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Treaty of San Francisco

The Treaty of San Francisco (サンフランシスコ講和条約), also called the, re-established peaceful relations between Japan and the Allied Powers on behalf of the United Nations by ending the legal state of war, military occupation and providing for redress for hostile actions up to and including World War II. It was signed by 49 nations on 8 September 1951, in San Francisco, California, at the War Memorial Opera House. Italy and China were not invited, the latter due to disagreements on whether the Republic of China or the People's Republic of China represented the Chinese people. Korea was also not invited due to a similar disagreement on whether South Korea or North Korea represented the Korean people.

The treaty came into force on 28 April 1952. It ended Japan's role as an imperial power, allocated compensation to Allied nations and former prisoners of war who had suffered Japanese war crimes during World War II, ended the Allied post-war occupation of Japan, and returned full sovereignty to it. This treaty relied heavily on the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to enunciate the Allies' goals. In Article 11, Japan accepted the judgments of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and of other Allied War Crimes Courts imposed on Japan both within and outside Japan.

The 1951 treaty, along with the Security Treaty signed that same day, marks the beginning of the San Francisco System, which defines Japan's relationship with the United States and its role in the international arena and characterizes Japan's post-war history.

Present
Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Cambodia, Canada, Ceylon (currently Sri Lanka), Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, the Philippines, Poland, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, State of Vietnam, the Soviet Union, Syria, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, Uruguay, and Venezuela attended the Conference.

Absent
China was not invited due to disagreements between the United States and Great Britain on whether the established but defeated Republic of China (in Taiwan) or the newly-formed People's Republic of China (in mainland China) represented the Chinese people. The United States recognized the ROC government while Britain had recognized the PRC in 1950. Additionally, an internal US political debate had seen the Republican Party and US military supporting the Kuomintang party and accusing President Truman of having abandoned the anti-communism cause.

The absence of China at the table would later play a significant role in the South China Sea dispute, specifically regarding the overall diplomatic relationship (or lack thereof) between the United States and China. According to historian Rana Mitter, "The absence of contact between the United States and China made the establishment of shared norms, or even areas of mutually acknowledged difference, impossible."

Burma, India, and Yugoslavia were invited, but did not participate; India considered certain provisions of the treaty to constitute limitations on Japanese sovereignty and national independence. India signed a separate peace treaty, the Treaty of Peace Between Japan and India, for the purpose of giving Japan a proper position of honor and equality among the community of free nations, on June 9, 1952. Italy was not invited, despite its government having issued a formal declaration of war on Japan on July 14, 1945, just a few weeks before the end of the war. Nor was Portugal invited, even though, despite its status as a neutral country during the war, its territory of East Timor had been invaded by Japan. Pakistan, although it had not existed as a state at the time of the war, was invited because it was seen as a successor state to British India, a major combatant against Japan.

Soviet Union's opposition to the treaty
The Soviet Union took part in the San Francisco conference, and the Soviet delegation was led by the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko. From the start of the conference the Soviet Union expressed vigorous and vocal opposition to the draft treaty text prepared by the United States and the United Kingdom. The Soviet delegation made several unsuccessful procedural attempts to stall the proceedings. The Soviet Union's objections were detailed in a lengthy 8 September 1951, statement by Gromyko. The statement contained a number of the Soviet Union's claims and assertions: that the treaty did not provide any guarantees against the rise of Japanese militarism; that China was not invited to participate despite being one of the main victims of the Japanese aggression; that the Soviet Union was not properly consulted when the treaty was being prepared; that the treaty sets up Japan as an American military base and draws Japan into a military coalition directed against the Soviet Union; that the treaty was in effect a separate peace treaty; that the draft treaty violated the rights of China to Taiwan and several other islands; that the draft treaty, in violation of the Yalta agreement, did not recognize the Soviet Union's sovereignty over South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands; and other objections. It was not until 19 October 1956, that Japan and the Soviet Union signed a Joint Declaration ending the war and reestablishing diplomatic relations.

People's Republic of China's objections to the treaty
The ongoing Chinese Civil War and thus the question of which Chinese government was legitimate presented a dilemma to conference organizers. The United States wanted to invite the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan to represent China, while the United Kingdom wished to invite the People's Republic of China (PRC) on mainland China as China's representative. As a compromise, neither government was invited.

Sri Lanka's defense of Japan
A major player in providing support for a post-war free Japan was the delegation from Ceylon (now known as Sri Lanka). While many were reluctant to allow a free Japan capable of aggressive action and insisted that the terms of surrender should be rigidly enforced in an attempt to break the spirit of the Japanese nation, the Ceylonese Finance Minister J.R. Jayawardene spoke in defense of a free Japan and informed the conference of Ceylon's refusal to accept the payment of reparations that would harm Japan's economy. His reason was "We in Ceylon were fortunate that we were not invaded, but the damage caused by air raids, by the stationing of enormous armies under the South-East Asia Command, and by the slaughter-tapping of one of our main commodities, rubber, when we were the only producer of natural rubber for the Allies, entitles us to ask that the damage so caused should be repaired. We do not intend to do so for we believe in the words of the Great Teacher [Buddha] whose message has ennobled the lives of countless millions in Asia, that  ' hatred ceases not by hatred but by love '. " He ended the same speech by saying:"This treaty is as magnanimous as it is just to a defeated foe. We extend to Japan the hand of friendship and trust that with the closing of this chapter in the history of man, the last page of which we write today, and with the beginning of the new one, the first page of which we dictate tomorrow, her people and ours may march together to enjoy the full dignity of human life in peace and prosperity."

Minister Jayewardene's speech was received with resounding applause. Afterwards, the New York Times stated, "The voice of free Asia, eloquent, melancholy and still strong with the lilt of an Oxford accent, dominated the Japanese peace treaty conference today."

Signatories and ratification

Of the 51 participating countries, 48 signed the treaty; Czechoslovakia, Poland and the Soviet Union refused.

The signatories to the treaty were: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Cambodia, Canada, Ceylon (currently Sri Lanka), Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Vietnam, Syria, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, Uruguay, Venezuela and Japan.

The Philippines ratified the San Francisco Treaty on July 16, 1956, after the signing of a reparations agreement between both countries in May of that year. Indonesia did not ratify the San Francisco Peace Treaty. Instead, it signed with Japan a bilateral reparations agreement and peace treaty on January 20, 1958. A separate treaty, the Treaty of Taipei, formally known as the Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty, was signed in Taipei on April 28, 1952, between Japan and the ROC, just hours before the Treaty of San Francisco also went into effect on April 28. The apparent illogical order of the two treaties is due to the difference between time zones.

Fate of Taiwan and other Japanese overseas territories
According to the treaty's travaux préparatoires, a consensus existed among the states present at the San Francisco Peace Conference that, while the legal status of the island of Taiwan is temporarily undetermined, it would be resolved at a later time in accordance with the principles of peaceful settlement of disputes and self-determination, ideas that had been enshrined in the UN Charter.

The document officially renounces Japan's treaty rights derived from the Boxer Protocol of 1901 and its rights to Korea, Formosa and the Pescadores, Hong Kong (then a British colony), the Kuril Islands, the Spratly Islands, Antarctica and South Sakhalin.

Article 3 of the treaty left the Bonin Islands, Volcano Islands (including Iwo Jima), and the Ryukyu Islands, which included Okinawa and the Amami, Miyako and Yaeyama Islands groups, under a potential U.N. trusteeship. While the treaty provision implied that these territories would become a United Nations trusteeship, in the end that option was not pursued. The Amami Islands were eventually restored to Japan on 25 December 1953, with the Bonin and Volcano Islands restored on 5 April 1968. In 1969 U.S.-Japan negotiations authorized the transfer of authority over the Ryūkyūs to Japan to be implemented in 1972. In 1972, the United States' "reversion" of the Ryūkyūs occurred along with the ceding of control over the nearby Senkaku Islands. Both the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) argue that this agreement did not determine the ultimate sovereignty of the Senkaku Islands.

The Treaty of Taipei between Japan and the ROC stated that all residents of Taiwan and the Pescadores were deemed as nationals of the ROC. Additionally, in Article 2 it specified that – It is recognised that under Article 2 of the Treaty of Peace which Japan signed at the city of San Francisco on 8 September 1951 (hereinafter referred to as the San Francisco Treaty), Japan has renounced all right, title, and claim to Taiwan (Formosa) and Penghu (the Pescadores) as well as the Spratley Islands and the Paracel Islands. However, this treaty does not include any wording saying that Japan recognizes that the territorial sovereignty of Taiwan was transferred to the Republic of China.

Some supporters of Taiwan independence refer to the San Francisco Peace Treaty to argue that Taiwan is not a part of the Republic of China, for it does not explicitly state the sovereignty status of Taiwan after Japan's renunciation. In 1955, U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, co-author of the San Francisco Peace Treaty, affirmed that the treaty ceded Taiwan to no one; that Japan "merely renounced sovereignty over Taiwan". Dulles said that America "cannot, therefore, admit that the disposition of Taiwan is merely an internal problem of China." However, the ROC Ministry of Foreign Affairs rejected this justification, arguing that the Instrument of Surrender of Japan accepts the Potsdam Declaration and the Cairo Declaration, which intends Taiwan and Penghu to be restored to the ROC. Supporters of Taiwan independence point out that the Potsdam Declaration and the Cairo Declaration were not treaties, but President Ma expressed that the Treaty of Taipei has voided the Treaty of Shimonoseki and recognizes that people of Taiwan and Penghu as Chinese nationality. In more recent years supporters of Taiwan independence have more often relied on arguments based on self-determination as implied in the San Francisco Peace Treaty and popular sovereignty, but the United Nations has consistently rejected such arguments.

By Article 11 Japan accepted the judgments of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and of other Allied War Crimes Courts both within and outside Japan and agreed to carry out the sentences imposed thereby upon Japanese nationals imprisoned in Japan.

The document further set guidelines for repatriation of Allied prisoners of war and renounces future military aggression under the guidelines set by the United Nations Charter. The document nullifies prior treaties and lays down the framework for Japan's current status of retaining a military that is purely defensive in nature.

There is also some ambiguity as to over which islands Japan has renounced sovereignty. This has led to both the Kuril Islands dispute and the Senkaku Islands dispute.

Transfer of Japanese overseas assets
In accordance with Article 14 of the Treaty, Allied forces confiscated all assets owned by the Japanese government, firms, organization and private citizens, in all colonized or occupied countries except China, which was dealt with under Article 21. China repossessed all Japanese assets in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia, which included mineworks and railway infrastructure. Moreover, Article 4 of the treaty stated that "the disposition of property of Japan and of its nationals...and their claims...against the authorities presently administering such areas and the residents...shall be the subject of special arrangements between Japan and such authorities." Although Korea was not a signatory state of the treaty, it was also entitled to the benefits of Article 4 by the provisions of Article 21.

Total amount of Japanese overseas assets in China was US$18,758,600,000 in 1945.

Compensation to Allied POWs
Article 16 of the San Francisco Treaty states:"As an expression of its desire to indemnify those members of the armed forces of the Allied Powers who suffered undue hardships while prisoners of war of Japan, Japan will transfer its assets and those of its nationals in countries which were neutral during the war, or which were at war with any of the Allied Powers, or, at its option, the equivalent of such assets, to the International Committee of the Red Cross which shall liquidate such assets and distribute the resultant fund to appropriate national agencies, for the benefit of former prisoners of war and their families on such basis as it may determine to be equitable. The categories of assets described in Article 14(a)2(II)(ii) through (v) of the present Treaty shall be excepted from transfer, as well as assets of Japanese natural persons not residents of Japan on the first coming into force of the Treaty. It is equally understood that the transfer provision of this Article has no application to the 19,770 shares in the Bank for International Settlements presently owned by Japanese financial institutions."

Accordingly, Japan paid £4,500,000 to the Red Cross.

Article 16 has served as a bar against subsequent lawsuits filed by former Allied prisoners of war against Japan. In 1998, a Tokyo court ruled against a suit brought by former Allied POWs, citing the San Francisco Treaty.

Allied territories occupied by Japan
Article 14 of the treaty stated that"It is recognized that Japan should pay reparations to the Allied Powers for the damage and suffering caused by it during the war. Nevertheless it is also recognized that the resources of Japan are not presently sufficient, if it is to maintain a viable economy, to make complete reparation for all such damage and suffering and at the same time meet its other obligations." Therefore,"Japan will promptly enter into negotiations with Allied Powers so desiring, whose present territories were occupied by Japanese forces and damaged by Japan, with a view to assisting to compensate those countries for the cost of repairing the damage done, by making available the services of the Japanese people in production, salvaging and other work for the Allied Powers in question."

Accordingly, the Philippines and South Vietnam received compensation in 1956 and 1959, respectively. Burma and Indonesia were not original signatories, but they later signed bilateral treaties in accordance with Article 14 of the San Francisco Treaty.

Japanese military yen issued by force in Hong Kong, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Taiwan, and other places for the economic advantage of Japan were not honored by them after the war. This caused much suffering, but the claims of the Hong Kong Reparation Association in 1993, in a Tokyo district court, failed in 1999. The court acknowledged the suffering of the Hong Kong people, but reasoned that the Government of Japan did not have specific laws concerning military yen compensation and that the United Kingdom was a signatory to the Treaty of San Francisco.

Regarding China, on September 29, 1972, the Government of the People's Republic of China declared "that in the interest of the friendship between the Chinese and the Japanese peoples, it renounces its demand for war reparation from Japan" in article 5 of the Joint Communique of the Government of Japan and the Government of the People's Republic of China.

The last payment was made to the Philippines on July 22, 1976.

Status of Taiwan
Through the Treaty of San Francisco, Japan renounced all rights, privileges, and demands regarding Taiwan. However, ambiguous wording in the treaty about the political status of Taiwan (i.e. whether the territory of Taiwan was legally retroceded to the Republic of China in 1945) after Japan renounced all right, title, and claim concerning the island of Taiwan, the Pescadores, the Spratly Islands, and the Paracel Islands in 1952 (with the ratification of this treaty in the ROC) has given rise to the Theory of the Undetermined Status of Taiwan, which is one of the major theories within this debate. This particular theory is generally Taiwan independence-leaning since it offers evidence supporting the notion that Chinese sovereignty over Taiwan (whether ROC or PRC) is either illegitimate or temporary and must be resolved via the postcolonial principle of self-determination. Proponents of this theory generally do not claim that Japan still has or should have sovereignty over Taiwan, though there are exceptions.

Compensation for (South) Koreans
Because South Korea did not sign the treaty, it was not entitled to the benefits provided to by Article 14, so South Koreans directly affected by Japanese atrocities were not compensated upon the ratification. When relations between the two countries were normalized in the 1965 Treaty on Basic Relations, Japan agreed to pay settlements, including all claims under Article 4 of the Treaty of San Francisco, directly to the South Korean government. The South Korean government would then compensate individual victims on a case-by-case basis; however, the government at the time used the funds to develop Korea's economy, and passed few reparations to individuals. Amid recent rising tensions, many victims of Japanese crimes maintain that Japan has not been held sufficiently to account, and have demanded reparations for those who have not been compensated. South Korea claims that the 1965 treaty was not intended to settle individual claims for Japanese war crimes and crimes against humanity; Japan claims that under the 1965 treaty, it is no longer legally responsible for compensating all victims.

title: Treaty of San Francisco


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Parker Morris Committee

The Parker Morris Committee drew up an influential 1961 report on housing space standards in public housing in the United Kingdom titled Homes for Today and Tomorrow. The committee was led by Sir Parker Morris. Its report concluded that the quality of social housing needed to be improved to match the rise in living standards, and made a number of recommendations. The Committee took a functional approach to determining space standards in the home by considering what furniture was needed in rooms, the space needed to use the furniture and move around it, and the space needed for normal household activities.

Out of the report came the Parker Morris Standards. In 1963 these were set out in the Ministry of Housing's "Design Bulletin 6 – Space in the Home". The report provided typical dimensions for the typical items of furniture for which the dwelling designer should allow space, and provided anthropometric data about the space needed to use and move about furniture. The bulletin also laid out sample room plans for a terraced house.

In 1967 these space standards became mandatory for all housing built in new towns; this was extended to all council housing in 1969, although they had already been adopted by many local councils by then.

The mandatory nature of the standards was ended by the Local Government, Planning and Land Act 1980, when the incoming Conservative government sought to reduce the cost of housing and, generally, public spending.

Standards
Among the standards are that:
 * In one-, two- and three-bedroom dwellings, one flushing toilet is required, and it may be in the bathroom.
 * A semi-detached or end-of-terrace house for 4 people should have a net floor area of 72 m2.
 * A dwelling for three or more people should have enclosed storage space for the kitchen of 2.3 m3.
 * Dwellings should be fitted with heating systems that maintain the kitchen and circulation space at 55.4 °F, and the living and dining spaces at 64.4 °F, when the external temperature is 30.2 °F.

21st century
In the private sector the Parker Morris Standards influenced the 1967 and subsequent standards set by the National House Builders' Registration Council, now the National House Building Council, but were not adopted as written. However, it is widely felt that most public and private sector housing being built in the 21st Century fails to meet the Parker Morris standards for floor and storage space, and this led to a decision in 2008 by the former government agency English Partnerships to re-introduce minimum standards that are 10% more generous than those of Parker Morris for developments on its own land.

Subsequently, The Office of the Mayor of London has also opted to move to adopt a Design Guide for Housing within the city, which will be 10% more generous than the Parker Morris Standards. This guide was published on 19 August 2010 and will be implemented from April 2011.

Mayor of London's Standards
For dwellings designed for more than 6 persons, at least 10 m2 gross internal area should be added per person.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Parker Morris Committee


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Talk:Defender of the Faith

WP:UE, WP:CAPS?
Does defender of the faith need to be in Latin? In ictu oculi (talk) 14:27, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
 * No. Historically and certainly presently, the title is rendered in English. This was a mistake, occasioned by people thinking that the Judas Priest album required Defender of the Faith to be a dab page. This is the and it should be moved there. —  Llywelyn II   13:10, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

Of (the ) faith
It is noted that heir apparent Prince Charles has suggested "Defender of Faith". The title was conferred in Latin and "Fidei Defensor" can be translated either way. I'd add this, but (careful about OR) can't find a source to confirm it. Errantios (talk) 23:45, 9 May 2022 (UTC).
 * PS, of interest particularly in Canada: French "Défenseur de la Foi" could be translated either way if "Foi" were decapitalised, as it can since the French translates the Latin. Errantios (talk) 23:34, 18 May 2022 (UTC)

Haiti
The Haitian title in French is correctly copied from the source given, but contains several grammatical errors. Could somebody please check it? Errantios (talk) 21:42, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

"Defensatrix" not correct for UK/Commonwealth
Grammatically, the correct feminine form of Defensor is Defensatrix. However, the specific title as used in the UK and some Commonwealth realms, Fidei Defensor, is fixed and its form is not changed for Queens regnant. See for example Elizabeth II's proclamation of her title, in English and Latin, as gazetted here following the Royal titles Act of 1953.

The article should be changed accordingly but there may be other uses of the title, beyond the Commonwealth realms, where the Latin feminine form might be correct? P M C 15:01, 30 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Fidei Defensatrix was used by Catherine of Aragon, Mary I, and Elizabeth I. Surtsicna (talk) 17:56, 30 September 2022 (UTC)

Looks like Canada is dropping it
the French version was never correct with the III Charles example see:  -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.161.179.141 (talk) 19:27, 18 April 2023 (UTC)

Canada in the article
The usage in Canada is discussed in two separate places in the article. AnonMoos (talk) 02:34, 15 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Defender of the Faith


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Get Smart

Get Smart is an American comedy television series parodying the secret agent genre that had become widely popular in the first half of the 1960s with the release of the James Bond films. It was created by Mel Brooks and Buck Henry, and had its television premiere on NBC on September 18, 1965. It stars Don Adams (who was also a director on the series) as agent Maxwell Smart (Agent 86), Barbara Feldon as Agent 99, and Edward Platt as The Chief. Henry said that they created the show at the request of Daniel Melnick to capitalize on James Bond and Inspector Clouseau, "the two biggest things in the entertainment world today". Brooks described it as "an insane combination of James Bond and Mel Brooks comedy".

The show generated a number of popular catchphrases during its run, including "sorry about that, Chief", "good thinking, 99", "...and loving it", "missed it by that much", and "would you believe...". The show was followed by the films The Nude Bomb (a 1980 theatrical film made without the involvement of Brooks and Henry) and Get Smart, Again! (a 1989 made-for-TV sequel to the series), as well as a 1995 revival series and a 2008 film remake. In 2010, TV Guide ranked Get Smart's opening title sequence at number two on its list of TV's top 10 credits sequences as selected by readers. The show switched networks in 1969 to CBS. It ended its five-season run on May 15, 1970, with a total of 138 episodes.

The Museum of Broadcast Communications found the show notable for "broadening the parameters for the presentation of comedy on television".

Premise
The series centers on bumbling secret agent Maxwell Smart (Adams), aka Agent 86, and his unnamed female partner, Agent 99 (Feldon). They work for CONTROL, a secret United States government counterintelligence agency based in Washington, D.C., fighting primarily against KAOS, "the international organization of evil". While Smart always succeeds in thwarting KAOS, his incompetent nature and insistence on doing things "by the book" invariably cause complications.

The enemies, world-takeover plots, and gadgets seen in Get Smart were a parody of the James Bond film franchise. "Do what they did except just stretch it half an inch", Mel Brooks said of the methods of this TV series.

Production
Talent Associates commissioned Mel Brooks and Buck Henry to write a script about a bungling James Bond-like hero. Brooks described the premise for the show that they created in an October 1965 Time magazine article:

"I was sick of looking at all those nice, sensible situation comedies. They were such distortions of life. If a maid ever took over my house like Hazel, I'd set her hair on fire. I wanted to do a crazy, unreal, comic-strip kind of thing about something besides a family. No one had ever done a show about an idiot before. I decided to be the first."

Brooks and Henry proposed the show to ABC, where network executives called it "un-American" and demanded a "lovable dog to give the show more heart", as well as scenes showing Maxwell Smart's mother. Brooks strongly objected to the second suggestion:

"They wanted to put a print housecoat on the show. Max was to come home to his mother and explain everything. I hate mothers on shows. Max has no mother. He never had one."

The cast and crew contributed joke and gadget ideas, especially Don Adams, but dialogue was rarely ad-libbed. An exception is the third-season episode "The Little Black Book". Don Rickles encouraged Adams to misbehave, and he ad-libbed. The result was so successful that the single episode was turned into two parts.

The first four seasons on NBC were filmed at Sunset Bronson Studios, while the final season, shown on CBS, was filmed at CBS Studio Center.

Production personnel
Brooks had little involvement with the series after the first season, but Henry served as story editor through 1967. The crew of the show included:

 * Leonard B. Stern – executive producer for the entire run of the series
 * Irving Szathmary – music and theme composer and conductor for the entire run
 * Don Adams – director of 13 episodes and writer of two episodes
 * David Davis – associate producer
 * Gary Nelson – director of the most episodes
 * Bruce Bilson – director of the second-most episodes
 * Gerald C. Gardner and Dee Caruso – head writers for the series
 * Reza Badiyi – occasional director
 * Allan Burns and Chris Hayward – frequent writers and producers
 * Stan Burns and Mike Marmer – frequent writers
 * Richard Donner – occasional director
 * James Komack – writer and director
 * Arne Sultan – frequent writer and producer
 * Lloyd Turner and Whitey Mitchell – frequent writers and producers of season five

Characters
Maxwell "Max" Smart, Agent 86, (Don Adams) is the central character of the series. Despite being a top-secret government agent, he is absurdly clumsy. Yet Smart is also resourceful, skilled in hand-to-hand combat, a proficient marksman, and—most importantly—incredibly lucky; all of this makes him one of CONTROL's top agents.

Brooks decided on Smart's code number, 86, as a reference to the slang term, meaning to forcibly eject someone, such as a patron from a bar or casino.

In 1999, TV Guide ranked Maxwell Smart number 19 on its 50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time list. The character appears in every episode (though only briefly in "Ice Station Siegfried", as Don Adams was performing in Las Vegas for two weeks to settle gambling debts).

 (Barbara Feldon) works alongside 86 and is another one of the top agents at CONTROL. Her actual name is never revealed. In the episode "A Man Called Smart Part 3", Max calls her Ernestine and she says, "Too bad that's not my name." In another episode, "99 Loses CONTROL", she uses the name Susan Hilton, but later in the same episode tells Max that it is not her real name. When 99 marries Max, Admiral Harold Hargrade (William Schallert) snores when the minister says her name, making it inaudible. In the episodes in which 99's mother (Jane Dulo) is featured, she subtly omits to say her daughter's real name. In the fourth and fifth seasons (when Maxwell Smart and 99 are married), she is formally introduced as "Mrs. Smart".In the episode "Rebecca of Funny-Folk Farm", Max admits not knowing her real name.

Several instances refer to her high level of professionalism; in one episode the Chief says an assignment requires extreme bravery and competence but since 99 isn't available, Max could do it. According to Feldon, 99 is deeply in love with Max and either overlooks or understands his quirks, while he is clueless about her affection yet often demonstrates his care through his concern for her well being. Eventually, the two get married in the season 4 episode "With Love and Twitches".

 (Edward Platt) is the head of CONTROL. His first name is revealed to be Thaddeus but his surname is never revealed. On some occasions he uses the "code name" "Harold Clark" for outsiders, but this is understood among CONTROL agents not to be his real name. He is supportive of Agents 86 and 99 and considers them to be his two closest friends, but he is often frustrated with Smart. When he was a field agent, his code name was "Q."

 (Robert Karvelas, Don Adams' cousin) is the Chief's slow-witted, incompetent assistant. He is the most frequent supporting character in the entire series. Larabee gradually took on more prominence as the series progressed, in which his characteristic stupidity became more noticeable.

Ludwig Von Siegfried (Bernie Kopell) is Smart's most frequent foe, and the vice president in charge of public relations and terror at KAOS, though his title does vary.

(King Moody) is Siegfried's equally ruthless but often inept chief henchman, prone to silly behaviors which annoy his boss as unbecoming of KAOS.

 (Dick Gautier) is a humanoid robot built by KAOS, but in his first mission, Smart manages to turn him to the side of CONTROL. Hymie had a tendency to take instructions too literally.

 (David Ketchum) is an agent who is usually stationed inside unlikely, sometimes impossibly small or unlucky places, such as cigarette machines, washing machines, lockers, trash cans, or fire hydrants. He tends to resent his assignments.

 (Victor French) Six episodes (1965–66). French's first role was the insurance man in "Too Many Chiefs", and subsequent episodes as Agent 44. He is the predecessor to Agent 13 in season 1. Agent 13 takes over the function of Agent 44 for seasons 2 to 4, but Agent 44, now played by Al Molinaro, returns in season 5.

Carlson (Stacy Keach Sr.) is a CONTROL scientist and inventor of such gadgets as an umbrella rifle (with a high-speed camera in the handle) and edible buttons.

Dr. Steele (Ellen Weston) is a beautiful, sexy, and brilliant CONTROL scientist who develops formulas while working undercover as a dancer and strip-tease artist. She remains oblivious to Smart's clearly discomfited attraction to her. The character appeared in three episodes in season 3, replaced the next season by Dr. Simon who has the same cover (played by different actresses in two episodes).

Gadgets
In Get Smart, telephones are concealed in over 50 objects, including a necktie, comb, watch, and a clock. A recurring gag is Max's shoe phone (an idea from Brooks). To use or answer it, he has to take off his shoe. Several variations on the shoe phone were used. In "I Shot 86 Today" (season four), his shoe phone is disguised as a golf shoe, complete with cleats, developed by the attractive armorer Dr. Simon. Smart's shoes sometimes contain other devices housed in the heels: an explosive pellet, a smoke bomb, compressed air capsules that propelled the wearer off the ground, and a suicide pill (which Max believes is for the enemy).

Agent 99 had her concealed telephones, as well. She had one in her makeup compact, and also one in her fingernail. To use this last device, she would pretend to bite her nail nervously, while actually talking on her "nail phone".

On February 17, 2002, the prop shoe phone was included in a display titled "Spies: Secrets from the CIA, KGB, and Hollywood", a collection of real and fictional spy gear that exhibited at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, California. Flinders University in South Australia has researched medical applications for shoe phone technology after being inspired by the show.

Gag phones also appear in other guises. In the episode "Too Many Chiefs" (season one), Max tells Tanya, the KAOS informer whom he is protecting, that if anyone breaks in, to pick up the house phone, dial 1-1-7, and press the trigger on the handset, which converts it to a gun. The phone-gun is only used that once, but Max once carried a gun-phone, a revolver with a rotary dial built into the cylinder. In the episode "Satan Place", Max simultaneously holds conversations on seven different phones: the shoe, his tie, his belt, his wallet, a garter, a handkerchief, and a pair of eyeglasses. Other unusual locations include a garden hose, a car cigarette lighter (with the lighter being hidden in the car phone), a bottle of perfume (Max complains of smelling like a woman), the steering wheel of his car, a painting of Agent 99, the headboard of his bed, a cheese sandwich, lab test tubes (Max grabs the wrong one and splashes himself), a Bunsen burner (Max puts out the flame anytime he pronounces a "p"), a plant in a planter beside the real working phone (operated by the dial of the working phone), and inside another full-sized working phone.

Other gadgets include a bullet-proof invisible wall in Max's apartment that lowers from the ceiling, into which Max and others often walk; a camera hidden in a bowl of soup (cream of Technicolor) that takes a picture (with a conspicuous flash) of the person eating the soup with each spoonful; a mini magnet on a belt, which turns out to be stronger than KAOS's maxi magnet; and a powerful miniature laser weapon in the button of a sports jacket (the "laser blazer").

Another of the show's recurring gags is the "Cone of Silence". Smart would often insist on strictly following CONTROL's security protocols; when discussing highly confidential things in the chief's office, he would insist on speaking under the Cone of Silence—two transparent plastic hemispheres which are electrically lowered on top of Max and Chief and are supposed to prevent their conversation from being heard outside. It invariably malfunctions in various ways, making it difficult for the two to communicate. People outside the cone could often hear them better than they could hear themselves. The Cone of Silence was the idea of Buck Henry, though it was preceded in an episode of the syndicated television show Science Fiction Theatre titled "Barrier of Silence", written by Lou Huston, that first aired on September 3, 1955, 10 years ahead of Get Smart.

Cars
The car that Smart is seen driving most frequently is a red 1965 Sunbeam Tiger two-seat roadster. This car had various custom features, such as a machine gun, smoke screen, radar tracking, and an ejection seat. The Sunbeam Alpine, upon which the Tiger was based, was used by customizer Gene Winfield because the Alpine's four-cylinder engine afforded more room under the hood than the V8 in the Tiger. AMT, Winfield's employer, made a model kit of the Tiger, complete with hidden weapons. It is the only kit of the Tiger, and has been reissued multiple times as a stock Tiger.

Adams received the Sunbeam and drove it for 10 years after the end of the show. It was wrecked and repaired several times, and its current whereabouts are unknown.

In the black-and-white pilot episode only, Smart drives a 1961 Ferrari 250 GT PF Spider Cabriolet.

In the opening credits, the Tiger was used for seasons one and two. In seasons three and four, Smart drives a light blue Volkswagen Karmann Ghia, because Volkswagen had become a sponsor of the show. The Volkswagen was never used in the body of the show. In season five (1969–1970), Buick became a show sponsor, so the Tiger was replaced with a gold 1969 Opel GT, which also appears in the body of the show.

In season four (1968–1969), Adams uses a yellow Citroën 2CV in the wedding episode "With Love and Twitches", and a blue 1968 Ford Shelby Mustang GT500 convertible with a tan interior and four seats (as required by the plot) in the episodes "A Tale of Two Tails" and "The Laser Blazer".

In the short-lived 1995 TV series, Smart is trying to sell the Karmann Ghia through the classified ads.

In Get Smart, Again!, Smart is seen driving a red 1986 Alfa Romeo Spider Veloce.

The Sunbeam Tiger, the Karmann Ghia, and the Opel GT all make brief appearances in the 2008 film. The Sunbeam Tiger is seen in the CONTROL Museum, along with the original shoe phone, which Smart also briefly uses. The Opel GT is driven by Bernie Kopell and is rear-ended by a truck. Smart steals the Karmann Ghia to continue his escape.

Notable guest stars
Get Smart used several familiar character actors and celebrities, and some future stars, in guest roles, including:

 * John Abbott
 * Ian Abercrombie
 * Steve Allen
 * Merry Anders
 * Barbara Bain
 * Billy Barty
 * Jacques Bergerac
 * Lee Bergere
 * Shelley Berman
 * Milton Berle
 * Joseph Bernard
 * Lynn Borden
 * Ernest Borgnine
 * Tom Bosley
 * Geraldine Brooks
 * Kathie Browne
 * Victor Buono
 * Carol Burnett
 * John Byner
 * James Caan (uncredited)
 * Howard Caine
 * Johnny Carson
 * Jack Cassidy
 * Del Close
 * Ellen Corby
 * Wally Cox
 * Broderick Crawford
 * Robert Culp
 * John Dehner
 * Phyllis Diller
 * Jane Dulo (recurring; as 99's mother)
 * Michael Dunn
 * Robert Easton
 * Dana Elcar
 * Bill Erwin
 * Jamie Farr
 * John Fiedler
 * Joey Forman
 * Lisa Gaye
 * Alice Ghostley
 * Jack Gilford
 * Stu Gilliam
 * Arlene Golonka
 * Leo Gordon
 * Farley Granger
 * Buddy Hackett
 * Sid Haig
 * Jonathan Harris
 * Hugh Hefner
 * Marcel Hillaire
 * Bob Hope
 * John Hoyt
 * Conrad Janis
 * Gordon Jump
 * Kitty Kelly
 * Helen Kleeb
 * Ted Knight
 * James Komack
 * Nancy Kovack
 * Kurt Kreuger
 * Martin Landau
 * Charles Lane
 * Len Lesser
 * Laurie Main
 * Kenneth Mars
 * Judith McConnell
 * Pat McCormick
 * Robert Middleton
 * Howard Morton
 * Burt Mustin
 * Mace Neufeld
 * Barry Newman
 * Julie Newmar
 * Leonard Nimoy
 * Simon Oakland
 * Alan Oppenheimer
 * Pat Paulsen
 * Angelique Pettyjohn
 * Regis Philbin
 * Tom Poston
 * Ann Prentiss
 * Vincent Price
 * Maudie Prickett (appeared in different episodes as different characters)
 * John S. Ragin
 * Don Rickles
 * Alex Rocco
 * Cesar Romero
 * Joseph Ruskin
 * Vito Scotti
 * Gale Sondergaard
 * Larry Storch
 * Vic Tayback
 * Torin Thatcher
 * Janet Waldo
 * Fred Willard
 * Jason Wingreen
 * Dana Wynter
 * Victor Sen Yung

Both Bill Dana and Jonathan Harris, with whom Adams appeared on The Bill Dana Show, also appeared, as did Adams' father, William Yarmy, brother, Dick Yarmy, and daughter, Caroline Adams.

The series featured several cameo appearances by famous actors and comedians, sometimes uncredited and often comedian friends of Adams. Johnny Carson appeared, credited as "special guest conductor", in "Aboard the Orient Express". Carson returned for an uncredited cameo as a royal footman in the third-season episode "The King Lives?" Other performers to make cameo appearances included Steve Allen, Milton Berle, Ernest Borgnine, Wally Cox, Robert Culp (as a waiter in an episode sending up Culp's I Spy), Phyllis Diller, Buddy Hackett, Bob Hope, and Martin Landau.

Actress Rose Michtom (the real-life aunt of the show's executive producer Leonard Stern) appeared in at least 44 episodes—usually as a background extra with no speaking role. In the season-one episode "Too Many Chiefs", when she is shown in a photograph, Max refers to her as "my Aunt Rose", but the Chief corrects Max by saying that she is actually KAOS agent Alexi Sebastian disguised as Max's Aunt Rose. Fans refer to her as "Aunt Rose" in all of her dozens of appearances, though her character is never actually named in most of them.

Broadcast
The series was broadcast on NBC-TV from September 18, 1965, to September 13, 1969, after which it moved to the CBS network for its final season, running from September 26, 1969, to September 11, 1970, with 138 total episodes produced. During its five-season run, Get Smart broke the Nielsen Top 30 twice. It ranked at number 12 during its first season, and at number 22 during its second season, before falling out of the top 30 for its last three seasons. The series won seven Emmy Awards, and it was nominated for another 14 Emmys and two Golden Globe Awards. In 1995, the series was briefly resurrected starring Adams and Feldon with Andy Dick as Max's and 99's son Zack Smart and Elaine Hendrix as 66.

Films
The 1966 Batman movie, made during that TV show's original run, prompted other television shows to propose similar films. The only one completed was Munster Go Home (1966), which was a box office flop, causing the cancellation of other projects, including the Get Smart movie. The script for that movie was turned into a three-part episode, "A Man Called Smart", which aired on April 8, 15 and 22, 1967.

Two theatrical films, one television film and a direct to video film have been produced following the end of the NBC/CBS run of the TV series:

 * 1980: The Nude Bomb (dir. Clive Donner)—also known as The Return of Maxwell Smart or Maxwell Smart and the Nude Bomb—was theatrically released. It was panned by critics and barely returned its budget at the box office.
 * 1989: The made-for-TV Get Smart, Again! (dir. Gary Nelson) on ABC
 * 2008: Get Smart (dir. Peter Segal) starring Steve Carell as Smart alongside Anne Hathaway as 99. Distributed by Warner Bros., the film includes a dedication to Adams and Platt, who had died in 2005 and 1974, respectively. It received mixed critical reviews but was a commercial success, earning over $230 million worldwide.
 * 2008: Get Smart's Bruce and Lloyd: Out of Control (dir. Gil Junger), a made-for-DVD spin-off revolving around minor characters, Bruce and Lloyd (Masi Oka and Nate Torrence), the masterminds behind the high-tech gadgets that are often used by Smart.

In October 2008, it was reported that Warner Bros., Village Roadshow Pictures and Mosaic Media Group were producing a sequel. Carell and Hathaway were set to return, but the status of other cast members had not been announced. As of 2019, Get Smart 2 is no longer in development

Television
Get Smart, Again! eventually prompted the development of a short-lived 1995 weekly series on Fox also titled Get Smart, with Adams and Feldon reprising their characters with Maxwell Smart now being the Chief of Control as their bumbling son, Zach (Andy Dick), becomes Control's star agent (Zach's twin sister is never seen nor mentioned – though the new leader of KAOS, a hidden female figure, would have been revealed as the other twin if the show had continued). And 99 is now a congresswoman. The beginning teaser shows Maxwell Smart and Zach driving to Control headquarters in a car wash separately; Smart, Zach and their secretary cram themselves into a secret elevator: a soda machine which "disappears". (A cleaning lady sits down in the open space when all of a sudden the machine pops up and knocks the woman into the ceiling.) A late episode of the 1995 series shows that just as Siegfried is leaving a room, Maxwell Smart accidentally activates an atomic bomb just before the end of the show. (The teaser for the episode shows an atomic bomb going off.) This ending is similar to a device used by the Get Smart-inspired series Sledge Hammer! at the end of its first season. Hopes for the series were not high, as Andy Dick had already moved on to NewsRadio, which premiered weeks later in 1995.

With the revival series on Fox, Get Smart became the first television franchise to air new episodes (or made-for-TV films) on each of the aforementioned current four major American television networks, although several TV shows in the 1940s and 1950s aired on NBC, CBS, ABC and DuMont. The different versions of Get Smart did not all feature the original lead cast.

Get Smart was parodied on a sketch in the Mexican comedy show De Nuez en Cuando called "Super Agente 3.1486", making fun of the Spanish title of the series (Super Agente 86) and the way the series is dubbed.

An early MadTV sketch titled "Get Smarty" placed the Maxwell Smart character in situations from the film Get Shorty.

An episode of F Troop called "Spy, Counterspy, Counter–counterspy" featured Pat Harrington Jr. imitating Don Adams as secret agent "B. Wise".

The Simpsons episode "Bart vs. Lisa vs. the Third Grade" parodies the opening of Get Smart in the couch gag. Homer goes through many futuristic doors and passageways until he reaches the phone booth, falls through the floor, and lands on the couch, with the rest of the family already seated. This couch gag was later repeated in two other The Simpsons episodes: "The Fat and the Furriest" and "A Star is Torn".

Adams in similar roles
In the 1960s, Adams had a supporting role on the sitcom The Bill Dana Show (1963–1965) as the hopelessly inept hotel detective Byron Glick. His speech mannerisms, catchphrases ("Would you believe...?"), and other comedy bits were adapted for his "Maxwell Smart" role in Get Smart.

When WCGV-TV, a new independent station in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, signed on the air in 1980, Adams did in-house promos as Agent 86 to let viewers know when the reruns of Get Smart aired on the station by using his shoephone.

In one of Adams' five appearances as a guest passenger in the series The Love Boat, his character, even when he thought he had been shot, makes no attempt to visit the ship's doctor. The role of the doctor in The Love Boat was played by Bernie Kopell, who played Siegfried in Get Smart.

In 1982, Adams starred as Maxwell Smart in a series of local commercials for New York City electronics chain Savemart. The slogan was "Get Smart. Get SaveMart Smart." In addition, Adams starred in a series of commercials for White Castle in 1992, paying homage to his Get Smart character with his catchphrase "Would you believe...?"

In the 1980s, Adams provided the (similar) voice of the titular bungling cyborg secret agent in the animated series Inspector Gadget. This later became a feature film in 1999 starring Matthew Broderick in the title role of Inspector John Brown Gadget (in which Adams had a cameo), and its prequel series Gadget Boy and Heather. Neither was directly related to Get Smart.

In the mid-1980s, Adams reprised his role of Maxwell Smart for a series of telephone banking commercials for Empire of America Federal Savings Bank in Buffalo, New York. The telephone banking service was called SmartLine, and Sherwin Greenberg Productions (a video production company and bank subsidiary) produced radio and television ads, as well as a series of still photos for use in promotional flyers that featured Adams' Maxwell Smart character wearing the familiar trenchcoat and holding a shoe phone to his ear. The television commercials were videotaped in Sherwin Greenberg Productions' studio on a set that resembled an old alleyway which utilized fog-making machinery for special effect. The production company even secured a lookalike of the red Alpine that Adams used in the television series, making it a memorable promotion for those familiar with the series of nearly 20 years earlier.

In the late 1980s, Adams portrayed Smart in a series of TV commercials for Toyota New Zealand, for the 1990 model Toyota Starlet. While it is customary for the actor to go to the foreign location for shooting, Adams' apparent intense dislike of long-distance flying meant that the New Zealand specification car had to be shipped to the US for filming. He also appeared in another series of Canadian commercials in the late 1990s for a dial-around long-distance carrier. In the movie Back to the Beach (1987), Adams played the Harbor Master, who used several of Maxwell Smart's catchphrases (including an exchange in which Frankie Avalon's character did a vague impression of Siegfried).

Adams played Smart in a 1989 TV commercial for Kmart. He was seen talking on his trademark shoe phone, telling the Chief about the great selection of electronics available at Kmart. An exact replica of himself approaches him, and Smart says, "Don't tell me you're a double agent." (This was a reference to a running gag on the original series, in which Max detected some sort of setback or danger, and would say to 99, "Don't tell me..." and then 99 replied by stating a confirmation of whatever Max was afraid to hear, to which Max would always respond, "I asked you not to tell me that!")

Adams also appeared in a number of McDonald's Hamburger Restaurant television commercials, which also featured numerous stars of TV series viewed as classic or with nostalgia, such as Barbara Billingsley from Leave It to Beaver, Buddy Ebsen from The Beverly Hillbillies, Bob Denver from Gilligan's Island and Al Lewis from The Munsters.

Adams also starred in a Canadian sitcom titled Check It Out in which he played a supermarket manager. Adams' running jokes in Get Smart, such as "the old [something something] trick" and "I told you not to tell me that!" were used in the show but in a supermarket setting.

Novels
A series of nine novels based on characters and dialog of the series were written by William Johnston and published by Tempo Books between 1964 and 1969.

Comics
Dell Comics published a comic book for eight issues during 1966 and 1967, drawn in part by Steve Ditko. A Get Smart comic strip was published in the British magazine TV Century 21 from issue #52 January 15 1966 to issue #153 December 23, 1967. These were proceeded by a text story in issue #50.

Games
A board game was published by Ideal Toy Company in 1965.

Play
Christopher Sergel adapted a play in 1967, Get Smart, based on Brooks's and Henry's pilot episode.

Home media and rights
All five seasons are available as box sets in region 1 (USA, Canada, and others) and Region 4 (Australia, New Zealand, and others). The region 1 discs are published by HBO Home Video, and region 4 by Time Life Video. Each region 1 box contains 4 discs, while region 4 editions have a 5th disc with bonus material. Region 4 editions are also available as individual discs with four to five episodes per disc. The season 1 set was released in both regions in 2008. Seasons 2 and 3 box sets were released in region 4 on July 23, 2008. Seasons 4 and 5 were released in region 4 on November 5, 2008. Seasons 2, 3, 4 and 5 in region 1 were released throughout 2009.

Another box set of the complete series is available in both regions, first published in 2006 by Time Life Video. In 2009 the region 1 edition was replaced by an HBO edition, and became more widely available. All editions contain a 5th disc for each season, with bonus material. The set has 25 discs altogether.

The first four seasons were produced for NBC by Talent Associates. When it moved to CBS at the start of season five, it became an in-house production, with Talent Associates as a silent partner. The series was sold to NBC Films for syndication.

Over decades, US distribution has changed from National Telefilm Associates to Republic Pictures, to Worldvision Enterprises, to Paramount Domestic Television, to CBS Paramount Domestic Television, to CBS Television Distribution, to the current distributor, CBS Media Ventures. For decades, the syndication rights of all but a handful of the fifth-season episodes (that season being originally co-owned by Talent Associates and CBS) were encumbered with restrictions and reporting requirements; as a result, most of that season was rarely seen in syndication (though they were shown with more regularity on Nick at Nite and TV Land). The distribution changes (including the loosening of restrictions on the fifth season) were the result of corporate changes, especially the 2006 split of Viacom (owners of Paramount Pictures) into two companies.

HBO owns the copyrights to the series itself, due to Time-Life Films' 1977 acquisition of Talent Associates. Home videos are distributed by HBO Home Video. For a time the DVD release was only available through Time-Life (a former Time Warner division). Warner Bros. Television owns international distribution rights.

On August 10, 2015, the entire series was officially released on digital streaming platforms for the first time in preparation for its 50th anniversary.

title: Get Smart


text:
User:Joshuabowman

fr:Utilisateur:Joshuabowman

I am a graduate student at Cornell University, studying mathematics. I came to appreciate Wikipedia several years ago, when I was looking for introductory information on some math topics, and found well-written articles here. At that time, I spent many hours reading and contributing to Wikipedia. Now I have less time, but I enjoy looking through occasionally and adding stuff. Thanks to all who make this such a great project.

JPB

Math portal

Wikiproject Mathematics

/Sandbox

Things to do:

 * work on billiards article
 * Teichmüller space
 * pseudo-Anosov map

title: User:Joshuabowman


text:
User talk:Joshuabowman

Hello Joshua, welcome to Wikipedia. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. You can learn more on the how to edit page. The naming conventions and manual of style pages are also useful. Feel free to experiment at the Sandbox. If you have any questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Angela

JPB, thats an interesting observation about why you are getting two == while posting a comment. But where exactly is the "Post a comment" link. In which page can I find it ? I tried looking in the main as well as talk pages, I could find an 'edit' link at the side of the main page, not the "Post a comment" one. Jay 18:06, 12 Aug 2003 (UTC)

reply to Jay: here is the subject of this comment
In my browser, on "Talk" pages, the "Post a comment" link is immediately under the "Edit this page" link on the left (two section division lines down from the "Wikipedia" icon and main page link). I'm trying it again here to see what happens. JPB 21:27, 12 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Hmm... that time it worked. I wonder what happened at Talk:Indian Institutes of Technology. JPB 21:29, 12 Aug 2003 (UTC)

ok, me trying out the Comment thingy
Thanx for the position description, donno how I didn't notice it before. Anyway I'd still prefer editing the page than posting a comment. The reason this didn't work at the IIT talk page is cuz you had a '=' in the subject which confused wikipedia. This is certainly a bug, which you can report at the 'Bug reports' link at the bottom of the same left frame, and cite the IIT talk page link. Jay 21:56, 12 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Four color theorem
Why did you add wikify to Four color theorem? The article seems fine to me. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 18:26, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Joshuabowman


text:
National House Building Council

The National House Building Council (NHBC), established in 1936, is the UK's largest provider of new home warranties. According to NHBC's website, around 80% of new homes built in the UK each year have an NHBC 10-year warranty. NHBC is also the UK's largest single Approved Inspector for Building Regulations. Its other activities include the provision of services linked to house building and general construction; including energy ratings, health and safety, sustainability, and training. It also provides industry statistics and benchmarking services.

The NHBC is a non-profit distributing company, so reinvests 'profit' in its activities to improve the quality of new homes to protect the interests of homeowners.

NHBC is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) and the Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA).

New home warranty and build standards
The NHBC states that its primary purposes are raising the construction standards of new homes in the United Kingdom (UK), and providing consumer protection for homebuyers through its 10-year Buildmark warranty. NHBC offers warranties for newly built or converted private housing, affordable housing, self-build homes and commercial premises located on mixed use housing schemes. Mortgage lenders in the UK will usually require that a warranty is in place before lending on a newly built property, as detailed in the Council of Mortgage Lenders' handbook.

Builders and developers who sell properties with NHBC warranties should adhere to NHBC's guidance documents on construction contained in the NHBC Technical Standards, in addition to complying with Building Regulations in the UK.

NHBC inspectors visit building sites at key stages to check compliance with its Technical Standards. The stages are usually (but can sometimes be more): foundations, drainage, superstructure (e.g. brickwork), pre-plaster, and pre-handover to the buyer. For flats, they also inspect roof construction. The inspection process is not designed to check every detail of the build, but if NHBC is satisfied with the overall build quality they will issue the warranty for the new home/premises. If reportable items are found during the build NHBC may still class as an acceptable risk and pass the build anyway.

'Buildmark', the NHBC warranty for private housing is split into two parts. In the first two years, the builder is responsible for fixing any defects caused by its failure to build to NHBC Technical Standards. If the builder fails to do this, or has gone out of business, NHBC may take responsibility to fix the defect. From the start of the third year, until the home is ten years old, NHBC is responsible for putting right defects to the structural and weather-proofing parts of the home caused by breaches of its Technical Standards but only if 'damage' has occurred.

The NHBC issues a standard form of contract, which may be used to secure the contractual terms between a client and a builder. In the Appeal Court case of Robinson v Jones (2011), the "reasonableness" of certain of its clauses was tested out and they were found to comply with the requirements of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977.

Building Control
In 1985, under the Building Act 1984, the NHBC set up a subsidiary company; NHBC Building Control Services Ltd, and became the first private sector building control body licensed as an Approved Inspector, for the purpose of verifying that buildings are built in accordance with the building regulations across England and Wales. It is the largest single Approved Inspector in England and Wales; inspecting around 50% of all new-build properties in the UK, and assists builders to achieve compliance, and advises on Building Regulations for schemes ranging from residential developments to large commercial and mixed use sites.

Other services
NHBC offers a range of additional services to help builders comply with Building Regulations, health and safety legislation, and other construction rules. These include: energy rating services (SAP and SBEM), energy performance certificates, Code for Sustainable Homes, and BREEAM assessments, CDM co-ordination, health and safety audits, UKAS accredited testing for sound insulation and air tightness.

They also offer a wide range of training courses for building professionals, including construction related National Vocational Qualifications (NVQs).

NHBC compiles and distributes statistics and analysis about the UK housing market that are used by government and financial institutions, as well as homebuilders. Examples are the Housing Market Report, and the NHBC Quarterly Statistics. Purchasers of new homes are also surveyed, providing statistics about levels of customer satisfaction in their homes.

Industry awards schemes run by NHBC
NHBC runs two national awards programmes: Pride in the Job, and the NHBC Health and Safety Awards.

Consumer Code for Home Builders
NHBC was a founder member of The Consumer Code for Home Builders, which gives added protection and rights to the buyers of brand new homes. The aim of the Code is to ensure that new home buyers are given all the information they need about their new home before they sign contracts, and treated fairly afterwards.

History / milestones
NHBC was originally set up as the National House Builders Registration Council (NHBRC) in the United Kingdom in 1936, with the primary purpose to increase the care and professionalism shown by house builders.

As a Registered Housebuilder under the voluntary scheme, houses were inspected during building, buyers were covered by a two-year warranty against major defects, and against the insolvency of the builder. By 1963, 26% of all housing was built by Registered Housebuilders.

In 1964 and 1965, changes were introduced, including the extension of the warranty to ten years. 1967 saw the upgrading of the NHBRC's standards, particularly in the provision of power outlets, kitchen design, and space heating; drawing on the recommendations of the Parker Morris Committee. By the end of 1970, 92% of new homes were built by NHBRC members.

In 1973, the name changed to the National House Building Council (NHBC), and the organisation became completely independent from government and house builders. It was approved by the Department of Trade as an insurance company.

Criticism
The NHBC was criticised on a 2010 edition of the BBC consumer television programme Watchdog, for failing to repair homes due to incorrect surveying of problem properties by relevant professionals, and thus failing to either compensate owners financially or fix any problems promptly, for newly built properties under their warranty.

NHBC apologised to the families featured in the Watchdog programme for any mistakes that were made during the handling of their claims. NHBC argued that the cases showed how complex construction issues can be, and that expert opinions from construction professionals could differ.

They also stated that they resolve claims from around 15,000 homeowners each year on homes up to 10 years old, and also help to resolve around 5,000 disputes between homeowners and their builders each year.

In 2010/11, NHBC paid claims totalling £74.4 million.

Further criticism followed in 2017 with the BBC reporting "growing concerns that the quality of homes being built has drastically dropped" and one surveyor concluding that a client's new home was "unfit for habitation" and in places "unsafe". At the time the government was pressuring house developers to target the building 300,000 new homes a year.

Many reviews of NHBC can be found on the NHBC trustpilot page at NHBC is rated "Bad" with 1.4 / 5 on Trustpilot.

title: National House Building Council


text:
Talk:Cantinflas

Early comments
I remember reading that the RAE has accepted cantinflear in its dictionary. But I don't find it on the online version. Is it true? -- Error

Cantinflas is also mentioned in "Whipstickagostop", by Mindless Self Indulgence. "Cantinflas was a body rocker..." :D 172.208.123.75 19:14, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

The RAE's online version defines cantinflear as "Hablar o actuar de forma disparatada e incongruente y sin decir nada" OR To talk or act in a crazy-like or incongruent way without actually saying anything.--Fern 22:47, May 3, 2004 (UTC)

PLEASE NOTE THAT HE WAS NOT BORN IN 1992 AS IT SAYS ON THE CHART ATM

Awards
Please note that Cantinflas was not nominated to any oscar for Around the World in Eighty Days Manuelcuevas 15:58, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Then what was his Oscar nomination for? (If he ever got it)--Fern 11:31, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * In Fact, Cantinflas never was nominated for any Oscar. Around the World in Eighty Days won the 1956 Best Motion Picture Award. Manuelcuevas 30 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * He did get a Golden Globe for Best Actor, though. --Paul A 03:47, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Films
Can we enter the films as a table? That way we can have various columns, for year, director, character played, etc. When I first looked at the list I thought the name following the film was the director's name before I figured out it was the name of the character played. Also, many of the films have red links. Only the notable films, such as the ones that have or deserve their own wiki article, should be linkd in my opinion.--Rockero 20:06, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm on it. Gflores Talk 23:04, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

Legal battle
I'm utterly confused about the legal battle. Was it b/w the son and the nephew only? What issue was there with Columbia Pictures? Maybe there's more information in Spanish sources someone could look up. Gflores Talk 17:46, 9 February 2006 (UTC)
 * There were two legal battles of Cantinflas' adoptive son: 1) With Cantinflas' nephew about his estate (won) and 2) With Columbia about the rights of Canfinflas' movies (lost to Columbia). --Vizcarra 17:49, 9 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok. Can you read over the two paragraphs about these cases and see if they're accurate (check the references too). I appreciate it. Gflores Talk 18:35, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

Mario Moreno Ivanova is not Cantinflas's adopted son. He is Cantinflas blood son and was adopted by Valentina Ivanova. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cjmoreno79 (talk • contribs) 21:28, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

comments
Since this article is fairly long, should we add one or two more images? Other media related FAs have 5 or 6 images, so I don't think that'll be an issue as long as we provide fair use rationale. There are especially some good images here from his personal life. Gflores Talk 19:28, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

The entertainment section is pretty long now. Should we split off the stuff the origin of Cantinflas? It seems a little out of place there and would probably make the structure a little bit better. Thoughts? Gflores Talk 00:44, 10 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I've changed it now. Let me know what you guys think. I don't feel too strongly either way (but apparently strong enough to change it :)) Gflores Talk 05:14, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

There is no DNA evidence to back this. If Mario Ivanova is his blood son, then put himself to the test? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.116.251.12 (talk) 16:42, 11 October 2010 (UTC)

To do
I added a "to do" section, so we can focus on what to improve (I took the hints from its "featured article" nomination). Feel free to add or to strike out any items. --Vizcarra 23:35, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

Carpas
I think that carpa might be getting translated as circus because the performances took place under tents. And while the atmosphere may have been carnivalesque, it was not the same thing we think of in English as the circus. If it were, it would have been called "el circo", which does exist in Mexico. I'm holding off on major edits until I finish the reading the biography, but until then, I've been trying to create some of the daughter articles so there aren't so many redlinks. I expect carpa to be one of them. I just thought I should explain why I crossed out the "circus" stuff.--Rockero 10:36, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

Campesino-cum-slumdweller
Ok, he's described as a "campesino-cum-slumdweller" in the intro. I assume the use of "cum" is of the Latin, "with"? Would not "con" (Spanish) be more appropriate? - Eric 02:55, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

No, cum is just muck spelled backwords, life moef for femme in French. Duh! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.195.144.113 (talk • contribs)
 * It's an English word meaning "along with being", but the etymology is of course Latin. Is the wording too esoteric or unclear?--Rockero 05:21, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, I didn't get it. Anyone have a suggestion for a clearer way to put it? - Eric 08:12, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Comments
The "Filmography" section is backwards. See Manual of Style (lists of works). Also, all of his films should be linked. They may be redlinks at the moment, but the purpose of redlinks is to encourage others to create articles on these films. Plus, if a future article is made on the film, then this article wouldn't be linking to it. --SeizureDog 09:02, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

Question
Re "Mr. Moreno had a blood son in 1961 and was adopted by his wife Valentina Ivanova and named him Mario Arturo Moreno Ivanova"...you mean Valentina wasn't the mother of this son? Who was? If he stayed with Valentina and she's not the kids' mom, that means he had an affair. Please clarify.Rlevse 18:15, 15 March 2007 (UTC)
 * No affair. Cantinflas adopted Mario Arturo, that's for certain. I think the article is trying to say, is that Arturo has his blood, meaning Cantinflas' sperm was used to give birth to Arturo. Definitely needs clarification, though. MahangaTalk to me 19:00, 16 March 2007 (UTC)
 * That information was added by Cjmoreno79, who changed the Moreno's name and added in a lot of family-related information, unreferenced.--Rockero 00:45, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

This is to CLARIFY that Mario Moreno Ivanova is Cantnflas blood son. It comes from Cantinflas sperm and was adopted by Valentina Ivanova, since she was unable to have kids.

I am the blood nephew of Cantinflas and this is final on this topic.

Carlo Moreno —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cjmoreno79 (talk • contribs) 21:30, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Aguila o sol screenshot.PNG
Image:Aguila o sol screenshot.PNG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Write-in votes for president
Couldn't decide where this item goes (the wording is my own):
 * In the Mexican presidential election of July 5, 1964, Cantinflas received two write-in votes; while not winning the presidency, the actor nonetheless defeated the Aztec god Tlaloc, who received only one vote.

Let's work it in wherever it seems best to fit. While that's the only reference to a specific year in which he was written in, at least one of the major sources in the bibliography does make an oblique reference to his being a write-in candidate for president. Lawikitejana 06:18, 4 August 2007 (UTC)
 * It would be good to have a reference for this. It sounds like a joke. Something like "I only got two votes, but I beat Tlaloc." Either that, one wonders whether write-in votes were accurately counted. A major comedic figure only getting two votes? 24.130.8.66 (talk) 18:02, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

Carlo Moreno COI
I think Carlo Moreno is adding himself into the page, adding that he is Cantinflas' nephew, representing a possible conflict of interest. Plesae Carlo, read WP:COI. Or answer here, or in your talk page, thanks. Solid Reign (talk) 15:36, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

No am not adding I am the nephew of Cantinflas and the name as the image are Copyrighted by my family so I have a right to do what ever I want when my uncle's name and image is being used. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.237.255.114 (talk) 16:22, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

Chaplin Said
I have looked everywhere for evidence to back up the statement "Chaplin once called him "the greatest comedian in the world" I have found no evidence of the veracity of that statement anywhere in the internet. It is curios how there is no mention of Cantinflas in any of the Chaplin articles that I've read, including in Wikipedia. There are no newspaper clips, pictures, videos or footnotes that verify that statement, I think proof should be provided as to make that affirmation a fact and not just hearsay. It is true that many articles in the web agree with that remark but non of them has backed it up with real testimony or shown actual proof. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 120.29.151.143 (talk) 02:12, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Added reference from a good source. It was published in a book. -- Mahanga (Talk) 03:11, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

Campesinos
Cantinflas characters where based on several low income jobs from citydwellers, not campesinos. Very misinformative. Chibs007 (talk) 04:25, 23 September 2014 (UTC)

Conservative views are authentic!
Why state that "Although he was a political conservative, his reputation as a spokesperson for the downtrodden gave his actions authenticity"? That implies that conservative views are not authentic or authoritative!Royalcourtier (talk) 21:13, 13 October 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Name Cantinflas
I have heard the name comes from an insult someone yelled at him when he stepped onto a stage at the circus and hesitated to perform. The heckler yelled "Cantas te inflas!" which means "Sing you drunk!" After other workers at the circus made fun of him he decided to own the exclamation as a name.RichardBond (talk) 17:00, 12 August 2018 (UTC)

I would vouch for lunfardo canflinfla/canflinflero. - Altenmann >talk 23:59, 27 December 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 04:21, 11 November 2019 (UTC)
 * CANTINFLAS.jpg

Self claimed official website
User Jest3rhead244 keeps adding iamcantinflas.com as an official website. Is it really an official website? Should this be allowed if the subject of the article died almost 30 years ago? Please discuss. Itzcuauhtli11 (talk) 16:40, 2 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Hey Itzcuauhtli11,
 * You have a great point. The subject of the article passed away quite a while, but his legacy remains and so does his IP. (Intellectual Property).
 * The true heir of Cantinflas IP is our client. While Cantinflas himself sold the movie rights to Columbia Pictures, he held his own Intellectual Property. The IP, not including the movies, was passed to his son Mario Moreno Jr. who passed away a few years ago.
 * As I was saying, Cantinflas might have passed away a while back but his IP remains. A good example are all the next celebrities: Marilyn Monroe, Charlie Chaplin, Steve McQueen. If you take a closer look, they all have an official website. I'm trying to do the same thing for Cantinflas since I have an active contract with Cantinflas IP owner.
 * Thanks. Jest3rhead244 (talk) 16:50, 2 August 2022 (UTC)
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_McQueen Jest3rhead244 (talk) 16:51, 2 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I wish to edit this explanation upon being read. I don't wish to publicly discuss this and my contract with that IP owner.
 * I appreciate your comprehension. Jest3rhead244 (talk) 17:40, 2 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cantinflas


text:
David Pearce (philosopher)

David Pearce (born April 1959) is a British transhumanist philosopher. He is the co-founder of the World Transhumanist Association, currently rebranded and incorporated as Humanity+. Pearce approaches ethical issues from a lexical negative utilitarian perspective.

Based in Brighton, England, Pearce maintains a series of websites devoted to transhumanist topics and what he calls the "hedonistic imperative", a moral obligation to work towards the abolition of suffering in all sentient life. His self-published internet manifesto, The Hedonistic Imperative (1995), outlines how pharmacology, genetic engineering, nanotechnology and neurosurgery could converge to eliminate all forms of unpleasant experience from human and non-human life, replacing suffering with "information-sensitive gradients of bliss". Pearce calls this the "abolitionist project".

Early life and education
Pearce grew up in Burpham, Surrey. His parents, grandparents and three of his great-grandparents were all vegetarian and his father was a Quaker. From a young age, Pearce was concerned with death and aging, and later the problem of suffering. Pearce received a scholarship to study Politics, Philosophy and Economics at the University of Oxford, but never finished his degree.

Hedonistic transhumanism
In 1995, Pearce set up BLTC Research, a network of websites publishing texts about transhumanism and related topics in pharmacology and biopsychiatry. He published The Hedonistic Imperative that year, arguing that "[o]ur post-human successors will rewrite the vertebrate genome, redesign the global ecosystem, and abolish suffering throughout the living world."

Pearce's ideas inspired an abolitionist school of transhumanism, or "hedonistic transhumanism", based on his idea of "paradise engineering" and his argument that the abolition of suffering—which he calls the "abolitionist project"—is a moral imperative. He defends a version of negative utilitarianism.

He outlines how drugs and technologies, including intracranial self-stimulation ("wireheading"), designer drugs and genetic engineering could end suffering for all sentient life. Mental suffering will be a relic of the past, just as physical suffering during surgery was eliminated by anaesthesia. The function of pain will be provided by some other signal, without the unpleasant experience.

A vegan, Pearce argues that humans have a responsibility not only to avoid cruelty to animals within human society but also to redesign the global ecosystem so that animals do not suffer in the wild. He has argued in favour of a "cross-species global analogue of the welfare state", suggesting that humanity might eventually "reprogram predators" to limit predation, reducing the suffering of animals who are predated. Fertility regulation could maintain herbivore populations at sustainable levels, "a more civilised and compassionate policy option than famine, predation, and disease". The increasing number of vegans and vegetarians in the transhumanism movement has been attributed in part to Pearce's influence.

Humanity+ and other roles
In 1998, Pearce co-founded the World Transhumanist Association, known from 2008 as Humanity+, with Nick Bostrom. Pearce is a member of the board of advisors.

Currently, Pearce is a fellow of the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, and sits on the futurist advisory board of the Lifeboat Foundation. He is also the director of bioethics of Invincible Wellbeing and is on the advisory boards of the Center on Long-Term Risk, the Organisation for the Prevention of Intense Suffering and since 2021 the Qualia Research Institute.

Until 2013, Pearce was on the editorial advisory board of the controversial and non-peer-reviewed journal Medical Hypotheses. He has been interviewed by Vanity Fair (Germany) and on BBC Radio 4's The Moral Maze, among others.

Pearce currently serves as an advisory board member for Herbivorize Predators, an organization whose mission is to discover how to transform carnivorous animals into herbivorous ones in order to minimize suffering across all species.

Books

 * "The Biointelligence Explosion: How Recursively Self-Improving Organic Robots will Modify their Own Source Code and Bootstrap Our Way to Full-Spectrum Superintelligence" in
 * Can Biotechnology Abolish Suffering?. Vinding, M. (Ed.). 2017. ASIN B075MV9KS2
 * Can Biotechnology Abolish Suffering?. Vinding, M. (Ed.). 2017. ASIN B075MV9KS2

title: David Pearce (philosopher)


text:
Glipizide

Glipizide, sold under the brand name Glucotrol among others, is an anti-diabetic medication of the sulfonylurea class used to treat type 2 diabetes. It is used together with a diabetic diet and exercise. It is not indicated for use by itself in type 1 diabetes. It is taken by mouth. Effects generally begin within half an hour and can last for up to a day.

Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, low blood sugar, and headache. Other side effects include sleepiness, skin rash, and shakiness. The dose may need to be adjusted in those with liver or kidney disease. Use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is not recommended. It works by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin and increases tissue sensitivity to insulin.

Glipizide was approved for medical use in the United States in 1984. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 48th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 13million prescriptions.

Mechanism of action
Glipizide sensitizes the beta cells of pancreatic islets of Langerhans insulin response, meaning that more insulin is released in response to glucose than would be without glipizide ingestion. Glipizide acts by partially blocking potassium channels among beta cells of pancreatic islets of Langerhans. By blocking potassium channels, the cell depolarizes, which results in the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels. The resulting calcium influx encourages insulin release from beta cells.

History
It was patented in 1969, and approved for medical use in 1971. Glipizide was approved for medical use in the United States in 1984.

title: Glipizide


text:
Glimepiride

Glimepiride is an antidiabetic medication within the sulfonylurea class, primarily prescribed for the management of type 2 diabetes. It is regarded as a second-line option compared to metformin, due to metformin's well-established safety and efficacy. Use of glimepiride is recommended in conjunction with lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise. It is taken by mouth, reaching a peak effect within three hours and lasting for about a day.

Common side effects include headache, nausea, and dizziness. Serious side effects may include low blood sugar. Use during pregnancy and breastfeeding is not recommended. It works predominantly by increasing the amount of insulin released from the pancreas. It is classified as a second-generation sulfonylurea.

Glimepiride was patented in 1979 and approved for medical use in 1995. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 74th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 8million prescriptions.

Medical uses
Glimepiride is indicated to treat type 2 diabetes; its mode of action is to increase insulin secretion by the pancreas. However it requires adequate insulin synthesis as prerequisite to treat appropriately. It is not used for type 1 diabetes because in type 1 diabetes the pancreas is not able to produce insulin.

Contraindications
Its use is contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to glimepiride or other sulfonylureas.

Adverse effects
Side effects from taking glimepiride include gastrointestinal tract (GI) disturbances, occasional allergic reactions, and rarely blood production disorders including thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and hemolytic anemia. In the initial weeks of treatment, the risk of hypoglycemia may be increased. Alcohol consumption and exposure to sunlight should be restricted because they can worsen side effects.

Interactions
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (such as salicylates), sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, coumadin and probenecid may potentiate the hypoglycemic action of glimepiride. Thiazides, other diuretics, phothiazides, thyroid products, oral contraceptives, and phenytoin tend to produce hyperglycemia.

Mechanism of action
Like all sulfonylureas, glimepiride acts as an insulin secretagogue. It lowers blood sugar by stimulating the release of insulin by pancreatic beta cells and by inducing increased activity of intracellular insulin receptors.

Not all secondary sulfonylureas have the same risk of hypoglycemia. Glibenclamide (glyburide) is associated with an incidence of hypoglycemia of up to 20–30%, compared to as low as 2% to 4% with glimepiride. Glibenclamide also interferes with the normal homeostatic suppression of insulin secretion in reaction to hypoglycemia, whereas glimepiride does not. Also, glibenclamide diminishes glucagon secretion in reaction to hypoglycemia, whereas glimepiride does not.

Pharmacokinetics
Gastrointestinal absorption is complete, with no interference from meals. Significant absorption can occur within one hour, and distribution is throughout the body, 99.5% bound to plasma protein. Metabolism is by oxidative biotransformation, it is hepatic and complete. First, the medication is metabolized to M1 metabolite by CYP2C9. M1 possesses about $1/3$ of pharmacological activity of glimepiride, yet it is unknown if this results in clinically meaningful effect on blood glucose. M1 is further metabolized to M2 metabolite by cytosolic enzymes. M2 is pharmacologically inactive. Excretion in the urine is about 65%, and the remainder is excreted in the feces.

title: Glimepiride