text:
TETRA

Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA; formerly known as Trans-European Trunked Radio), a European standard for a trunked radio system, is a professional mobile radio and two-way transceiver specification. TETRA was specifically designed for use by government agencies, emergency services, (police forces, fire departments, ambulance) for public safety networks, rail transport staff for train radios, transport services and the military. TETRA is the European version of trunked radio, similar to Project 25.

TETRA is a European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) standard, first version published 1995; it is mentioned by the European Radiocommunications Committee (ERC).

Description
TETRA uses time-division multiple access (TDMA) with four user channels on one radio carrier and 25 kHz spacing between carriers. Both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint transfer can be used. Digital data transmission is also included in the standard though at a low data rate.

TETRA Mobile Stations (MS) can communicate direct-mode operation (DMO) or using trunked-mode operation (TMO) using switching and management infrastructure (SwMI) made of TETRA base stations (TBS). As well as allowing direct communications in situations where network coverage is not available, DMO also includes the possibility of using a sequence of one or more TETRA terminals as relays. This functionality is called DMO gateway (from DMO to TMO) or DMO repeater (from DMO to DMO). In emergency situations this feature allows direct communications underground or in areas of bad coverage.

In addition to voice and dispatch services, the TETRA system supports several types of data communication. Status messages and short data services (SDS) are provided over the system's main control channel, while packet-switched data or circuit-switched data communication uses specifically assigned channels.

TETRA provides for authentication of terminals towards infrastructure and vice versa. For protection against eavesdropping, air interface encryption and end-to-end encryption is available.

The common mode of operation is in a group calling mode in which a single button push will connect the user to the users in a selected call group and/or a dispatcher. It is also possible for the terminal to act as a one-to-one walkie talkie but without the normal range limitation since the call still uses the network. TETRA terminals can act as mobile phones (cell phones), with a full-duplex direct connection to other TETRA Users or the PSTN. Emergency buttons, provided on the terminals, enable the users to transmit emergency signals, to the dispatcher, overriding any other activity taking place at the same time.

Security vulnerabilities
An in-depth review published in July 2023 by the company Midnight Blue of the TETRA standard and encryption algorithms, the first made public in the last 20 years, has found multiple security flaws, collectively referred to as TETRA:BURST. A total of 5 flaws were filed to the CVE database:

 * The Air Interface Encryption (AIE) keystream generator is vulnerable to decryption oracle attacks due to the use of publicly-broadcast network time —keystream reuse can be triggered.
 * TEA1 contains a secret reduction step that effectively downgrades the cryptographic strength from 80 to 32 bits, allowing anyone to break the cipher and subsequently decrypt the signal in as little as one minute using a consumer laptop. "There's no other way in which this can function than that this is an intentional backdoor," "This constitutes a full break of the cipher, allowing for interception or manipulation of radio traffic", according to the news report posted on ComputerWeekly. The deliberately weakened TEA1 flaw seems to be known in intelligence circles and is referred to in the famous 2006 Wikileaks dump of US diplomatic communications.
 * AIE contains no authentication for the ciphertext, making malleability attacks possible.
 * The cryptographic anonymization scheme is weak and can be partially reversed to track users.
 * The authentication algorithm allows attackers to set the Derived Cypher Key (DCK) to 0, circumventing session authentication.

In addition, the Midnight Blue team spots a "peculiarity regarding the TEA3 S-box", but has yet to determine whether it constitutes a weakness.

These vulnerabilities remained publicly unknown for 28 years after TETRA's publication because TETRA does not make definitions of its cryptographic algorithms public, an example of security through obscurity. The Midnight Blue team gained access to TETRA's cryptographic code by attacking the trusted execution environment on a TETRA-enabled radio. The team points to a list of previously broken cryptographic systems relying on obscurity and argues that the Kerckhoffs's principle should have been followed: the system would have been safer when its structure is publicly known.

Advantages
The main advantages of TETRA over other technologies (such as GSM) are:

 * The much lower frequency used gives longer range, which in turn permits very high levels of geographic coverage with a smaller number of transmitters, thus cutting infrastructure costs.
 * During a voice call, the communications are not interrupted when moving to another network site. This is a unique feature, which dPMR networks typically provide, that allows a number of fall-back modes such as the ability for a base station to process local calls. So called 'mission critical' networks can be built with TETRA where all aspects are fail-safe/multiple-redundant.
 * In the absence of a network, mobiles/portables can use 'direct mode' whereby they share channels directly (walkie-talkie mode).
 * Gateway mode - where a single mobile with connection to the network can act as a relay for other nearby mobiles that are out of range of the infrastructure. A dedicated transponder system isn't required in order to achieve this functionality, unlike with analogue radio systems.
 * TETRA also provides a point-to-point function that traditional analogue emergency services radio systems did not provide. This enables users to have a one-to-one trunked 'radio' link between sets without the need for the direct involvement of a control room operator/dispatcher.
 * Unlike cellular technologies, which connect one subscriber to one other subscriber (one-to-one), TETRA is built to do one-to-one, one-to-many and many-to-many. These operational modes are directly relevant to the public safety and professional users.
 * Security TETRA supports terminal registration, authentication, air-interface encryption and end-to-end encryption.
 * Rapid deployment (transportable) network solutions are available for disaster relief and temporary capacity provision.
 * Network solutions are available in both reliable circuit-switched (telephone like) architectures and flat, IP architectures with soft (software) switches.

Further information is available from the TETRA Association (formerly TETRA MoU) and the standards can be downloaded for free from ETSI.

Disadvantages
Its main disadvantages are:

Up to 7.2 kbit/s per timeslot, in the case of point-to-point connections, and 3.5 kbit/s per timeslot in case of IP encapsulation. Both options permit the use of between one and four timeslots. Different implementations include one of the previous connectivity capabilities, both, or none, and one timeslot or more. These rates are ostensibly faster than the competing technologies DMR, dPMR, and P25 are capable of. Latest version of standard supports 115.2 kbit/s in 25 kHz or up to 691.2 kbit/s in an expanded 150 kHz channel. To overcome the limitations many software vendors have begun to consider hybrid solutions where TETRA is used for critical signalling while large data synchronization and transfer of images and video is done over 3G / LTE.
 * Serious security issues have been identified, including an intentional weakening of the TEA1 cipher, constituting a full break within a minute on consumer hardware. (See Description)
 * Requires a linear amplifier to meet the stringent RF specifications that allow it to exist alongside other radio services.
 * Data transfer is slow by modern standards.

Radio aspects
For its modulation TETRA, uses $π/4$ differential quadrature phase-shift keying. The symbol (baud) rate is 18,000 symbols per second, and each symbol maps to 2 bits, thus resulting in 36,000 bit/s gross.

As a form of phase shift keying is used to transmit data during each burst, it would seem reasonable to expect the transmit power to be constant. However it is not. This is because the sidebands, which are essentially a repetition of the data in the main carrier's modulation, are filtered off with a sharp filter so that unnecessary spectrum is not used up. This results in an amplitude modulation and is why TETRA requires linear amplifiers. The resulting ratio of peak to mean (RMS) power is 3.65 dB. If non-linear (or not-linear enough) amplifiers are used, the sidebands re-appear and cause interference on adjacent channels. Commonly used techniques for achieving the necessary linearity include Cartesian loops, and adaptive predistortion.

The base stations normally transmit continuously and (simultaneously) receive continuously from various mobiles on different carrier frequencies; hence the TETRA system is a frequency-division duplex (FDD) system. TETRA also uses FDMA/TDMA (see above) like GSM. The mobiles normally only transmit on 1 slot/4 and receive on 1 slot/4 (instead of 1 slot/8 for GSM).

Speech signals in TETRA are sampled at 8 kHz and then compressed with a vocoder using algebraic code-excited linear prediction (ACELP). This creates a data stream of 4.567 kbit/s. This data stream is error-protection encoded before transmission to allow correct decoding even in noisy (erroneous) channels. The data rate after coding is 7.2 kbit/s. The capacity of a single traffic slot when used 17/18 frames.

A single slot consists of 255 usable symbols, the remaining time is used up with synchronisation sequences and turning on/off, etc. A single frame consists of 4 slots, and a multiframe (whose duration is 1.02 seconds) consists of 18 frames. Hyperframes also exist, but are mostly used for providing synchronisation to encryption algorithms.

The downlink (i.e., the output of the base station) is normally a continuous transmission consisting of either specific communications with mobile(s), synchronisation or other general broadcasts. All slots are usually filled with a burst even if idle (continuous mode). Although the system uses 18 frames per second only 17 of these are used for traffic channels, with the 18th frame reserved for signalling, Short Data Service messages (like SMS in GSM) or synchronisation. The frame structure in TETRA (17.65 frames per second), consists of 18,000 symbols/s; 255 symbols/slot; 4 slots/frame, and is the cause of the perceived "amplitude modulation" at 17 Hz and is especially apparent in mobiles/portables which only transmit on one slot/4. They use the remaining three slots to switch frequency to receive a burst from the base station two slots later and then return to their transmit frequency (TDMA).

Air interface encryption
To provide confidentiality the TETRA air interface is encrypted using one of the TETRA Encryption Algorithm (TEA) ciphers. The encryption provides confidentiality (protect against eavesdropping) as well as protection of signalling.

Currently 4 different ciphers are defined, TEA1 up to TEA4. These TEA ciphers should not be confused with the block cipher Tiny Encryption Algorithm. The TEA ciphers have different availability due to export and use restrictions. Few details are published concerning these proprietary ciphers. Riess mentions in early TETRA design documents that encryption should be done with a stream cipher, due to the property of not propagating transmission errors. Parkinson later confirms this and explains that TEA is a stream cipher with 80-bit keys. The algorithms were later reversed and it appeared that TEA1 reduces its key strength to 32 bits. TEA1 and TEA4 provide basic level security, and are meant for commercial use. The TEA2 cipher is restricted to European public safety organisations. The TEA3 cipher is for situations where TEA2 is suitable but not available.

Cell re-selection (or hand-over) in images

This first representation demonstrates where the slow reselect threshold (SRT), the fast reselect threshold (FRT), and propagation delay exceed parameters are most likely to be. These are represented in association with the decaying radio carrier as the distance increases from the TETRA base station.

From this illustration, these SRT and FRT triggering points are associated to the decaying radio signal strength of the respective cell carriers. The thresholds are situated so that the cell reselection procedures occur on time and assure communication continuity for on-going communication calls.

Initial cell selection

The next diagram illustrates where a given TETRA radio cell initial selection. The initial cell selection is performed by procedures located in the MLE and in the MAC. When the cell selection is made, and possible registration is performed, the mobile station (MS) is said to be attached to the cell. The mobile is allowed to initially select any suitable cell that has a positive C1 value; i.e., the received signal level is greater than the minimum receive level for access parameter.

The initial cell selection procedure shall ensure that the MS selects a cell in which it can reliably decode downlink data (i.e., on a main control channel/MCCH), and which has a high probability of uplink communication. The minimum conditions that shall have to be met are that C1 > 0. Access to the network shall be conditional on the successful selection of a cell.

At mobile switch on, the mobile makes its initial cell selection of one of the base stations, which indicates the initial exchanges at activation.

 * Refer to EN 300 392 2 16.3.1 Activation and control of underlying MLE service
 * Note 18.5.12 Minimum RX access level

The minimum receive access level information element shall indicate the minimum received signal level required at the SwMI in a cell, either the serving cell or a neighbour cell as defined in table 18.24.

Cell improvable

The next diagram illustrates where a given TETRA radio cell becomes improvable. The serving cell becomes improvable when the following occurs: the C1 of the serving cell is below the value defined in the radio network parameter cell reselection parameters, slow reselect threshold for a period of 5 seconds, and the C1 or C2 of a neighbour cell exceeds the C1 of the serving cell by the value defined in the radio network parameter cell reselection parameters, slow reselect hysteresis for a period of 5 seconds.

Cell usable

The next diagram illustrates where a given TETRA radio cell becomes usable. A neighbour cell becomes radio usable when the cell has a downlink radio connection of sufficient quality.

The following conditions must be met in order to declare a neighbour cell radio usable: The neighbour cell has a path loss parameter C1 or C2 that is, for a period of 5 seconds, greater than the fast reselect threshold plus the fast reselect threshold, and the service level provided by the neighbour cell is higher than that of the serving cell. No successful cell reselection shall have taken place within the previous 15 seconds unless MM requests a cell reselection. The MS-MLE shall check the criterion for serving cell relinquishment as often as one neighbour cell is scanned or monitored.

The following conditions will cause the MS to rate the neighbour cell to have higher service level than the current serving cell:
 * The MS subscriber class is supported on the neighbour cell but not on the serving cell.
 * The neighbour cell is a priority cell and the serving cell is not.
 * The neighbour cell supports a service (that is, TETRA standard speech, packet data, or encryption) that is not supported by the serving cell and the MS requires that service to be available.
 * The cell service level indicates that the neighbour cell is less loaded than the serving cell.

Cell relinquishable (abandonable)

The next diagram illustrates where a given TETRA radio cell becomes relinquishable (abandonable). The serving cell becomes relinquishable when the following occurs: the C1 of the serving cell is below the value defined in the radio network parameter cell reselection parameters, fast reselect threshold, for a period of 5 seconds, and the C1 or C2 of a neighbour cell exceeds the C1 of the serving cell by the value defined in the radio network parameter cell reselection parameters, fast reselect hysteresis, for a period of 5 seconds.

No successful cell reselection shall have taken place within the previous 15 seconds unless Mobility Management (MM) requests a cell reselection. The MS-MLE shall check the criterion for serving cell relinquishment as often as one neighbour cell is scanned or monitored.

Radio down-link failure

When the FRT threshold is breached, the MS is in a situation where it is essential to relinquish (or abandon) the serving cell and obtain another of at least usable quality. That is to say, the mobile station is aware that the radio signal is decaying rapidly, and must cell reselect rapidly, before communications are terminated because of radio link failure. When the mobile station radio-signal breaches the minimum receive level, the radio is no longer in a position to maintain acceptable communications for the user, and the radio link is broken.

Radio link failure: (C1 < 0). Using the suggested values, this would be satisfied with the serving cell level below −105 dBm. Cell reselection procedures are then activated in order to find a suitable radio base station.

Virtual MMI for terminals
Any given TETRA radio terminal using Java (Java ME/CLDC) based technology, provides the end user with the communication rights necessary to fulfil his or her work role on any short duration assignment.

For dexterity, flexibility, and evolution ability, the public transportation radio engineering department, have chosen to use the open sources, Java language specification administered by Sun and the associated work groups in order to produce a transport application tool kit.

Service acquisition admits different authorised agents to establish communication channels between different services by calling the service identity, and without possessing the complete knowledge of the ISSI, GSSI, or any other TETRA related communication establishment numbering plan. Service acquisition is administered through a communication rights centralised service or roll allocation server, interfaced into the TETRA core network.

In summary, the TETRA MMI aims are to:
 * Allow any given agent while in exercise, to exploit any given radio terminal without materiel constraint.
 * Provide specific transportation application software to the end-user agents (service acquisition, fraud, and aggression control).

This transport application tool-kit has been produced successfully and with TETRA communication technology and assures for the public transport application requirements for the future mentioned hereafter.

The home (main) menu presents the end user with three possibilities:
 * 1) Service acquisition,
 * 2) Status SDS,
 * 3) End-user parameters.

Service acquisition provides a means of virtually personalising the end user to any given radio terminal and onto TETRA network for the duration the end user conserves the terminal under his possession.

Status SDS provides the end user with a mechanism for generating a 440 Hz repeating tone that signals a fraud occurrence to members within the same (dynamic or static) Group Short Subscriber Identity (GSSI) or to a specific Individual Short Subscriber Identity (ISSI) for the duration of the assignment (an hour, a morning patrol or a given short period allocated to the assignment). The advantage being that each of the end users may attach themselves to any given terminal, and group for short durations without requiring any major reconfiguration by means of radio software programming tools. Similarly, the aggression feature functions, but with a higher tone frequency (880 Hz), and with a quicker repetitious nature, so to highlight the urgency of the alert.

The parameters tab provides an essential means to the terminal end-user allowing them to pre-configure the target (preprogrammed ISSI or GSSI ) destination communication number. With this pre-programmed destination number, the end-user shall liaise with the destination radio terminal or roll allocation server, and may communicate, in the group, or into a dedicated server to which the service acquisition requests are received, preprocessed, and ultimately dispatched though the TETRA core network. This simplifies the reconfiguration or recycling configuration process allowing flexibility on short assignments.

The parameters tab also provides a means of choosing between preselected tones to match the work group requirements for the purposes of fraud and aggression alerts. A possibility of selecting any given key available from the keypad to serve as an aggression or fraud quick key is also made possible though the transport application software tool kit. It is recommend to use the asterisk and the hash keys for the fraud and aggression quick keys respectively. For the fraud and aggression tones, it is also recommend to use 440 Hz slow repeating tone (blank space 500 milli-seconds) and 880 Hz fast repeating tone (blank space 250 milliseconds) respectively. The tone options are as follows: 440 Hz, 620 Hz, 880 Hz, and 1060 Hz.

The parameters page provides an aid or help menu and the last tab within parameters describes briefly the tool kit the version and the history of the transport application tool kit to date.

TETRA Enhanced Data Service (TEDS)
The TETRA Association, working with ETSI, developed the TEDS standard, a wideband data solution, which enhances TETRA with a much higher capacity and throughput for data. In addition to those provided by TETRA, TEDS uses a range of adaptive modulation schemes and a number of different carrier sizes from 25 kHz to 150 kHz. Initial implementations of TEDS will be in the existing TETRA radio spectrum, and will likely employ 50 kHz channel bandwidths as this enables an equivalent coverage footprint for voice and TEDS services. TEDS performance is optimised for wideband data rates, wide area coverage and spectrum efficiency.

Advances in DSP technology have led to the introduction of multi-carrier transmission standards employing QAM modulation. WiMAX, Wi-Fi and TEDS standards are part of this family.

Refer also to:
 * JSR-118;
 * Mobile Information Device Profile, JSR-37;
 * Wireless Messaging API, JSR120;
 * Connected Limited Device Configuration, JSR-139; and
 * Technology for the Wireless Industry, JTWI-185.

Comparison to Project 25
Project 25 and TETRA are utilised for the public safety Radio network and Private Sector Radio network worldwide however, it has some differences in technical features and capacities. Currently, P25 deployed to more than 53 countries and TETRA deployed to more than 114 countries.
 * TETRA: It is optimized for high population density areas, with spectral efficiency (4 time slots in 25 kHz: four communications channels per 25 kHz channel, an efficient use of spectrum). It is suitable for high population density areas and supports full duplex voice, data and messaging. but, it is generally unavailable for simulcast, VHF band - however particular vendors have introduced Simulcast and VHF into their TETRA platform..
 * P25: it is optimized for wider area coverage with low population density, and support for simulcast. however, it is limited to data support. (Phase 1 P25 radio systems operate in a 12.5 kHz analogue, digital or mixed mode, and  P25 Phase II will use a 2-timeslot TDMA structure in 12.5 kHz channels.

Professional usage
there were 114 countries using TETRA systems in Europe, Middle East, Africa, Asia Pacific, Caribbean and Latin America.

The TETRA-system is in use by the public sector in the following countries. Only TETRA network infrastructure installations are listed. TETRA being an open standard, each of these networks can use any mix of TETRA mobile terminals from a wide range of suppliers.

Amateur Radio usage
In the past decade, TETRA has seen an uptick in usage in the amateur radio community. The perceived higher audio quality compared to other digital voice modes, capacity for packet data, SDS, single frequency DMO repeaters, close proximity of the UHF (430-440MHz) amateur radio band and full duplex audio in TMO are motivating arguments to experiment contacts with this technology.

Multiple constraints have to be noted when using TETRA for amateur radio service:

 * In most countries, encryption cannot be used.
 * Most older (pre-2010) terminals don't cover the Region 1 amateur radio frequency range (430-440) natively, and must be modified via software with a possible impact on RF performance.

Multiple amateur DMO and TMO networks are established throughout Europe.

Additionally, an open-source project aims to create a complete SDR-based TETRA stack, with a working DMO repeater proof of concept.

title: TETRA


text:
Neil Maclean

Neil Maclean (1875 – 12 September 1953) was a Scottish socialist and an Independent Labour Party and later Labour Party Member of Parliament for Govan.

Maclean was the first Secretary of the Socialist Labour Party, but was expelled in 1908. Then a member of the Independent Labour Party (ILP), Maclean worked closely with other socialists in the Glasgow area, as part of the Red Clydeside movement. Like many other Red Clydesiders, he was a conscientious objector during the First World War. He greatly influenced Manny Shinwell. An organiser for the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society, at the 1918 general election, Maclean was elected to the House of Commons to represent Govan in Glasgow. When many of his fellow ILP Clydesiders left the Labour Party, Maclean remained a Labour MP, associating for a time with the Scottish Socialist Party.

Maclean retired from Parliament in 1950, not having secured renomination. He was offered a seat in the House of Lords, but declined due to his socialist principles. He was appointed a CBE.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Neil Maclean


text:
John Wheatley

John Wheatley (19 May 1869 – 12 May 1930) was a Scottish socialist politician. He was a prominent figure of the Red Clydeside era.

Early life and career
Wheatley was born to Thomas and Johanna Wheatley in Bonmahon, County Waterford, Ireland. In 1876 the family moved to Braehead, Lanarkshire in Scotland. Initially—as his father had done in Ireland—he worked as a miner in the Baillieston district. After that he worked briefly as a publican.

Wheatley then started a successful printing business, which published leftist political works. He wrote many of them, including How the Miners Were Robbed (1907), The Catholic Workingman (1909), Miners, Mines and Misery (1909), Eight Pound Cottages for Glasgow Citizens (1913), Municipal Banking (1920) and The New Rent Act (1920).

He was a deeply religious man and a practising Roman Catholic. Influenced by early Christian-socialist thinkers, in 1907 he joined the Independent Labour Party (ILP). He founded and was the first chairman of the Catholic Socialist Society.

Against the UK's involvement in World War I, he campaigned against conscription and assisted in organising rent strikes in Glasgow.

As a councillor on Glasgow's city council, he became one of the best known in the city, and was elected to the House of Commons in the 1922 General Election for Glasgow Shettleston. He was a great supporter of Celtic Football Club.

Labour leader Ramsay MacDonald sometimes disapproved of Wheatley's debating methods, as well as his friendship with James Maxton. ( Maxton was suspended from the Commons on one occasion when he called Conservative MP Sir Frederick Banbury "a murderer" for a proposed cut in child welfare.) But Wheatley continued to work closely with his ILP colleagues in the Parliamentary Labour Party, especially Maxton.

Wheatley was known as the intellectual behind the ILP activities. Along with many ILP MPs, especially those from Clydeside, he found himself drifting from MacDonald's Labour leadership. Wheatley remained a widely respected political figure and when MacDonald became Prime Minister in January 1924, he appointed Wheatley as his Minister of Health. Wheatley is best remembered for his Housing (Financial Provisions) Act 1924, which saw a massive expansion in affordable municipal housing for the working class.

On 9 May 1924, H. G. Wells led a delegation to ask for birth control reforms. The delegation asked for two things: that institutions under Ministry of Health control should give contraceptive advice to those who asked for it; and that doctors at welfare centres should be allowed to offer advice in certain medical cases. Wheatley held strong views against birth control and refused to support the campaign.

Wheatley criticised MacDonald for moving Labour to the right. Consequently he did not hold a post in the Labour Government which formed after the 1929 United Kingdom general election. He refused to support many of the measures proposed by MacDonald's government. Along with Maxton (now Wheatley's leader in the ILP) he became one of the Labour-left's leading critics.

Death and legacy
John Wheatley died on 12 May 1930, at age 60.

Wheatley Housing Group (Scotland's largest registered social landlord) and John Wheatley College (now Glasgow Kelvin College) in Glasgow are named after him. His nephew, John Thomas Wheatley, became a Labour MP for Edinburgh East in 1947 and Lord Advocate.

Non-fiction
Spartacus Educational Biography http://www.spartacus-educational.com/TUwheatley.htm On-line teaching aid by John Simkin John Wheatley by Ian Wood (Manchester University Press 1990) The Life of John Wheatley by John Hannan (Spokesman Books 1988)

Fiction
No Mean Affair by Robert Ronsson (Foxwell Press 2012)

title: John Wheatley


text:
Talk:TETRA

capitalization to emphasise the acronym
Ok, I can see that the use of this strange capitalization is there to emphasise the acronym, but I don't think it's appropriate for the title of the article (it makes it awkward to link for one thing). It should be reserved for the article body. Mintguy 12:49, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Health Worries
Potential Questions on Public Health concerns on Tetra trasmissions are answered by the industry on http://www.tetrahealth.info/FAQs.htm

- How re-assuring... Not. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.40.111.200 (talk) 03:43, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

People may add WPMED if there are some influence of human heath involved. 88.105.68.150 (talk) 11:10, 24 October 2009 (UTC)

Note on the radio aspects section
pi/4 is 45 degrees, not 22.5. i don't know which is correct for these radios, someone who knows more should correct this appropriately. Jk350 09:30, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Correct. pi/4 is 45 degrees phase shift, since pi radians = 180 degrees. [User: tonygibbs16]

TMO vs DMO
The abbreviation DMO is expand as Direct Mode but what does TMO mean?

Trunked Mode Operation

about RATP TETRA MMI
This section appears to describe a particualr implementation (imagine if the GSM page only described Nokia handsets). Interesting though it is I suggest it is moved elsewhere (eg. the RATP page)

--Salocin-yel (talk) 14:58, 28 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Fully agree, both "A Virtual MMI for TETRA radio Terminal" and "RATP TETRA MMI" chapers are about specific applications, rather than about TETRA architecture. They were inserted about 2008-09-15 - 2008-09-19 and only been slightly cleanup since. So either removed, intergrated to RAPT page, or moved as separate page linked from RAPT main lav (talk) 18:51, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

Should clean up See Also / External links chapter
Instead of being internal links to related pages, "See Also" seems to have filled filled up with links to commercial operators in the field. Would suggest, after model GSM page, to:

 * 1) Clean up everything from See Also chapter
 * 2) Add internal links to companies doing TETRA networks itself (like EADS, Motorola, and more?)
 * 3) Clean up most producers from External Links
 * 4) Leave stuff like health report, and Motorola/Eads TETRA specific links

Now that TETRA has matured it has plenty of commercial entities; trying to include those would clutter up arcticle.

-- Employee in one of those TETRA field companies lav (talk) 19:07, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

History
History section please! :-) BigSteve (talk) 18:37, 23 December 2012 (UTC)

TETRA usage Table Broken
The table listing the usage by country is seriously messed up. I don't know how to fix that, please help! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.178.135.104 (talk) 11:40, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

Entry "ENTROPIA DIGITAL" for Croatia is most probably wrong here, not sure about the other one. --Marosi Gyula (talk) 20:27, 4 January 2014 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
Cyberbot II has detected that page contains external links that have either been globally or locally blacklisted. Links tend to be blacklisted because they have a history of being spammed, or are highly innappropriate for Wikipedia. This, however, doesn't necessarily mean it's spam, or not a good link. If the link is a good link, you may wish to request whitelisting by going to the request page for whitelisting. If you feel the link being caught by the blacklist is a false positive, or no longer needed on the blacklist, you may request the regex be removed or altered at the blacklist request page. If the link is blacklisted globally and you feel the above applies you may request to whitelist it using the before mentioned request page, or request its removal, or alteration, at the request page on meta. When requesting whitelisting, be sure to supply the link to be whitelisted and wrap the link in nowiki tags. The whitelisting process can take its time so once a request has been filled out, you may set the invisible parameter on the tag to true. Please be aware that the bot will replace removed tags, and will remove misplaced tags regularly.

Below is a list of links that were found on the main page:

 * http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/shenyang-metro
 * Triggered by  on the local blacklist

If you would like me to provide more information on the talk page, contact User:Cyberpower678 and ask him to program me with more info.

From your friendly hard working bot.— cyberbot II NotifyOnline 11:17, 3 April 2014 (UTC)

✅ This issue has been resolved, and I have therefore removed the tag, if not already done. No further action is necessary.— cyberbot II NotifyOnline 19:29, 9 April 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Terrestrial Trunked Radio. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20101130172334/http://tetramou.com/tetramou.aspx?ID=6716 to http://www.tetramou.com/tetramou.aspx?ID=6716

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 23:25, 17 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Terrestrial Trunked Radio. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20130221140731/http://classic.eads.net/1024/de/investor/News_and_Events/news_ir/2010/2010/20100528_eads_defence_tetra_shenzhen_metro.html to http://classic.eads.net/1024/de/investor/News_and_Events/news_ir/2010/2010/20100528_eads_defence_tetra_shenzhen_metro.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:34, 3 September 2017 (UTC)

The section "security vulnerabilities" needs review and adjustments
e.g.

- "AIE contains no authentication for the ciphertext, making malleability attacks possible." No 2G, 3G or 4G mobile network provides authentication of the ciphertext. TETRA is a 2G network. So this should be put in the right context.

- "TEA1 contains a secret reduction step tha..." There is no information that this has been done in the past to conform to export control regulations, as in all other mobile networks.

- TETRA is standardized by the ETSI TCCE. The TCCE published an statement on the vulnerabilites, that is not reference here, see: https://www.etsi.org/committee?id=2260

- The company Midnight Blue sells consulting services. This should be explained. Currently this Wikipedia article seems to acts as marketing instrument of the company.

89.12.125.243 (talk) 11:10, 4 November 2023 (UTC)

 * "The cryptographic anonymization scheme is weak and can be partially reversed to track users."
 * There is no anonymization in mobile networks. There seems to be lacking knowledge, how mobile networks work. 77.188.28.242 (talk) 11:23, 4 November 2023 (UTC)
 * This whole section needs to be revised anyway.
 * As of Blackhat 2023, tetra is officially fully broken, no longer just vulnerable. Breaking TETRA After Decades in the Shadows  TagKnife (talk) 21:16, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

Requested move 18 April 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. Uncontested RM (closed by non-admin page mover)  ❯❯❯  Raydann  (Talk)   19:34, 25 April 2024 (UTC)

Terrestrial Trunked Radio → TETRA – TETRA is the WP:COMMONNAME. Per MOS:ACROTITLE it should be the title, because it is primarily referred to by its acronym and the acronym is primarily used for this subject. It already redirects here. PhotographyEdits (talk) 12:50, 18 April 2024 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:TETRA


text:
Sprouting

Sprouting is the natural process by which seeds or spores germinate and put out shoots, and already established plants produce new leaves or buds, or other structures experience further growth.

In the field of nutrition, the term signifies the practice of germinating seeds (for example, mung beans or sunflower seeds) to be eaten raw or cooked, which is considered more nutritious.

Suitable seeds

All viable seeds can be sprouted, but some sprouts, such as kidney beans, should not be eaten raw.

Bean sprouts are a common ingredient across the world. They are particularly common in Eastern Asian cuisine. It typically takes one week for them to become fully grown. The sprouted beans are more nutritious than the original beans, and they require much less cooking time. There are two common types of bean sprouts:

 * Mung bean sprouts, made from greenish-capped mung beans
 * Soybean sprouts, made from yellow, large-grained soybeans

Common sprouts used as food include:
 * Pulses/legumes (pea family) - bean sprouts:
 * alfalfa, clover, fenugreek, lentil, pea, chickpea (garbanzo), mung bean, and soy bean
 * Cereals (grasses):
 * oat, wheat, maize (corn), rice, barley, and rye
 * Pseudocereals:
 * quinoa, amaranth, and buckwheat
 * Oilseeds:
 * sesame, sunflower, almond, hazelnut, hemp, linseed, and peanut
 * Brassica (cabbage family):
 * broccoli, cabbage, watercress, mustard, mizuna, radish, and daikon (kaiware-daikon in Japanese cuisine), arugula, tatsoi, and turnip
 * Umbelliferous vegetables (parsley family) - these may be used more as microgreens than sprouts:
 * carrot, celery, fennel, and parsley.
 * Allium (onion family) - cannot distinguish sprouts from microgreens:
 * onion, leek, and green onion (me-negi in Japanese cuisine)
 * Other vegetables and herbs:
 * spinach, lettuce, milk thistle, and lemon grass

Although whole oats can be sprouted, oat groats sold in food stores, which are dehulled and have been steamed or roasted to prevent rancidity, will not sprout. Whole oats may have an indigestible hull which makes them difficult or even unfit for human consumption. In the case of rice, the husk of the paddy is removed before sprouting. Brown rice is widely used for germination in Japan and other countries, becoming germinated brown rice. Quinoa in its natural state is very easy to sprout, but when polished, or pre-cleaned of its saponin coating (becoming whiter), it loses its power to germinate.

Sprouts of the family Solanaceae (tomato, potato, paprika, and aubergine/eggplant) and the family Polygonaceae (rhubarb) cannot be eaten raw, as they can be poisonous. Some sprouts can be cooked to remove the relevant toxin, while others cannot.

With all seeds, care should be taken that they are intended for sprouting or human consumption, rather than sowing. Seeds intended for sowing may be treated with toxic chemical dressings. Several countries, such as New Zealand, require that some varieties of imported edible seed be heat-treated, thus making it impossible for them to sprout.

The germination process

The germination process takes a few days and can be done at home manually, as a semi-automated process, or industrially on a large scale for commercial use. The time it takes for germination depends on the type of seed and their environment.

Typically the seeds are first rinsed to remove soil, dirt and the mucilaginous substances produced by some seeds when they come in contact with water. Then they are soaked for from 20 minutes to 12 hours, depending on the type and size of the seed. The soaking increases the water content in the seeds and brings them out of quiescence. After draining and then rinsing seeds at regular intervals, the seeds then germinate, or sprout.

For home sprouting, the seeds are soaked (big seeds) or moistened (small), then left at room temperature (13 to 21 C) in a sprouting vessel. Many different types of vessels can be used as a sprouting vessel. One type is a simple glass jar with a piece of cloth or nylon window screen secured over its rim. Tiered clear-plastic sprouters are commercially available, allowing a number of crops to be grown simultaneously. By staggering sowings, a constant supply of young sprouts can be ensured. Any vessel used for sprouting must allow water to drain from it, because sprouts that sit in water will rot quickly. The seeds swell, may stick to the sides of the jar, and begin germinating within a day or two.

Another sprouting technique is to use a pulse drip method. The photo below on the right shows crimson clover sprouts grown on 1/8 in urethane foam mats. It is a one-way watering system with micro-sprinklers providing intermittent pulses of fresh water to reduce the risk of bacterial cross-contamination with Salmonella and E. coli during the sprouting process.

Sprouts are rinsed two to four times a day, depending on the climate and the type of seed, to provide them with moisture and prevent them from souring. Each seed has its own ideal sprouting time. After three to five days the sprouts will have grown 5 to 8 cm in length and will be suitable for consumption. If left longer they will begin to develop leaves, and are then known as baby greens. A popular baby green is a sunflower after 7–10 days. Refrigeration can be used as needed to slow or halt the growth process of any sprout.

Common causes for sprouts becoming inedible:
 * Seeds are not rinsed well enough before soaking
 * Seeds are left in standing water after the initial soaking
 * Seeds are allowed to dry out
 * Temperature is too high or too low
 * Dirty equipment
 * Insufficient air flow
 * Contaminated water source
 * Poor germination rate

Mung beans can be sprouted either in light or dark conditions. Those sprouted in the dark will be crisper in texture and whiter, as in the case of commercially available Chinese Bean Sprouts, but these have less nutritional content than those grown in partial sunlight. Growing in full sunlight is not recommended, because it can cause the beans to overheat or dry out. Subjecting the sprouts to pressure, for example, by placing a weight on top of them in their sprouting container, will result in larger, crunchier sprouts similar to those sold in grocery stores.

A very effective way to sprout beans like lentils or azuki is in colanders. Soak the beans in water for about 8 hours then place in the colander. Wash twice a day. The sprouted beans can be eaten raw or cooked.

Sprouting is also applied on a large scale to barley as a part of the malting process. Malted barley is an important ingredient in beer and is used in large quantities. Most malted barley is widely distributed among retail sellers in North America.

Many varieties of nuts, such as almonds and peanuts, can also be started in their growth cycle by soaking and sprouting, although because the sprouts are generally still very small when eaten, they are usually called "soaks".

Nutrition

Sprouts can be germinated at home or produced industrially. They are a prominent ingredient of a raw food diet and are common in Eastern Asian cuisine.

Raw lentils contain lectins which can be reduced by sprouting or cooking. A downside to consuming raw sprouts is that the process of germinating seeds can also be conducive to harmful bacterial growth.

Sprouts are rich in digestible energy, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, proteins, and phytochemicals, as these are necessary for a germinating plant to grow.

 * "The metabolic activity of resting seeds increases as soon as they are hydrated during soaking. Complex biochemical changes occur during hydration and subsequent sprouting. The reserve chemical constituents, such as protein, starch and lipids, are broken down by enzymes into simple compounds that are used to make new compounds."
 * "Sprouting grains causes increased activities of hydrolytic enzymes, improvements in the contents of total proteins, fat, certain essential amino acids, total sugars, B-group vitamins, and a decrease in dry matter, starch and anti-nutrients. The increased contents of protein, fat, fibre and total ash are only apparent and attributable to the disappearance of starch. However, improvements in amino acid composition, B-group vitamins, sugars, protein and starch digestibilities, and decrease in phytates and protease inhibitors are the metabolic effects of the sprouting process."

Protein
"Very complex qualitative changes are reported to occur during soaking and sprouting of seeds. The conversion of storage proteins of cereal grains into albumins and globulins during sprouting may improve the quality of cereal proteins. Many studies have shown an increase in the content of the amino acid lysine with sprouting."

"An increase in proteolytic activity during sprouting is desirable for nutritional improvement of cereals because it leads to hydrolysis of prolamins and the liberated amino acids such as glutamic and proline are converted to limiting amino acids such as lysine."

Fiber
"In sprouted barley, crude fiber, a major constituent of cell walls, increases both in percentage and real terms, with the synthesis of structural carbohydrates, such as cellulose and hemicellulose."

Vitamins
Sprouting treatment of cereal grains may improve vitamin value, especially the B-group vitamins. Certain vitamins such as α-tocopherol (vitamin-E) and β-carotene (vitamin-A precursor) are produced during the growth process.

Bacterial infection

Commercially grown sprouts have been associated with multiple outbreaks of harmful bacteria, including salmonella and toxic forms of Escherichia coli. Such infections, which are so frequent in the United States that investigators call them "sproutbreaks", may be a result of contaminated seeds or of unhygienic production with high microbial counts. Sprout seeds can become contaminated in the fields where they are grown, and sanitizing steps may be unable to kill bacteria hidden in damaged seeds. A single surviving bacterium in a kilogram of seed can be enough to contaminate a whole batch of sprouts, according to the FDA.

To minimize the impact of the incidents and maintain public health, both the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Health Canada issued industry guidance on the safe manufacturing of edible sprouts and public education on their safe consumption. There are also publications for hobby farmers on safely growing and consuming sprouts at home. The recommendations include development and implementation of good agricultural practices and good manufacturing practices in the production and handling of seeds and sprouts, seed disinfection treatments, and microbial testing before the product enters the food supply.

In June 2011, contaminated fenugreek sprouts (grown from seed from Egypt) in Germany was identified as the source of the 2011 E. coli O104:H4 outbreak which German officials had at first wrongly blamed on cucumbers from Spain and then on mung bean sprouts. In addition to Germany, where 3,785 cases and 45 deaths had been reported by the end of the outbreak, a handful of cases were reported in several countries including Switzerland, Poland, the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, the UK, Canada, and the USA. Virtually all affected people had been in Germany shortly before becoming ill.

Anti-nutritional factors
Some legumes, including sprouts, can contain toxins or anti-nutritional factors, which can be reduced by soaking, sprouting and cooking. Joy Larkcom advises that to be on the safe side "one shouldn’t eat large quantities of raw legume sprouts on a regular basis, no more than about 550g (20oz) daily".

Phytic acid, an anti-nutritional factor, occurs primarily in the seed coats and germ tissue of plant seeds. It forms insoluble or nearly insoluble compounds with many metal ions, including those of calcium, iron, magnesium, and zinc, reducing their dietary availability. Diets high in phytic acid and poor in these minerals produce mineral deficiency in experimental animals (Gontzea and Sutzescu, 1968, as cited in Chavan and Kadam, 1989). The latter authors state that the sprouting of cereals has been reported to decrease levels of phytic acid. Similarly, Shipard (2005) states that enzymes of germination and sprouting can help decrease the detrimental substances such as phytic acid. However, the amount of phytic acid reduction from soaking is only marginal, and not enough to fully counteract its anti-nutrient effects.

Canavanine
Alfalfa seeds and sprouts contain L-canavanine, which can cause lupus-like disease in primates.

European Union regulations
In order to prevent incidents like the 2011 EHEC epidemic, on 11 March 2013, the European Commission issued three new, tighter regulations.
 * Regulation (EU) No 208/2013 requires that the origins of seeds must always be traceable at all stages of processing, production, and distribution. Therefore, a full description of the seeds or sprouts needs to be kept on record. (see also Article 18 of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002)
 * Regulation (EU) No 209/2013 amends Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005 in respect of microbiological criteria for sprouts and the sampling rules for poultry carcasses and fresh poultry meat.
 * Regulation (EU) No 211/2013 requires that imported sprouts and seeds intended for the production of sprouts have a certificate, drawn up in accordance with the model certificate in the Annex of the regulation, that serves as proof that the production process complies with the general hygiene provisions in Part A of Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 852/2004 and the traceability requirements of Implementing Regulation (EU) No 208/2013.

title: Sprouting


text:
NTLDR

NTLDR (abbreviation of NT loader) is the boot loader for all releases of Windows NT operating system from 1993 with the release of Windows NT 3.1 up until Windows XP and Windows Server 2003. From Windows Vista onwards it was replaced by the BOOTMGR bootloader. NTLDR is typically run from the primary storage device, but it can also run from portable storage devices such as a CD-ROM, USB flash drive, or floppy disk. NTLDR can also load a non NT-based operating system given the appropriate boot sector in a file.

NTLDR requires, at the minimum, the following two files to be on the system volume:

 * ntldr, the main boot loader itself
 * NTDETECT.COM, required for booting an NT-based OS, detects basic hardware information needed for successful boot

An additional important file is boot.ini, which contains boot configuration (if missing, NTLDR will default to \Windows on the first partition of the first hard drive).

NTLDR is launched by the volume boot record of system partition, which is typically written to the disk by the Windows FORMAT or SYS command.

History
Windows NT was originally designed for ARC-compatible platforms, relying on its boot manager support and providing only osloader.exe, a loading program accepting ordinary command-line arguments specifying Windows directory partition, location or boot parameters, which is launched by ARC-compatible boot manager when a user chooses to start specific Windows NT operating system. However, because the x86 lacked any of the ARC support, the additional layer was added specifically for that platform: custom boot manager code presenting text menu allowing the user to choose from one or more operating system and its options configured in boot.ini configuration file, prepended by special StartUp module which is responsible for some preparations such as switching the CPU to the protected mode. When a user chooses an operating system from the boot menu, the following command-line arguments are then passed to the part of the osloader.exe common to all processor architectures:

load osloader=\System32\NTLDR systempartition= osloadpartition= osloadoptions= consolein=multi(0)key(0)keyboard(0) consoleout=multi(0)video(0)monitor(0) x86systempartition=

In Windows releases starting from Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008, NTLDR has been split off back to its boot manager and system loader parts: the Windows Boot Manager and winload.exe. The boot manager part has been completely rewritten; it no longer uses boot.ini as a configuration file, although the bootcfg utility for modifying boot.ini is still present for the case of multi-boot configurations with Windows versions up to Windows XP and Windows Server 2003.

Command-line interface
The bootsect.exe utility program in the Windows PE tools has options /nt52 (NTLDR) and /nt60 (Vista and up) to store a NTLDR or Vista boot record in the first sector of a specified partition. The command can be used for FAT and NTFS based file systems. It replaces the FixFAT and FixNTFS tools.

Example
The following example applies the NTLDR compatible master boot code to the D: volume:

Startup process
When a PC is powered on its BIOS follows the configured boot order to find a bootable device. This can be a harddisk, floppy, CD/DVD, network connection, USB-device, etc. depending on the BIOS. In the case of a floppy the BIOS interprets its boot sector (first sector) as code, for NTLDR this could be a NTLDR boot sector looking for the  file on the floppy. For a harddisk the code in the Master Boot Record (first sector) determines the active partition. The code in the boot sector of the active partition could then be again a NTLDR boot sector looking for  in the root directory of this active partition. In a more convoluted scenario the active partition can contain a Vista boot sector for the newer Vista boot manager with an {ntldr} entry pointing to another partition with a NTLDR boot sector.

When booting, the loader portion of NTLDR does the following in order:

 * 1) Accesses the file system on the boot drive (either FAT or New Technology File System, NTFS).
 * 2) If Windows was put in the hibernation state, the contents of hiberfil.sys are loaded into memory and the system resumes where it left off.
 * 3) Otherwise, reads boot.ini and prompts the user with the boot menu accordingly.
 * 4) If a non NT-based OS is selected, NTLDR loads the associated file listed in boot.ini (bootsect.dos if no file is specified or if the user is booting into a DOS based OS) and gives it control.
 * 5) If an NT-based OS is selected, NTLDR runs ntdetect.com, which gathers information about the computer's hardware. (If ntdetect.com hangs during hardware detection, there is a debug version called ntdetect.chk that can be found on Microsoft support. )
 * 6) Starts ntoskrnl.exe, passing to it the information returned by ntdetect.com.

boot.ini
NTLDR's first action is to read the boot.ini file. NTLDR allows the user to choose which operating system to boot from at the menu. For NT and NT-based operating systems, it also allows the user to pass preconfigured options to the kernel. The menu options are stored in boot.ini, which itself is located in the root of the same disk as NTLDR. Though NTLDR can boot DOS and non-NT versions of Windows, boot.ini cannot configure their boot options.

For NT-based OSs, the location of the operating system is written as an Advanced RISC Computing (ARC) path.

boot.ini is protected from user configuration by having the following file attributes: system, hidden, read-only. To manually edit it, the user would first have to remove these attributes. A more secure fashion to edit the file is to use the bootcfg command from a console. bootcfg will also relock the file (setting the file back to system, hidden, and read-only). Additionally, the file can be edited within Windows using a text editor if the folder view option "Show hidden files and folders" is selected, the folder view option "Hide protected operating system files" is unchecked, and the "Read-only" option is unchecked under the file's properties.

bootsect.dos is the boot sector loaded by NTLDR to load DOS, or if there is no file specified when loading a non NT-based OS.

Example
An example of a boot.ini file:

If the boot loader timeout option in boot.ini is set to 0, the NTLDR boot menu does not appear. Extreme caution should be taken when modifying the boot loader, as erroneous information can result in an OS that fails to boot.

NT kernel switches

 * /3GB – Forces x86-based systems to increase the virtual address space allocated for user programs to 3 GB, and to decrease to 1 GB allocated to the kernel and to executive components.  Used for some programs that require more than the standard 2 GB allocated to user programs and 2 GB allocated to the system.  Some configurations of Windows Server 2003 that run virtual memory-intensive applications such as database servers or Microsoft Exchange Server 2003 may require this switch or may benefit from improved performance. Activating this option may break VMR-9 video. Activating this option may also cause audio problems with Creative SB X-Fi series sound cards with (X-Fi Gamer / X-Fi Titanium @ WINXP 32-bit 3/2012). These problems may be connected to the way that Creatives drivers handle memory over 2 GB.
 * /BASEVIDEO – Forces the system into standard 640 × 480 16-color VGA mode by using a video device driver that is compatible with any video adapter. If the operating system fails to load due to a faulty or incorrectly configured video driver, this switch allows the system to load, so the user may then remove, update, or roll back the video driver causing the problem. Using this switch in conjunction with the /SOS switch helps to determine the driver that is triggering a failure.
 *  – Sets the baud rate of the debug port that is used for kernel debugging. Use of this switch automatically enables the /DEBUG switch. Specifies an override for the default baud rate (19200) at which a remote kernel debugger host will connect.  Example:.
 * /BOOTLOG – Turns on boot logging to a file named %SystemRoot%\Ntbtlog.txt.
 * /BOOTLOGO – Displays an alternate 640 × 480 16-color custom bitmap. The bitmap must be saved in the \Windows directory with the name boot.bmp. Use with the /NOGUIBOOT switch.
 *  – Specifies the amount of memory, in megabytes, that Windows cannot use. Use this parameter to confirm a performance problem or other problems that are related to RAM depletion.
 *  – Use with the /DEBUG switch and the switch to selects the IEEE 1394 interface channel (numbered 0 to 62) through which kernel debugging communications will flow.
 * /CRASHDEBUG – Loads the kernel debugger at OS startup, but it remains inactive until a Stop error occurs. With this switch, the COM port can be used for normal operations while Windows is running. If Windows crashes, the switch converts the port to a debug port. (This action turns on remote debugging.)
 * /DEBUG – Turns on the kernel debugger when Windows starts. Unlike the /CRASHDEBUG switch, /DEBUG uses the COM port whether you use debugging or not.
 *  – Specifies the COM port to use for the debug port. By default, /DEBUGPORT uses COM2 if it exists. Otherwise, the default is COM1. Use of this switch automatically enables the /DEBUG switch.
 * /FASTDETECT[:com x [,com y ]]|undefined – Turns off serial and bus mouse detection for the specified port(s), or for all ports if none are specified. Use this switch when there is a component other than a mouse attached to a serial port during the startup process. Ports may be separated with commas to turn off more than one port. (Note: In earlier versions of Windows, including Windows NT 4.0, this switch was named /NOSERIALMICE.)
 *  – Defines the Hardware Abstraction Layer that is loaded at startup. This switch is useful to try out a different HAL before you rename the file to HAL.DLL. This switch is also useful when you want to try to switch between starting in multiprocessor mode and starting in single processor mode. To do this, use this switch with the /KERNEL switch. filename must be in System32 directory. It can be a simple file, hard link, but not a symbolic link or a junction point.
 *  – Defines the kernel that is loaded at startup. With this switch, the user can switch between a debug-enabled kernel that is full of debugging code and a regular kernel. Same limitations for filename location and type as for /HAL switch.
 *  – Specifies the maximum amount of RAM, in megabytes, that Windows can use. However, the /MAXMEM switch does not account for memory holes. Therefore, it is recommended to use the /BURNMEMORY switch instead.
 * /MININT – This option is used by Windows Preinstallation Environment (WinPE) and loads the Registry SYSTEM hive as a volatile hive such that changes made to it in memory are not saved back to the hive image.
 * /NODEBUG – Turns off debugging. This scenario can cause a Stop Error if a program has a debug hardcoded breakpoint in its software.
 * OPTOUT – This option is only available on 32-bit versions of Windows when running on processors supporting Data Execution Prevention (DEP). It enables DEP, which results in the memory manager marking pages containing data as no-execute so that they cannot be executed as code. This can be useful for preventing malicious code from exploiting buffer overflow bugs with unexpected program input in order to execute arbitrary code. No-execute protection is always enabled on 64-bit versions of Windows on processors that support no-execute protection. There are several options the user can specify with this switch:
 *  – Enables DEP for core system images and those specified in the DEP configuration dialog.
 *  – Enables DEP for all images except those specified in the DEP configuration dialog.
 *  – Enables DEP on all images.
 *  – Disables DEP.
 * /NOGUIBOOT – Displays the device driver names while they are being loaded. Use with the /BASEVIDEO switch to determine the driver that is triggering a failure.
 * /NOPAE – Forces Ntldr to load the non-Physical Address Extension (PAE) version of the Windows kernel, even if the system is detected as supporting x86 PAEs and has more than 4 GB of physical memory.
 * /NOSERIALMICE[=com x ] – (Obsolete on all versions post-Windows NT 4.0) Replaced by the absence of the /FASTDETECT switch. Disables serial mouse detection on the specified COM ports. Using /NOSERIALMICE without specifying a COM port disables serial mouse detection on all COM ports.
 *  – Sets the number of processors that Windows will run at startup. With this switch, the user can force a multiprocessor system to use only the quantity of processors (number) that you specify. Useful for troubleshooting performance problems and defective CPUs.
 * /ONECPU – Equivalent to using . Causes Windows to use only one CPU on a multiprocessor system.
 * /PAE – Enables Physical Address Extension support. In Safe Mode, the computer starts by using normal kernels, even if the /PAE switch is specified.
 * /PCILOCK – For x86-based systems, this stops the operating system from dynamically assigning hardware input, hardware output, and interrupt request resources to PCI devices. Instead, the BIOS configures the devices.
 * /REDIRECT – Turns on Emergency Management Services (EMS) on a Windows Server 2003, Enterprise Edition-based computer. To turn on EMS by editing the Boot.ini on an x86-based computer, edit both the [boot loader] section and the [operating systems] section of the Boot.ini file.
 * /SAFEBOOT:{MINIMAL – Starts Windows in Safe Mode. You must include the colon plus one of the three types listed above. An additional option the user can append is (ALTERNATESHELL), which tells Windows to use the program specified by the HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\SafeBoot\AlternateShell value as the graphical shell rather than to use the default, which is Windows Explorer. The user can also combine other boot.ini parameters with /SAFEBOOT: type. The following examples illustrate the parameters that are in effect when you select a Safe Mode option from the startup recovery menu. (Note: The /SOS, /BOOTLOG, and /NOGUIBOOT switches are not required with any one of these settings, but the switches can help with troubleshooting.)
 * Safe Mode (/SAFEBOOT:MINIMAL /SOS /BOOTLOG /NOGUIBOOT) – Default: Uses a minimal set of device drivers and services to start Windows.
 * Safe Mode with Networking (/SAFEBOOT:NETWORK /SOS /BOOTLOG /NOGUIBOOT) – Default mode together with the drivers necessary to load networking.
 * Safe Mode with Command Prompt (/SAFEBOOT:MINIMAL(ALTERNATESHELL) /SOS /BOOTLOG /NOGUIBOOT) – Default mode, except that Cmd.exe starts instead of Windows Explorer.
 * Windows in Directory Services Restore Mode (/SAFEBOOT:DSREPAIR /SOS) – (This mode is valid only for Windows-based domain controllers.) Performs a directory service repair.
 * /SOS – Disables the graphical boot screen and uses the NT4 style text-boot, listing the Windows build number, version number, etc. In Windows 2000 and XP, the text is rendered inside the CHKDSK bitmap (and with a progress bar in 2000).
 * /USEPMTIMER – Specifies that Windows uses the Power Management Timer (PM_TIMER) timer settings instead of the Time Stamp Counter (TSC) timer settings if the processor supports the PM_TIMER settings. By default, Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 2 (SP2) uses the PM timer for all multiprocessor APIC or ACPI HALs. If you are not running Windows Server 2003 SP2, you must force the computer to use the PM timer by using the /USEPMTIMER switch.
 *  – Customizes the amount of memory, in megabytes, that is allocated to processes when using the /3GB switch. This switch permits more page table entry kernel memory but still maintains almost 3 GB of process memory space.
 * /WIN95 – Directs Ntldr to boot the Windows boot sector stored in bootsect.w40.
 * /WIN95DOS – Directs Ntldr to boot the MS-DOS boot sector stored in bootsect.dos.
 *  – Instructs the Windows core time function to ignore the year that the computer's real-time clock reports and instead use the one indicated. Example: . (This switch was created to assist in Y2K testing.)

title: NTLDR


text:
Belfort

Belfort (archaic Beffert, Beffort) is a city in northeastern France, situated approximately 25 km from the Swiss border. It is the prefecture of the Territoire de Belfort.

Belfort is 400 km from Paris and 55 km from Basel. The residents of the city are called "Belfortains". The city is located on the river Savoureuse, on a strategically important natural route between the Rhine and the Rhône – the Belfort Gap (Trouée de Belfort) or Burgundian Gate (Porte de Bourgogne). It is located approximately 16 km south from the base of the Ballon d'Alsace mountain range, source of the Savoureuse. The city of Belfort has 46,443 inhabitants (2019). Belfort is the centre of a larger functional area (metropolitan area) with 133,597 inhabitants (2018), between the larger metropolitan areas of Mulhouse and Montbéliard.

History
Belfort's strategic location, in a natural gap between the Vosges and the Jura, on a route linking the Rhine and the Rhône, has attracted human settlement since Roman times, and has also made it a frequent target for invading armies many times in its history.

The site of Belfort was inhabited in Gallo-Roman times. Later, it was heavily settled by Germanic peoples during the Germanic migrations, most notably the Burgundians, who settled in the region after the Gallo-Roman inhabitants had been displaced. It was subsequently recorded in the 13th century as a possession of the counts of Montbéliard, who granted it a charter in 1307.

Previously an Austrian possession, Belfort was transferred to France by the Treaty of Westphalia (1648), which ended the Thirty Years' War. The town's fortifications were extended and developed by the military architect Vauban for Louis XIV.

Franco-Prussian War
Until 1871, Belfort was part of the département of Haut-Rhin, in Alsace. The Siege of Belfort (between 3 November 1870 and 18 February 1871) during the Franco Prussian war was successfully resisted by the French until the garrison was ordered to surrender 21 days after the armistice between France and Prussia ended the war. The region was not annexed by Prussia like the rest of Alsace was. It was exchanged for territories in the vicinity of Metz. It formed, as it still does, the Territoire de Belfort. The siege is commemorated by a huge statue, the Lion of Belfort, by Frédéric Bartholdi. Alsatians not wanting to live under German rule in annexed Alsace and who wanted a French life and home in Belfort made a significant contribution to Belfort and French industry (see Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques) after 1872.

1892 Paris-Belfort running race
On 5 June 1892, Le Petit Journal organised a foot-race from Paris to Belfort, a course of over 380 km, the first large-scale long-distance running race on record. Over 1,100 competitors registered for the event and over 800 started from the offices of Le Petit Journal, at Paris Opera. This had also been the start point for the inaugural Paris–Brest–Paris cycle-race the previous year. The newspaper's circulation dramatically increased as the French public followed the progress of race participants, 380 of whom completed the course in under ten days. In Le Petit Journal on 18 June 1892, Pierre Giffard praised the event as a model for the physical training of a nation faced by hostile neighbours. The event was won by Constant Ramoge in 100 hours, 5 minutes.

World War One
The town was bombarded by the German Army during World War I. Before the war, the September Programme of German Imperial Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg, pressed for expansionist aims of French territory, specifically advocated the annexation of the Belfort region along with the western side of the Vosges Mountains.

World War Two
After the 1940 Battle of France with the German victory, Belfort fell within the Nazi German occupation zone. In November 1944, the retreating Wehrmacht held off the French First Army outside the town until French Commandos made a successful night attack on the Salbert Fort. Belfort was liberated on 22 November 1944. It is believed that Adolf Hitler intended to annex Belfort into the German Gau Baden–Alsace, but it never took place.

Climate
Belfort has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). The average annual temperature in Belfort is 10.1 C. The average annual rainfall is 1122.3 mm with December as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 19.2 C, and lowest in January, at around 1.2 C. The highest temperature ever recorded in Belfort was 38.0 C on 13 July 1949; the coldest temperature ever recorded was -21.4 C on 10 February 1956.

Economy
Belfort is a centre for heavy engineering industries, mostly dedicated to railways and turbines. Belfort is the hometown of Alstom where the first TGVs (Trains à Grande Vitesse, High Speed Trains) were produced, as well as hosting the GE Power European headquarters and a centre of excellence for the manufacturing of gas turbines.

Road
Belfort is located at a busy hub in the region's local and long-distance road network. Its proximity to the commercial port of Mulhouse-Rhin facilitates international trade. The motorway A36 from Beaune to Mulhouse follows a route to the south and east of the city, and forms the main axis linking Belfort to other French and European cities. Passing just south of town, N19 connects Langres (and thereby Paris and Troyes) to the Swiss canton of Jura.

Air
EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg is located about 60 km east of Belfort (1 hour drive).

Rail links

Belfort is well connected with the rest of France, with direct connections by train to major destinations such as Paris, Dijon, Besançon, Mulhouse, Strasbourg, Lyon, Marseille, Montpellier and Lille, including high-speed trains. Some trains operate into Switzerland, such as Basel and Zürich stations. There is also a train service to Frankfurt am Main in Germany.

Regional services connect Belfort to Montbéliard, Besançon, Mulhouse, Vesoul, Épinal and Nancy.

 * Belfort station is the main railway station in the centre of the city.
 * Belfort – Montbéliard TGV station is the high speed railway station, located 9 km south of the city.

From 2017, regional trains will connect Belfort with Belfort-Montbéliard TGV station using the new Belfort–Delle railway link. This service links Belfort and the surrounding area to Switzerland, and the high-speed train link will connect Swiss towns such as Delémont, Bern, Fribourg and Lausanne to Paris and other cities. Before 2020, the service Épinal-Belfort will be electrified and modernized. This will allow a link between LGV Est and LGV Rhin-Rhône in Belfort-Montbéliard TGV station, opening new destinations like Nancy, Metz and Luxembourg.

Local transport

A local bus network Optymo operates within Belfort (www.optymo.fr). Tickets can be bought from any newsagent in the city, or a bus passenger can send a sms 'BUS' to 84100 and show the confirmation sms as a ticket.

Cycling tracks
The region of Belfort already offers around 70 km of cycling tracks with more under construction. Visit the local tourist office for information on the latest additions including the 'Coulée verte' to the west, malsaucy-giromany to the north and the Euro Velo 6 about 20 km to the south. There are many organised cycling events, offering the opportunity for people to explore the area in the company of an official guide.

Sights

 * Belfort is the home of the Lion of Belfort, a sculpture (that expressed people's resistance against the siege in the Franco-Prussian War (1870)) by Frédéric Bartholdi – who shortly afterwards built the Statue of Liberty in New York.
 * The Belfort Citadel – A unique example of Vauban pentagonal fortifications
 * The Belfort Cathedral, 18th century
 * The Belfort Synagogue erected in 1857
 * The old town
 * The Belfort city museums feature three main areas:
 * History (from archeology to military) in the old barracks on the top of the citadel.
 * Art (mainly from 16th to 19th century) in the Tour 41
 * Modern Art in the Donation Jardot
 * Since July 2007, the site of "La Citadelle de la Liberté", the citadel of Liberty has been open to the public – with a son et lumière animated trail in the moats and its big underground passage.
 * From the top of a tall building or going up the nearby mountains on a clear day, the ice-capped mountains of the Alps in Switzerland can be seen.
 * Grand souterrain de la citadelle de Belfort- the underground passage of Belfort Citadel.

Eurockéennes
Belfort's best known cultural event is the annual Eurockéennes, one of France's largest rock music festivals.

FIMU
Belfort is also well known for hosting the annual Festival International de Musique Universitaire (FIMU) held in May each year. FIMU usually involves over 250 concerts at different locations around the city and around 2500 musicians, most of them students or amateur groups from countries across Europe and the rest of the world. Music styles performed are extremely diverse and include traditional, folk, rock, jazz, classical and experimental.

Births
Belfort was the birthplace of:
 * Joseph de La Porte (1714–1779), 18th-century Jesuit, literary critic, poet and playwright.
 * Marie-Anne Françoise Brideau (1751–1794), Carmelite nun (Sœur Saint Louis), one of the sixteen Martyrs of Compiègne
 * François Sébastien Christophe Laporte (1760–1823), French Revolutionary politician
 * François Joseph Heim (1787–1865), painter
 * Marie-Anne Leroudier (1838-1908), embroiderer
 * Jules Brunet (1838–1911), a member of the first French Military Mission to Japan in order to help modernize the armies of the shogunate
 * Alexander Toponce (1839–1923), American pioneer
 * Louis-Gabriel-Charles Vicaire (1848–1900), poet
 * Paul Faivre (1886–1973), actor
 * Pierre Macherey (1938– ), literary critic
 * Jean-Pierre Chevènement (1939– ), politician
 * Raymond Forni (1941–2008), politician
 * Gérard Grisey (born 1946–1998), composer
 * Tahar Rahim (1981– ), actor
 * Thomas Holbein (1983– ), professional footballer
 * Frederic Duplus, footballer
 * John Glele, footballer
 * Catherine Joly, classical pianist
 * Fabrice Balanche, geographer

International relations
Belfort is twinned with:

 * Delémont, Switzerland
 * 🇩🇪 Leonberg, Germany
 * 🇺🇦 Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine
 * 🏴 Stafford, England, United Kingdom
 * 🇧🇫 Tanghin-Dassouri, Burkina Faso

title: Belfort


text:
User talk:194.159.3.6

Nomination of Scottish Socialist Party (1987) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Scottish Socialist Party (1987) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Scottish Socialist Party (1987) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. doktorb wordsdeeds 20:48, 22 January 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:194.159.3.6


text:
Larnaca

Larnaca (pronounced ) (Λάρνακα ; Larnaka) is a city on the south east coast of Cyprus and the capital of the district of the same name. It is the third-largest city in the country, after Nicosia and Limassol, with a district population of 144,200 in 2015.

Larnaca is known for its palm-tree seafront also called Finikoudes (Greek: Φινικούδες) as well as the Church of Saint Lazarus, Hala Sultan Tekke, Kamares Aqueduct, and Larnaca Castle. It is built on the ruins of ancient Citium, which was the birthplace of Stoic philosopher Zeno. Larnaca is home to the country's primary airport, Larnaca International Airport. It also has a seaport and a marina.

Name
The name Larnaca originates from the Ancient Greek noun λάρναξ larnax 'coffer, box; chest, e.g. for household stores; cinerary urn, sarcophagus, coffin; drinking trough, chalice'. An informal etymology attributes the origin of the name to the many larnakes (sarcophagi) that have been found in the area. Sophocles Hadjisavvas, a state archeologist, states that "[the city's U.S.] consul of the last quarter of the 19th century, claimed to have explored more than 3,000 tombs in the area of Larnaca, so-called after the immense number of sarcophagi found in the modern town".

History
The former city-kingdom of Kition was originally established in the 13th century BC. New cultural elements appearing between 1200 BC and 1000 BC, including pottery, new architectural forms. These archaeological findings are interpreted as indications of significant political changes and the arrival of the Achaeans, the first Greek colonists of Kition. Around the same time, Phoenicians settled the area.

At the archaeological sites of Kiteon, remains that date from the 13th century BC have been found. Around 1000 BC, Kition was rebuilt by Phoenicians and it subsequently became a center of Phoenician culture. The remains of the sites include cyclopean walls and a complex of five temples and a naval port.

It was conquered in the first millennium BC by a series of great powers of the region. First by the Assyrian Empire, then by Egypt. Like most Cypriot cities, Kition belonged to the Persian Achaemenid Empire. In 450 BC, the Athenian general Cimon died at sea, while militarily supporting the revolt against Persia's rule over Cyprus. On his deathbed, he urged his officers to conceal his death from both their allies and the Persians.

Strong earthquakes hit the city in 76 AD and the year after.

Earthquakes of 322 AD and 342 "caused the destruction not only of Kition but also of Salamis and Pafos". Kition's harbor silted up, and the population moved to the seafront farther south, sometime after this. Contributing factors to the silting are thought to have been earthquakes, deforestation, and overgrazing.

The commercial port was located at Skala, during the Ottoman Period starting in 1571. Skala is the name of the seashore immediately south of the Larnaca Castle and its neighborhood.

Geography
The Salt Lake fills with water during the winter season and is visited by flocks of flamingoes who stay there from November until the end of March. It usually dries up in the summer. In the past, it yielded good quality salt scraped from the dried surface. The salt from the lake is now considered unsuitable for consumption.

Climate
The climate in this area is described by the Köppen Climate Classification System as a hot semi-arid climate (BSh) due to its low annual rainfall and hot summer temperatures resulting in highly negative water balance. It is sometimes described as a mediterranean climate due to the pronounced rainy season in winter and virtually rainless summers, but the total annual rainfall is below the required amount to avoid the semi-arid classification.

Promenade
Finikoudes is the promenade along Athenon Avenue on the seafront. A row of palm trees (Cypriot Greek: φοινικούδες, foinikoudes) lines either side of it.

Much of the activity is centered on the city promenade during the major festivals. The most important of these is Kataklysmos or the Festival of the Flood, celebrated in early summer with a series of cultural events. The festival used to last for about a week, but, in recent years, with the increased commercialism of peripheral stalls, rides, and temporary Lokma restaurants, the festival has been extended to about three weeks, during which the seafront is closed to traffic in the evenings.

Monuments

 * A bust of Cimon stands on the Foinikoudes Promenade, with this quote referring to him on the pedestal: "Even in death he was victorious" ("Kαι νεκρός ενίκα").
 * The marble bust of Zeno of Citium stands at the crossroads near the American Academy. Zeno was born in Kition in 334 BC. After studying philosophy in Athens, he founded the Stoicism school of philosophy.
 * The Armenian Genocide Memorial stands on Athenon Avenue.

Landmarks
The city's landmarks include the Church of Saint Lazarus, the Catacomb of Phaneromeni Church, Hala Sultan Tekke, the Bekir Pasha Aqueduct, and the Larnaca Castle.

Economy
Larnaca's economy has been growing since 1975, after the loss of the Port of Famagusta, which handled 80% of general cargo, and the closure of Nicosia International Airport, events which have seen Larnaca's airport and seaport play increasingly important roles in the economy of the island. A €650m upgrade of Larnaca Airport has been completed.

The service sector, including tourism, employs three-quarters of Larnaca's labour force. Many travel and tour operators and other travel-related companies have a head office in Larnaca.

Education
There are over a hundred educational institutions in the city, including the American Academy, Larnaca Nareg Armenian school and the Alexander College.

Arts
Larnaca has a theatre and an art gallery, which are operated by the municipality. The Cornaro Institute was a cultural centre founded by the celebrated Cypriot artist Stass Paraskos in the Old Town in 2007, which staged contemporary art exhibitions and other cultural events, prior to its closure by Larnaca Municipality in 2017.

Music
Local institutions include the Municipal Wind Orchestra.

Sports
Local teams include (football:) AEK Larnaca FC and ALKI Larnaca FC. Due to the Turkish occupation of Famagusta, the two teams of Famagusta, Anorthosis and Nea Salamina, are located here.

Local sports arenas include AEK Arena - Georgios Karapatakis, GSZ Stadium, Antonis Papadopoulos Stadium and Ammochostos Stadium.

International competitions held in the city, include the Larnaka International Marathon since 2017, the Shooting Shotgun European Championships in 2012, the FIVB Beach Volleyball SWATCH Youth World Championship in 2012, the European Under-19 Football Championship final in 1998 and the European Under-17 Football Championship final in 1992.

Larnaca attracts windsurfers from around the world, especially in autumn. Mackenzie Beach hosts a windsurfing centre together with an extreme sports centre.

Museums
Museums found in Larnaca include the Larnaca District Archaeological Museum, Pierides Museum, Agios Lazaros Byzantine Museum, Kallinikeio Municipal Museum of Athienou, Larnaca Medieval Museum, Larnaca Municipal Museum of Natural History, Larnaca Municipal Historical Archives - Museum of Larnaca, Folklore Museum ‘Kostas Kaimakliotis’ - Aradippou, Theasis Museum, Kyriazis Medical Museum and Museum of Michel Platini.

Cuisine and seafood
The beaches of Larnaca are lined with nearly identical seafood restaurants catering to tourists. Although there are many continental and international restaurants in Larnaca, visitors do not miss out on indulging in the local food. Many of the staple dishes involve beans, such as fasolaki (French beans cooked in red wine with lamb), and louvi me lahana (black-eyed peas with chard).

Some of the standard appetizers are potato salad, kohlrabi salad, and hot grilled black olives. The next course may include Cyprus village sausage and sheftalia, dolmades and keftedes, kolokassi in tomato sauce, and several aubergine-based dishes. Baked or grilled lamb (souvla) usually appears somewhere in the course of dining, as does some kind of fish.

Neighbourhoods
Larnaca's neighbourhoods include Skala, Prodromos, Faneromeni, Drosia, Kamares, Vergina and Agioi Anargyroi.

Transport

The city's transport hubs are Larnaca International Airport and Larnaca Port—the Republic's busiest airport and second busiest port.

Public transport
Public transport in Larnaca is served only by buses. Fares cost 2.40 cash (April 2024)

Twin towns – sister cities
Larnaca Municipality is twinned with the following:

 * 🇲🇽 Acapulco, Mexico (since 2011)
 * 🇫🇷 Ajaccio, France (since 1989)
 * 🇸🇰 Bratislava, Slovakia (since 2013)
 * Galaxidi, Greece (since 2005)
 * Giannitsa, Greece (since 2003)
 * Glyfada, Greece (since 1998)
 * Ilioupoli, Greece (since 2000)
 * Larissa, Greece (since 1990)
 * Leros, Greece (since 2000)
 * 🇦🇺 Marrickville, Australia (since 2005)
 * Piraeus, Greece (since 1999)
 * Poti, Georgia (since 1987)
 * 🇦🇱 Sarandë, Albania (since 1994)
 * 🇭🇺 Szeged, Hungary (since 1993)
 * 🇺🇸 Tarpon Springs, U.S. (since 2009)
 * Tianjin, China (since 2007)
 * 🇷🇴 Tulcea, Romania (since 2003)
 * 🇮🇹 Venice, Italy (since 2010)

Notable residents

 * Zeno of Citium (c. 334 – c. 262 BC), Stoic philosopher
 * Apollonios of Kition (1st century BC), physician, nicknamed "the Cypriot Hippocrates"
 * Ebubekir Pasha (1670 – 1757/1758), Governor of Larnaca and philanthropist
 * Demetrios Pieridis (1811–1895), founder of the Pieridis Museum
 * Dimitris Lipertis (1866–1937), national poet
 * Neoclis Kyriazis (1877–1956), medical doctor and historian
 * Mehmet Nazim Adil (1922–2014), leader of the Nakshbandi Sufi order (or Tekke), born in Larnaca
 * Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Cypriot-American academic, entrepreneur, and past president of the Biomedical Engineering Society
 * Stass Paraskos, artist
 * Mihalis Violaris, singer and composer who helped popularise Cypriot music in Greece
 * Giorgos Theofanous, composer
 * Anna Vissi, singer
 * Loucas Yiorkas, singer, The X Factor winner in 2009
 * Ada Nicodemou, actress
 * Garo Yepremian, Armenian-Cypriot former NFL placekicker, played as a member of the 1972 Miami Dolphins, to date the only team in NFL history to finish with a perfect record
 * Chrystalleni Trikomiti, Commonwealth Games gold-medalist rhythmic gymnast
 * Martino Tirimo, Cypriot classical pianist
 * Tio Ellinas, Cypriot racing driver

title: Larnaca


text:
Thomas Johnston

Tom, Thomas or Tommy Johnston may refer to:

Politics

 * Thomas D. Johnston (1840–1902), U.S. Representative from North Carolina
 * Thomas Johnston (Canadian politician) (1821–1903), Canadian industrial and political figure
 * Thomas George Johnston (1849–1905), Canadian physician and political figure
 * Tom Johnston (Saskatchewan politician) (1881–1969), British-born Canadian political figure
 * Tom Johnston (British politician) (1881–1965), Scottish political figure

Sport

 * Tom Johnston (footballer) (1918–1994), Scottish midfielder; playing career 1938–1956; coaching and managerial career 1956–1978
 * Tom Johnston (greyhound trainer) (1933–2001), British greyhound trainer
 * Tommy Johnston (1927–2008), Scottish footballer

Music

 * Thomas Jack (Tom Jack Johnston, born 1993), Australian DJ and musician; pioneer of the "tropical house" subgenre
 * Tom Johnston (musician) (born 1948), American musician, co-founder of The Doobie Brothers

Other

 * Thomas Johnston (engraver) (1708–1767), American engraver and organ builder
 * Thomas A. Johnston (1848–1934), American educator
 * Thomas Alan Johnston, Scottish engineer
 * Thomas Brumby Johnston (1814–1897), Scottish cartographer
 * Thomas E. Johnston (born 1967), US federal judge
 * Thomas Henry Johnston (1880–?), New Zealand tram conductor, labourer, miner and strike-breaker
 * Thomas L. Johnston (1927–2009), Scottish scientist
 * Thomas Nicol Johnston (1870–1923), Scottish zoologist
 * Thomas Harvey Johnston (1881–1951), Australian biologist and parasitologist
 * Thomas Henry Johnston (British Army officer) (died 1891)
 * Thomas W. "T. J." Johnston Jr. (born 1956), American lawyer and Anglican bishop

title: Thomas Johnston


text:
Cecilia Bolocco

Cecilia Carolina Bolocco Fonck (born May 19, 1965) is a Chilean actress, tv host and beauty queen who was crowned Miss Universo Chile 1987 and Miss Universe 1987.

Bolocco has worked as a journalist on the Spanish language edition of CNN, on Telemundo and on various programs for Chilean Television and she acted on the soap opera Morelia.

Between 2001 and 2011 she was married to the 44th President of Argentina Carlos Menem.

Early life
Bolocco was born in Santiago, Chile to Enzo Bolocco Cintolesi, an Arbëreshë businessman and Rose Marie Fonck Assler. She attended primary and secondary school at Santiago College. She then studied a year of civil engineering at the University of Santiago, Chile, before dropping out to pursue costume design at the INCA-CEA Institute.

Miss Universe

Bolocco was selected Miss Chile for Miss Universe on April 20, 1987. On May 26, 1987, she beat 67 contestants to become the first Chilean to win the Miss Universe beauty pageant that was held at the World Trade Centre in Singapore that year. During her year-long reign, she settled in Los Angeles, California.

After the crown
Bolocco began a television career in Chile with the show Porque hoy es sábado ("Because it's Saturday") on Televisión Nacional de Chile. She then co-hosted Martes 13 ("Tuesday the 13th") on Channel 13. The program name is a play on the English idiomatic expression about Friday the 13th, where in Chile the unlucky day is Tuesday the 13th.

In March 1990 Bolocco married American television producer Michael Young in Santiago. The local media covered the event as if it were a royal wedding.

Bolocco moved to Atlanta, Georgia to work as an anchorwoman for the Spanish section at CNN produced for Telemundo Network, on June, 1990. Then, she became a full-fledged member of the Telemundo family where she hosted the afternoon lifestyles program La Buena Vida ("The Good Life"), The show was merged with another newsmagazine titled Ocurrió así ("It Happened This Way") and Esta noche con Cecilia Bolocco ("Tonight With Cecilia Bolocco") followed for which she won two Emmy awards.

She then took a starring role as the evil Karina Lafontaine de Montero in the Mexican Televisa's hit soap opera Morelia, which was aired to more than 70 countries throughout the Americas, including Chile, and Europe.

Around the mid-1990s Bolocco ended her relationship with husband Michael Young. The marriage was annulled, because no divorce law existed in Chile at the time.

In 1993 Bolocco co-hosted the 1993 Miss Universe pageant in The Auditorio Nacional in Mexico City.

In 1995 Bolocco co-hosted the closing night of the 36th Viña del Mar International Song Festival, held every year in Viña del Mar, Chile.

In October 1996, already separated, Bolocco took the job as co-host in one of the shows with the highest ratings in Chilean television history, Viva el lunes ("Long Live Monday"), alongside Kike Morandé and comedian Álvaro Salas. At the same time, she had a radio show and appeared in her own television show, La noche de Cecilia ("The Night of Cecilia").

Also in 1996 Bolocco was a judge in the 1996 Miss Universe pageant in Las Vegas, Nevada.

In February, 2000, Bolocco became an established hostess for the Viña del Mar Song Festival, with partner and longtime host Antonio Vodanovic.

In August 2001 Bolocco's marriage to Young was annulled. On 26 May 2001, Bolocco married former Argentine president Carlos Menem in La Rioja, Argentina, whom she met while interviewing him at the Casa Rosada presidential house in Argentina. On November 19, 2003, their first son, Máximo Saúl Menem Bolocco, was born in Santiago, Chile. They separated in April 2007 and officially divorced in May 2011.

title: Cecilia Bolocco