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Talk:Chinese poetry

Shi?
is this a poem or a type of poem?

"Shi" is just the simple Chinese translation for the wor "poem." It is inapproprate to use this for a article title. This article is about Chinese poetry / Poetry of China and should be renamed as such. --Jiang 23:33 3 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Why is it okay when Japanese terms like Sake, Haiku are accepted into the English language but Chinese terms like Jiu and Shi had to be translated to Chinese wine and Chinese poem. Basically Sake is just Japanese Jiu and Haiku is just Japanese Shi. Is this a culture bias?  Can someone explain this phenominon? Kowloonese 08:05 4 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Haiku is a specific type of poem. Sake is a specific type of wine. "Shi" is just a general term. Sake and Haiku are specific things that were invented by the Japanese and therfore have Japanese names. Jiu and Shi already have English names "wine" and "poem" and are not exclusive to the Chinese nor invented by them. (Note that "Haiku" has not replaced the English word for poem because it is not just any poem--a poem that conforms to a specific style.) --Jiang 08:15 4 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * The article says it itself: "Chinese poems came in many forms. Ancient poem (古詩) and Modern Chinese poems (新詩 vers libre) usually did not follow any prescribed pattern." I vote to move this to Chinese poetry. --Jiang 23:35 4 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * This example I used was not very good. But there is a different trend in how Japanese is accepted in English and Chinese is not.  For example the Issei Japanese American, Nisei Japanese American, Sansei Japanese American articles are no better than labelling Chinese poetry as Shi or Chinese wine as Jiu.  If you search all the Japanese articles in wikipedia, you can find 99% of the articles could be moved to "Japanese this" and "Japanese that" with no loss of meaning.  But instead many of these terms become part of the English language, such as Tsunami, Sushi, Karake, Karaoke, Kanji etc.  You don't see the same pattern in Chinese terms except perhaps the martial arts related terminology.
 * In my opinion, it is a matter of cultural pride. The Japanese would insist their rice wine to be called Sake, not Japanese wine.  On the contrary, the Chinese (like -Jiang, though NOT me) would rather call their rice wine Chinese wine instead of insisting on forcing a Chinese term into the English language.  If the Japanese term "Issei" can be added to the English language to mean "First Generation", so can Jiu and Shi be added into the English language if enough Chinese take pride in their own heritage.  I am really interested to see some linguists or social scientists to comment on this behavior.  Kowloonese 10:24 17 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I have nothing against using Chinese names, provided people know what they are. As per Naming conventions (common names), we have to place the article where people can actually expect to find it. Only people fluent in Chinese know that Shi=poem. If you put it at shi, few people will find it. I searched "jiu" in a search engine and all I got was "jiu jitsu", and nothing about Chinese wine.

 * I think most of the "problem" here lies with exposure, and not specifically with cultural inferiority. English speaking people were/are exposed much more to Japan than China, because of Japan's economic position.

 * The bottom line is, that in adherance to our naming conventions, the article should be placed under the most common name. How do you expect people to discover that Shi=poem if they don't find the article in the first place? It's good that they learn in the article, but it's more important that they locate the article first.

 * --Jiang 21:27 17 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Old debate, but to clear something up: Although Chinese "jiu" and Japanese "sake" are written with the same character, they do NOT have the same meaning, especially when borrowed into English. "Jiu" in Chinese means any type of wine, but when people say "sake" they generally mean one specific type of wine. Also how many words in Chinese are pronounced jiu and shi, and how many in Japanese are pronounced sake? 219.77.98.166 13:47, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Moved. The original article Shi is turned into a disambiguation page.

 * In view of the above discussion, I think that Chinese poetry is the correct main article; however, it seems obvious that the term shi is notable enough to require an article (see discussion page of Shi (poetry). Dcattell (talk) 19:22, 24 September 2010 (UTC)

Expanded
I've expanded the content significantly, to cover the forms in more detail and adding forms not already covered. The structure at the moment is based on the forms used in each period (early, classical, modern), which I think (hope) works OK.

Markalexander100 07:22, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

This article needs an intro/abstract — Sverdrup (talk) 17:11, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Now it's quite a good article, thanks to Mark, and also to Jiang who made the fluid final layout. (Sorry for not contributing - I'm interested but doesn't know a lot! :-) Gj, all. — Sverdrup 00:07, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Links needed
We need something that we can link to to explain the different forms when we mention them in other articles. I think that means either spinning off each of the forms to its own page (like ci-poetry), or section headings for each form. Comments? Markalexander100 07:01, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Definitely spin-off new articles. They are literary forms with tremendous amount of works. --Menchi 11:09, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

Underway. ;) Markalexander100 05:16, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

Come on Chinese poetry, you can do better than that! Check out the page on Japanese poetry -- and Japan doesn't have nearly as rich a tradition as the Chinese!

Bathrobe 22 August 2005

[Confused by a redirection]Thomashauk 23:02, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

 * In regards to links, I think the "See also" section, now organized into subsections, will help. As to "spinning off" new articles, I think that it would be most help that when doing so that 1) a link to it be included in the "See also" section, or other appropriate and prominent location, and 2) that a summary of the "spun off" material be retained in the main article, and in such a way as to preserve its overall cohesive structure and flow. Dcattell (talk) 19:28, 24 September 2010 (UTC)

Comment
This article and the shi article show some misconceptions of Chinese poetry. Terminology is a problem. I've tried to correct them. But there are still too many things to do.--K.C. Tang 04:17, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

There're still a long way to go. This article lacks an in-depth analysis of Chinese shi, as well as the historical development of the art of poetry in general. I believe some examples of poems would make it better. 尖尖的鹿角 (talk) 13:00, 14 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I think examples are an excellent idea; however, there are obvious potential copyright issues, especially with English translations and with Modern Chinese poetry. Dcattell (talk) 15:30, 25 September 2010 (UTC)

Cleanup tag
I'm not finding this article very useful for getting a good overview of the history of Chinese literature, and I've had classes on the subject, so I'm somewhat familiar. But it seems that each section is too short to provide a good introduction to both the formal characteristics of each period and the key movements/poets. How can we better organize the individual sections? Aristophanes68 (talk) 02:30, 22 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I've cleaned up the Early Poetry section, so that should be taken care of, unless someone wants to expand it. Aristophanes68 (talk) 19:09, 22 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I've now cleaned up the Classical Poetry section, but this could really use an expert's help! Aristophanes68 (talk) 03:35, 23 July 2010 (UTC)

Me again--I'm looking through the revision history, and it appears that a lot of really useful information has been removed from the article over time. If anyone has the time and energy to work through the previous revisions, we might be able to restore some of the best material from past versions. Thanks, Aristophanes68 (talk) 18:42, 23 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I have taken a brief survey of the history. I think part of the problem is that parts of the article have been "spun off" without being replaced with either an adequate summary or clear linkage. I think much of the material exists in various other articles: part of the problem is/has been to find them and then incorporate them appropriately into the main article. Similarly, there are many related articles which should be integrated, for instance some of the articles developed by the guqin people or the linguists or the modern English poetry fans (not to mention the military historians and biographers -- this is a particular problem since almost anyone of any notability for much of Chinese history seems to have been a poet). One approach to making this a better article is to 1) find relevant individual articles and add them to appropriate categories (as far as these exist, I find them somewhat problematic, and the same with the portals, such as Poetry and China), 2) to make prominent and stable links to the relevant material that is in these articles (apparently material has been moved to a separate subarticle, leaving behind an in-line link, which has later been carelessly edited over, changed, or moved --or the article linked to was renamed, etc.-- contributing to a disruption of article's the overall structural integrity), and 3) to integrate the material from these articles into the main "Chinese poetry" article as organized summaries. In the course of trying to make a start to this I have also noted the presence of plural articles on the same person/subject or overlapping and unlinked material within the articles, much of this due to the historical Chinese practice of one individual having various names: given names, style names, and so on, and in the case of the emperors (often poets) temple names and posthumous names. Combined with the high degree of homophony characteristic of Chinese, together with dialectical variants, and huge inconsistencies when it comes to transliteration into English. But now that I have complained longer than anyone else here, I'll end on a careless comma, Dcattell (talk) 20:15, 24 September 2010 (UTC)

Influence
The section on influence doesn't have any sources and only randomly cites the beat movement with a link psychedelic music. The section should either be expanded or deleted in my opinion.

Modern Poetry
The last section on modern poetry was full of grammatical errors and it was entirely unreferenced. I didn't disagree with everything in it, so I left it and just tried to clean it up, but it requires some research to be satisfactory. I will try to get back to this after I read up on the topic some more. — Zujine |talk 03:08, 22 June 2011 (UTC)

Ming, Ming-Qing Transition, and Qing poetry
The final sentence "Other notable poetry was written during the Ming Dynasty, the Ming-Qing Transition, and during the Qing Dynasty." seems unacceptably vague. Is there any reason not to delete it? It could also be rephrased to refer to "many minor developments", but why bring them up without description? Philipmerrill (talk) 12:21, 7 November 2011 (UTC)
 * The reason that this section is poorly developed is that no one has gotten around to making the improvements which it probably deserves. Ideally, I think it should be expanded into two or three subsections within the Chinese poetry article and with linked main articles. Dcattell (talk) 19:18, 11 December 2011 (UTC)

Poetry sung to Pusaman melody
http://books.google.com/books?id=Lgs4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA83&dq=Pusaman+tang+japanese&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qBmnUPuWKrPF0AH02IDgCA&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Pusaman%20tang%20japanese&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=QmSIiSXyL88C&pg=PT19&dq=Pusaman+tang+japanese&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qBmnUPuWKrPF0AH02IDgCA&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ

http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKdPAAAAMAAJ&q=Pusaman+tang+japanese&dq=Pusaman+tang+japanese&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qBmnUPuWKrPF0AH02IDgCA&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg

http://books.google.com/books?id=JUVIAQAAIAAJ&q=Pusaman+tang+japanese&dq=Pusaman+tang+japanese&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qBmnUPuWKrPF0AH02IDgCA&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAw

http://books.google.com/books?id=aV8HAQAAIAAJ&q=Pusaman+tang+japanese&dq=Pusaman+tang+japanese&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qBmnUPuWKrPF0AH02IDgCA&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBA

http://books.google.com/books?id=Lgs4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA83&dq=Pusa+man+tang&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ciGnUP6HAYjo0gGq_YC4BQ&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Pusa%20man%20tang&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=xRNnU-SpDyYC&pg=PA818&dq=Pusa+man+tang&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ciGnUP6HAYjo0gGq_YC4BQ&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Pusa%20man%20tang&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=1RNX8IW2dTEC&pg=PA73&dq=Pusa+man+tang&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ciGnUP6HAYjo0gGq_YC4BQ&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Pusa%20man%20tang&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=BJ8QAAAAYAAJ&q=Pusa+man+tang&dq=Pusa+man+tang&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ciGnUP6HAYjo0gGq_YC4BQ&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBA

http://books.google.com/books?id=idt8pQQKrfQC&pg=PA216&dq=Pusa+man+tang&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ciGnUP6HAYjo0gGq_YC4BQ&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Pusa%20man%20tang&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=84042rX5WnUC&pg=PA14&dq=Pusa+man+tang&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ciGnUP6HAYjo0gGq_YC4BQ&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Pusa%20man%20tang&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=qAqGhgMx8PIC&pg=PA257&dq=Pusa+man+tang&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ciGnUP6HAYjo0gGq_YC4BQ&ved=0CEoQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Pusa%20man%20tang&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=fOQrAQAAIAAJ&q=Pusa+man+tang&dq=Pusa+man+tang&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DSKnULb8OJC_0QHi7oDYAQ&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBzgU

Guderyean (talk) 05:36, 17 November 2012 (UTC)

http://books.google.com/books?id=GFOVfMIZcm4C&pg=PA197&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VRSnUKSFO-m40QHb74CABA&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Pusaman&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=jV9_YvgUmpsC&pg=PA73&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VRSnUKSFO-m40QHb74CABA&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Pusaman&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=jVvsLYrxj58C&pg=PA103&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VRSnUKSFO-m40QHb74CABA&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Pusaman&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=zve0QSE4S0oC&pg=PA4&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VRSnUKSFO-m40QHb74CABA&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Pusaman&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=z-fAxn_9f8wC&pg=PA643&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VRSnUKSFO-m40QHb74CABA&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Pusaman&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=AjE3HNO7j3kC&pg=PA470&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VRSnUKSFO-m40QHb74CABA&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Pusaman&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=EVCrwMmfDKgC&pg=PA3&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VRSnUKSFO-m40QHb74CABA&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Pusaman&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=ftv7ks-Ehq0C&pg=PA224&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VRSnUKSFO-m40QHb74CABA&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Pusaman&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=hykRAAAAYAAJ&q=Pusaman&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VRSnUKSFO-m40QHb74CABA&ved=0CEoQ6AEwCA

http://books.google.com/books?id=0zhkAAAAMAAJ&q=Pusaman&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VRSnUKSFO-m40QHb74CABA&ved=0CE0Q6AEwCQ

http://books.google.com/books?id=idt8pQQKrfQC&pg=PA217&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IxanUMalL6i90QHylIDoAw&ved=0CC8Q6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=Pusaman&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=ok8qyivasGcC&pg=PA141&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IxanUMalL6i90QHylIDoAw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=Pusaman&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=OIAiYaIfFagC&pg=PA326&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IxanUMalL6i90QHylIDoAw&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=Pusaman&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=g4F9_dH4_h0C&pg=PA167&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IxanUMalL6i90QHylIDoAw&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=Pusaman&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=gQTJc4Lc45MC&pg=PA77&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IxanUMalL6i90QHylIDoAw&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=Pusaman&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=xU6r4Ybyn3MC&pg=PA176&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IxanUMalL6i90QHylIDoAw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=Pusaman&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=XyDJUP69GqQC&pg=PA112&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IxanUMalL6i90QHylIDoAw&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=Pusaman&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=1RNX8IW2dTEC&pg=PA178&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IxanUMalL6i90QHylIDoAw&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=Pusaman&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=pmv6Aeh2cYoC&pg=PA103&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IxanUMalL6i90QHylIDoAw&ved=0CEoQ6AEwCTgK#v=onepage&q=Pusaman&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=n3S7AAAAIAAJ&q=Pusaman&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cRanUMKkDonB0AGe2YGICw&ved=0CC8Q6AEwADgU

http://books.google.com/books?id=wLCNo0Id6PsC&pg=PA201&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cRanUMKkDonB0AGe2YGICw&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAjgU#v=onepage&q=Pusaman&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=TQ4NAQAAMAAJ&q=Pusaman&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cRanUMKkDonB0AGe2YGICw&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAzgU

http://books.google.com/books?id=XTFkAAAAMAAJ&q=Pusaman&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cRanUMKkDonB0AGe2YGICw&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBDgU

http://books.google.com/books?id=5UnjAAAAMAAJ&q=Pusaman&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cRanUMKkDonB0AGe2YGICw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBTgU

http://books.google.com/books?id=XysRAAAAYAAJ&q=Pusaman&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cRanUMKkDonB0AGe2YGICw&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBjgU

http://books.google.com/books?id=VSkxAAAAMAAJ&q=Pusaman&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cRanUMKkDonB0AGe2YGICw&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBzgU

http://books.google.com/books?id=aClkAAAAMAAJ&q=Pusaman&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cRanUMKkDonB0AGe2YGICw&ved=0CEcQ6AEwCDgU

http://books.google.com/books?id=HxsRAAAAYAAJ&q=Pusaman&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cRanUMKkDonB0AGe2YGICw&ved=0CEoQ6AEwCTgU

http://books.google.com/books?id=HxsRAAAAYAAJ&q=Pusaman&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XBenULauCuW10QH9oYGwDw&ved=0CC8Q6AEwADge

http://books.google.com/books?id=qTRkAAAAMAAJ&q=Pusaman&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XBenULauCuW10QH9oYGwDw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwATge

http://books.google.com/books?id=XTFkAAAAMAAJ&q=Pusaman&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XBenULauCuW10QH9oYGwDw&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAjge

http://books.google.com/books?id=xZ6EGy2nZBYC&pg=PA105&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XBenULauCuW10QH9oYGwDw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBTge#v=onepage&q=Pusaman&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=6jr_CEcBdRgC&pg=PA250&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XBenULauCuW10QH9oYGwDw&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBjge#v=onepage&q=Pusaman&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=kKmdLPZlO98C&pg=PA304&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XBenULauCuW10QH9oYGwDw&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBzge#v=onepage&q=Pusaman&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=6ikRAAAAYAAJ&q=Pusaman&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7xenUNSnDK-N0QGpqIGABw&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAzgo

http://books.google.com/books?id=8r0fAQAAMAAJ&q=Pusaman&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7xenUNSnDK-N0QGpqIGABw&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBDgo

http://books.google.com/books?id=TrQYAAAAYAAJ&q=Pusaman&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7xenUNSnDK-N0QGpqIGABw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBTgo

http://books.google.com/books?id=XysRAAAAYAAJ&q=Pusaman&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7xenUNSnDK-N0QGpqIGABw&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBjgo

http://books.google.com/books?id=ihQSAQAAIAAJ&q=Pusaman&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7xenUNSnDK-N0QGpqIGABw&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBzgo

http://books.google.com/books?id=JUVIAQAAIAAJ&q=Pusaman&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7xenUNSnDK-N0QGpqIGABw&ved=0CEcQ6AEwCDgo

http://books.google.com/books?id=QZcQAAAAYAAJ&q=Pusaman&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZxinUL-WJ-mJ0QGQgoGICw&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBTgy

http://books.google.com/books?id=uGYxAQAAIAAJ&q=Pusaman&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZxinUL-WJ-mJ0QGQgoGICw&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBjgy

http://books.google.com/books?id=0CvWAAAAMAAJ&q=Pusaman&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZxinUL-WJ-mJ0QGQgoGICw&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBzgy

http://books.google.com/books?id=rWHVAAAAMAAJ&q=Pusaman&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZxinUL-WJ-mJ0QGQgoGICw&ved=0CEoQ6AEwCDgy

http://books.google.com/books?id=IEDkAAAAMAAJ&q=Pusaman&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZxinUL-WJ-mJ0QGQgoGICw&ved=0CE0Q6AEwCTgy

http://books.google.com/books?id=zXEqAQAAIAAJ&q=Pusaman&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yRinUKmqC6Pm0gHg6oDQDQ&ved=0CC8Q6AEwADg8

http://books.google.com/books?id=TgtuAAAAMAAJ&q=Pusaman&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yRinUKmqC6Pm0gHg6oDQDQ&ved=0CEoQ6AEwCTg8

http://books.google.com/books?id=o-dQeGeuQNAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cRanUMKkDonB0AGe2YGICw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=h8fWf7pYOIUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yRinUKmqC6Pm0gHg6oDQDQ&ved=0CDIQ6AEwATg8#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=eDoyAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA215&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RxmnUNz-D5GQ0QGpxoHIAQ&ved=0CEoQ6AEwCThG

http://books.google.com/books?id=REKCAAAAIAAJ&q=Pusaman&dq=Pusaman&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bxmnUK3_BZKy0AGL-oHgCA&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAzhQ

Guderyean (talk) 05:04, 17 November 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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Article needed for Mao Xianshu
Could someone create an article for the early Qing Dynasty poet Mao Xianshu (毛先舒)? 173.88.241.33 (talk) 16:01, 20 April 2019 (UTC)

New article needed
New article needed: Ten Talents of the Dali Reign (大历十才子; pinyin: Dàlì Shí Cáizǐ). 173.88.246.138 (talk) 03:07, 10 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chinese poetry


text:
List of churches in Ottawa

Archdiocese of Ottawa-Cornwall
The Archdiocese of Ottawa-Cornwall includes several parishes outside the city limits, which have been included in the list. Francophone communities are marked with a fleur-de-lys:. • Annunciation of the Lord

• L'Ascension de Notre-Seigneur-Jésus-Christ Fleur de lys du québec.png

• Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Filipino national parish)

• B.V. Marie-Médiatrice de toutes-les-grâces Fleur de lys du québec.png

• Blessed Sacrament Catholic Church, designed by M.J. Morton, 1932

• Divine Infant

• Good Shepherd

• Holy Canadian Martyrs

• Holy Cross

• Holy Korean Martyrs (Korean national parish)

• Holy Name of Mary

• Holy Redeemer

• Holy Spirit

• Immaculate Heart of Mary

• Lift Jesus Higher

• Madonna Della Risurrezione (Italian national parish)

• Marie-Médiatrice Fleur de lys du québec.png (Burundian national parish)

• Nativité de Notre-Seigneur-Jésus-Christ Fleur de lys du québec.png

• Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica Fleur de lys du québec.png (Bilingual), designed by Antoine Robillard, Fr John Francis Cannon, and Fr Pierre-Adrien Telmon. It is the cathedral of the Archdiocese of Ottawa and is the largest and oldest church in the city. It is the only church in Ottawa which is also a national historic site.

• Notre-Dame-de-Lourdes Fleur de lys du québec.png

• Notre-Dame des Champs Fleur de lys du québec.png

• Our Lady of Divine Love

• Our Lady of Fatima

• Our Lady of La Vang (Vietnamese national parish)

• Our Lady of Mount Carmel

• Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal

• Our Lady of the Visitation

• Queen of the Most Holy Rosary

• Resurrection of Our Lord

• Sacré-Coeur Fleur de lys du québec.png (Bourget)

• Sacré-Coeur Fleur de lys du québec.png (Sandy Hill), designed by Louis Zephirin Gauthier, 1888–93; tower and entrance, 1899; interior decoration by Victor Roy 1893.

• Sagrada Familia (Spanish national parish)

• Senhor Santo Cristo (Portuguese national parish)

• Sheng Shen Chinese Catholic Church (Chinese national parish)

• St-Albert

• St. Albertus Pfarrgemeinde (German national parish)

• St-Alphonse de Liguori

• St. Andrew

• Ste-Anne Catholic Church Fleur de lys du québec.png (Lowertown), designed 1873 by J.P. LeCourt. Parish closed 2013; now home to St. Clement Parish.

• Ste-Anne Fleur de lys du québec.png (Ste-Anne-de-Prescott)

• St. Anthony of Padua (Italian national parish), designed by Guido Nincheri, 1925.

• St. Augustine

• St. Basil

• St-Benoît-Labre Fleur de lys du québec.png

• St-Bernard Fleur de lys du québec.png (Fournier)

• St. Bernard (Ottawa)

• St-Bernardin Fleur de lys du québec.png

• St-Bonaventure Fleur de lys du québec.png

• St. Brigid (Byward Market), designed 1888-1890 by James R. Bowes, closed 2007. Now home to Saint Brigid's Centre for the Arts.

• St. Brigid (Manotick)

• St-Charles Borromée Fleur de lys du québec.png (Congolese national parish)

• St-Claude Fleur de lys du québec.png

• St. Catherine

• St. Clare

• St. Clement Parish Fleur de lys du québec.png (Bilingual), building closed 2013, with the community now meeting at Ste-Anne Catholic Church. Uses the traditional liturgy of 1962.

• St. Declan

• St-Dominique Fleur de lys du québec.png

• St. Edith Stein

• St. Elizabeth (also serving the Hungarian Catholic community)

• St-Eugène Fleur de lys du québec.png

• St-Euphémie Fleur de lys du québec.png

• Ste-Famille Fleur de lys du québec.png

• Ste-Félicité Fleur de lys du québec.png

• St-François d'Assise Fleur de lys du québec.png and Capuchin Monastery, Richmond Road, designed by Joseph Simeon Jude Routhier 1891; Church at Wellington Street at Fairmont Street designed by Charles Brodeur, 1914-15

• St. Gabriel (Woodlawn)

• St-Gabriel Fleur de lys du québec.png (Ottawa)

• Ste-Geneviève Fleur de lys du québec.png

• St. George

• St-Grégoire de Nazianze Fleur de lys du québec.png

• St-Guillaume Fleur de lys du québec.png

• St-Hugues Fleur de lys du québec.png

• St. Hyacinth (Polish)

• St. Ignatius

• St. Isidore (Ottawa)

• St. Isidore (St-Isidore)

• St-Jacques Fleur de lys du québec.png

• St-Jean-Baptiste Fleur de lys du québec.png (L'Orignal)

• St-Jean-Baptiste Fleur de lys du québec.png (Ottawa) designed by Father Joseph Michaud 1883-84.

• St-Joachin Fleur de lys du québec.png

• St. John the Apostle

• St. John the Evangelist

• St. Joseph (Sandy Hill)

• St-Joseph Fleur de lys du québec.png (Orleans)

• St. Jude

• St-Laurent Fleur de lys du québec.png

• St-Léon-le-Grand Fleur de lys du québec.png

• St. Leonard

• St. Leopold Mandic (Croatian national parish)

• St-Luc Fleur de lys du québec.png

• St-Louis-Marie-de-Montfort Fleur de lys du québec.png

• St. Martin de Porres

• St-Mathieu Fleur de lys du québec.png

• St. Margaret Mary Fleur de lys du québec.png (Cumberland; bilingual)

• St. Margaret Mary (Glebe)

• Ste-Marie Fleur de lys du québec.png (Orleans)

• St. Mary (Centretown West), designed by Auguste Martineau 1949-50

• St. Maurice

• St. Michael (Carp)

• St. Michael (Fitzroy Harbour)

• St. Monica

• St-Pascal-Baylon Fleur de lys du québec.png

• St. Patrick's Basilica, designed by Augustus Laver, 1868, and completed in 1875 by King McCord Arnoldi.

• St. Patrick's (Fallowfield)

• St-Paul Fleur de lys du québec.png

• St. Peter

• St. Peter Celestine

• St. Philip

• St-Pierre, Apôtre Fleur de lys du québec.png

• St-Rémi Fleur de lys du québec.png

• St-Sébastien Fleur de lys du québec.png

• St. Theresa of the Child Jesus, designed by Henry Joseph Morin, completed 1933.

• Ste-Thérèse d'Avila Fleur de lys du québec.png

• St-Thomas Fleur de lys du québec.png

• St-Thomas d'Aquin Fleur de lys du québec.png

• Ste-Trinité Fleur de lys du québec.png

• St-Viateur Fleur de lys du québec.png

• St. Victor

Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter

 * Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary

Roman Catholic Military Ordinariate of Canada

 * Our Lady of the Airways Chapel (see Ecumenical below)

Melkite (Greek) Catholic Church

 * Saints Peter and Paul Melkite Catholic Church

Syriac Maronite Church of Antioch

 * Saint Charbel Maronite Catholic Church

Syriac Catholic Church

 * Saint Paul Syriac Catholic Mission

Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church

 * St. John the Baptist Ukrainian Catholic Shrine

Canonically irregular groups

 * Society of St Pius X Mission, meeting at the Holy Ghost Chapel.

Old Catholic Church

 * Mission Parish of St. Aelred Old Roman Catholic.

Christian Science

 * First Church of Christ, Scientist, designed by John Pritchard MacLaren 1913–14.

Gnostic Catholic Apostolic Church (EGCA)

 * Gnostic Church of Ottawa-Gatineau

Ecumenical
Canadian Forces Support Unit Ottawa Chaplain Services

 * Canadian Forces Ottawa Chapel houses "Our Lady of the Airways" Our Lady of the Airways Chapel and "Elizabeth Park Protestant Congregation". These are the ecumenical faith communities meeting in the Uplands Site chapel (337 Breadner Boulevard, Gloucester) located beside Ottawa's International Airport on the former Canadian Forces Uplands Military Base.(45.33444°N, -75.66203°W ) These worshiping communities are part of the Canadian Forces Support Unit Ottawa Chaplain Services and have regular Roman Catholic and Protestant services serving military members and their families in the National Capital Region. As well, there is assistance for other denominations.

Patriarchate of Constantinople

 * Christ the Saviour

Greek Orthodox Church

 * Kimisis Tis Theotokos (Dormition of the Theotokos)

Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch

 * St. Elias Cathedral
 * St. Elijah Antiochian Orthodox Church, built 1950. The church was sold in 1989, with the community moving to St. Elias Cathedral, and the building was converted to St. Elijah's Housing.

Orthodox Church in America

 * Annunciation Cathedral

Romanian Orthodox Church

 * St. Matthew
 * St. Nicholas

Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia

 * Protection of the Holy Virgin Memorial Church
 * St. Xenia of Petersburg

Serbian Orthodox Church

 * St. Stefan - Serbian Orthodox Church (Ottawa)
 * Meeting of the Lord - Serbian Orthodox Parish (Ottawa)

Ukrainian Orthodox Church

 * Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary Cathedral

Coptic Orthodox Church

 * St. George and St. Anthony
 * St. Mark and St. Mary of Egypt
 * St. Mary

Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church

 * St. Teklehaimanot

Eritrean Orthodox Church

 * Kidus Gabriel

Armenian Orthodox Church

 * St. Mesrob

Diocese of Ottawa
• All Saints' Sandy Hill, building closed 2014, with the community now meeting at St Margaret's Church.

• All Saints' Anglican Church Westboro

• Christ Church Ashton, sharing a building with First United Church (Ottawa)

• Christ Church Bells Corners

• Christ Church Cathedral, designed 1872-73 by the King McCord Arnoldi. Cathedral of the Anglican Diocese of Ottawa

• Church of St. John the Evangelist

• Church of the Ascension

• Church of the Resurrection, sharing a building with Riverside United Church

• Epiphany Anglican Church

• Good Shepherd Anglican Lutheran Ministry

• Holy Trinity, North Gower

• Parish of Bearbrook, Vars, & Navan

• *St. Andrew's, Vars

• *St. Mark's, Cumberland

• *St. Mary's, Navan

• *St. Mary the Virgin, Blackburn

• *Trinity, Bearbrook

• Parish of Fitzroy Harbour

• *St. George's, Fitzroy Harbour

• *St. Thomas, Woodlawn

• Parish of Huntley

• *Christ Church

• *St. James the Apostle

• *St. John's Church

• Parish of Kars-Osgoode

• *St. John's Anglican Church Kars

• *St. Paul's Anglican Church Osgoode

• Parish of March

• *St John’s Anglican Church

• *St Mary’s Anglican Church

• *St Paul’s Anglican Church

• Parish of Metcalfe, Greely, and Vernon

• *Holy Trinity Metcalfe

• *All Saints' Greely

• *St. George's Vernon

• St. Aidan's Anglican Church

• St. Alban the Martyr

• St. Barnabas, Apostle and Martyr Anglican Church

• St. Bartholomew's Anglican Church

• St. Columba Anglican Church

• St. Helen's Anglican Church

• St. James the Apostle, Manotick

• St. James' Anglican Church Leitrim

• St. James the Apostle

• St. John the Baptist Anglican Church, Richmond

• St. John the Evangelist

• St. Luke's, by Charles Penruddocke William Kivas Band 1903-04

• St. Margaret's Church, merged with All Saints' Sandy Hill in 2014

• St. Mark the Evangelist Anglican Church, by James Strutt (1954) designated heritage

• St. Martin's Anglican Church

• St. Matthew's Anglican Church

• St. Matthias Anglican Church

• St. Michael and All Angels Ottawa

• St. Paul's Anglican Church by James Strutt (1963-1964)

• St. Richard's Anglican Church

• St. Stephen's Anglican Church

• St. Thomas the Apostle Anglican Church, Alta Vista

• St Thomas Anglican Church, Stittsville

• Trinity Anglican Church

Anglican Church in North America

 * Blackburn Hamlet Community Church
 * Church of the Messiah
 * St. Peter & St. Paul's Anglican Church

Anglican Catholic Church

 * St. Matthew the Apostle

The Anglican Mission in Canada

 * HUB Ottawa

Associated Gospel

 * Community Bible Church
 * Metropolitan Bible Church (a.k.a. "The Met")
 * Trinity Bible Church of Ottawa

Baptist

 * First Baptist Church
 * Grace Baptist Church Ottawa
 * McPhail Memorial Baptist Church
 * The Crossroads Church
 * Calvary Baptist Church
 * Alta Vista Baptist Church
 * Fourth Avenue Baptist Church
 * Fellowship Baptist Church of Kanata
 * Kanata Baptist Church
 * Bethany Baptist Church
 * Bromley Road Baptist Church
 * Bilberry Creek Baptist Orleans
 * Eglise Evangelique Baptiste d'Orleans
 * Centre Évangélique Francophone d'Ottawa (CEFO)
 * Britannia Baptist Church
 * Sequoia Community Church
 * Celebration! Church
 * Parkdale Baptist Church
 * Crosspoint Baptist Church

Brethren in Christ

 * The Meeting House, remote site at Cineplex Lansdowne

Charismatic Churches

 * Abundant Life Christian Fellowship
 * Barrhaven New Life Church
 * Vineyard Ottawa
 * Catch The Fire Ottawa

Christian Brethren

 * Rideauview Bible Chapel
 * Bridlewood Bible Chapel
 * Downtown Outreach Bible Chapel
 * Ottawa Gospel Hall

Christian and Missionary Alliance (C&MA)

 * Cedarview Alliance Church
 * East Gate Alliance Church
 * Eglise Biblique de la Grace Divine
 * Emmanuel Alliance Church of Ottawa
 * Filipino Community Church
 * Ottawa Chinese Alliance Church
 * Redeemer Alliance Church
 * Agape Chinese Alliance Church
 * Ottawa Mandarin Alliance Church
 * Pathway Church Kanata

Evangelical Free Church of Canada

 * Ottawa Chinese Bible Church

==== Evangelical Missionary Church of Canada ====
 * Christian Family Worship Centre Ottawa (formerly Church of Hope)
 * Rhema International Church

The Salvation Army in Canada

 * The Salvation Army Ottawa Citadel
 * The Salvation Army Barrhaven Church

Canadian Association of Lutheran Congregations

 * All Saints Lutheran Church

Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada

 * Faith Evangelical Lutheran Church
 * German Evangelical Martin Luther Church
 * Good Shepherd Anglican Lutheran Ministry
 * Mount Calvary Lutheran Church
 * Peace Latvian Evangelical Lutheran Church
 * Resurrection Lutheran Church
 * St. John Evangelical Lutheran Church
 * St. Peter's Evangelical Lutheran Church

Lutheran Church–Canada

 * Christ Risen Lutheran Church
 * Iglesia Luterana Unidos en Cristo
 * Our Saviour Lutheran Church
 * St. Luke Lutheran Church

Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod

 * Abiding Word Lutheran Church
 * Divine Word Lutheran Church
 * St. Paul Lutheran Church

Mennonite

 * Ottawa Mennonite Church
 * Church of the Living Word, whose worship service is held in Amharic
 * The Village IMC, which meets at the Centre Richelieu in Vanier

Mennonite Brethren

 * The Gathering

Methodist
See also United Church of Canada below

Free Methodist Church in Canada

 * Arlington Woods Free Methodist Church
 * Chapel Ridge Free Methodist Church
 * Ecclesiax Free Methodist Church
 * Église Methodiste Libre De La Derniere Heure

Independent Holiness Church

 * Metcalfe Holiness Church
 * Shiloh Holiness Church

Church of God Canada

 * The Ottawa Church of God
 * Romanian Evangelical Church of God

Pentecostal Assemblies of Canada

 * Bethel Pentecostal Church
 * Comm Pent Church of Ottawa
 * Grace Assembly
 * Iglesia La Vid (meets at Nepean Baptist Church)
 * Lifecentre
 * Lifecentre Kanata
 * Living Waters Christian Assembly (formerly The Westend Church)
 * The Oasis
 * Parkway Road Pentecostal Church
 * Peace Tower Church
 * Pentecostal Community Church
 * Vanier Community Church
 * Woodvale Pentecostal Church

Other

 * All Nations Full Gospel Church
 * Church of Grace, with services in English, French, and Tamil; meets at Carleton University.
 * Church of Hope, with services in Tamil.
 * The Church of Pentecost Canada, Ottawa Assembly
 * Église le Centre
 * Église Nouveau Départ de Rockland
 * Elizabeth Park Protestant Congregation, Uplands (Old Uplands Air Base)
 * Grace Assembly Pentecostal Church
 * International Revival Church, Ottawa
 * Kingdom Culture Ministries
 * Mahanaim International Ministries / Ministerios Internacionales Mahanaim
 * Mount Zion Church of the Firstborn
 * myChurch meets at Algonquin Commons Theatre
 * New Beginning Church of Rockland
 * New Hope Community Church
 * Overflowing Glory Bible Church
 * The Redeemed Christian Church of God Overcomer's Chapel
 * Shiloh Holiness Church
 * Shoreline Community Church

Presbytery of Ottawa
The Presbytery of Ottawa also includes two churches outside the city limits: St. Andrew Presbyterian Church in Aylmer, and Upper Room Presbyterian Church in Rockland.
 * Calvin Hungarian Presbyterian Church
 * Gloucester Presbyterian Church
 * Grace Presbyterian Church
 * Knox Presbyterian Church Manotick
 * Knox Presbyterian Church
 * Osgoode Presbyterian Church
 * Parkwood Presbyterian Church
 * pccbarrhaven, meeting at St. Emily's school in Barrhaven
 * St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church (Kars)
 * St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church (Ottawa)
 * St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church (Richmond)
 * St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church (Stittsville)
 * St. David & St. Martin Presbyterian Church
 * St.Giles' Presbyterian Church
 * St. Paul's Presbyterian Church by James Strutt 1959
 * St. Stephen's Presbyterian Church
 * St Timothy's Presbyterian Church by Burgess, McLean & MacPhadyen 1959
 * Trinity Presbyterian Church
 * Westminster Presbyterian Church

Presbyterian Church in America

 * Resurrection Church

Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America

 * Ottawa Reformed Presbyterian Church

Christian Reformed Church

 * Barrhaven Fellowship Christian Reformed Church
 * Calvary Christian Reformed Church
 * Calvin Christian Reformed Church
 * Kanata Community Christian Reformed Church
 * Living Hope Community Church

Canadian and American Reformed Churches

 * Jubilee Canadian Reformed Church

Seventh-day Adventist Church

 * Eglise Adventiste Francophone d'Ottawa
 * Hope Central Adventist Group
 * Lily of the Valley Adventist Company
 * Kanata Adventist Company
 * Nepean Adventist Church
 * Orleans Adventist Church
 * Orleans French Adventist Church
 * Ottawa Adventist Church
 * Ottawa French Adventist Church
 * Ottawa East Adventist Church
 * Ottawa Spanish Adventist Company
 * West French Group

Unaffiliated

 * Abundant Life Christian Fellowship
 * All Nations Church
 * Calvary Baptist Church
 * City View International Church
 * Chinese Christian Church of Ottawa
 * Mercy Community Church
 * Metcalfe Street Church
 * Christ Embassy Church
 * myChurch meets at Algonquin Commons Theatre
 * Ottawa River of Life Christian Church
 * Pine Grove Bible Church
 * Smiths Falls Bethel Pentecostal Church
 * Transforming Life Center
 * Grace City Church Ottawa
 * Crosspointe Ministries
 * The Ottawa Church of Christ
 * South Asian Christian Fellowship Of Ottawa meets at Metropolitan Bible Church

Ottawa Presbytery
• Ashton United Church

• Barrhaven United Church

• Bell's Corners United Church by James Strutt (1962)

• Bethany United Church

• Bethel United Church

• Britannia United Church

• Carleton Memorial United Church

• Carsonby United Church

• Centretown United Church

• City View United Church

• Dominion-Chalmers United Church

• Dunrobin United Church

• Emmanuel United Church

• Fallowfield United Church

• First United Church, historic building closed 2007, now meeting at All Saints' Westboro.

• Glebe-St. James United Church

• Glen Cairn United Church

• Hawthorne United Church

• Kanata United Church

• Kitchissippi United Church

• Knox Edwards United Church

• Knox United Church

• MacKay United Church

• Manotick United Church

• Merivale United Church

• Metcalfe United Church

• Munster United Church

• Navan-Vars United Church

• North Gower United Church

• Northwestern United Church

• Orleans United Church

• Ottawa Chinese United Church

• Parkdale United Church: major addition, 1949 by Cecil Burgess

• Queenswood United Church

• Rideau Park United Church

• Riverside United Church

• Rothwell United Church by James Strutt (1960-1962)

• Église Unie St-Marc

• St. Andrew's United Church (Cumberland)

• St. Andrew's United Church (Fitzroy Harbour)

• St. James United Church

• St. Paul's-Eastern United Church

• St. Paul's United Church (Carp)

• St. Paul's United Church (Richmond)

• Stittsville United Church

• South Gloucester United Church

• Southminster United Church

• Trinity United Church (Kars)

• Trinity United Church (Ottawa), R.A.I.C. Millennium Church by James Strutt (1960–65)

• Wesley United Church

• Westboro United Church

• Woodroffe United Church

Wesleyan

 * Sunnyside Wesleyan Church
 * Highland Park Wesleyan Church
 * Kanata Wesleyan Church (a.k.a. "The Bridge")
 * Ottawa Mandarin Wesleyan Church
 * Crossway Christian Church, Victoria

Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)

 * Ottawa Friends Meeting

Unitarian Universalist

 * First Unitarian Congregation of Ottawa
 * Unitarian Universalist Fellowship of Ottawa

Christian Fellowships

 * South Asian Christian Fellowship of Ottawa, meeting at the Metropolitan Bible Church (a.k.a. "The Met")

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of churches in Ottawa


text:
List of schools in Ottawa

List of schools in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Public colleges and universities

 * Algonquin College
 * Carleton University
 * Dominican University College
 * La Cité collégiale
 * University of Ottawa
 * Saint Paul University

Private

 * Augustine College (unaccredited)

English

 * List of schools of the Ottawa-Carleton District School Board

French

 * List of schools of the Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario

English

 * List of schools of the Ottawa Catholic School Board

French

 * List of schools of the Conseil des écoles catholiques de langue française du Centre-Est

English

 * Ashbury College
 * Astolot Educational Centre
 * Blyth Academy
 * Edelweiss Private Academy
 * The Element High School
 * Elmwood School
 * Fern Hill School
 * Glebe Montessori School
 * Heritage Academy
 * Kanata Academy
 * Kanata Montessori School
 * Manotick Montessori School
 * March Academy
 * MindWare Academy
 * Revel Academy
 * Turnbull School
 * VINCI School
 * Polaris School and Centre

Bilingual

 * Académie St-Laurent Academy
 * Académie Joan of Arc Academy
 * Macdonald-Cartier Academy
 * OMS Montessori
 * Westboro Academy

French

 * Académie de la Capitale
 * Lycée Claudel d'Ottawa

Jewish

 * Ottawa Jewish Community School
 * Ottawa Torah Institute
 * Torah Day School of Ottawa
 * Westboro Jewish Montessori

Christian

 * Académie Providence
 * Ambassadors Christian School
 * Bishop Hamilton Montessori School
 * Community Christian School
 * Maryvale Academy
 * Ottawa Christian School
 * Ottawa Victory Christian Academy
 * Redeemer Christian High School
 * St. Timothy's Classical Academy

Islamic

 * Abraar School
 * Ottawa Islamic School
 * Ahlul-Bayt Islamic School
 * Ecole Ibn Batouta

title: List of schools in Ottawa


text:
Santiago Ramón y Cajal

Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1 May 1852 – 17 October 1934) was a Spanish neuroscientist, pathologist, and histologist specializing in neuroanatomy and the central nervous system. He and Camillo Golgi received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1906. Ramón y Cajal was the first person of Spanish origin to win a scientific Nobel Prize. His original investigations of the microscopic structure of the brain made him a pioneer of modern neuroscience.

Hundreds of his drawings illustrating the arborizations ("tree growing") of brain cells are still in use, since the mid-20th century, for educational and training purposes.

Biography
Santiago Ramón y Cajal was born on the 1st of May 1852 in the town of Petilla de Aragón, Navarre, Spain. As a child he was transferred many times from one school to another because of behavior that was declared poor, rebellious, and showing an anti-authoritarian attitude. An extreme example of his precociousness and rebelliousness at the age of eleven is his 1863 imprisonment for destroying his neighbor's yard gate with a homemade cannon. He was a keen painter, artist, and gymnast, but his father neither appreciated nor encouraged these abilities, even though these artistic talents would contribute to his success later in life. His father apprenticed him to a shoemaker and barber, to "try and give his son much-needed discipline and stability." Over the summer of 1868, his father took him to graveyards to find human remains for anatomical study. Early sketches of bones moved him to pursue medical studies. Ramón y Cajal attended the medical school of the University of Zaragoza, where his father worked as an anatomy teacher. He graduated in 1873, aged 21, and then served as a medical officer in the Spanish Army. He took part in an expedition to Cuba in 1874–1875, where he contracted malaria and tuberculosis. To aid his recovery, Ramón y Cajal spent time in the spa-town Panticosa in the Pyrenees mountain range.

After returning to Spain, he received his doctorate in medicine in Madrid in 1877. Two years later, he became director of the Anatomical Museum at the University of Zaragoza and married Silveria Fañanás García, with whom he would have seven daughters and five sons. Ramón y Cajal worked at the University of Zaragoza until 1883, when he was awarded the position of anatomy professor of the University of Valencia. His early work at these two universities focused on the pathology of inflammation, the microbiology of cholera, and the structure of epithelial cells and tissues. In 1887 Ramón y Cajal moved to Barcelona for a professorship. There he first learned about Golgi's method, a cell staining method which uses potassium dichromate and silver nitrate to (randomly) stain a few neurons a dark black color, while leaving the surrounding cells transparent. This method, which he improved, was central to his work, allowing him to turn his attention to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), in which neurons are so densely intertwined that standard microscopic inspection would be nearly impossible. During this period he made extensive detailed drawings of neural material, covering many species and most major regions of the brain.

In 1892, he became professor at Madrid. In 1899 he became director of the Instituto Nacional de Higiene – translated as National Institute of Hygiene, and in 1922 founder of the Laboratorio de Investigaciones Biológicas – translated as Laboratory of Biological Investigations, later renamed to Instituto Cajal, or Cajal Institute.

He died in Madrid on October 17, 1934, at the age of 82, continuing to work even on his deathbed.

Political and religious views
In 1877, the 25-year-old Ramón y Cajal joined a Masonic lodge. John Brande Trend wrote in 1965 that Ramón y Cajal "was a liberal in politics, an evolutionist in philosophy, an agnostic in religion". Nonetheless, Ramón y Cajal used the term soul "without any shame". He was said to later have regretted having left organized religion. Ultimately, he became convinced of a belief in God as a creator, as stated during his first lecture before the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences. DISCURSO DEL SR. D. SANTIAGO RAMÓN Y CAJALTEMA: FUNDAMENTOS RACIONALES Y CONDICIONES TÉCNICAS DE LAINVESTIGACIÓN BIOLÓGICA Sesquicentenario de Santiago Ramon y Cajal, 23 pages, p. 39-40: ''Y a los que te dicen que la Ciencia apaga toda poesía, secando las fuentes del sentimiento y el ansia de misterio que late en el fondo del alma humana, contéstales que á la vana poesía del vulgo, basada en una noción errónea del Universo, noción tan mezquina como pueril, tú sustituyes otra mucho más grandiosa y sublime, que es la poesía de la verdad, la incomparable belleza de la obra de Dios y de las leyes eternas por Él establecidas. Él acierta exclusivamente a comprender algo de ese lenguaje misterioso que Dios ha escrito en los fenómenos de la Naturaleza; y a él solamente le ha sido dado desentrañar la maravillosa obra de la Creación para rendir a la Divinidad uno de los cultos más gratos y aceptos a un Supremo entendimiento, el de estudiar sus portentosas obras, para en ellas y por ellas conocerle, admirarle y reverenciarle.'' [English Translation: P. 39-40: To those who tell you that Science quenches all poetry, drying up the sources of feeling and the longing for the mystery that pulses in the depths of the human soul, tell them that in the vain poetry of the people, based on an erroneous notion of Universe, as petty as it is puerile, you substitute a much more grandiose and sublime one, which is the poetry of truth, the incomparable beauty of the work of God and the eternal laws established by him. He is only able to understand something of that mysterious language that God has written in the phenomena of Nature; And he has only been able to unravel the wonderful work of Creation to render to the Divinity one of the most grateful and accepted cults to a supreme understanding, to study his portentous works, for them and for them to know, to admire and to revere him ]

Discoveries and theories
Ramón y Cajal made several major contributions to neuroanatomy. He discovered the axonal growth cone, and demonstrated experimentally that the relationship between nerve cells was not continuous, or a single system as per then extant reticular theory, but rather contiguous; there were gaps between neurons. This provided definitive evidence for what Heinrich Waldeyer would name "neuron theory", now widely considered the foundation of modern neuroscience. He is also considered by some to be the first "neuroscientist" since in 1894 he stated to the Royal Society of London: "The ability of neurons to grow in an adult and their power to create new connections can explain learning." This statement is considered to be the origin of the synaptic theory of memory.

He was an advocate of the existence of dendritic spines, although he did not recognize them as the site of contact from presynaptic cells. He was a proponent of polarization of nerve cell function and his student, Rafael Lorente de Nó, would continue this study of input-output systems into cable theory and some of the earliest circuit analysis of neural structures.

By producing depictions of neural structures and their connectivity and providing detailed descriptions of cell types he discovered a new type of cell, which was subsequently named after him, the interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC). This cell is found interleaved among neurons embedded within the smooth muscles lining the gut, serving as the generator and pacemaker of the slow waves of contraction which move material along the gastrointestinal tract, mediating neurotransmission from motor neurons to smooth muscle cells.

In his 1894 Croonian Lecture, Ramón y Cajal suggested (in an extended metaphor) that cortical pyramidal cells may become more elaborate with time, as a tree grows and extends its branches.

He devoted a considerable amount of time studying French which he used to help his wife during labor and parapsychological phenomena. A book he had written on these topics was lost during the Spanish Civil War.

Distinctions
Ramón y Cajal received many prizes, distinctions, and societal memberships during his scientific career, including honorary doctorates in medicine from Cambridge University and Würzburg University and an honorary doctorate in philosophy from Clark University. The most famous distinction he was awarded was the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1906, together with the Italian scientist Camillo Golgi "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system". This caused some controversy because Golgi, a staunch supporter of reticular theory, disagreed with Ramón y Cajal in his view of the neuron doctrine. Even before Ramón y Cajal's work, Norwegian scientist Fridtjof Nansen established the contiguous nature of nerve cells in his study of certain marine life, which Ramón y Cajal failed to cite. Ramón y Cajal was an International Member of both the United States National Academy of Sciences and the American Philosophical Society.

In society and culture
In 1906 Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida painted Cajal's official portrait celebrating his Nobel Prize win.

Cajal posed for a statue that was created by the sculptor Mariano Benlliure and was installed in 1924 in the Paraninfo building at the School of Medicine of the University of Zaragoza.

In 1931 a monument was unveiled in Madrid, Spain. This full-body statue stands 3 meters (around 10 ft) high on a narrow pedestal and was created by Lorenzo Domínguez, a Chilean medical student.

1982 a TV mini series was created in Spain titled Ramón y Cajal: Historia de una voluntad.

In 2003, the first major exhibition of Cajal's scientific drawings opened in Madrid, Spain. The exhibition featured hundreds of restored original drawings, micrographic slides, and personal photographs created by Cajal. The accompanying catalog titled Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852–2003) Ciencia y Arte features numerous high quality reproductions of Cajal's drawings and photo essays on the restoration process. Exhibition curators and contributing authors to the catalog include: Santiago Ramón y Cajal Junquera, Miguel Ángel Freire Mallo, Paloma Esteban Leal, Pablo García, Virginia G. Marin, Ma Cruz Osuna, Isabel Argerich Fernández, Paloma Calle, Marta C. Lopera, Ricardo Martínez, Pilar Sedano Espín, Eugenia Gimeno Pascual, Sonia Tortajada, and Juan Antonio Sáez Dégano.

In 2005 the asteroid 117413 Ramonycajal was named after him by Juan Lacruz.

In 2007, sculptures of Severo Ochoa y Santiago Ramón y Cajal created Víctor Ochoa were unveiled at the Spain's CESIC (university research centre), Madrid, Spain.

Santiago Ramón y Cajal Museum, Ayerbe, Huesca, Spain opened in 2013 and is located in Cajal's childhood home, where he lived with his family for ten years.

In 2014, the National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, US, initiated an ongoing exhibition of original Ramón y Cajal drawings in its John Porter Neuroscience Research Center. The exhibition concept was spearheaded by NINDS Senior Researcher Jeffery Diamond and NINDS science writer Christopher Thomas and was made possible through close collaboration with the Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain. The exhibition also includes contemporary artwork curated by Jeff Diamond, which was created by artists Rebecca Kamen and Dawn Hunter. Inspired by Cajal's original drawings, Kamen's and Hunter's artworks are thematically representative of Cajal's aesthetic and are on permanent display for the public at the John Porter Neuroscience Research Center. Through the award of a 2017–2018 Fulbright España Senior Research Fellowship to the Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain, Hunter continued to develop her creative project about Cajal by referencing original source material.

A selection of Cajal's scientific drawings, personal photos, oil paintings, and pastel drawings were curated into the 14th Istanbul Biennial, Saltwater, that was held in Istanbul, Turkey from September 5 – November 1, 2015.

The exhibition ''Fisiología de los Sueños. Cajal, Tanguy, Lorca, Dalí...'' opened on October 5, 2015, and ended on January 16, 2016, at the University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. Cajal's work was the centerpiece topic of the exhibition and the show explored the influence of histological drawings on Surrealism.

From January 31 – May 29, 2016, Cajal's work was featured in the inaugural exhibition for the re-opening of University of California's Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive (BAMPFA) Architecture of Life. The catalog for the exhibition featured Cajal's drawing of the Purkinje Cell on the front cover.

The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA and the Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain held collaborative symposiums honoring Cajal. The collaborative institutional symposiums were held on October 28, 2015, and May 24, 2017. The first symposium held at the NIH in 2015 was titled Bridging the Legacy of Santiago Ramón y Cajal, a symposium honoring the father of modern neuroscience. Keynote speaker Dr. Rafael Yuste was honored at a reception held at the Spanish Ambassador's, Ramón Gil-Casares, home. The second symposium titled, New Opportunities for NIH-CSIC Collaboration, was held at the Instituto Cajal in 2017. Dawn Hunter's Cajal Inventory art project was exhibited at the symposium for the general public in the institute's library. The Cajal Inventory consists of forty-five 11” x 14” drawings in which Hunter recreated in fine detail Cajal's scientific drawings from primary source, and surreal portrait drawings of Cajal inspired by his photography.

Every year more than two hundred four-year postdoctoral fellowships by the Ministry of Science of Spain are awarded to middle career scholars from different fields of knowledge are called "Ayudas a contratos Ramon y Cajal" to honor his memory.

An exhibition called The Beautiful Brain: The Drawings of Santiago Ramón y Cajal travelled through North America, beginning 2017 in the US at the Weisman Art Museum in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The exhibition traveled to the Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Grey Art Gallery, New York University, New York City, New York, USA,  MIT Museum, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, and ended in April 2019 at the Ackland Art Museum in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. The Beautiful Brain book, published by Abrams, New York, accompanied the exhibition.

During 2019, the University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain opened an exhibition about Cajal titled ''Santiago Ramón y Cajal. 150 years at the University of Zaragoza.'' The exhibition had an accompanying catalog that featured the same title. The exhibition opened October 2019 and closed at the end of December 2019.

A short documentary by REDES is available on YouTube. Spanish public television channel RTVE screened a biopic series to commemorate his life in 2019.

From the 19th of November, 2020 through the 5th of December 2021, the National Museum of Natural Sciences, Madrid, Spain hosted an exhibition featuring Cajal's scientific drawings, photographs, scientific equipment and personal objects from the Legado Cajal, Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain.

In 2020, over 75 volunteers collaborated as part of The Cajal Embroidery Project across 6 countries to create 81 intricate, exquisite hand-stitched panels of Ramón y Cajal's images, which were then curated and displayed by Edinburgh Neuroscience at the virtual FENS 2020 Forum, and showcased by The Lancet Neurology in their front covers in 2021.

In 2017, UNESCO (the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) recognised Cajal's Legacy (which had been kept in a museum from 1945 to 1989) as a World Heritage treasure. Recognising that this cultural treasure deserves a dedicated museum, showcasing not only Cajal's but also his disciples’ legacies, there has been a call for a dedicated museum to commemorate and celebrate Ramón y Cajal's discoveries and impact on neuroscience.

Project Encephalon organised Cajal Week to celebrate his 169th birth anniversary from 1 May to 7 May 2021.

The Brain In Search Of Itself, an English language biography, was published in 2022.

Publications
He published more than 100 scientific works and articles in Spanish, French and German. Among his works were:
 * Rules and advice on scientific investigation
 * Histology
 * Degeneration and regeneration of the nervous system
 * Manual of normal histology and micrographic technique
 * Elements of histology

A list of his books includes: In 1905, he published five science-fiction stories called "Vacation Stories" under the pen name "Dr. Bacteria".

title: Santiago Ramón y Cajal


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Lapua Movement

The Lapua Movement (Lapuanliike, Lapporörelsen) was a radical Finnish nationalist, fascist, pro-German and anti-communist political movement founded in and named after the town of Lapua. Led by Vihtori Kosola, it turned towards far-right politics after its founding and was banned after a failed coup d'etat attempt in 1932. The movement's anti-communist activities continued in the parliamentarian Patriotic People's Movement.

Background
At the 6th World Congress of the Communist International Joseph Stalin ordered all communist parties around the world to accelerate class struggle. The order led to a higher level of communist activity in Finland in 1929 like the so-called "Red Day" of August 1st when communists organized wide protests across the country. A general strike was also declared in November, although it failed to garner support and only 5–10% of workers participated in it.

The movement originated in November 1929, after Finnish communist youth paraded in the conservative and religious town of Lapua enraged pro-White locals, who subsequently attacked the performers physically. The momentum from this event was the catalyst for the formation of the Lapua Movement. It was initially dominated by anti-communist nationalists, emphasizing the legacy of the nationalist activism, the White Guards and the Civil War in Finland. The movement saw itself as the defender of what was won in the Civil War, supporting Lutheranism, Finnish nationalism, and anti-communism.

Many politicians and high-ranking military officers were initially sympathetic to the Lapua Movement, as anti-communism was the norm in the educated classes after the Civil War. However, excessive use of violence made the movement less popular within a few months.

During the Civil War, Ostrobothnia had been one of the most important strongholds of the White army, and anti-communist sentiments remained extremely strong. Late in November 1929, the Young Communist League of Finland arranged meetings and protests in Ostrobothnian Lapua. As the nationalists saw it, the communists had "mocked God, the Lutheran Church, the 'bourgeois' fatherland, the Finnish army and General Mannerheim". This infuriated many of the townspeople, who put a violent end to the meetings. Anti-communist violence was hailed as justified and praiseworthy. On 1 December an anti-communist meeting was held, attracting more than 1,000 people demanding an end to all communist activities. The movement quickly spread around the country, and in some provinces people other than communists were targeted as well, for example the group "Patriotic Citizens of Viitasaari" wanted to purge Jews and Freemasons from the country.

Activities
After the events in Lapua, local politicians Kustaa Tiitu and Artturi Leinonen called a "national assembly" to the town to discuss the growing communist agitation. The assembly was attended by some two thousand people from across the country, and it drew up a list of demands, which was delivered to the government. The demands were to remove communists from Parliament and the military, to forbid speech that "desecrated the foundations of the Finnish people's sense of morality and justice" and to stop the Communist Party, which had already been banned, from operating in Finland. Other assemblies were quickly organized in different parts of the country, and they all sent similar demands with some also adding that they were prepared to save the country "by other means", as well, should the government fail to act.

The parliament quickly accepted amendmends to the Associations Act, but amendments to the Freedom of the Press Act failed to gather sufficient support. Radicals among the Movement answered by attacking the communist paper Työn Ääni directly. The night of March 28th 1930 thirteen men broke into the paper's facilities and destroyed their presses. On April 4th seventy-two men publicly declared themselves responsible for the attack, but only the actual perpetrators and the main organizer, Yrjö Nikula, were charged. The trial, which was held in Vaasa two months later, turned into a riot. After the judge called an intermission and people were leaving the coutroom, Työn Ääni employee and witness in the case, Eino Nieminen, was surrounded by supporters of the Movement, who accused him of being a "red officer". Nieminen was dragged to the street and beaten badly along with three other communists. Asser Salo, Työn Ääni attorney, was abducted in a car to Lapua.

The Movement used violence to apply pressure to the government and parliament to stop communist activity in Finland. Meetings held by leftist and labour groups were also interrupted, often violently. A common tactic was "muilutus" or "kyyditys", which started with kidnapping and beating. After that the subject was thrown into a car and driven to the border with the Soviet Union. Many of the Finns deported by the Lapua Movement were later caught up in Stalin's Great Purge and executed; while persecuted in Finland as communists, Stalin accused them of being "Nationalists".

After the Vaasa riot, witnessing the Kyösti Kallio led government's inability to control the situation, the Movement reiterated their demands with regards to communist organizations and papers and declared June 15th as the deadline for fulfilling them. The government was unwilling to use the military or the police to restore order, because it believed them to sympathize with the Movement. Instead President Lauri Relander asked former Prime Minister P. E. Svinhufvud, whom the Finnish right wing greatly respected, to negotiate with the movement. Svinhufvud convinced Kosola and the other leaders that there was a legal way to achieve their goals and aided them in formulating a plan to remove communists through parliamentary means. On July 1st the government brought the so-called Communist Laws to a vote and resigned the following day. Svinhufvud became the new prime minister as the Lapua Movement had wished, but he refused to make Vihtori Kosola a member of cabinet or to arrest communist members of parliament. In response Kosola ordered the abductions of members of parliament Jalmari Rötkö and Eino Pekkala. The Lapua Movement had planned a massive show of force, the "Peasant March", to be held on July 7th. Kosola was persuaded to release the abductees when Svinhufvud informed him that he would not be there to greet the marchers otherwise. The Peasant March gathered 12,600 men to Helsinki where they marched through the city, held speeches and sermons and were greeted by distinguished politicians and generals.

Of the Communist Laws, changes to the Freedom of the Press Act were this time accepted by parliament with a simple majority, but the Protection of the Republic Act was considered a constitutional law and thereby required a five sixths majority to pass immediately. Social Democrats were only willing to accept the law for a three year temporary period, which meant that the Act only received a simple majority and had to be voted on by the next parliament. On July 15th the President disbanded the parliament and called for an election.

Failure to pass all the Communist Laws led to a new wave of abductions and beatings by the Lapua Movement over the autumn of 1930. Vihtori Kosola's outspoken goal was to let society deteriorate to a state of anarchy, which would make dictatorship a preferrable alternative to people. Other more moderate leaders of the Movement however no longer accepted the abductions and, in September, convinced Kosola to stop them. Most notable cases over this period were the abduction of Väinö Hakkila, a Social Democrat vice-chairman of parliament, and that of the municipal politician Onni Happonen, who was killed and confirmed to not actually be a communist.

Before the election the Lapua Movement was also involved in electoral fraud. The Movement's violent reputation was used to intimidate socialist voters to either abstain or to vote for right wing candidates, Social Democratic Party members were harassed on the campaign trail and hustings were interrupted, and guards were organized around polling stations. Voters perceived as communists were also outright removed from electoral rolls.

After the election right wing parties had the majority they needed to pass the remaining Communist Laws. Despite this the most infamous abduction was carried out on 14 October 1930 when the popular ex-president Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg and his wife Ester were kidnapped and taken to Joensuu. After this, general support for the movement collapsed. More moderate people left the movement, and extremists became more influential.

Failed rebellion
In February 1932 a Social Democrat meeting in Mäntsälä was violently interrupted by armed Lapua activists. The event escalated to an attempted coup d'état known as the Mäntsälä rebellion (Mäntsälän kapina), led by the former Chief of Staff of Finland's army, General Wallenius. Despite the appeals of Wallenius, the army and the White Guards were largely loyal to the government. Many historians believe the main reason for the failure was poor planning: the event just escalated from actions of the local chapter and the national organization came aboard later. The rebellion ended after President Svinhufvud gave a radio speech to the rebels. After a trial, the Lapua Movement was banned on 21 November 1932 under the Protection of the Republic Act, which Lapua itself had worked to get passed. Wallenius and about 50 other leaders were sentenced to prison.

Legacy
After the Lapua Movement was banned, the Patriotic People's Movement was formed shortly thereafter. Like its predecessor, it also was nationalist and anti-communist. It had limited political success and was banned in 1944 on the orders of the Soviet Union in the aftermath of the Continuation War.

title: Lapua Movement


text:
Motmot

The motmots or Momotidae are a family of birds in the order Coraciiformes, which also includes the kingfishers, bee-eaters and rollers. All extant motmots are restricted to woodland or forests in the Neotropics, and the largest are in Central America. They have a colourful plumage and a relatively heavy bill. All except the tody motmot have relatively long tails that in some species have a distinctive racket-like tip.

Behaviour
Motmots eat small prey such as insects and lizards, and will also take fruit. In Nicaragua and Costa Rica, motmots have been observed feeding on poison dart frogs.

Like most of the Coraciiformes, motmots nest in tunnels in banks, laying about four white eggs. Some species form large colonies of up to 40 paired individuals. The eggs hatch after about 20 days, and the young leave the nest after another 30 days. Both parents care for the young.

Motmots often move their tails back and forth in a wag-display that commonly draws attention to an otherwise hidden bird. Research indicates that motmots perform the wag-display when they detect predators (based on studies on turquoise-browed motmot) and that the display is likely to communicate that the motmot is aware of the predator and is prepared to escape. This form of interspecific pursuit-deterrent signal provides a benefit to both the motmot and the predator: the display prevents the motmot from wasting time and energy fleeing, and the predator avoids a costly pursuit that is unlikely to result in capture.

The largest concentration of motmots reside in Honduras and Guatemala, with a total of 7 subspecies. It is also the national bird of Nicaragua and El Salvador.

There is also evidence that the male tail, which is slightly larger than the female tail, functions as a sexual signal in the turquoise-browed motmot.

In several species of motmots, the barbs near the ends of the two longest (central) tail feathers are weak and fall off due to abrasion with substrates, or fall off during preening, leaving a length of bare shaft, thus creating the racket shape of the tail. It was, however, wrongly believed in the past that the motmot shaped its tail by plucking part of the feather web to leave the racket. This was based on inaccurate reports made by Charles William Beebe. It has since been shown that these barbs are weakly attached and fall off due to abrasion with substrates and during routine preening. There are, however, also several species where the tail is "normal", these being the tody motmot, blue-throated motmot, rufous-capped motmot, and the Amazonian populations of the rufous and broad-billed motmots.

Taxonomy
A fossil genus of Oligocene coraciiform from Switzerland has been described as Protornis; it might be a primitive motmot or a more basal lineage. A partial momotid humerus found in early Hemphilian (Late Miocene, c. 8 mya) deposits in Alachua County, USA has not been named; it might belong to an extant genus.

The phylogenetic relationship between the six families that make up the order Coraciiformes is shown in the cladogram below. The number of species in each family is taken from the list maintained by Frank Gill, Pamela C. Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC).

title: Motmot


text:
Talk:List of churches in Ottawa

Criteria for inclusion
Are we aiming for completeness here or should this list be of only prominent churches. If so, what criteria do we use?

If not, I've got some adding to do, because by my count there are at least thirty Anglican churches in Ottawa that don't appear on the list, and I'd rather clarify the will of interested folks than add all 30 and have them deleted. - Cafemusique 09:53 2 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Well we have every American town with three people in the pedia, but I would say concentrate on the large or historic churches. SimonP 12:00 2 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * That makes sense to me...it just seems like there are some on this list that I have never heard of before, and I don't live that far from Ottawa. - Cafemusique

 * Most of the ones I added were the small downtown ones like St. Paul's Eastern or Glebe St. James, which are not large but have many years of history behind them. SimonP 17:58 2 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I nominated this list for AfD recently. I would suggest that the list includes the founding date of the church, or the construction date of the current building. Additionally, if any of the churches has been recognized by the Canadian government for its historical significance, make a note of that. Otherwise, an random reader will not know the notability of these listings over any others, and may be tempted to add less notable churches. • Freechild   'sup?   12:50, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Not sure how to.....
Can some Ottawa native add to the Roman Catholic Church list "Immaculate Heart of Mary Church". Wasn't sure how it is done!

"Christian" churches
I'm pretty sure "Christian" isn't a denomination, and that all of the churches on the list are Christian. I'd like to take the churches in the "Christian" category and put them under "unaffiliated" unless they are specified elsewhere on the list (which some of them are). If anyone would like to give me a reason why I shouldn't do this, now's your chance. Beleg Tâl (talk) 14:27, 2 September 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of churches in Ottawa


text:
Posture

Posture or posturing may refer to:

Medicine

 * List of human positions
 * Abnormal posturing, in neurotrauma
 * Spinal posture
 * Posturography, in neurology

Other uses

 * Posture (psychology)
 * Political posturing

title: Posture


text:
Cardinalidae

Cardinalidae (sometimes referred to as the "cardinal-grosbeaks" or simply the "cardinals") is a family of New World-endemic passerine birds that consists of cardinals, grosbeaks, and buntings. It also includes several other genera such as the tanager-like Piranga and the warbler-like Granatellus. Membership of this family is not easily defined by a single or even a set of physical characteristics, but instead by molecular work. Among songbirds, they range from average-sized to relatively large, and have stout features, some species with large, heavy bills.

Members of this group are beloved for their brilliant red, yellow, or blue plumages seen in many of the breeding males in this family. Most species are monogamous breeders that nest in open-cup nests, with parents taking turns incubating the nest and taking care of their young. Most are arboreal species, although the dickcissel is a ground-dwelling prairie bird.

In terms of conservation, most members of this family are considered least concern by the IUCN Red List, though a few birds, such as the Carrizal seedeater, are considered to be endangered.

Field characteristics
The grosbeaks, seedeaters, and cardinals have large bills, while Granatellus and buntings have small bills. The cardinalid tanagers have stout, near pointed bills, with some species of Piranga having serrations along the edge of their upper bills. This bill shape is not always an indicator of relationships, as the various species of blue cardinalid species, like the blue grosbeak and Cyanoloxia grosbeaks are related to the buntings. Similarly, the cardinalid tanagers are closer to the cardinals and masked grosbeaks (see more in the systematics section). The head is medium to large in size, with a medium neck length. The body of cardinalids ranges from small to medium with lengths of 4.5 to 11 in (11 to 28 cm). Legs are also short to medium in length. The wings are medium and pointed. Cardinalids have nine visible primary feathers with the tenth primary feather being short in comparison.

The plumages in cardinalids are sexually dichromatic as many males of various species display bright reds, oranges, blues or blacks. In most temperate species, males will undergo molting between seasons, so that non-breeding males will somewhat resemble the females of their species. These species, such as the indigo bunting, will exhibit a complex molt cycle going through four different stages of plumage coverage within their first year of life. From spring to summer, birds start with juvenile plumage to supplemental plumage, then changing to a first basic (nonbreeding) plumage from fall to winter, and finally reaching the first alternate (breeding) plumage. Adults will typically have the basic two molt cycle changing to basic or partial in the late summer or fall, and then back to alternate again in the spring. Males of tropical species will have the same coloration year-round. Females of all species are either drabber in coloration by comparison, often having a lighter coloration of the males. The molting pattern in most cardinalids exhibits delayed plumage maturation, causing the first-year male birds to often be in non-breeding plumage or at an intermediate stage. The molting pattern in cardinalids is divided into two types. A preformative molt is a partial molt where only the body feathers get replaced, but not the wing and tail feathers, which is seen in a lot of temperate and neotropical species. The second type is an eccentric preformative molt when only the outer primary and inner secondaries are replaced. This molt is seen in some species of Cyanoloxia and Passerina.

Systematics
Traditionally, members of this group were classified as a tribe of the finch family Fringillidae (Cardinalini), characterized by heavy, conical, seed-crushing bills. The group consisted of the genera Pheucticus, Parkerthraustes, Saltator, Spiza, Cyanocompsa, Cyanoloxia, Porphyrospiza, Passerina, Caryothraustes, Periporphyrus, and Cardinalis. The issue that taxonomists had faced was that there were no unifying morphological traits that were in agreement for various studies. In 2007, a mitochondrial DNA study by Klicka, Burns and Spellman sampling all of the aforementioned genera and 34 of the total 42 species, found that the genera Parkerthraustes, Saltator, and Porphyrospiza were not members of the cardinal-lineage, but instead are found throughout in the tanager-lineage (Thraupidae). Interestingly enough the genera classified as thraupids at the time, Piranga, Habia, Chlorothraupis, and Amaurospiza, are found to be part of cardinalid radiation. In addition the genus Granatellus, originally classified as a parulid warbler, are also found to be part of Cardinalidae. The study found that with this new relationship Cardinalidae can be classified into five subgroups, which have been supported by subsequent studies. The five subclades consists of the Habia lineage (Habia and Chlorothraupis), the “masked” lineage (Piranga, Caryothraustes, Periporphyrus, Rhodothraupis, and Cardinalis), the Granatellus lineage, the “blue” lineage (Cyanocompsa, Amaurospiza, Cyanoloxia, Passerina, and Spiza), and the Pheucticus lineage. These subclades and membership of these genera have been widely supported in subsequent studies. A 2021 paper by Guallar et al. based on the preformative molting pattern of cardinalids suggested the ancestor of this group was a forest-dwelling bird that dispersed into open habitats on numerous occasions.

The cardinalids are part of a larger grouping of American endemic songbirds, Emberizoidea, which also includes the aforementioned thraupids and parulids, as well as icterids (New World blackbirds), passerellids (New World sparrows), and several families that contain one or a couple of genera. Several studies have placed cardinalids as either the sister group to Thraupidae, Mitrospingidae (a small family whose genera were formerly classified as thraupids), or the sister to a clade containing thraupids and mitrospingids. At least one study suggested that cardinalids could treated as a subfamily of Thraupidae.

Phylogeny
Phylogeny of the cardinalid genera after Klicka et al. (2007).

Species list
These 53 species and 14 genera are recognized by the IOC as of January 2023:

Habitat, distribution and migration
The cardinalids can be found from Canada to northern Argentina and Uruguay, with Central America having the most concentrated amount of species. Species are found year-around in the Central United States and the Eastern United States down to the neotropics. Cardinalids found in the West Indies are non-breeding migrants and those in the Western United States and Canada are breeding migrants. The western tanager is the northernmost species in the family, with their breeding ranges occurring in the southern portions of the Northwest Territories. The northern cardinal has been introduced in Hawaii and Bermuda. They occupy a variety of habitats from forests to grassland and arid scrubland. Most North American cardinalid species migrate south for the winter, whether further south in the continent or extending into the neotropics, except the northern cardinal and pyrrhuloxia which stay year-round. The neotropical species are residential year-round in their range.

Feeding ecology
Cardinals, the dickcissel, seedeaters, buntings, and grosbeaks have the thicker, seed-crushing bills that enabled them to feed heavily on fruits and seeds outside of the breeding season (especially in the winter for northern species like the aforementioned dickcissel and northern cardinal). Once their breeding season begins, members of this group will supplement themselves with invertebrate prey, vital when raising their young and refueling their energetic costs of reproduction and other daily activities. The genera Chlorothraupis, Habia, Piranga, and Granatellus have slightly longer and less deep bills, which their diet mostly consists of insects, fruit, nectar and sap, less so on seeds. Cardinalids typically forage alone low level or on the ground, though some like Piranga and grosbeaks will forage high in the tree canopy. Many will come to birdfeeders especially during the winter.

Breeding and reproduction
Nearly all cardinalids are monogamous breeders and are highly territorial. Despite being monogamous this is only during the breeding season, and each year the birds might partner up with a different bird. The only exception is the dickcissel which is a polygynous species which nest in dense grasses and sedges. Other non-monogamous species include the lazuli and painted buntings which perform extra-copulation with multiple partners. The family is known for their intense brilliant songs. In some species like the lazuli bunting and indigo bunting the bird learn singing by match-based, meaning that first year breeding males will learn by copying the songs of nearby males, as opposed of learning it while they are in the nest. Even more unusual is the females of a few species, such as the scarlet tanager, northern cardinal, pyrrhuloxia, and black-headed grosbeak, which sing as well. In temperate species the breeding season occurs annually while in tropical species it is year-around. The breeding seasons is in sync with the abundance of insects. Most species build open-cup nests made of grasses and twigs depending on the species. These nests would be in the trees, often high up in the crown. The nest building is done by both partners or by the female alone. The male and female take turns incubating the nest, often the male would feed the female. In a clutch on average there are 1 to 6 six eggs, with tropical species laying the fewest. Cardinalids produce one to three broods per season. As with other passerines, the young are born altricial and fledged between one and two weeks.

Conservation
As of 2021, the IUCN Red List has nearly 82 percent of cardinalids to be least concern. However, there are a handful of species that are of conservation concern. The rose-bellied bunting is an endemic near-threatened species as they are found in a small area of Oaxaca and Chiapas, Mexico; the black-cheeked ant-tanager is another endemic species found in Osa Peninsula in Costa Rica and the carrizal seedeater a critically endangered species found in the spiny bamboo thickets in the understory of deciduous forest in a remote southeastern corner of Venezuela. All of these species are threatened with habitat loss and the confinement within their much smaller range. The IUCN has not yet reevaluate the other species of seedeaters in the genus Amaurospiza.

Despite the vast majority of species being classified as least concern, there has been a growing concern in how the ongoing climate crisis will affect the distribution and migration of many species across the globe. One study led by Dr. Brooke L. Bateman published in July 2020 focused on the risk North American birds will face from climate change and the measures needed to protect them. The first study assessed 604 species from the United States found that if the planet warmed by 3.0 degrees Celsius many species, especially arctic birds, waterbirds, and boreal and western forest birds, will be highly vulnerable to climate change and future conservation efforts will need to be in place. Among the species sampled, the North American species of Piranga and Pheucticus are found to be most climate vulnerable of the cardinalids. These species will either lose some substantial amount of their range or they will migrate up north to escape the sudden change in their habitat.

A possible extinct species is the controversial Townsend's bunting, a supposed enigmatic species related to the dickcissel. The Townsend's bunting is only known from a single type specimen collected from Chester County, Pennsylvania by John Kirk Townsend and described by John James Audubon in 1834. The specimen is housed in the National Museum of Natural History. Genetic work has not been done on this bird, but observation of the plumage has been done. The controversy stems from the uncertainty from authors whether the bird is an extinct species, a rare color-variant of the dickcissel, or a hybrid female dickcissel and male blue grosbeak. If the bird is indeed simply a dickcissel it lacks any of the known field characteristics seen in the species in all life stages and sexes.

title: Cardinalidae


text:
Clean

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title: Clean