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Dock (macOS)

The Dock is a prominent feature of the graphical user interface of macOS. It is used to launch applications and to switch between running applications. The Dock is also a prominent feature of macOS's predecessor NeXTSTEP and OPENSTEP operating systems. The earliest known implementations of a dock are found in operating systems such as RISC OS and NeXTSTEP. iOS has its own version of the Dock for the iPhone and iPod Touch, as does iPadOS for the iPad.

Apple applied for a US patent for the design of the Dock in 1999 and was granted the patent in October 2008, nearly a decade later. Any application can be dragged and dropped onto the Dock to add it to the dock, and any application can be dragged from the dock to remove it, except for Finder and Trash, which are permanent fixtures as the leftmost and rightmost items (or highest and lowest items if the Dock is vertically oriented), respectively. Part of the macOS Core Services, Dock.app is located at /System/Library/CoreServices/.

Overview

In NeXTSTEP and OPENSTEP, the Dock is an application launcher that holds icons for frequently used programs. The icon for the Workspace Manager and the Recycler are always visible. The Dock indicates if a program is not running by showing an ellipsis below its icon. If the program is running, there isn't an ellipsis on the icon. In macOS, running applications have been variously identified by a small black triangle (Mac OS X 10.0-10.4) a blue-tinted luminous dot (Mac OS X 10.5-10.7), a horizontal light bar (OS X 10.8 and 10.9), and a simple black or white dot (OS X 10.10-present).

In macOS, however, the Dock is used as a repository for any program or file in the operating system. It can hold any number of items and resizes them dynamically to fit while using magnification to better view smaller items. By default, it appears on the bottom edge of the screen, but it can also instead be placed on the left or right edges of the screen if the user wishes. Applications that do not normally keep icons in the Dock will still appear there when running and remain until they are quit. These features are unlike those of the dock in the NeXT operating systems where the capacity of the Dock is dependent on display resolution. This may be an attempt to recover some Shelf functionality since macOS inherits no other such technology from NeXTSTEP. (Minimal Shelf functionality has been implemented in the Finder.)

The changes to the dock bring its functionality also close to that of Apple's Newton OS Button Bar, as found in the MessagePad 2x00 series and the likes. Applications could be dragged in and out of the Extras Drawer, a Finder-like app, onto the bar. Also, when the screen was put into landscape mode, the user could choose to position the Button Bar at the right or left side of the screen, just like the Dock in macOS.

The macOS Dock also has extended menus that control applications without making them visible on screen. On most applications it has simple options such as Quit, Keep In Dock, Remove From Dock, and other options, though some applications use these menus for other purposes, such as iTunes, which uses this menu as a way for a user to control certain playback options. Other Applications include changing the status of an online alias (MSN, AIM/iChat etc.) or automatically saving the changes that have been made in a document (There is no current application with this feature made available for macOS). Docklings (in Mac OS X 10.4 or earlier) can also be opened by using the right-mouse button, if the mouse has one, but most of the time either clicking and holding or control-click will bring the menu up.

In Mac OS X Leopard, docklings were replaced by Stacks. Stacks "stack" files into a small organized folder on the Dock, and they can be opened by left-clicking. Stacks could be shown in three ways: a "fan", a "grid", or a "list", which is similar to docklings. In grid view, the folders in that stack can be opened directly in that stack without the need to open Finder.

In iOS, the dock is used to store applications and, since iOS 4, folders containing applications. Unlike the macOS dock, a maximum of 4 icons can be placed in the dock on the iPhone and the iPod Touch. The maximum for the iPad however is 16 icons (13 apps and 3 recently opened apps). The size of the dock on iOS cannot be changed.

When an application on the Dock is launched by clicking on it, it will jump until the software is finished loading. Additionally, when an application requires attention from a user, it will jump even higher until its icon is clicked and the user attends to its demands.

Design
The original version of the dock, found in Mac OS X Public Beta to 10.0, presents a flat white translucent interface with the Aqua styled pinstripes. The dock found in Mac OS X 10.1 to 10.4 removes the pinstripes, but otherwise is identical. Mac OS X 10.5 to 10.7 presents the applications on a three-dimensional glassy surface from a perspective instead of the traditional flat one, resembling Sun Microsystems' Project Looking Glass application dock. OS X 10.8 to 10.9 changes the look to resemble frosted glass with rounded corners. OS X 10.10 and later revert to a two-dimensional appearance, similar to Mac OS X 10.4, although more translucent and with a iOS 7 blur effect.

In iPhone OS 1 to 3, the dock used a metal look which looks similar to the front of the Power Mac G5 (2003-2005) and Mac Pro (2006-2012 or 2019-). iPhone OS 3.2 for iPad and iOS 4 to 6 adopted the dock design from Mac OS X 10.5 to 10.7 which was used until iOS 7, which uses a similar dock from Mac OS X Tiger but with iOS 7 styled blur effects. In iOS 11, the dock for the iPad and iPhone X is redesigned to more resemble the macOS dock.

Related software
The classic Mac OS does have a dock-like application called Launcher, which was first introduced with Macintosh Performa models in 1993 and later included as part of System 7.5.1. It performs the same basic function. Also, add-ons such as DragThing added a dock for users of earlier versions.

MacOS was not the first operating system to implement dock-like features. RISC OS contains a feature called the Icon bar, which is remarkably similar to the macOS Dock. The Icon Bar was first implemented in 1987 for the first version of RISC OS, named Arthur.

Microsoft implemented a simplified dock feature in the Windows Desktop Update that shipped with Internet Explorer 4. This Quick Launch toolbar feature remained until Windows 7, where it was replaced by the Superbar, which implements functionality similar to the macOS Dock.

Various docks are also used in Linux and BSD. Some examples are Window Maker (which emulates the look and feel of the NeXTstep GUI), Docky, and Avant Window Navigator, KXDocker (amongst others) for KDE and various other gdesklet/adesklets docks, AfterStep's Wharf (a derivation from the NeXTstep UI), iTask NG (a module used with some Enlightenment-based Linux distributions such as gOS) and Blackbox's Slit.

Criticism
Bruce Tognazzini, a usability consultant who worked for Apple in the 1980s and 1990s before Mac OS X was developed, wrote an article in 2001 listing ten problems he saw with the Dock. This article was updated in 2004, removing two of the original criticisms and adding a new one. One of his concerns was that the Dock uses too much screen space. Another was that icons only show their labels when the pointer hovers over them, so similar-looking folders, files, and windows are difficult to distinguish. Tognazzini also criticized the fact that when icons are dragged out of the Dock, they vanish with no easy way to get them back; he called this behavior "object annihilation".

John Siracusa, writing for Ars Technica, also pointed out some issues with the Dock around the releases of Mac OS X Public Beta in 2000. He noted that because the Dock is centered, adding and removing icons changes the location of the other icons. In a review of Mac OS X v10.0 the following year, he also noted that the Dock does far too many tasks than it should for optimum ease-of-use, including launching apps, switching apps, opening files, and holding minimized windows. Siracusa further criticized the Dock after the release of Mac OS X v10.5, noting that it was made less usable for the sake of eye-candy. Siracusa criticized the 3D look and reflections, the faint blue indicator for open applications, and less distinguishable files and folders.

Thom Holwerda, a managing editor OSNews, stated some concerns with the Dock, including the facts that it grows in both directions, holds the Trash icon, and has no persistent labels. Holwerda also criticized the revised Dock appearance in Mac OS X v10.5.

title: Dock (macOS)


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Tom Felton

Thomas Andrew Felton (born 22 September 1987) is an English actor. Born in Surrey, Felton began appearing in commercials and made his screen debut in the role of Peagreen Clock in The Borrowers (1997). He portrayed Louis T. Leonowens in Anna and the King (1999) before being cast as Draco Malfoy in the film adaptations of the Harry Potter fantasy novels by J. K. Rowling, starting with Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) and finishing with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011). Felton appeared in the sci-fi film Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011). He was subsequently cast in indie films From the Rough (2011) and The Apparition (2012).

Felton starred as Viscount Trencavel in the historical miniseries Labyrinth (2012) and as James Ashford in the period drama  Belle (2013), which released to critical acclaim. In 2015, he recurred as a murder suspect in TNT's Murder in the First. He appeared in Message from the King and A United Kingdom, which premiered at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival. He portrayed Doctor Alchemy on The CW's The Flash (from 2014), based on the comic books of the same name. Felton co-starred in the drama film Feed (2017), the action-thriller Stratton (2017), and the biographical film Megan Leavey (2017). He was a series regular on the 2018 sci-fi series Origin and appeared as Laertes in Claire McCarthy's Ophelia (2018), both to critical praise. Felton portrayed the villain in family-horror A Babysitter's Guide to Monster Hunting (2020).

Early life
Thomas Andrew Felton was born on 22 September 1987 in Epsom, Surrey, the youngest of four sons born to Peter Felton and Sharon Anstey. Felton was raised an Anglican. His parents divorced when he was a teenager. His maternal grandfather is geophysicist Nigel Anstey. Felton was educated West Horsley's Cranmore School until age 13, after which time he attended the Howard of Effingham School for his secondary education. Felton developed an interest in singing during his childhood and subsequently joined school choirs; he was offered a place in the Guildford Cathedral Choir.

1997–2000: Beginnings
Felton began acting in adverts for companies such as Commercial Union and Barclaycard. He landed his first feature film role in when he played the role of Peagreen Clock in Peter Hewitt's The Borrowers (1997). In 1998, Felton voiced James in the television series Bugs. He played witness Thomas Ingham opposite Clive Owen in Second Sight in 1999 and portrayed Louis T. Leonowens in the film Anna and the King (1999), starring opposite Jodie Foster. In 2000, Felton made a guest appearance in Second Sight 2 in the episode "Hide and Seek".

2001–2011: Harry Potter series and recognition
In 1999, auditions were held for Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, the film adaptation of J. K. Rowling's novel of the same name. Felton had not read the books at the time of the auditions, and originally read of the roles of Harry Potter and Ron Weasley before ultimately being cast as Draco Malfoy. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was released in 2001 to critical and commercial success. The film was praised for its casting, including Felton's; one critic called his performance "the personification of upper-class insolence."

He reprised his role the following year in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002), which saw Felton winning a  Disney Channel's Kids Award. Felton started his Official Tom Felton Fan Club in 2004 and took part in autograph signing events. His fan club was reported to have attracted so many fans that Felton had to put a temporary stop to people signing up. When the fan asked Felton what kids should do if someone like his character is bullying them, he said: "Tell someone. You do not want to keep it to yourself."

Felton appeared in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004) and Harry Potter and Goblet of Fire, both released to increasing global recognition. Felton made a guest appearance on Home Farm Twins in 2005, where he played Adam Baker in the short-lived series. On 11 November 2005, he and Rupert Grint presented Liz Carnell with the Daily Mirror's Pride of Britain Award for her work in bullying awareness. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix was filmed in 2006 and released in 2007, becoming the second-highest grossing film of the year. When asked whether he was looking forward to playing a good guy in the future he answered: "No. Well, I don't know. I suppose for now I'm happy with sticking to what he is. But after the Potter legacy is over I look forward to playing a good guy, or someone different anyway; someone not so spiteful." In July 2007, Felton visited Children's Hospital in Denver, Colorado, in a pre-screening, charitable event of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. On 18 March 2011, Felton appeared in a comedy sketch on Red Nose Day 2011 alongside James Corden, Rupert Grint, George Michael, Justin Bieber, Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr, Keira Knightley, Professor Robert Winston, and former UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown.

On 12 November 2008, Felton appeared alongside Jack Osbourne on Adrenaline Junkie as he participated in various challenges in South Africa, including a 200 ft bungee jump on Bloukrans Bridge, took a ride in a helicopter, followed by a parachute freefall and came face-to-face with great white sharks. Felton portrayed Simon in the 2009 horror/thriller movie The Disappeared. Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was released in July of that year as a major commercial success; The Hollywood Reporter described Felton's role as "perennially glowering" while the plot of the film "weighs on him, causing his smug veneer to all but melt away."

In 2010, Felton released his original song "Hawaii" on Six String Productions – an independent record label run by Felton, David Proffitt and Philip Haydn-Slater promoting creative independence and ownership of material. Felton portrayed the main character, Ray Marsden, in White Other (2010). was released. His character is a troubled youth in the "ends" of England and stars alongside Harry Potter co-star Imelda Staunton. Felton had a cameo role in Get Him to the Greek (2010) in June. He portrayed the character Dodge Landon in the 2011 science-fiction film Rise of the Planet of the Apes, and played a paranormal investigator in the thriller film The Apparition (2012). Felton reprised his role as Malfoy for the final time in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2. His performances in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 won him two consecutive MTV Movie Awards for Best Villain in 2010 and 2011. Screen Rant stated that Felton "brought the complex, layered" character to the films, calling Malfoy the series' "true cult hero".

While filming the Harry Potter series, Felton and fellow actress Emma Watson (who played Hermione Granger in the films) both confessed to having crushes on each other during filming, albeit at different times. In the foreword to Felton's memoir, Beyond the Wand: The Magic and Mayhem of Growing Up a Wizard, Watson called herself and Felton "soulmates".

2012–2021: Post-Harry Potter projects
Felton posted three music videos on YouTube under the account "Feltbeats", in which he performs fragments of original songs. Nine songs have been re-recorded and are now available on iTunes: "Time Well Spent", "Time Isn't Healing", "One of These Days", "Under Stars", "Right Place, Right Time", "In My Arms", "All I Need", and "I Will Be There" join the instrumental "Silhouettes in Sunsets". He also recorded an album titled In Good Hands. It includes the six songs "If You Could Be Anywhere", "We Belong", "When Angels Come", "Convinced", "Father of Mine", and "If That's Alright with You". In 2012, Felton appeared in the supernatural horror film The Apparition alongside an ensemble cast and indie drama From the Rough opposite Taraji P. Henson. Felton portrayed James Ashford, an arrogant member of nobility, in Belle (2013), which was released at the Toronto International Film Festival to critical praise. He starred opposite Elizabeth Olsen as Camille Raquin in Thérèse (2013). The film received mixed reviews; Roger Ebert referred to his performance as "suitably foppish and dopey" for the role. Felton starred in Labyrinth as Viscount Trencavel, which aired on Channel 4 in March 2013. Felton portrayed a US Navy airman in survival drama Against the Sun (2014), which faced mixed reception.

In 2015, Felton recurred in Murder in the First on TNT as Erich Blunt:, as a Silicon Valley worker and murder suspect. Felton held supporting roles in films Risen (2016), a box office success, as well as Message from the King and A United Kingdom, both of which premiered at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival. He also lent his voice to the English version of Sheep and Wolves (2016), a fantasy-comedy film. From 2016 to 2017, He appeared as Doctor Alchemy in the third season of The CW's The Flash. Felton's character was a CSI lab partner to the titular character and love interest of Killer Frost. Felton portrayed a dog handler for the US Army in Gabriela Cowperthwaite's Megan Leavey (2017), a biographical indie drama based on the life of Corporal Megan Leavey. That year, Felton also appeared in drama film Feed and action-thriller Stratton.

On 26 April 2018, it was announced that Felton was cast in the science fiction series Origin. He stars in the role of Logan Maine opposite actress Natalia Tena. It premiered on YouTube Premium in November 2018. The series opened to mixed reviews; The Hollywood Reporter stated that Felton portrayed "explosive whiner ... unrecognizable from his days as bad boi fa lyfe Malfoy." Felton portrayed Laertes in Ophelia, Claire McCarthy's film adaptation of Hamlet centering around the character of the same name. The film premiered at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival; one critic remarked his performance as "lithe" and "done nicely". Felton appeared in the comedy-drama Braking for Whales in 2019 and the Netflix family-horror A Babysitter's Guide to Monster Hunting in 2020. He played a British soldier in the Dutch World War II film The Forgotten Battle, which had a red carpet premiere in 2020 followed by a Netflix release in 2021.

In June 2020, he was planned to star in war thriller Burial, which is set in the last days of World War II. In October, it was announced that Felton will star in Canyon Del Muerto, a biopic about archaeologist Ann Axtell Morris. He portrays her husband, Earl H. Morris, an American archeologist known for his contributions to Southwest archaeology. Two months later, Felton was confirmed in Lead Heads alongside Rupert Everett, Derek Jacobi, Luke Newberry and Mark Williams. The film is described as a “drama about greed and the repercussions it has on the soul.”

In January 2021, Felton was confirmed for the lead role in Sara Sugarman's Save The Cinema which began filming in the month in Wales. He joined Jonathan Pryce and Samantha Morton. The movie tells the true story of Liz Evans, a hairdresser and leader of a youth theatre in Carmarthen, Wales, who began a campaign in 1993 to save the Lyric theatre from closure.

2022: West End theatre debut, Beyond the Wand, and further acting career
In early 2022, Felton attended the Harry Potter 20th Anniversary: Return to Hogwarts film as himself, alongside other cast members like Daniel Radcliffe, Emma Watson, and Rupert Grint.

In May 2022, Felton made his West End theatre debut in London, in the play 2:22 A Ghost Story.

In October 2022, Felton published a memoir, Beyond the Wand: The Magic and Mayhem of Growing Up a Wizard, which covers his acting career within the Harry Potter franchise. The book debuted at number one on The New York Times nonfiction best-seller list for the week ending 22 October 2022. Watson wrote the forward, referring to herself and Felton as "soulmates."

Felton appeared in the 2023 thriller Some Other Woman. He is attached to star as Leon in the upcoming sci-fi/action film Altered alongside Igor Jijikine, Richard Brake, and more.

Personal life
Felton was in a relationship with stunt assistant Jade Olivia Gordon from April 2008 until early 2016. Gordon played Felton's character's wife, Astoria Greengrass, in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2. Despite speculation from fans, he and Emma Watson, his childhood crush, have never dated. As of 2021, Felton has been in a relationship with South African jewelry designer, Roxanne Danya Plit, whom he met while filming Origin in 2018. He was first publicly seen with Plit in October 2021.

Felton owned a Labrador Retriever named Timber until she died of cancer in 2014. He adopted another black Labrador Retriever named Willow in 2018. For Halloween in 2021, Felton dressed up as Gryffindor student Harry Potter, and dressed up Willow as a Gryffindor, too. Along with Willow, Felton owns a yellow lab named Forrest, purchased in 2022.

Felton fell ill while participating in a celebrity golf exhibition on 23 September 2021 as part of the 2021 Ryder Cup festivities near Sheboygan, Wisconsin. He was removed from the golf course on a stretcher and taken to a nearby hospital for treatment. Felton told CinemaBlend that the illness was caused by jet lag and exhaustion.

Felton is an agnostic.

EPs

 * Time Well Spent (2008)
 * All I Need (2008)
 * In Good Hands (2009)
 * Hawaii (2011)
 * YoOHoO (2021)
 * ReD (2024)

Singles

 * "Silhouettes in Sunsets" (2008)
 * "Time Isn't Healing" (2008)
 * "If You Could Be Anywhere" (2010)
 * "hOLDing on" (2021)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tom Felton


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Campanology

Campanology is the scientific and musical study of bells. It encompasses the technology of bells – how they are founded, tuned and rung – as well as the history, methods, and traditions of bellringing as an art.

It is common to collect together a set of tuned bells and treat the whole as one musical instrument. Such collections – such as a Flemish carillon, a Russian zvon, or an English "ring of bells" used for change ringing – have their own practices and challenges; and campanology is likewise the study of perfecting such instruments and composing and performing music for them.

In this sense, however, the word campanology is most often used in reference to relatively large bells, often hung in a tower. It is not usually applied to assemblages of smaller bells, such as a glockenspiel, a collection of tubular bells, or an Indonesian gamelan.

Etymology and definition
Campanology is a hybrid word. The first half is derived from the Late Latin campana, meaning 'bell'; the second half is derived from the Ancient Greek -λογία meaning 'the study of'.

A campanologist is one who studies campanology, though it is popularly misused to refer to a bell ringer.

Full circle ringing

In English style (see below) full circle ringing, the bells in a church tower are hung so that on each stroke the bell swings through a complete circle; actually a little more than 360 degrees. Between strokes, it briefly sits poised 'upside-down', with the mouth pointed upwards; pulling on a rope connected to a large diameter wheel attached to the bell swings it down and the assembly's own momentum propels the bell back up again on the other side of the swing. Each alternate pull or stroke is identified as either handstroke or backstroke – handstroke where the "sally" (the fluffy area covered with wool) is pulled followed by a pull on the plain "tail". At East Bergholt in the English county of Suffolk, there is a unique set of bells that are not in a tower and are rung full circle by hand. They are the heaviest ring of five bells listed in Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers with a tenor of and a combined weight of

These rings of bells have relatively few bells, compared with a carillon; six or eight-bell towers are common, with the largest rings in numbering up to sixteen bells. The bells are usually tuned to fall in a diatonic scale without chromatic notes; they are traditionally numbered from the top downwards so that the highest bell (called the treble) is numbered 1 and the lowest bell (the tenor) has the highest number; it is usually the tonic note of the bells' scale.

To swing the heavy bells requires a ringer for each bell. Furthermore, the great inertias involved mean that a ringer has only a limited ability to retard or accelerate their bell's cycle. Along with the relatively limited palette of notes available, the upshot is that such rings of bells do not easily lend themselves to ringing melodies.

Instead, a system of change ringing evolved, probably early in the seventeenth century, which centres on mathematical permutations. The ringers begin with rounds, which is simply ringing down the scale in numerical order. (On six bells this would be 123456.) The ringing then proceeds in a series of rows or changes, each of which is some permutation of rounds (for example 214365) where no bell changes by more than one position from the preceding row (this is also known as the Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm).

In call change ringing, one of the ringers (known as the Conductor) calls out to tell the other ringers how to vary their order. The timing of the calls and changes of pattern accompanying them are made at the discretion of the Conductor and so do not necessarily involve a change of ringing sequence at each successive stroke as is characteristic of method ringing. Some ringers, notably in the West of England where there is a strong call-change tradition, ring call changes exclusively but for others, the essence of change ringing is the substantially different method ringing. As of 2015 there are 7,140 English style rings. The Netherlands, Pakistan, India, and Spain have one each. The Windward Isles and the Isle of Man have 2 each. Canada and New Zealand 8 each. The Channel Isles 10. Africa as a continent has 13. Scotland 24, Ireland 37, US 48, Australia 59 and Wales 227. The remaining 6,798 (95.2%) are in England (including three mobile rings).

Method ringing
In method or scientific ringing each ringer has memorized a pattern describing his or her bell's course from row to row; taken together, these patterns (along with only occasional calls made by a conductor) form an algorithm which cycles through the various available permutations dictated by the number of bells available. There are hundreds of these methods which have been composed over the centuries and all have names, some being very fanciful. Better-known examples such as Plain Bob, Reverse Canterbury, Grandsire and Double Oxford are familiar to most ringers.

Serious ringing always starts and ends with rounds; and it must always be true — each row must be unique, never repeated. A performance of a few hundred rows or so is called a touch. A performance of all the possible permutations possible on a set of bells is called an extent, with $$n$$ bells there are $$n$$! possible permutations. With five bells 5! = 120 which takes about 5 minutes. With seven bells 7! = 5,040 which takes about three hours to ring. This is the definition of a full peal on 7 (5,000 or more for other numbers of bells.) Less demanding is the quarter peal of 1,260 changes. When ringing peals and quarter peals on fewer bells several complete extents are rung consecutively. When ringing on higher numbers of bells less than a complete extent is rung. On eight bells the extent is 8!=40,320 which has only been accomplished once, taking nearly nineteen hours.

Ringing in English belltowers became a popular hobby in the late 17th century, in the Restoration era; the scientific approach which led to modern method ringing can be traced to two books of that era, Tintinnalogia or the Art of Ringing (published in 1668 by Richard Duckworth and Fabian Stedman) and Campanalogia (also by Stedman; first released 1677; see Bibliography). Today change ringing remains most popular in England but is practiced worldwide; over four thousand peals are rung each year.

Dorothy L. Sayers's mystery story, The Nine Tailors (1934) centres around change ringing of bells in a Fenland church; her father was a clergyman.

Russian Orthodox bellringing
The bells in Russian tradition are sounded by their clappers, attached to ropes; a special system of ropes is developed individually for every belltower. All the ropes are gathered in one place, where the bell-ringer stands. The ropes (usually all ropes) are not pulled, but rather pressed with hands or legs. Since one end of every rope is fixed, and the ropes are kept in tension, a press or even a punch on a rope makes a clapper move.

The Russian Tsar Bell is the largest extant bell in the world.

Ellacombe apparatus
The Ellacombe apparatus is an English mechanism devised for chiming by striking stationary bells with external hammers. However it does not have the same sound as full circle ringing due to the absence of the doppler effect derived from bell rotation and the lack of a damping effect of the clapper after each strike.

It requires only one person to operate. Each hammer is connected by a rope to a fixed frame in the bell-ringing room. When in use the ropes are taut, and pulling one of the ropes towards the player will strike the hammer against the bell. To enable normal full circle ringing on the same bells, the ropes are slackened to allow the hammers to drop away from the moving bells.

The system was devised in 1821 by Reverend Henry Thomas Ellacombe of Gloucestershire, who first had such a system installed in Bitton in 1822. He created the system to make conventional bell-ringers redundant, so churches did not have to tolerate the behaviour of what he thought were unruly bell-ringers.

However, in reality, it required very rare expertise for one person to ring changes. The sound of a chime was a poor substitute for the rich sound of swinging bells, and the apparatus fell out of fashion. Consequently, the Ellacombe apparatus has been disconnected or removed from many towers in the UK. In towers where the apparatus remains intact, it is generally used like a Carillon, but to play simple tunes, or if expertise exists, to play changes.

Bell tuning

The tuning of a bell is completely dependent on its shape. When first cast it is approximately correct, but it is then machined on a tuning lathe to remove metal until it is in tune. This is a very complex exercise which took centuries of empirical practice, and latterly modern acoustic science, to understand.

If a bell is part of a set to be rung or played together, then the initial dominant perceived sound, called the strike note, must be tuned to a designated note of a common scale. In addition each bell will emit harmonics, or partials, which must also be tuned so that these are not discordant with the bell's strike note. This is what Fuller-Maitland writing in Grove's dictionary of music and musicians meant when he said : "Good tone means that a bell must be in tune with itself."

The principal partials are;
 * hum note -an octave below the strike note,
 * strike note
 * tierce – minor third above the strike note
 * quint – perfect fifth above the strike note
 * nominal – octave above the strike note

Further, less dominant, partials include the major, third and perfect fifth in the octave above these.

"Whether a founder tunes the nominal or the strike note makes little difference, however, because the nominal is one of the main partials that determines the tuning of the strike note." A heavy clapper brings out lower partials (clappers often being about 3% of a bell's mass), while a higher clapper velocity strengthens higher partials (0.4 m/s being moderate). The relative depth of the "bowl" or "cup" part of the bell also determines the number and strength of the partials in order to achieve a desired timbre.

Bells are generally around 80% copper and 20% tin (bell metal), with the tone varying according to material.

Tone and pitch is also affected by the method in which a bell is struck. Asian large bells are often bowl shaped but lack the lip and are often not free-swinging. Also note the special shape of Bianzhong bells, allowing two tones. The scaling or size of most bells to each other may be approximated by the equation for circular cylinders:

f=Ch/D2,

where h is thickness, D is diameter, and C is a constant determined by the material and the profile.

The major third bell
On the theory that pieces in major keys may better be accommodated, after many unsatisfactory attempts, in the 1980s, using computer modeling for assistance in design by scientists at the Technical University in Eindhoven, bells with a major-third profile were created by the Royal Eijsbouts bell foundry in the Netherlands, being described as resembling old Coke bottles in that they have a bulge around the middle; and in 1999 a design without the bulge was announced.

Bell organizations
The following organizations promote the study, music, collection and/or preservation and restoration of bells. Nation(s) covered are given in parentheses.
 * The American Bell Association International (United States with foreign chapters)
 * Association Campanaire Wallonne asbl (Belgium)
 * Associazione Italiana di Campanologia (Italy)
 * Associazione Suonatori di Campane a Sistema Veronese (Italy)
 * The Australian and New Zealand Association of Bellringers (Australia, New Zealand)
 * Beratungsausschuss für das Deutsche Glockenwesen (Germany)
 * British Carillon Society (United Kingdom)
 * The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers (UK)
 * Gruppo Campanari Padre Stanislao Mattei (Bologna, Italy)
 * Handbell Musicians of America (United States, chapter of English Handbell Ringers Association)
 * Handbell Ringers of Great Britain (United Kingdom)
 * Société Française de Campanologie (France)
 * Unione Campanari Bolognesi (Emilia and Romagna, Italy)
 * Unione Campanari Modenesi "Alberto Corni" (Modena, Italy)
 * Verband Deutscher Glockengießereien e.V. (Germany)
 * World Carillon Federation (multinational)

title: Campanology


text:
Shelf (computing)

The Shelf is an interface feature in NeXTSTEP and OPENSTEP, and is used as a repository to store links to commonly used files, directories and programs, and as a temporary "holding" place to move/copy files and directories around in the file system hierarchy. In macOS, items may be dragged onto the sidebar area of the Finder, but these do not behave as placeholders and cannot be manipulated in the below manner.

The dynamics of the Shelf in file system operations can be illustrated by comparison with the metaphor used in the Microsoft Windows operating systems. In order to move a file the following steps may be taken:
 * the window containing the source folder is opened
 * the window containing the destination folder is opened
 * the desired file in the source directory is dragged to the destination folder

With the NeXT operating systems, in addition to moving files by dragging them from window to window, the following method can be used:
 * the user navigates to the source directory
 * the file is dragged to the Shelf
 * the user navigates to the destination directory
 * the file is dragged from the Shelf to the destination directory

Note that the file, when dragged to the Shelf, has not moved anywhere and is not changed in any way. The Shelf icon is merely a placeholder for the file. In moving the placeholder off the shelf, the actual action occurs.

The NeXT functionality builds upon this concept by allowing the destination directory to be put on the Shelf as well, and the file can be merely dragged to the destination directory icon.

The process is similar to the Microsoft Windows functionality of copying or cutting file system objects (a file or files, a folder or folders, or a combination of both) to the clipboard; the objects are not copied or removed from their original location until the paste operation to the new location is completed. The Shelf concept, though older, is more powerful in that the file system objects, their sources and destinations are persistent and available as long as they are on the Shelf (in the Windows cut, copy, and paste metaphor the objects and locations persist until one copy/move operation is complete or until something else is placed in the clipboard).

Since Shelf icons are 'placeholders' of sorts, icons can be put on the Shelf representing commonly used directories, and commonly used programs can be put on the Shelf as well.

The NeXTSTEP and OPENSTEP file management application (called FileViewer and run by the Workspace Manager) also allowed users to have different shelves associated with particular directories. Users simply opened a new browser rooted in a particular subdirectory, and that browser window would show the corresponding shelf, allowing users to have many different shelves based on whatever folder hierarchy they happened to be using to organize their files.

title: Shelf (computing)


text:
Talk:Graves' disease

Inclusion of the "In literature" section
Diseases in art and popular culture are mentioned in other Wikipedia articles such as Kuru (disease) and even dedicated ones such as Huntington's disease in popular culture and Tuberculosis in human culture. It seems to me that mentioning its occurence in Italo Svevo's "Zeno's Conscience", a significant novel in Italian literature, fulfils the notability requirement. Besides, it makes the article more comprehensive, just like the "Notable cases" section, which is not of strict biomedical relevance either. Maybe it could be rephrased to something like "Grave's disease is mentioned in the novel..." or maybe the topic should be renamed to something less specific, such as "In literature and popular culture". Vmarquioni (talk) 17:15, 25 March 2020 (UTC)
 * This page Zeno's Conscience does not even mention the disease. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 18:08, 25 March 2020 (UTC)
 * The page already mentioned it, although only briefly (as expected for a page about the book itself). I have included a link to Grave's disease but preserving the name used in the novel, Basedow's disease. Vmarquioni (talk) 18:43, 25 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Were is a source that says this is an important literary example of Grave's? Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 18:50, 25 March 2020 (UTC)
 * A quick search returns this: https://www.thewisemagazine.it/2017/08/19/morbo-di-basedow-sfinimento-zeno-realta/. Besides, the Italian page for Grave's disease also mentions the book and includes a quotation from it (I wanted to include the direct link, but Wikipedia keeps saying the page doesn't exist; it should be "Malattia di Basedow-Graves"). Vmarquioni (talk) 19:04, 25 March 2020 (UTC)
 * I have just found other useful sources: 1) In http://anthropoetics.ucla.edu/ap0901/brotto/, the author says (item VI): "Basedow’s disease plays a major role in Svevo’s novel. After she gave birth to twins (an archaic sign of mimetic crisis that is by no means incidental) the disease affects Ada, Guido’s wife and Zeno’s sister-in-law, whom the latter had fancied as a wife for himself and whom he desires still. She now is deprived of health and beauty. By meditating on this pathology, Zeno reaches the conclusion that health is a median value between the two extremes of a scale." 2) In https://www.enotes.com/topics/confessions-zeno/characters, the authors say: "Zeno himself likes to analyze life in terms of health and disease, especially Basedow’s disease." 3) In the book "Literary Diseases: Theme and Metaphor in the Italian Novel" (available in Google Books), the author also mentions Graves's disease (using the name Basedow's disease) as an important aspect of the novel. All those examples come from literary analyses of a medical topic (not medical ones), but clearly indicate that there is notability in that topic. Vmarquioni (talk) 20:37, 25 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Okay I guess with those refs. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 20:59, 25 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your feedback, Doc James. And merging those two topics worked out well. Vmarquioni (talk) 00:01, 26 March 2020 (UTC)

Prevalence
We have three statements that don't make sense to me:
 * 1) Intro: "Graves' disease will develop in about 0.5% of males and 3% of females."
 * 2) Epidemiology: "Graves' disease occurs in about 0.5% of people."
 * 3) Intro and Epidemiology: "It occurs about 7.5 times more often in women than in men."
 * 4) 1 and #2 don't seem to fit with each other.  Something that occurs in 1 out of every 200 males and 6 out of every 200 females should occur in about 7 out of every 400 people, or about 1.75% of people.  And if it occurs 7.5 times more often in women than in men, wouldn't it occur in just about 4% of females?  Obviously "males and females" doesn't exactly equal "men and women", since the latter excludes children, but (1) this sounds like it's uncommon in childhood, so maybe we can ignore children, and (2) if children are a major factor, they should have rates comparable to that of adults, which couldn't be the case if the difference I'm seeing were the result of children appearing in #1 but not #3.

Nyttend backup (talk) 18:17, 17 June 2020 (UTC)

Cure for Graves Disease
I had Graves Disease but cured it by flushing out my digestive tract and then not eating anything for 3 days. Has anybody run across any published literature (RS) on this cure that could be used in Wikipedia? 75.4.34.74 (talk) 09:55, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

Considering Graves disease is an autoimmune condition causing secretion of antibodies active on the thyroid tissue, there is no medical validity to your proposed cure. Please see a doctor. 203.10.55.11 (talk) 16:35, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Bayes' theorem which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 17:01, 23 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Graves' disease


text:
Horse (zodiac)

The Horse (⾺) is the seventh of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. There is a long tradition of the Horse in Chinese mythology. Certain characteristics of the Horse nature are supposed to be typical of or to be associated with either a year of the Horse and its events, or in regard to the personality of someone born in such a year. Horse aspects can also enter by other chronomantic factors or measures, such as hourly. The year of the horse is associated with the Earthly Branch symbol 午.

History
The lunar calendar paved the sequence of the Chinese zodiac animals. This calendar can be traced back to the 14th century B.C. Myths say that Emperor Huangdi, the first Chinese emperor, in 2637 B.C. invented the Chinese lunar calendar, which follows the cycles of the moon. In a folklore story that explains the origins of the cycle, the animals hold a race to determine their order. The custom of pairing an animal with a year in a 12-year cycle can be traced back to at least the Han dynasty (201 BC – 220 AD), and there are many legends and folktales surrounding the 12 zodiac animals, which are often depicted in East Asian art and design. A group of Chinese figures in the Victoria and Albert Museum's collection shows the zodiac animals with human bodies but animal heads. This way of portraying them became popular in the Tang dynasty (8th century).

Years and the Five Elements
People born within these date ranges can be said to have been born in the "Year of the Horse", while also bearing the following elemental sign:

title: Horse (zodiac)


text:
List of rivers of Bulgaria

This is a list of rivers in Bulgaria, organised geographically, taken clockwise from the westernmost tributaries of the Danube drainage. Tributaries are listed down the page in an downstream direction, i.e. the first tributary listed is closest to the source, and tributaries of tributaries are treated similarly. The main stem (or principal) river of a catchment is labelled as (MS), right-bank tributaries are indicated by (R), left-bank tributaries by (L). Note that in general usage, the 'right or left bank of a river' refers to the right or left hand bank, as seen when looking downstream. The list encompasses most of the main rivers of Bulgaria. It includes rivers shared with other countries. There is also a list of rivers over 50 km. The Bulgarian word for river, река (transliteration reka) is often a part of the river names in the country.

Overview
There are 540 rivers in Bulgaria. The longest river in Bulgaria is the Danube (2,888 km), which spans most of the country's northern border for a length of 470 km. The longest one to run through the country (and also the deepest) is the Maritsa (480 km), while the longest river that runs solely in Bulgaria is the Iskar (368 km).

The density of rivers is highest in the mountain areas and lowest in Dobrudzha, the Danubian Plain and the Upper Thracian Plain. There are two catchment basins: the Black Sea (57% of the territory and 42% of the rivers) and the Aegean Sea (43% of the territory and 58% of the rivers) basins. The territory of Bulgaria is 110,994 km2, of which 63,270 km2 fall within the Black Sea catchment bason, divided between the Danube (49,950 km2) and Black Sea Coast drainage (13,320 km2), and 47,730 km2 fall within the Aegean Sea basin, divided between the Maritsa (34,166 km2), Mesta (2,767 km2) and Struma (10,797 km2) drainage.

The Balkan Mountains divide Bulgaria into two nearly equal drainage systems. The larger system drains northward to the Black Sea, mainly by way of the Danube. This system includes the entire Danubian Plain and a stretch of land running 48–80 km inland from the coastline in the south. The Danube gets slightly more than 4% of its total volume from its Bulgarian tributaries. As it flows along the northern border, the Danube averages 1.6 to 2.4 km in width. The river's highest water levels usually occur during the May floods; it is frozen over an average of 40 days per year. The longest river located entirely in Bulgarian territory, the Iskar, with a length of 368 km and a catchment area of 8,640 km2, is the only Bulgarian Danubian tributary that does not rise in the Balkan Mountains. Instead, the Iskar has its origin in the Rila Mountains. It passes through Sofia's eastern suburbs and crosses the Balkan Mountains through a spectacular 65 km–long gorge. Other important tributaries of the Danube include the rivers Lom, Ogosta, Vit, Osam and Yantra. The longest river flowing directly to the Black Sea is the Kamchiya (254 km), while other rivers include the Batova, Provadiya, Aheloy, Ropotamo, Veleka and Rezovo.

The Aegean Sea catchment basin drains the Thracian Plain and most of the higher lands to the south and southwest. Several major rivers flow directly to the Aegean Sea. Many of their tributaries fall swiftly from the mountains and have cut deep, scenic gorges. The 480 km–long Maritsa (of them 321 km in Bulgaria) and its tributaries drain all of the western Thracian Plain, all of Sredna Gora, the southern slopes of the Balkan Mountains, and the northern slopes of the eastern Rhodopes. After it leaves Bulgaria, the Maritsa forms most of the Greco-Turkish border. Maritsa's major tributaries are the Tundzha, Arda, Topolnitsa, Vacha, etc. The other Bulgarian rivers flowing directly to the Aegean are the Struma and the Mesta.

Danube Drainage

 * Danube (MS)
 * (outside Bulgaria) Great Morava (R)
 * (outside Bulgaria) South Morava (L)
 * Nišava (R)
 * Gaberska reka (L)
 * Erma (L)
 * (outside Bulgaria) Temštica (R)
 * Visochitsa (R)
 * Timok (R)
 * Topolovets (R)
 * Rabrovska reka (L)
 * Deleynska reka (L)
 * Voynishka reka (R)
 * Vidbol (R)
 * Archar (R)
 * Salashka reka (R)
 * Skomlya (R)
 * Lom (R)
 * Stakevska reka (L)
 * Chuprenska reka (R)
 * Nechinska bara (L)
 * Tsibritsa (R)
 * Tsibar (L)
 * Dushilnitsa (L)
 * Ogosta (R)
 * Prevalska reka (L)
 * Dalgodelska Ogosta (R)
 * Zlatitsa (R)
 * Barzia (R)
 * Shugavitsa (R)
 * Botunya (R)
 * Ribine (R)
 * Skat (R)
 * Barzina (L)
 * Iskar (R)
 * Cherni Iskar (L)
 * Beli Iskar (R)
 * Musalenska Bistritsa (R)
 * Palakaria (L)
 * Shipochanitsa (R)
 * Zheleznishka reka (L)
 * Vitoshka Bistritsa (L)
 * Perlovska (L)
 * Boyanska reka (L)
 * Vladaya (L)
 * Lesnovska reka (R)
 * Kakach (L)
 * Blato (L)
 * Batuliyska reka (R)
 * Iskretska reka (L)
 * Gabrovnitsa (R)
 * Malki Iskar (R)
 * Bebresh (L)
 * Zlatna Panega (R)
 * Gostilya (L)
 * Vit (R)
 * Cherni Vit (L)
 * Beli Vit (R)
 * Kalnik (R)
 * Kamenitsa (R)
 * Chernyalka (R)
 * Tuchenitsa (R)
 * Osam (R)
 * Beli Osam (L)
 * Cherni Osam (R)
 * Komanska reka (L)
 * Suha reka (L)
 * Shavarna (L)
 * Lomya (R)
 * Barata (R)
 * Yantra (R)
 * Belitsa (R)
 * Dryanovska reka (L)
 * Stara reka (R)
 * Golyama reka (R)
 * Veselina (L)
 * Zlatarishka reka (R)
 * Rositsa (L)
 * Vidima (L)
 * Negovanka (R)
 * Bohot (R)
 * Eliyska reka (L)
 * Studena (L)
 * Rusenski Lom (R)
 * Cherni Lom (L)
 * Baniski Lom (L)
 * Beli Lom (R)
 * Hlebarovska reka (R)
 * Malki Lom (R)
 * Topchiyska reka (R)
 * Tsaratsar (R)
 * Senkovets (R)
 * Kanagyol (R)
 * Harsovska reka (R)
 * Suha reka (R)
 * Karamandere (L)
 * Dobrichka reka (R)

Black Sea Coast

 * Shablenska reka (Ms)
 * Batova (Ms)
 * Provadiya (Ms)
 * Matnishka reka (R)
 * Kriva reka (L)
 * Devnya (L)
 * Kamchiya (Ms)
 * Golyama Kamchiya (L)
 * Eleshnitsa (R)
 * Vrana (L)
 * Poroyna (L)
 * Stara reka (L)
 * Brestova reka (R)
 * Luda Kamchiya (R)
 * Kotlenska reka (L)
 * Medvenska reka (L)
 * Eleshnitsa (R)
 * Dvoynitsa (Ms)
 * Hadzhiyska reka (Ms)
 * Aheloy (Ms)
 * Aytoska reka (Ms)
 * Chukarska reka (Ms)
 * Rusokastrenska reka (Ms)
 * Sredetska reka (Ms)
 * Gospodarevska reka (L)
 * Fakiyska reka (Ms)
 * Izvorska reka (Ms)
 * Ropotamo (Ms)
 * Dyavolska reka (Ms)
 * Karaagach (Ms)
 * Veleka (Ms)
 * Mladezhka reka (L)
 * Rezovo (Ms)

Aegean Sea Drainage

 * Maritsa (Ms)
 * Ibar (R)
 * Yadenitsa (R)
 * Chepinska reka (R)
 * Matnitsa (R)
 * Topolnitsa (L)
 * Bunovska reka (R)
 * Mativir (R)
 * Luda Yana (L)
 * Stara reka (R)
 * Vacha (R)
 * Shirokolashka (R)
 * Devinska reka (L)
 * Gashnya (L)
 * Potoka (L)
 * Parvenetska reka (R)
 * Pyasachnik (L)
 * Chepelare (R)
 * Yugovska reka (R)
 * Sushitsa (R)
 * Stryama (R)
 * Byala reka (L)
 * Srebra (L)
 * Cherkezitsa (R)
 * Brezovska reka (L)
 * Omurovska reka (L)
 * Mechka (R)
 * Tekirska reka (L)
 * Kayaliyka (R)
 * Starata reka (L)
 * Banska (R)
 * Merichlerska reka (L)
 * Martinka (L)
 * Arpadere (L)
 * Sazliyka (L)
 * Blatnitsa (L)
 * Ovcharitsa (L)
 * Sokolitsa (L)
 * Harmanliyska reka (R)
 * Haskovska reka (L)
 * Biserska reka (R)
 * Golyama reka (L)
 * Levchenska reka (L)
 * Arda (R)
 * Cherna (L)
 * Malka Arda (L)
 * Borovitsa (L)
 * Varbitsa (R)
 * Perperek (L)
 * Krumovitsa (R)
 * Aterenska reka (R)
 * Tundzha (L)
 * Tazha (L)
 * Maglizhka reka (L)
 * Asenovska reka (L)
 * Mochuritsa (L)
 * Popovska reka (L)
 * Krushevska reka (R)
 * Arapliyska reka (L)
 * Boyalashka reka (R)
 * Sinapovska reka (R)
 * Kalnitsa (L)
 * Luda reka (R)
 * Byala Reka (L)

 * Mesta (Ms)
 * Cherna Mesta (L)
 * Byala Mesta (R)
 * Iztok (R)
 * Glazne (R)
 * Banderitsa (L)
 * Demyanitsa (R)
 * Disilitsa (R)
 * Retizhe (R)
 * Kanina (L)
 * Vishteritsa (R)
 * Chechka Bistritsa (L)
 * Dospat (L)

 * Struma (Ms)
 * Konska reka (R)
 * Arkata (L)
 * Treklyanska reka (R)
 * Dragovishtitsa (R)
 * Sovolyanska Bistritsa (R)
 * Eleshnitsa (R)
 * Dzherman (L)
 * Rilska River (L)
 * Blagoevgradska Bistritsa (L)
 * Gradevska reka (L)
 * Vlahina reka (L)
 * Lebnitsa (R)
 * Sandanska Bistritsa (L)
 * Strumeshnitsa (R)
 * Melnishka reka (L)
 * Pirinska Bistritsa (L)

title: List of rivers of Bulgaria


text:
Pueblo

Pueblo refers to the settlements and to the Native American tribes of the Pueblo peoples in the Southwestern United States, currently in New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas. The permanent communities, including some of the oldest continually occupied settlements in the United States, are called pueblos (lowercased).

Spanish explorers of northern New Spain used the term pueblo to refer to permanent Indigenous towns they found in the region, mainly in New Mexico and parts of Arizona, in the former province of Nuevo México. This term continued to be used to describe the communities housed in apartment structures built of stone, adobe, and other local material. The structures were usually multi-storied buildings surrounding an open plaza, with rooms accessible only through ladders raised and lowered by the inhabitants, thus protecting them from break-ins and unwanted guests. Larger pueblos were occupied by hundreds to thousands of Puebloan people.

Several federally recognized tribes have traditionally resided in pueblos of such design. Later Pueblo Deco and modern Pueblo Revival architecture, which mixes elements of traditional Pueblo and Hispano design, has continued to be a popular architectural style in New Mexico.

The term is now part of the proper name of some historical sites, such as Pueblo of Acoma.

Etymology and usage
The word pueblo is the Spanish word both for "town" or "village" and for "people". It comes from the Latin root word populus meaning "people". Spanish colonials applied the term to their own civic settlements, but to only those Native American settlements having fixed locations and permanent buildings.

In the Rio Grande Valley of New Mexico, specifically in the region between Albuquerque, Santa Fe and Taos, the word "pueblo" defines a "distinct cultural group in the Southwestern United States" and their villages. The Holmes Museum of Anthropology defines this specific group as a "common culture with individual variances [that] connects them.

Less-permanent native settlements (such as those found in California) were often referred to as rancherías, however, the oldest area of Los Angeles was known as El Pueblo de Nuestra Señorala Reina de los Ángeles del Rio de Porciúncula or El Pueblo de Los Angeles for short.

"On the central Spanish Meseta the unit of settlement was and is the pueblo; which is to say, the large nucleated village surrounded by its own fields, with no outlying farms, separated from its neighbors by some considerable distance, sometimes as much as ten miles [16 km] or so. The demands of agrarian routine and the need for defense, the simple desire for human society in the vast solitude of, dictated that it should be so. Nowadays the pueblo might have a population running into thousands. Doubtless, they were much smaller in the early middle ages, but we should probably not be far wrong if we think of them as having had populations of some hundreds."

Pueblo tribes
Of the federally recognized Native American communities in the Southwest, those designated by the King of Spain as pueblo at the time Spain ceded territory to the United States, after the American Revolutionary War, are legally recognized as Pueblo by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Some of the pueblos also came under the jurisdiction of the United States, in its view, by its treaty with Mexico, which had briefly gained rule over territory in the Southwest ceded by Spain after Mexican independence. There are 21 federally recognized Pueblos that are home to Pueblo peoples. Their official federal names are as follows:

 * Hopi Tribe of Arizona (Uto-Aztecan)
 * Ohkay Owingeh, New Mexico (Kiowa-Tanoan)
 * Pueblo of Acoma, New Mexico (Keresan)
 * Pueblo of Cochiti, New Mexico (Keresan)
 * Pueblo of Isleta, New Mexico (Kiowa-Tanoan)
 * Pueblo of Jemez, New Mexico (Kiowa-Tanoan)
 * Pueblo of Laguna, New Mexico (Keresan)
 * Pueblo of Nambe, New Mexico (Kiowa-Tanoan)
 * Pueblo of Picuris, New Mexico (Kiowa-Tanoan)
 * Pueblo of Pojoaque, New Mexico (Kiowa-Tanoan)
 * Pueblo of San Felipe, New Mexico (Keresan)
 * Pueblo of San Ildefonso, New Mexico (Kiowa-Tanoan)
 * Pueblo of Sandia, New Mexico (Kiowa-Tanoan)
 * Pueblo of Santa Ana, New Mexico (Keresan)
 * Pueblo of Santa Clara, New Mexico (Kiowa-Tanoan)
 * Pueblo of Taos, New Mexico (Kiowa-Tanoan)
 * Pueblo of Tesuque, New Mexico (Kiowa-Tanoan)
 * Pueblo of Zia, New Mexico (Keresan)
 * Santo Domingo Pueblo (also Kewa Pueblo), New Mexico (Keresan)
 * Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo, Texas (Kiowa-Tanoan)
 * Zuni Tribe of the Zuni Reservation, New Mexico (Zuni)

One unrecognized tribe, the Piro/Manso/Tiwa Indian Tribe of the Pueblo of San Juan Guadalupe is currently petitioning the US Department of the Interior for federal recognition.

Civic institutions
Each Pueblo is autonomous with its own governmental structure. Several organizations serve to unite the interests of difference Pueblos including the Albuquerque-based All Pueblo Council of Governors who collectively negotiates for land and water rights and advocates for Pueblo interests with the state and federal government. The interests of Eight Northern Pueblos are served by the Eight Northern Indian Pueblos Council based in Ohkay Owingeh (formerly San Juan Pueblo). Cochiti, Jemez, Sandia, Santa Ana, and Zia are served by the Five Sandoval Indian Pueblos, a nonprofit organization based in Rio Rancho.

The Indian Pueblo Cultural Center, founded in 1976 in Albuquerque, educates the public about all Pueblos through art, dance, and educational experiences. The center has a museum that presents Pueblo history and artifacts, and an interactive Pueblo House museum. An archive holds a collection of photographs, books, and tape recordings of oral histories. It also has a café and a restaurant, Indian Pueblo Kitchen, serving Indigenous cuisine.

Historical places

Pre-Columbian towns and villages in the Southwest, such as Acoma, were located in defensible positions, for example, on high steep mesas. Anthropologists and official documents often refer to ancient residents of the area as pueblo cultures. For example, the National Park Service states, "The Late Puebloan cultures built the large, integrated villages found by the Spaniards when they began to move into the area." The people of some pueblos, such as Taos Pueblo, still inhabit centuries-old adobe pueblo buildings.

Contemporary residents often maintain other homes outside the historic pueblos. Adobe and light construction methods resembling adobe now dominate architecture at the many pueblos of the area, in nearby towns or cities, and in much of the American Southwest.

In addition to contemporary pueblos, numerous ruins of archeological interest are located throughout the Southwest. Some are of relatively recent origin. Others are of prehistoric origin, such as the cliff dwellings and other habitations of the Ancestral Puebloans, who emerged as a people around the 12th century BCE and began to construct their pueblos about 750–900 CE.

Feast days
Many pueblos participate in syncretism between Indigenous Pueblo religion and Roman Catholicism. The pueblos welcome outsiders to participate in feast days, in which the Pueblo communities hold seasonal ceremonial dances, and certain households volunteer to feed visitors meals. Photography is forbidden. Visitors are advised to confirm events in advance with the Pueblos.

Dances include the antelope, bow-and-arrow, Comanche, corn, basket, buffalo, deer, harvest, Matachines, and turtle dances.
 * January
 * 1: Transer of Canes: dances at most pueblos
 * 6: King's Day Celebration: Nambé, Picuris, Sandia, Santa Ana, Santo Domingo, Taos
 * 22–23: Ildephonsus feast: San Ildefonso
 * 25: Picuris, San Ildefonso

 * February
 * 1st or 2nd weekend: Governor's Feast: Old Acoma, Ohkay Owingeh
 * 2nd weekend: Caldelaria Day: Picuris, San Felipe

 * March
 * 19: St. Joseph feast: Laguna

 * April
 * Easter weekend: most pueblos
 * Easter Sunday: Jemez, Nambé, Santo Domingo, San Ildefonso, Zia

 * May
 * May 1: St. Philip Feast: San Felipe
 * May 3: Feast of the Cross: Taos
 * First Sunday: Santa Maria Feast: Acoma

 * June
 * First Sunday of the month: Blessing of the fields: Tesuque
 * 13: San Antonio feast: Ohkay Owingeh, Picuris, Sandia, Santa Clara, Taos
 * 13: Ysleta del Sur
 * 24: St John the Baptist feast: Ohkay Owingeh, Taos
 * 29: San Pedro/St. Paul feast: Santa Ana, Santo Domingo

 * July
 * 14: St. Bonaventure feast: Cochiti
 * 25: Santiago feast: Taos
 * 26: St. Anne feast: Laguna, Santa Ana, Taos
 * 28: Peoples' Day: Pojoaque, Santa Ana

 * August
 * 2: San Persingula feast: Jemez
 * 4: Santo Domingo feast: Santo Domingo
 * 9: San Lorenzo feast: Picuris
 * 10: Pueblo Revolt anniversary and San Lorenzo feast: Acoma, Picuris
 * 12: Santa Clara feast: Santa Clara
 * 15: Assumption of Our Blessed Mother feast: Laguna, Zia
 * 28: San Augustine feast: Isleta

 * September
 * 2: San Estevan feast: Acoma
 * 4: San Augustine feast: Isleta
 * 8: Nativity of the Blessed Virgin feast: Laguna, San Ildefonso
 * 14: Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo
 * 19: St. Joseph feast: Laguna
 * 25: St. Elizabeth feast: Laguna
 * 29: San Geronimo Eve feast: Taos
 * 30: San Geronimo feast: Taos

 * October
 * 4: St. Francis of Assisi feast: Nambé
 * 17: St. Margaret Mary feast: Laguna
 * 24–27: Laguna

 * November
 * 12: San Diego feast: Jemez, Tesuque
 * Thanksgiving Weekend: Acoma
 * Thanksgiving Day: Christmas light parade: Zuni

 * December
 * 11: Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe feast: Pojoaque
 * 12: Our Lady of Guadalupe feast: Jemez, Pojoaque, Santa Clara, Tesuque
 * 24: Christmas Eve celebration: Acoma, Laguna Nambé, Ohkay Owingeh, Picuris, San Felipe, Santa Ana, Taos, Tesuque
 * 25: Christmas Day: Cochiti, Ohkay Owingeh, Picuris, Santo Domingo, San Ildefonso, Tesuque, Zia
 * 25–27: Cochiti, Laguna
 * 26: Ohkay Owingeh
 * 26–28: Christmas dances at most pueblos
 * 28: Holy Innocents Day: Ohkay Owingeh, Picuris

title: Pueblo


text:
User talk:Poor-brother

Battle of Falkirk appears to be a copyright-violation. Note that you cannot just copy material from other websites without asking for permission -- see Copyrights for details. I have replaced it with the standard infringement notice. --Eloquence 10:18 25 Jul 2003 (UTC)

The Sanderson Beck article appears to meet several criteria of a vanity article. Please review the Vanity page, as well as the Notability (people) criteria, and modify the article so it is more easily distinguished from a vanity article. kc62301

title: User talk:Poor-brother


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Pig (zodiac)

The Pig (豬) or sometimes translated as the Boar is the twelfth of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in Chinese zodiac, in relation to the Chinese calendar and system of horology, and paralleling the system of ten Heavenly Stems and twelve Earthly Branches. Although the term "zodiac" (etymologically referring to a "[circle of] little animals") is used in the phrase "Chinese zodiac", there is a major difference between the Chinese usage and Western astrology: the zodiacal animals (including the zodiacal Pig) do not relate to the zodiac as the area of the sky that extends approximately 8° north or south (as measured in celestial latitude) of the ecliptic, the apparent path of the Sun, the Moon, and visible planets across the celestial sphere's constellations, over the course of the year.

In Chinese astrology, "zodiacal" animals refer to fixed cycles of twelve animals. The same cycle of twelve is used for cycles of years and cycles of hours. In the case of years, the cycle of twelve corresponds to the twelve-year cycle of Jupiter. In the case of the hours, the twelve hours represent twelve double-hours for each period of night and day. In the continuous sexagenary cycle of sixty years, every twelfth year corresponds to hai, 亥 (the twelfth of the twelve Earthly Branches); this re-recurring twelfth year is commonly called the Year of the Pig (豬年).

There are five types of Pigs, named after the Chinese elements. In order, they are: Metal, Water, Wood, Fire, and Earth. These correspond to the Heavenly Stems. Thus, there are five pig years in every sexagenary cycle. For example, in the year 2019, the Earthly Branch is the twelfth, hài, and the Heavenly Stem is the sixth, jǐ 己. The Chinese New Year in 2019 is February fifth: this corresponds with the beginning of both the sexegenary year of jǐ hài and also the zodiac year of the Earth Pig.

In the Japanese zodiac and the Tibetan zodiac, the Pig is referred to as the boar. In the Dai zodiac, the Pig is replaced by the elephant. In the Gurung zodiac, the Pig is replaced by the deer. The Malay zodiac replaces the Pig with the tortoise.

Pig in the Chinese zodiac legend
According to the myths, the Pig was the last to arrive when the Jade Emperor called for the great meeting. Other sources said that Buddha called for a great meeting when he was about to leave the Earth. The Pig arrived last.

Yet another legend has it that The Emperor organized a race to ascertain the order of the animals in the Zodiac. The pig not having arrived long after all of the other animals, he was about to call it a day when an oink and squeal were heard. The term "lazy pig" comes from this incident; the Pig had become hungry during the race, stopped for a feast, and then promptly fell asleep. The pig finally completed the race, however, and was accordingly named the 12th and last animal of the zodiac cycle.

Other sources say that given his very stout form, he was just too slow a swimmer, and thus he could not do anything against the other animals (or conversely that he was so fast he went up the wrong side of the river first).

The Pig and the Elements
The natural element of the Pig is Water. Thus, it is commonly associated with emotions and intuitions. Yet, given that along with the elements (called the Celestial stem), the animal zodiac (called the Earthly stem) also follows a cycle, each of the elements affect the characteristic of the same Earthly stem (see Sexagenary cycle).

However, the Pig is yin, and thus only the negative aspects of the elements can be attached to them, thus only 5 kinds of Pigs are found in the zodiac. They are the following:
 * 乙亥 (yǐhài) – The Wood Pig
 * 丁亥 (dīnghài) – The Fire Pig
 * 己亥 (jǐhài) – The Earth Pig
 * 辛亥 (xīnhài) – The Metal Pig
 * 癸亥 (guǐhài) – The Water Pig

The Years of the Pig
People born within these date ranges can be said to have been born in the "Year of the Pig", while bearing the following elemental sign:

Hour of the Pig
Similarly to the usage of the traditional Japanese clock, each day-night period was divided into 12 double-hours, each of which corresponding with one of the twelve signs of the Chinese zodiac, with similar symbolic motif and astrological significance. The first of the twelve double hours (the Hour of the Rat) encompasses midnight, at the middle of the double hour, corresponding with 11:00 p.m. to 1:00 a.m., with midnight being the midpoint of the first double-hour. The animals in the hourly sequence are the same and in the same order as in the yearly sequence. The Pig is the last in the sequence, with the Hour of the Pig corresponding to the double-hour 9:00 p.m. to 11:00 p.m., also known as the hour hai (亥).

Given that the traditional Chinese day-night cycle was composed of 12 hours, each sign is given to the different signs of the zodiac. The Pig is assigned to govern the time between 21:00 hrs to 22:59 hrs. According to tradition, this is the time when the Pig is doing what it does best (sleeping and enjoying the sweet life).

In terms of astrology, the hours in which people were born (technically termed as the Ascendant) are the second most important facet of their astrology. Thus, this alters greatly the characteristics. Even if people were born in any year governed by another animal (for example, anyone born on 20 December 2000, i.e. year of the Dragon) will display strong characteristics of the Pig. Thus, they may be fierce and strong like the Dragon, but at the same time emotional and intuitive like the Pig.

Cultural notes
Some Chinese Muslims will say that they were born in the year of the hai, 亥 (twelfth and final year of the zodiac) to avoid saying the "Pig". This is because pigs are haram (forbidden to eat) in Islam and therefore Muslims consider pigs unclean.

Increasing numbers of countries and regions now issue lunar new year stamps. For the 2019 Year of the Pig, the USC U.S.-China Institute collected stamps from 56 jurisdictions.

title: Pig (zodiac)


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Rabbit (zodiac)

The rabbit (兔) is the fourth in the twelve-year periodic sequence (cycle) of animals that appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. The Year of the Rabbit is associated with the Earthly Branch symbol 卯. the element Wood in Wuxing theory and within Traditional Chinese medicine the Liver Yin and the emotions and virtues of kindness and hope.

In the Vietnamese zodiac and the Gurung zodiac, the cat takes the place of the rabbit. In the Malay zodiac, the mousedeer takes the place of the rabbit.

Years and elements
People born within these date ranges can be said to have been born in the "Year of the Rabbit", while also bearing the following elemental sign:

title: Rabbit (zodiac)


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Dragon (zodiac)

The dragon is the fifth of the 12-year cycle of animals that appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. The Year of the Dragon is associated with the Earthly Branch symbol 辰 (pinyin: chén).

It has been proposed that the Earthly Branch character may have been associated with scorpions; it may have symbolized the star Antares. In the Buddhist calendar used in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka, the dragon is replaced by the nāga. In the Gurung zodiac, the dragon is replaced by the eagle. In the Old Turkic calendar it is replaced by a fish or crocodile. Early Persian translations of the medieval period change the dragon to a sea serpent, although in current times it is generally referred to as whale.

During China's Cultural Revolution, there was an attempt to replace the dragon with the giant panda; however, the movement was short lived.

Years and the five elements
People born within these date ranges can be said to have been born in the Year of the Dragon, while bearing the following elemental sign:

There are typically marked spikes in the birth rates of countries that use the Chinese zodiac or places with substantial Chinese populations during the Year of the Dragon, because these births are considered to be lucky and have desirable characteristics that supposedly lead to better life outcomes. The relatively recent phenomenon of planning a child's birth in a Year of the Dragon has led to hospital capacity issues and even an uptick in infant mortality rates toward the end of these years due to strained neonatal resources.

Compatibility
Cycle (trine group): Dragon needs Monkey, Monkey needs Rat, Rat needs Dragon; It is opposed to or rivals the Dog.

title: Dragon (zodiac)


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Tiger (zodiac)

The Tiger (虎) is the third of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. The Year of the Tiger is associated with the Earthly Branch symbol 寅.

Compatibility
Cycle: (Trine Group) Tiger needs Horse, Horse needs Dog, Dog needs Tiger; (Opposite Sign) but his rival opposes the Monkey. Tiger can not get along with Snake.

Years and the Five Elements
People born within these date ranges can be said to have been born in the "Year of the Tiger", while bearing the following elemental sign:

title: Tiger (zodiac)


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Dog (zodiac)

The Dog (狗) is eleventh of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. The Year of the Dog is associated with the Earthly Branch symbol 戌. The character 狗, also refers to the actual animal while 戌, also refers to the zodiac animal.

Years and the Five Elements
People born within these date ranges can be said to have been born in the "Year of the Dog", while also bearing the following elemental sign:

2018
In the sexagenary cycle, 2018 (16 February 2018–4 February 2019, and every 60-year multiple before and after), is the Celestial stem/Earthly Branch year indicated by the characters 戊戌. For the 2018 Year of the Dog, many countries and regions issued lunar new year stamps. These included countries where the holiday is traditionally observed as well as countries in the Americas, Europe and Oceania.

title: Dog (zodiac)


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Snake (zodiac)

The snake (蛇) is the sixth of the twelve-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. The Year of the Snake is associated with the Earthly Branch symbol 巳.

According to one legend, there is a reason for the order of the animals in the cycle. A race was held to cross a great river, and the order of the animals in the cycle was based upon their order in finishing the race. In this story, the snake compensated for not being the best swimmer by hitching a hidden ride on the Horse's hoof. When the horse was about to cross the finish line, the snake jumped out, scaring the horse, and thus edging it out for sixth place.

The same twelve animals are also used to symbolize the cycle of hours in the day, each being associated with a two-hour time period. The hour of the snake is 9:00 to 11:00 a.m., the time when the Sun warms up the Earth, and snakes are said to slither out of their holes. The month of the snake is the 4th month of the Chinese lunar calendar and it usually falls within the months of May through June depending on the Chinese to Gregorian calendar conversion. The reason the animal signs are referred to as zodiacal is that one's personality is said to be influenced by the animal signs ruling the time of birth, together with elemental aspects of the animal signs within the sexagenary cycle. Similarly, the year governed by a particular animal sign is supposed to be characterized by it, with the effects particularly strong for people who were born in any year governed by the same animal sign.

In Chinese symbology, snakes are regarded as intelligent, with a tendency to lack scruples.

Years and elements
People born within these date ranges can be said to have been born in the "Year of the Snake", while also bearing the following elemental sign:

In Japan, the new sign of the zodiac starts on 1 January, while in China it starts, according to the traditional Chinese calendar, at the new moon that falls between 21 January and 20 February, so that persons born in January or February may have two different signs in the two countries, but persons born in late February (i.e. on or after 20 February) automatically have one sign in both countries.

Basic astrological associations
The snake is the sixth of the twelve signs and belongs to the second trine, with the ox (second sign, 牛, Earthly branch: 丑) and the rooster (tenth sign, 雞/鷄 [simplified Chinese: 鸡], Earthly branch: 酉), with which it is most compatible. The pig is the most incompatible.

Cultural notes
A Snake Year is sometimes referred to as a Little Dragon Year to assuage possible feelings of inadequacy among people born during a Snake Year.

Gallery
Depictions of zodiacal snakes, alone or with the other eleven signs, show how they have been imagined in the calendrical context.

title: Snake (zodiac)


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Goat (zodiac)

The Goat (, sometimes also translated Sheep or Ram) is the eighth of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. This zodiacal sign is often referred to as the "Ram" or "Sheep" sign, since the Chinese word yáng is more accurately translated as Caprinae, a taxonomic subfamily that includes both goats and sheep, but contrasts with other animal subfamily types such as Bovinae, Antilopinae, and other taxonomic considerations which may be encountered in the case of the larger family of Bovidae in Chinese mythology, which also includes the Ox (zodiac). The Year of the Goat is associated with the 8th Earthly Branch symbol, 未 (wèi).

Goat or Sheep
The Chinese word yáng refers to both goats and sheep, whereas the terms shānyáng and miányáng  refer exclusively to goats and sheep, respectively. In English, the sign (originally based on a horned animal) may be called either. The interpretation of goat or sheep depends on culture. In Vietnamese, the sign is mùi, which is unambiguously goat. In Japan, on the other hand, the sign is hitsuji, sheep; while in Korea and Mongolia, the sign is ram or sheep. Within China, there may be a regional distinction with the zodiacal yáng more likely to be thought of as a goat in the south, while tending to be thought of as a sheep in the north.

Characteristics
The Chinese commonly regard sheep as an auspicious animal, and the year of the sheep, therefore, heralds a year of promise and prosperity. "Yáng" (羊) is a component of another written Chinese character "xiang" (祥), which means auspiciousness, and the two were interchangeable in ancient Chinese, according to one source. It is also a part of the character "shan" (善), which counts kindness and benevolence as among its meanings.

Individuals born in this zodiac year have been supposed to share certain characteristics with other individuals also born in years of the same animal sign. Similarly, years sharing the same animal sign have been supposed to share certain characteristics, repeating over their 12/60 year cycle. The shared characteristics in this case are traits attributed to goats.

Due to the lunisolar nature of the traditional Chinese calendar system, the zodiacal year does not align with the Gregorian calendar: new years are determined by a system which results in each new year beginning on a new moon sometime between late January to mid-to-late February. Goat aspects can also enter by other chronomantic factors or measures, such as hourly.

In Chinese astrology, Goats are described as peace-loving, kind, and popular. With the addition of the Wood element, the Goat characteristic is thought to love peace and to be helpful and trusting, but yet also to be clinging and resistant to change.

Years and the Five Elements
People born within these date ranges can be said to have been born in the "Year of the Goat", while also bearing the following elemental sign:

title: Goat (zodiac)


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Talk:Hyperthyroidism

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Untitled
Should treatment discussion be on pages more specific to complaint?

Whilst most hyperthyroidism is easily treated, there are conditions that cause hyperthyroidism that are less easy to treat. Or as the advice one thyroid charity gives its telephone advisers 'avoid saying "it'll be alright" as sometimes it isn't'.

Radioiodine and Surgery treatment
The text concerning the above comes in part from MediPrimer:Hyperthyroidism. As the copyright holder of that website, I authorize the use of this text under the GFDL as part of Wikipedia. Yashka78 00:11, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC) Well, I regard, te article must explain about the preparation step by step that wich th patients must take when are treat, for example, they need to remain in dark place, singles, without other persons,because the drog is radiactive.

In animals
Surgery is an option in feline hyperthyroidism, although it carries with it a number of risks. Radioiodine treatment is usually curative, while medication with methimazole may be used to control symptoms. All of these treatment options have advantages and disadvantages, so it is important to consider these and discuss them with a veterinarian.

"hyperthoxemia"?
What does this word mean? It's in the opening paragraph, but it doesn't google out. Google suggests "hyperthyroxemia", but that's not much better, with only 60 hits on google. Pubmed didn't have any hits for either, but suggested "hyperoxemia" for the first word and "hyperthyroxinemia" for the second one. If somebody knows what the author was going for, please fix it, but otherwise we might need to take the sentence out.--Arcadian 01:56, 30 November 2005 (UTC)
 * hyperthyroxinemia - fixed. --Hugh2414 09:34, 30 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the quick response and fix. --Arcadian 15:49, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

Other symptoms
Gynaecomastia and feminization as hypertiroidism symptoms. Just added some extra info, as they are quite prevalent. Will continue to edit the article with up to date info. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Aleyte (talk • contribs) 00:39, 26 February 2011 (UTC)

Sorry. It may just be me, but isn't eye bulging a sign of hyperthroidism?

 * No, not necessarily. It may occur in Graves' disease, a common (but not the only) cause of hyperthyroidism. Isolated toxic nodules and a toxic nodular struma are not typically characterised by eye bulging. The eye bulging is due to the presence of TSH receptors on the retraorbital musculature, which are stimulated by the antibody. JFW | T@lk  21:54, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

T3 & T4
I noticed the article says hyperthyroidism can be caused by an excess or either T3 or T4 or both. Are the symptoms any different depending on which? 69.85.180.128 11:04, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

 * No, unless they are being caused by overose on pills. Then the T3 symptoms go away faster when the pills are stopped, due to its shorter half-life. S  B Harris 15:15, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Natural treatments?
Does anyone know of any supposed natural treatments, like with herbs or exercises? --Remi0o 03:27, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

Unlikely - the FDA would put a stop to that quickly... [[TheAngriestPharmacist]] 09:30, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

Under the Food and Diet section, something about the effect of goitrogenic foods such as cabbage, cauliflower etc, which are members of the Brassica family, on hyperthyroidism may be mentioned. A diet high in such foods may show an anti thyroid effect, though using this alone is not advisable, and must be done in conjunction with proper medication and treatment. One reference in this regard is Chandra, Amar K et al, Indian J Med Res 119, May 2004, pp 180-185.nimswrit (talk) 17:32, 29 October 2013 (UTC)

Thyroid Storm Treatment

 * Propylthiouracil 	900–1200 mg/day orally in four or six divided doses
 * Methimazole 		90–120 mg/day orally in four or six divided doses

 * Sodium iodide 		Up to 2 g/day IV in single or divided doses
 * Lugol’s solution 	5–10 drops three times a day in water or juice
 * Saturated solution of KI	1–2 drops three times a day in water or juice

 * Propranolol 		40–80 mg every 6 h

[[TheAngriestPharmacist]] 09:29, 3 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Dexamethasone 	5–20 mg/day orally or IV in divided doses
 * Prednisone 		25–100 mg/day orally in divided doses
 * Methylprednisolone 	20–80 mg/day IV in divided doses
 * Hydrocortisone 		100–400 mg/day IV in divided doses

2 issues - firstly, you should mention that the iodine based compounds ought to be given 1 to 4 hours after propylthiouracil (PTU). PTU is also the drug of choice for storm because of its effect on reducing T4 to T3 conversion. secondly i note that the main article states that TSH is the marker used in detecting hyperthyroidism - however there are certain conditions in which TSH is elevated (e.g. TSHoma) or unreliable (e.g. pregnancy) -- Unsigned

 * Sometimes though, TSH is all that can be used in detecting underlying thyroid issues as is
 * the case in subclinical hyper(or hypo)thyroidism. [[TheAngriestPharmacist]] 03:49, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis is listed as the forth major cause of hyperthyroidism in this article but looking at the Hashimoto's article that it links to it is clear that it is a cause of HYPO thyroidism as it is a result of the autoimmune system attacking the thyroid gland.

Would someone care to clarify/fix/comment on this issue? Sail.not.swim (talk) 23:53, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

Hashimoto's thyroiditis is autoimmune inflamation and destruction of the thyroid gland as opposed to graves disease, in which auto antibodys mimick TSH to stimulate the thyroid.

In hashimoto's the initial inflamation of the gland causes release of T3 and T4 leaving the person transiently hyperthroid which is often sub clinical. As more and more and more of the gland is inflamed, damaged and destroyed its capability to produce T3 and T4 is compromised and the transient hyperthyroidism gives way to hypothyroidism, the more common clinical presentation of hashimoto's. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.235.131.226 (talk) 20:44, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

PBDEs & hyperthryoidism in cats
This subject has been given undue prominence - the 2007 article which proposed a link between PBDE and hyperthyroidism in cats showed that the level of PBDEs in cats with hyperthyroidism was not significantly higher than the levels in other groups of cats, giving no evidence that PBDEs were responsible for the increase in hyperthyroidism in pet cats. A good discussion of the original Dye article was printed in the letters to the Veterinary Record: (letter from Kerry Simpson and the Feline Advisory Bureau feline expert panel )

Alternative suggested causes of the increased incidence of feline hyperthyroidism have been proposed over time - I would suggest these should be included in any discussion, although nothing has been proven to be a cause, otherwise hyperthyroidism in cats would be preventable... Murphyetta (talk) 14:05, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

Tiredness
Alot of well-meaning websites and people say that only hypothroidism causes symptoms of tiredness. However, I would like to bring it to people's attention that a hyperactive thyroid also causes tiredness... usually after anxiety symptoms or hyperactivity symptoms but still it can cause severe tiredness and an inability to experience pleasure (anhedonia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Interestedperson (talk • contribs) 12:19, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

Radioiodine treatment for cats - biased?
The section on radioiodine treatment of cats reads as though it is only available in the US as it talks of quarantine periods varying from state to state. It would be more of a world view to say "from country to country, and even from place to place within one country"

It also makes two statements about surgery, that the other gland can become hyper after surgery and that the patient can become hypothyroid after surgery, but both of these are true of I-131 treatment as well.

PurplePenny (talk) 20:51, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

Varying Etiology of Thyrotoxicosis as Graves Disease with location
Hi, I think it should be mentioned that, although in the article it says that Graves disease is the cause of thyrotoxicosis 70-80% of the time (and this may be the world average, I don't know), actually it substantially varies with location. In the USA, 93% (toxic nodules - 5%, other 2%); the European average, 60% (toxic nodules 9%, other 31%); Switzerland, 43% (toxic nodules 57%). I'm a medical student and this was in my lecture notes. Therefore, I'm certain it would be right but also I can't find a reference for it. I have asked my lecturer so will find out why this happens (as genetics and environment seem too similar to warrant such a difference) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 159.92.101.51 (talk) 23:02, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

nice, hope you can get the reference Starvee44 (talk) 10:03, 15 April 2010 (UTC)

Reference 6 which refers to Graves' disease is an inactive link(gives error 404 - Not found).nimswrit (talk) 08:38, 28 October 2013 (UTC)

Thyroid storm dating
Query: Should 'Earlier this century' be 'until the late 20th century'?--Robert EA Harvey (talk) 07:30, 10 July 2011 (UTC)
 * The reference (and the reference it referred to) says 20th. I made it clear and removed the notation. MartinezMD (talk) 19:17, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

A nice 2012 Lancet review
-- Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 08:31, 25 March 2012 (UTC)

Separate human and nonhuman animals
Would it be wise to separate out the section on humans from the material on nonhumans? It seems to me that it would keep each page clear and to the point. For example, if I visit "Food" I don't get bombarded with info about food for cats, dogs, etc...just generally for humans. Gautam Discuss 22:53, 7 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Yeah, the vet stuff should probably be a completely separate article. We should have a hyperthyroidism (medicine) and a hyperthyroidism (veterinary medicine). S  B Harris 23:51, 7 May 2012 (UTC)

copyvio removal
== Copyright problem removed ==

Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://www.thyroid.org/what-is-hyperthyroidism. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. 67.162.112.133 (talk) 02:27, 2 September 2012 (UTC)

Hyperthyroidism usually begins slowly....causes other problems.

That entire paragraph was a straight lift from their website, which is straight copyright-protected.

Causes
Toxic Thyroid Adenoma has "(the most common etiology in Switzerland, 53%, thought to be atypical due to a low level of dietary iodine in this country)" next to it - however it seems that the iodine deficiency is a cause of multinodular goitre from other sources. Can any medics or even card carrying endocrinologists confirm this?

Sleevicus (talk) 20:55, 27 April 2013 (UTC)

Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism due to certain types of thyroiditis can eventually lead to hypothyroidism (a lack of thyroid hormone), as the thyroid gland is damaged. Also, radioiodine treatment of Graves' disease often eventually leads to hypothyroidism. Such hypothyroidism may be avoided by regular thyroid hormone testing and oral thyroid hormone supplementation. -- references needed, and 'avoided' should be replaced by 'treated'.nimswrit (talk) 07:12, 28 October 2013 (UTC)
 * s/avoided/treated/ makes sense, just do it. The statements otherwise seem obvious so references are only needed if contested. Richiez (talk) 13:08, 29 October 2013 (UTC)

Guideline
10.1089/thy.2010.0417 is the ATA/AACE guideline for hyperthyroidism. Worth including.

This is the UK guideline, now 7 years old and in need of updating and formatting. JFW | T@lk  20:09, 26 December 2013 (UTC)

Diagnostic criteria based on clinical signs
has anybody ever heard of the Burch-Wartofsky score? shouldn't this be included? http://flexikon.doccheck.com/en/Burch-Wartofsky-Score — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rainbowofknowledge (talk • contribs) 14:34, 9 July 2015 (UTC)

 * It is specifically a score for thyroid storm. JFW | T@lk  16:09, 1 September 2016 (UTC)

Lancet seminar
10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00278-6 JFW | T@lk  16:09, 1 September 2016 (UTC)

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Hyperthyroidism
As I Dr Tushar Ambadkar (Mobile No -9665035006)read Wikipedia of Hyperthyroidism & Hypothyroidism, they only mentioned that Allopathic medications like hormone pills , beta blockers , radioactive iodine & surgery is the line of treatment but as I am daily seeing very fast results in these kinds of patients with Advanced Homeopathy Treatment & permeant cure in Graves , Hypothyroidism diseases. Dr Tushar Ambadkar (talk) 15:47, 9 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Find some reliable sources to cite, especially  reliable medical sources, and you can edit the page yourself. Such sources are necessary; without them any changes will be swiftly reverted. --Thnidu (talk) 18:07, 9 November 2017 (UTC)
 * On the subject of sources, see above. (Thnidu again)
 * Also,, as I see that you are a brand-new Wikipedian (10 hours), please read Help:Editing before doing any editing.
 * And your user page, containing nothing but your business address and phone number, is close to being self-promotion. That's not what Wikipedia is for. --Thnidu (talk) 01:21, 10 November 2017 (UTC)

distinguishing from hypothyroidism
I added "hypothyroidism" to the "distinguish from" hatnote. reverted my edit with the memo "Discussed in the text".

Yes, it is mentioned in the text-- a hundred words later, at the bottom of one long paragraph: "The opposite is hypothyroidism, when the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone." My concern is that a reader who is not familiar with the terminology will accidentally come here looking for hypothyroidism, struggle down that paragraph, and only at the bottom of it learn that they have wasted their time. Or, even worse, quit partway through the paragraph thinking they have found the information they're looking for.

I hope I have convinced you to undo your reversion, Doc James, rather than having to take this disagreement higher or wider.

-- Thnidu (talk) 00:59, 10 November 2017 (UTC)
 * There is nothing wrong with the reader learning something about hyperthermia before they find out about hypothermia. The opposite is not the most important thing about this condition and thus should not go first. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 06:49, 10 November 2017 (UTC)

NEJM
10.1056/NEJMcp1709318 - subclinical hyperthyroidism. JFW | T@lk  08:17, 21 June 2018 (UTC)

Advertising cat food
The section on cats seems to include ill-disguised advertising for Hill brand cat food. Chipotle (talk) 15:14, 29 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hyperthyroidism


text:
Monkey (zodiac)

The monkey (猴) is the ninth of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. The year of the monkey is associated with the Earthly Branch symbol 申.

Years and the five elements
People born within these date ranges can be said to have been born in the "year of the monkey", while bearing the following elemental sign:

title: Monkey (zodiac)