, Michael of Cesena, William of Ockham and a few other high-ranking Franciscans fled from the papal court. They had apparently wished to seek the protection of King Robert of Naples (who favored their views), but a storm on the Mediterranean forced their galley back to the port of Aigues-Mortes, where they transferred to another ship manned by agents of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor and were taken to Pisa.

Deposition
At Pisa they were received by the party of Louis and were joined by a number of other schismatics. John XXII was declared to be deposed by the emperor. Michael of Cesena was excommunicated by the Pope. He published a solemn appeal from the pope to a council (12 December 1328), posting it on the door of the cathedral.

The general chapter of Paris (11 June 1329), at which Cardinal Bertrand presided, deposed Michael was from the Franciscan leadership, condemned his writings and his and his followers' conduct and elected Gerard Odon minister general of the Franciscan Order.

The pope issued the encyclical Quia vir reprobus, warning the faithful against Michael, and the latter answered in his Ad perpetuam rei memoriam innotescat quod ego, Fr. Michael (25 November 1330) and in Christianæ fidei fundamentum, in which he accused the pope of heresy in the three Bulls, Ad Conditorem Canonum, Cum inter nonnullos, and Quia quorumdam. These and Litteras plurium magistrorum, and Teste Solomone which Michael wrote in his own defence, are contained in William of Ockham's Dialogue.

Later life
The chapter of Perpignan (25 April 1331) expelled him from the order and sentenced him to perpetual imprisonment. He continued to struggle for his understanding of evangelical poverty for the rest of his life, and issued an appeal against Benedict XII, who had succeeded John XXII, in 1338. He died in Munich, and was buried there in the Franciscan convent, the Barfüsserkirche. He was officially rehabilitated in 1359.

Cultural references
Michael of Cesena is one of the historical characters in Umberto Eco's novel The Name of the Rose. Much of his history is recounted through conversations between the main characters William of Baskerville and Adso.

title: Michael of Cesena


text:
User:Jukeboksi

Helo. I'm Jubo-Jubo, a Pipe dreamer of the pipedreamiest dream(s) and the founder of The Consumerium.org effort - Enhancing Consumer Infomedness ( since 2002 ), bill payer of http://PalestineTunnel.org ( .org 2004-ongoing ) and podmin of https://d.consumium.org Diaspora* ( since 2013 ) in Finland UTC + 2 ( me, not the server ). User:Redress perhaps (contributions) is also an account of mine since 2013.

Wikireaders by jubo-jubo reimported to Wikipedia from wiki.study
 * Jubo-jubo's wikireader into Logistics and SCM - 1st in the series of free learning resources for the business learner on a shoestring
 * Jubo-jubo's wikireader into economics - 2nd in the series of free learning resources for the business learner on a shoestring
 * Jubo-jubo's wikireader into basic internationalization of a business - 3rd in the series of free learning resources for the business learner on a shoestring
 * Jubo-jubo's wikireader into law and business - 4th in the series of free learning resources for the business learner on a shoestring

Caution: The wikireaders may contain errors and are not part of the Encyclopedia as they are a compilation of definitions from Wikipedia, notes from teachers, other students and me. Source documents for these wikireaders are from User:Jukeboksi/BBA_studies at develop.consumerium.org (previous locations wiki.study and before that globba12.si

You can find me on Libera Chat

Juboblogr.byjuho.fi blog when thought item is more suited there than irc which is to be consumed in the moment. Boring irc replays are exactly that: boring irc replays

I used to work on Wiktionary in the 00's.

click here for the best article revision ever

So far I've started:

 * Global EAN Party Information Register (GEPIR)
 * Helsinki Stock Exchange (Why I did this, I do not know)
 * SA8000
 * National Environmental Directory
 * Near Field Communication - which will rock the wireless world Update: No it won't. It is eavesdroppable for a few meters range
 * Reverse trading - I found some sec.gov documents from the early 70's that talk on many occasions of "reverse trading" and used them (actually it) as a source. Please help improve the article for great betterificationness of Wikipedia proper!

I've imported from Consumerium effort development wiki under the clauses of the GFDL with no front cover texts or invariant sections:
 * Types of companies which eventually became Types of business entity (teh hueg)
 * UN/LOCODE
 * List of company registers which became List of official business registers
 * and various others.. I guess having the first edit Edit summary note that the article originates from outside of Wikipedia proper is compliance with the license.

So far I've contributed to:

 * List of stock exchanges
 * List of stock market indices
 * European Article Numbering
 * List of employer associations
 * List of labor unions
 * FLO
 * Bluetooth
 * and other things I've forgotten to mention here

Draft space: User:Jukeboksi/Draftspace/Reverse trading that was also deleted
 * User:Jukeboksi/Draftspace/Reverse financial instrument somewhat saved from the deletionists which is a subset of
 * User:Jukeboksi/Draftspace/Powder bathing also saved from the same frigging deletionists

I started contributing to Wikipedia on February 22 2003.

title: User:Jukeboksi