text:
Entrapment (film)

Entrapment is a 1999 caper film directed by Jon Amiel and written by Ronald Bass. It stars Sean Connery and Catherine Zeta-Jones and includes Will Patton, Ving Rhames and Maury Chaykin. The film focuses on the relationship between investigator Virginia "Gin" Baker and professional thief Robert "Mac" MacDougal as they attempt a heist at the turn of the New Millennium. Simon West and Antoine Fuqua were both in talks to direct before Amiel was hired. The film was released theatrically in the United States on 30 April 1999 and in the United Kingdom on 2 July 1999.

Plot
Virginia "Gin" Baker is an investigator for Waverly Insurance. When a priceless Rembrandt painting is stolen from an office building in New York one night, Gin pursues Robert "Mac" MacDougal as a suspect, believing him to be a longtime professional thief specializing in international art. Mac quickly deduces that Gin is investigating him and confronts her. She claims that she is also a thief and proposes she help him steal a priceless Chinese mask from the well-guarded Bedford Palace.

Mac agrees and brings Gin to his isolated castle on a Scottish island to plan and train for the heist. Aaron Thibadeaux, apparently the only ally that Mac trusts, arrives with supplies for the theft. Mac, unsure of Gin's motives, keeps her romantic advances at bay and they clash repeatedly as they train and prepare.

While Mac is busy making final preparations, Gin contacts her boss, Hector Cruz, from a payphone and gives him an update, unaware that Mac has the entire island bugged and he is listening.

Mac and Gin break into Bedford Palace and Gin carefully maneuvers around security lasers, having carefully practiced how to do so for weeks. She steals the mask and escapes with Mac, but before they can get away he interrogates her while threatening to drown her if she does not admit that she works for Waverly Insurance and is planning to entrap him.

Gin convinces Mac that she's a thief, her insurance agency job is the real cover and that she has planned an even bigger heist in Kuala Lumpur worth over $1 billion. Mac agrees to go to Malaysia with Gin, where she lays out her plan to steal $8 billion from International Clearance Bank in the North Tower of the Petronas Towers on New Year's Eve, taking advantage of an electronic security gap she's created.

In Kuala Lumpur, Gin is confronted by Cruz for disappearing on him, and she convinces him that Mac is planning the bank heist and her investigation is ongoing. His romantic feelings for Gin growing, Mac attempts to call off the heist, but Gin persuades him to continue.

Despite the presence of Cruz and other security watching the building, the theft takes place in the final seconds of the new 2000 millennium countdown, but Gin pulls the plug on her laptop prematurely and sets off alarms. She and Mac narrowly escape the computer vault and are forced to walk along the lights hung from the bottom of the bridge linking the two towers. Gin and Mac make their way to a ventilation shaft, where Mac forces Gin to escape without him, promising to meet her the next morning at Pudu train station.

Gin waits for Mac and initially fears he has been caught or killed, but he soon appears with Thibadeaux, who arrests Gin. Mac admits to Gin that she had always been the target, and he has been cooperating with the FBI for some time to avoid incarceration, but that Cruz has only just been told the truth.

As a train arrives at the station, Mac slips Gin a gun and documents to help her escape the country. She pretends to hold Mac hostage at gunpoint, threatening to shoot him if the agents follow her. She boards a train and the FBI heads to the next station, while Mac remains behind. Gin reappears, explaining she jumped trains mid-station, and is happily reunited with Mac, proposing they attempt a diamond heist together.

Cast

 * Sean Connery as Robert "Mac" MacDougal
 * Catherine Zeta-Jones as Virginia "Gin" Baker
 * Will Patton as Hector Cruz
 * Ving Rhames as FBI Agent Aaron Thibadeaux
 * Maury Chaykin as Conrad Greene
 * Kevin McNally as Haas
 * Terry O'Neill as Quinn
 * Madhav Sharma as Security Chief
 * David Yip as Chief Of Police
 * Tim Potter as Millennium Man
 * Rolf Saxon as Director
 * Maya Karin (Cameo)

Filming locations
Principal Photography took place from June 29 to October 1998. Filming locations for the film include Blenheim Palace, Savoy Hotel London, Lloyd's of London, Borough Market, London, Duart Castle on the Isle of Mull in Scotland, the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur (with other filming completed at Pinewood Studios) and the Bukit Jalil LRT station. However, the signage at this station that was used for the movie was Pudu LRT station instead of Bukit Jalil.

Music
The film's score was composed by Christopher Young. British singer-songwriter Seal performs "Lost My Faith" over the end credits. The music video features Seal performing a heist in a tall building, where he steals a talisman but sets off the alarm. As the police storm the building, Seal ultimately escapes by jumping through a window. At first, he appears to be free-falling, but a descender he is attached to (the same one Gin uses in the film) stops him before he reaches the ground. Seal unclips himself and walks away. The music video contains clips from the film, including Connery and Zeta-Jones as Seal's accomplices.

Reception
The film was a box office success, grossing over $87 million in the US and $212 million worldwide. According to the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 40% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 85 reviews, with an average rating of 5.2/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "A poorly developed plot weighs down any potential chemistry between the movie's leads." At Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 54 out of 100 based on 24 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". However, critics such as Janet Maslin of The New York Times, New York Magazine, the Chicago Sun-Times, Variety and Desson Howe/Thomson of The Washington Post praised the film.

Roger Ebert gave the film three of four stars. "It works because it is made stylishly. The plot is put together like a Swiss watch that keeps changing time zones: It is accurate and misleading at once. The film consists of one elaborate caper sequence after another, and it rivals the Bond films in its climactic action sequence. The stunt and f/x work here does a good job... Most of the movie's action is just that—action—and not extreme violence." Ebert noted about Zeta-Jones, "I can only reflect, as I did while watching her in "The Mask Of Zorro," that while beautiful women are a dime a dozen in the movies, those with fire, flash and humor are a good deal more scarce." "There's a tummy-churning tradition of pensionable movie blokes getting paired up with beautiful babes..." complained OK! in its review. "We barely believed Sean and Michelle Pfeiffer in The Russia House; a decade later, Sean and Catherine Zeta-Jones? You gotta be kidding. The film's alright-ish."

Responses from the Malaysian government
Following Entrapment release in June 1999, the Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad accused the film of presenting a distorted image of Malaysia. Mahathir took issue with the film splicing images of the Petronas Twin Towers with slums from Malacca. The Malaysian Government had assisted Twentieth Century Fox with visa processing, customs clearance, telecommunications and security in a bid to promote Malaysia as a film location.

title: Entrapment (film)


text:
Schröder

Schröder (Schroeder) is a German surname often associated with the Schröder family. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Arthur Schröder (1892–1986), German actor
 * Atze Schröder, stage name of German comedian Hubertus Albers
 * Bernd Schröder (born 1942), German football manager
 * Björn Schröder (born 1968), German and Swiss curler and coach
 * Björn Schröder (born 1980), German cyclist
 * Bob Schroder (born 1944), American baseball player
 * Brigitte Schröder (1917–2000), German politician
 * Carly Schroeder (born 1990), American actress
 * Christa Schroeder (1908–1984), Adolf Hitler's personal secretary
 * Christian Mathias Schröder (1778–1860), German politician
 * Corina Schröder (born 1986), German footballer
 * Dennis Schröder (born 1993), German basketball player
 * Diana Schröder (born 1975), German artistic gymnast
 * Dominik Schröder (1910–1974), German ethnologist
 * Doris Schröder-Köpf (born 1963), German journalist
 * Edward Schröder (1858–1942), German Germanist and mediaevalist
 * Ernst Schröder (1841–1902), German logician and mathematician
 * Frank Schröder (born 1962), East German skier
 * Friedrich Schröder (1910–1972), German composer
 * Friedrich Ludwig Schröder (1744–1816), German actor
 * F.W. Schröder-Schrom (1879–1956), German actor
 * Gerhard Schröder (disambiguation)
 * Gerhard Schröder (1910–1989), German politician
 * Gerhard Schröder (1921–2012), German radio and television executive
 * Gerhard Schröder (born 1944), German politician, Chancellor of Germany
 * Gerco Schröder (born 1978), Dutch show jumping equestrian
 * Greta Schröder (1892–1967), German actress
 * Gustav Schröder (1885–1959), German sea captain who in 1939 attempted to save 937 German Jewish passengers on his ship, MS St. Louis, from the Nazis
 * Gustaviana Schröder (1701–1763) Swedish singer
 * Han Schröder (1918–1992), Dutch architect
 * Hans Schröder (disambiguation)
 * Hans Schröder (1906–1970), German international footballer
 * Hans Schröder (1931–2010), German sculptor and painter
 * Harold M. Schroder (1923-2013), American professor of psychology
 * Heinrich G. F. Schröder (1810–1885), German natural scientist
 * Jaap Schröder (1925–2020), Dutch violinist
 * Jan Schröder (1941–2007), Dutch cyclist
 * Jan-Christian Schröder (born 1998), German chess grandmaster
 * Johann Heinrich Schröder (1784–1883), German-British banker
 * Johannes Schröder (born 1991), German organist, composer and Catholic church musician
 * John Schroder (born 1961), American businessman
 * Jürgen Schröder (disambiguation)
 * Jürgen Schröder (born 1940), German politician (CDU)
 * Jürgen Schröder (born 1940), German rower
 * Jürgen Schröder (born 1960), German water polo player
 * Karl Schröder (disambiguation)
 * Karl Schröder I (1816–1890), German violinist
 * Karl Schröder II (1848–1935), German cellist, composer and conductor
 * Karl Schröder (1884–1950), German communist politician
 * Karl Schröder, West German canoeist
 * Karl Ludwig Schröder, (1877–1940) German screenwriter, director, agent
 * Katrin Schröder (born 1967), East German rower
 * Kristina Schröder (born Köhler 1977), German politician
 * Kurt Schröder (1888–1962), German composer
 * Magdalena Schröder (born 1990), Swedish politician
 * Marianne Schroeder (born 1949), Swiss pianist and composer
 * Marianne Schröder (born 1977), Norwegian model
 * Marianne Schröder (chess player) (1937–1970), German chess master
 * Marie Schröder (1845–1917, Marie Hanfstängl), German singer
 * Martin Schröder (disambiguation)
 * Martin Schröder (born 1931), Dutch pilot and businessman
 * Martin Schröder (born 1954), British chemist
 * Matthias Schröder, German Paralympic athlete
 * Michael Schröder (born 1959), German footballer
 * Nic Schröder (born 1980), Swedish singer and actor
 * Ole Schröder (born 1971), German politician
 * Otto Schröder (Assyriologist) (1887–1928), German Ancient Near East scholar, primarily Assyriologist
 * Otto Schröder (fencer) (1902–1975), German fencer
 * Rainer M. Schröder (born 1951), German novelist
 * Rayk Schröder (born 1974), German footballer
 * Richard Schröder (1921–20??), Nazi German military officer
 * Richard Schroeder (born 1961), American swimmer
 * Ricky Schroder (born 1970), American actor
 * Rudolf Alexander Schröder (1878–1962), German poet
 * Simone Schröder (born 1964), German contralto and academic teacher
 * Sophia Schröder (1712–1750), Swedish singer
 * Sophie Schröder (1781–1868), German actress
 * Soren Schroder, American businessman, CEO of Bunge Limited
 * Thomas Schröder (born 1961), East German sprinter
 * Thomas D. Schroeder (born 1959), American lawyer
 * Truus Schröder-Schräder (1889–1985), Dutch socialite
 * Ursula Schröder-Feinen (1936–2005), German singer
 * Wilfrid Schroder (1946–2013), Associate Justice of the Kentucky Supreme Court
 * Wilhelm Schröder (1896–1979), German military officer
 * Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient (1804–1860), German singer
 * Wilhelmine Schröder, (1839–1924), Swedish writer
 * Willi Schröder (1928–1999), German footballer
 * Willy Schröder (1912–1990), German discus thrower
 * Wim Schröder (born 1971), Dutch show jumping equestrian

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Schröder


text:
Talk:Q code

Q code
from article: "QSL used to verify time when communicating with TSC" what is behind TSC abbreviation? could there be a link or short explanation in parentneses? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.81.208.41 (talk) 15:43, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

Gosh, unless things have changed considerably in the 37 years since I earned my amateur license, Q signals were never intended for use on phone. The table in the Amateur Radio section containing "Sample Use" is a ridiculous misuse of the Q signals (or codes); IMHO it should be stricken from the page entirely.

I'll wait some period of time to see if anyone wishes to rebut my claim. If I see nothing added to this discussion page, I will strike that column from the table entirely.

--PhilTemples, K9HI 19:50, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

They may well have never been intended for use on phone, but they certainly *are* used. Frequently. 198.103.39.129 (talk) 20:38, 5 July 2010 (UTC)

From personal experience as both a civilian and Royal Naval operator I've definitely used Q and Z codes on voice and heard others both military and civilians use them. I agree that the amateur radio "sample use" is not very good but my experience of amateurs using the 'q' codes is that they did use them slightly differently but I would not have enought experience of amateur usage to know whether the examples given are a ridiculous misuse.Watchkeeper (talk) 18:30, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

 * From my study and short license tenure (USA, Novice) in the 1960s, I also have very definite memories of Q codes used in voice contact. --Thnidu (ex WV2PBR) (talk) 21:53, 4 August 2013 (UTC)

I'm removing the following:

They may also be qualified by the word "no", to negate their normal meaning, or the letter "c" to reply in the affirmative. For example, a reply of "QRPC" would mean "Yes, please decrease your transmitter power".

I have been an active and quite proficient amateur radio CW operator for over 46 years and I have never once heard this practice. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wfeidt (talk • contribs) 15:52, 25 July 2003

3-Quinuclidinyl_benzilate has a notice that QNB directs to that page, but to see QNB (amateur radio) for the spoof amateur radio Q code. QNB (amateur radio) redirects here, but this page has no mention of what the spoof amateur Q code might mean or if it was ever used. Cheyinka 01:16, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

I changed the number in the sample use of QSA from 9 to 5 IAW ITU Recomendation M.1172 (already the 2nd to last link in this article) which shows QSA ranging from 1 to 5.

Aviation Procedures - QGH. Please could someone more at home with this topic consider this for the main article ? For a long time in RAF usage QGH was not the question "May I land using ... (procedure or facility)? " but rather the name of an ATC approach procedure. The aircraft would start overhead the destination airfield at altitude. From its transmissions the ATC would detect the overhead, would authorise it to descend and would subsequently steer it to remain within a defined tear-drop pattern. At a predetermined altitude ATC would authorise it to turn inbound so that it was positioned for a straight-in instrument or visual approch to land.
 * When I last looked QGH was still a valid instrument approach procedure in the UK at some military fields (albeit a back-up). BaseTurnComplete 21:33, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

Signal flags
International signal flags have signals that may start with a letter Q but which are unrelated to the radio Q code. The flag codes use similar ideas of stereotype expressions to handle common situations. --Wtshymanski (talk) 01:30, 17 October 2010 (UTC)

More humor
QQD. —141.153.217.32 (talk) 01:09, 20 December 2010 (UTC)

Plausible confusion with QR Code -- the two dimensional barcode type
I just mis-remembered this as the name of the 2D barcode format, QR Code. I've added a see-also to it, feel free to revert, but please leave your justification for why you did so here. Thanks! JesseW, the juggling janitor 18:03, 20 March 2011 (UTC)

QFE?
We currently have : ''Atmospheric pressure at sea level, corrected for temperature and adjusted to a specified datum such as airfield elevation. When set on the altimeter it reads height''. What is the relevance of 'at sea level'? It is adjusted for elevation (ie not sea level). Martin Hogbin (talk) 11:44, 23 March 2013 (UTC)

I found this on WP, but still with no ref, ''The barometric altimeter setting that will cause an altimeter to read zero when at the reference datum of a particular airfield (in general, a runway threshold). In ISA temperature conditions the altimeter will read height above the datum in the vicinity of the airfield.'' It is much better. Martin Hogbin (talk) 11:51, 23 March 2013 (UTC) ./,//////////////////////////// — Preceding unsigned comment added by 112.210.161.225 (talk) 11:04, 4 June 2013 (UTC)

The inserted definition of QFE is correct, the inserted definition of QNH is wrong (the currently inserted definition effectively duplicates that for QFE). The current definition of QFF should be inserted for QNH. The correct definition of QFF is the pressure setting for aircraft at significant altitude to have a common pressure setting. This is currently fixed by all countries to be 1013 millibars. This pressure setting then sets the altitude of Flight Levels. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.110.77.151 (talk) 07:53, 27 January 2017 (UTC)

Informal and humorous amateur radio codes
I added a couple of informal non-CW uses of amateur radio codes, with referenced examples. That made the text after the table even longer, so I gave it its own h4 subhead, Informal usage, and rearranged it into paragraphs ordered by Q-code.

The humorous codes like QLF ("try sending with your LEFT foot") didn't fit in that, so I moved that para out to a subsection of its own). And the discussion of the official use of QRS ("Send more slowly") was redundant with the table.

A couple more useful things done too, like a link to the ARRL page on Q codes, officially describing their unofficial status.

--Thnidu (talk) 01:04, 5 August 2013 (UTC)

I'm not very familiar with the standards and policies here but since when does a single second-second hand citation of a single person misusing a term constitute a proper reference? Look at reference 9 in the article, then follow the link. The total support for this use of QSY is a single quote from a forum posting by an individual not even identified. Perhaps "QSY" might actually be used this way in GB but, if so, it seems to be an unusual and local variation. In over three decades as an amateur radio operator in the United States, I have never seen or heard QSY used to refer to anything other than a change of frequency. Perhaps some UK hams can comment on whether or not this usage actually exists and provide some valid reference. - N4AOF — Preceding unsigned comment added by N4aof (talk • contribs) 15:39, 23 January 2014 (UTC)

Humorous Q codes in the amateur radio service
I have reverted the deletion of this section as vandalism. It is not vandalism but a good faith attempt to add some informal usage to WP. Informal,and sometimes offensive, use of official language is quite common.

The real problem is the lack of sources. Perhaps the person who added them could provide some sort of verification that these codes are, in fact, in regular use and not just a figment of their imagination. Martin Hogbin (talk) 09:52, 10 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Indeed, which is why I reverted the original edits. Apart from QLF, and QRG which is a regular code, I have never ever heard ANY of these used in 40 years on the amateur bands. It all looks like somebody's imagination has gone a bit wild. Yes, we need sources, but I rather suspect there are none. Dsergeant (talk) 17:45, 10 November 2013 (UTC)
 * As no one has come up with any reliable sources, I would not object if the section were removed. Martin Hogbin (talk) 16:33, 23 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Um, Google. I see dozens of websites with all those [now deleted] informal Q-codes. Even QPP. ~ Agvulpine (talk) 22:48, 30 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Find a reliable source and you can put them all back. Martin Hogbin (talk) 07:38, 31 August 2014 (UTC)

Missing and deleted references
Many of the external references and the article references are no longer working. Not sure if the initial links are wrong or if the pages just went away. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.144.208.192 (talk) 15:55, 17 June 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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[AP13], [AP14]
In the table in § In All Services (QRA–QUZ), the strings "[AP13]" and "[AP14]" appear 45 times, in 13 and 10 rows respectively, usually in both columns (there is one exception), and often both in the same row.

They are not footnotes or links, and there is no explicit statement of what they mean, but the opening text of the section reads
 * First defined by the Washington 1927 ITU Radio Regulations. Later defined by ITU-R in Appendix 9 to the Radio Regulations Annex to the International Telecommunications Convention (Atlantic City) 1947. The current callsign table is found in ITU-R Appendix 42. Current interpretation of the Q-code can be found in ITU-R Appendices 14 and 15.

 * ITU Radio Regulations 1990, Appendix 13: Miscellaneous Abbreviations and Signals to Be Used in Radiotelegraphy Communications Except in the Maritime Mobile Service

("[AP15]" does not appear at all.)

It seems clear that the bracketed strings are meant as source references to Appendices 13 and 14. Nevertheless, it should be made explicit. Thnidu (talk) 02:21, 7 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111119091213/http://www.armymars.net/ArmyMARS/DigitalOps/Resources/acp131-operating-sigs.pdf to http://www.armymars.net/ArmyMARS/DigitalOps/Resources/acp131-operating-sigs.pdf
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Random complaints by "Tom"
Very BAD written aricle. A lot of codes are missing and somebody forget add QUG-QUZ, and some minor errors.

The is no Red Army Q codes at all (its still used on radiotelegraphy while NATO codes are dead today) 73 Tom

 * The above comments were originally top-posted on 15:26, 16 August 2018 by 193.19.167.123, destroying the "Q code" section header (and misplacing the Talk table of contents) in the process. Next edit will remove that damage.  AHMartin (talk) 00:32, 31 January 2019 (UTC)

Suggest merge July 2020
QNH could be merged here. None of these codes are notable enough in the Wikipedia sense to warrant separate articles, and the meaning of the particular code is already explained here. There is nothing with references at QNH. --Wtshymanski (talk) 18:45, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
 * support merge and agree with rationale.ThatMontrealIP (talk) 19:11, 9 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Q code


text:
List of dams and reservoirs in Bulgaria

This is a list of reservoirs in Bulgaria:

Note: In Bulgaria, a dam (Bulgarian язовир) is often used to refer the body of water, rather than the structure. It signifies that the body of water is man-made instead of natural.

title: List of dams and reservoirs in Bulgaria


text:
Maumoon Abdul Gayoom

Maumoon Abdul Gayoom (مأمون عبد القيوم; މައުމޫން ޢަބްދުލް ޤައްޔޫމް) (born 29 December 1937) is a Maldivian diplomat and politician who served as President of the Maldives from 1978 to 2008. After serving as transport minister, he was nominated president by the People's Majlis and succeeded Ibrahim Nasir in 1978. He was defeated in 2008 during the first Presidential Elections after democratic reforms in the Maldives. He holds the nations highest award, "The Most Honourable Order of Distinguished Rule of Ghaazee", presented to him in 2013. Maumoon was the longest-serving president in Asia.

In opposition, Maumoon continued to serve as leader of the Dhivehi Rayyithunge Party until January 2010, when he retired from active politics. He however returned to active politics in September 2011 as leader of the newly formed Progressive Party of Maldives (PPM), whose candidate Abdulla Yameen Abdul Gayoom, Maumoon's half-brother, was victorious in the 2013 presidential elections. In July 2016, due to disagreements between president Yameen and Maumoon, the party split into two factions. Later in October, Maumoon withdrew his support for president Yameen and joined the Maldives United Opposition.

Maumoon was arrested on 5 February 2018, for conspiring to overthrow the government along with his son-in-law Mohamed Nadheem. His son son, Faris Maumoon, was also arrested. Maumoon was freed on bail in September 2018 and later acquitted.

Education and family life
Maumoon Abdul Gayoom is the son of Abdul Gayoom Ibrahim (Maafaiygey Dhon Seedhi) and Khadheeja Moosa. His father had 25 children from 8 wives. He is the 11th child of his family.

He spent most of his youth in Egypt. He was part of a group of 15 students chosen at the initiative of Mohamed Amin Didi to get an education abroad. At the age of 10, in 1947, he embarked for Egypt. However, because of the troubles which led to the Arab-Israeli war of 1948–1949, his layover in Ceylon, scheduled to last several days, lasted for two and a half years during which he studied at the Buona Vista College, Galle, and Royal College, Colombo. He eventually reached Egypt in March 1950, after the end of the conflict.

He attended Al-Azhar University. He spent six months learning Arabic. He joined the Faculty and graduated in 1966. He also obtained a secondary level certificate in the English Language at the American University in Cairo.

In 1965, he met Nasreena Ibrahim, a student who had just arrived in Cairo from the Maldives for her studies. She was then 15 and he was 27. Four years later, they married in Cairo, on 14 August 1969. A few weeks after his marriage, he joined Ahmadu Bello University in Zaria, Nigeria, as a lecturer in Islamic Studies and moved there with Nasreena.

Early career in the Maldives
When his two-year contract with Ahmadu Bello University ended, he returned to the Maldives in 1971. Three weeks later, he joined Aminiya School as a teacher of English, arithmetic and Islam. In 1972, he was appointed as the manager of the government shipping department.

On 12 March 1973, he was placed under house-arrest for criticizing President Ibrahim Nasir's policies for having no human rights. He was tried in court and sentenced to banishment for four years on 14 May 1973. On 21 May, he was taken to Makunudhoo Island of Haa Dhaalu Atoll. He was released on 13 October 1973, after serving only five months, as a result of an Amnesty following Nasir's re-election for a second five-year term.

In 1974, he was appointed under-secretary in the Telecommunications Department. He was thereafter promoted to director of the department. During this period, he worked as a part-time teacher in some private schools, teaching Islam, Arabic and English.

On 28 July 1974, he was again arrested for criticizing Nasir's policies. This time he was kept in solitary confinement in a prison in Malé nicknamed the 'China Garden', as Chinese fishermen were once detained there. This prison was later demolished during Maumoon's presidency and the Islamic Centre was erected on the site. After 50 days in jail, he was set free, in September 1974.

Six weeks later, he was appointed special undersecretary in the office of Prime Minister Ahmed Zaki. The post of Prime Minister was abolished with the removal and banishment of Ahmed Zaki from office, on 6 March 1975. With this decision, his position vanished as well. However, when he returned from Colombo, he was made the Deputy Ambassador of the Maldives to Sri Lanka. In 1975, he was sent to the United Nations for two months as a member of the Maldives delegation, part of the department of External Affairs (as the Foreign Ministry was then called). After nine weeks, he was appointed the Deputy Minister of Transport. One year later, he was tenured at the United Nations from September 1976 to January 1977. On 29 March 1977, Maumoon was appointed Minister of Transport, making him a member of Nasir's cabinet. He held the post until 10 November 1978.

Presidency

As Ibrahim Nasir's second term was coming to an end, he decided not to seek re-election and, in June 1978, the Citizen's Majlis was called upon to nominate a presidential candidate as required under the then-existing constitution. There were 45 votes for Nasir (despite his stated intention not to seek re-election), with the remaining 3 votes for Maumoon. Another ballot was called on 16 June. He received 27 votes, allowing his name to be put forward as the sole candidate.

Five months later, he was elected the new President of the Maldives, with 92.96% of the votes. In a 1983 referendum, he was re-elected on 30 September for a second term, polling 95.6%. On 23 September 1988, he was re-elected for a third term with 96.4% of the popular vote. On 1 October 1993, he was elected for a fourth term with 92.76% of the popular vote. On 16 October 1998, he was elected for a fifth term of office, this time with 90.9% of the popular vote. He was last re-elected to a sixth five-year term in October 2003 with 90.28% of the vote. In all cases, he was the sole candidate with no opposition, having been nominated by the People's Majlis. These were however criticized for being mock elections as Maumoon would use intimidation tactics to force the People's Majlis to vote for him.

The President of the Maldives is both the Head of Government and Head of State, with very little distinction between the two roles. Therefore, Maumoon was also the Commander-in-Chief of the Maldivian armed forces, the Maldives National Defence Force. Additionally he held the portfolio of Minister of Finance, and the position of the governor of Maldives Monetary Authority.

In a 2007 referendum, voters approved a presidential system with direct election of the president rather than a parliamentary system. Which opposition alleged that it was rigged.

Coups d'état
There were three attempts to overthrow Maumoon's government during the 1980s. The first one was in 1980 and second attempt was in 1983. The third attempt, which was in 1988, succeeded in controlling the capital city and many government offices. This coup d'état in Maldives against Maumoon's rule was foiled by the Indian Armed Forces, who intervened at his request.

Assassination attempt
On 8 January 2008, Maumoon escaped unharmed from an assassination attempt at Hoarafushi. Mohamed Murshid, a twenty-year-old man from the island, attempted to stab him with a knife concealed in a Maldivian flag. The attempt was foiled when Mohamed Jaisham Ibrahim, a sixteen-year-old Boy Scout from the island, blocked the attack with his bare hands. Jaisham sustained injuries during the intervention and was subsequently treated.

2008 elections

The October 2008 Maldivian presidential election was the first presidential election Maumoon Abdul Gayoom allowed to be contested and democratic (the people of the Maldives were allowed to vote for the first time) after the 2005 pro-democracy riots turned extremely violent. Standing as the DRP candidate, he lost in the election's second round, in which he received 45.75% of the vote against 54.25% for his opponents. MDP's Presidential Candidate Mohamed Nasheed accordingly succeeded Maumoon as President on November 11, 2008, with Gaumee Itthihaad's candidate Dr. Mohmmed Waheed Hassan Manik taking the new post of Vice President. Even after he left office, he had a strong influence in parliament. Maumoon was declared the "Zaeem", or Honorary Leader, of his party in 2010.

Human Rights violations
Maumoon is accused by international human rights groups and foreign countries of having employed tactics against dissidents, such as Arbitrary arrest and detention, employing torture, forced confessions, and politically motivated killings. Maumoon's tenure was marked by instances of human rights abuses. Maumoon would sometimes use security forces to intimidate his opposition. Foreign nations including the European Union and Commonwealth of Nations criticized Maumoon's 30 year autocratic rule, and accused him for abusing power as a "dictator". This term however, is not officially adopted by the Maldives when referring to his tenure.

Life after presidency

On 26 March 2017, he joined the opposition (PPM) to his half-brother Abdulla Yameen Abdul Gayoom, who became president in 2013, and forged an alliance with his former rival Mohamed Nasheed in view of the 2018 presidential election. The party split into two factions, one supporting Yameen and the other supporting Maumoon. The pro-Maumoon faction later formed a political party named the Maldives Reform Movement.

On 29 June 2018, Nasheed renounced to run in the Maldivian presidential election of 2018 after the refusal of the electoral commission to validate his candidacy. Ibrahim Mohamed Solih was chosen in his place. On election night the estimates of the results showed Solih as the clear winner. The electoral commission then confirmed these results during the night of 23-24 September. Abdulla Yameen publicly acknowledged defeat.

Arrest, conviction and release

Maumoon was arrested on 5 February 2018, for conspiring to overthrow the government along with his son-in-law Mohamed Nadheem. Maumoon's son, Faris Maumoon, was arrested and released, then arrested again a day after his release. The Maldivian Democracy Network reported Maumoon and Faris were being tortured by not being allowed medical treatment.

Abdulla Yameen refused to implement a judgment of the Supreme Court relating to the release of political prisoners, including Faris, despite the request of the UN and remarks that according to him, the Supreme Court "is not above the law", then besieged the offices of the Supreme Court, suspended the parliament, in which he had lost the majority after another decision by the Supreme Court ordering the reinstatement of deputies who had recently passed opposition, dismissed the police chief, arrested Maumoon Abdul Gayoom and declared state of emergency. In the evening, Yameen also arrested two judges of the Supreme Court, including its president Abdulla Saeed, and Ali Hameed. He justified this by a "conspiracy" and a "coup". Nasheed then called on India and the United States to intervene. Finally, the three judges of the Supreme Court who remained free decided to annul the decision. The UN then denounced an "attack on democracy".

Maumoon was sentenced to 19 months in prison on 13 June 2018 for "obstructing justice", after having refused to speak to the judges and to cooperate with the police after his arrest. In September 2018, he was placed under house arrest for health reasons. Maumoon was freed on bail on 30 September 2018. He was acquitted on 18 October.

title: Maumoon Abdul Gayoom


text:
Haberdashers' Adams

Haberdashers' Adams Grammar School is a selective state grammar school for high-achieving boys and girls aged 11–18 with boarding for boys, located in Newport, Shropshire, offering day and boarding education. Current (2021) boarding fees are £12,144 per year and £13,644 per year for overseas students It was founded in 1656 by William Adams, a wealthy member of the Worshipful Company of Haberdashers (one of the Great Twelve Livery Companies of the City of London). In January 2018, in the face of opposition from significant stakeholders, the school changed its name to Haberdashers' Adams, replacing the previous name, Adams' Grammar School. From 2024, Haberdashers' Adams has announced that it will be fully co-educational admitting girls into Year 7, the first time in its 400 year old history.

History

Haberdashers' Adams was founded in 1656 by Alderman William Adams, a wealthy City of London merchant and haberdasher, who was born in Newport. Adams had no children and never married, so therefore decided to leave a bequest for the foundation of the school, which was first opened on 25 March 1656, during the politically unstable and volatile period of the English Interregnum. Having received permission from Oliver Cromwell to found the school, Adams sought to further ensure the school's continued existence by appointing the Master and Wardens of the Haberdashers' Company as governors in perpetuity. As one of the few schools founded during the Interregnum period, the school's articles of foundation were reconfirmed by Act of Parliament in 1660 (12 Cha. 2. c. 12), upon the Restoration of the Monarchy; a copy of which is held in the school archives.

Adams endowed the school with a large agricultural 900 acre estate at Knighton in Staffordshire, providing income for future generations; as a result of this, Knighton was exempt from all land taxes until 1990. The school was endowed with 1,400 books soon after its foundation, which at the time represented one of the largest school libraries in England. Only seven of these books are still in the school's ownership, with the rest having been sold at various times when the school has suffered financial hardship.

The Knighton estate was eventually sold off in several portions over the course of the twentieth century, and the proceeds of the final sale were used by the Haberdashers' Company to purchase Longford Hall as a boarding house for the school.

Haberdashers' Adams developed slowly, and did not expand beyond its original building, now known as Big School, until the turn of the last century, when Main School (also known as the S-Block) was built in the 1920s. Over the course of the next 90 years Adams' expanded rapidly, acquiring a number of buildings on Lower Bar in Newport for use as boarding houses; this in turn greatly expanded the school's town centre site. In the 1960s a new science block, connected to Main School was built, whilst a senior boarding master's house was created on land adjacent to Big School. During this period the school also built a new gymnasium, which was subsequently converted into a theatre in the mid-2000s. It has since been converted into a Sixth Form Common area following the construction of the New music block.

During the First World War, 362 Old Novaportans (former pupils) served in the Armed Forces, of whom 45 died and 77 survived wounded. After the War a memorial fund was set up to assist the sons of the deceased, and an appeal raised £1,000. A tablet listing those who died was unveiled in the Main School building in 1921. In 1948, the Old Boys' Club erected another tablet alongside this to those who died in the Second World War. Both memorials are now displayed in the School Library.

In the modern era, the Haberdashers' Adams school's status has been expressed in a number of statutory arrangements. In 1950 the school became a voluntary aided school then after a brief spell as a grant-maintained school in the 1980s, Adams again faced threat of closure or conversion to co-educational comprehensive status in the early 1990s; this was avoided by a successful campaign, organised by parents and governors, against the wishes of Shropshire County Council. In the late 1990s and 2000s Adams again enjoyed voluntary-aided status; throughout its history the Haberdashers' Company has been key in supporting the school's vision and offering financial support for some of the more ambitious construction projects.

In 1993, girls were admitted to the sixth form for the first time, bringing to an end Adams' long tradition of educating boys only. The 1990s also saw the construction of the Wood and Taylor Centres for the study of design technology and maths. The Maths block has since been changed to an English block following the construction of the new Paddock block, reflecting the school's status in the later 1990s as a technology college. In the early 2000s, the school began to raise funds for the construction of a new state-of-the-art sports hall and fitness suite to replace dilapidated facilities. The Paddock Block was constructed in 2019 to contain Maths, Art and a new hall was built to accommodate the expansion of the school to include the new Sa'adu house.

In 2002, a history of the Haberdashers' Adams school by former headmaster David Taylor and his wife, Ruth, was published. The late 2000s saw the school celebrate its 350th anniversary (in 2006), completion of a new science block and conversion of the former gymnasium into a performing arts centre (this, in turn, was converted into a Sixth Form Centre, which opened in 2013). The dilapidated music department was condemned for health and safety reasons in 2006; The Coach House, on Salters Lane, which backs onto the school grounds, was acquired by the Haberdashers' Company and converted into a new music department, which opened in 2013 alongside the new Sixth Form Centre.

In June 2008, a new funding agreement was signed, which provided that monies would be provided to Telford & Wrekin Council to build a new school on the Abraham Darby site under the Building Schools for the Future scheme. The Governors were heavily involved in the approval of the plans and selection of the builders and architects.

Following the passing of the Academies Act in 2010, the directors of the Adams' Federation, in conjunction with the Haberdashers' Company, agreed to apply to the Department for Education for Adams' Grammar School to be converted into a "new style" academy and to amend the Federation so that the two schools became combined into the ownership of the Haberdashers' Adams Federation Trust.

In 2011 Haberdashers' Adams became an academy in the Federation with another Haberdashers' school, Haberdashers' Abraham Darby. As of 2018 the school changed its name from Adams' Grammar School to Haberdashers' Adams. This was reportedly done in order to reflect the school's historic links with the Worshipful Company of Haberdashers.

Admissions and performance
Haberdashers' Adams is a selective school which admits both boarding and day pupils.

Academic performance
Haberdashers' Adams was rated by Ofsted as a Grade 1 outstanding school during 2013. More recently, the school has been scored as average with a Progress 8 score of −0.02 by the Department for Education. In 2022, Adams was downgraded from Outstanding to Good by Ofsted. Ofsted noted that the "effectiveness of leadership and management requires improvement"; the "management of complaints is weak"; staff "are not receiving effective regular supervision". The school was not compliant with regard to a number of safeguarding principles, including failure to fulfil the basic safer recruitment of staff and volunteers. In relation to the boarding provision, Ofsted noted that the school "does not meet the national minimum standards for boarding schools relating to staffing and supervision and complaints.

School life
As of November 2016 the headmaster is Gary Hickey, who was previously deputy headmaster of the school.

School Schedule/Timetable 8:45/9:00 - Registration 9:00/10:00 - Lesson 1 10:00/11:00 - Lesson 2 11:00/11:20 - Form 11:20/11:40 - Morning Break 11:40/12:40 - Lesson 3 12:40/1:40 - Lunch 1:40/1:45 - Afternoon Registration 1:45/2:45 - Lesson 4 2:45/3:45 - Lesson 5

House system
Haberdashers' Adams operates an extra-curricular house system and is the basis of inter-house sports competitions, traditionally a source of pride for pupils of their respective houses (all named after Shropshire-born notables):

 * Owen House, named after Wilfred Owen, one of the leading poets of the First World War (born near Oswestry) sports scarlet as its colours. This house was called Clive House after Robert Clive of India until 2021 when it was renamed after criticism arose of Robert Clive in light of the George Floyd protests.
 * Darwin House, traditionally sports royal blue and is named after Shrewsbury-born Charles Darwin, the celebrated 19th-century naturalist.
 * Talbot House, the last of the three original "Salopian" houses, traditionally displays black and white (arranged in hoops, e.g. on rugby jerseys) as its sporting colours; it is named after Whitchurch-born "Old Talbot" (Sir John Talbot, later Earl of Shrewsbury) of the famous local Talbot family and one of the foremost English military commanders of the French medieval wars.
 * Webb House, was founded in 1994 by Robert Mulhern, who is a proud member of the house to this day and assumed emerald green as its distinguishing colours; it is named after Dawley-born merchant naval officer and accomplished swimmer, Captain Matthew Webb.
 * Sa'adu House, the newest house being announced in 2020 and being formed in the school year starting 2021, named after NHS worker and Old Novaportan who died during the COVID-19 pandemic, Alfa Sa'adu, assuming purple as its house colour.

Throughout the academic year there are many house events at Haberdashers' Adams, revolving around the arts, sports or academic subjects. These include the House Music Competition; Dixon Cup, which covers drama and public speaking; Smedley Cup and House 7s, which are both rugby competitions; and other sports competitions such as House Cross Country and House Swimming. Intra-house geography, history, poetry and languages competitions also take place.

Boarding houses and student leadership
The school owns a number of dedicated boarding houses. The present junior hall (Longford Hall) is located by the school's playing fields about a mile away. In 2017 the Haberdashers' enabled the school to purchase and re-furbish Beaumaris Court, a former care home, to become the school's new senior boarding house, Beaumaris Hall. This new facility replaced the three senior boys' boarding houses which were situated in large Georgian townhouses facing the High Street.

Longford Hall was built in 1785 for Colonel Ralph Leeke, political agent to the British East India Company; the building was designed by Joseph Bonomi, who was an associate of Robert and James Adam.

The hall is located on top of a low rise and overlooks farmland towards the Lilleshall Monument. As with many such buildings, the first 100 feet in front of the hall comprises manicured grass, bordered by a ha-ha to prevent animals from entering; today the ha-ha is best known amongst pupils for forming a part of the school's annual house cross-country course. There are a small series of formal gardens, including a "Quad". Behind the hall is a selection of buildings around a central square including a dovecote, once part of the estate's home farm.

Upon entry into the school in year 7, boarders are assigned to dormitories; upon moving to Beaumaris Court boys are assigned to double or, in some cases, single rooms, when these are available.

Combined Cadet Force
The Haberdashers' Adams CCF is available to year 8 students and above, as a result of which the school sends many officer candidate students to Sandhurst and Royal Air Force College Cranwell. The CCF also plays a role in Newport civic life, parading every year on Remembrance Sunday. The CCF recruits each new school year in September or October from year 8 and, demand permitting, the Lower Sixth. Cadets generally pass out in May or June of the same year.

The CCF has its own building where its stores are housed and NCO meetings take place. The CCF occasionally holds Overnight Exercises where battle drills and fieldcraft are practised; these are held either at Longford Hall, Nesscliffe Training Area, ROF Swynnerton or Leak Military Base. In previous years CCF prepared for the Annual House CCF Competition, known as The Thompstone Trophy, named after the eccentric former leader of the CCF Lt-Col Brian Thompstone; this entailed a Drill Competition, Shooting, Command Tasks, Memory Games, Forces-related Quizzes, Section Attacks, CQB and an OBS course. This has not ran in recent years though. The CCF is inspected every two years (the Biennial Inspection) by a senior Army or RAF officer.

Both the Army and RAF sections of the CCF hold Summer Camps every year, visiting working military bases such as RAF Cranwell and Barry Buddon Training Area. Cadets can also attend Adventure Training Camps held annually at Llanbedr and Windermere, Easter Camps at RAF Akrotiri, Summer Camps at Ramstein Air Base and Leadership Courses at RAF Cranwell, Nesscliffe Training Area or at Frimley Park. Additionally, cadets also have the opportunity of attending special events such as the 65th D-Day Landing Commemorations and the Cadet 150 Celebrations.

The CCF has recently undergone many changes and improvements such as the incorporation of a new front team position of responsibility within the school of the Senior Cadet in 2023.

Sport
Haberdashers' Adams has traditionally been a rugby school, and as such requires all boys play rugby through years seven and eight during the autumn and spring terms. Upon entry into year nine, pupils are presented with the option of continuing to play rugby, or switching to field hockey. Cricket and athletics are the main sports disciplines undertaken during the shorter summer term. In year 11 and the sixth form, boys are often presented with the opportunity to take part in any sport of their choice, provided they can receive permission for such an activity. With the exception of those activities not provided by the school, all sporting events, and training therefore takes place at the school's Longford Hall playing fields; for this reason, few visiting sports teams ever see the Main School site. Adams operates a system of games afternoons, a system by which each individual year group is assigned a specific day of the week to attend afternoon physical activity sessions at Longford (for this purpose the sixth Form is combined with year 11).

In the early 21st century, football was reintroduced to the school after an absence of almost 100 years.

Haberdashers' Adams organises biennial summer tours abroad for its senior rugby, hockey and girls netball teams. Recent tours have included rugby tours to South Africa, South America, Australia and Singapore, and a hockey and netball tour to Barbados. The school is reported to be keen on further developing its cricket provision, and widening opportunities for pupils.

International links
Haberdashers' Adams currently runs student exchange programmes with the following schools in France, Germany and Poland:

Haberdashers' Adams also corresponds with Ringwood Secondary College in Melbourne, Australia.

Old Novaportans
The School supports the Old Novaportans' Club which organises reunions, dinners and sporting events throughout the year to which its members are invited.

Former pupils are known as "Old Novaportans" (initialised as "ON").

Academia

 * Piers Corbyn (born 1947) – weather forecaster, businessman, activist, anti-vaxxer and conspiracy theorist
 * Donald Court (1912–1994) – James Spence Professor of Child Health at Newcastle University (1955–72) and former President of the British Paediatric Association
 * William Cureton (1808–1864) – orientalist
 * Dave Goulson (born 1965) – professor of biology (evolution, behaviour and environment) at the University of Sussex, expert on bumblebees and founder of the Bumblebee Conservation Trust
 * Thomas Hollis (1720–1774) – benefactor of Harvard University, political propagandist, patron of Canaletto among other artists
 * Helmut Koenigsberger (1918–2014) – professor of history, King's College, London, 1973–84, later emeritus.
 * Sir Oliver Lodge (1851–1940)– inventor & first principal of Birmingham University
 * Stuart Meeson (born 1972 in Newport) – physicist in Electrical Impedance Tomography and Mammography
 * James E. Quibell (1867–1935) – archaeologist and leading British Egyptologist
 * Maurice Stacey (1907–94) – worked alongside Sir Norman Haworth to artificially synthesize vitamin C

Clergy

 * Robert Charnock (1663–1696) – Dean of Magdalen College, Oxford, conspirator who planned to kill King William III
 * Silvester Horne (1865–1914) – MP for Ipswich, Congregationalist Minister, and father of Kenneth Horne
 * Gerald Lander (1861–1934) – Bishop of Victoria, Hong Kong
 * Thomas Percy (1729–1811) – became Bishop of Dromore, wrote Reliques of Ancient English Poetry in 1765

Media and arts

 * M. J. Bassett – film director and scriptwriter
 * Simon Bates (born 1946) – radio disc jockey
 * Barrington J. Bayley (1937–2008) – science fiction writer
 * Tom Brown (1662–1704)– satirist
 * Radzi Chinyanganya (born 1987) – presenter of Blue Peter from 2013 to 2019
 * Jerskin Fendrix (born 1995) – musician and Academy Award nominee for best original score for the film Poor Things
 * Ewen Henderson (1934–2000) – sculptor
 * Eliot Higgins (born 1979) – investigative journalist, founder of Bellingcat
 * Norman Jones (1932–2013)

Politics & business

 * Peter Butler (born 1951) – former Conservative MP for North East Milton Keynes from 1992 to 1997, and current chief executive of Flying Scotsman plc
 * Jeremy Corbyn (born 1949) – Labour MP for Islington North since 1983, Leader of the Opposition and Leader of the Labour Party from 2015 to 2020
 * Nick Jenkins (born 1967) – chief executive of moonpig.com, former Glencore commodities trader.

 * John Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl Gower (1694–1754) – Lord Privy Seal 1742–54, and first senior Tory member of government since George I of Great Britain's coronation in 1714
 * Thomas Parker, Earl of Macclesfield (1666–1732) – Lord Chancellor and Acting Regent of Great Britain

Military

 * Captain Thomas Ashburnham (1855–1924) – 6th Earl of Ashburnham
 * General George Colt Langley (1810–96) – General, Royal Marines
 * Matthew Smith (ca.1665-ca.1723) – 17th-century spy, intriguer and writer
 * Sir Charles Buckworth-Herne-Soame Bt (1864–1931) 10th Baronet
 * Major-General Francis Ventris (1857–1929) – General Officer Commanding British Forces in China

Sports

 * Cedric Boyns (born 1954) – cricket player for Shropshire and Worcestershire County Cricket Clubs.
 * Peter Ranells (born 1954) – cricket player for Shropshire.
 * Graham Kitchener (born 1989) – rugby player for Worcester Warriors and England
 * Dan Redfern (born 1990) – cricket player for Shropshire, Derbyshire and Leicestershire County Cricket Clubs
 * Peter Short (born 1979) – rugby player for Bath Rugby and England Saxons

Former staff

 * Ryan Palmer (born 1974) – maths teacher and ex-Jamaican national chess champion
 * Agnes Miller Parker (1895–1980) – former art teacher, engraver and illustrator
 * Alec Peterson (1908–1988) – former headmaster, founder of the International Baccalaureate
 * Donald Fear – history and government and politics teacher, the sixth person ever to win £1,000,000 on Who Wants To Be a Millionaire? in 2020

title: Haberdashers' Adams


text:
Hughes Hall, Cambridge

Hughes Hall is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in England. It is the oldest of the University of Cambridge's postgraduate colleges. The college also admits undergraduates, though undergraduates admitted by the college must be aged 21 or over. There is no age requirement for postgraduate students. The majority of Hughes Hall students are postgraduate, although nearly one-fifth of the student population comprises individuals aged 21 and above who are studying undergraduate degree courses at the university.

Hughes Hall was founded in the 19th century as the Cambridge Training College for Women with the purpose of providing a college of the university dedicated to training women graduates for the teaching profession. Since then it has enlarged and expanded to support a community of students and researchers, both male and female, working in all the academic domains encompassed by the University of Cambridge.

The college is housed in a number of 19th- and 20th-century buildings at a main site adjacent to Fenner's, the Cambridge University Cricket Club ground, and between the City Centre and the railway station.

History
In 1878 the University of Cambridge established a Teachers' Training Syndicate to develop a training curriculum in education for students of the university intending to become teachers. Hughes Hall was established in 1885 as a college for women graduate students taking the Teacher Training curriculum. Key amongst its early supporters and founders were Rev. G. F. Browne, fellow of St Catharine's College, Miss Frances Buss, headmistress of the North London Collegiate School, Miss Anne Clough, first principal of Newnham College, and Professor James Ward, fellow of Trinity College.

The college was founded as the Cambridge Training College for Women, and it began with 14 students in a small house in Newnham called Crofton Cottage. The first principal was a graduate of Newnham College, Elizabeth Phillips Hughes (1851-1925), who was in post from 1885 to 1899. In 1895, the college moved to a purpose-built building, designed by architect William Fawcett, overlooking Fenner's cricket ground - which continues to be the main college building to this day. One of the first matriculants, Molly Thomas, recounted the experience of the first class of students in A London Girl of the 1880s, published under her married name, M.V. Hughes.

Following recognition of full membership of the university for women in 1947, the college became a recognized institution of the university in 1949 and was renamed Hughes Hall in honour of its first principal. The college became an approved foundation of the university in 1985, and received a royal charter marking its full college status in 2006.

The college's first male students arrived in 1973, making Hughes Hall the first of the all-female colleges to admit men, and from that time students began to study a wider range of affiliated post-graduate degrees. Student numbers gradually increased in the 1980s and 1990s. Today, Hughes Hall has about 700 graduate students and around 200 undergraduates, all students are "mature" (aged over 21), and the college accommodates study in the wide range of studies taught in the university. The college is one of the most international Cambridge colleges, with its students representing over 60 nationalities.

In November 2019, Prince Andrew resigned as the honorary fellow of Hughes Hall amid the Jeffrey Epstein scandal.

Buildings

The college's main building, known as the Wileman Building, was designed by architect William Fawcett and built in 1895. It was opened by Liberal politician George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon. The building is Grade II listed, red brick in Neo-Dutch style, and has a notable terracotta porch. One wing of the Wileman Building is named the Pfeiffer Wing, after husband and wife Jurgen Edward Pfeiffer and Emily Jane Pfeiffer who funded much of the construction cost as part of their mission to support and develop women's education. The building, and its more modern wings, contains student rooms, the college library, social areas and study spaces, and various college administrative offices. Next door to the Wileman Building is Wollaston Lodge, a symmetrical early-20th-century building in buff brick, designed by Edward Schroeder Prior, that provides further student accommodation.

More recent buildings on the college site, all of which provide accommodation and other facilities for students, include Chancellor’s Court, inaugurated in 1992 by the then Chancellor of the University, the Duke of Edinburgh, and the Centenary Building, which opened in 1997. In 2005 Hughes opened a new residential, dining, and meeting building, the Fenner's Building, which is beside and overlooks the university cricket ground, also named Fenner's. It is possible to see the spire of the Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church—the tallest church spire in Cambridge—from the building's west-facing windows and terraces. The college also owns a number of houses in the nearby area which provide additional student accommodation.

In 2014 the college acquired the former Cambridge University gym building on Gresham Road, which is across the cricket ground from the main college site, to develop as a new facility—construction began on the site in 2015.

Location
The main college site is near the middle of Cambridge, halfway between Cambridge railway station and the Market Square. The college is located in the Petersfield area of the city, close to Mill Road and accessible from Mortimer Road. The main site is in a mainly residential area, and it is beside the Fenner's cricket ground, and across the road from Parkside Pools and Kelsey Kerridge Gym, which are the main public sports facilities in the city. A short walk from the college is the Mill Road Cemetery where a number of the university's renowned historic figures, including astronomer James Challis, Isaac Newton's editor Percival Frost, and historian John Seeley are buried.

Transport links
Hughes Hall is the nearest of the university's colleges to Cambridge railway station and to the main city centre arrival-departure point for long-distances coaches at Parkside. The most direct access route from the college into the centre of Cambridge for cyclists and pedestrians is across Parker's Piece, an open park where the rules of football were first codified (1848).

Student life
Students and fellows of the college take part in research and study across the full spectrum of the University of Cambridge's fields of activity. Hughes Hall is known for its international and egalitarian ethos, the college does not have a high table. Students can walk on college lawns.

The college's historic establishment in the 19th century with the purpose of supporting graduate study in education has continued and developed over time with a significant number of students each year taking courses in professional and applied fields, alongside those studying and carrying out research in more traditional Arts and Humanities subjects. With a mainly postgraduate student body, undergraduates share facilities and an intellectual culture with PhD researchers and MPhil students.

The college punt is called "Buffyfish". It was built by former graduate students at Hughes and donated to the MCR.

Societies and sports
Hughes Hall has an active student sports calendar with college teams in Athletics, Badminton, Basketball, Cricket, Football, Rowing, Rugby, Squash, Table Tennis, and others. Members of the college are also active in sports and teams at university and national level.

There are a number of college societies, including a Chess Club, Film Society, Writing Group, and Law Society amongst others. The college's "Hat Club" organises events where students and fellows present papers on their research and study to an audience of college members, and the Enterprise Society supports and encourages students with an interest in starting their own business.

Music
The college's main performance space is the Pavilion Room which hosts a number of regular musical groups and organizations. The Stradivari Trust, the Cambridge Graduate Orchestra, and the college's Margaret Wileman Society use the space on a regular basis. There is also a programme of ad hoc student recitals and concerts, including by the college choir which incorporates students and fellows of the college.

Boat Club
Hughes Hall Boat Club is the rowing club of the college, in 2003 there was an official merger with the boat club of Lucy Cavendish College (then a graduate women-only college of the university) creating the "Hughes Hall/Lucy Cavendish Combined Boat Club".

The Club has been successful in the May Bumps with the men's first crew winning blades (a distinction accorded to a boat bumping each day of the bumps) in 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013 and 2014. Uniquely, the Club has been recipient of the Pegasus Cup, awarded to the most successful college boat club competing in the May Bumps each year, three times (2007, 2009, 2014). The women's first crew won blades for the first time after the demerger from Lucy Cavendish in the Lent Bumps 2019.

Members of Hughes Hall have regularly been selected for the Cambridge team in the Oxford-Cambridge Boat Race. In 2015, the men's team included three members of Hughes Hall (Jasper Holst, Ben Ruble, Henry Hoffstot), and the women's boat was coxed by a member of the college (Rosemary Ostfeld). Henry Hoffstot also appeared for Cambridge in the Race in 2014. In 2019, two members of the Cambridge Blue Crew were present in the men's first crew for May Bumps, including Cambridge University Boat Club President Dara Alizadeh. Also present in the boat was Cambridge University Boat Club rower Grant Bitler and Spare-Pair rower Harry Baxter.

The Boat Club houses its six rowing shells in the Emmanuel College boathouse.

May Ball
Hughes Hall holds a May Ball each year, often with a global or international theme. In 2015, the theme was "Around the World in 12 Hours" and in 2014 the theme was "Terra do Brasil".

Lectures
The college hosts a number of lectures and talks throughout the year. Amongst the most significant annual events are the City Lecture, the Kathleen Hughes Memorial Lecture, and the Honor Chapman Lecture.

The City Lecture invites speakers from the business and commercial worlds, it was established in 2000. Speakers in recent years have included Lionel Barber, the editor of the Financial Times, and Sir Martin Sorrell, chief executive of WPP plc.

The Kathleen Hughes Memorial Lecture is given in association with the University of Cambridge Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic. Recent speakers have included Dr James Fraser on Iona and the Burial Places of the Kings of Alba, and Prof Nancy Edwards, on The Early Medieval Sculpture of Wales. A pamphlet is produced in association with the lecture by the Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic.

The Honor Chapman Lecture was instituted in 2014 - the first two speakers were Dame Judith Mayhew Jonas, lawyer and academic, and Alison Nimmo CBE, chief executive of the Crown Estate.

Principals/Presidents
The college's head was titled as "Principal" until 1973, and subsequently as "President".

Principals

 * 1885–1899: Elizabeth Hughes
 * 1899–1902: Margaret Punnett
 * 1902–1908: Helena Powell
 * 1908–1933: Mary Hay Wood
 * 1933–1945: Henriette Dent
 * 1945–1953: Marguerite Verini
 * 1953–1973: Margaret Wileman

Presidents

 * 1973–1978: Sir Desmond Lee
 * 1978–1984: Richard D'Aeth
 * 1984–1989: Basil Herbertson
 * 1989–1993: Desmond Hawkins
 * 1993–1998: John Dingle
 * 1998–2006: Peter Richards
 * 2006–2014: Sarah Squire
 * 2014–2022: Anthony Freeling
 * 2022: Laurie Bristow

Fellows

 * Nevin Hughes-Jones, haematologist, Fellow of the Royal Society
 * Neil Mercer, Professor of Education in the University of Cambridge
 * Marc Weller, University of Cambridge Professor of International Law and International Constitutional Studies

Honorary Fellows

 * Nigel Brown OBE, former chairman of N.W. Brown Group Ltd
 * John Dingle, Director of the Strangeways Research Laboratory (1979–1993), President of Hughes Hall (1993–1998)
 * Sir Terence English, pioneer transplant surgeon
 * Hermann Hauser FRS, pioneer technology entrepreneur
 * John Hopkins, former Cambridge University Lecturer in Law, former Hughes Hall Director of Studies in Law
 * Dame Cleo Laine, jazz and pop singer, actress
 * Peter Mansfield FRS, physicist and Nobel laureate
 * Nicholas Phillips, Baron Phillips of Worth Matravers, President of the UK Supreme Court (2009–2012)
 * Dame Janet Smith, former Judge of the High Court and Court of Appeals
 * Evan Wallach, Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

title: Hughes Hall, Cambridge