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Great tit

The great tit (Parus major) is a small passerine bird in the tit family Paridae. It is a widespread and common species throughout Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and east across the Palearctic to the Amur River, south to parts of North Africa where it is generally resident in any sort of woodland; most great tits do not migrate except in extremely harsh winters. Until 2005 this species was lumped with numerous other subspecies. DNA studies have shown these other subspecies to be distinct from the great tit and these have now been separated as two distinct species, the cinereous tit (Parus cinereus) of southern Asia, and the Japanese tit (Parus minor) of East Asia. The great tit remains the most widespread species in the genus Parus.

The great tit is a distinctive bird with a black head and neck, prominent white cheeks, olive upperparts and yellow underparts, with some variation amongst the numerous subspecies. It is predominantly insectivorous in the summer, but will consume a wider range of food items in the winter months, including small hibernating bats. Like all tits it is a cavity nester, usually nesting in a hole in a tree. The female lays around 12 eggs and incubates them alone, although both parents raise the chicks. In most years the pair will raise two broods. The nests may be raided by woodpeckers, squirrels and weasels and infested with fleas, and adults may be hunted by sparrowhawks. The great tit has adapted well to human changes in the environment and is a common and familiar bird in urban parks and gardens. The great tit is also an important study species in ornithology.

Taxonomy
The great tit was described under its current binomial name by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. Its scientific name is derived from the Latin parus "tit" and maior "larger". Francis Willughby had used the name in the 17th century.

The great tit was formerly treated as ranging from Britain to Japan and south to the islands of Indonesia, with 36 described subspecies ascribed to four main species groups. The major group had 13 subspecies across Europe, temperate Asia and north Africa, the minor group's nine subspecies occurred from southeast Russia and Japan into northern southeast Asia and the 11 subspecies in the cinereus group were found from Iran across south Asia to Indonesia. The three bokharensis subspecies were often treated as a separate species, Parus bokharensis, the Turkestan tit. This form was once thought to form a ring species around the Tibetan Plateau, with gene flow throughout the subspecies, but this theory was abandoned when sequences of mitochondrial DNA were examined, finding that the four groups were distinct (monophyletic) and that the hybridisation zones between the groups were the result of secondary contact after a temporary period of isolation.

A study published in 2005 confirmed that the major group was distinct from the cinereus and minor groups and that along with P. m. bokharensis it diverged from these two groups around 1.5 million years ago. The divergence between the bokharensis and major groups was estimated to have been about half a million years ago. The study also examined hybrids between representatives of the major and minor groups in the Amur Valley where the two meet. Hybrids were rare, suggesting that there were some reproductive barriers between the two groups. The study recommended that the two eastern groups be split out as new species, the cinereous tit (Parus cinereus), and the Japanese tit (Parus minor), but that the Turkestan tit be lumped in with the great tit. This taxonomy has been followed by some authorities, for example the IOC World Bird List. The Handbook of the Birds of the World volume treating the Parus species went for the more traditional classification, treating the Turkestan tit as a separate species but retaining the Japanese and cinereous tits with the great tit, a move that has not been without criticism.

The nominate subspecies of the great tit is the most widespread, its range stretching from the Iberian Peninsula to the Amur Valley and from Scandinavia to the Middle East. The other subspecies have much more restricted distributions, four being restricted to islands and the remainder of the P. m. major subspecies representing former glacial refuge populations. The dominance of a single, morphologically uniform subspecies over such a large area suggests that the nominate race rapidly recolonised a large area after the last glacial epoch. This hypothesis is supported by genetic studies which suggest a geologically recent genetic bottleneck followed by a rapid population expansion.

The genus Parus once held most of the species of tit in the family Paridae, but morphological and genetic studies led to the splitting of that large genus in 1998. The great tit was retained in Parus, which along with Cyanistes comprises a lineage of tits known as the "non-hoarders", with reference to the hoarding behaviour of members of the other clade. The genus Parus is still the largest in the family, but may be split again. Other than those species formerly considered to be subspecies, the great tit's closest relatives are the white-naped and green-backed tits of southern Asia. Hybrids with tits outside the genus Parus are very rare, but have been recorded with blue tit, coal tit, and probably marsh tit.

Subspecies
There are currently 15 recognised subspecies of great tit:
 * P. m. newtoni, described by Pražák in 1894, is found across the British Isles.
 * P. m. major, described by Linnaeus in 1758, is found throughout much of Europe, Asia Minor, northern and eastern Kazakhstan, southern Siberia and northern Mongolia, as far as the mid-Amur Valley.
 * P. m. excelsus, described by Buvry in 1857, is found in northwestern Africa.
 * P. m. corsus, described by Kleinschmidt in 1903, is found in Portugal, southern Spain, and Corsica.
 * P. m. mallorcae, described by von Jordans in 1913, is found in the Balearic Islands.
 * P. m. ecki, described by von Jordans in 1970, is found on Sardinia.
 * P. m. niethammeri, described by von Jordans in 1970, is found on Crete.
 * P. m. aphrodite, described by Madarász in 1901, is found in southern Italy, southern Greece, Cyprus and the Aegean Islands.
 * P. m. terrasanctae was described by Hartert in 1910. It is found in Lebanon, Israel, Jordan and Syria.
 * P. m. karelini, described by Zarudny in 1910, is found in southeastern Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran.
 * P. m. blandfordi was described by Pražák in 1894. It is found in north central and southwestern Iran.
 * P. m. bokharensis was described by Lichtenstein in 1823. It is found in southern Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and far north of Iran and Afghanistan. It was, along with following two subspecies, once treated as separate species.
 * P. m. turkestanicus, was described by Zarudny & Loudon in 1905, and ranges from east Kazakhstan to extreme north west China and west Mongolia.
 * P. m. ferghanensis, was described by Buturlin in 1912, and is found in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.
 * P. m. kapustini, was described by Portenko in 1954, and is found in north west China (north west Xinjiang) to Mongolia and Siberia.

Description

The great tit is large for a tit at 12.5 to(-) in length, and has a distinctive appearance that makes it easy to recognise. The nominate race P. major major has a bluish-black crown, black neck, throat, bib and head, and white cheeks and ear coverts. The breast is bright lemon-yellow and there is a broad black mid-line stripe running from the bib to vent. There is a dull white spot on the neck turning to greenish yellow on the upper nape. The rest of the nape and back are green tinged with olive. The wing-coverts are green, the rest of the wing is bluish-grey with a white wing-bar. The tail is bluish grey with white outer tips. The plumage of the female is similar to that of the male except that the colours are overall duller; the bib is less intensely black, as is the line running down the belly, which is also narrower and sometimes broken. Young birds are like the female, except that they have dull olive-brown napes and necks, greyish rumps, and greyer tails, with less defined white tips.

There is some variation in the subspecies. P. m. newtoni is like the nominate race but has a slightly longer bill, the mantle is slightly deeper green, there is less white on the tail tips, and the ventral mid-line stripe is broader on the belly. P. m. corsus also resembles the nominate form but has duller upperparts, less white in the tail and less yellow in the nape. P. m. mallorcae is like the nominate subspecies, but has a larger bill, greyer-blue upperparts and slightly paler underparts. P. m. ecki is like P. m. mallorcae except with bluer upperparts and paler underparts. P. m. excelsus is similar to the nominate race but has much brighter green upperparts, bright yellow underparts and no (or very little) white on the tail. P. m. aphrodite has darker, more olive-grey upperparts, and the underparts are more yellow to pale cream. P. m. niethammeri is similar to P. m. aphrodite but the upperparts are duller and less green, and the underparts are pale yellow. P. m. terrasanctae resembles the previous two subspecies but has slightly paler upperparts. P. m. blandfordi is like the nominate but with a greyer mantle and scapulars and pale yellow underparts, and P. m. karelini is intermediate between the nominate and P. m. blandfordi, and lacks white on the tail. The plumage of P. m. bokharensis is much greyer, pale creamy white to washed out grey underparts, a larger white cheep patch, a grey tail, wings, back and nape. It is also slightly smaller, with a smaller bill but longer tail. The situation is similar for the two related subspecies in the Turkestan tit group. P. m. turkestanicus is like P. m. bokharensis but with a larger bill and darker upperparts. P. m. ferghanensis is like P. m. bokharensis but with a smaller bill, darker grey on the flanks and a more yellow wash on the juvenile birds.

The colour of the male bird's breast has been shown to correlate with stronger sperm, and is one way that the male demonstrates his reproductive superiority to females. Higher levels of carotenoid increase the intensity of the yellow of the breast its colour, and also enable the sperm to better withstand the onslaught of free radicals. Carotenoids cannot be synthesized by the bird and have to be obtained from food, so a bright colour in a male demonstrates his ability to obtain good nutrition. However, the saturation of the yellow colour is also influenced by environmental factors, such as weather conditions. The width of the male's ventral stripe, which varies with individual, is selected for by females, with higher quality females apparently selecting males with wider stripes.

Voice
The great tit is, like other tits, a vocal bird, and has up to 40 types of calls and songs. The calls are generally the same between the sexes, but the male is much more vocal and the female rarely calls. Soft single notes such as "pit", "spick", or "chit" are used as contact calls. A loud "tink" is used by adult males as an alarm or in territorial disputes. One of the most familiar is a "teacher, teacher", often likened to a squeaky wheelbarrow wheel, which is used in proclaiming ownership of a territory. In former times, English folk considered the "saw-sharpening" call to be a foretelling of rain. Tit calls from different geographic regions show some variation, and tits from the two south Asian groups recently split from the great tit do not recognise or react to the calls of the temperate great tits.

One explanation for the great tit's wide repertoire is the Beau Geste hypothesis. The eponymous hero of the novel propped dead soldiers against the battlements to give the impression that his fort was better defended than was really the case. Similarly, the multiplicity of calls gives the impression that the tit's territory is more densely occupied than it actually is. Whether the theory is correct or not, those birds with large vocabularies are socially dominant and breed more successfully.

Distribution, movements and habitat
The great tit has a wide distribution across much of Eurasia. It can be found across all of Europe except for Iceland and northern Scandinavia, including numerous Mediterranean islands. In North Africa it lives in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. It also occurs across the Middle East, and parts of Central Asia from northern Iran and Afghanistan to Mongolia, as well as across northern Asia from the Urals as far east as northern China and the Amur Valley.

The great tit occupies a range of habitats. It is most commonly found in open deciduous woodland, mixed forests, forest edges and gardens. In dense forests, including conifer forests it prefers forest clearings. In northern Siberia it lives in boreal taiga. In North Africa it rather resides in oak forests as well as stands of Atlas cedar and even palm groves. In the east of its range in Siberia, Mongolia and China it favours riverine willow and birch forest. Riverine woodlands of willows, poplars are among the habitats of the Turkestan subspecies, as well as low scrubland, oases; at higher altitudes it occupies habitats ranging from dense deciduous and coniferous forests to open areas with scattered trees.

The great tit is generally not migratory. Pairs will usually remain near or in their territory year round, even in the northern parts of their range. Young birds will disperse from their parents' territory, but usually not far. Populations may become irruptive in poor or harsh winters, meaning that groups of up to a thousand birds may unpredictably move from northern Europe to the Baltic and also to Netherlands, Britain, even as far as the southern Balkans.

The great tit was unsuccessfully introduced into the United States; birds were set free near Cincinnati, Ohio between 1872 and 1874 but failed to become established. Suggestions that they were an excellent control measure for codling moths nearly led to their introduction to some new areas particularly in the United States of America, however this plan was not implemented. A small population is present in the upper Midwest, believed to be the descendants of birds liberated in Chicago in 2002 along with European goldfinches, Eurasian jays, common chaffinches, European greenfinches, saffron finches, blue tits and Eurasian linnets, although sightings of some of these species pre-date the supposed introduction date. Birds were introduced to the Almaty Province in what is now Kazakhstan in 1960–61 and became established, although their present status is unclear.

Diet and feeding
Great tits are primarily insectivorous in the summer, feeding on insects and spiders which they capture by foliage gleaning. Their larger invertebrate prey include cockroaches, grasshoppers and crickets, lacewings, earwigs, bugs (Hemiptera), ants, flies (Diptera), caddisflies, beetles, scorpionflies, harvestmen, bees and wasps, snails and woodlice. During the breeding season, the tits prefer to feed protein-rich caterpillars to their young. A study published in 2007 found that great tits helped to reduce caterpillar damage in apple orchards by as much as 50%. Nestlings also undergo a period in their early development where they are fed a number of spiders, possibly for nutritional reasons. In autumn and winter, when insect prey becomes scarcer, great tits add berries and seeds to their diet. Seeds and fruit usually come from deciduous trees and shrubs, like for instance the seeds of beech and hazel. Where it is available they will readily take table scraps, peanuts and seeds from bird tables. In particularly severe winters they may consume 44% of their body weight in sunflower seeds. They often forage on the ground, particularly in years with high beech mast production. Great tits, along with other tits, will join winter mixed-species foraging flocks.

Large food items, such as large seeds or prey, are dealt with by "hold-hammering", where the item is held with one or both feet and then struck with the bill until it is ready to eat. Using this method, a great tit can get into a hazelnut in about twenty minutes. When feeding young, adults will hammer off the heads of large insects to make them easier to consume, and remove the gut from caterpillars so that the tannins in the gut will not retard the chick's growth.

Great tits combine dietary versatility with a considerable amount of intelligence and the ability to solve problems with insight learning, that is to solve a problem through insight rather than trial and error. In England, great tits learned to break the foil caps of milk bottles delivered at the doorstep of homes to obtain the cream at the top. This behaviour, first noted in 1921, spread rapidly in the next two decades. In 2009, great tits were reported killing, and eating the brains of roosting pipistrelle bats. This is the first time a songbird has been recorded preying on bats. The tits only do this during winter when the bats are hibernating and other food is scarce. They have also been recorded using tools, using a conifer needle in the bill to extract larvae from a hole in a tree.

Breeding
Great tits are monogamous breeders and establish breeding territories. These territories are established in late January and defence begins in late winter or early spring. Territories are usually reoccupied in successive years, even if one of the pair dies, so long as the brood is raised successfully. Females are likely to disperse to new territories if their nest is predated the previous year. If the pair divorces for some reason then the birds will disperse, with females travelling further than males to establish new territories. Although the great tit is socially monogamous, extra-pair copulations are frequent. One study in Germany found that 40% of nests contained some offspring fathered by parents other than the breeding male and that 8.5% of all chicks were the result of cuckoldry. Adult males tend to have a higher reproductive success compared to sub-adults. Great tits are seasonal breeders. The exact timing of breeding varies by a number of factors, most importantly location. Most breeding occurs between January and September; in Europe the breeding season usually begins after March. In Israel there are exceptional records of breeding during the months of October to December. The amount of sunlight and daytime temperatures will also affect breeding timing. One study found a strong correlation between the timing of laying and the peak abundance of caterpillar prey, which is in turn correlated to temperature. On an individual level, younger females tend to start laying later than older females.

Great tits are cavity nesters, breeding in a hole that is usually inside a tree, although occasionally in a wall or rock face, and they will readily take to nest boxes. The nest inside the cavity is built by the female, and is made of plant fibres, grasses, moss, hair, wool and feathers. The number in the clutch is often very large, as many as 18, but five to twelve is more common. Clutch size is smaller when birds start laying later, and is also lower when the density of competitors is higher. Second broods tend to have smaller clutches. Insularity also affects clutch size, with great tits on offshore islands laying smaller clutches with larger eggs than mainland birds. The eggs are white with red spots. The female undertakes all incubation duties, and is fed by the male during incubation. The bird is a close sitter, hissing when disturbed. The timing of hatching, which is best synchronised with peak availability of prey, can be manipulated when environmental conditions change after the laying of the first egg by delaying the beginning of incubation, laying more eggs or pausing during incubation. The incubation period is between 12 and 15 days.

The chicks, like those of all tits, hatch unfeathered and blind. Once feathers begin to erupt, the nestlings are unusual for altricial birds in having plumage coloured with carotenoids similar to their parents (in most species it is dun-coloured to avoid predation). The nape is yellow and attracts the attention of the parents by its ultraviolet reflectance. This may be to make them easier to find in low light, or be a signal of fitness to win the parents' attention. This patch turns white after the first moult at age two months, and diminishes in size as the bird grows.

Chicks are fed by both parents, usually receiving 6 to(-) of food a day. Both parents provision the chicks with food and aid in nest sanitation by removing faecal packets, with no difference in the feeding effort between the sexes. The nestling period is between 16 and 22 days, with chicks being independent of the parents eight days after fledging. Feeding of the fledgeling may continue after independence, lasting up to 25 days in chicks from the first brood, but as long as 50 days in the second brood. Nestlings from second broods have weaker immune systems and body condition than those from first broods, and hence have a lower juvenile survival rate.

Inbreeding depression occurs when the offspring produced as a result of a mating between close relatives show reduced fitness. The reduced fitness is generally considered to be a consequence of the increased expression of deleterious recessive alleles in these offspring. In natural populations of P. major, inbreeding is avoided by dispersal of individuals from their birthplace, which reduces the chance of mating with a close relative.

Ecology
The Eurasian sparrowhawk is a predator of great tits, with the young from second broods being at higher risk partly because of the hawk's greater need for food for its own developing young. The nests of great tits are raided by great spotted woodpeckers, particularly when nesting in certain types of nest boxes. Other nest predators include introduced grey squirrels (in Britain) and least weasels, which are able to take nesting adults as well. A species of biting louse (Mallophaga) described as Rostrinirmus hudeci was isolated and described in 1981 from great tits in central Europe. The hen flea Ceratophyllus gallinae is exceedingly common in the nests of blue and great tits. It was originally a specialist tit flea, but the dry, crowded conditions of chicken runs enabled it to flourish with its new host. This flea is preferentially predated by the clown beetle Gnathoncus punctulatus, The rove beetle Microglotta pulla also feeds on fleas and their larvae. Although these beetles often remain in deserted nests, they can only breed in the elevated temperatures produced by brooding birds, tits being the preferred hosts. Great tits compete with the pied flycatcher for nesting boxes, and can kill prospecting flycatcher males. Incidences of fatal competition are more frequent when nesting times overlap, and climate change has led to greater synchrony of nesting between the two species and flycatcher deaths. Having killed the flycatchers, the great tits may consume their brains.

Physiology
Great tits have been found to possess special physiological adaptations for cold environments. When preparing for winter months, the great tit can increase how thermogenic (heat producing) its blood is. The mechanism for this adaptation is a seasonal increase in mitochondrial volume and mitochondrial respiration in red blood cells and increased uncoupling of the electron transport from ATP production. As a result, the energy that would have been used to make ATP is released as heat and their blood becomes more thermogenic. In the face of winter food shortages, the great tit has also shown a type of peripheral vasoconstriction (constriction of blood vessels) to reduce heat loss and cold injury. Reduced cold injury and heat loss is mediated by the great tits' counter-current vascular arrangements, and peripheral vasoconstriction in major vessels in and around the birds' bill and legs. This mechanism allows uninsulated regions (i.e., bill and legs) to remain close to the surrounding temperature. In response to food restriction, the great tits' bill temperature dropped, and once food availably was increased, bill temperatures gradually returned to normal. Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the bill not only serves as an energy saving mechanism, but also reduces the amount of heat transferred from core body tissues to the skin (via cutaneous vasodilation), which, in turn, reduces heat loss rate by lowering skin temperature relative to the environment.

Relationship with humans
The great tit is a popular garden bird due to its acrobatic performances when feeding on nuts or seed. Its willingness to move into nest boxes has made it a valuable study subject in ornithology; it has been particularly useful as a model for the study of the evolution of various life-history traits, particularly clutch size. A study of a literature database search found 1,349 articles relating to Parus major for the period between 1969 and 2002.

The great tit has generally adjusted to human modifications of the environment. It is more common and has better breeding success in areas with undisturbed forest cover, but it has adapted well to human-modified habitats, and can be very common in urban areas. For example, the breeding population in the city of Sheffield (a city of half a million people) has been estimated at some 17,000 individuals. In adapting to human environments its song has been observed to change in noise-polluted urban environments. In areas with low frequency background noise pollution, the song has a higher frequency than in quieter areas. This tit has expanded its range, moving northwards into Scandinavia and Scotland, and south into Israel and Egypt. The total population is estimated at between 300 and 1,100 million birds in a range of 32.4 million km2 (12.5 million sq mi). While there have been some localised declines in population in areas with poorer quality habitats, its large range and high numbers mean that the great tit is not considered to be threatened, and it is classed as least concern on the IUCN Red List.

title: Great tit


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List of miscellaneous fictional animals

This list of fictional animals contains notable fictional animals of species that do not have a separate list among either the lists of fictional animals or the lists of fictional species.

Aardvarks

 * Aardvark from The Ant and the Aardvark
 * Aardvarkina, a twin sister aardvark in Princess Tutu
 * Arnie the aardvark in Boner's Ark.
 * Arthur Read, the titular character of books and the animation show, Arthur.
 * Cerebus the Aardvark, the titular comic book character.
 * Cyril Sneer, aardvark and the main villain of The Raccoons
 * Otis the Aardvark, a former puppet presenter on CBBC.
 * Slurpy, a baby aardvark in Wild Kratts
 * Elmo Aardvark a Anthropomorphic Aardvark of the same name.

Bats

 * See List of fictional bats

Bears

 * See List of fictional bears

Canines

 * See List of fictional canines
 * See also List of fictional dogs
 * See also List of fictional wolves

Felines

 * See List of fictional cats and other felines
 * See also List of fictional big cats

Hyenas

 * Aardwolves in The Lion Guard
 * Bud and Lou, the pet hyenas of The Joker on the cartoon series, Krypto the Superdog
 * Bruce, the pet hyena of Harley Quinn in the film, Birds of Prey
 * Flame Hyenard, robotic hyena humanoid from Mega Man X7
 * Haida, a spotted hyena in the Sanrio anime series Aggretsuko.
 * Hardy Har Har, a hyena in Lippy the Lion & Hardy Har Har
 * Hyena, the name of two fictional supervillains from a comic published by DC Comics
 * Janja and Jasiri, two hyenas from The Lion Guard.
 * Scratch & Sniff, played by Don Austen & John Eccleston, virtual recreations of their past characters- "Bro & Bro", the wolves, who they played on former Saturday Morning show What's Up Doc? between 1992 and 1995, and spin-off series Wolf It between 1993 and 1996
 * Shenzi, Banzai, and Ed, the laughing, talking hyenas from Disney's The Lion King. In The Lion King (2019 film), Shenzi (voiced by Florence Kasumba) is a matriarch, while Banzai and Ed had their names changed to Kamari (voiced by Keegan-Michael Key) and Azizi (voiced by Eric Andre) who are both her subordinates. Unlike the 1994 animated counterpart, Azizi is the third hyena who talks and always gets into Kamari's personal space.
 * The Hyena from the comic strip Boner's Ark
 * Zig, a brown hyena from Zig and Sharko
 * Harry the Hyena ("secret agent H") from the Phineas and Ferb episode "The O.W.C.A. Files"

Mongooses (including meerkats)

 * Alexsandr Orlov, an aristocratic Russian meerkat from the advertising campaign Compare the Meerkat, as well as his sidekick Sergei and various other meerkat characters
 * Billy, a meerkat from German animated film Animals United
 * Komiya, a meerkat from Sanrio's anime series Aggretsuko
 * Meer, a meerkat that grows to 8 meters tall in the anime Teekyuu 2
 * Mina Mongoose and Ash Mongoose, from the Sonic the Hedgehog comic series
 * Patsy Smiles, a mongoose in Camp Lazlo
 * Rikki-tikki-tavi, a mongoose from the short story "Rikki-Tikki-Tavi", from The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling
 * Sunil Nevla, a banded mongoose from the 2012 TV series, Littlest Pet Shop.
 * Timon, a meerkat in Disney's The Lion King movies and media franchise. He is voiced by Nathan Lane in the 1994 animated film and Billy Eichner in the 2019 remake.

Musteloids (including mustelids, raccoons, skunks, red pandas, etc)

 * See List of fictional musteloids
 * See List of fictional badgers and List of fictional raccoons

Pinnipeds (walruses, seals, sea lions)

 * See List of fictional pinnipeds

Eulipotyphlans (hedgehogs, moles, shrews, desmans, etc.)

 * Alfred, from the animated series The Mysteries of Alfred Hedgehog
 * Amy Rose, from the Sonic the Hedgehog series
 * Brigadier Verboten, the local sheriff in Raymond Macherot's comic strip Sibylline.
 * Brownie, the blue and yellow hedgehog from the Sanrio Jewelpet series, he resembles Brownie Quartz and has the power of imagination.
 * Chucky, a hedgehog in Shirobako
 * Digger Mole, a mole in Shirt Tales
 * Eileen, a mole who works at a coffee shop in Regular Show
 * Hubert the hedgehog, character in a pantomime comic by Jan Romare.
 * Lou Courier, a hedgehog in Lionel's Kingdom
 * Louis, a hedgehog who is Peaches' best friend in Ice Age: Continental Drift
 * Molester Mole, in Pogo
 * Monty Mole, a mole in the Mario franchise.
 * Morocco Mole, Secret Squirrel's sidekick from Secret Squirrel
 * Niglo and Niglotte, a pair of French hedgehog mascots.
 * Paulie, a mole in Fix und Foxi
 * Poppy, a hedgehog in Shirobako
 * Mr. Pricklepants, a thespian hedgehog toy from Toy Story 3
 * Ruby, a hedgehog in Saint Tail
 * Russell the hedgehog, with a big appetite from Once Upon a Forest
 * Russell Ferguson, from the 2012 TV series, Littlest Pet Shop.
 * Sacha, a Russian desman in Noah's Island
 * Shadow, from the Sonic the Hedgehog series
 * Silver from the Sonic the Hedgehog series
 * Sonic, from the Sonic the Hedgehog series
 * Speckles, a star-nosed mole from G-Force
 * Stickly-Prickly, a hedgehog who is one of the protagonists of Just So Stories
 * Stops, a hedgehog who forms a duo with Hops the hare in Rolf Kauka's Fix und Foxi comics.
 * Tenjik, a hedgehog in Blazer Drive
 * Truckee, a shrew from The Angry Beavers.
 * Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle, from The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle
 * Una, Dos, and Cuarto, hedgehogs in Ferdinand who are one of Ferdinand's closest friends who steal food from Casa Del Toro.
 * Shrew, in Redwall
 * Shrews from The Killer Shrews
 * Sable, Mabel, and Label, a trio of hedgehog sisters who run the Able Sisters in Animal Crossing

Lagomorphs (rabbits, hares, pikas)

 * See List of fictional rabbits and hares

 * Pikachu, a large-eared pika-like Pokémon in Pokémon
 * Relic, a pika in Sonic the Hedgehog (Archie Comics)

Marsupials (kangaroos, wallabies, wallaroos, koalas, opossums, Tasmanian devils, wombats)

 * See List of fictional marsupials

Platypuses

 * Alice, a platypus from The Koala Brothers
 * Ana Platypus, Dr. Duckbill Platypus, and Elsie Jean Platypus from Mr Rogers' Neighborhood TV Series
 * Edward and his brothers, the platypus characters in Camp Lazlo
 * Fish, a platypus from Beyond the Stump
 * Flap, a friend of Blinky Bill
 * Flappy Freddy, a red platypus who appears in a comic strip by Olivia Dibenedetto.
 * Hexley, the platypus mascot of the Darwin operating system
 * Kamo, a yellow platypus in Sabagebu!
 * Ovide, a platypus in Ovide and the Gang
 * Plato, Platty and Platter from the Wild Kratts episode "Platypus Cafe"
 * Perry the Platypus ("secret agent P") from the Disney Channel series of Phineas and Ferb
 * Syd, the platypus mascot of the 2000 Summer Olympics
 * Patricia the platypus is a regular character in Spliced
 * The Platypus King, a three platypus in Super Robot Wars

Echidnas

 * Floyd, an echidna rocker in Beyond the Black Stump
 * Julie-Su, a female echidna from Sonic the Hedgehog
 * Knuckles, an echidna from the Sonic the Hedgehog series
 * Millie, the echidna mascot of the 2000 Summer Olympics
 * Icky, a giant echidna from the 2006 game, Rampage: Total Destruction
 * Sammy, an Echidna from The Koala Brothers

Fictional monotreme species

 * Multiple characters belonging to the Marsupilami species, from the Belgian comic series Spirou et Fantasio and the spin-off comic series Marsupilami

Pangolins

 * Bic and Bac, pangolins in Spartakus and the Sun Beneath the Sea
 * Artichoke, a baby Chinese pangolin in the "Pangolin Rescue" episode of Wild Kratts
 * T. Rex, a ground pangolin in the "Pangolin Rescue" episode of Wild Kratts
 * Pangolins in Khumba
 * The pangolin in The Pandemic Special
 * Pango, a pangolin in The Wild Life
 * Strombonin, the cold island mythical that appears in My Singing Monsters which has a symbiosis relationship with the strombone, a conch snail-like monster that makes a sound of a trombone

Primates

 * See List of fictional primates

Rodents

 * See List of fictional rodents

Ungulates (cattle, equines, deer, camels, giraffes, pigs, elephants, rhinoceroses)

 * See List of fictional ungulates
 * See also List of fictional horses
 * See also List of fictional pachyderms (elephants, rhinoceroses, hippopotami)
 * See also List of fictional pigs

Whales

 * Bailey, a beluga whale in Finding Dory
 * Big Ben, a sperm whale with a clock on the tip of his tail in Rudolph's Shiny New Year and its prequel Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July
 * Boris, a whale in William Steig's book Amos and Boris
 * Bubbie, a blue sperm whale in The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack
 * Eanal, a blue grey whale in Ponio (franchise)
 * George and Gracie, the humpback whales in Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home
 * Hoe, a whale in One Piece
 * Irion, a white whale in Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water
 * Laboon, a sperm whale in One Piece
 * Leelu, a female narwhal in Futurama: Bender's Big Score
 * Moby Dick, a whale in the novel Moby-Dick (also often incorrectly spelt without the hyphen) by Herman Melville
 * Monstro, the whale in Pinocchio (1940 Disney film)
 * Munko, a white sperm whale created by David Choe that has been widely popular in memes
 * Mystic Whale, in Tsubasa Chronicle
 * Pearl Krabs, a female sperm whale in SpongeBob SquarePants
 * Porpoider, a beluga in Kenran Butohsai
 * Precious, Sid's grandmother's pet whale in Ice Age 4: Continental Drift
 * Tonga, a distressed whale in need of Dot's help in the film Dot and the Whale
 * Whale, a whale in Tantei Opera Milky Holmes
 * Winona, a purple bath toy whale in Rubbadubbers

Dolphins (including Orcas)

 * Alfin, a dolphin in Kateikyoushi Hitman Reborn!
 * Bubbles, a bottlenose dolphin in The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water
 * Crazy Dolphin, a dolphin from Zig and Sharko.
 * Dr. Blowhole, a bottlenose dolphin enemy in The Penguins of Madagascar
 * Daniel, a bottlenose dolphin in The Dolphin: Story of a Dreamer
 * Darwin a bottlenose dolphin and part of the crew in the show seaQuest DSV
 * Ecco, a male bottlenose dolphin and the titular protagonist of the Ecco the Dolphin franchise
 * Ihachigo and Ikyūgō, a dolphin Zettai Karen Children
 * Mr. Blowhole, a Killer whale in My Gym Partner's a Monkey
 * Flipper, the titular dolphin of the Flipper TV shows and movies
 * Orca, a killer whale which ate Flaky, Cuddles and Russell in "Snow Place to Go"
 * Ooloorie Eckickeck P'Wheet, a female bottlenose dolphin in the novel The Probability Broach
 * Orca, an orca that rescues the penguins from getting eaten by a leopard seal in Scamper the Penguin.
 * Sakamata, the orca who cannot swim, from Damekko Dōbutsu
 * Ruka, a white dolphin, in Umi no Triton
 * Snowflake, a bottlenose dolphin mascot of the Miami Dolphins, from Ace Ventura:Pet Detective
 * Wai, a Commerson's dolphin in Aquatica
 * White Dolphin, in After War Gundam X
 * Willy, a killer whale in the film series Free Willy
 * Willzyx, an orca in the South Park episode "Free Willzyx"
 * Zoom the White Dolphin

Porpoises

 * Bangor, a harbour porpoise in the book A Dog's Porpoise
 * President Porpoise, a porpoise in Adventure Time
 * Porpoises in the children's book Science Squad: Porpoises in Peril

Sirenians (dugongs and manatees)

 * Benjamin, are hers alana in The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning
 * Supermanatee, spoof superman in Farm League
 * Manatee, in episode "The Bonfire of the Manatees" in The Simpsons
 * Juju, a dugong stuffed toy in Puka Puka Juju
 * Kung Fu Dugong, a dugong in One Piece

Xenarthrans (armadillos, anteaters, sloths)

 * Armalady from Princess Tutu
 * Armored Armadillo robotic armadillo from Mega Man X
 * Army Dillo, an armadillo who is King K. Rool's minion and the first boss from the Nintendo 64 game Donkey Kong 64.
 * Anteater, a tamandua from Shirokuma Cafe
 * Anteaterina, a female anteater from Princess Tutu
 * Bob in It’s a Big Big World
 * Charlie, an anteater in Rio 2
 * Chillax, a brown-throated sloth in the "Rainforest Stew" episode of Wild Kratts
 * Dillon from Dillon's Rolling Western
 * Eduardo, a sloth-like imaginary friend in Foster’s Home for Imaginary Friends
 * Flash, a three-toed sloth who works at the DMV (Department of Mammal Vehicles) in Zootopia
 * Henry Armadillo from My Gym Partner's a Monkey.
 * Kincho, an armadillo in Deadman Wonderland
 * Marianne, a sloth in Soul Eater Not!
 * Mighty the Armadillo, a recurring protagonist in the Classic sector of the Sonic the Hedgehog franchise.
 * Noah, a sloth in Eureka Seven AO
 * Oto, an anteater in Doki
 * Riona, Snook’s baby niece who is introduced in Season 2 of It’s a Big Big World
 * Sid a Megatherium, in Ice Age
 * Sniffles, an anteater in Happy Tree Friends
 * Snipe Anteator, robotic anteater from Mega Man X7
 * Snook, a sloth who is the titular character in It’s a Big Big World
 * Sheriff Toothpick, an armadillo who is an antagonist in Sly Cooper: Thieves in Time
 * Trueno, a tough-Mexican wrestling armadillo in El Americano: The Movie

Others

 * Colin, a hyrax in The Wild
 * Tickles, a Megazostrodon in The Land Before Time IV: Journey Through the Mists
 * Hyrax, in Ice Age: Continental Drift
 * Skip, a Multituberculate in The Land Before Time
 * Gold, a tenrec in Sonic the Hedgehog (Archie Comics)
 * Natasha, a golden mole in Noah's Island
 * Kuchimba, a golden mole from The Lion Guard
 * Civets in Jungle Emperor Leo
 * Genet, a genet in The Lion Guard
 * Rhinogradentia, an entire fictional order of shrew-like mammals

Fish

 * See List of fictional fish

Amphibians

 * See List of fictional frogs and toads

 * Casey/Viceroy Bubbles Von Salamancer, the necromancing Salamander from Homestuck.
 * Lurchi, the fire salamander mascot of the German Salamander shoe factories.
 * Newton, a newt blue shapeshifters in Ned's Newt
 * King Andrias Leviathan, a towering newt in Amphibia
 * Leopold Loggle an axolotl in Amphibia

Reptiles

 * See List of fictional reptiles
 * See also List of fictional crocodilians (including crocodiles and alligators)
 * See also List of fictional dinosaurs
 * See also List of fictional snakes
 * See also List of fictional turtles

Birds

 * See List of fictional birds
 * See also List of fictional birds of prey
 * See also List of fictional ducks
 * See also List of fictional penguins

Arthropods

 * See List of fictional arthropods

Echinoderms (starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, etc.)

 * Magical Wishing Starfish - a starfish in The Little Mermaid
 * Pappug, a starfish from the manga One Piece
 * Patrick Star, a starfish from the animated series SpongeBob SquarePants
 * Kevin C. Cucumber, a sea cucumber from the SpongeBob SquarePants episode "I'm Your Biggest Fanatic"
 * Peach, a member of the Tank Gang in Finding Nemo.
 * Sploshy, a pink starfish in Rubbadubbers
 * Spyke, a sea urchin in Splatoon
 * Urchin, a sea urchin enemy in the Mario franchise

Cephalopods (octopuses, squids)

 * Ammonite, in Dinosaur Hour
 * Betty the octopus from Hey Duggee.
 * Carl, a squid who is friends with Daniel in The Dolphin: Story of a Dreamer
 * Cranchee, a dreamythical monster from My Singing Monsters that sprung from the Strombone's imagination that appears exclusively on Mythical Island. This fictional species has both aquatic and glacial features. The Cranchee sings "boodap-badimbo" in a distorted voice, using its mouth as well as the loudspeaker-like hand cups. It makes a sound similar to what drill rappers use.
 * Ellie, an octopus who loves to give out big hugs in the ocean in the Sprout kids' show Pajanimals
 * Geirus, a squidlike in Tentai Senshi Sunred
 * Gl'bgolyb, a lovecraftian parental figure to Feferi, from Homestuck.
 * Hank, an octopus with a missing leg from Finding Dory.
 * Henry the Octopus, from The Wiggles
 * Ika Musume
 * Ika Fire from Futakoi Alternative
 * Inkling Octopus, in The Octonauts
 * Kanaloa, an octopus in Fairy Tail
 * Nachiko, a squid costume boy in Pugyuru
 * Octopus Nakajima, in My Bride Is a Mermaid
 * Octopus, in Old Crocodile
 * Octopus, a villain in the Disney's Peter Pan sequel Return to Never Land
 * Oswald, an octopus from Oswald
 * Pearl, a young octopus in Finding Nemo who has a tendency to squirt ink
 * Squiddly Diddly, an animated squid from The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show
 * Squidward Tentacles, an octopus from the animated series SpongeBob SquarePants
 * Squilliam Fancyson, an octopus from SpongeBob SquarePants
 * Stretch, a purple octopus toy from Toy Story 3
 * Takosuke and Belial, from Parodius
 * Korosensei, an octopus in Assassination Classroom

Snails and slugs

 * Brian, in The Magic Roundabout
 * Gary the Snail, a sea snail in SpongeBob SquarePants
 * Slug, in Flushed Away
 * Crystal Snail, a robotic snail in Mega Man X3
 * Katsuyu, a slug in Naruto
 * Peek-a-Boo, a snail in Suzy's Zoo
 * Turbo or Theo, a garden snail in Turbo
 * Schneider Snail from Hermie and Friends
 * Simon Snail, from the British series Small Potatoes.
 * Lilla the snail from the Swedish children's song Lilla snigel.
 * Shelldon Cargo, in Channel Umptee-3
 * Sid the Slug
 * Slinkman, a banana slug in Camp Lazlo
 * Smudge, a slug in Bionic Max
 * Snail Ghost, in Di Gi Charat
 * Snail, a male snail who is friends with Franklin in Franklin
 * Snail, a snail who got transformed into a pig by Chef Pig in the Angry Birds Toons episode, 'Pig Plot Potion'
 * Speedy, a snail from Timon & Pumbaa
 * Sput, a slug in Bionic Max
 * Escargoon, from the Kirby TV show
 * The Pink Snail from Doctor Dolittle
 * Bessie, a giant snail in Amphibia (TV series)
 * Scargo, a wublin in My Singing Monsters. It has cymbals in its eyes.

Bivalves

 * Clamperl, a bivalve-like Pokémon in Pokémon
 * Hosenki, an oyster monster in InuYasha
 * Shijimi Clam Ghost, a clam in Di Gi Charat
 * Scallops and clams from SpongeBob SquarePants
 * The oyster from The Mouse and the Oyster

Jellyfish

 * Ernie and Bernie, two Jamaican-accented jellyfish in Shark Tale
 * Kulala, a jellyfish in Princess Jellyfish
 * Lispel, a jellyfish from Dutch cartoon, Alfred J. Kwak
 * Jellyfish in SpongeBob SquarePants
 * Metroids, a jellyfish-like species in Metroid

Water bears

 * The Grass Bear, a character belonging to a fictional tardigrade species in the Adventure Time episode "Blade of Grass"
 * Tad Mulholland, a water bear in Kipo and the Age of Wonderbeasts
 * Water bears from the South Park episode "Moss Piglets"
 * Talking Water bears from the Family Guy episode "Big Trouble in Little Quahog"

Others

 * See also List of fictional parasites
 * See also List of fictional worms

 * The comb jelly from The Octonauts episode "Octonauts and the Giant Comb Jelly"
 * SpongeBob SquarePants, a sponge in SpongeBob SquarePants

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of miscellaneous fictional animals


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Hibonite

Hibonite is a mineral with the chemical formula (Ca,Ce)(Al,Ti,Mg)12O19, occurring in various colours, with a hardness of 7.5–8.0 and a hexagonal crystal structure. It is rare, but is found in high-grade metamorphic rocks on Madagascar. Some presolar grains in primitive meteorites consist of hibonite. Hibonite also is a common mineral in the Ca-Al-rich inclusions found in some chondritic meteorites. Hibonite is closely related to hibonite-Fe (IMA 2009-027, (Fe,Mg)Al12O19)) an alteration mineral from the Allende meteorite. Hibonites were among the first minerals to form as the disk of gas and dust swirling around the young sun cooled.

A very rare gem, hibonite was discovered in 1953 in Madagascar by Paul Hibon, a French prospector.

Colour
Hibonite can vary in colour, from a bright blue, to green, to orange, to a nearly black deep brown. The colour is related to the degree of oxidation; meteoritic hibonite tends to be blue.

title: Hibonite


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Hen

Hen commonly refers to a female animal: a female chicken, other gallinaceous bird, any type of bird in general, or a lobster. It is also a slang term for a woman.

Hen, HEN or Hens may also refer to:

Norway

 * Hen, Buskerud, a village in Ringerike municipality
 * Hen, Møre og Romsdal, a former municipality now in Rauma municipality
 * Hen Church

United Kingdom

 * Hazel Brook or Hen, a stream in Bristol, England
 * Hen Cliff, on the Isle of Purbeck, Dorset, England
 * HEN, station code for Hendon railway station, England

Worldwide

 * Hen Island (disambiguation)
 * Hen and Chicken Islands, New Zealand
 * Henan, a province of China (Guobiao abbreviation HEN)

People

 * Hen (name), a given name and surname
 * Hen (pronoun), a Swedish gender-neutral pronoun
 * Hen., an abbreviation of the given name Henry

Other

 * Symphony No. 83 (Haydn), nicknamed "The Hen"
 * Hen (manga), a 1988 manga created by Hiroya Oku
 * HEN, UCI team code for
 * HEN, abbreviation for Hallmark Entertainment Network

title: Hen


text:
Bambi Meets Godzilla

Bambi Meets Godzilla is a 1969 black-and-white animated short student film produced entirely by Marv Newland. Less than two minutes long, the film is seen as a classic of animation; it was listed #38 in the book The 50 Greatest Cartoons (1994).

Plot
The opening credits, consisting entirely of roles filled by Newland himself, scroll over an image of Bambi serenely grazing on a field of grass and flowers while the Chicago Symphony Orchestra's recording of William Tell 's Ranz des Vaches plays in the background. After the credits, Bambi looks up to see Godzilla's foot coming down, squashing him flat (set to the final chord of the Beatles' "A Day in the Life"). After a moment, the closing credits appear alongside the image of Godzilla's foot atop Bambi. The closing credits give acknowledgement to Tokyo "for their help in obtaining Godzilla for this film". Godzilla's toe claws wiggle once and the cartoon ends.

Screenings and distribution
In 1973, Bambi Meets Godzilla was paired with John Magnuson's Thank You Mask Man by Randy Finley and Specialty Films in Seattle and released widely under the title The King of Hearts and His Loyal Short Subjects. The program ran in repertory theaters across America for several years. The short was also included on VHS home video releases of Godzilla 1985 and Fantastic Animation Festival.

The Academy Film Archive preserved Bambi Meets Godzilla in 2009.

Sequels and remakes

 * In 1976, the black-and-white sequel Bambi's Revenge was released.
 * In 1999, the 3D-animated color sequel Son of Bambi Meets Godzilla was released.
 * In 2013, animator Coda Gardner made a frame-by-frame recreation of the original via tracing the film frames and assembling the animation via digital video editing.
 * In 2015, a live action remake was created by Scotty Fields.

title: Bambi Meets Godzilla


text:
User talk:Pazzer

Hello Pazza welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have a lot of fun here. There are lots of resources around to help guide you. be sure to check out:

 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you want add any images check out:

 * image use policy
 * How to keep image file sizes as small as possible

If you need any help try:

 * Help
 * Village pump
 * Or ask me at my talk page User_talk:Theresa knott

Don't be afraid of making the odd mistake, there are any number of others eagerly waiting for a chance to correct it! Theresa knott 15:30 18 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Hi It's me again. I was going to blank the page Symonds Yat because I found it was based on copywrite material, but user:Heron beat me to it, and has started the page afresh with a copywright free stub article. Since you come from the place, perhaps you could write a decent length article for the page ? Thanks Theresa knott 20:58 18 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Hello. You're nearly Welsh so you're all right by me! Deb 17:38 19 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Hi. re Welsh Bicknor - do you have any info about the Act in William's reign? I would be very interested to hear about this. Thanks, Morwen - Talk 15:28, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Jèrriais
Mèrcie bein des fais for the message! Yes, I'm a Jèrriais speaker.

For thousands of pages in the language, see Les Pages Jèrriaises

There's info about the language and its history, mostly in English but some in French, here: Section de la langue Jèrriaise

BBC Radio Jersey re-broadcasts the weekly 5-minute news/talk on demand from its website - go to Jèrriais (BBC), click on the link for La Lettre Jèrriaise and the streaming audio can be found under "News".

Publications (books, cassettes, CD-ROM, quarterly magazine) can be purchased online from the bookshop of La Société Jersiaise. See Publyicâtions

Hope this helps. Man vyi 06:36, Oct 28, 2004 (UTC)

Vandalism
Your edit to Vigoroth made me think your account might have been compromised. jni 07:12, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

MonmouthpediaA
Anyone there? Victuallers (talk) 15:54, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pazzer


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Carcassonne (board game)

Carcassonne is a tile-based German-style board game for two to five players, designed by Klaus-Jürgen Wrede and published in 2000 by Hans im Glück in German and by Rio Grande Games (until 2012) and Z-Man Games (currently) in English. It received the Spiel des Jahres and the Deutscher Spiele Preis awards in 2001.

It is named after the medieval fortified town of Carcassonne in southern France, famed for its city walls. The game has spawned many expansions and spin-offs, and several PC, console, and mobile versions. A new edition, with updated artwork on the tiles and the box, was released in 2014.

Gameplay
The game board is a medieval landscape built by the players as the game progresses. The game starts with a single specific terrain tile face up and 71 others shuffled face down for the players to draw from. Each player's turn consists of three distinct phases:

 * 1) Draw and place a terrain tile
 * 2) Station a follower on the newly placed tile (optional)
 * 3) Score completed feature(s) (if relevant)

To start each turn, a player draws a new terrain tile and places it adjacent to tiles that are already face up. The new tile must be placed in a way that extends terrain features on the tiles it touches: roads must connect to roads, fields to fields, and cities to cities. Connections are made across adjacent edges only; corners do not connect. A cloister tile may be placed adjacent to another cloister tile, as there are no connecting features. If the newly drawn tile cannot be placed anywhere legally, the players may choose to remove the tile from the game, or return it to the draw pile.

After placing each newly drawn tile, the placing player may opt to station a marker (called a "follower" or "meeple") on a terrain feature (i.e., a road, city, cloister, or field) of that newly placed tile to claim control of it. However, if the feature is connected to a feature already claimed by another player, the follower cannot be stationed on that feature. When stationing a follower, the marker is placed upright on the feature to claim that feature, except for a field, where the follower is laid down instead to emphasize that fields are not scored until the end of the game; the follower's role depends on the feature claimed, changing from thief/highwayman (road) to knight (city), monk (cloister or monastery), or farmer (field). It is possible for terrain features to become "shared" by opposing players when tile(s) are placed in subsequent turns that connect previously unconnected features. For example, two separate fields (each with a follower/farmer) can become connected into a single field subsequently by a newly placed terrain tile.

If any feature (except a field) is completed during a player's turn, the score for the completed feature is counted for the player that controls that feature; after scoring, the controlling "meeple" is removed from the board and returned to the player's stock. Each player has eight followers; since one is used to keep track of the player's score, only seven can be in play at any moment.

The game ends when the last tile has been placed. At that time, all incomplete features (including fields) score points for the players with the most followers on them. The player with the most points wins the game.

Scoring
During each player's turn, completed cities, cloisters, and roads (but not fields) are scored before that player's turn ends. A player may complete a feature by drawing placing a tile, claim it by stationing a follower on the newly placed tile, and receive the score for completing it all in the same turn, but the sequence of that turn means the player cannot redeploy the follower after it is returned to their stock. The stationing phase of the turn was completed by claiming the completed feature.

Cities are completed when they contain no unfinished edges from which they may be expanded, roads are similarly completed when they have closed both ends or form a loop, and cloisters are completed when surrounded by eight tiles. Points are awarded to the players with the most followers in a feature. If there is a tie for the most followers in any given feature, all of the tied players are awarded the full number of points. Once a city, cloister, or road feature is scored, all of the followers in that feature are returned to their owners. In general (see table), points are awarded for the number of tiles covered by a feature; a completed cloister scores nine points for the cloister plus eight neighboring tiles.

At the end of the game, when there are no tiles remaining, fields and all other claimed but incomplete features are scored. The score of each field is based on the number of completed cities that field touches. It is possible for a field to be completely enclosed by a road without touching any completed cities, or a field can touch only incomplete cities, in which case those fields will score no points.

Older editions
There are two older editions of Carcassonne, differing in scoring of cities and fields. The current scoring rules were introduced in the German version in 2004, but until 2008, the first edition scoring rules were still included with the English releases of Carcassonne, third edition rules are now included with all editions (including the Xbox 360 and travel versions), and are assumed by all expansions in all languages.

In the first and second editions of the game, completed cities covering just two tiles scored two points (one per tile) and one extra point for every pennant that resides in the city. This exception is removed from the third edition, in which there is no difference between "small" two-tile cities and cities of larger size.

The greatest divergence in scoring rules between the editions of Carcassonne is in scoring for fields. In the first edition, fields were considered from the point of view of the cities. The player(s) with the greatest number of farmer/followers adjacent to a city were awarded four points for that city. Thus, followers from different fields contributed to the scoring for a city, and followers on a field may contribute to the scoring for multiple cities. The second edition considered different fields separately – for each field, the players with the greatest number of followers in a field scored three points for each city adjacent to the field, although points were only scored once for any given city. The third edition removes these exceptions and brings field scoring in line with the scoring of other features.

Examples
Consider the sample game #1 in progress on the 5×5 board shown; there are four complete cities: [B1]*[C1]*[C2] scoring eight points (three tiles plus one pennant) and three two-tile, four-point cities [C3]*[D3], [D3]*[E3], and [C4]*[C5]. There are two complete roads, scoring two points each: [A2]—[B2] and [B1]—[B2].

The largest field, bounded on the north by the roads in [A2]—[B2]—[C2], touches the two complete cities [C3]*[D3] and [C4]*[C5] and would score six points at the end of the game, more if the incomplete cities at [A2] and [C4]*[D4] are completed. In addition, the field could be extended by an appropriate piece in [D2] to touch the complete city [D3]*[E3].

Consider sample game #2 on the 6×10 board. In this example, followers are stationed on the board according to the capital first letter of the color name: "R"ed, "Y"ellow, "G"reen, "B"lue, and "P"urple, where purple is substituted for "B"lack to avoid confusion with blue.

There are three completed cities at [C2]*[D2]*[C3]*[D3], [F1]*[E2]*[F2]*[F3] and [H2]*[I2]. It is not possible to complete the city at [G4]*[G5]*[G6]; by examination of the available tiles, there is no tile that will fit in [H5] to continue all four edges, which also means the city in [H6] cannot be completed.

Similarly, because any piece that can be placed in [E1] must continue the three bordering edges, that piece in [E1] will connect the two fields that are currently claimed by the green farmer in [G1] and the red farmers in [C2] and [D2] alongside the yellow farmers in [H4], [H1], and [J3]. If no one else adds a farmer, yellow would claim the field by having the most followers in that merged field. The other shared-field situation is the red farmer in [D4] sharing a field with one blue farmer in [G5]. However, if a tile is played at [F6], it will connect to the field to the southeast; even though blue would have two farmers in the merged field, including the farmer in [G6], and would control the merged field, that field still does not touch any completed cities and would score no points unless the city at [C6]*[D6]*[E6] is completed.

There are two fields that have been completed and enclosed by loop roads in [I1]+[I2]+[J2]+[J1] and [C3]+[D3]+[E3]+[F3]+[F4]+[E4]+[D4]+[C4]. Neither of these fields touch any completed cities and so they would each score zero points. The Green farmer in [C5] is at risk of being enclosed in a loop and cut off from any completed cities.

The three cloisters at [H3], [E5], and [F5] include stationed monks because they are not completely surrounded by eight tiles; the two cloisters that are surrounded, at [G3] and [D5], are vacant because the claiming player(s) have scored those points. A tile played at [F6] would complete the surroundings for the blue monks at [E5] and [F5], scoring eighteen points for those followers.

Red has one knight follower in [D1], two thief followers in [B3] and [C4], and three farmer followers in [C2], [D2], and [D4]; this means that Red has only one follower remaining that can be stationed unless the roads or city are completed to score and return those followers to their stock. In contrast, purple only has one monk follower on the board at [H3] at this time, but that monk is effectively stranded until the end of the game: there is no possible tile that can be played in [I3] as there are only two single-road tiles (with a cloister) and those are already on the board at [H3] and [D5]. However, that monk will score eight points (one for the cloister and seven for the surrounding tiles) at the end of the game. Worse, the green knight follower in [H6] will not score any points and is stranded because the city will never be completed. Yellow has three farmer followers, one knight [J4], and one thief [I5]; both the knight and thief remain active and can be returned by completing that city and road, respectively.

Tiles
The original board game has 72 tiles with city, field, and road features; the River mini-expansion adds 12 tiles with river features. The version of the game currently in print includes the River and Abbot mini-expansions.

The river tiles are used as an alternative to the standard CRFR start tile and have the same dark-colored back to indicate this. The starting river tile is called the source (a river tile with a single river edge) and the final river tile is called the lake (again with a single river edge); players take turns placing all twelve river tiles to start the game, including follower placement and scoring, if relevant, then after the lake river tile has been played, proceed to place the remaining 71 terrain tiles.

Nomenclature
Kárná used a four-character tile code which described the feature on each edge of the tile as either a road (R), meadow (M, aka field), or city (C), written clockwise from an arbitrary starting edge. For instance, CRMR (modified as CRFR to conform with the terminology of this article) would describe the starting tile, starting from the top edge. With three possibilities for each edge, theoretically there are 81 (=34) possible tile combinations, but as some are duplicates because the tiles may be rotated arbitrarily, there are actually 24 possible combinations. Capaldi and Kolba, professors of mathematics at Valparaiso University, also counted 24 distinct types amongst the 71 non-river tiles of the starting set, although 5 of these were duplicates of other terrain tiles with the addition of pennant/coat of arms features. They assigned a single letter to each of the 24 types.

Reception

Carcassonne is considered to be an excellent "gateway game" by many board game players as it is a game that can be used to introduce new players to board games. In a 2017 Ars Technica holiday buyer's guide, it was described as "one of the absolutely foundational games of the modern board gaming hobby".

The rules are simple, no one is ever eliminated, and the play is fast. A typical game, without any expansions, takes about 35 minutes to play. There is a substantial luck component to the game; however, good tactics greatly improve one's chances of winning. Examples of tactical considerations include: The game has been used in education to teach geographical concepts.
 * Conserving followers. Since each player has only seven followers, it can be easy to run out. This is especially important with fewer players, because then each player will play more tiles during the game.
 * Joining in on other players' features. Often it is possible to add a separate road or castle segment near a big road or castle and join them up. This allows a player to gain points from their opponents' work.
 * Avoiding sharing. An advantage can be gained by preventing other players from getting points. This is more important with fewer players, or if the sharing player is doing well.
 * Judicious placement of followers in fields. Followers in the right field can be worth a lot of points. However, once placed, they are there for the whole game.
 * Trapping opponents' followers. Not all possible tile configurations exist in the game. So if a player knows which tiles exist or are more common, they can create situations where it is hard or impossible for an opponent to complete some feature. The result is the opponent's follower is stuck in something half-completed.

Reviews

 * Pyramid

Expansions
Several official expansions for Carcassonne have been published, which add numerous additional rules, tiles and new kinds of figures. Together, they can more than double the length of the game. These expansions are generally compatible with each other and may be played together.

Full expansions

 * "Inns and Cathedrals" ("Wirtshäuser und Kathedralen", 2002)(2015 New Edition): Originally known simply as "Carcassonne: The Expansion," Inns and Cathedrals adds some new tiles, and one new figure.
 * A large figure that counts as two followers, when calculating who scores points for the completed feature.
 * Special tiles with Inns and Cathedrals can be placed as part of roads and cities to enhance their value—provided they are completed by the end of the game. Inns add one point per road tile, while Cathedrals add one point per tile or pennant in a city. However, if the city or road is not completed, it has zero value.
 * Six 50/100 point tiles to help keep score.
 * Followers that allow a sixth player to play (grey 2002)(pink 2015)

 * "Traders and Builders" ("Händler und Baumeister", 2003)(2015 New Edition): Adds additional tile types, two new figures, and trade good tiles.
 * Trade goods appear in cities and are collected by the player who completes the city, even if they are not the one who scores it (thus encouraging the completion of other people's cities).
 * A "pig" follower which increases the value of a field it is placed in.
 * A "builder" follower which grants an extra turn to the owning player whenever the feature is extended or completed.
 * An opaque cloth bag which players can use while drawing tiles.

 * "The Princess and the Dragon" ("Burgfräulein und Drache", 2005)(2016 New Edition): The Princess and the Dragon adds new tiles and figures.
 * Tiles with "magic portals" allow players to place followers on an incomplete feature of a previously placed tile.
 * Volcano and Dragon tiles that place and move the dragon.
 * Princess tiles and Dragon figure allow for followers to be removed.
 * A Fairy figure also allows protection to a follower and its tile from the dragon.

 * "The Tower" ("Der Turm", March 2006)(2016 New Edition): The Tower adds a vertical element to Carcassonne, adding new tiles and tower pieces.
 * Eighteen tiles with tower foundations, which allow a player to add a tower section and capture nearby followers.
 * Tower pieces to build with.
 * A cardboard tile tower for easy tile storage, also acting as a mechanism from which tiles are drawn.

 * "Abbey and Mayor" ("Abtei und Bürgermeister", October 2007)(2016 New Edition): Another full-sized expansion, featuring:
 * Abbey tiles that can fill in holes in the board and complete features.
 * Mayors who can be placed as followers in cities.
 * A barn that causes field scoring.
 * Wagons that can score features and then move to a nearby unclaimed and incomplete feature.
 * Additional tiles that, in response to fan feedback, fix specific situations that have been previously impossible to complete.

 * "Count, King & Robber" ("Graf, König und Konsorten", 2008)(2017 New Edition)
 * 12 tiles from River II mini expansion.
 * 12 tiles forming the city of Carcassonne as a 3x4 starting tile from the Count mini expansion. (New Edition has 2 large (2x3) tiles that form the city.)
 * Count meeple to be placed in the city of Carcassonne.
 * 5 tiles from King mini expansion.
 * King and Robber Baron tiles for the player/s who have completed the largest city and road respectively. (New edition also has 2 King and 2 Robber Baron tokens to mark the largest city and road scored so far.)
 * 5 tiles with Shrines from the Cult mini expansion.

 * "The Catapult" ("Das Katapult", 2008): An expansion, featuring:
 * A physical catapult.
 * 12 fairground tiles that initiate a round using the catapult.
 * Tokens to be launched by the catapult.

 * "Bridges, Castles & Bazaars" ("Brücken, Burgen und Basare", February 2010)(2018 New Edition): An expansion, featuring:
 * 12 Bridge pieces enabling players to bridge roads over field tiles.
 * 12 Castle tokens so players can gain additional points from 2-tile cities.
 * 12 new tiles, eight featuring bazaars which introduce a new auction element to the game and four miscellaneous tiles.

 * "Hills & Sheep" ("Schafe und Hügel", June 2014)(2018 New Edition): An expansion, featuring:
 * 16 sheep tokens, featuring either one, two, three or four sheep each.
 * 2 wolf tokens.
 * 1 cloth bag for the sheep and wolf tokens.
 * 1 "shepherd" follower in each of the six colors (one for each player).
 * 18 new tiles, 8 featuring hills, 8 featuring vineyards and 2 featuring cloisters.

 * "Under the Big Top" ("Manege Frei", March 2017): An expansion, featuring:
 * 20 new tiles, featuring Big Top or Acrobat tower
 * 16 animal tokens
 * 6 Ringmaster meeples, 1 in each player color
 * 1 wooden circus tent figure

Mini expansions

 * Carcassonne — The River (Carcassonne — Der Fluss, 2001): Originally distributed for free as a give-away by the publisher at trade fairs. It was being included with many purchased versions by 2004. Early 2009 saw a slightly different version available at stores. The 2007 Xbox Live Arcade version includes a toggle option for the expansion. This expansion was added to the base game in August 2012, and also included in the 2014 Redesign of the base game.
 * 12 River tiles that replace the single initial tile.

 * Carcassonne — King and Scout (Carcassonne — König und Späher, 2003): 'King and Scout' is two expansions: King for Carcassonne and Scout for Carcassonne: Hunters and Gatherers.
 * King and Robber Baron tiles used to keep track of who built the largest road and city.
 * 5 additional tiles, with combinations that were previously missing

 * Carcassonne — The Cathars (Carcassonne — Die Katharer, 2004): Originally published in the German board game magazine Spielbox, and republished in their Carcassonne almanac with an English translation.
 * Four siege tiles where Cathars break city walls. These halve the value of the city but double its contribution to field scores. Monasteries allow followers in cities to escape and come back to their players.

 * The Count of Carcassonne (Der Graf von Carcassonne, 2004): Via new tiles, provides an incentive to complete other players' features: when a player does so, that player may place a follower in the city of Carcassonne, and then later move that follower into a feature as it completed (commonly known as "paratrooping").
 * Twelve tiles depicting the city of Carcassonne itself. These replace the initial starting tile and support new game mechanics.
 * A count figure, which can block paratrooping.

 * Carcassonne — The River II (Der Fluss II, November 2005): Similar to the original River expansion, The River II tiles include features from previous expansions, for example a volcano to invoke the dragon. The 2012 Xbox Windows Phone version includes a toggle option for the expansion.

 * 12 new tiles to create a larger, forked river

 * Carcassonne — The Mini-Expansion (Winter 2006): Published in Games Quarterly Magazine, Issue No. 11,
 * A new spring with a road, which separates a field, thereby preventing some very large fields as allowed by the original River.
 * 11 additional tiles.

 * Carcassonne — The Cult (Carcassonne — Die Kultstätte, 2007): Published originally in Count, King & Robber, then republished as a standalone expansion in Spielbox: Hans im Glück Almanach 2008. Later available by Rio Grande Games in Cult, Siege & Creativity,
 * Six tiles depicting heretical shrines that can be used in rivalries with cloisters and abbeys

 * Carcassonne — Tunnel (Carcassonne — Der Tunnel, 2009): Published in Spielbox: Issue 2009/6
 * Four new tiles and twelve chips to create tunnels
 * Tunnels can also be built with The Princess and the Dragon tunnel entrances

 * Carcassonne — Crop Circles (Carcassonne — Die Kornkreise, 2010): Published with German versions of the Carcassonne base game.
 * Six new tiles depicting three pairs of symbols allowing players to add or remove followers from other tiles

 * Carcassonne — The Plague (Carcassonne — Die Pest, 2010): Published in Spielbox, Issue 2010/6
 * Six new tiles depicting plague zones allowing players to remove followers from tiles.
 * Six small tiles numbered from 1 to 6
 * 18 flea chips

 * Carcassonne — The School (Carcassonne — Die Schule, 2011):
 * 2 additional starting tiles depicting a school with six roads branching off. When a road attached to the school is completed, the player claims the Teacher meeple included, and then gains the same points as the next scored feature, and returning the Teacher to the school.

 * Carcassonne — The Festival (Carcassonne — Das Fest, 2011) (2016 New Edition - 15th Anniversary): Included as a bonus with the 10th anniversary edition of the base game.
 * Ten additional tiles (1 for each year since the game's release represent the festival) which allows players to either place a follower as normal, or take one back from any tile.

 * Carcassonne — The Phantom (Carcassonne — Das Gefolge, 2011): Released as stand-alone mini expansion
 * Six additional followers, 1 for each color that represent phantoms and allow a second follower to be placed on a turn.
 * This is the first expansion that does not include tiles, and is also the first time meeples have been released in plastic. Each meeple is a see-through acrylic of a different color to represent a phantom.
 * 0 additional tiles.
 * Not compatible with the 10th anniversary edition of the base game (10th edition replaced all of the wooden meeples with the same plastic meeples used in the phantom expansion, which makes it impossible to tell them apart even though they would use new rules)

Six stand-alone mini expansions, with each containing a tile for a seventh mini expansion.
 * Carcassonne Minis (2012)

 * 1. Carcassonne — The Flying Machines (Carcassonne — Die Fluggeräte)
 * 8 tiles which allow the player to "fly" to claim an unfinished feature (even if already occupied), or to "crash" by landing where there are no tiles, by rolling a die that gives only 1/2/3.
 * 1 Custom Die
 * Plus a bonus Corn Circles II tile.
 * 2. Carcassonne — The Messengers (Carcassonne — Die Depeschen)
 * 6 new Messenger Meeple for the scorecard which allow for possible bonus points by drawing from a new stack of action tiles.
 * 8 action tiles
 * Plus a bonus Corn Circles II tile.
 * 3. Carcassonne — The Ferries (Carcassonne — Die Fähren)
 * 8 tiles featuring roads leading to lakes. Players may place an included ferry piece to extend a road.
 * 8 Ferry pieces
 * Plus a bonus Corn Circles II tile.
 * 4. Carcassonne — The Gold Mines (Carcassonne — Die Goldminen)
 * 8 tiles which incorporate the included gold bar pieces, which allow for bonus points at the end of the game
 * 16 Gold Bar pieces
 * Plus a bonus Corn Circles II tile.
 * 5. Carcassonne — Mage & Witch (Carcassonne — Magier & Hexe)
 * 8 tiles which allow placement of the Mage or Witch on incomplete features. Resulting in adjusted scoring when completed.
 * 1 Mage figure & 1 Witch figure
 * Plus a bonus Corn Circles II tile.
 * 6. Carcassonne — The Robbers (Carcassonne — Die Räuber)
 * 8 tiles which allow placement of a Robber, resulting in stealing some of another player's points.
 * 6 Robber Meeples
 * Plus a bonus Corn Circles II tile.
 * 7. Carcassonne — Corn Circles II (Carcassonne — Die Kornkreise)
 * 6 tiles making a new Corn Circles expansion composed of each of the bonus tiles from the 6 minis.
 * Corn circles allow for placement of a second follower in a feature already claimed by that player, or to remove a follower from the board.
 * Different Corn Circle tiles from that of the previous Corn Circles expansion. (Can both be combined for more Corn Circles.)
 * Not available as a stand alone.

 * Carcassonne — The Wind Roses (Die Windrosen) (2012–2013) :
 * 6 land tiles with wind roses

 * Carcassonne — The Watchtower (Carcassonne — Die Wachtürme, 2014): Released through cundco.de

 * 12 tiles depicting watchtowers with specialized bonuses on each tile.
 * Players placing a meeple on the bonus feature of the watchtower tile get the bonus when that feature is completed.

 * Carcassonne — Halflings (Carcassonne — Halb so wild I & Halb so wild II, 2014) :

 * 24 triangular land tiles

 * Carcassonne — The Markets of Leipzig (Carcassonne — Die Märkte zu Leipzig, 2017): Released through cundco.d

 * Includes 4 double-sized tiles that form the market town of Leipzig with 4 roads extending out to replace the starting tile.
 * Whenever a player scores on one of the attached road networks, they may move their meeple to one of the 4 quarters of Leipzig and potentially score additional points at the end of the game.

 * Carcassonne — The Fruit-bearing Trees (Carcassonne — Die Obstbäume, 2018): Released through cundco.de

 * Includes 6 tiles with fruit trees on them.
 * When the fruit-bearing tree tile is placed, 4 tokens are stacked face down on top of it. When another tile is placed adjacent to the fruit-bearing tree tile, the player may either collect the top token from the tree and score the points depicted or sell their collected tokens at the market.

 * Carcassonne — The Toll Keepers (Carcassonne — Die Zöllner, 2019): Released through cundco.de

 * Includes 6 tiles and 6 toll tokens (1 in each player color).
 * Instead of placing a meeple, you may place your toll token on an open crossroads. When a road that ends at your tolled crossroads, you score points for the travelers, farms, stables, highwaymen, and gardens on the road.

 * Carcassonne — Maps (2019–):
 * Each map sold separately.
 * Set of 30 chips sold separately
 * Map selections include France, Benelux, Great Britain, Península Ibérica (Iberian Peninsula), Deutschland (Germany), USA West und East, Taiwan, Nordics, and Ukraine.

 * Carcassonne — The Peasant Revolts (Carcassonne — Bauernaufstände, 2020) :

 * 12 terrain tiles with icons denoting revolt in a city, road, or cloister

 * Carcassonne — The Gifts (Carcassonne — Die Geschenke, 2020) :

 * 25 cards

 * Carcassonne — The Signposts (Carcassonne — Die Wegweiser, 2021) :

 * "12 new land tiles, each depicting 2 of 3 different types of signposts"

 * Carcassonne — The Bets (Carcassonne — Die Wetteinsätze, 2022) :
 * 10 bookmaker tiles (land tile with a betting office depicted) & 36 betting chips

 * Mists over Carcassonne (Nebel über Carcassonne, 2023):
 * spin-off played as a cooperative game, or acts as a competitive expansion called Ghosts, Castles and Cemeteries (Geister, Schlösser und Friedhöfe)
 * 60 land tiles (roads, cities, castles, cemeteries, mist), 4x4 starting tile, scoring track with 2 hound tiles (Rufus & Ronja) and 1 goal tile, 30 guard meeples, 15 ghosts

Compilations

 * Carcassonne Big Box
 * The original game,
 * Inns and Cathedrals
 * Traders and Builders
 * The Princess and the Dragon
 * Tower
 * River (only in Rio Grande version)

 * Carcassonne — Cult, Siege, and Creativity (2008):
 * Cult (with one additional tile)
 * Siege (an adaptation of the Cathars expansion)
 * Two blank white tiles for use in making custom expansions

 * Carcassonne Big Box 2 (2008, 2009): This Big Box is the same size as the previous Big Box, but with a slightly different component mix.
 * The original game
 * Inns and Cathedrals
 * Traders and Builders
 * The Princess and the Dragon
 * Abbey and Mayor
 * Count, King and Cult
 * River II

 * "Wheel of Fortune" ("Das Schicksalsrad", July 2009): A full replacement for the base game and/or expansion, featuring:
 * 72 tiles with some new/different tiles as compared to the original base game.
 * 40 followers (in 5 colors) and a scoreboard.
 * A new start-tile which depicts the Wheel of Fortune
 * The Wheel of Fortune – a new mechanic based on icons on 16 tiles allowing an element of "fate" into the game. Events that can be triggered include famine, plague, and fortune, among others.
 * A large pink pig animeeple that moves along the rim of the wheel.

 * Carcassonne Big Box 3 (2010, 2011)
 * The original game
 * Inns and Cathedrals
 * Traders and Builders
 * The Princess and the Dragon
 * Abbey and Mayor
 * Bridges, Castles and Bazaars

 * Carcassonne 10 year anniversary edition (2011): A stand alone release of the original game to celebrate the 10th anniversary with special packaging, "crystal" meeples made from see through acrylic and a special mini expansion, the festival.
 * The original game,
 * The Festival
 * Meeple shaped storage box (holds only the base game and meeples, no room for expansions)
 * Acrylic meeples (not compatible with phantom expansion which uses the same figures to create new rules options)

 * Carcassonne Big Box 4 (2012): This Big Box edition is published by Z-Man Games.
 * The original game
 * Inns and Cathedrals
 * Traders and Builders
 * Mini Expansion 1 – The Flying Machines
 * Mini Expansion 2 – The Messengers
 * Mini Expansion 3 – The Ferries
 * Mini Expansion 4 – The Gold Mines
 * Mini Expansion 5 – Mage & Witch
 * Mini Expansion 6 – The Robbers
 * Mini Expansion 7 – The Crop Circles II

 * Carcassonne Big Box 5 (2014): This Big Box edition is published by Z-Man Games.
 * The original game
 * Inns and Cathedrals
 * Traders and Builders
 * Hills & Sheep
 * The Wheel of Fortune
 * Mini Expansion – The River
 * New Meeples for 7 & 8 player games

 * Carcassonne Big Box 6 (2017): This Big Box edition is published by Z-Man Games.
 * The new edition of the original game with river and abbot expansions
 * Inns and Cathedrals
 * Traders and Builders
 * Mini Expansion 1 – The Flying Machines
 * Mini Expansion 2 – The Messengers
 * Mini Expansion 3 – The Ferries
 * Mini Expansion 4 – The Gold Mines
 * Mini Expansion 5 – Mage & Witch
 * Mini Expansion 6 – The Robbers
 * Mini Expansion 7 – The Crop Circles II

Spin-offs
Following the success of Carcassonne, a number of games have been spun off from the main game, all sharing similar mechanics. There is also a travel-sized version of the original game, Travel Carcassonne (Reise-Carcassonne), released in 2007.
 * Carcassonne: Hunters and Gatherers (Carcassonne: Die Jäger und Sammler, 2002): Hunters and Gatherers is a stand-alone game that involves the building of forests, rivers and wildlife rather than cities and roads. This game attempted to rectify some perceived faults in the original by eliminating cloisters, introducing a "special tile" system to encourage players to complete cities (now forests) owned by other players, and making the value of meadows vary both up and down with animals that appear on the tiles.
 * The Ark of the Covenant (2003): Ark is a biblical-themed version of Carcassonne by Inspiration Games based on the Old Testament, which includes the animal feature found in Hunters and Gatherers, as well as the Ark itself which may be moved in lieu of follower placement, scoring points for followers that they pass through.
 * Carcassonne: The Castle (Carcassonne: Die Burg, 2003): The Castle is a two-player spin-off, designed by Reiner Knizia, where the game is played within the confines of a fixed castle. Players gain extra abilities by scoring an exact number of points, and tile placement rules are relaxed. A downloadable expansion called The Falcon was released in 2015.
 * Carcassonne: The City (Carcassonne: Die Stadt, 2004): The City is a "deluxe-style" stand-alone game similar to The Castle, where tile placement is relaxed. The significant new rules involve the addition of city walls when the city grows beyond a certain size.
 * Carcassonne: The Discovery (Carcassonne: Neues Land, 2005): An exploration-themed stand-alone game that involves mountains, seas and meadows. The significant change in this game is that followers are no longer automatically removed when a terrain feature is completed: they must be removed as a game action, in lieu of placing a new follower that turn. Players may choose to remove a follower from, and score for, a terrain feature before it is completed, albeit for fewer points; followers remaining on the map at the end of the game also suffer a score penalty even if the features they are standing on are completed.
 * New World: A Carcassonne Game (Carcassonne: Mayflower, 2008): New World is a stand-alone game that allows players to play Carcassonne in the New World, aka America. Players begin the basic tile-laying from a coastal edge and move westward, creating towns, hunting, farming, and trail blazing as they go along. Although terminology has changed, this game follows the basic rules of Carcassonne very closely but is more restricted than the basic game.
 * My First Carcassonne (Die Kinder von Carcassonne, 2009): Unveiled at the Nuremberg International Toy Fair in February 2009 this is a short game for younger children inspired by Carcassonne, designed by Marco Teubner.
 * Cardcassonne (2009): This is a card game based on Carcassonne.
 * Carcassonne: The Dice Game, 2011: A set of 9 specialized dice with city segments, meeples, and catapults, where players roll the dice to create cities to gain points.
 * Carcassonne: Winter Edition (2012): is a standalone Carcassonne game where the tiles are depicted with Winter Snow, the set contains the base-72-tiles plus an additional 12 tiles . An expansion called The Gingerbreadman was released in 2012.
 * Carcassonne: South Seas (Carcassonne: Südsee, 2013): South Seas is the first title in the Carcassonne: Around the World series. A tropical-themed version, varying gameplay by adding a resource element that affects the point score. An expansion called Friday was released in 2013.
 * Carcassonne: Gold Rush (Carcassonne: Goldrausch, 2014): Gold Rush is the second title in the Carcassonne: Around the World series of tile-laying games. Gold Rush, players return to the 19th century in the United States. Players mine for gold and complete railroads to score points. A new mechanic is the Tent which can be used to steal Golden Tokens from other players before they complete their mountain. An expansion called The Sheriff was released in 2014.
 * Carcassonne: Over Hill and Dale (Carcassonne: Über Stock und Stein, 2015): Over Hill and Dale is a standalone game in the Carcassonne series. In this new game, towns and castles are replaced by fields of fruits and vegetables. Fruit is collected, stables are built to house animals, and paths can be walked down to score points.
 * Carcassonne: Star Wars (Carcassonne: Star Wars, 2015): In this Star Wars version, the known rules of Carcassonne are simplified by removing the farmer mechanic, but Cloisters are replaced with Planets that can be attacked, by rolling dice to beat one's opponent. Co-op play is introduced with a 2v2 mechanism. A boxed expansion for this game was released in 2016.
 * Carcassonne: Amazonas (2016): Amazonas is the third title in the Carcassonne: Around the World series. It takes players to the Amazon rainforest, where players can expand villages, forests, and the Amazon River and tributaries.
 * Carcassonne: Safari (2018): Safari is the fourth title in the Carcassonne: Around the World series.

Video games

 * Carcassonne for Facebook: A Facebook application.
 * Carcassonne for iOS: An iPhone and iPad application developed by TheCodingMonkeys. This version has a Metacritic rating of 93% based on 10 critic reviews.
 * Carcassonne for Windows Phone: An Xbox Live-enabled Windows Phone 8 application.
 * Carcassonne on mobile- and smartphones (Android, J2ME): Developed by exozet games. Release: July/August 2011.
 * Carcassonne: The Computer Game: A PC-based version of Carcassonne that included AI, online, and hotseat modes. It was distributed only in Germany by games company Koch Media and discontinued in 2006.
 * Carcassonne on BrettspielWelt (BSW): Includes the expansions: The River, Inns & Cathedrals, Traders & Builders, Princess & Dragon, and King & Scout, as well as options to score based on different rulesets used across various editions of the game.
 * Carcassonne for Xbox 360: In 2006, Microsoft announced in a press release that Carcassonne would be an Xbox Live Arcade title alongside Catan and Alhambra. The title was published by Sierra Online and released on 27 June 2007; it includes all the tiles of the original game and those of "The River" expansion. This version of the game uses the 3rd Edition scoring rules by default; the game allows alternate and/or older rules for non-ranked and single player games. Sierra had promised to release the expansions as well. As of 30 October 2009, The River II expansion and King & Baron (King & Scout) expansions are available. On 15 November 2007, Microsoft made Carcassonne available free of charge for seven days to celebrate the fifth anniversary of their Xbox Live service.
 * Carcassonne for Nintendo DS: Video game news website Kotaku announced on 9 July 2009 that an iteration of the game will be released on Nintendo DS in 2009. According to Kotaku, the game will include the "River" expansion as well as three new "worlds" described as "Asian, Nordic and Arabic."
 * JCloisterZone:A PC-based application implemented in Java.
 * "Age of Thieves":A game made for AmigaOS 4.1
 * Concarneau:A web version of the game implemented in JavaScript.
 * Carcassonne: Tiles & Tactics:The official adaptation of the board game published on Steam. The game includes the Abbots and the River expansion as a DLC. A port based on Tiles and Tactics (Asmodee Digital). It was announced in a September Nintendo Direct. It was released on 29 November 2017.

Tournaments and World Championships
International Carcassonne tournaments were held in Germany in 2003–2005.

The first official Carcassonne World Championship was held at SPIEL in Essen, Germany, in 2006. An annual world championship has been held at SPIEL every year since 2006 with the exceptions of the 2010 and the 2023 championships, which were held during SPIEL but at an alternate location in Herne, Germany; and the 2020 edition which was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result of the cancelation of the 2020 World Championship, in the 2021 edition each country was allowed to participate with two players (except Romania, that was allowed to participate with three players including the 2019 champion Marian Curcan).

Ralph Querfurth has been the World Champion in four editions.

World Team Carcassonne Online Championship
As a result of the cancelation of World Championship in 2020, the community of Carcassonne Catalonia decided to create an online world championship for teams, to be played online for several weeks on the online platform Board Game Arena. It is called the World Team Carcassonne Online Championship (WTCOC) and the Japanese team won the first edition. A second edition was played in 2021, and during this edition the publisher Hans Im Gluck and Spielzentrum made official their support for the championship.

title: Carcassonne (board game)


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Battle of Hexham

The Battle of Hexham, 15 May 1464, marked the end of significant Lancastrian resistance in the north of England during the early part of the reign of Edward IV.

The battle was fought near the town of Hexham in Northumberland. John Neville, later to be 1st Marquess of Montagu, led a modest force of 3,000-4,000 men, and routed the rebel Lancastrians. Most of the rebel leaders were captured and executed, including Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, and Lord Hungerford. Henry VI, however, was kept safely away (having been captured in battle three times earlier), and escaped to the north.

With their leadership gone, only a few castles remained in rebel hands. After these fell later in the year, Edward IV was not seriously challenged until the Earl of Warwick changed his allegiance from the Yorkist to the Lancastrian cause in 1469.

Before
After the Battle of Towton, the Lancastrians failed to prevent the Yorkists from concluding peace negotiations with Scotland in 1463, and soon found that their northern base of operations was now threatened. It was decided to mount a campaign in the north of England to gather Lancastrian support before a huge force under Edward IV could muster in Leicester and move north to crush the rebellion.

The Lancastrian army moved through Northumberland in late April 1464 under the Duke of Somerset, and gathered support from Lancastrian garrisons. After the Lancastrians lost the Battle of Hedgeley Moor on 25 April 1464 to a Yorkist force led by John Neville, Lord Montagu, the Lancastrians again met Neville, this time near Hexham. The two sides met outside Hexham on 14 May 1464.

Battle
Details of the site of the battle, the composition and number of combatants and the events are sketchy but it is thought that the battle was relatively bloodless.

The Lancastrian camp was near Linnels Bridge over the Devil's Water found slightly to the south of Hexham. The Yorkists crossed onto the south bank of the Tyne on the night of 12–13 May and were, by the morning of the 14th, in a position to attack Hexham. Presumably the Yorkist advance was at speed, as despite warnings by their own scouts the Lancastrians had little time to prepare for battle.

It is thought that Somerset rushed his forces to a site near Linnels Bridge and deployed his troops in three detachments in a meadow near the Devil's Water, there he hoped he could engage the Yorkist army before it moved past him into Hexham. No sooner had the Lancastrians taken their positions than the Yorkists charged down from their positions on higher ground. Upon seeing the Yorkist advance the right detachment of the Lancastrian army, commanded by Lord Roos, turned and fled across the Devil's Water and into Hexham, before a single blow had been struck. The remnants of Somerset's force were in a hopeless situation, hemmed in and unable to manoeuvre; the Yorkist troops charged through the one opening at the east end of Linnel's Meadow and engaged the bewildered Lancastrian soldiers.

Lancastrian morale collapsed, and after some token resistance the remains of Somerset's army was pushed into the Devil's Water by the Yorkist infantry. A chaotic rout followed, men either drowned in the river or were crushed as they tried to climb the steep banks of the Devil's Water in the retreat towards Hexham. Most, however, were trapped in West Dipton Wood on the north bank of the river and were forced to surrender when the Yorkists approached.

Aftermath
Neville showed little of Edward's conciliatory spirit, and had thirty leading Lancastrians executed in Hexham on the evening following the battle, including Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset, and Lord Roos. William Tailboys was captured and executed shortly after he tried to flee north with £2,000 of Henry's war chest. Upon the loss of its leadership and bankroll, the Lancastrian resistance in the North of England collapsed.

Following his defeat in the Battle of Hexham on 15 May 1464, Henry VI found refuge, sheltered by Lancastrian supporters, at houses across the north of England. Following stays at Muncaster Castle on the Cumbrian coast and at nearby Bolton Hall, he was in hiding at Waddington Hall, in Waddington, Lancashire, the home of Richard Tempest. Here, he was betrayed by "a black monk of Addington" and on 13 July 1465, a group of Yorkist men, including Richard's brother John, entered the home to arrest him. Henry VI fled into nearby woods but was soon captured. This meant that the rebellion was effectively over. There followed a relative period of peace until the Earl of Warwick's defection to the Lancastrian cause in 1469 and the wars started anew.

title: Battle of Hexham