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Pema Chödrön

Pema Chödrön (པདྨ་ཆོས་སྒྲོན། padma chos sgron “lotus dharma lamp”; born Deirdre Blomfield-Brown, July 14, 1936) is an American Tibetan-Buddhist. She is an ordained nun, former acharya of Shambhala Buddhism and disciple of Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche. Chödrön has written several dozen books and audiobooks, and was principal teacher at Gampo Abbey in Nova Scotia until recently. She retired in 2020.

Early life and education
Chödrön was born Deirdre Blomfield-Brown in 1936 in New York City. She grew up Catholic. She grew up on a New Jersey farm with an older brother and sister, and graduated from Miss Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut. She obtained a bachelor's degree in English literature from Sarah Lawrence College and a master's degree in elementary education from the University of California, Berkeley.

Career
Chödrön began studying with Lama Chime Rinpoche during frequent trips to London over a period of several years. While in the United States she studied with Trungpa Rinpoche in San Francisco. In 1974, she became a novice Buddhist nun under Rangjung Rigpe Dorje, the sixteenth Gyalwa Karmapa. In Hong Kong in 1981 she became the first American in the Vajrayana tradition to become a fully ordained nun or bhikṣuṇī.

Trungpa appointed Chödrön director of the Boulder Shambhala Center (Boulder Dharmadhatu) in Colorado in the early 1980s. Chödrön moved to Gampo Abbey in 1984, the first Tibetan Buddhist monastery in North America for Western men and women, and became its first director in 1986. Chödrön's first book, The Wisdom of No Escape, was published in 1991. Then, in 1993, she was given the title of acharya when Trungpa's son, Sakyong Mipham Rinpoche, assumed leadership of his father's Shambhala lineage.

In 1994, she became ill with chronic fatigue syndrome, but gradually her health improved. During this period, she met Dzigar Kongtrul Rinpoche and took him as her teacher. That year she published her second book, Start Where You Are and in 1996, When Things Fall Apart. No Time to Lose, a commentary on Shantideva's Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life, was published in 2005. That year, Chödrön became a member of The Committee of Western Bhikshunis. Practicing Peace in Times of War came out in 2007. In 2016 she was awarded the Global Bhikkhuni Award, presented by the Chinese Buddhist Bhikkhuni Association of Taiwan. In 2020 she resigned from her acharya role from Shambhala International, in part due to the group's handling of sexual misconduct allegations, saying, "I do not feel that I can continue any longer as a representative and senior teacher of Shambhala given the unwise direction in which I feel we are going."

Teaching
Chödrön teaches the traditional "Yarne" retreat at Gampo Abbey each winter and the Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life in Berkeley each summer. A central theme of her teaching is the principle of "shenpa", or "attachment", which she interprets as the moment one is hooked into a cycle of habitual negative or self-destructive thoughts and actions. According to Chödrön, this occurs when something in the present stimulates a reaction to a past experience.

Personal life
Chödrön married at age 21 and has two children. She divorced in her mid-twenties. She remarried and then divorced a second time eight years later. She has three grandchildren, all of whom reside in the San Francisco Bay Area.

When Things Fall Apart: Heart Advice for Difficult Times
One of Chödrön's most famous books is When Things Fall Apart: Heart Advice for Difficult Times. In her work, Chödrön discusses uncertainty and how to find the good in discomfort.

title: Pema Chödrön


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First Battle of Panipat

The First Battle of Panipat, on 21 April 1526 was fought between the invading forces of Babur and the Lodi dynasty. It took place in North India and marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire and the end of the Delhi Sultanate. This was one of the earliest battles involving gunpowder firearms and field artillery in the Indian subcontinent which were introduced by the Mughals in this battle.

Babur defeated the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, using a combination of tactics such as the use of firearms and cavalry charges. This battle marked the beginning of Mughal rule in India, and its aftermath had a significant impact on the political and social landscape of the country, establishing the Mughal Empire, which lasted for 331 years (1526-1857).

Background

After losing Samarkand for the second time, Babur gave attention to conquer Hindustan as he reached the banks of the Chenab in 1519. Until 1524, his aim was to only expand his rule to Punjab, mainly to fulfil his ancestor Timur's legacy, since it used to be part of his empire. At that time, most of North India was under the rule of Ibrahim Lodi of the Lodi dynasty, but the empire was crumbling and there were many defectors. He received invitations from Daulat Khan Lodi, Governor of Punjab and Ala-ud-Din, uncle of Ibrahim. He sent an ambassador to Ibrahim, claiming himself the rightful heir to the throne of the country, however the ambassador was detained at Lahore and released months later.

Babur started for Lahore, Punjab, in 1524 but found that Daulat Khan Lodi had been driven out by forces sent by Ibrahim Lodi. When Babur arrived at Lahore, the Lodi army marched out and was routed. In response, Babur burned Lahore for two days, then marched to Dipalpur, placing Alam Khan, another rebel uncle of Lodi's, as governor. Alam Khan was quickly overthrown and fled to Kabul. In response, Babur supplied Alam Khan with troops who later joined up with Daulat Khan Lodi and together with about 30,000 troops, they besieged Ibrahim Lodi at Delhi. He defeated them and drove Alam's army off; and Babur realised Lodi would not allow him to occupy the Punjab.

Battle
Hearing of the size of Ibrahim's army, Babur secured his right flank against the city of Panipat, while digging a trench covered with tree branches to secure his left flank. In the centre, he placed 700 bullock carts tied together with ropes. Between every two carts, there were breastworks for his matchlock men. Babur also ensured that there was enough space for his soldiers to rest their guns and fire. Babur referred to this method as the "Ottoman device" due to its previous use by the Ottomans during the Battle of Chaldiran.

When Ibrahim's army arrived, he found the approach to Babur's army too narrow to attack. While Ibrahim redeployed his forces to allow for the narrower front, Babur quickly took advantage of the situation to flank (tulghuma) the Lodi army. Many of Ibrahim's troops were unable to get into action and fled when the battle turned against them. Ibrahim Lodi was killed while trying to retreat and beheaded. 20,000 Lodi soldiers were killed in battle.

Advantage of cannons in the battle
Babur's guns proved decisive in battle, firstly because Ibrahim lacked any field artillery, but also because the sound of the cannons frightened Ibrahim's war elephants, causing them to trample his men.

Tactics
Tactics used by Babur were the tulguhma and the araba. Tulguhma meant dividing the whole army into various units, viz. the Left, the Right, and the Centre. The Left and Right divisions were further subdivided into Forward and Rear divisions. Through this, a small army could be used to surround the enemy from all sides. The Centre Forward division was then provided with carts (araba) which were placed in rows facing the enemy and tied to each other with animal hide ropes. Behind them were placed cannons protected and supported by mantlets that could be used to easily manoeuvre the cannons. These two tactics made Babur's artillery lethal. The cannons could be fired without any fear of being hit, as they were shielded by the bullock carts held in place by hiding ropes. The heavy cannons could also be easily traversed onto new targets, as they could be manoeuvred by the mantlets which were on wheels.

Aftermath
Ibrahim Lodi died on the field of battle along with 20,000 of his troops. The battle of Panipat was militarily a decisive victory for the Timurids. Politically it gained Babur new lands, and initiated a new phase of his establishment of the long-lasting Mughal Empire in the heart of the Indian subcontinent, an empire that lasted for over 300 years.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: First Battle of Panipat


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Demographics of England

The demography of England has since 1801 been measured by the decennial national census, and is marked by centuries of population growth and urbanization. Due to the lack of authoritative contemporary sources, estimates of the population of England for dates prior to the first census in 1801 vary considerably. The population of England at the 2021 census was about 56,489,800.

Population
The population of England in 2021 was estimated to be 56,489,800. This is the most recent census. In the previous census, in 2011, the population was 53,012,456.

Data for the 2021 census:
 * Female: 28,833,712
 * Male: 27,656,336
 * Total population: 56,489,800
 * Total Fertility Rate: 1.61 (2021)

Vital statistics
This is UK wide information. (c) = Census results.

In 2022, the percentage of live births where either one or both parents were born outside of the UK was 36.7%. 31.1% of all live births in England were to mothers born outside of the UK (9.8% born in the EU, 21.3% born outside of the EU).

Country of birth
Country of birth given by respondents in the corresponding UK censuses were as follows:

Below are the estimates of the largest foreign-born groups in England according to ONS estimates.

Age
The data below is based on the 2011 census. In 2001, the mean age of England's population was 38.60, and the median age was 37.00. In 2022, the median age was 40.5.

Ethnicity

Notes for table above

Ethnicity of school pupils
The ethnicity of school pupils in England has been changing since the figures started to be collected in 2002, White British students proportionally have been in decline compared to other groups who have risen.

Languages
The most common main languages spoken in England according to the 2011 census are shown below.

Religion

Respondents to the 2001, 2011 and 2021 censuses gave their religions as follows:

title: Demographics of England


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Talk:Electric vehicle

Section Name Change
I renamed the “Polluter pay principle” section, “Government incentivization.” I believe this removes potential political bias due to the original title not acknowledging the wheel-to-well and mining emissions EV owners would also be responsible for. If “Polluter pay principle” is restored as the section title, I think we would need to cite and explain the origin of the phrase as well.

Julyzeh (talk) 02:13, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

gas-powered vehicles, which generate greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming.
All gas-powered vehicles generate greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming. We don't need that clause cluttering up the caption. It is redundant with text already in the article. An editor has suggested that we need that clause to explain the trend away from the gas power. If that is what you want to say, then say that and provide a reliable source that backs it up. Otherwise, you are setting up facts and asking the reader to reach a conclusion. That is poor writing and synthesis ( WP:SYN ), which is not allowed. Constant314 (talk) 14:21, 21 May 2023 (UTC)
 * User:Constant314, I see your point re WP:SYN in this context. Thanks for your civility in taking the time to explain. — RCraig09 (talk) 14:54, 21 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I'd rather be civil than right. Cheers! Constant314 (talk) 14:59, 21 May 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Research Process and Methodology - FA23 - Sect 201 - Thu
— Assignment last updated by Leozgzzz (talk) 18:05, 26 November 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Technology and Culture
— Assignment last updated by Thecanyon (talk) 05:34, 12 December 2023 (UTC)

Car specific details should be moved to Electric car
I might get around to it eventually but I am hoping a keen student or someone else might do it before me Chidgk1 (talk) 17:56, 23 December 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Geographies of Energy and Sustainability
— Assignment last updated by AnseSmiley (talk) 00:05, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

Definition of an Electric Vehicle
Hi Wikipedians,

I think we need a clear, science-based definition of an Electric Vehicle at the top of this article. I suggest we use that of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) which is based on a scientific consensus approved by all of the world's governments. They define an Electric Vehicle as one powered "fully or mostly" by electricity.

I.e. it is not enough to simply "have an electric motor on board" as this category includes millions of non-plug in gasoline hybrid vehicles, which also have a gas tank and engine on board, and draw 100% of their propulsive energy from the combustion of gasoline in the engine. These vehicles are not powered fully or mostly by electricity, they are powered by gasoline. To call them "Electric Vehicles" empties the term of all scientific meaning, and is already subject to multiple complaints for false advertising in many jurisdictions. Gr8ber (talk) 10:39, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Please could you link to the IPCC definition Chidgk1 (talk) 13:00, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
 * https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/glossary/ (you have to scroll down to Electric Vehicles entry) Gr8ber (talk) 15:24, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Industry standard includes PHEVs as EVs. I don't know about HEVs in general. There is no pompous sounding 'scientific' definition. The inclusion of mostly in the IPCC definition is a giveaway that the their definition is woolly. Greglocock (talk) 22:20, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
 * @Gr8ber I cannot find a definition in https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf Please could you link to the IPCC definition you found. Chidgk1 (talk) 12:16, 3 February 2024 (UTC)

There seem to be different definitions - for example

“a type of vehicle that runs on electricity, usually one that does not use any other source of power” https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/electric-vehicle

“a vehicle that can be powered by an electric motor that draws electricity from a battery and is capable of being charged from an external source” https://afdc.energy.gov/laws/12660

“a mode of transport which is powered by electricity” https://www.edie.net/definition/electric-vehicle/

“a vehicle that is driven by an electric motor which draws its current either from storage batteries or from overhead cables” https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/electric-vehicle#google_vignette

“a vehicle that uses an electric motor as the means of propulsion” https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electric_vehicle Chidgk1 (talk) 12:44, 3 February 2024 (UTC)

Ah I see now @Gr8ber got “A vehicle whose propulsion is powered fully or mostly by electricity.” from https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2022/06/SR15_AnnexI.pdf Personally I would be happy with this article using that definition as the IPCC seems more authoritative than the other sources I found above. Chidgk1 (talk) 12:58, 3 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Here is a shorter link! Sorry for slow reply. https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/glossary/ Gr8ber (talk) 15:26, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

Car detail needs moving to electric car
I guess there are a lot of transport enthusiast editors. Maybe one of you guys could move a lot of the car detail and just leave a summary here? Chidgk1 (talk) 15:17, 8 March 2024 (UTC)

 * ❌ The Infobox has links to many different types of electric vehicles, so merging the Electric car article with this article, would just be one of the electric vehicle types. If all types are not merged, then just singling out one of the types would not be helpful to the overall article. Recycle.Recycle (talk) 01:53, 5 April 2024 (UTC)
 * The way I read the maintenance tag and your comment, I thought you were proposing merging the articles and after I clicked "Reply" I looked at the title of your post closer. I believe you are now proposing removing the electric car information in this main article, which now makes more sense. If that is the case, I would share that the electric car information area of the article does have a link to the main article for electric cars. Also, I think many people wanting to learn about electric cars would consider "electric vehicles" as being the same as "electric cars" in their initial understanding, so having some information on electric cars does seem still important for this article. Recycle.Recycle (talk) 02:01, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

Controversy around EVs
Hey there! I've been drafting an email towards my local MP, and came to this article to help usefully find facts, with citations, about arguments against the use of private EVs as a replacement for combustion cars. Whilst this may not be relavent (and therefore I expect nobody to follow on with a discussion of this), I personally believe that public transport, and not electric cars, are the best path towards sustainable transport. That's the backstory to this topic.

There definitely is a lot of controversy around the increased number of EVs on the roads. This includes, but isn't limited to the following facts: EVs have a heightened number of privacy concerns, emissions are released during the production of lithium-ion batteries, and there are many concerns about EV fires.

Whilst I may not have any sources for my information above, I absolutely believe there should be a section surrounding the controversey of electric vehicles (mostly focusing on busses and cars), as it is a very relavent topic to the title of the article. I know that Wikipedia tells you to Be Bold, but this is just a suggestion for improving the article which I don't have the time for at the moment personally. ChillyDude153198 (talk) 18:35, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
 * The article can certainly be improved, although instead of creating a standalone controversies section, it's recommended that information within more specific sections such as Range, Public perception, and Safety, is written in a balanced way. CurryCity (talk) 13:17, 15 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Electric vehicle


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Ayya Khema

Ayya Khema (born Ilse Kussel; August 25, 1923 – November 2, 1997) was a Buddhist teacher noted for providing opportunities for women to practice Buddhism, founding several centers around the world. In 1987, she helped coordinate the first-ever Sakyadhita International Association of Buddhist Women. Over two dozen books of her transcribed Dhamma talks in English and German have been published. In the last year of her life, she also published her autobiography: I Give You My Life.

Biography
Born as Ilse Kussel in Berlin, Germany in 1923 to Jewish parents. In 1938, her parents escaped from Germany and traveled to China while plans were made for Khema to join two hundred other children emigrating to Glasgow, Scotland. After two years in Scotland, Khema joined her parents in Shanghai. With the outbreak of the war, Japan conquered Shanghai and the family was moved into the Shanghai Ghetto in Hongkew where her father died five days before the war ended.

At age twenty-two, Khema married a man seventeen years her senior named Johannes and they moved to an apartment in the Hongkou District. In 1947, her first child, a daughter named Irene, was born. As the People's Liberation Army were on the cusp of taking Shanghai, Khema and her family fled for San Francisco, California, United States. From San Francisco, Khema moved to Los Angeles and then San Diego where she gave birth to her second child, a son named Jeffrey.

Soon, Khema began feeling incomplete and investigated various spiritual paths, an interest her husband didn't share. This led to their divorce. Khema moved with her infant son to Rancho La Puerta in Tecate, Mexico, to study the philosophy of the Essenes with Professor Edmund Skekely. There she married her second husband, Gerd. The whole family soon became vegetarian, a practice Khema continued until her death.

The three traveled for years, visiting South America, New Zealand, Australia, Pakistan, then settling in Sydney, Australia, where Khema began to study with Phra Khantipalo.

To further her studies, Khema traveled to San Francisco to study Zen at the San Francisco Zen Center and worked at Tassajara Zen Mountain Center for three months. She then spent three weeks in Burma where she studied meditation with students of U Ba Khin.

In 1978, Khema founded the Wat Buddha Dhamma forest monastery in New South Wales and installed Phra Khantipalo as abbot.

Khema's desire to become a Buddhist nun led her to Thailand where she studied with Tan Ajahn Singtong for three months. Sri Lanka was her next destination where she met Nyanaponika Thera who introduced her to Narada Maha Thera. Narada Thera gave her the name "Ayya Khema".

A 1983 return trip to Sri Lanka, led her to meet her teacher, Ven. Matara Sri Ñānarāma of Nissarana Vanaya, who inspired her to teach jhana meditation. As it was not possible at the time to organize an ordination ceremony for bhikkhunis in the Theravada tradition, Ayya Khema then received complete monastic ordination at the newly built Hsi Lai Temple, a Chinese Mahayana temple under the Fo Guang Shan Buddhist Order, in 1988.

Khema was one of the organizers of the first International Conference on Buddhist Women in 1987 which led to the foundation of the Sakyadhita International Association of Buddhist Women.

In 1989, Khema returned to Germany and began teaching at Buddha Haus in Munich.

According to Ayya Khema's own account, she had been suffering from breast cancer since 1983. In 1993, she underwent a mastectomy operation in Germany. During a five-week recovery period in the hospital she almost died, but her condition was expeditiously stabilized by the medics. In an interview she expressed a positive opinion of that experience.

There were two days in the hospital, when I had that feeling, that the energy was leaving, through the feet actually. There was a collapse of the whole system... Losing one's life energy is actually a very pleasant state, because there's less self-assertion, I mean you haven't got the energy to assert yourself. So things are more acceptable, everything is acceptable, it's fine the way it is... One could say that action of dying, if there's no resistance, is extremely pleasant... That seemed to be less and less life energy within the body, and I just was relaxing into that. I was perfectly willing to let it happen, but then these doctors came round... My blood pressure just went way down, waaay down, I mean like almost not happening, and that's when you lose all your energy... It was a very interesting experience and now I can see it's extremely pleasant. It's just letting go and disappearing, and it's very nice.

Ayya Khema died on November 2, 1997, at Buddha Haus, Uttenbühl (part of the village Oy-Mittelberg) in Germany after fourteen years with breast cancer. Her ashes are kept in a stupa at Buddha Haus.

Publications

 * Being Nobody, Going Nowhere: Meditations on the Buddhist Path, Wisdom Publications, 1987, ISBN 978-0861711987
 * When the Iron Eagle Flies: Buddhism for the West, Wisdom Publications, 1991 ISBN 978-0861711697
 * Who is myself? A guide to Buddhist meditation (commentary on the Poṭṭhapāda Sutta), Wisdom Publications, 1997, ISBN 978-0861711277
 * I Give You My Life (autobiography), Shambhala Publications, 1997, ISBN 978-1570625718
 * Come and See for Yourself: The Buddhist Path to Happiness, Windhorse Publications, 1998, ISBN 978-1899579457
 * Be an Island: The Buddhist practice of Inner Peace, Wisdom Publications, 1999, ISBN 978-0861711475
 * Visible Here and Now: The Buddhist Teachings on the Rewards of Spiritual Practice (commentary on the Samaññaphala Sutta), Shambhala Publications, 2001, ISBN 978-1570624926
 * Know Where You're Going: A Complete Buddhist Guide to Meditation, Faith, and Everyday Transcendence (retitled republication of When the Iron Eagle Flies), Wisdom Publications, 2014, ISBN 978-1614291930
 * The Meditative Mind (retitled republication of To Be Seen Here And Now), Buddhist Publication Society, 2012, ISBN 978-9552403859
 * Within Our Own Hearts, Buddhist Publication Society, 2012, ISBN 978-9552402906

Bodhi Leaf Publications (BPS)

 * Self-Image and Self-Knowledge (BL105)
 * Meditating On No-Self (BL95)

title: Ayya Khema


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Vinaya

The Vinaya texts (Pali and Sanskrit: विनय) are texts of the Buddhist canon (Tripitaka) that also contain the rules and precepts for fully ordained monks and nuns of Buddhist Sanghas (community of like-minded sramanas). The precepts were initially developed thirteen years after the Buddha's enlightenment. Three parallel Vinaya school traditions remain in use by modern ordained sanghas: the Theravada (Sri Lanka & Southeast Asia), Mulasarvastivada (Tibetan Buddhism and the Himalayan region) and Dharmaguptaka (Taiwan and East Asian Buddhism). In addition to these three Vinaya traditions, five other Vinaya schools of Indian Buddhism are preserved in Asian canonical manuscripts, including those of the Kāśyapīya, the Mahāsāṃghika, the Mahīśāsaka, the Sammatīya, and the Sarvāstivāda.

The word Vinaya is derived from a Sanskrit verb that can mean to lead, take away, train, tame, or guide, or alternately to educate or teach. It is often translated as 'discipline', with Dhamma-vinaya, 'doctrine and discipline', used by the Buddha to refer to his complete teachings, suggesting its integral role in Buddhist practice.

Origins
According to an origin story prefaced to the Theravada Bhikkhu Suttavibhanga, in the early years of the Buddha's teaching the sangha lived together in harmony with no vinaya, as there was no need, because all of the Buddha's early disciples were highly realized if not fully enlightened. After thirteen years and as the sangha expanded, situations arose which the Buddha and the lay community felt were inappropriate for mendicants.

According to Buddhist tradition, the complete Vinaya Piṭaka was recited by Upāli at the First Council shortly after the Buddha's death. All of the known Vinaya texts use the same system of organizing rules and contain the same sections, leading scholars to believe that the fundamental organization of the Vinaya must date from before the separation of schools.

While traditional accounts fix the origins of the Vinaya during the lifetime of the Buddha, all of the existing manuscript traditions are from significantly later- most around the 5th century CE. While the early Buddhist community seems to have lived primarily as wandering monks who begged for alms, many Vinaya rules in every tradition assume settled monasticism to be the norm, along with regular collective meals organized by lay donors or funded by monastic wealth. The earliest dates that can be established for most Vinaya texts is their translation into Chinese around the 5th century CE. The earliest established dates of the Theravada Vinaya stem from the composition of Buddhaghosa's commentaries in the 5th century, and became known to Western scholarship through 17th- and 18th-century manuscripts. The Mulasarvastivada Vinaya was brought to Tibet by Khenpo Shantarakshita by c. 763, when the first Tibetan Buddhist monks were ordained, and was translated into Chinese by the 8th century. Earlier Sanskrit manuscripts exist from the 5th to the 7th century. Scholarly consensus places the composition of the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya in the early centuries of the first millennium, though all the manuscripts and translations are relatively late.

Overview
The core of the Vinaya is a set of rules known as Patimokkha in Pāli and Prātimokṣa in Sanskrit. This is the shortest portion of every Vinaya, and universally regarded as the earliest. This collection of rules is recited by the gathered Sangha at the new and full moon. Rules are listed in descending order, from the most serious (four rules that entail expulsion), followed by five further categories of more minor offenses. Most traditions include an explicit listing of rules intended for recitation, called Prātimokṣa-sutra, but in the Theravada tradition the Patimokkha rules occur in writing only alongside their exegesis and commentary, the Vibhanga described below. While the Prātimokṣa is preserved independent of the Vibhanga in many traditions, scholars generally do not believe that the rules it contains were observed and enforced without the context provided by an interpretive tradition, even in the early era- many of the exceptions and opinions of the Vibhanga seem to stem from older customs regarding what was and wasn't permissible for wandering ascetics in the Indian tradition.

The second major component of the Vinaya is the Vibhanga or Suttavibhanga, which provides commentary on each of the rules listed in the Prātimokṣa. This typically includes the origin of the rule in a specific incident or dispute, along with variations that indicate related situations covered by the rule, as well as exceptions that account for situations that are not to be regarded as violations of a more general rule.

The third division of the Vinaya is known as the Vinayavastu, Skandhaka, or Khandhaka, meaning 'divisions' or 'chapters'. Each section of these texts deals with a specific aspect of monastic life, containing, for instance, procedures and regulations related to ordination, obtaining and storing medical supplies, and the procurement and distribution of robes. The final segment of this division, the Ksudrakavastu ("Minor division") contains miscellanea that does not belong to other sections, and in some traditions is so large that it is treated as a separate work. Strong agreement between multiple different recensions of the Skandhaka across different traditions and language with respect to the number of chapters (generally 20) and their topics and contents has led scholars to the conclusion that they must stem from a common origin.

Parallel and independent Prātimokṣa rules and Vibhnagas exist in each tradition for bhikkhus and bhikkhunis. The majority of rules for monks and nuns are identical, but the bhikkhuni Prātimokṣa and Vibhanga includes additional rules that are specific to nuns, including the controversial Eight Garudhammas whose authorship is not attributed to the Buddha. In the Pali tradition, a specific chapter of the Khandhaka deals with issues pertaining specifically to nuns, and the Mulasarvastivada tradition devotes most of one of the two volumes of its Ksudrakavastu to issues pertaining to nuns.

Beyond this point, the distinct Vinaya traditions differ in their organization. The Pali Vinaya includes a text known as the Parivāra that contains a question-and-answer format that recapitulates various rules in different groupings, as well as a variety of analyses. The Chinese texts include two sections not found in the Pali tradition, the Niddanas and Matrkas that have counterparts in the Tibetan tradition's Uttaragrantha. Relatively little analysis of these texts have been conducted, but they seem to contain an independent reorganization of the Vinaya rules that may be an earlier strata of texts.

Texts
The Theravada Vinaya is preserved in the Pāli Canon in the Vinaya Piṭaka. The Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya is preserved in both the Tibetan Buddhist canon in the Kangyur, in a Chinese edition, and in an incomplete Sanskrit manuscript. Some other complete vinaya texts are preserved in the Chinese Buddhist canon (see: Taishō Tripiṭaka), and these include:
 * Mahīśāsaka Vinaya (T. 1421)
 * Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya (T. 1425)
 * Dharmaguptaka Vinaya (T. 1428)
 * Sarvāstivāda Vinaya (T. 1435)
 * Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya (T. 1442)

Six complete versions are extant. Fragments of the remaining versions survive in various languages. The first three listed below are still in use.

 * The Pāli version of the Theravāda school
 * Suttavibhaṅga: Pāṭimokkha and commentary
 * Mahāvibhaṅga: rules for monks
 * Bhikkhunīvibhaṅga: rules for nuns
 * Khandhaka: 22 chapters on various topics
 * Parivāra: analyses of rules from various points of view
 * The Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya (Sanskrit; ; ) (T. 1442), a translation from the Mūlasarvāstivāda school, extant in both Chinese and Tibetan. This is the version used in the Tibetan tradition. It comprises seven major works and may be divided into four traditional sections.
 * Vinayavastu (འདུལ་བ་གཞི་ ‘dul ba gzhi): 17 skandhakas (chapters)
 * Vinayavibhaṅga
 * Prātimokṣasūtra (སོ་སོར་ཐར་པའི་མདོ་ so sor thar pa‘i mdo): rules for monks
 * Vinayavibhaṅga (འདུལ་བ་རྣམ་འབྱེད་ ‘dul ba rnam ‘byed): explanations on rules for monks
 * Bhikṣunīprātimokṣasūtra (དགེ་སློང་མའི་སོ་སོར་ཐར་པའི་མདོ་ dge slong ma‘i so sor thar pa‘i mdo): rules for nuns
 * Bhikṣunīvinayavibhaṅga (དགེ་སློང་མའི་འདུལ་བ་རྣམ་པར་འབྱེད་པ་ dge slong ma‘i ‘dul ba rnam par ‘byed pa): explanations on rules for nuns
 * Vinayakṣudrakavastu (འདུལ་བ་ཕྲན་ཚེགས་ཀྱི་གཞི་ ‘dul ba phran tshegs kyi gzhi): miscellaneous topics
 * Vinayottaragrantha (འདུལ་བ་གཞུང་བླ་མ་ ‘ba gzhung bla ma): appendices, including the Upāliparipṛcchā, which corresponds to a chapter of the Parivāra.
 * Vinayottaragrantha (འདུལ་བ་གཞུང་དམ་པ་ ‘dul ba gzhung dam pa): a second, more comprehensive version of the above
 * The Four Part Vinaya (Sanskrit: Cāturvargīya-vinaya; ) (T. 1428). This is Chinese translation of the Dharmaguptaka version and is used in the Chinese tradition and its derivatives in Korea, Vietnam and in Japan under the early Kokubunji temple system. In the case of Japan, this was later replaced with ordination based solely on the Bodhisattva Precepts.
 * Bhikṣuvibhaṅga: rules for monks
 * Bhikṣunīvibhaṅga (明尼戒法): rules for nuns
 * Skandhaka (犍度): of which there are 20
 * Samyuktavarga
 * Vinayaikottara, corresponding to a chapter of the Parivara
 * The Ten Recitation Vinaya (Sanskrit: Daśa-bhāṇavāra-vinaya; ) (T. 1435), a Chinese translation of the Sarvāstivāda version
 * Bhikṣuvibhaṅga
 * Skandhaka
 * Bhikṣunīvibhaṅga
 * Ekottaradharma, similar to Vinayaikottara
 * Upaliparipriccha
 * Ubhayatovinaya
 * Samyukta
 * Parajikadharma
 * Sanghavasesha
 * Kusaladhyaya
 * The Five Part Vinaya (Sanskrit: Pañcavargika-vinaya; ) (T. 1421), a Chinese translation of the Mahīśāsaka version
 * Bhikṣuvibhaṅga
 * Bhikṣunīvibhaṅga
 * Skandhaka
 * The Mahāsāṃghika-vinaya (T. 1425), a Chinese translation of Mahāsāṃghika version. An English translation of the bhikṣunī discipline is also available.
 * Bhikṣuvibhaṅga
 * Bhikṣunīvibhaṅga
 * Skandhaka

Theravada
Buddhism in Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Sri Lanka, and Thailand followed the Theravadin Vinaya, which has 227 rules for bhikkhus and 311 for bhikkhunis. As the nun's lineage died out in all areas of the Theravada school, traditionally women's roles as renunciates were limited to taking eight or ten Precepts: see women in Buddhism. Such women appears as maechi in Thai Buddhism, dasa sil mata in Sri Lanka, thilashin in Burma and siladharas at Amaravati Buddhist Monastery in England. More recently, women have been undergoing upasampada as full ordination as bhikkhuni, although this is a highly charged topic within Theravadin communities: see ordination of women in Buddhism

East Asian Buddhism
Buddhists in China, Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam follow the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya (四分律), which has 253 rules for the bhikkhus and 348 rules for the bhikkhunis. Some schools in Japan technically follow this, but many monks there are married, which can be considered a violation of the rules. Other Japanese monks follow the Bodhisattva Precepts only, which was excerpted from the Mahāyāna version of Brahmajālasutra (梵網經). And the Bodhisattva Precepts contains two parts of precepts: for lay and clergy. According to Chinese Buddhist tradition, one who wants to observe the Bodhisattva Precepts for clergy, must observe the Ten Precepts and High Ordination [Bhikkhu or Bhikkhunī Precepts] first.

Tibetan Buddhism
Tibetan Buddhists in Tibet, Bhutan, Mongolia, Nepal, Ladakh and other Himalayan regions follow the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya, which has 253 rules for the bhiksus (monks) and 364 rules for bhiksunis (nuns). In addition to these pratimokṣa precepts, there are many supplementary ones.

The Tibetan Buddhist tradition of fully ordained bhikṣuṇī nuns officially recommenced in Bhutan on 23 June 2022, when 144 women were ordained. According to Nyingma school and Kagyu school scholars, the full ordination lineage of bhikkhuni for nuns within the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya was transmitted in Tibet by Shantarakshita, but did not survive the later persecution of Tibetan Buddhists undertaken by Udum Tsenpo. Afterwards, Tibetan nuns were getsunma (Tib. novice) nuns (Skt. śramaṇerīs) only, after taking the lay vows of eight or ten Precepts, see ordination of women in Buddhism.

Role in Mahāyāna Buddhism
The Mahāyāna Bodhisattvabhūmi, part of the Yogācārabhūmi Śāstra, regards it an offense for monastics following the Mahāyāna to reject the traditional rules of the Vinaya:

"If he thinks or says, "A future buddha has nothing to do with learning or observing the law of the Vehicle of the Śrāvakas," he commits a sin of pollution (kliṣṭā āpatti)."

Louis de La Vallée-Poussin wrote that the Mahāyāna relies on traditional full ordination of monastics, and in doing so is "perfectly orthodox" according to the monastic vows and rules of the early Buddhist traditions:

"From the disciplinary point of view, the Mahāyāna is not autonomous. The adherents of the Mahāyāna are monks of the Mahāsāṃghika, Dharmaguptaka, Sarvāstivādin and other traditions, who undertake the vows and rules of the bodhisattvas without abandoning the monastic vows and rules fixed by the tradition with which they are associated on the day of their Upasampad [full ordination]."

General

 * Sects & Sectarianism – The origins of Buddhist Schools
 * The Essence of the Vinaya Ocean by Tsongkhapa (1357–1419)

Theravada Vinaya Pitaka

 * Translations and context on Theravada Vinaya (Vinaya section on www.accesstoinsight.org)
 * The book of discipline Vol. I–VI, translated by I.B. Horner
 * Translation by Isaline Blew Horner (Scanned Text)
 * Pali Canon online: Vinaya Pitaka in English
 * Davids, T. W. Rhys, Oldenberg, Hermann (joint tr): Vinaya texts, Oxford, The Clarendon press 1881. Vol.1 Vol.2 Vol.3 Internet Archive (Scanned Text)
 * Translation by T. W. Rhys Davids and Hermann Oldenberg (HTML format)

title: Vinaya


text:
Medusa: Dare to Be Truthful

Medusa: Dare to Be Truthful is an American 1991 mockumentary film starring comedian Julie Brown as the title character, with Kathy Griffin and Donal Logue in supporting roles. Comedians Tom Kenny and Bobcat Goldthwait and game show host Wink Martindale also made cameo appearances in the film.

Background
The film parodies the documentary Madonna: Truth or Dare (also known as In Bed with Madonna outside the United States and Canada). In the original, American singer Madonna allowed cameras to follow her around for a no-holds-barred peek into her life during her Blond Ambition World Tour. In this spoof, Brown plays Medusa, a controlling, hyper-sexual blonde bombshell who has allowed a documentary crew to follow her on her Blonde Leading the Blonde Tour. The film, about one hour long and originally produced as a Showtime television special, goes to great pains to recreate costumes, sets and situations that occurred in the original documentary.

Plot
The film begins with the camera panning through pictures of Medusa's album covers and film posters eventually showing her lying in a bed while getting a massage and her hair done. She starts telling the viewers about how lonely she feels since her tour ended.

The film then flashes back to when Medusa was rehearsing her Blonde Leading the Blonde Tour. After being crushed by a giant genitalia statue, Medusa explains in a voice-over how the tour was a technical nightmare.

Eventually, the tour begins in the Philippines, only for Medusa to find out that she was performing during the eruption of a volcano. In an interview, Medusa's manager Benny explains how Medusa's first single "Like a Video" ("Like a Virgin") was a hit for MTV, leading into a parody performance of Madonna's Blond Ambition version. After that, Medusa is shown talking to her boyfriend and seducing the cameraman.

The tour then moves to Japan, where Medusa tells her poverty stricken dancers that they'll be receiving a pay cut. Another shows women protesting Medusa and her director showing how Medusa gained the inspiration to shoot a music video involving robbing a store.

Finally, the tour moves to the United States where Medusa and her dancers play a game of Truth or Dare. After that, she is shown being at a party where a director who tries to get her to star in a movie similar to "Heidi". Later, while Medusa is listing negative things about people, Bobcat Goldthwait shows up and gets offended when he sees Medusa gag after he called her show "neat".

After that, Medusa is shown reciting lines from "Romeo and Juliet " while a voice-over explains that Medusa is planning to star in the Broadway show after the tour, and that her ex- husband Shane Pencil was helping her, but Shane gets fed up with Medusa and he leaves. Another voice-over during one of Medusa's show explains her she almost died during "Expose Yourself" ("Express Yourself") as she got electrocuted. After that, Medusa is shown visiting her dog's grave, only to find out she was at the wrong grave (parodying the "Promise to Try" scene in Truth or Dare where Madonna visits her mother's grave).

While in Atlanta, Police Officers show up and explain that Medusa will be arrested if she shows her "muffin". Medusa performs "Party in My Pants" and "Vague" ("Like a Prayer", "Into the Groove", and "Vogue"). Medusa then goes to the officers to get arrested only for them to ask her for an autograph.

Finally, the tour finishes in New York and while Medusa is saying goodbye to the dancers, it is revealed that Medusa was viewing the footage while trying to find an ending. She ends up in the hospital to get a toy dino removed while a montage of clips plays with "Life May End" ("Live to Tell"). The dancers come to visit her, and the film ends with them trying to sleep.

Critical reception
In an interview with celebrity columnist Michael Musto of The Village Voice, Brown recalled how Madonna first reacted when she saw the film: "At first I heard she really liked it. Then I heard she didn't like the scene where I rolled around on my dog's grave. She'd rolled around on her mother's — like that wasn't offensive enough? Then she didn't like the scene with the dancers suing me, because that really happened to her".

Shortly after seeing the film, Madonna sent over a half-finished bottle of warm champagne as a dubious gift, to salute Brown's deadpan impersonation. Brown's reaction upon receiving the gift was surprising: "It was really expensive champagne, but it had Madonna spit in it!"

The concert and backstage footage was filmed at the Long Beach Convention and Entertainment Center in Long Beach, California. After its debut on cable television, the film was released on VHS for a limited time until it went out-of-print in the mid-1990s. The DVD version of the film is now available only via Julie Brown's official website.

Books

 * Collum, Jason Paul. Assault of the Killer B's. Pg 167.

title: Medusa: Dare to Be Truthful


text:
3G

3G is the third generation of wireless mobile telecommunications technology. It is the upgrade to 2G, 2.5G, GPRS and 2.75G Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution networks, offering faster data transfer, and better voice quality. This network was superseded by 4G, and later by 5G. This network is based on a set of standards used for mobile devices and mobile telecommunications services and networks that comply with the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications set by the International Telecommunication Union. 3G is used in wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV.

3G telecommunication networks support services that provide an information transfer rate of at least 144 kbit/s. Later 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile modems, e.g. in laptop computers. This ensures it is adequate for wireless voice calls, mobile Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV technologies.

A new generation of cellular standards has appeared approximately every tenth year since 1G systems were introduced between 1979 and the early to mid-1980s. Each generation is characterized by new frequency bands, higher data rates and non–backward-compatible transmission technology. The first commercial 3G networks were introduced in mid-2001.

Overview
Several telecommunications companies marketed wireless mobile Internet services as 3G, indicating that the advertised service was provided over a 3G wireless network. However, 3G services have largely been supplanted in marketing by 4G and 5G services in most areas of the world. Services advertised as 3G are required to meet IMT-2000 technical standards, including standards for reliability and speed (data transfer rates). To meet the IMT-2000 standards, Third-generation mobile networks, or 3G, must maintain minimum consistent Internet speeds of 144 Kbps. However, many services advertised as 3G provide higher speed than the minimum technical requirements for a 3G service. Subsequent 3G releases, denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, provided mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s for smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers.

3G branded standards:
 * The UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) system, standardized by 3GPP in 2001, was used in Europe, Japan, China (with a different radio interface) and other regions predominated by GSM (Global Systems for Mobile) 2G system infrastructure. The cell phones are typically UMTS and GSM hybrids. Several radio interfaces are offered, sharing the same infrastructure:
 * The original and most widespread radio interface is called W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access).
 * The TD-SCDMA radio interface was commercialized in 2009 and only offered in China.
 * The latest UMTS release, HSPA+, can provide peak data rates up to 56 Mbit/s in the downlink in theory (28 Mbit/s in existing services) and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink.
 * The CDMA2000 system, first offered in 2002, standardized by 3GPP2, used especially in North America and South Korea, sharing infrastructure with the IS-95 2G standard. The cell phones are typically CDMA2000 and IS-95 hybrids. The latest release EVDO Rev. B offers peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s downstream.

The 3G systems and radio interfaces are based on spread spectrum radio transmission technology. While the GSM EDGE standard ("2.9G"), DECT cordless phones and Mobile WiMAX standards formally also fulfill the IMT-2000 requirements and are approved as 3G standards by ITU, these are typically not branded as 3G and are based on completely different technologies.

The common standards complying with the IMT2000/3G standard are:
 * EDGE, a revision by the 3GPP organization to the older 2G GSM based transmission methods, which utilizes the same switching nodes, base station sites, and frequencies as GPRS, but includes a new base station and cellphone RF circuits. It is based on the three times as efficient 8PSK modulation scheme as a supplement to the original GMSK modulation scheme. EDGE is still used extensively due to its ease of upgrade from existing 2G GSM infrastructure and cell phones.
 * EDGE combined with the GPRS 2.5G technology is called EGPRS, and allows peak data rates in the order of 200 kbit/s, just like the original UMTS WCDMA versions and thus formally fulfill the IMT2000 requirements on 3G systems. However, in practice, EDGE is seldom marketed as a 3G system, but a 2.9G system. EDGE shows slightly better system spectral efficiency than the original UMTS and CDMA2000 systems, but it is difficult to reach much higher peak data rates due to the limited GSM spectral bandwidth of 200 kHz, and it is thus a dead end.
 * EDGE was also a mode in the IS-136 TDMA system, no longer used.
 * Evolved EDGE, the latest revision, has peaks of 1 Mbit/s downstream and 400 kbit/s upstream but is not commercially used.
 * The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, created and revised by the 3GPP. The family is a full revision from GSM in terms of encoding methods and hardware, although some GSM sites can be retrofitted to broadcast in the UMTS/W-CDMA format.
 * W-CDMA is the most common deployment, commonly operated on the 2,100 MHz band. A few others use the 850, 900, and 1,900 MHz bands.
 * HSPA is an amalgamation of several upgrades to the original W-CDMA standard and offers speeds of 14.4 Mbit/s down and 5.76 Mbit/s up. HSPA is backward-compatible and uses the same frequencies as W-CDMA.
 * HSPA+, a further revision and upgrade of HSPA, can provide theoretical peak data rates up to 168 Mbit/s in the downlink and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink, using a combination of air interface improvements as well as multi-carrier HSPA and MIMO. Technically though, MIMO and DC-HSPA can be used without the "+" enhancements of HSPA+.
 * The CDMA2000 system, or IS-2000, including CDMA2000 1x and CDMA2000 High Rate Packet Data (or EVDO), standardized by 3GPP2 (differing from the 3GPP), evolving from the original IS-95 CDMA system, is used especially in North America, China, India, Pakistan, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, Europe, and Africa.
 * CDMA2000 1x Rev. E has an increased voice capacity (by three times the original amount) compared to Rev. 0 EVDO Rev. B offers downstream peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s while Rev. C enhanced existing and new terminal user experience.

While DECT cordless phones and Mobile WiMAX standards formally also fulfill the IMT-2000 requirements, they are not usually considered due to their rarity and unsuitability for usage with mobile phones.

Break-up of 3G systems
The 3G (UMTS and CDMA2000) research and development projects started in 1992. In 1999, ITU approved five radio interfaces for IMT-2000 as a part of the ITU-R M.1457 Recommendation; WiMAX was added in 2007.

There are evolutionary standards (EDGE and CDMA) that are backward-compatible extensions to pre-existing 2G networks as well as revolutionary standards that require all-new network hardware and frequency allocations. The cell phones use UMTS in combination with 2G GSM standards and bandwidths, but do not support EDGE. The latter group is the UMTS family, which consists of standards developed for IMT-2000, as well as the independently developed standards DECT and WiMAX, which were included because they fit the IMT-2000 definition.

While EDGE fulfills the 3G specifications, most GSM/UMTS phones report EDGE ("2.75G") and UMTS ("3G") functionality.

History
3G technology was the result of research and development work carried out by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in the early 1980s. 3G specifications and standards were developed in fifteen years. The technical specifications were made available to the public under the name IMT-2000. The communication spectrum between 400 MHz to 3 GHz was allocated for 3G. Both the government and communication companies approved the 3G standard. The first pre-commercial 3G network was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1998, branded as FOMA. It was first available in May 2001 as a pre-release (test) of W-CDMA technology. The first commercial launch of 3G was also by NTT DoCoMo in Japan on 1 October 2001, although it was initially somewhat limited in scope; broader availability of the system was delayed by apparent concerns over its reliability.

The first European pre-commercial network was an UMTS network on the Isle of Man by Manx Telecom, the operator then owned by British Telecom, and the first commercial network (also UMTS based W-CDMA) in Europe was opened for business by Telenor in December 2001 with no commercial handsets and thus no paying customers.

The first network to go commercially live was by SK Telecom in South Korea on the CDMA-based 1xEV-DO technology in January 2002. By May 2002, the second South Korean 3G network was by KT on EV-DO and thus the South Koreans were the first to see competition among 3G operators.

The first commercial United States 3G network was by Monet Mobile Networks, on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO technology, but the network provider later shut down operations. The second 3G network operator in the US was Verizon Wireless in July 2002, also on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO. AT&T Mobility was also a true 3G UMTS network, having completed its upgrade of the 3G network to HSUPA.

The first commercial United Kingdom 3G network was started by Hutchison Telecom which was originally behind Orange S.A. In 2003, it announced first commercial third generation or 3G mobile phone network in the UK.

The first pre-commercial demonstration network in the southern hemisphere was built in Adelaide, South Australia, by m.Net Corporation in February 2002 using UMTS on 2100 MHz. This was a demonstration network for the 2002 IT World Congress. The first commercial 3G network was launched by Hutchison Telecommunications branded as Three or "3" in June 2003.

In India, on 11 December 2008, the first 3G mobile and internet services were launched by a state-owned company, Mahanagar Telecom Nigam Limited (MTNL), within the metropolitan cities of Delhi and Mumbai. After MTNL, another state-owned company, Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), began deploying the 3G networks country-wide.

Emtel launched the first 3G network in Africa.

Adoption
Japan was one of the first countries to adopt 3G, the reason being the process of 3G spectrum allocation, which in Japan was awarded without much upfront cost. The frequency spectrum was allocated in the US and Europe based on auctioning, thereby requiring a huge initial investment for any company wishing to provide 3G services. European companies collectively paid over 100 billion dollars in their spectrum auctions.

Nepal Telecom adopted 3G Service for the first time in southern Asia. However, its 3G was relatively slow to be adopted in Nepal. In some instances, 3G networks do not use the same radio frequencies as 2G, so mobile operators must build entirely new networks and license entirely new frequencies, especially to achieve high data transmission rates. Other countries' delays were due to the expenses of upgrading transmission hardware, especially for UMTS, whose deployment required the replacement of most broadcast towers. Due to these issues and difficulties with deployment, many carriers could not or delayed the acquisition of these updated capabilities.

In December 2007, 190 3G networks were operating in 40 countries and 154 HSDPA networks were operating in 71 countries, according to the Global Mobile Suppliers Association (GSA). In Asia, Europe, Canada, and the US, telecommunication companies use W-CDMA technology with the support of around 100 terminal designs to operate 3G mobile networks.

The roll-out of 3G networks was delayed by the enormous costs of additional spectrum licensing fees in some countries. The license fees in some European countries were particularly high, bolstered by government auctions of a limited number of licenses and sealed bid auctions, and initial excitement over 3G's potential. This led to a telecoms crash that ran concurrently with similar crashes in the fibre-optic and dot.com fields.

The 3G standard is perhaps well known because of a massive expansion of the mobile communications market post-2G and advances of the consumer mobile phone. An especially notable development during this time is the smartphone (for example, the iPhone, and the Android family), combining the abilities of a PDA with a mobile phone, leading to widespread demand for mobile internet connectivity. 3G has also introduced the term "mobile broadband" because its speed and capability made it a viable alternative for internet browsing, and USB Modems connecting to 3G networks, and now 4G became increasingly common.

Market penetration
By June 2007, the 200 millionth 3G subscriber had been connected of which 10 million were in Nepal and 8.2 million in India. This 200 millionth is only 6.7% of the 3 billion mobile phone subscriptions worldwide. (When counting CDMA2000 1x RTT customers—max bitrate 72% of the 200 kbit/s which defines 3G—the total size of the nearly-3G subscriber base was 475 million as of June 2007, which was 15.8% of all subscribers worldwide.) In the countries where 3G was launched first – Japan and South Korea – 3G penetration is over 70%. In Europe the leading country for 3G penetration is Italy with a third of its subscribers migrated to 3G. Other leading countries for 3G use include Nepal, UK, Austria, Australia and Singapore at the 32% migration level.

According to ITU estimates, as of Q4 2012 there were 2096 million active mobile-broadband subscribers worldwide out of a total of 6835 million subscribers—this is just over 30%. About half the mobile-broadband subscriptions are for subscribers in developed nations, 934 million out of 1600 million total, well over 50%. Note however that there is a distinction between a phone with mobile-broadband connectivity and a smart phone with a large display and so on—although according to the ITU and informatandm.com the US has 321 million mobile subscriptions, including 256 million that are 3G or 4G, which is both 80% of the subscriber base and 80% of the US population, according to ComScore just a year earlier in Q4 2011 only about 42% of people surveyed in the US reported they owned a smart phone. In Japan, 3G penetration was similar at about 81%, but smart phone ownership was lower at about 17%. In China, there were 486.5 million 3G subscribers in June 2014, in a population of 1,385,566,537 (2013 UN estimate).

Decline and decommissions
Since the increasing adoption of 4G networks across the globe, 3G use has been in decline. Several operators around the world have already or are in the process of shutting down their 3G networks (see table below). In several places, 3G is being shut down while its older predecessor 2G is being kept in operation; Vodafone Europe is doing this, citing 2G's usefulness as a low-power fallback. EE in the UK, plans to switch off their 3G networks in early 2024. In the US, Verizon shutdown their 3G services on 31 December 2022, T-Mobile shut down Sprint's networks on Mar 31, 2022 and shutdown their main networks on 1 July 2022, and AT&T has done so on 22 February 2022.

Currently 3G around the world is declining in availability and support. Technology that depends on 3G for usage are becoming inoperable in many places. For example, the European Union plans to ensure that member countries maintain 2G networks as a fallback, so 3G devices that are backwards compatible with 2G frequencies can continue to be used. However, in countries that plan to decommission 2G networks or have already done so as well, such as the United States and Singapore, devices supporting only 3G and backwards compatible with 2G are becoming inoperable. As of February 2022, less than 1% of cell phone customers in the United States used 3G; AT&T offered free replacement devices to some customers in the run-up to its shutdown.

Patents
It has been estimated that there are almost 8,000 patents declared essential (FRAND) related to the 483 technical specifications which form the 3GPP and 3GPP2 standards. Twelve companies accounted in 2004 for 90% of the patents (Qualcomm, Ericsson, Nokia, Motorola, Philips, NTT DoCoMo, Siemens, Mitsubishi, Fujitsu, Hitachi, InterDigital, and Matsushita).

Even then, some patents essential to 3G might not have been declared by their patent holders. It is believed that Nortel and Lucent have undisclosed patents essential to these standards.

Furthermore, the existing 3G Patent Platform Partnership Patent pool has little impact on FRAND protection because it excludes the four largest patent owners for 3G.

Data rates
ITU has not provided a clear definition of the data rate that users can expect from 3G equipment or providers. Thus users sold 3G service may not be able to point to a standard and say that the rates it specifies are not being met. While stating in commentary that "it is expected that IMT-2000 will provide higher transmission rates: a minimum data rate of 2 Mbit/s for stationary or walking users, and 348 kbit/s in a moving vehicle," the ITU does not actually clearly specify minimum required rates, nor required average rates, nor what modes of the interfaces qualify as 3G, so various data rates are sold as '3G' in the market.

In a market implementation, 3G downlink data speeds defined by telecom service providers vary depending on the underlying technology deployed; up to 384 kbit/s for UMTS (WCDMA), up to 7.2 Mbit/sec for HSPA, and a theoretical maximum of 21.1 Mbit/s for HSPA+ and 42.2 Mbit/s for DC-HSPA+ (technically 3.5G, but usually clubbed under the tradename of 3G).

Compare data speeds with 3.5G and 4G.

Security
3G networks offer greater security than their 2G predecessors. By allowing the UE (User Equipment) to authenticate the network it is attaching to, the user can be sure the network is the intended one and not an impersonator. 3G networks use the KASUMI block cipher instead of the older A5/1 stream cipher. However, a number of serious weaknesses in the KASUMI cipher have been identified.

In addition to the 3G network infrastructure security, end-to-end security is offered when application frameworks such as IMS are accessed, although this is not strictly a 3G property.

Applications of 3G
The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise to applications not previously available to mobile phone users. It became possible to conveniently surf the internet on a 3G network on the go with minimum hassle, and do many other tasks previously a slow and difficult hassle on 2G. Medical devices, fire alarms, ankle monitors use this network for accomplishing their designated tasks alongside mobile phone users. This network marked the first for a cellular communications network to be used in such a wide variety of tasks, kick-starting the beginning of widespread usage of cellular networks.

Evolution
Both 3GPP and 3GPP2 are working on the extensions to 3G standards that are based on an all-IP network infrastructure and using advanced wireless technologies such as MIMO. These specifications already display features characteristic for IMT-Advanced (4G), the successor of 3G. However, falling short of the bandwidth requirements for 4G (which is 1 Gbit/s for stationary and 100 Mbit/s for mobile operation), these standards are classified as 3.9G or Pre-4G. 3GPP plans to meet the 4G goals with LTE Advanced, whereas Qualcomm has halted UMB development in favour of the LTE family.

On 14 December 2009, TeliaSonera announced in an official press release that "We are very proud to be the first operator in the world to offer our customers 4G services." With the launch of their LTE network, initially they are offering pre-4G (or beyond 3G) services in Stockholm, Sweden and Oslo, Norway.

title: 3G


text:
Drongo

The drongos are a family, Dicruridae, of passerine birds of the Old World tropics. The 31 species in the family are placed in a single genus, Dicrurus.

Drongos are mostly black or dark grey, short-legged birds, with an upright stance when perched. They have forked tails and some have elaborate tail decorations. They feed on insects and small birds, which they catch in flight or on the ground. Some species are accomplished mimics and have a variety of alarm calls, to which other birds and animals often respond. They are known to utter fake alarm calls that scare other animals off food, which the drongo then claims.

Taxonomy
The genus Dicrurus was introduced by French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot for the drongos in 1816. The type species was subsequently designated as the balicassiao (Dicrurus balicassius) by English zoologist George Robert Gray in 1841. The name of the genus combines the Ancient Greek words dikros "forked" and oura "tail". "Drongo" is originally from the indigenous language of Madagascar, where it refers to the crested drongo; it is now used for all members of the family.

This family now includes only the genus Dicrurus, although Christidis and Boles (2007) expanded the family to include the subfamilies Rhipidurinae (Australasian fantails), Monarchinae (monarch and paradise flycatchers), and Grallininae (magpie larks).

The family was formerly treated as having two genera, Chaetorhynchus and Dicrurus. The genus Chaetorhynchus contains a single species, the New Guinea-endemic C. papuensis. On the basis of both morphological and genetic differences, it is now placed with the fantails (Rhipiduridae) and renamed from the pygmy drongo to the drongo fantail.

The genus Dicrurus contains 28 species:

The family Dicruridae is most likely of Indo-Malayan origin, with a colonization of Africa about 15 million years ago (Mya). Dispersal across the Wallace Line into Australasia is estimated to have been more recent, around 6 Mya.

Characteristics
These insectivorous birds are usually found in open forests or bush. Most are black or dark grey in colour, sometimes with metallic tints. They have long, forked tails; some Asian species have elaborate tail decorations. They have short legs and sit very upright whilst perched, like a shrike. They flycatch or take prey from the ground. Some drongos, especially the greater racket-tailed drongo, are noted for their ability to mimic other birds and even mammals.

Two to four eggs are laid in a nest high in a tree. Despite their small size, they are aggressive and fearless, and will attack much larger species if their nests or young are threatened.

Several species of animals and birds respond to drongos' alarm calls, which often warn of the presence of a predator. Fork-tailed drongos in the Kalahari desert use alarm calls in the absence of a predator to cause animals to flee and abandon food, which they eat, getting up to 23% of their food this way. They not only use their own alarm calls, but also imitate those of many species, either their victim's or that of another species to which the victim responds. If the call of one species is not effective, perhaps because of habituation, the drongo may try another; 51 different calls are known to be imitated. In one test on pied babblers, the babbler ignored an alarm call repeated three times when no danger was present, but continued to respond to different calls. Researchers have considered the possibility that these drongos possess theory of mind, not fully shown in any animal other than humans.

Insult
The word "drongo" is used in Australian English as a mild form of insult meaning "idiot" or "stupid fellow". This usage derives from an Australian racehorse of the same name (apparently after the spangled drongo, D. bracteatus) in the 1920s that never won despite many places. The word also has been frequently used among friends and can be used in a casual or serious tone.

title: Drongo


text:
2G

2G is a short notation for second-generation cellular network, a group of technology standards employed for cellular networks. 2G was commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in 1991. After 2G was launched, the previous mobile wireless network systems were retroactively dubbed 1G. While radio signals on 1G networks are analog, radio signals on 2G networks are digital, though both systems use digital signaling to connect cellular radio towers to the rest of the mobile network system. 2G was superseded by 3G technology.

The most common 2G technology was the time-division multiple access (TDMA)-based GSM standard, used in most of the world outside Japan. In North America, Digital AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136) and cdmaOne (IS-95) were dominant, but GSM was also used. In Japan the ubiquitous system was Personal Digital Cellular (PDC), though another, Personal Handy-phone System (PHS), also existed.

Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their 1G predecessors were:
 * 1) Digitally encrypted phone conversations, at least between the mobile phone and the cellular base station but not necessarily in the rest of the network.
 * 2) Significantly more efficient use of the radio frequency spectrum enabling more users per frequency band.
 * 3) Data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages then expanding to Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS).

With General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), 2G offers a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 40 kbit/s (5 kB/s). With EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution), there is a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 384 kbit/s (48 kB/s).

2.5G (GPRS)
2.5G ("second-and-a-half generation" ) is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet-switched domain in addition to the circuit-switched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster service because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit-switched data services (HSCSD) as well.

2.75G (EDGE)
GPRS networks evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of 8PSK encoding. While the symbol rate remained the same at 270.833 samples per second, each symbol carried three bits instead of one. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM. EDGE was deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003, initially by AT&T in the United States.

Phase-out
2G, understood as GSM and CdmaOne, has been superseded by newer technologies such as 3G (UMTS / CDMA2000), 4G (LTE / WiMAX) and 5G (5G NR). However, 2G networks were still available in most parts of the world, while notably excluding the majority of carriers in North America, East Asia, and Australasia.

Many modern LTE-enabled devices have the ability to fall back to 2G for phone calls, necessary especially in rural areas where later generations have not yet been implemented. In some places, its successor 3G is being shut down rather than 2G – Vodafone previously announced that it had switched off 3G across Europe in 2020 but still retains 2G as a fallback service. In the US T-Mobile shut down their 3G services while retaining their 2G GSM network.

Various carriers have made announcements that 2G technology in the United States, Japan, Australia, and other countries are in the process of being shut down, or have already shut down 2G services so that carriers can re-use the frequencies for newer technologies (e.g. 4G, 5G).

As a legacy protocol, 2G connectivity is considered insecure. Specifically, there exist well known methods to attack weaknesses in GSM since 2009 with practical use in crime. Attack routes on 2G CdmaOne were found later and remain less publicized.

Android 12 and later provide a network setting to disable 2G connectivity for the device. iOS 16 and later can disable 2G connectivity by enabling Lockdown Mode.

Criticism
In some parts of the world, including the United Kingdom, 2G remains widely used for older feature phones and for internet of things (IoT) devices such as smart meters, eCall systems and vehicle trackers to avoid the high patent licensing cost of newer technologies. Terminating 2G services could leave vulnerable people who rely on 2G infrastructure unable to communicate even with emergency contacts, causing harm and possibly deaths.

title: 2G


text:
Talk:New Imperialism/Archive 8

8 Talk:New Imperialism/archive 1 Talk:New Imperialism/archive 2 Talk:New Imperialism/archive 3 Talk:New Imperialism/archive 4 Talk:New Imperialism/archive 5 Talk:New Imperialism/archive 6 Talk:New Imperialism/archive 7 Talk:New Imperialism/archive 8 (You are here.) Talk:New Imperialism/archive 9 Talk:New Imperialism/Linking to the alternative version from the top of the article Talk:New Imperialism/archive 10 Talk:New Imperialism/archive 11 Talk:New Imperialism/archive 12 Talk:New Imperialism/archive 13 Talk:New Imperialism/archive 14 Talk:New Imperialism/archive 15 Talk:New Imperialism/archive 16 Talk:New Imperialism/archive 17 Talk:New Imperialism/archive 18 Talk:New Imperialism/archive 19 Talk:New Imperialism/archive 20

Im getting pretty tired of User:172s constant disparaging remarks against me, and his threats to ban me. I also would like to know why nothing has been done with regards to his attitude. Several users jumped all over me last month for making too many edits in recent changes -- why is it that such actions are considered so offensive, yet 172 is allowed to act the way he does? Pizza Puzzle

I request that New Imperialism be protected so that the link to New Imperialism (temp) is visible and prominent. I do not think it is fair that I went out of my way, bending over backwards to agree to 172s demands, that I not edit his page; and yet, Im not even allowed to link my version so that anybody can read it. Pizza Puzzle

 * I don't like this solution -- there should be one page on New Imperialism, and it should be located there. If there are disagreements over what to put there, perhaps someone other than you or 172, but knowledgeable about the subject (which excludes me) could mediate. --Delirium 03:55 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * That would also be a good solution, although it looks like Pizza Puzzle's version has been summarily rejected. Even if the alternate page path is taken, another person will ultimately be needed to mediate.  Daniel Quinlan 04:18 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Great - in the meantime where would u like me to demonstrate my alternative? I certainly can't do it at New Imperialism because 172 protects the page to keep me from editing it. Pizza Puzzle

 * I normally put them in my user space (eg user:MyRedDice/jewish ethnocentrism, some time ago). YMMV. Martin 15:05 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I think alternate versions of articles are best avoided, but sometimes articles are so broken that it's necessary to get a new article written to the point, especially when the current page is being so actively protected. Daniel Quinlan 04:18 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Anyway, I don't know how serious 172 was, but I'm not in favor of banning Pizza Puzzle. In my limited interaction thus far with 172 (limited because his primary form of communication was reverting article edits), I think 172 could use much more restraint. I've had NPOV disagreements with other people, but have always been able to resolve them through discussion and joint-editing until a recent (near?) edit-war with 172. I'm not sure what to say about New Imperialism vs. New Imperialism (temp), but a short-term link while a new page is worked on seems reasonable to me. The article is so lengthy and hard to read (and the temp one has too many bloody links, I think) that it's hard to say which is better. Perhaps the link off of the current article would go over better if Pizza Puzzle used a more neutral phrasing for the link and the note at top of the temp version. For the appearance of Wikipedia, it might be better to limit the link to the Talk: page and perhaps the relevant meta pages. Daniel Quinlan 04:18 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I request that New Imperialism be protected so that my contributions are not censored. Pizza Puzzle

 * What PP wants is to be allowed to put a link to his personal unique version drafted as a temp, on the community-drafted page. We don't put rival articles on the same page. The temp page is not the live version right now. It could theoretically become so, but it isn't as of this minute. It is clearly linked on the talk page as a rival draft. But PP want to insist that a link to his alternative draft appear on the article page. FearÉIREANN 13:23 28 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Jtdirl and 172 systematically and continuously attack me. 172 has protected both the primary article, and its talk page. They have not only attacked me, they have attacked other users. They are not willing to accept the overwhelming community consensus that the page be edited -- they demanded that I not edit the page (using their sysop powers to ensure that I could not) and "suggested" that I create a temp page. Now that I took their suggestion - they are intent on suppressing New Imperialism (temp) which shows, very plainly, how much work their page needs. Pizza Puzzle

If this article is not brought beneath the 32KB limit by Monday (28th July), I am going to split it in two and move one half off to New Imperialism part 2. This is not an ideal solution, but it is a damn sight better than having an article that people with certain browsers can't edit. A better way of dividing the article can always be done at a later date if nobody's going to do it now. --Camembert

 * How the hell are you to be giving ultimatums? Wipe the foam off your mouth and retract your statements. My status on Wiki is equal to yours and I'm not going to accept threats. There are scores of other articles that are of comparable length and this article is no more pressing than the others. We have decided on a History of Germany-style series, which is going to be quite difficult. Those dividing this article are going to have to be experts in the subject or well-versed in it, taking into consideration both the proper historical periodization and the structure of the article. 172

 * I don't think he meant to threaten the article, articles are more like plants than animals, articles don't always die when split. כסיף Cyp 10:23 26 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Cool it, 172: for a start, it's not your personal property, which means any contributor is entitled to change an article if they at least don't make it worse. In this case, I happen to agree with Camembert that the thing's over-long and needs splitting, though I don't like "part 1" and "part 2". Putting the whole "Theories of ..." section at that title is indeed the best thing to do - and the same could be done with the history if length remained a problem. That's after all what redirection is for, though you wouldn't think it to look at half of the stuff on Wikipedia (I agree there are plenty of other similar or longer articles, most of which I think are all but useless for the conveying of information except to nit-picking obsessives and plagiarists). Nobody's making threats and nobody should be called upon to retract fair notice that they're going to make a perfectly legitimate alteration which it's their right to do even if an author disagrees. How long do these articles need to be, for God's sake? It's not as if it increases readability. You've some good points to make (though I'm going to correct some factual inaccuracies - don't take it personally), and I'd rather they were made accessible than just passed over with a despairing "Oh god, another droning sub-thesis" sigh. Graculus 10:57 26 Jul 2003 (UTC)

172, I'm sorry if what I said seemed like a threat - I just wanted to give warning of what I intend to do. As I've said several times, this article is too long for some people to edit, so it has to be divided up in some way. You don't think this is urgent, but I think that people not being to edit an article is actually a matter of some importance, better dealt with sooner than later. I know that just cutting it into "part 1" and "part 2" isn't a very good way to do it, and I do hope that somebody more knowledgeable than me will divide it up in a better way at some point in the future - cutting it in half like this is meant only as a temporary measure so that everybody can edit it, not just those with unfussy browsers. It's not meant as a personal reflection on you or anything like that - I don't mean to suggest the article is necessarily poor or that you're being tardy in splitting it up (I know we all have other things to do than edit the wikipedia), I just want to make editing the article accessible to all rather than just some. If there are other articles of comparable length, I'd appreciate it if you could point them out to me - I don't mean to pick on this article in particular, it just happens to be the only one that I know is too long. --Camembert

 * Actually, forget it. This is more trouble than it's worth. I'll stay away and let others do what they will with it. I do hope it gets divided up soon though, one way or another. A wiki with pages that can't be edited isn't much of a wiki. --Camembert

Is it inappropriate to link to New Imperialism (temp) from the article? כסיף Cyp 10:23 26 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Yes. The article is not more concise. It is just incoherent.

I have created a version of New Imperialism which is under 32k at New Imperialism (temp). Pizza Puzzle
 * And it's just like the version that you kept on posting on the main article when you were named Vera Cruz, causing the biggest edit war in Wiki history and getting you banned. Contributors who have been banned less than a dozen times have decided that no content will be removed and that a series will be created. 172 22:55 26 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Graculus:

First, I don't regard this article as my personal property. If you'd take a look at the article's history you'd see that almost every sentence has been changed since I posted the original version. Thus, it wasn't fair to attribute the points that are historical inaccurate or imprecise to me. In fact, during the more tumultuous period of the edit war, I let some weak points get by since restoring the original version, not the mess Vera Cruz (a user who has been banned under at least a dozen different identities) was trying to post. Just now, I removed a point stating that the 'impulse was primarily economic in origin,' which is an over-simplification.

Second, I have written many long in-depth articles and none of them are as controversial or have attracted as much attention as this one. The history of the controversy of this article started when Zoe, a scrupulous professional editor, but no historian, accused it of having an 'anti-Western' and 'anti-American' 'bias,' probably because she was thrown off by a single reference to TR's racist views. Then, another user accused it of having the other tilt, making a charge of Euro-centrism because of a single sentence about property-ownership in Sub-Saharan Africa. They had reasons to be suspicious, perhaps, since I was a new contributor (this was December 2002) at the time who made a less than magnanimous debut to Wiki. But those charges gradually disappeared once other experts jumped in and backed up the content after it had been better organized. However, the disaster came when Vera Cruz jumped in and decided to hijack the article by playing each side against each other and totally remaking it in an unacceptable version in a series of dozens of "minor edits". All the other experts found his version unacceptable and a back and forward edit war went on for weeks with no progress being made in shortening the article or copyediting it for readability. Vera Cruz eventually got banned for his conduct on this page. But now he's back, under a new name, trying to stir up tension by promoting his 'alternative version' and attacking me on this talk page and user page. The version that he's promoting is so laden with reductionisms, and over-simplifications that would not go unnoticed by any historian of the period or any well-informed reader. The reason that I frankly haunt this page is to keep a lid on Vera Cruz/Pizza Puzzle. And I'm a bit edgy right now because I know that when Pizza Puzzle is present and a repeat of the last edit war is possible. I have never not welcomed constructive edits, like yours to this page, or any page on which I've worked. I've written other in-depth articles, and there you'd find that I'm begging for other editors. 172 22:55 26 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Cheers, 172: I just didn't want this latest controversy getting out of hand, and I'm sorry if I gave the impression that I was blaming you for the factual errors. My feeling remains that the article as it stands offers a quite neat split between the history and the theories, of which the latter should also serve to take a chunk out of the similarly lengthy British Empire - perhaps an "Economics of imperialism/colonialism" might also be useful. I agree with Camembert that editing is actually easier with such a split, making each article more cohesive, and I think it should be done now rather than waiting. Please don't go down the "Part 2" serial route, though - they're just horrid. Graculus 23:46 26 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the suggestions. It's great to have someone of your caliber working on this article for a change. But I'm not really inclined to separate social, economic, and political history. It's so intertwined. Thus, an intertwined article can usually be the most suggestive, explanatory, and historically precise. Second, the theories section could eventually be separated, but only when it can be linked to the main article and all the related articles by a series box. You're probably familiar with the rich welter of historical literature on the subject. Since this is such a contentious subject with such a rich literature, a theory section is a good idea to help readers make sense of things and decide for themselves the significance of each development, what kind of legacy New Imperialism has had on the contemporary world, and why history unfolded as such. 172 23:57 26 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Indeed, 172, nobody wants to fragment the whole so that the core article is unsupported by more detailed analysis, but I think that given the length issue, the latter should be distilled here and gone into more detail elsewhere, with suitable text links (I'm not keen on series boxes - to me the text should incorporate as many of the links as possible, though some might have to be listed at the start or end depending on their relationship to the content). Graculus 00:16 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I aggree. When I'm ready, I'd like your help when dividing this article. 172 01:20 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Sure thing. Graculus 01:27 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)

-- A note to Nommonomanac:

While I have a pile of non-Wiki paper work in front distracting me from really going through your edits thoroughly, they seem to be improving readability. However, I'd like to explain the context behind the reference to Hobson as a "bourgeois economist to Lenin's liking." It's an allusion to the opening of V.I. Lenin's Imperialism: the Highest State of Capitalism, which begin with Lenin praising the work of J.A. Hobson, despite the fact that he's a "bourgeois economist". I guess I should be more straightforward when writing for a general audience. 172 01:20 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Ah right... I was wondering about that. Yeah, some of us aren't well read enough to get jokes like that ;). You might want to check the edit I made on the Dependence Theory stuff, in case I made too much of a pig's ear of it. -Nommo
 * Well, actually, Lenin's study was far more than the ramblings of a Communist dictator. For one, this came out before 1917. And this is also the study that really popularized the work of Hobson and popularized the study of this era, an impetus for the work of scholars defending his general thesis and detractors. My favorite recent survey text on this era is Bernard Porter's Third Edition of The Lion's Share. It's not only a solid work of history, but something worth reading for its writing style alone. He is incredibly well-versed in analysis of the period. But what stands out the most is how well-versed he is in the primary sources. The use of historical allusions is remarkable. He understands the mindsets of the major historical actors so well you'd mistake his narrative voice for one of them at times. While his theses are fairly close to Hobson's, he derides the reductionisms of Hobson and the neo-Marxists, and he can come across as a fairly condescending English country gentleman at times. It's an excellent book if you want to get a rousing reaction from students too. Non-academic readers usually judge his three editions by whether they find it pro- or anti- imperialist enough for them. And if anyone has a strong opinion about the morality of the era, they'll be offended by his prose in many places. He stays clear of the noble/ignoble debate and just sets out to explain Britain's relationship with the outside world in the late 19th century, why Britain chose to covert this relation into a formal colonial one. Sorry for this digression. I just wanted to promote a good book on this era full of colorful historical allusions. 172 01:47 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. -Nommo

 * Talk to Talk:Economic theories of the New Imperialist era

Pizza Puzzle, the banned user formally known as Lir and Vera Cruz, is linking his temp version of the page to the main article. I suggest that another sysop come and protect the page from his vandalism. As you'd be able to see from this article's history, many have been editing this article over the past few days and have not felt the need to edit his incoherent gibberish, laced with reductionistic and overly-simplified claims that would make historians of the era cringe. He has no right to claim that his article is "concise". Although short, it is utterly incoherent. The main article, on the hand, has been the subject of very active peer-editing. It is not a "172" article, as Lir/Vera/Pizza claims, but an article, as is evident from its history, that has received exceptionally active attention from many other contributors, including other experts. Lir/Pizza's actions would be tantamount to a single user starting his own incoherent, sloppy truncated version of WWII (another page subject extensive editing by a very large number of contributors) on a temp page and advertising it as a "concise alternative" on the main article. The ramblings of a single banned user, in short, is not an alternative to a project that has received substantial attention by many in the Wiki-community. 172 03:48 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * If the page was protected, would you continue to edit it? -- Tim Starling 03:52 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I personally don't like the (temp) thing. Making a new page makes it very difficult to eventually merge to one article.  Instead, Pizza Puzzle should identify specific problems with this article and discuss changing them.  As for length, that can be solved by providing some sort of outline or summary if it's deemed desirable, but the short summary version should be in sync with the full version. --Delirium 03:53 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)\

I did identify specific problems (for starters this page is too long -- it is off topic -- it rambles), 172 deleted them and protected the talk page. He then demanded that if i wanted to write about this topic so bad, that I create a temp page. I conceeded to his demands and now he is attacking me for that. Pizza Puzzle

- Yes, I won't touch it if it gets you to protect it. However, please protect the version without the link to the gibberish. 172 03:55 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I think New Imperialism (temp) is a superior article and should replace this one immediately. 198.81.26.78
 * Looks like we have Pizza Puzzle's IP address!

Although New Imperialism (temp) is a work in progress - it is an actual wiki article. The article here has been in a state of incompetent disarray, apparently for months, and 172 is clearly not the expert he pretends to be. I doubt anyone has actually read this page, because it is crap.198.81.26.78

 * Pizza Puzzle. Don't insult the intelligence of the other users by pretending to be someone else. Who the hell is dumb enough to believe that that's not you heaping such boundless praise on your loopy garbage as an anon? This is the kind of manipulative behavior that has gotten you banned so many times. Exposing your IP address is just an opportunity for someone to save us all and ban you once again. 172 04:03 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)

These comments weren't made by me. Apparently 172 thinks anyone who disagrees with him is all the same person. Pizza Puzzle

172 and Pizza Puzzle: please don't have a revert war, there are more important things to be done, and successive reverts make it harder to track any defects in the text. 172, there's a difference of opinion here which has been resolved temporarily and imperfectly by the creation of a parallel article, and I have no problem with a link to New Imperialism (temp) so long as there's a neutral link there to this New Imperialism too. Pizza Puzzle, I'd like to here what you want done with New imperialism; are you satisfied with the proposal that's emerging for paring down the "theories..." part of New Imperialism and putting the more detailed theoretical analysis in Theories of imperialism? If so, I propose that both articles should stand - with mutual links - until we have New imperialism down to a manageable size, when (temp) will no longer be needed.

This situation is really getting out of proportion to what seems to be the underlying disagreement (I don't know the past history,172, but we need to give people a chance to mend whatever ways we think need mending), and we need to move on if we're to achieve a result. I'd like both of you to be happy with the outcome, but we're not going to get anywhere if we spend our time on reverts and end up attacking people. Tolerance, please: if anyone is being deliberately destructive it'll come out soon enough. Cheers, Graculus 04:16 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Graculus -- 172 deleted theories of imperialism after I discovered an early user had proposed that (and been attacked by 172) -- I then recreated the article. (check the talk history) Pizza Puzzle

172 said to User:Camembert: "Wipe the foam off your mouth and retract your statements." He has said worse things to me. He has protected both New Imperialism and the talk page, in order to keep me from making any edits whatsoever. He has told other users that they are ignorant and incompetent because they don't like this page. Pizza Puzzle

-- This matter can only be put to rest when this page is protected and Pizza Puzzle is no longer able to promote his over-simplifications as "concise." And just to note, I have only stated that PP's contributions (on the temp page he's promoting with his multiple identities) are historically unacceptable. I haven't had a problem with the edits of anyone else. 172 04:24 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Would you mind commenting upon the perceived historicaly errors? Pizza Puzzle

- Tim:

That would be fine, but it's unfair to all the other contributors who have worked on this article. It's also irresponsible to link such an incoherent page to an article that has attracted the kind of peer editing that we've seen on prominent articles, such as WWI and WWII. This is not solely my article, as PP claims. In fact, over the past week I haven't been doing anything more than minor linking, copyediting, and removing links to PP's gibberish. Others have been doing substantial work. You're giving PP's version too much credit when you call it a "suggested alternative". It's an incoherent sandbox for a user with multiple times who has been banned countless times. I don't even have an idea how many times he has been banned. I hope that the next much-belated banning comes soon. 172 04:31 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * How about just a link at the top of the talk page? That's more or less standard in these situations isn't it? For example, Talk:Main Page. -- Tim Starling 04:46 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)

---

title: Talk:New Imperialism/Archive 8


text: Talk:Demographics of Denmark

title: Talk:Demographics of Denmark