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Hoover Institution

The Hoover Institution (officially The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace) is an American public policy think tank which promotes personal and economic liberty, free enterprise, and limited government. While the institution is formally a unit of Stanford University, it maintains an independent board of overseers and relies on its own income and donations. It is widely described as conservative, and sometimes libertarian, although its directors have contested the idea that it is partisan.

The institution began in 1919 as a library founded by Stanford alumnus Herbert Hoover prior to his presidency in order to house his archives gathered during the Great War. The well-known Hoover Tower was built to house the archives, then known as the Hoover War Collection (now the Hoover Institution Library and Archives), and contained material related to World War I, World War II, and other global events. The collection was renamed and transformed into a research institution ("think tank") during the mid-20th century. Its mission, as described by Herbert Hoover in 1959, is "to recall the voice of experience against the making of war, and by the study of these records and their publication, to recall man's endeavors to make and preserve peace, and to sustain for America the safeguards of the American way of life."

It has staffed numerous jobs in Washington for Republican presidents from Richard Nixon to Donald Trump. It has provided work for people who previously had important government jobs. Notable Hoover fellows and alumni include Nobel Prize laureates Henry Kissinger, Milton Friedman, and Gary Becker; economist Thomas Sowell; scholars Niall Ferguson and Richard Epstein; former Speaker of the House of Representatives Newt Gingrich; and former Secretary of Defense James N. Mattis. In 2020, former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice became the institution's director. It divides its fellows into separate research teams to work on various subjects, including Economic Policy, History, Education, and Law. It publishes research by its own university press, the Hoover Institution Press.

In 2021, Hoover was ranked as the 10th most influential think tank in the world by Academic Influence. It was ranked 22nd on the "Top Think Tanks in United States" and 1st on the "Top Think Tanks to Look Out For" lists of the Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program that same year.

Founding
In June 1919, Herbert Hoover, then a wealthy engineer who was one of Stanford University's first graduates, sent a telegram offering Stanford president Ray Lyman Wilbur $50,000 in order to assist the collection of primary materials related to World War I, a project that became known as the Hoover War Collection. Assisted primarily by gifts from private donors, the Hoover War Collection flourished during its early years. In 1922, the collection became known as the Hoover War Library, now known as the Hoover Institution Library and Archives, and includes a variety of rare and unpublished material, including the files of the Okhrana and a plurality of government documents produced during the war. It was housed originally in the Stanford Library, separate from the general stacks. In his memoirs, Hoover wrote: I did a vast amount of reading, mostly on previous wars, revolutions, and peace-makings of Europe and especially the political and economic aftermaths. At one time I set up some research at London, Paris, and Berlin into previous famines in Europe to see if there had developed any ideas on handling relief and pestilence. ... I was shortly convinced that gigantic famine would follow the present war. The steady degeneration of agriculture was obvious. ... I read in one of Andrew D. White's writings that most of the fugitive literature of comment during the French Revolution was lost to history because no one set any value on it at the time, and that without such material it became very difficult or impossible to reconstruct the real scene. Therein lay the origins of the Library on War, Revolution and Peace at Stanford University.

20th century
By 1926, the Hoover War Library was the largest library in the world devoted to World War I, including 1.4 million items and too large to house in the Stanford University Library, so the university allocated $600,000 for the construction of the Hoover Tower, which was designed to be its permanent home independent of the Stanford Library system. The 285-foot tall tower was completed in 1941 on date of the university's golden jubilee. The tower has since been a well-recognized part of the Stanford campus.

In 1956, former President Hoover, in conjunction with the Institution and Library, began a major fundraising campaign that transitioned the organization to its current form as a research institution as well as archive.

In 1957, the Hoover Institution and Library was renamed the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, its current name. In 1959, Stanford's Board of Trustees officially established the Hoover Institution as "an independent institution within the frame of Stanford University".

In 1960, W. Glenn Campbell was appointed director and substantial budget increases soon resulted in corresponding increases in acquisitions and related research projects. In particular, the Chinese and Russian collections grew considerably. Despite student unrest during the 1960s, the institution continued to develop closer relations with Stanford University.

In 1975, Ronald Reagan, who was Governor of California at that time, was designated as Hoover's first honorary fellow. He donated his gubernatorial papers to the Hoover library. During that time the Hoover Institution had a general budget of $3.5 million a year. In 1976, one third of Stanford University's book holdings were housed at the Hoover library. At that time, it was the largest private archive collection in the United States.

For his presidential campaign in 1980, Reagan engaged at least thirteen Hoover scholars to assist the campaign in multiple capacities. After Reagan won the election, more than thirty current or former Hoover Institution fellows worked for the Reagan administration in 1981.

In 1989, Campbell retired as director of Hoover and replaced by John Raisian, a change that was considered the end of an era. Raisan served as director until 2015, and was succeeded by Thomas W. Gilligan.

21st century
In 2001, Hoover Senior fellow Condoleezza Rice joined the George W. Bush administration, serving as National Security Advisor from 2001 to 2005 and as Secretary of State from 2005 to 2009. In 2006, President George W. Bush awarded the National Humanities Medal to the Hoover Institution.

In August 2017, the David and Joan Traitel Building was inaugurated. The ground floor is a conference facility with a 400-seat auditorium and the top floor houses the Hoover Institution's headquarters.

At any given time, as of 2017, the Hoover Institution has as many as 200 resident scholars known as fellows. They are an interdisciplinary group studying political science, education, economics, foreign policy, energy, history, law, national security, health and politics. Some have joint appointments as lecturers on the Stanford faculty.

The Trump administration maintained relations with the institution during his presidency, and several Hoover employees became senior advisors or were hired for jobs in his administration, including Secretary of Defense James N. Mattis, who was the Davies Family Distinguished Visiting Fellow at Hoover from 2013 to 2016, where he studied leadership, national security, strategy, innovation, and the effective use of military force.

In March 2019, Mattis returned to his post at Hoover. Distinguished Visiting Fellow Kevin Hassett became the first chairman of Trump's Council of Economic Advisors (CEA). The CEA chief principal economist, Josh Rauh, took leave from his Hoover Institution fellowship. After the third CEA chairman Tyler Goodspeed resigned in 2021, he went to Hoover.

In February 2020, the Hoover board of trustees brought in senior Trump economic officials for off-the-record forecasts. According to The New York Times, "The president’s aides appeared to be giving wealthy party donors an early warning of a potentially impactful contagion at a time when Mr. Trump was publicly insisting that the threat was nonexistent." The board members spread the bad news and the stock market had a selloff.

In 2020, Condoleezza Rice succeeded Thomas W. Gilligan as director.

In November 2020, Scott Atlas, a Hoover fellow, was known for opposing public health measures as a major Trump advisor during the COVID-19 pandemic, and was condemned by a Stanford University faculty vote in November 2020.

In January 2021, during Stanford University faculty senate discussions on closer collaboration between the university and the Institution in 2021, Rice "addressed campus criticism that the Hoover Institution is a partisan think tank that primarily supports conservative administrations and policy positions" by sharing "statistics that show Hoover fellows contribute financially to both political parties on an equal basis", according to the university's newsletter.

Campus
The Institution has libraries which include materials from both World War I and World War II, including the collection of documents of President Herbert Hoover, which he began to collect at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. Thousands of Persian books, official documents, letters, multimedia pieces and other materials on Iran's history, politics and culture can also be found at the Stanford University library and the Hoover Institution library.

Publications
The Hoover Institution's in-house publisher, Hoover Institution Press, produces publications on public policy topics, including the quarterly periodicals Hoover Digest, Education Next, China Leadership Monitor, and Defining Ideas. The Hoover Institution Press previously published the bimonthly periodical Policy Review, which it acquired from The Heritage Foundation in 2001. Policy Review ceased publication with its February–March 2013 issue.

The Hoover Institution Press also publishes books and essays by Hoover Institution fellows and other Hoover-affiliated scholars.

Funding
The Hoover Institution receives nearly half of its funding from private gifts, primarily from individual contributions, and the other half from its endowment.

Funders of the organization include the Taube Family Foundation, the Koret Foundation, the Howard Charitable Foundation, the Sarah Scaife Foundation, the Walton Foundation, the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, and the William E. Simon Foundation.

Details
Funding sources and expenditures, FY 2022

Members
In May 2018, the Hoover Institution's website listed 198 fellows. Fellowship appointments do not require the approval of Stanford tenure committees.

Below is a list of directors and some of the more prominent fellows, former and current.

Directors

 * Ephraim D. Adams, 1920–25
 * Ralph H. Lutz, 1925–44
 * Harold H. Fisher, 1944–52
 * C. Easton Rothwell, 1952–59
 * W. Glenn Campbell, 1960–89
 * John Raisian, 1989–2015
 * Thomas W. Gilligan, 2015–2020
 * Condoleezza Rice, 2020–present

Honorary Fellows

 * Friedrich Hayek, philosopher and Nobel laureate in economics (deceased)
 * Ronald Reagan, former President of the United States (deceased)
 * Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Soviet dissident and Nobel laureate in literature (deceased)
 * Margaret Thatcher, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (deceased)

Distinguished Fellows

 * George Shultz, former U.S. Secretary of State (deceased)

Senior Fellows

 * Fouad Ajami, political scientist, former director of the Middle East Studies Program at Johns Hopkins University (deceased)
 * Scott Atlas, health care policy scholar and physician, former professor and former Chief of Neuroradiology at Stanford University School of Medicine
 * Richard V. Allen, former U.S. National Security Advisor
 * Martin Anderson, former advisor to Richard Nixon and author of The Federal Bulldozer (deceased)
 * Robert Barro, economist, Harvard University
 * Gary Becker, 1992 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureate and professor, University of Chicago (deceased)
 * Joseph Berger, theoretical sociologist, Stanford University (deceased)
 * Peter Berkowitz, political scientist, Stanford University
 * Russell Berman, professor, German Studies and Comparative Literature, Stanford University
 * Michael Boskin, chairman, Council of Economic Advisers in the George H. W. Bush administration
 * David W. Brady, political scientist, Stanford University
 * Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, political scientist, professor at New York University
 * Elizabeth Cobbs, historian, novelist, and documentary filmmaker
 * John H. Cochrane, economist, Stanford Graduate School of Business
 * William Damon, professor of education, Stanford University
 * Larry Diamond, professor of international studies, Stanford University
 * Frank Dikötter, chair and professor of humanities, University of Hong Kong
 * Sidney Drell, theoretical physicist and arms control expert, Stanford University (deceased)
 * Darrell Duffie, Dean Witter Distinguished Professor of Finance at Stanford Graduate School of Business
 * John B. Dunlop, expert on Soviet and Russian politics
 * Richard Epstein, legal scholar, New York University
 * Martin Feldstein, senior fellow at the George F. Baker Professor of Economics at Harvard University (deceased)
 * Niall Ferguson, historian and professor, Harvard University
 * Chester E. Finn Jr., education and public policy professor, Vanderbilt University
 * Morris Fiorina, political science professor, Stanford University
 * Milton Friedman, economics professor, University of Chicago, and 1976 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureate (deceased)
 * Timothy Garton Ash, European history professor, University of Oxford, and columnist, The Guardian
 * Jack Goldsmith, legal scholar, Harvard Law School
 * Stephen Haber, economic historian and political scientist, Stanford University
 * Robert Hall, economics professor, Stanford University
 * Victor Davis Hanson, classics professor emeritus, California State University, Fresno
 * Eric Hanushek, economist
 * David R. Henderson, economist
 * Caroline Hoxby, economist
 * Bobby Ray Inman, retired admiral
 * Shanto Iyengar, professor of political science, and director of the Political Communication Laboratory at Stanford University
 * Ken Jowitt, historian
 * Kenneth L. Judd, economist
 * Daniel P. Kessler, scholar of health policy and health care finance
 * Stephen D. Krasner, international relations professor
 * Edward Lazear, economist (Deceased)
 * Gary D. Libecap, Bren Professor of Corporate Environmental Policy and of Donald R. Bren School of Environmental Science
 * Seymour Martin Lipset, political sociologist (deceased)
 * Harvey Mansfield, political scientist
 * Michael W. McConnell, legal scholar, former judge, professor at Stanford University
 * Michael McFaul, political scientist, United States Ambassador to Russia
 * H.R. McMaster, former National Security Advisor
 * Thomas Metzger, sinologist
 * James C. Miller III, economist
 * Terry M. Moe, professor of political science at Stanford University
 * Kevin M. Murphy, economist
 * Norman Naimark, historian
 * Douglass North, 1993 Nobel laureate in economics (deceased)
 * Lee Ohanion, economist
 * William J. Perry, former U.S. Secretary of Defense
 * Paul E. Peterson, scholar on education reform
 * Alvin Rabushka, political scientist
 * Raghuram Rajan, Katherine Dusak Miller Distinguished Service Professor of Finance at the University of Chicago's Booth School
 * Condoleezza Rice, former U.S. Secretary of State
 * Henry Rowen, economist (deceased)
 * Thomas J. Sargent, 2011 Nobel laureate in economics, professor at New York University
 * Robert Service, historian
 * John Shoven, economist
 * Abraham David Sofaer, scholar, former legal advisor to the U.S. Secretary of State
 * Thomas Sowell, economist, author, columnist
 * Michael Spence, 2001 Nobel laureate in economics
 * Richard F. Staar, political scientist, historian (Deceased)
 * Shelby Steele, author, columnist
 * John B. Taylor, former U.S. Undersecretary of the Treasury for international affairs
 * Eugene Volokh, professor of law emeritus at UCLA School of Law (effective July 1, 2024)
 * Barry R. Weingast, political scientist
 * Bertram Wolfe, author, scholar, former communist, (deceased; 1896–1977)
 * Amy Zegart, political scientist

Research Fellows

 * Ayaan Hirsi Ali, author, scholar and former politician
 * Clint Bolick, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Arizona
 * Lanhee Chen, political scientist, health policy expert, former policy director for Mitt Romney
 * Robert Conquest, historian (deceased)
 * David Davenport, former president of Pepperdine University
 * Williamson Evers, education researcher
 * Paul R. Gregory, Cullen Professor Emeritus in the Department of Economics at the University of Houston
 * Alice Hill, former federal prosecutor, judge, special assistant to the president, and senior director for the National Security Council
 * Charles Hill, lecturer in International Studies (Deceased)
 * Tim Kane, economist
 * Herbert S. Klein, historian
 * Tod Lindberg, foreign policy expert
 * Alice L. Miller, political scientist
 * Shavit Matias, former deputy attorney general of Israel
 * Abbas Milani, political scientist
 * Henry I. Miller, physician
 * Elena Pastorino, economist
 * Russell Roberts, economist, author
 * Kori Schake, foreign policy expert, author
 * Kiron Skinner, associate professor of international relations and political science, author
 * Peter Schweizer, author (former fellow)
 * Antony C. Sutton, author of Western Technology and Soviet Economic Development (3 vol), fellow from 1968 to 1973
 * Bruce Thornton, American classicist
 * Tunku Varadarajan, writer and journalist

Distinguished Visiting Fellows

 * John Abizaid, former commander of the U.S. Central Command (former fellow)
 * Spencer Abraham, former U.S. Senator and Secretary of Energy (former fellow)
 * Pedro Aspe, Mexican economist, former secretary of finance
 * Michael R. Auslin, American writer, policy analyst, historian, and Asia expert
 * Michael D. Bordo, Canadian economist, professor of economics at Rutgers University
 * Charles Calomiris, financial policy expert, author, and professor at Columbia Business School
 * Arye Carmon, Founding President and senior fellow at the Israel Democracy Institute (IDI)
 * Elizabeth Economy, C. V. Starr senior fellow and director for Asia studies at the Council on Foreign Relations
 * James O. Ellis, former commander, United States Strategic Command
 * James Goodby, author and former American diplomat
 * Jim Hoagland, American journalist and two-time recipient of the Pulitzer Prize
 * Toomas Hendrik Ilves, former President of Estonia
 * Raymond Jeanloz, professor of earth and planetary science and of astronomy
 * Josef Joffe, publisher-editor of the German newspaper Die Zeit
 * Henry Kissinger, former United States Secretary of State in the administrations of presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford (Deceased)
 * James Mattis, former commander, U.S. Central Command and former Secretary of Defense
 * Allan H. Meltzer, American economist (Deceased)
 * Edwin Meese, former U.S. Attorney General
 * David C. Mulford, former United States Ambassador to India, former Vice-Chairman International of Credit Suisse
 * Joseph Nye, American political scientist, co-founder of the international relations theory of neoliberalism
 * Sam Nunn, former United States Senator from Georgia
 * George Osborne, British Conservative Party politician, former Chancellor of the Exchequer and former Member of Parliament (MP) for Tatton
 * Andrew Roberts, British historian and journalist, Visiting Professor at the Department of War Studies, King's College London
 * Peter M. Robinson, American author, research fellow television host, former speechwriter for then-Vice President George H. W. Bush and President Ronald Reagan
 * Gary Roughead, former Chief of Naval Operations
 * Donald Rumsfeld, former Secretary of Defense (deceased)
 * Christopher Stubbs, an experimental physicist
 * William Suter, former Clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States
 * Kevin Warsh, former governor of the Federal Reserve System
 * Pete Wilson, former Governor of California

Visiting Fellows

 * Alexander Benard, American businessman, lawyer, and commentator on U.S. public policy
 * Charles Blahous, U.S. public trustee for the Social Security and Medicare programs
 * Robert J. Hodrick, U.S. economist specialized in International Finance
 * Markos Kounalakis, Greek-American journalist, author, scholar, and the Second Gentleman of California
 * Bjørn Lomborg, Danish author, president of Copenhagen Consensus Center
 * Ellen R. McGrattan, professor of economics at the University of Minnesota
 * Afshin Molavi, Iranian-American author and expert on global geo-political risk and geo-economics
 * Charles I. Plosser, former president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia
 * Raj Shah, former White House Deputy Press Secretary, former Deputy Assistant to the President
 * Alex Stamos, computer scientist, former chief security officer at Facebook
 * John Yoo, Korean-American attorney, law professor, former government official, author
 * Glennys Young, American international relations scholar

Media Fellows

 * Tom Bethell, journalist
 * Sam Dealey, journalist, former editor-in-chief of Washington Times
 * Christopher Hitchens, journalist (deceased)
 * Deroy Murdock, journalist
 * Mike Pride, editor emeritus of the Concord Monitor and former administrator of the Pulitzer Prizes
 * Christopher Ruddy, CEO of Newsmax Media

National Fellows

 * Mark Bils, macroeconomist, National Fellow 1989–90
 * Stephen Kotkin, historian, National Fellow 2010–11

Senior Research Fellows

 * John H. Bunzel, expert in the field of civil rights, race relations, higher education, US politics, and elections (deceased)
 * Robert Hessen, historian (deceased)
 * James Stockdale, Navy Vice Admiral, Medal of Honor recipient, 1992 US vice presidential candidate (deceased)
 * Edward Teller, physicist (deceased)
 * Charles Wolf, Jr, economist (deceased)

title: Hoover Institution


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Charnia

Charnia is an extinct genus of frond-like lifeforms belonging to the Ediacaran biota with segmented, leaf-like ridges branching alternately to the right and left from a zig-zag medial suture (thus exhibiting glide reflection, or opposite isometry). The genus Charnia was named for Charnwood Forest in Leicestershire, England, where the first fossilised specimen was found. Charnia is significant because it was the first Precambrian fossil to be recognized as such.

The living organism grew on the sea floor, 570 to 550 million years ago, and is believed to have fed on nutrients in the water. Despite Charnia fern-like appearance, it is not a photosynthetic plant or alga because the nature of the fossil beds where specimens have been found implies that it originally lived in deep water, well below the photic zone where photosynthesis can occur.

Diversity
Several Charnia species were described but only the type species C. masoni is considered valid. Some specimens of C. masoni were described as members of genus Rangea or a separate genus Glaessnerina:
 * Rangea grandis Glaessner & Wade, 1966 = Glaessnerina grandis
 * Rangea sibirica Sokolov, 1972 = Glaessnerina sibirica

Two other described Charnia species have been transferred to two separate genera
 * Charnia wardi Narbonne & Gehling, 2003 transferred to the genus Trepassia Narbonne et al., 2009
 * Charnia antecedens Laflamme et al., 2007 transferred to the genus Vinlandia Brasier, Antcliffe & Liu, 2012

A number of Ediacaran form taxa are thought to represent Charnia, Charniodiscus and other Petalonamids at varying levels of decay; these include the Ivesheadiomorphs Ivesheadia, Blackbrookia, Pseudovendia, and Shepshedia.

Distribution
Charnia masoni was first described from the Maplewell Group in Charnwood Forest in England and was subsequently found in Ediacara Hills in Australia, Siberia and the White Sea area in Russia, and Precambrian deposits in Newfoundland, Canada.

It lived about 570-550 million years ago.

Discovery
Charnia masoni was brought to the attention of scientists by Roger Mason, a schoolboy who later became a professor of metamorphic petrology. In 1957 Mason and his friends were rock-climbing in Charnwood Forest, in what is now a protected fossil site in Central England. They noticed this unusual fossil, and Mason took a rubbing of the rock. He showed the rubbing to his father, the minister of Leicester's Great Meeting Unitarian Chapel, who also taught at Leicester University nearby and knew Trevor Ford, a local geologist. Mason took Ford to the site; Ford published the discovery in the Journal of the Yorkshire Geological Society. The holotype (the actual physical example from which the species was first described) now resides, along with a cast of the related taxon Charniodiscus, in Leicester Museum & Art Gallery.

It has also been revealed that Tina Negus, then a 15-year-old schoolgirl, had seen this fossil a year before the boys but her geography schoolteacher discounted the possibility of Precambrian fossils. Mason acknowledges, and the museum's Charnia display explains, that the fossil had been discovered a year earlier by Negus, "but no one took her seriously". She was recognised at the 50th anniversary celebrations of the official discovery.

Significance
Charnia is known from specimens as small as only 1 cm, and as large as 66 cm in length. It is a very significant fossil because it is the first fossil which was ever described to have come from undoubted Precambrian rocks. Prior to 1958, the Precambrian was thought to be completely devoid of fossils and consequently possibly devoid of macroscopic life. Similar fossils had been found during the 1930s (in Namibia) and the 1940s (in Australia) but these forms were assumed to be of Cambrian age and were therefore considered unremarkable at the time. Originally interpreted as an alga, Charnia was reinterpreted as a sea pen (a group related to the modern soft corals) from 1966 onwards. Acceptance of Charnia as a Precambrian lifeform resulted in recognition of other major Precambrian animal groups, although the sea pen interpretation of Charnia has been recently discredited, and the current "state of the art" is something of a "statement of ignorance".

An alternative theory has developed, since the mid-1980s, from the work of Adolf Seilacher who suggested that Charnia belongs to an extinct group of unknown grade which was confined to the Ediacaran Period. This suggests that almost all the forms that have been postulated to be members of many and various modern animal groups are actually more closely related to each other than they are to anything else. This new group was termed the Vendobionta, a clade with unknown relationship to other clades, perhaps united by its construction via unipolar iterations of one cell family.

The holotype is a major attraction at the Leicester Museum & Art Gallery. A day-long seminar in 2007 devoted to Charnia termed it "Leicester's fossil celebrity".

Ecology
Little is known about the ecology of Charnia. It was benthic and sessile, anchored to the sea floor. According to one currently popular hypothesis, it probably lived in deep waters, well below the wave base, thus placing it out of range of photosynthesis. Furthermore, it has no obvious feeding apparatus (mouth, gut, etc.) so its lifestyle remains enigmatic. Some have speculated that it survived either by filter feeding or directly absorbing nutrients, and this is currently the emphasis of considerable research.

The growth and development of the Ediacara biota is also a subject of continued research, and this has discredited the sea pen hypothesis. In contrast to sea pens, which grow by basal insertion, Charnia grew by the apical insertion of new buds.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Charnia


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Carnegie Mellon College of Engineering

The Carnegie Mellon University College of Engineering (formerly known as the Carnegie Institute of Technology) is the academic unit that manages engineering research and education at Carnegie Mellon University. The College can trace its origins from Andrew Carnegie's founding of the Carnegie Technical Schools. Today, The College of Engineering has seven departments of study.

History
By 1905, the massive buildings of the Carnegie Technical Schools were being constructed in a field east of the University of Pittsburgh. The first students of the School of Science and Technology began classes in unfinished buildings, still surrounded by new construction. The school initially offered two- and three-year programs to train the children of Pittsburgh's working class. After the merger between Carnegie Tech and the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, the newly formed Carnegie Mellon University's College of Engineering and Science was divided into the Carnegie Institute of Technology (engineering) and the Mellon College of Science. Subsequently, the Carnegie Institute of Technology was re-branded as the College of Engineering. The Department of Mechanical Engineering was organized by professor Willibald Trinks who thereafter headed it for 38 years.

About the College of Engineering
Enrollment for or the 2017–2018 academic year was 1,783 full-time undergraduate, 1,383 master's, and 703 doctoral students. The college employs 207 faculty members whose research is recognized and supported by such sources as the National Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, and the Environmental Protection Agency. As part of Carnegie Mellon University, the College of Engineering works to carry out the university's mission of “changing the needs of society by building on its traditions of innovation, problem-solving and interdisciplinarity”.

The College's Office of the Dean is housed in Scaife Hall, and the college's primary facilities include Hamerschlag Hall, Roberts Engineering Hall, Doherty Hall, and Scott Hall, in addition to Scaife.

Engineering and Public Policy
"Engineering and Public Policy", informally known as "EPP", is an interdisciplinary academic department within the Carnegie Mellon College of Engineering. EPP combines technical analysis with social science and policy analysis, in order to address problems in which knowledge of technical details is critical to decision making. The primary purpose of the E&PA program was to train undergraduate engineering students to work at the interface of the social and engineering sciences, through use of an interdisciplinary curriculum based equally on social analysis and engineering analysis. Students received a Bachelor of Science degree from one of the traditional engineering departments plus E&PA.

EPP works in a variety of research areas on problems that involve the interaction of technology with society. These include:

 * 1) Energy and environment (including climate);
 * 2) Risk analysis and communication;
 * 3) Information and communication technology policy;
 * 4) Management of technical innovation and R&D policy.

Across these four focal areas, the department addresses issues in technology and organizations, and in technology and economic development, focusing in particular on India and China. EPP also develops new software tools for the support of policy analysis and research, and studies issues in engineered systems and security.

title: Carnegie Mellon College of Engineering


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Heinz College

The Heinz College of Information Systems and Public Policy, also known as Heinz College, is the public policy and information college of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It consists of the School of Information Systems and Management and the School of Public Policy and Management. The college is named after CMU's former instructor and the later U.S. Senator John Heinz from Pennsylvania.

The Heinz College educational process integrates policy analysis, management, and information technology. Coursework emphasizes the applied and interdisciplinary fields of empirical methods and statistics, economics, information systems and technology, operations research, and organizational behavior. In addition to full-time, on campus programs in Pittsburgh, Washington, DC, Los Angeles, and Adelaide, the Heinz College offers graduate-level programs to non-traditional students through part-time on-campus and distance programs, customized programs, and executive education programs for senior managers.

History
Richard King Mellon and his wife Constance had long been interested in urban and social issues. In 1965, they sponsored a conference on urban problems, in which they began discussions with the University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University to create a school focused on public affairs. In 1967, Carnegie Mellon President H. Guyford Stever, Richard M. Cyert, Dean of the Tepper School of Business, and Professors William W. Cooper and Otto Davis met and formed a university-wide committee to discuss creating a school that would train leaders to address complex problems in American urban communities. Davis was asked to draft a proposal to create such a school and focused on applying the Tepper School of Business' pioneering quantitative and skill-based approach to management education as well as technology to public sector problems.

In 1968, William Cooper and Otto Davis presented the final proposal for the School of Urban and Public Affairs (SUPA) to the Richard King Mellon Foundation. The proposal found favor with R. K. Mellon and he became strongly committed to creating such a school. The R. K. Mellon Foundation sent a proposal to President Stever to finance it with an initial grant of $10 million, and on 1 November 1968, President Stever created the School of Urban and Public Affairs with William Cooper as the first dean. The school initially drew much of its faculty from the Tepper School of Business and was based in the Margaret Morrison Carnegie Hall. Eventually, the school became independent of other colleges within the university and moved to its current location in historic Hamburg Hall when the facility was acquired by the university from the U.S. Bureau of Mines. Subsequent Deans include Otto Davis, Brian Berry, Joel A. Tarr, Alfred Blumstein, former Carnegie Mellon Provost Mark Kamlet, Linda C. Babcock, Jeffrey Hunker, Mark Wessel, and current dean Ramayya Krishnan.

In 1992, Teresa Heinz donated a large sum of money to the school, which was then renamed as the H. John Heinz III School of Public Policy and Management in honor of Mrs. Heinz's late husband, Senator H. John Heinz III. Senator Heinz, heir to the H. J. Heinz Company fortune, had been killed when his small private plane crashed one year before.

In 2007, the Heinz School received a grant from the Heinz Foundations that transformed the school into a college and formalized the School of Information Systems & Management alongside the School of Public Policy & Management under the college's administration. The official launch of the H. John Heinz III College of Information Systems and Public Policy was held on October 24, 2008 during Carnegie Mellon's Homecoming weekend and was led by Dean Krishnan, Teresa Heinz, and former United States Secretary of the Treasury Paul O'Neill.

Facilities
Heinz College is headquartered in Hamburg Hall, a building listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designed by noted Beaux-Arts architect Henry Hornbostel. Hamburg Hall is named for Lester A. Hamburg, an industrialist and philanthropist active in the Pittsburgh Jewish Community. The Heinz College also has a branch campus in Adelaide, South Australia, which offers master's degrees in Public Policy and Management and Information Technology. Heinz College also maintains a North Hollywood center in Los Angeles as part of the jointly administered master's degree program in Entertainment Industry Management, and a center in Washington, DC on Capitol Hill for students in the Public Policy and Management masters program.

Carnegie Mellon is in the process of renovating and expanding the Heinz College's Pittsburgh facilities through a four-phased process across Forbes Avenue from the 2013-announced Tepper Quadrangle. The ultimate plan for Hamburg Hall is to capture new space – approximately 20,000 square feet – by enclosing the courtyard between the rotunda, the East and West Wings, and the adjacent Elliott Dunlap Smith Hall with a soaring glass roof structure. This new space will include a large, multi‐purpose Classroom of the Future, lounges, meeting/study space, and a café. Phase I of renovations and expansion of Hamburg Hall was entirely financed by Heinz College and was completed in September 2013. Heinz College students immediately benefited from convenient access to the new student services and computing services suites. The construction of new career services interview rooms provides up‐to‐date facilities for on‐campus recruiters.

A December 2013 gift from The Heinz Endowments combined with gift commitments from other donors enabled the Heinz College to expedite the final architectural design of Phase II elements, finalize necessary construction planning, commence renovations and expansion, and complete a structure that will add additional value to the college. A new 150-seat auditorium in the courtyard between Hamburg Hall and Smith Hall was constructed, and both levels of the rotunda were transformed into student study and lounge spaces as well as a grand entrance and lobby area, and renamed as the Teresa Heinz Rotunda. The new auditorium allows the college to host high-profile speakers. Further, the west wing of Hamburg Hall now consists of forward-looking classrooms in the space that was vacated by the Engineering Research Accelerator when it moved to the newly constructed Scott Hall. An additional entrance from Forbes Avenue was also constructed.

During Phase III the addition to Hamburg Hall, including a glass roof, end walls, café, and study space, will be constructed. Fire protection and elevator improvements will also be addressed as well as the addition of new classrooms (including designated executive education rooms). The addition of 20,000 square feet to Hamburg Hall will allow the Heinz College to continue to grow student enrollment. This phase is planned for completion by 2017.

The final phase, Phase IV, will renovate third-floor faculty and PhD offices and meeting spaces.

The new additions and renovations will be designed to achieve LEED Silver certification.

Rankings
In the 2019 U.S. News & World Report Graduate School rankings, the Heinz College was ranked 14th among schools of public affairs. Of the 285 schools of public affairs across the nation that were surveyed for 2019, Heinz College ranked:

 * 1st in Information and Technology Management;
 * 5th in Environmental Policy and Management;
 * 6th in Public Policy Analysis;
 * 14th in Urban Policy;
 * 16th in Health Policy and Management;
 * 19th in Social Policy;
 * 27th in Public Finance and Budgeting; and
 * 32nd in Public Management and Leadership.

Heinz College also ranked 2nd in the Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index listing for the top performing programs in public administration and 9th in the listing for the top performing programs in public policy.

The PhD program in Public Policy and Management at the Heinz College was ranked in the top 5 overall and in the top 3 in faculty research activity by the National Research Council in 2010.

The Medical Management program was ranked 4th by Modern Healthcare Magazine in the 2009 rankings of the top management graduate schools for physician executives.

InformationWeek named the Heinz College's Master in Information Systems Management with Business Intelligence & Data Analytics concentration as one of the top 20 in big data analytics.

The Heinz College was awarded the 2016 UPS George D. Smith Prize by the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS). The Smith Prize recognizes the best academic departments and schools in analytics, management science, and operations research.

Education
The Heinz College has the following schools:
 * School of Public Policy & Management
 * Master of Science in Public Policy & Management (MSPPM; full-time). Tracks include:
 * Accelerated 3-Semester Track (full-time); geared at incoming students with 3 or more years of relevant experience
 * Data Analytics (MSPPM-DA; full-time); focuses on quantitative data analytics
 * Global (full-time); first year in Adelaide, Australia, second year in Pittsburgh, PA. (See Heinz College Australia)
 * Washington, D.C. (MSPPM-DC; full-time); first year in Pittsburgh, PA, second year in Washington, D.C. completing classes and an apprenticeship
 * Master of Science in Health Care Policy & Management (MSHCPM; full-time)
 * Master of Science in Health Care Analytics & Information Technology (Full-time)
 * Master of Public Management (Part-time)
 * Master of Medical Management (Part-time)
 * School of Information Systems & Management
 * Bachelor of Science in Information Systems (jointly with the Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences)
 * Master of Information System Management (MISM; full-time)
 * Master of Science in Information Security Policy & Management (Full-time)
 * Master of Science in Information Technology (Part-time)
 * Joint degree programs with the Carnegie Mellon College of Fine Arts
 * Master of Arts Management (MAM; full-time)
 * Master of Entertainment Industry Management (MEIM; full-time)
 * PhD programs:
 * Public Policy & Management
 * Information Systems & Management
 * Economics & Public Policy (jointly with the Tepper School of Business)
 * Statistics and Public Policy (jointly with Department of Statistics and Data Science)
 * Strategy, Entrepreneurship, & Technological Change (jointly with three other departments)
 * Technological Change & Entrepreneurship (Carnegie Mellon Portugal program)
 * Machine Learning & Public Policy (jointly with the Machine Learning Department)

Notable associated people

 * Nilofar Bakhtiar - Pakistani Senator and former Federal Minister for Tourism
 * Linda C. Babcock - former Dean, behavioral economist, and expert on the gender pay gap
 * Allen Biehler - former Secretary of the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation
 * Keith Block - Co-CEO of Salesforce.com
 * Alfred Blumstein - one of the world's top criminologists and operations researchers, winner of the 2007 Stockholm Prize in Criminology, member of the National Academy of Engineering, INFORMS Fellow and past president, director of the National Consortium on Violence Research
 * Nik Bonaddio - founder of numberFire
 * Kathleen Carley - computational sociologist and expert in dynamic network analysis
 * Jonathan Caulkins - Operations researcher and drug policy expert, INFORMS fellow, founder of the Pittsburgh branch of the RAND Corporation
 * Jack Chow - Public health expert, first Assistant Director-General of the World Health Organization on HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, Special Representative of the U.S. Secretary of State on Global HIV/AIDS and Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Health and Science
 * William W. Cooper - founding Dean of Heinz College and pioneer in management science and accounting, INFORMS Fellow and past president, John von Neumann Theory Prize winner, and member of the Accounting Hall of Fame
 * John Patrick Crecine - former President of the Georgia Institute of Technology, former Dean of the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, former Dean of the Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences
 * Carmen Yulín Cruz - current mayor of San Juan, Puerto Rico
 * David Dausey - public health expert and consultant for the RAND Corporation
 * Jon Delano - Money & Politics editor at KDKA-TV
 * David Farber - co-creator of ARPANET and former Chief Technologist for the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
 * Stephen Fienberg - renowned statistician and member of the National Academy of Sciences
 * Richard Florida - social economist, urban scientist, and creator of the Creative class concept
 * Anthony Foxx - former United States Secretary of Transportation
 * Rayid Ghani - Chief Scientist Obama for America campaign
 * John Graham - Dean of the Indiana University School of Public and Environmental Affairs, former Dean of the Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School, and former Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs
 * Jendayi Frazer - US Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs in the George W. Bush administration
 * Melvin J. Hinich - expert in signal processing and statistics
 * Jeffrey Hunker - expert in information security policy, advisor in the United States Department of Commerce, founding director of the Critical Infrastructure Assurance Office, Senior Director for Critical Infrastructure on the National Security Council
 * Farnam Jahanian - President and former Provost of Carnegie Mellon University and former Director of the National Science Foundation Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering
 * Sydney Kamlager - District Director for California State Senator Holly Mitchell and Trustee-Elect for the Los Angeles Community College District
 * David Krackhardt - expert in organizational behavior and social network analysis
 * Ramayya Krishnan - Dean and expert in management science and information technology, strategy, and policy, INFORMS Fellow and President-elect
 * Yeh Kuang-shih - Minister of Transportation and Communication of Taiwan
 * Susie Lee - United States Representative for Nevada's 3rd District
 * Charles F. Manski, Economist and econometrician in the realm of rational choice theory, an innovator known for his work on partial identification.
 * Dan J. Martin - Dean of the Carnegie Mellon College of Fine Arts
 * J. Kevin McMahon - President and CEO of the Pittsburgh Cultural Trust
 * David H. McCormick - former Under Secretary for International Affairs within the US Department of the Treasury and President of Bridgewater Associates
 * Sarah E. Mendelson - former United States Ambassador to the United Nations Economic and Social Council
 * Daniel S. Nagin - criminologist, winner of the 2014 Stockholm Prize in Criminology, and fellow of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
 * Jairam Ramesh - elected member of the Indian Parliament and the Cabinet Minister for Rural Development
 * Mark Roosevelt - President of Antioch College, Democratic candidate for Governor of Massachusetts, superintendent of the Pittsburgh Public Schools, and member of the Roosevelt family
 * Denise M. Rousseau - expert in organizational behavior and the psychological contract
 * Joe Sestak - United States Congressman from Pennsylvania from 2007 to 2011, former United States Navy Vice Admiral
 * Peter M. Shane - Professor of Law and Public Policy specializing in administrative law and e-democracy, former Dean of the University of Pittsburgh School of Law
 * Kiron Skinner - United States Department of State Director of Policy Planning, expert and author in international relations, Cold War policy, and fellow at the Hoover Institution
 * Luke Skurman - founder of Niche
 * Michael D. Smith - economist in information technology and pioneer in The Long Tail phenomenon
 * Robert P. Strauss - economist and expert in public finance and tax policy
 * Subra Suresh - Former president of Carnegie Mellon University and former Director of the National Science Foundation
 * John Tarnoff - studio executive, film and interactive producer, and technology entrepreneur and former Head of Show Development at DreamWorks Animation
 * Irene Tinagli - member of the European Parliament and former member of the Italian Parliament
 * Paula Wagner - film executive and talent agent, former CEO at United Artists and Cruise/Wagner Productions
 * Robert Wilburn - former president of the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and director of Heinz College in Washington, DC

title: Heinz College


text:
German orthography reform of 1996

The German orthography reform of 1996 (Reform der deutschen Rechtschreibung von 1996) was a change to German spelling and punctuation that was intended to simplify German orthography and thus to make it easier to learn, without substantially changing the rules familiar to users of the language.

The reform was based on an international agreement signed in Vienna in July 1996 by the governments of the German-speaking countries—Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein and Switzerland. Luxembourg did not participate despite having German as one of its three official languages: it regards itself "as a non-German-speaking country not to be a contributory determinant upon the German system of spelling", though it did eventually adopt the reform.

The reformed orthography became obligatory in schools and in public administration. However, there was a campaign against the reform, and in the resulting public debate the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany was called upon to delineate the extent of reform. In 1998 the court stated that because there was no law governing orthography, outside of the school system people could spell as they liked, including the use of traditional spelling. In March 2006, the Council for German Orthography agreed unanimously to remove the most controversial changes from the reform; this was largely, though not completely, accepted by media organizations such as the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung that had previously opposed the reform.

The rules of the new spelling concern the following areas: correspondence between sounds and written letters (this includes rules for spelling loan words), capitalisation, joined and separate words, hyphenated spellings, punctuation, and hyphenation at the end of a line. Place names and family names were excluded from the reform.

Sounds and letters
The reform aimed to systematise the correspondence between sounds (phonemes) and letters (graphemes), and to strengthen the principle that derived forms should follow the spelling of the root form.

ß and ss: In reformed orthography the grapheme ß (a modernised typographical rendering of how ss appeared in traditional Gothic script; it is seldom used in Switzerland) is considered a separate letter that is to appear only after long vowels and diphthongs. In general in German, long stressed vowels are followed by single consonants, and short stressed vowels by double consonants. In the traditional orthography, ß was written instead of ss if the s phoneme belonged to only one syllable, thus in terminal position and before consonants ss was always written as ß, without regard to the length of the preceding vowel. In the reformed orthography, a short stressed vowel is never followed by ß. This brings it into line with the two-letter spelling of other final consonants (-ch, -ck, -dt, -ff, -ll, -mm, -nn, -rr, -tt, -tz). Thus Fass – Fässer  (previously Faß – Fässer), by analogy to Ball  – Bälle. This contrasts with Maß – Maße, analogous to Tal  – Täler.

Nevertheless, the new German spelling is not fully phonemic, and it is still necessary to know the plural of a noun in order to spell its singular correctly: Los – Lose, Floß  – Flöße  (it is however morphophonemic;   cf. the usage of voiced versus voiceless plosives at word end).

Exempted from change are certain very common short-vowelled words which end in a single 's' (such as das, es), echoing other undoubled final consonants in German (e.g. ab, im, an, hat, -ig). So the frequent error of confusing the conjunction dass (previously daß) and the relative pronoun das has remained a trap: Ich hoffe, dass sie kommt. (I hope that she comes.) Das Haus, das dort steht. (The house that stands there.) Both are pronounced.

The so-called s rule makes up over 90% of the words changed by the reform. Since a trailing -ss does not occur in the traditional orthography (which uses -ß instead), the -ss at the end of reformed words like dass and muss (previously muß) is now the only quick and sure sign to indicate that the reformed spelling has been used, even if just partly, in texts (except those of Swiss origin). All other changes are encountered less frequently and not in every text.

Triple consonants preceding a vowel are no longer reduced (but hyphenation is often used in these instances anyway): In particular, triple "s" now appears more often than all the other triple consonants together, while in the traditional orthography they never appear.
 * Schiffahrt became Schifffahrt from Schiff (ship) + Fahrt (journey)
 * Flußschiffahrt → Flussschifffahrt
 * Mißstand → Missstand

Doubled consonants appear after short vowels at the end of certain words, to conform with derived forms:
 * As → Ass because of plural Asse (ace, aces)
 * Stop → Stopp because of the verb stoppen

Vowel changes, especially ä for e, are made to conform with derived forms or related words.
 * Stengel → Stängel (stalk) because of Stange (pole)

Additional minor changes aim to remove a number of special cases or to allow alternative spellings
 * rauh → rau (rough) for consistency with blau, grau, genau

Several loan words now allow spellings that are closer to the "German norm". In particular, the affixes -phon, phot-, and -graph can be spelled with f or ph.

Capitalisation
Capitalisation after a colon is now obligatory only if a full sentence or direct speech follows; otherwise a lower-case letter must go after a colon.

The polite capitalisation of the formal second-person pronouns (Sie, Ihnen, and Ihr) was retained. The original 1996 reform also provided that the familiar second-person pronouns (du, dich, dir, dein, ihr, euch, and euer) should not be capitalised, even in letters, but this was amended in the 2006 revision to permit their optional capitalisation in letters.

The reform aimed to make the capitalisation of nouns uniform and clarify the criteria for this. In the original 1996 reform, this included the capitalisation of some nouns in compound verbs where the nouns had largely lost their capitalisation when becoming a part of the compound verb, for instance changing eislaufen to Eis laufen (to ice-skate) and kopfstehen to Kopf stehen (“head standing“ = standing upside down). However, this was reversed in the 2006 revision, restoring verbs like eislaufen and kopfstehen.

Compound words
As before, compound nouns are generally joined into one word, but several other compounds are now separated.

Nouns and verbs are generally separated (but see above):
 * radfahren → Rad fahren (to ride a bicycle)

Multiple infinitive verbs used with finite verbs are separated:
 * kennenlernen → kennen lernen (to get to know)
 * spazierengehen → spazieren gehen (to go for a walk)

Other constructions now admit alternative forms:
 * an Stelle von or anstelle von (instead of)

There are some subtle changes in the meaning when the new forms collide with some pre-existing forms:
 * vielversprechend → viel versprechend (literally "much promising", but the meaning of the long compound adjective is "promising" in the sense of "up-and-coming", "auspicious"; whereas the second phrase with two words means "promising many things")

Exceptions

 * Family names are completely excluded from the rules and are not affected by the reform; this also applies to given names.
 * Place names are not strictly subject to the rules. The German Ständiger Ausschuss für geographische Namen (Permanent Committee for Geographic Names) strongly recommends applying the rules for new names, but stresses that this applies only when new names are assigned or the responsible authorities decide to modify existing names.

Debate over the need for reform
Spelling reform had been discussed for a long time and was still controversial in the late 1960s.

Institutionalised reform talks since 1980
In 1980, the Internationaler Arbeitskreis für Orthographie (International Working Group for Orthography) was formed, with linguists from East Germany, West Germany, Austria, and Switzerland taking part.

The initial proposals of this working group were further discussed at two conferences in Vienna, Austria, in 1986 and 1990, to which the Austrian government had invited representatives from every region where German is spoken. In the closing remarks from the first of these meetings, capitalisation reform was put off to a future "second phase" of German language reform attempts, since no consensus had been reached.

In 1987, the ministers of education of the federal states (Bundesländer) in West Germany assigned the Institute for the German Language in Mannheim, Germany, and the Society for the German Language in Wiesbaden, Germany, with the task of coming up with a new system of rules. In 1988, these two organisations presented an incomplete but very wide-ranging set of proposed new rules, for example, the phrase Der Kaiser den Aal im Boot ("The Emperor eats the eel in the boat") would be written Der keiser isst den al im bot. However, these proposals were quickly rejected by the general public, and then they were withdrawn by the ministers of education as unacceptable. At the same time, similar groups were formed in Switzerland, Austria, and East Germany.

In 1992, the International Working Group published a proposed global reform to German spelling entitled Deutsche Rechtschreibung — Vorschläge zu ihrer Neuregelung (German Spelling: Proposals for its New Regulation). In 1993, the German ministers of education invited 43 groups to present their opinions on the document, with hearings held in the unified Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. On the basis of these hearings, the working group backed off from the notion of eliminating the capitalisation of all nouns. It also preserved the orthographical distinction between the inconvenient homophones das ("the", or "that", relative pronoun) and daß ("that", conjunction, as in "She said that you came"), which introduce different types of subordinate clause.

At a third conference in Vienna in 1994, the results were recommended to the respective governments for acceptance. The German ministers of education decided to implement the new rules on 1 August 1998, with a transitional period lasting until the 2004–2005 school year.

Institution of the reform
On 1 July 1996, all of the German states (Bundesländer), and the countries of Austria, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein, as well as some other countries with German-speaking minorities (but notably not Luxembourg) agreed to introduce the new spelling by 1 August 1998. A few German Bundesländer introduced the new rules starting from the 1996–97 school year.

Public debate after the signing of the declaration of intent
The reforms did not attract much attention from the general public until after the international declaration of intent was signed. Animated arguments arose about the correctness of the decision, with schoolteachers being the first to be faced with the implementation of the new rules. At the Frankfurt Book Fair (the largest in Germany) in 1996, Friedrich Denk, a teacher from Bavaria, obtained signatures from hundreds of authors and scientists demanding the cancellation of the reform. Among the leading opponents were Günter Grass, Siegfried Lenz, Martin Walser, Hans Magnus Enzensberger, and Walter Kempowski. The protest gained further nationwide significance through initiatives such as Wir Lehrer gegen die Rechtschreibreform (We Teachers Against the Spelling Reform), which was headed by the teacher and activist Manfred Riebe.

In May 1997, the "Society for German Spelling and Language Cultivation – initiative against the spelling reform" (Verein für deutsche Rechtschreibung und Sprachpflege e. V. (VRS) – Initiative gegen die Rechtschreibreform) was founded in opposition to the German spelling reform.

The issue was taken up in the courts, with different decisions in different German states, so that the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany (Bundesverfassungsgericht) was called upon to make a ruling. In May 1998, a group of 550 language and literature professors, led by Theodor Ickler, Helmut Jochems, Horst Haider Munske and Peter Eisenberg, two of the reformers, Harald Weinrich of the Collège de France, Jean-Marie Zemb of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques, and others, in a resolution requested the reversal of the reform by the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany.

On 14 July 1998, after one hearing on 12 May 1998, and involving only one teachers' organisation, the High Court declared that the introduction of the spelling reform by the ministers of education was legal.

In the German state of Schleswig-Holstein, a majority of voters in a referendum on 27 September 1998 called for a return to traditional spellings. However, the minister-president of the state, Heide Simonis, found a way to reverse the results of the referendum via a parliamentary vote in 1999.

While the new German dictionaries were published in July and August 1996, the critics of the language reform perceived themselves to be justified. They began to demand the reversal of the change at the federal level. However, the ministers of education continued to refuse to accede to their demands. The editors of the Duden dictionaries also agreed that many of the problems in the traditional spelling system were due to the "arcane rules" that had been fabricated to explain the system, thus lending their support to the new spelling system, which they said was and is more logical.

One of the public critics of the spelling reform was, president of the Deutscher Lehrerverband (the German Association of Teachers).

Later developments
In 1997, an international committee was formed to handle any cases of doubt that might arise under the new rules. In 2004, the German federal minister of education and research, Edelgard Bulmahn, announced that this committee was to be given wide-ranging powers to make decisions about German spelling. Only in cases of extreme changes, such as the proposed capitalisation change, would the committee require the consent of the states' ministers of education. This move was strongly criticised.

Simultaneously, the committee released its fourth report on spelling reforms, reviewing the points of the reform in detail. However, this report was rejected by the Conference of Ministers of Education in March 2004. The ministers also demanded that the committee work together with the German Academy for Language and Poetry in its future deliberations. The academy had been strongly critical of the reform from the beginning. The ministers also made changes to the composition of the international committee.

In July 2004, the ministers decided to introduce some changes to the reform, making both the traditional and the new spellings acceptable. They also formed a Council for German Orthography, "38 experts from five countries", representing linguists, publishers, writers, journalists, teachers and parents. Taking the place of the existing international committee, the Council agreed unanimously to implement the uncontroversial parts of the reform, while allowing compromises on other changes: "writing compounds separately or as a single word, [on] the use of lower and upper case, punctuation and syllabification". This modified reform came into effect by 1 August 2006.

Legal status
The spelling change is based on the international agreement of 1 July 1996, signed on behalf of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. The signatories for Germany were the president of the Conference of Ministers of Education, Karl-Heinz Reck, and the parliamentary secretary of the Federal Ministry of the Interior, Eduard Lintner. There have been no Bundestag (parliamentary) decisions on the reforms. Instead, as mentioned above, the German Supreme Court ruled that the reform in the public schools could be decided by the ministers of education. Thus, as of 1 August 2005, the traditional spelling system was to be considered incorrect in the schools, except that two of the German states, Bavaria and North Rhine-Westphalia, had both officially rejected the reform. Since 2006, the new rules have become compulsory in Bavarian and North Rhine-Westphalian public schools as well. It is presumed that from the schools the writing reforms will spread to the German-speaking public.

State of implementation
, most German printed media used spelling rules that to a large extent comply with the reforms. These included most newspapers and periodicals, and the German press agencies Deutsche Presse Agentur (DPA) and Reuters. Still, some newspapers, including Die Zeit, the Neue Zürcher Zeitung, the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, and the Süddeutsche Zeitung, created their own in-house orthography rules, while most other newspapers used approximately the rules set out by the DPA. These in-house orthographies thus occupy a continuum between "old spelling with new rules for ß" and an (almost) full acceptance of the new rules.

Schoolbooks and children's books generally follow the new spellings, while the text of novels is presented as the authors prefer. Classic works of literature are typically printed without any changes, unless they are editions specifically intended for use in schools.

Since dictionaries adopted the new spellings early on, there is no currently in-print, standard reference work available for traditional spellings. However, Theodor Ickler, a Professor of German at the University of Erlangen, has produced a new dictionary that aims to meet the demands of simplification without the need to impose any new spellings. It has not been reprinted since 2004. The commerce in used copies of the older Duden dictionaries has dwindled. As of the 2004 edition, the Duden dictionary includes the most recent changes proposed by the ministers of education.

The IETF language tags registered de-1996 in 2005 for text following the reform.

In Switzerland and Liechtenstein
In Switzerland and Liechtenstein, the reform had a less noticeable effect, as the letter "ß", which was a prominent part of the reform, was not in use anyway.

German titles
Due to the nature of the topic, most books and papers regarding the German spelling reform appeared in the German language. The following list includes authors who are responsible for the definition of the imposed changes.
 * Gerhard Augst; Karl Blüml; Dieter Nerius; Horst Sitta (Hrsg.): Zur Neuregelung der deutschen Orthographie. Begründung und Kritik. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1997, VI, 495 S., ISBN 3-484-31179-7
 * Hanno Birken-Bertsch; Reinhard Markner: Rechtschreibreform und Nationalsozialismus. (= Reform of German orthography and National Socialism). Ein Kapitel aus der politischen Geschichte der deutschen Sprache. [Eine Veröffentlichung der Deutschen Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung]. Göttingen: Wallstein-Verlag, 2000, 134 S., ISBN 3-89244-450-1 – Note: This book includes a comparison with the German spelling reform of Nazi Germany or Drittes Reich ("Third Reich") of 1944. Anmerkung: Dies Buch enthält einen Vergleich mit der Reform der deutschen Rechtschreibung von 1944 – online
 * Hanno Birken-Bertsch und Reinhard Markner: Sprachführer. Über den Sonderweg der deutschen Rechtschreibreformer. In: Junge Welt vom 3. April 2001 – online
 * Friedrich Denk: Frankfurter Erklärung zur Rechtschreibreform. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung vom 19. Oktober 1996 – online
 * Friedrich Denk: Kein Schlußstrich. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung Nr. 293 vom 16. Dezember 2006, S. 18 – online
 * Wolfgang Denk: 10 Jahre Rechtschreibreform. Überlegungen zu einer Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse. Masterarbeit im Fachbereich 09 Wirtschaftsingenieurwesen der Fachhochschule München. München, 5. September 2006, 172 Seiten – PDF Download
 * Matthias Dräger: Rechtschreibreform: Matthias Dräger über den Volksentscheid in Schleswig-Holstein. "Ein Sprung in die Jauchegrube". Interview von Thorsten Thaler. In: Junge Freiheit, Nr. 40 vom 25. September 1998, S. 3 – online
 * Peter Eisenberg: Das Versagen orthographischer Regeln. Über den Umgang mit dem Kuckucksei. In: Hans-Werner Eroms; Horst Haider Munske (Hrsg): Die Rechtschreibreform. Pro und Kontra. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag, 1997, 264 S., ISBN 3-503-03786-1, S. 47–50
 * Peter Eisenberg (Hrsg.): Niemand hat das letzte Wort. Sprache, Schrift, Orthographie. Göttingen: Wallstein, 2006, 121 S., ISBN 978-3-8353-0059-0 (Valerio 3/2006, Publikation der Deutschen Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung) – online
 * Hans-Werner Eroms; Horst Haider Munske (Hrsg): Die Rechtschreibreform. Pro und Kontra. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag, 1997, 264 S., ISBN 3-503-03786-1
 * Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung für Deutschland (Hrsg.): Die Reform als Diktat. Zur Auseinandersetzung über die deutsche Rechtschreibung. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Frankfurt am Main, Oktober 2000, 119 S.
 * Peter Gallmann, Horst Sitta: Die Neuregelung der deutschen Rechtschreibung. Regeln, Kommentar und Verzeichnis wichtiger Neuschreibungen. Mannheim / Leipzig / Wien / Zürich: Dudenverlag, 1996, 316 S. (= Dudentaschenbuch, Band 26)
 * Peter Gallmann, Horst Sitta: Handbuch Rechtschreiben. 4. Auflage. Zürich: Lehrmittelverlag des Kantons Zürich, 1998, 216 Seiten, ISBN 3-906718-50-6
 * Rolf Gröschner: Zur Verfassungswidrigkeit der Rechtschreibreform. In: Eroms, Hans Werner / Munske, Horst Haider (Hrsg.): Die Rechtschreibreform. Pro und Kontra. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag, 1997, 264 S., ISBN 3-503-03786-1, S. 69–79
 * Uwe Grund: Orthographische Regelwerke im Praxistest - Schulische Rechtschreibleistungen vor und nach der Rechtschreibreform, Verlag Frank&Timme, Berlin, 248 Seiten, ISBN 978-3-7329-0279-8
 * Jan Henrik Holst: Abschaffung der Rechtschreibreform – eine Chance für die deutsche Sprachgemeinschaft. Hamburg, 6. Oktober 2006 Download
 * Theodor Ickler: Die sogenannte Rechtschreibreform. Ein Schildbürgerstreich. 2. Auflage, St. Goar: Leibniz-Verlag, 1997, 206 Seiten, ISBN 3-931155-09-9 (Download PDF, 750 kB)
 * Theodor Ickler: Kritischer Kommentar zur "Neuregelung der deutschen Rechtschreibung". Mit einem Anhang zur "Mannheimer Anhörung", 2. durchgesehene und erweiterte Auflage, Erlangen und Jena: Verlag Palm & Enke, 1999 (Erlanger Studien, Band 116), 289 Seiten, ISBN 3-7896-0992-7
 * Theodor Ickler: Regelungsgewalt. Hintergründe der Rechtschreibreform, St. Goar: Leibniz, 2001, 312 S., ISBN 3-931155-18-8 (Download PDF, 1,9 MB)
 * Theodor Ickler: Normale deutsche Rechtschreibung. Sinnvoll schreiben, trennen, Zeichen setzen, 4. erweiterte Auflage, St. Goar: Leibniz Verlag, 2004, 579 S., ISBN 3-931155-14-5 (Früher u.d.T.: Ickler, Theodor: Deutsche Einheitsorthographie 1999 und: Das Rechtschreibwörterbuch, 2000)
 * Theodor Ickler: Rechtschreibreform in der Sackgasse: Neue Dokumente und Kommentare, St. Goar: Leibniz, 2004, 276 S., ISBN 3-931155-22-6 (Download PDF, 1,7 MB)
 * Theodor Ickler: Falsch ist richtig. Ein Leitfaden durch die Abgründe der Schlechtschreibreform, München: Droemer, 2006, 271 S., ISBN 978-3-426-27391-3
 * Helmut Jochems; Theodor Ickler: Die Rechtschreibreform. Ein Schildbürgerstreich. In: Pädagogische Rundschau, Jg. 51 (1997), Heft 6, S. 764–766
 * Helmut Jochems: Die Rechtschreibreform ist seit dem 1.8.1998 amtlich. Was heißt das? Was ist jetzt zu tun? In: Schule in Frankfurt (SchiFF), Nr. 40, November 1998, S. 6–10 – online
 * Helmut Jochems: Schlußstrich oder Schlussstrich? Die neue deutsche Rechtschreibung im zweiten Jahr ihrer Erprobungsphase. In: Schule in Frankfurt (SchiFF), Nr. 42, Dezember 1999, S. 9–11 – online
 * Wolfgang Kopke: Rechtschreibreform und Verfassungsrecht. Schulrechtliche, persönlichkeitsrechtliche und kulturverfassungsrechtliche Aspekte einer Reform der deutschen Orthographie. Zugleich: Dissertation, Universität Jena, 1995. Tübingen: Mohr, 1995, XII, 452 S., ISBN 3-16-146524-5
 * Hans Krieger: Der Rechtschreib-Schwindel. Zwischenrufe zu einem absurden Reformtheater, 1. Auflage, 1998, 152 S., 2. erweiterte Auflage, mit neuen Texten zur aktuellen Entwicklung. St. Goar: Leibniz-Verlag, 2000, 207 S., ISBN 3-931155-11-0 Aufsatzsammlung des Feuilletonchefs der Bayerischen Staatszeitung
 * Hans Krieger: "Klar, schlicht und stark" – Sollen wir schreiben wie die Nationalsozialisten? Das verdrängte Vorbild der Rechtschreibreform. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung vom 2. Oktober 2000 ["Clear, simple and powerful" – Shall we write like the National Socialists? The suppressed model of the Reform of German orthography] – online
 * Heide Kuhlmann: Orthographie und Politik. Zur Genese eines irrationalen Diskurses. Magisterarbeit. Hannover, 1999 – online
 * Christian Meier: "Opfer der Spaßgesellschaft". Christian Meier über die aktuelle Lage im Rechtschreibkampf, den Reform-Widerstand der Deutschen Akademie und die hiesige Lesekultur. Interview von Moritz Schwarz. In: Junge Freiheit Nr. 34, 18. August 2000. S. 3 – online
 * Horst Haider Munske: Orthographie als Sprachkultur. Frankfurt am Main; Berlin; Bern; New York; Paris; Wien: Peter-Lang-Verlag, Europäischer Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1997, 336 Seiten, ISBN 3-631-31142-7
 * Horst Haider Munske: Neue Rechtschreibwörterbücher im Irrgarten der Rechtschreibreform. Wie soll man selber schreiben und publizieren in diesem Rechtschreibchaos? [Darin: "Alles Rotgedruckte ist falsch! Man vermeide die roten Giftpilze im Duden!"] In: Schule in Frankfurt (SchiFF), Nr. 44, Juni 2001 – online
 * Horst Haider Munske: Die angebliche Rechtschreibreform, St. Goar: Leibniz-Verlag, 2005, 163 Seiten, ISBN 3-931155-13-7
 * Horst Haider Munske: Lob der Rechtschreibung. Warum wir schreiben, wie wir schreiben. München: Beck, 2005, 141 S., ISBN 3-406-52861-9
 * Thomas Paulwitz: Chaos-Regeln. Die Rechtschreibreform ist gescheitert. Gibt es jetzt eine Reform der Reform? In: Junge Freiheit Nr. 11 vom 8. März 2002, S. 2 – online
 * Thomas Paulwitz: Der Rechtschreibrat ist gescheitert. Eine Bewertung der neuesten Reform der Rechtschreibreform. In: Deutsche Sprachwelt – Ausgabe 23 vom 20. März 2006, S. 4 – Download PDF
 * Stephanus Peil: Die Wörterliste. St. Goar: Leibniz-Verlag, 1997, 28 S., ISBN 3-931155-07-2; 10., überarb. Auflage: Die Wörterliste. Ein Vergleich bisheriger und geplanter Schreibweisen. Westerburg, In den Gärten 5: S. Peil, 1998, 42 S. – online
 * Elke Philburn: "New rules chaos" – Die deutsche Rechtschreibreform in Großbritannien. In: Schule in Frankfurt (SchiFF), Nr. 47, November 2003 – online
 * Reichs- und Preußisches Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung [Hrsg.]: Regeln für die deutsche Rechtschreibung nebst Wörterverzeichnis. Unveränderte Neuauflage von 1940, Berlin: Weidmann, 1941
 * Reichsministerium für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung [Hrsg.]: Regeln für die deutsche Rechtschreibung und Wörterverzeichnis. Berlin: Deutscher Schulverlag, 1944
 * Manfred Riebe: Die sogenannte deutsche Rechtschreibreform und die Reform der Reform. In: europa dokumentaro Nr. 13. März 2000, S. 10–13 – online
 * Manfred Riebe: Unlogisch und verwirrend. Vor einem Jahr wurde in den meisten Medien die neue Rechtschreibung eingeführt. In: Junge Freiheit Nr. 31/32 vom 28. Juli / 4. August 2000; S. 11 – online
 * Manfred Riebe: Es ist nie zu spät. Die Front gegen die Rechtschreibreform wird breiter. In: Junge Freiheit Nr. 30 vom 16. Juli 2004, S. 2 – online
 * Manfred Riebe; Norbert Schäbler; Tobias Loew (Hrsg.): Der "stille" Protest. Widerstand gegen die Rechtschreibreform im Schatten der Öffentlichkeit, St. Goar: Leibniz-Verlag, Oktober 1997, 298 S., ISBN 3-931155-10-2 – Dokumentation von 21 Initiativen gegen die Rechtschreibreform
 * Maria Theresia Rolland: Streitobjekt Sprache. In: Manfred Riebe; Norbert Schäbler; Tobias Loew (Hrsg.): Der "stille" Protest. St. Goar: Leibniz-Verlag, 1997, S. 190 f.
 * Maria Theresia Rolland: Korrekte Informationsvermittlung durch Rechtschreibreform gefährdet. In: NFD, Information – Wissenschaft und Praxis, 48 (1997) 5; S. 289–293
 * Maria Theresia Rolland: Sprache in Theorie und Praxis. Gesammelte Aufsätze 1995–1997. Würzburg: Königshausen und Neumann, 1999, 247 S., ISBN 3-8260-1585-1
 * Wolfgang Roth: Zur Verfassungswidrigkeit der Rechtschreibreform. Zugleich Anmerkungen zum Urteil des BVerfG vom 14.7.1998 – 1 BvR 1640/97. In: Bayerische Verwaltungsblätter, Heft 9, 1. Mai 1999, S. 257–266
 * Michael Schneider: Geschichte der deutschen Orthographie – unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Entwicklung seit 1994. Universität Marburg, 2001, 30 S. – PDF
 * Alexander Siegner (Hrsg.): Rechtschreibreform auf dem Prüfstand. Die Rechtschreibreform – Jahrhundertwerk oder Flop? Mit Beiträgen von Reiner Kunze; Stephanus Peil; Theodor Ickler u.a. – St. Goar: Leibniz-Verlag, 1997, 55 S., ISBN 3-931155-08-0
 * Dieter Stein (Hrsg.): Rettet die deutsche Sprache. Beiträge, Interviews und Materialien zum Kampf gegen Rechtschreibreform und Anglizismen. Edition JF – Dokumentation, Band 9, Berlin 2004, 192 Seiten, ISBN 3-929886-21-9 (mit Beiträgen u.a. von Theodor Ickler, Walter Krämer, Christian Meier, Thomas Paulwitz, Karin Pfeiffer-Stolz, Manfred Riebe)
 * Verein für Deutsche Rechtschreibung und Sprachpflege e. V. (VRS) – Initiative gegen die Rechtschreibreform: Unser Kampf gegen die Rechtschreibreform. Volksentscheid in Schleswig-Holstein. Bearbeitung und Kommentar: Manfred Riebe. Nürnberg: VRS, Dezember 1998, 34 S.
 * Johannes Wasmuth: Verbot der Werkänderung und Rechtschreibreform. In: Zeitschrift für Urheber- und Medienrecht (ZUM) Nr. 11/2001, S. 858–865
 * Hagen A. Wegewitz: Verfassungsunmittelbare Bindungswirkung abstrahierbarer Auslegungen des Grundgesetzes. Theorie der Bindungswirkung und Methodik zur Ermittlung der tragenden Gründe von Bundesverfassungsgerichtsentscheidungen am Beispiel einer argumentationstheoretischen Analyse der Entscheidungen zur Rechtschreibreform. Zugleich: Dissertation Universität Jena, 2002. Frankfurt am Main; Berlin; Bern; Bruxelles; New York; Oxford; Wien: Lang, 2003, 366 S., ISBN 3-631-50688-0
 * Hermann Zabel (Hrsg.): "Keine Wüteriche am Werk". Berichte und Dokumente zur Neuregelung der deutschen Rechtschreibung. Hrsg. in Verbindung mit der Gesellschaft für deutsche Sprache. Hagen: Reiner Padligur Verlag, 1996, 448 S., ISBN 3-922957-46-3
 * Hermann Zabel (Hrsg.): Widerworte. "Lieber Herr Grass, Ihre Aufregung ist unbegründet". Antworten an Gegner und Kritiker der Rechtschreibreform. Aachen: Shaker, 1997, 184 S., ISBN 3-8265-2859-X
 * Jean-Marie Zemb: Für eine sinnige Rechtschreibung. Eine Aufforderung zur Besinnung ohne Gesichtsverlust. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, 1997, 154 S., ISBN 3-484-73047-1

Authoritative official rules

 * Web page edition of the rules.
 * Web page edition of the rules.

Related articles in the German Wikipedia

 * Rechtschreibreform – Spelling reform
 * Deutsche Rechtschreibung – German spelling
 * Deutsche Rechtschreibung im 20. Jahrhundert – 20th-century German spelling
 * Neue deutsche Rechtschreibung – New German spelling

Societies for the German language

 * Bund für deutsche Schrift und Sprache (BfdS)
 * Forschungsgruppe Deutsche Sprache e.V. (FDS) (German Language Research Group)
 * Lebendige deutsche Sprache e.V. (LDS)
 * Neue Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft zu Köthen/Anhalt
 * Society for German spelling and language cultivation – initiative against the spelling reform
 * Sprachkreis Deutsch, Bern

Language journals

 * Deutsche Sprachwelt (DSW)
 * "Wiener Sprachblätter", Zeitschrift für gutes Deutsch

Activities concerning the spelling reform

 * Hagen A.Wegewitz: 35 Urteile zur Rechtschreibreform (PDF)

title: German orthography reform of 1996


text:
Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science

The School of Computer Science (SCS) at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US is a school for computer science established in 1988. It has been consistently ranked among the best computer science programs over the decades. As of 2024 U.S. News & World Report ranks the graduate program as tied for No. 1 with Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University and University of California, Berkeley.

Researchers from Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science have made fundamental contributions to the fields of algorithms, artificial intelligence, computer networks, distributed systems, parallel processing, programming languages, computational biology, robotics, language technologies, human–computer interaction and software engineering.

History
In July 1965, Allen Newell, Herbert A. Simon, and Alan J. Perlis, in conjunction with the faculty from the Graduate School of Industrial Administration (GSIA, renamed Tepper School of Business in 2004), staff from the newly formed Computation Center, and key administrators created the Computer Science Department, one of the first such departments in the nation. Their mission statement was "to cultivate a course of study leading to the PhD degree in computer science, a program that would exploit the new technology and assist in establishing a discipline of computer science." The educational program, formally accepted in October 1965, drew its first graduate students from several existing academic disciplines: mathematics, electrical engineering, psychology, and the interdisciplinary Systems and Communications Sciences program in the Graduate School of Industrial Administration. The department was housed within the Mellon College of Science.

With support from Newell, Simon, Nico Haberman, Provost Angel Jordan and President Richard Cyert, the computer science department began a two-year status as a "floating" department in the early months of 1986. Then, the Department began to grow, both academically and financially. In 1988, the School of Computer Science was established, among the first such schools in the country. The Computer Science Department was the original department within the school.

Structure in the 1970s
During the 1970s the Computer Science Department offered only a PhD study program, with no master's degree as an intermediate step. The PhD program required a minimum of six years of residency. It was called the "do or die" program among the graduate students, because a student could not drop a PhD and receive a master's degree. It had quickly focused on computer networking, operating systems (Hydra, Accent, Mach), and robotics.

Organizational units

 * Ray and Stephanie Lane Computational Biology Department (CBD)
 * Computer Science Department (CSD)
 * Human–Computer Interaction Institute (HCII)
 * Software and Societal Systems Department (S3D): Its research and education focus is on software systems, which spans not only classical software engineering but also topics such as economics, social and organizational issues, public policy, and privacy. ISR is a distinct entity from the Software Engineering Institute (SEI). SEI is a FFRDC, which is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Defense and does not offer educational programs.
 * Language Technologies Institute (LTI)
 * Machine Learning Department (MLD)
 * Robotics Institute (RI)

Gates and Hillman Centers

The Gates Center for Computer Science and the Hillman Center for Future-Generation Technologies are home to much of the School of Computer Science. The $98 million complex was opened in 2009. It has 217000 sqft of floor space, including about 310 offices, 11 conference rooms, 32 labs, 8000 sqft of project space and the Planetary Robotics Center. It also houses 12 classrooms, including a 250-seat auditorium.

Additionally, the Gates Center connects to the Purnell Center, which houses the School of Drama, via the Randy Pausch Memorial Footbridge. The bridge represents Professor Pausch's own devotion to linking computer science and entertainment, as he was a co-founder of Carnegie Mellon's Entertainment Technology Center.

Mack Scogin Merril Elam Architects of Atlanta, Georgia were the lead architects. The Gates and Hillman Centers have received LEED Gold Certification.

Traditions

 * Carnegie Mellon's Mobot Races, now in their 14th year, are hosted by the School of Computer Science during every Spring Carnival celebration. The Mobots (short for mobile robots) follow a slalom course painted in the sidewalk outside of Wean Hall. The Mobot Races used to include a MoboJoust competition, but it has not been held since 2002 to avoid damaging the Mobots.
 * SCS Day is a yearly celebration of computer science that started in 2003. The event features a variety of activities, including exhibits, workshops and games, in addition to an evening talent show.

Smiley face
SCS research professor Scott Fahlman is credited with the invention of the smiley face emoticon. He suggested the emoticon on an electronic board in 1982 as a way for board readers to know when an author was joking. The text of Fahlman's original post was lost for nearly 20 years but was later recovered from backup tapes:

Tartan Racing
Tartan Racing is a collaboration between Carnegie Mellon and General Motors Corporation that competes in the DARPA Grand Challenge. The Grand Challenge is a competition for driverless cars sponsored by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). Tartan Racing is led by Carnegie Mellon roboticist William L. "Red" Whittaker.

In 2007, Tartan Racing won the DARPA Urban Challenge, in which 11 autonomous ground vehicles raced over urban roadways. In the challenge, team vehicles were required to obey all California driving laws, share the road with other drivers and robotic cars, and complete the course in under six hours. Tartan Racing won the $2 million cash prize with Boss, a reworked 2007 Chevy Tahoe. Averaging about 14 mi an hour for a 55 mi trip, Boss beat the second-place team, Stanford Racing, by just under 20 minutes.

SCS honors and awards
The School established a number of honors and awards.

 * SCS Endowed Chairs
 * Finmeccanica Chair
 * A. Nico Habermann Chair in the School of Computer Science
 * Litton Faculty Fellows
 * Allen Newell Award for Research Excellence
 * Herbert A. Simon Award for Teaching Excellence in Computer Science
 * The Robert Doherty Prize for Excellence in Education
 * Carnegie Mellon University Undergraduate Academic Advising Award

Faculty
Faculty members from the School of Computer Science have received international recognition for achievements within their fields. These honors include memberships and fellowships in the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Association for Computing Machinery, the Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the MacArthur Fellowship Program, and the Guggenheim Fellowship Program. Notably, thirteen SCS faculty and alumni have won the A. M. Turing Award, the Association for Computing Machinery's most prestigious award, often called the "Nobel Prize of computing." These include Raj Reddy, Manuel Blum and Edmund M. Clarke of the recent active faculty, in addition to Emeritus Faculty Dana Scott and former faculty Geoffrey Hinton.

Notable faculty

 * Randy Pausch was a professor of computer science, human-computer interaction and design. Pausch was also a best-selling author, who became known around the world after he gave "The Last Lecture" speech on September 18, 2007 at Carnegie Mellon. Pausch was instrumental in the development of Alice, a computer teaching tool. He also co-founded Carnegie Mellon's Entertainment Technology Center. Randy Pausch died on July 25, 2008.
 * Mary Shaw is the Alan J. Perlis Professor of Computer Science in the Institute for Software Research at Carnegie Mellon University. Shaw published seminal work on software engineering, and has lately become well known for her work on computer science education. Shaw was awarded the National Medal of Technology and Innovation on November 21, 2014.
 * Luis von Ahn is a Consulting Professor in the Computer Science Department, where he also received his PhD in 2005. Von Ahn was named a MacArthur Fellow in 2006 (called the "genius" grant). He also created Games With a Purpose, a website where users can play games to help train computers to solve complicated problems, in addition to reCAPTCHA and Duolingo.
 * William L. "Red" Whittaker is a roboticist and research professor of robotics at Carnegie Mellon who led the Tartan Racing team to victory in the 2007 DARPA Grand Challenge. He is also leading a team of Carnegie Mellon students to win the Google Lunar X Prize. Whittaker is the Fredkin Professor of Robotics at the Robotics Institute and the director of the Robotics Institute's Field Robotics Center since its creation in 1983. Whittaker earned his master's and doctoral degrees in Civil Engineering from Carnegie Mellon in the late 1970s.
 * Raj Reddy is the University Professor of Computer Science and Robotics and Moza Bint Nasser Chair at the School of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University. His areas of interest include artificial intelligence and human-computer interaction. He received the ACM Turning award in 1994. He received the French Legion of Honour in 1984 and Padma Bhushan award in 2001. He was also awarded the Honda Prize in 2005, and the Vannevar Bush Award in 2006. Reddy was the founding directory of the Robotics Institute and the Dean of School of Computer Science. He was one of the founders of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence and was its President from 1987 to 1989.
 * Takeo Kanade is a U.A. and Helen Whitaker University Professor of Computer Science and Robotics. He is the director of the Quality of Life Technology Engineering Research Center at Carnegie Mellon. His main areas of interest include computer vision, multi-media, manipulators, autonomous mobile robots, and sensors.
 * Hans Moravec is a research professor at the Robotics Institute with interests in mobile robots and artificial intelligence. He worked in the RI's Mobile Robot Lab, a research space designed to produce robots able to move through intricate indoor and outdoor areas. He also helped develop Moravec's paradox in the 1980s, which states that it is more difficult for computers to learn basic human instincts than human reason.
 * Manuela M. Veloso is the Herbert A. Simon Professor at the School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University. She is the President of the International RoboCup Federation that she co-founded and the President Elect of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence. She is a fellow of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence, a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and a Fellow of IEEE. Her research focus on the scientific and engineering challenges of creating teams of intelligent agents in complex, dynamic, and uncertain environments, in particular adversarial environments, such as robot soccer, that Cooperate, Observe the world, Reason, Act, and Learn. She currently researches and develops effective indoor mobile service robots aiming at contributing to a multi-robot, multi-human symbiotic relationship, in which robots and humans coordinate and cooperate as a function of their limitations and strengths.
 * Manuel Blum is the Bruce Nelson Professor of Computer Science and a Turing Award winner. His wife Lenore Blum and son Avrim Blum are also professors in the School of Computer Science.
 * Lorrie Cranor is the FORE Systems Professor in the Institute for Software Research and served as the Chief Technologist at the Federal Trade Commission.
 * Kathleen Carley is a computational social scientist and a professor at the Institute for Software Research.
 * David Garlan is a professor at the Institute for Software Research.
 * Randal Bryant is a Founders University Professor of Computer Science Emeritus and former Dean of the School of Computer Science.
 * Daniel Siewiorek is the Buhl University Professor Emeritus at CMU.
 * Michael Ian Shamos is a Distinguished Career Professor in the Institute for Systems Research and Language Technologies Institute.


text:
Talk:Tepper School of Business

The following
The following reads like a brochure: moved from main page. Vicki Rosenzweig 16:31, 2 Aug 2003 (UTC)

" As one of the most technologically elite universities in the world, the dedication to cutting edge learning and application underlies everything that we do ? with an approach to business management that allows our students to make a significant impact through analytical decision making.

History
Since its founding in 1949, by William Larimer Mellon, the Graduate School of Industrial Administration has distinguished itself by developing the scientific principles that underlie business management. It has quickly grown into one of the world's premier centers for teaching and research in business management.

Many of the Graduate School of Industrial Administration?s educational innovations have now been adopted by other national and international business schools. For example, the Graduate School of Industrial Administration?s Management Game pioneered the use of computer simulation for experiential learning of business roles, and such simulations have subsequently been eagerly adopted by other institutions. Today, the FAST laboratory is a continuation of the Graduate School of Industrial Administration?s pioneering work in experiential learning.

The Graduate School of Industrial Administration?s faculty have won wide acclaim for research which spans all of the functional areas of business and economics. The school has also produced four Nobel Prize winners in Economics: Robert Lucas, Merton Miller, Franco Modigliani, and Herb Simon. Lucas was awarded the prize for his pioneering work on rational expectations theory and its implications for government macroeconomic and regulatory policies. Modigliani's prize recognized his path-breaking life-cycle theory of consumer savings, an important component in all modern macroeconomic models. Miller's prize was awarded in recognition of his contributions to corporate finance. The results of his research -- in collaboration with Franco Modigliani -- is now taught in every business school in the country. Simon's prize was given for his seminal development of the idea of bounded rationality in economics, and the need to focus on human behavior as well as markets in order to understand the workings of a large industrial economy."

Even if there are no copyright issues (I can't find this on google, but the "we" is suggestive) it's not an encyclopedia article, it's an ad.

New changes
New changes made based upon information made publically available from Tepper School. All content was scrubbed to ensure that it was not an advertisement. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bradburke (talk • contribs) 06:16, 26 February 2007

GA Nomination
The article looks good. There is only one problem that I can see. Footnotes are placed at the titles of "Research Centers" and "Rankings" section. Please see Footnotes - footnotes should be placed in the body of a section instead. Also, the section title "Research Centers" should not have both words captalised, it should be "Research centers". After these problems are fixed, I'll pass the GA nomination. Hong Qi Gong (Talk - Contribs) 04:19, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Done. Good work, PadreNuestro. — mholland (talk) 04:55, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

GA passed! Hong Qi Gong (Talk - Contribs) 17:37, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Pictures
Most of the photographs should be moved to the article on Carnegie Mellon University as they have more to do with the university (student life, etc) at large than with the business school.
 * I think that these pictures could be ADDED to the Carnegie Mellon University main article page, but all of the pictures here are applicable to the business school. Hamerslag hall is used for several Tepper School presentation events and is home to several of the cross-campus classes.  The University Center is home to the school's principle athletic facilities, and I think a picture is an applicable addition to the student life section.  The business building and library are obviously important tepper school facilities, and the Barco building isn't related to CMU except through the MBA programs joint law degree (therefore its applicable to this article).  I agree that these pictures would be an excellent addition to the core CMU article and I welcome their inclusion. PadreNuestro 03:40, 3 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, they are all applicable, though some more than others (Posner Hall and Miller are definetly more Tepper related than the rest). Hunt and Hamerschlag less so because Hunt is also the primary library for H&SS, Heinz, and CFA and Hamerschlag is the headquarters of the ECE department.  I guess its ok to have them in this article but I still feel like they (along with the gym photograph) are more representative of the university as a whole (Hamerschlag because it is, in addition to being the ECE building, is the trademark building of CMU).  Look at it this way, Hunt, Hamerschlag, and the gym would be as appropriate on almost any other CMU department as on this one, wouldn't you find it strange if it was like that?
 * I completely agree that a few of these pictures would be applicable to other CMU related articles, but I still think that they add to this article and that they are applicable. At this point, the other schools for CMU in wikipedia are a little less developed so it might make more sense to beef up the text before adding these pictures (it would look weird to have the only picture in the Heinz school article be of the CMU library).  Once the other CMU articles get built up I think that it would make sense to add these pictures (especially the library and the university center). PadreNuestro 01:22, 4 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Alright. The information is great by the way.  You are right, the other CMU articles are in need of this kind of treatment, especially the main one.

GA comment
For the article to maintain its GA status, the copyrighted images need detailed fair use rationales. Look to other passed GA/FAs for examples. Let me know on my talk page if you have any questions. --Nehrams2020 07:00, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Mission
Is there any reason to include this? Mission statements are all kind of the same, I don't think this is likely to be interesting to many readers (it isn't to me, anyway). Including it is kind of spammy too.P4k 05:12, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Missing logo
This article is missing an image at the top of the article, which is an important omission that should be addressed. The Tepper School of Business has distinct, defined branding which includes a logo. This can easily be found with a quick web search. I would upload this myself, but I do not own the copyright to such images. Other business school pages, like USC Marshall School of Business, Fuqua School of Business, and Goizueta Business School all include logos. This page is an odd exception. The Real Lisan al Gaib (talk) 12:35, 28 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tepper School of Business