text:
1989 in art

Events from the year 1989 in art.

Events

 * 30 May – Tiananmen Square protests of 1989: The sculpture Goddess of Democracy (由女神, zìyóu nǚshén), constructed by students of the China Central Academy of Fine Arts from extruded polystyrene foam, is unveiled by protestors in Tiananmen Square, Beijing. Early on 4 June it is toppled by a tank.
 * 12 June – The Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. cancels Robert Mapplethorpe's photography exhibition, "Robert Mapplethorpe: The Perfect Moment", because of its sexually explicit content.
 * October – The Philip and Muriel Berman Museum of Art opens at Ursinus College in Collegeville, Pennsylvania, United States.
 * December – Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes: Completion of restoration work on Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling in the Vatican.
 * Bill Gates founds Corbis Corporation as Interactive Home Systems to license rights to visual media for digital display.
 * The Keith Haring Foundation is established.
 * Magiciens de la Terre exhibition opens at the Centre Georges Pompidou and the Grande Halle at the Parc de la Villette.
 * The Other Story, the first retrospective exhibition of British African, Caribbean, and Asian modernism, opens at the Hayward Gallery in London.

Awards

 * Archibald Prize: Bryan Westwood – Portrait of Elwyn Lynn
 * John Moores Painting Prize – Lisa Milroy for "Handles"

Exhibitions

 * Jim Dine Drawings 1973–1987 at Minneapolis Institute of Art
 * Robert Longo retrospective at Los Angeles County Museum of Art
 * Magiciens de la terre at Centre Georges Pompidou

Works

 * Yaacov Agam – Visual Music Orchestration
 * Wayne Chabre (Eugene, Oregon)
 * Marie Curie Gargoyle
 * Maxwell & Demon Gargoyle
 * Robert Coburn – Korean Temple Bell (installation, Portland, Oregon)
 * Peter Corlett – Man in the mud (diorama, Australian War Memorial)
 * Arturo Di Modica - Charging Bull
 * Tom Hardy, Lawrence Halprin, and Scott Stickney – Hatfield Fountain (Salem, Oregon)
 * John Keane – The Other Cheek
 * Odd Nerdrum – Dawn
 * Cornelia Parker – Thirty Pieces of Silver (installation)
 * William Woodward - The Greatest Show on Earth, Circus Museum and the Tibbals Learning Center at the John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Sarasota, Florida

Births

 * 7 November – Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, Russian conceptual artist and political activist.

January to June

 * 23 January – Salvador Dalí, Spanish surrealist artist (b. 1904)
 * 1 February – Elaine de Kooning, American abstract expressionist painter (b. 1918)
 * 9 February – Osamu Tezuka, Japanese manga artist, animator and producer (b. 1928)
 * 17 February – Guy Laroche, French fashion designer (b. 1921)
 * 24 February – Mallica Reynolds ("Kapo"), Jamaican painter, sculptor and religious leader (b. 1911)
 * 9 March – Robert Mapplethorpe, American photographer (b. 1946)
 * 31 March – Piotr Belousov, Russian painter and graphic artist (b. 1912)
 * 6 April – Henri Cadiou, French realist painter and lithographer (b. 1906)
 * 4 June
 * Dik Browne, American cartoonist (b. 1917)
 * Cecil Collins, English painter and printmaker (b. 1908)
 * 9 June – Piotr Vasiliev, Russian painter (b. 1909)

July to December

 * 5 July – Berthold Wolpe, German-born British printmaker and typeface designer (b. 1905)
 * 10 August – Pierre Matisse, gallerist, son of Henri Matisse (b. 1900)
 * 29 August – Sir Peter Scott, English ornithologist, conservationist and wildlife painter (b. 1909)
 * 24 October – Doris Huestis Speirs, Canadian painter, ornithologist and poet (b. 1894)
 * 11 November – Jay DeFeo, American visual artist (b. 1929)
 * 12 November – Božidar Jakac, Slovene painter and graphic artist (b. 1899)
 * 21 November – Edward Bawden, English artist and illustrator (b. 1903)
 * 22 November – C. C. Beck, American cartoonist and comic book artist (b. 1910)
 * 21 December – Rotimi Fani-Kayode, Nigerian-English photographer, co-founder of Autograph ABP (b. 1955)
 * 28 December – William Scott, Ulster Scots painter (b. 1913)
 * 31 December – Lilly Daché, French milliner and fashion designer (b. 1898)
 * date unknown
 * Francesco Di Cocco, Italian painter (b. 1900)

title: 1989 in art


text:
1757 in art

Events from the year 1757 in art.

Works

 * Giovanni Battista Cipriani – Decoration of Lord Mayor of London's State Coach
 * Arthur Devis
 * Arthur Holdsworth Conversing with Thomas Taylor and Captain Stancombe by the River Dart
 * Portrait of Juliana Penn
 * Anton Raphael Mengs – The Judgement of Paris (approximate date)
 * Giovanni Paolo Panini – Modern Rome (first two versions)
 * Joshua Reynolds – Miss Margaret Morris
 * Claude Joseph Vernet – Four Times of the Day (series of four paintings)
 * John Wollaston – Portraits made in Virginia, including
 * Martha Dandridge Custis (illustrated)
 * Mann Page and his sister Elizabeth (approximate date)

Births

 * January 10 - Joseph Kreutzinger, Austrian portrait painter (died 1829)
 * January 23 - Paolo Vincenzo Bonomini, Italian portrait and caricature painter (died 1839)
 * March 21 – James Sowerby, naturalist and illustrator (died 1822)
 * April 22 – Josef Grassi, Austrian portrait painter (died 1838)
 * July 24 – Vladimir Borovikovsky, Ukrainian-born painter especially of Russian portraiture (died 1825)
 * August 4 – Guillaume-Joseph Roques, painter (died 1847)
 * August 17 – Adam Bartsch, Austrian scholar, artist, and printmaker in engraving and etching (died 1821)
 * November 1 – Antonio Canova, sculptor (died 1822)
 * November 28 – William Blake, English painter, poet and engraver (died 1827)
 * December 2 – Pierre Cartellier, French sculptor (died 1831)
 * December 5 – Jean-Pierre Casimir de Marcassus, Baron de Puymaurin, French chemist, medallist, politician, and man of letters (died 1841)
 * date unknown
 * John Alefounder, English portrait and miniature painter (died 1795)
 * Joseph Barber, English landscape painter and art teacher (died 1811)
 * Gaetano Stefano Bartolozzi, Italian engraver, art dealer, and merchant (died 1821)
 * Alexandre-Hyacinthe Dunouy, French landscape painter (died 1841)
 * Vicente Escobar, Cuban painter (died 1834)
 * Abraham Ezekiel Ezekiel, English engraver (died 1806)
 * Thomas Hardy, English portrait painter (died c. 1805))
 * Nathaniel Plimer, miniaturist (died 1822)
 * Mustafa Râkim, Ottoman calligrapher (died 1826)
 * Sampson Towgood Roch, Irish painter of miniatures (died 1847)
 * William Verstille, American portrait artist (died 1803)

Deaths

 * February 26 - Maria Moninckx, Dutch botanical artist and painter (born 1673)
 * February 27 – Pier Francesco Guala, Italian painter active in Casale Monferrato (born 1698)
 * March 12 – Giuseppe Galli Bibiena (born 1696), Italian designer, second son of Ferdinando Galli Bibiena, most distinguished artist of the Galli-Bibiena family
 * April 15
 * Rosalba Carriera, Venetian miniaturist (born 1675)
 * Franz Joseph Spiegler, German fresco painter (born 1691)
 * April 16 – Daniel Gran, Austrian painter of frescoes and altar paintings (born 1694)
 * June 26 – Jan Antonín Vocásek, Czech Baroque still-life painter (born 1706)
 * August 5 – Antoine Pesne, French-born court painter of Prussia (born 1683)
 * August 6 – Ádám Mányoki, Hungarian Baroque painter (born 1673)
 * September 3 - Odvardt Helmoldt von Lode, Danish painter and engraver (born 1726)
 * September 21 - Pieter Jan Snyers, Flemish painter (born 1696)
 * October 21 (bur.) - Rhoda Delaval, English portrait painter (born 1725)
 * date unknown
 * Francesco Albotto, Italian painter (born 1721)
 * Francesco Ange, Italian painter (born 1675)
 * Erik Westzynthius the Elder, Finnish painter (born 1711)
 * Antonio Maria Zanetti, Italian artist especially of woodcuts (born 1680)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1757 in art


text:
1827 in art

Events in the year 1827 in Art.

Events

 * Sir Richard Westmacott becomes Professor of Sculpture at the Royal Academy.
 * John James Audubon begins publication of The Birds of America in the United Kingdom. Much of the background botanical artwork is by Joseph Mason.
 * English painter Benjamin Haydon is committed to debtors' prison in London; while there he witnesses the mock election in the King's Bench Prison and records it in the paintings The Mock Election and Chairing the Member.
 * Charles Codman is discovered by art critic and patron John Neal.

Works

 * William Blake – The Wood of the Self-Murderers: The Harpies and the Suicides
 * Karl Briullov – Italian Midday
 * Thomas Campbell
 * Bust of Henry Raeburn
 * Monument to the Duchess of Buccleuch in St Edmund's church, Warkton (England)
 * George Catlin – Bird's Eye View of Niagara Falls
 * Thomas Cole – Autumn in the Catskills
 * John Constable – Chain Pier, Brighton
 * Eugène Delacroix
 * Combat of the Giaour and the Pasha
 * Death of Sardanapalus
 * Charles Lock Eastlake – Lord Byron's Dream
 * Jean-François Garneray – The grand Dauphin visits a hut, led by the Duc de Montausier
 * François Gérard - Coronation of Charles X of France
 * Francisco Goya (attributed) – The Milkmaid of Bordeaux
 * François Joseph Heim – Charles X Distributing Awards to Artists
 * Hokusai – wood-block print series (1827–1830)
 * A Tour of the Waterfalls of the Provinces
 * Unusual Views of Celebrated Bridges in the Provinces
 * Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres – The Apotheosis of Homer
 * Orest Kiprensky – Portrait of Alexander Pushkin
 * Thomas Lawrence – Portrait of Julia, Lady Peel
 * François Rude – Mercury fastening his sandals after having killed Argos (model for bronze casting)
 * John Simpson – The Captive Slave

Births

 * February 13 – Frederick Daniel Hardy, English genre painter and member of the Cranbrook Colony (died 1911)
 * April 2 – William Holman Hunt, English pre-Raphaelite painter (died 1910)
 * May 1
 * Agnes Börjesson, Swedish painter (died 1900)
 * August Cappelen, Norwegian painter (died 1852)
 * May 11 – Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux, French painter and sculptor (died 1875)
 * June 21 – Vincenzo Cabianca, Italian painter (died 1902)
 * October 19 – Charles Cordier, French sculptor (died 1905)
 * Thomas Farrell, Irish sculptor (died 1900)
 * Emma Schenson, Swedish photographer (died 1913)

Deaths

 * February 22 – Charles Willson Peale, American painter (born 1741)
 * April 21 – Thomas Rowlandson, English artist and caricaturist (born 1757)
 * May 6 – François-Frédéric Lemot, French sculptor (born 1772)
 * August 12 – William Blake, English painter, poet and engraver (born 1757)
 * December 23 – John Higton, English painter primarily of animals (born 1776)
 * date unknown
 * Pierre-Antoine Bellangé, French ébéniste (born 1757)
 * Féréol Bonnemaison, French portrait painter and lithographer
 * Allen Robert Branston, English wood-engraver (born 1778)

title: 1827 in art


text:
Talk:Ladislav Kupkovič

Untitled
A note on sources here: some of this came from Grove, and some of it (including the Bryars quote) came from another book which I think was Contemporary Composers, ed. Brian Morton, Pamela Collins (London, St James Press, 1992). I'm not sure enough that this was the source to add it to the article though (I made the notes a good while ago, and didn't record what source I'd used at the time), but I'm going to check if I can (if somebody else is in a position to check that it contains the quote, that would be great, of course). --Camembert

title: Talk:Ladislav Kupkovič


text:
User talk:Doctorbozzball

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

Please read the criteria for inclusion of biographies. I feel that some of the people you are adding may not be worthy for an encyclopedia entry. They are listed for deletion.

You may also want to read ;
 * How to edit a page
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

There is a sandbox which you can use to experiment in. If you have any questions, see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. Angela 23:51, 13 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Hi Doctorbozzball,

Some of your additions haven't been particularly encyclopaedic, indeed Mr. Coleman has sadly been deleted. Clearly some people don't appreciate the things he is capable of...

There are some useful pages about how to write articles, Policies and guidelines and How to edit a page aren't bad places to start.

Anyway, have fun -- Ams80 23:55, 13 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Your comment on the votes for deletion page made me laugh, but I'm really not! Angela 02:40, 20 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Luke Pebody
Hello. I'm here to ask you about that rather controversial Luke Pebody article. Wikipedia is supposed to summarise the body of human knowledge, rather than adding to it, so we only include information that has been published elsewhere. Information that we have on someone from personal knowledge, while it may be interesting, isn't appropriate for inclusion, because other people have no way of verifying that it is true. I'm not sure if you've done that in the case of Luke Pebody, but since you know about him, I was wondering if you could clarify which parts of his article are verifiable from publically available knowledge (which arguably could be kept), and which parts aren't (which should be removed). The argument at Talk:Luke Pebody is a bit of a mess at the moment, because issues of verifiability are being discussed alongside issues of importance, and I think it would make everything a lot easier if we could resolve the former issue first. Anyway, it's good to have you here as a contributor. I hope you stick around! -- Oliver P. 20:28, 20 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Doctorbozzball! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to insure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. if you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 19:21, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Luke Pebody -

Nomination of Luke Pebody for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Luke Pebody is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Luke Pebody (2nd nomination) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Russ Woodroofe (talk) 10:48, 24 September 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Doctorbozzball


text:
Leatherman (disambiguation)

Leatherman is a trademark for a line of multitools produced by the Leatherman Tool Group.

Leatherman may also refer to:

People

 * Glenn Hughes, the biker character from the band Village People
 * Hugh Leatherman (1931-2021), American politician
 * Leatherman (vagabond), an individual in the nineteenth century traveling in Connecticut and New York state east of Hudson river
 * Stephen Leatherman, a geological scientist at the Florida State University
 * Timothy S. Leatherman, a businessman and the inventor of the multitool and brand

Other uses

 * A man involved with the leather subculture
 * Leatherman Peak in Idaho's Lost River Range, the second highest named peak in the state
 * "Leatherman", a Pearl Jam B-side released only on their 1998 single, "Given to Fly", about the 19th century vagabond in Northeastern United States.

title: Leatherman (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Ball lightning

An Observation dated 2014 April 21th, Easter Monday 2014
My parents watched in their home the development of what appeared to be an impressive thundercloud. There was no rain yet. My father watched in the direction of the could at the back of the house, my mother watched through a windows in the front of the house in the opposite direction. My mother then saw a ball of orange roll through the street, an estimated one meter in diameter. She described its texture and colour like the sun's granulated surface, as "shown" in fake-colour images. As my mother stood perplexed and the ball rolled out of view my father ducked for cover. He saw an "enormous" orange sphere envelope a forested cemetery, at about one kilometer distance. It took several seconds for the sound of the strike to reach their home.

It is unclear what happened first: the lightning strike at the cemetery or the ball in the street. The distance between the lightning ball and the site of the strike is about one kilometer.

No damage in the street was recorded due to the ball lightning. But the cemetery was devastated by the strike. An oak of about 20 meters was reduced to shreds of wood. The mourning center's back wall, double brick masonry 10 meters long and 3 meters tall, was obliterated and rubble was blown inward. Marble tomb stones got shattered. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OxAVeI7aF-4 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.83.108.100 (talk) 10:33, 15 August 2022 (UTC)

Active research
Hi, just a note. I've spoken to someone about this, and it seems a certain very famous writer and artist here actually saw one in the 1800s though didn't describe it as ball shaped. I'm trying to locate the original article but as its going into a scientific paper have to be careful. It does suggest that the ion beam explanation by Lowke may in fact be essentially correct at least in some cases. BL may turn out to be several rather than one phenomenon, for which a "Unified Theory" may be needed that covers all observations and effects including the more outlandish ones. I have done some research here and actually investigated a case that suggested CRT TVs can attract these possibly due to the electrostatic field in the tube itself and around the scan coils. Certainly ion beams extending out into the air can result from HV runaway, and this is actually well documented with military equipment, effects at Fermilab, LEP and LHC as well as anecdotal cases in Russia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.190.166.126 (talk) 07:03, 8 June 2022 (UTC)

 * This story was told to me in August 2009 by one of the Cherepovets investigators, who wished to remain anonymous. I will not add anything on my own, so as not to change the original story. Here is the story recorded from his words:
 * "It was at the end of August 2001. Together with my father, I went fishing on Lake Gorodenok, which is located in the forest near our village of Zimnik. The village is located 100 km from Cherepovets towards the city of Ustyuzhny. We went to the lake for the night. Around 23:00 it was already quite dark and my father and I were sitting by the campfire. After a while, we saw a sharp glow. An object in the shape of a white-yellow ball hovered over the middle of the lake. When the object hovered over the water, it was in a calm state without visible fluctuations. The balloon hung above the water for about 5 minutes, then abruptly headed towards the forest and hit a tree. We saw sparks and heard a crack. After hitting a tree, the object abruptly flew away and disappeared from view. The tree caught fire at the same time. Weather conditions: clear, stars were visible.
 * Also, here are some data from the questionnaire of the eyewitness, which were recorded during a more detailed discussion and analysis of this phenomenon:
 * The diameter of the object is ~ 1 meter;
 * The height of the object above the water is ~ 0.5 meters;
 * The eyewitness estimated the distance to the object at 250m;
 * Place of observation south-east side of the lake;
 * Impact on an eyewitness: a state of shock; https://cherepovets-kp.ucoz.org/blog/2009-10-13-18 176.65.113.100 (talk) 19:21, 30 July 2023 (UTC)

Is the existence of the phenomenon even confirmed?
I've found no hard evidence of any ball lightning phenomenon ever existing. It seems that it's somewhere between urban legend and hallucination. Please provide some hard evidence of existence of this, otherwise this article should be rephrased to reflect the supposed existence of the phenomenon. BratPit24 (talk) 20:52, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

 * There's quite a few documented well documented sightings.
 * Probably a better question would be : Are all the sightings describing the same phenomena? It seems like "Ball lightning" is a catch-all for any freak glowy thing that's associated with lightning in any way.
 * It's not really surprising that lightning occasionally produces unusual sparks, embers, optical illusions, and perhaps even little bubbles of plasma. Heck, even a moth whose wings caught on fire would fit the description. Does "ball lightning" describe all of those things? Or is there one particular thing that is "ball lightning" and some of the sightings are describing something else? ApLundell (talk) 17:31, 15 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ball lightning


text:
Talk:List of 2003 California recall candidates

Most of the people on this list shouldnt be wikied. Theyre not famous enough. --Jiang

There's no need to decide that question when making the page now. If they're famous, write an article someday; if not, let the link stay red forever. There's no shame in that! More importantly, any of these people might become famous some decades later; then having a link here now will only help. After some time, we might revisit the issue, once we know that nobody else on this list will ever be famous since they're dead. But by then, our standards for coverage may be very different anyway. Again, no need to make the decision while writing this page now. -- Toby Bartels

The entire list is open to inclusion. Is there a reason, in what purports to be a complete list, to not be complete? -- RayKiddy

I see no reason to have a partial list. I also think it's POV of us to link the "major" candidates. We have no real basis that we're going by. LDan 02:14, 16 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Our basis is that we do not have articles on non-famous people and subjects we cannot find enough independently verifiable information on to substantiate more than a stub. I'm sure enough info will surface on at least some of the unknowns by the end of the election to warrent having separate articles on those people. Until then we should only link to the notables. --mav

-

Is Ueberroth now running as a Republican/ I thought he was an indepenet Smith03 21:04, 15 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * At no point did Ueberroth register to run as an Independent. He has said he would be an "independent governor", but has kept his voter registration as a Republican.

I restored the list (which User:Stevertigo had deleted with a comment about copyvio). The information is in simple alphabetical order, as issued by the California Secretary of State. As such, SFGATE has no copyright claim on it. (If the very minimal descriptions are copyrighted, remove those, but not the names and party affiliations.) Vicki Rosenzweig 21:43, 16 Aug 2003 (UTC)

I will do so momentarily -- the list itself and its descriptions come from SFGate, not CA state. -S-

 * I've looked at the California site. The list, including the descriptions like "publisher" and "no ballot designation requested" and the names in all-caps, are exactly as provided there. What exactly are you saying comes from SFGate? (They can pick up CA stuff, same as we can, and that doesn't give them any more of an exclusive claim than it would give us.)Vicki Rosenzweig 22:02, 16 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Did you look at the SFGATE site list though? The list itself and its descriptions come from SFGate, not CA state. True they cant really bitch about a list -- but its descriptions are copyright, and its obvious that the list came from there. It was easier to replace it with the one from CA (depite having to clean up all the format tags) -- which had more complete descriptions anyway. Sorry for the mixup Vicki. Next time please dont be so quick to jump on what I do. Thanks. - 戴&#30505sv 22:08, Aug 16, 2003 (UTC)

Someone anonymous added Jason Gastrich to the top of the list. I moved him down to his rightful place alphabetically. But can someone check if he's on the official California Secretary of State list? If so, how did he get left off? If not, he should be deleted. RickK 02:08, 22 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * He's not a certified candidate. He appears to be running as a "write-in" candidate. He won't appear on the ballot. No clue as to whether he couldn't get the signatures, couldn't pay the fee, or failed to meet his deadline. -- Someone else 02:17, 22 Aug 2003 (UTC)


text:
Jacquetta Hawkes

Jacquetta Hawkes (5 August 1910 – 18 March 1996) was an English archaeologist and writer. She was the first woman to study the Archaeology & Anthropology degree course at the University of Cambridge. A specialist in prehistoric archaeology, she excavated Neanderthal remains at the Palaeolithic site of Mount Carmel with Yusra and Dorothy Garrod. She was a representative for the UK at UNESCO, and was curator of the "People of Britain" pavilion at the Festival of Britain.

Widely recognised for her book A Land (1951), she wrote widely on archaeology, fusing a literary style of writing with a deep knowledge of landscape and past human lives, as well as using film and radio to enable archaeology to reach new audiences. In 1953 she married J. B. Priestley, with whom she authored several works. She was co-founder of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and an active campaigner in the Homosexual Law Reform Society. In 1967 she published Dawn of the Gods, a "feminine" interpretation of the Minoan civilisation. In 1971, the Council for British Archaeology rewarded her advocacy for the discipline with the role of vice-president.

Early life and education

Born Jessie Jacquetta Hopkins, on 5 August 1910 in Cambridge, she was the youngest child of Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1861–1947), biochemist and Nobel Prize winner, and his wife Jessie Ann (1869–1956), daughter of Edward William Stevens, ship's fitter, of Ramsgate. She had one brother and one sister. Her father was a cousin of the poet Gerard Manley Hopkins. Her parents met at Guy's Hospital, where they both worked. Interested in archaeology from a young age, she made her first investigations aged nine when she found out her home was on the site of an early medieval cemetery, sneaking out of the house at night to dig in the garden.

From 1921 to 1928 she attended Perse School for Girls, going on in 1929 to study the new degree of Archaeology & Anthropology at the University of Cambridge, where she was the first woman to do so. In her second year at university she took part in the excavation of a Roman site near Colchester, and there met her future first husband, the archaeologist Christopher Hawkes (1905–1992). She graduated with a first-class honours degree from Newnham College.

Early career
After her graduation, in 1932, she travelled to Palestine and joined the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem, in order to excavate on Mount Carmel, alongside Yusra and Dorothy Garrod. There she supervised the excavation of a Neanderthal skeleton. On her return from Palestine, she married Christopher Hawkes on 7 October 1933 at Trinity College, Cambridge, when she was aged 22.

In 1934 she had published her first article "Aspects of the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods in western Europe" in Antiquity. The same year, she visited a seven-year-old David Attenborough's "museum" of fossils and geology, donating specimens to it. In 1935 she led a BBC Radio programme "Ancient Britain Out of Doors", introducing key ideas about archaeology then discussing them with colleagues Stuart Piggott and Nowell Myres. In 1937 her only child, Nicholas, was born.

In 1938 Hawkes' first book, The Archaeology of Jersey, was published – it was the second work in a series on the archaeology of the Channel Islands that had been begun by Tom Kendrick. As a result of the academic success of the monograph, she was elected as a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. In 1939 she travelled to Ireland to supervise the excavation of Harristown Passage Tomb, near Waterford. The excavation was funded by the Office of Public Works Employment Relief Scheme.

World War II

Hawkes and her son moved to Dorset early in the war, when Britain was facing the threat of invasion. In her memoir A Quest of Love, Hawkes described how, while in Dorset, her "violent emotional involvement with a woman" was "a sudden undamning of feelings of an intensity that I did not know I possessed". Her biographer, Christine Finn, characterised this affair as leaving Hawkes "emotionally confused". The writer Robert Macfarlane described Hawkes as "bisexual through much of the 1930s".

During the latter half of the Blitz Hawkes returned to London and began work in the civil service. To begin with she was involved with moving items from the British Museum to Aldwych tube station for safe-keeping. She began work in 1941 as Assistant Principal of the Post-War Reconstruction Secretariat. Her next post, begun in 1943 and one she held until 1949, was in the Ministry of Education, where she became Secretary of the UK National Committee for UNESCO. In her work in the Ministry of Education she was editor-in-chief of the film unit, where she commissioned and produced The Beginning of History – an early attempt to present prehistory on film.

Whilst working for the government she continued to publish, including Prehistoric Britain (1944, co-authored with her then husband, Christopher Hawkes), and Early Britain (1945). Prehistoric Britain was used by many students in the 1940s and 1950s and underwent several editions and reprints.

During the war she met the poet Walter J. Turner, with whom she had an extra-marital affair. Turner died of a brain haemorrhage in 1946 and Hawkes was grief-stricken. Inspired by Turner's writing and their love, she published her only poetry collection Symbols and Speculations in 1948. It recalled, through poetry, both mystical and physical experiences in her archaeological career.

During her time as Secretary, a major task was the preparations for UNESCO's first conference, which was held in Mexico City in 1947. One of the UK representatives was her future husband, J. B. Priestley, although Hawkes initially opposed his inclusion. However, at the conference Hawkes and Priestley fell in love. Priestley famously described Hawkes' demeanour as "Ice without! Fire within!"

Festival of Britain
In 1949 Hawkes left the civil service, in order to work full-time as a writer. She was interested in communicating archaeology and art in new ways to new audiences, including through writing creatively and through film. In 1950 the British Film Institute made her a governor. Writing with empathy, in what became termed the 'archaeological imagination', was central to her practice. One of her first creative projects was as archaeological advisor to the Festival of Britain in 1951, where she produced the 'People of Britain' pavilion. The pavilion's architect was H. T. Cadbury Brown and it was designed by James Gardner. The vision of the pavilion created by Hawkes showed archaeological sites as if they were being discovered for the first time, proceeding chronologically from a prehistoric burial, to a Bronze Age gold necklace, to a Roman mosaic floor. After the Roman section, visitors met a recreation of the Sutton Hoo ship burial.

A Land (1951)
Published one month after the opening of the Festival of Britain, and perhaps Hawkes' most widely recognised work, A Land (1951) characterised the archaeology of Britain, and thus the story of Britishness, as one of repeated waves of migration. The book was illustrated by Henry Moore. Reviewed on its publication in The Journal of Geology as "literary expression... rather than scientific description", even Hawkes was aware that it was a difficult book to classify. Nevertheless, a review by Harold Nicolson helped to boost its popularity where he described "the weird beauty in this prophetic book... it is written with a passion of love and hate". Described by geographer Hayden Lorimer, in 2012, as "an unconventional geological history", it was a bestseller in the UK and was described in the same year, by Robert Macfarlane, as "one of the defining British non-fiction books of the postwar decade".

In 1952 Hawkes was awarded an OBE.

Marriage to J. B. Priestley
Jacquetta and Christopher Hawkes divorced in 1953; she married Priestley the same year. They lived on the Isle of Wight, before moving to Alveston, Warwickshire, in 1960. During their marriage, they collaborated on a number of experimental literary works, including the play Dragon's Mouth, and an epistolary work entitled Journey Down a Rainbow, based on imagined letters. Priestley's letters in the work were set in a "brash new America in Texas", whilst Hawkes' were written from the perspectives of indigenous societies in New Mexico.

Research in the 1950s
The script for the 1953 film Figures in a Landscape, a documentary about the work of Barbara Hepworth, was written by Hawkes. In 1956 she began excavations on the Mottistone Estate, whose land adjoined her and Priestley's home of Brook Hill House. The subject of Hawkes' investigation was The Longstone; her research, which was published in Antiquity, demonstrated that it was the remains of the entrance to a Neolithic long barrow.

Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
Politically engaged, in late 1957 and early 1958 she and Priestley were part of a group of co-founders of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND). CND officially launched at Central Hall, Westminster, on 17 February 1958. Its institutional origins have been described as an "elite pressure group", established as a "gathering" between peers, such as Bertrand Russell, George Kennan, Denis Healey and other public figures, who all knew each other. Hawkes organised an influential meeting early on at Sandown Pavilion, which promoted CND on the Isle of Wight. A member of the executive committee, Hawkes was active at the first Aldermaston March held on 4–7 April 1958. In 1959 she led a march of over 15,000 people to Downing Street where she presented a "Ban the Bomb" charter. Despite this Hawkes characterised the work of CND as a "moral crusade" rather than a political one. She also founded the Women's Committee of CND.

Homosexual Law Reform Society
Hawkes was active in campaigning for the decriminalisation of gay sex through the Homosexual Law Reform Society (HLRS), of which she was a founding member. Its establishment was announced by a letter in The Times. Committee meetings were held at her and Priestley's flat – B4 Albany – which led to its use as the name for the Albany Trust. The trust was founded in 1958 to support the charitable work of the HLRS and Hawkes was a trustee along with Anthony Edward Dyson, Kenneth Walker, Andrew Hallidie Smith and Ambrose Appelbe. The group, all "ostensibly heterosexual" according to David Minto, aimed to challenge societal attitudes to homosexuality through "objectivity".

Campaign for the Preservation of Rural England
After Hawkes and Priestley moved to Alveston, Warwickshire, in the early 1960s, she became President of the Warwickshire branch of the Campaign for the Preservation of Rural England and a trustee of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust.

Archaeological work in the 1960s
Her archaeological research continued, co-editing with Leonard Woolley UNESCO's book on prehistory entitled History of Mankind, which was published in 1963. Hawkes was responsible for writing the sections on the palaeolithic and neolithic, whereas Woolley's approach renounced the global and he wrote on the Bronze Age in the area that was then termed "the fertile crescent". Reviewed by Dutch archaeologist Sigfried J. De Laet, Hawkes' writing style was praised as was her emphasis on a "global" prehistory; however some of the factual information she included was accused of being out of date.

In 1968 she published Dawn of the Gods, which examined Minoan civilisation, and argued that it was a "feminine" society. Hawkes was one of the archaeologists who first proposed that women were the rulers of the ancient Minoans; the idea had been discussed previously by historians of culture and religion, such as Joseph Campbell, and it had also been discussed as part of feminist discourse. She used evidence from art to argue that the society was matriarchal: "the absence of these manifestations of the all-powerful male ruler that are so widespread at this time and in this stage of cultural development as to be almost universal, is one of the reasons for supposing that the occupants of Minoan thrones may have been queens". Reviewed by Frank Stubbings, he praised the book, describing how "the writer remembers always that these were real human beings"; however, he also had several caveats – some on questions of dating, but most of all on account of the poetic language used by Hawkes. Archaeologist Nicoletta Momigliano has placed Hawkes' Dawn of the Gods as part of a canon of 1960s "pacifist and hippie interpretations" that were influenced by Jungian psychology.

Also in 1968, Hawkes published a paper in Antiquity entitled "The Proper Study of Mankind". In it, she argued against an over-emphasis on science in archaeological discourse. The paper was widely debated, with archaeologist D. P. Agrawal suggesting in 1970 that her article was the "protests of a passing generation" and that it contributed to polemicisation of the field. In 1973, James Feibleman challenged her interpretation of archaeological science as reductionist.

Later life
In 1971, Hawkes was elected vice-president of the Council for British Archaeology in recognition of her life's work. In 1980 she published A Quest of Love, a creative memoir of her romantic and sexual life, where she imagined herself as different women across time, from a Palaeolithic shaman called Jakka to a Victorian governess. It was described by the New York Times critic Katha Pollitt as "antifeminist", a "humourless rambling document" and a "masochistic fantasia of the unconscious". John Sutherland in the London Review of Books praised the "candour" of the final section, which discussed her marriages, but was negative overall. However, in a 2018 reappraisal of the work, literary theorist Ina Habermann described it as a "visionary autobiography" and an "overlooked exercise in écriture feminine".

In 1982 she published a biography of Mortimer Wheeler. Reviewed by F. H. Thompson in Antiquity, the biography was criticised for its over-emphasis on, and criticism of, Wheeler's sex life.

Priestley died in 1984. After his death Hawkes moved to Chipping Camden and continued her interests in archaeology and science, particularly ornithology. Her last publication, The Shell Guide to British Archaeology, was co-written with archaeologist Paul Bahn and published in 1986. Noted for her striking looks, she was the subject of the work of several photographers during her lifetime, including Lord Snowdon, Bern Schwartz, Mark Gerson, J. S. Lewinski and Tara Heinemann.

Death and legacy
Hawkes died in Cheltenham on 18 March 1996. Cremated, her ashes are interred with Priestley's at an unknown location in the churchyard of the Church of St Michael and All Angels, Hubberholme in North Yorkshire. However, their presence there is commemorated with a plaque on the church.

Whilst Hawkes' views and writing may have been too "poetic" for the archaeological establishment, particularly in the context of processual archaeology's popularity in the later mid-twentieth century, in the twenty-first century her writing found new audiences, with a re-issue of A Land in 2012 with a new foreword by nature writer and academic Robert Macfarlane. Hawkes' artistic, poetic and humanitarian approach to archaeology has been termed "creative archaeology" by biographer Christine Finn.

Archive
Special Collections at the University of Bradford holds her archive, which contains diaries, letters, photographs, notebooks, drafts, unpublished works, school reports and nature diaries.

Exhibitions
Exhibitions inspired by Hawkes' life and works include:

 * Christine Finn: Back to a Land (2012), an exhibition at Yorkshire Sculpture Park by biographer and artist Christine Finn.
 * Pots Before Words (2014), an exhibition of work by artist Kate Morrell at the University of Bradford, explored Hawkes' archive. Morrell submitted work from this exhibition for the Jerwood Drawing Prize.
 * The Sun Went in, the Fire Went Out (2016), an exhibition by artists Annabel Nicolson, Carlyle Reedy and Marie Yates at Chelsea College of Art.
 * Isle of Wight: Hidden Heroes (2018), an exhibition at Carisbrooke Castle highlighting important people in the history of the Isle of Wight.

Books

 * Hawkes, Jacquetta. Symbols & Speculations. Cresset Press, 1948.
 * Hawkes, Jacquetta. A Land. Cresset Press, 1951.
 * Hawkes, Jacquetta. Man and the Sun. Cresset Press, 1963.
 * Hawkes, Jacquetta. A Guide to the Prehistoric and Roman Monuments in England and Wales 1951, revised 1973.
 * Hawkes, Jacquetta, and Sir Leonard Woolley. History of Mankind. Vol. 1. International Commission for a History of the Scientific and Cultural Development of Mankind, 1963.
 * Hawkes, Jacquetta. Pharaohs of Egypt. American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc., 1965.
 * Hawkes, Jacquetta. Dawn of the Gods. Chatto & Windus, 1968.
 * Hawkes, Jacquetta. The First Great Civilizations: Life in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley and Egypt. Hutchinson, 1973. The History of Human Society series.
 * Hawkes, Jacquetta. Mortimer Wheeler: Adventurer in Archaeology. St Martin's Press, 1982.

Articles

 * Hawkes, Jacquetta (1935). "The Place Origin of Windmill Hill Culture". Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society. 1: 127–9.
 * Hawkes, Jacquetta (1938). "The Significance of Channelled Ware in Neolithic Western Europe". The Archaeological Journal. 95 (1): 126–173.
 * Hawkes, Jacquetta (1941). "Excavation of a Megalithic Tomb at Harristown, Co. Waterford". Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 11 (4): 130–47.
 * Hawkes, Jacquetta (1951). "A Quarter Century of Antiquity". Antiquity. 25 (100): 171–3.
 * Hawkes, Jacquetta (1968). "The Proper Study of Mankind". Antiquity. 62: 252–66.

title: Jacquetta Hawkes


text:
Norwegian Institute of Technology

The Norwegian Institute of Technology (Norwegian: Norges tekniske høgskole, NTH) was a science institute in Trondheim, Norway. It was established in 1910, and existed as an independent technical university for 58 years, after which it was merged into the University of Trondheim as an independent college.

In 1996 NTH ceased to exist as an organizational superstructure when the university was restructured and rebranded. The former NTH departments are now basic building blocks of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU).

NTH was primarily a polytechnic institute, educating master level engineers as well as architects. In 1992 NTH had 7627 master and doctoral students and 1591 employees; it graduated 1262 chartered engineers (master level), 52 chartered architects, and 92 Dr.Ing. (PhD). The operating budget was equivalent to US$100M, and the total premises amounted to around 260,000 m2 (64 acres).

Since the merger, it forms a part of the university campus commonly known as Gløshaugen, from the geographical area in which it is situated.

History
The decision to establish a Norwegian national college of technology was made by the Norwegian parliament, the Storting, in 1900, after years of heated debate on where the institution should be located; many representatives felt that the capital Kristiania (now Oslo) was self-evident as the place for this nationally important seat of learning. However, eventually Den Tekniske Høgskole was located in the geographically central city of Trondheim, based on an emerging policy of decentralisation as well as the city's existing and highly esteemed technical college, Trondhjems Tekniske Læreanstalt.

Hovedbygningen, the building of Norges tekniske høgskole was designed by architect Bredo Greve. It was built of granite block construction in the National Romantic style of architecture.

Five academical departments were originally present in the parliament's resolution of 31 May 1900:
 * Architecture and city planning
 * Civil engineering
 * Mechanical engineering (a. General and b. Naval, i.e. ship and ship engine construction)
 * Electrical engineering
 * Chemistry (a. General and b. Electro-chemistry)

Academic faculties
The academic structure of NTH during the last years before its inclusion in NTNU was as follows:
 * Faculty of Architecture, with 5 Departments:
 * Form and Colour Studies
 * Building Technology
 * Architectural History
 * Arch. Design
 * Town and Regional Planning
 * Faculty of Applied Earth Science and Metallurgy, with 3 Departments:
 * Metallurgy
 * Geology and Mineral Resources
 * Petroleum Technology and Applied Geophysics (see also Department of Petroleum Engineering and Applied Geophysics)
 * Faculty of Civil Engineering, with 8 Departments:
 * Building and Construction Engineering
 * Geotechnical Engineering
 * Road and Railway Engineering
 * Transportation Engineering
 * Hydraulic and Sanitary Engineering
 * Building Materials
 * Structural Engineering
 * Geodesy and Photogrammetry
 * Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, with 5 Departments:
 * Electrical Power Engineering
 * Telecommunications
 * Engineering Cybernetics
 * Physical Electronics
 * Computer Systems and Telematics
 * Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, with 7 Departments:
 * Inorganic Chemistry
 * Organic Chemistry
 * Physical Chemistry
 * Chemical Engineering
 * Industrial Chemistry
 * Industrial Biochemistry
 * Biotechnology
 * Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, with 6 Departments:
 * Thermal Energy and Hydropower
 * Machine Design and Materials Technology
 * Production and Quality Engineering
 * Applied Mechanics, Thermo- and Fluid Dynamics
 * Heating and Ventilation
 * Refrigeration Engineering
 * Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, with two Departments:
 * Mathematics Sciences
 * Physics
 * Faculty of Marine Technology, with 4 Departments:
 * Marine Systems Design
 * Marine Structures
 * Marine Hydrodynamics
 * Marine Engineering
 * Faculty of Economics and Industrial Management, with two Departments:
 * Economics
 * Organisation and Work Science (Norwegian abbreviation: ORAL)
 * Center for Management Education (Norw. abbrev.: ULA)
 * Technical University Library of Norway (Norw. abbrev.: NTUB)
 * The national resource library of technology and architecture
 * Locations: Technical Main Library as well as six Faculty Libraries on campus

Notable alumni

 * Jens G. Balchen, electronics engr., professor, "father of Norwegian cybernetics", IEEE fellow
 * Alf Egil Bogen, electronics engr., co-inventor of Atmel AVR μcontroller, co-founder of Atmel Norway
 * Helmer Dahl, electronics engr., World War II radar and ASDIC pioneer, research and industry mentor, technology historian
 * Johannes Falnes, wave energy researcher
 * Ivar Asbjørn Følling - chemical engr., discovery of Phenylketonuria, Jahreprisen 1960
 * Ivar Giaever, mechanical engr., physicist, 1973 Nobel laureate
 * Bjarne Hurlen, mechanical engr., army officer, defence industry executive (Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk 1956–1975)
 * Ralph Høibakk, physicist, computer industry executive, mountaineer, adventurer (Seven Summits; South Pole)
 * Fred Kavli, physicist, innovator, business leader (sensor technology: Kavlico Corp.), and philanthropist
 * Paal Kibsgaard, petroleum engineer, chairman and CEO of Schlumberger
 * Arne Korsmo - architect, professor, Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry
 * Olav Landsverk, electronics engr., military weapon systems computer pioneer, professor
 * John M. Lervik, electronics engr., co-founder and CEO of cXense, co-founder and former CEO of Fast Search & Transfer (FAST)
 * Finn Lied, electronics engr., World War II resistance agent, defence research director, Minister of Industry
 * Terje Michalsen, electronics engr., venture capitalist
 * Lars Monrad Krohn, electronics engr., industrialist (mini- and microcomputers)
 * Ingvild Myhre, electronics engr., telecom industry executive (Alcatel Telecom Norway, Telenor Mobil)
 * Lars Onsager, chemical engr., 1968 Nobel laureate
 * Venketa Parthasarathy, chemical engr., noted for work on wood pulp and two-stage oxygen delignification
 * Erik Rolfsen, architect and city planner for Oslo
 * Edgar B. Schieldrop, mechanical engr., student society co-founder, popular science & technology author
 * Rolf Skår, cybernetics engr., industrialist (minicomputers), Norwegian Space Centre director
 * Einar Aasen Skogsholm, PhD Electrical Engr., VP of MECO
 * Øystein Stray Spetalen, petroleum engr., Norwegian investor
 * Berit Svendsen, telecom. engr., MTM, CTO of Telenor 2000–.
 * Anders Talleraas, mechanical engr., MP for 20 years, former Conservative party parliamentary leader
 * Vebjørn Tandberg, electronics engr., industrialist (radio, tape recording, television)
 * Theodore Theodorsen, Norwegian-American aerodynamicist
 * Leif Tronstad, O.B.E., chemist, nuclear chemistry scientist, planner and organiser of World War II's Operation Gunnerside
 * Tor Olav Trøim, marine engr., shipping and energy industry executive (Frontline, Seadrill)
 * John Ugelstad, chemical engr., known for his pioneering work on monodisperse polymer beads
 * Tore M. Undeland, electrical engr., professor, international textbook author (Wiley), IEEE fellow
 * Gjert Wilhelmsen, marine engr., co-founder of Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines
 * Bror With, mechanical engr., inventor of the Rottefella ski binding and Dromedille dinghy; World War II resistance agent
 * Vegard Wollan, electronics engr., co-inventor of Atmel AVR μcontroller, co-founder of Atmel Norway

Commercial impact
The following companies, or divisions of international companies, have been created directly or partly from NTH research and influence, including its contract research arm SINTEF with spin-offs:

 * 3d-Radar AS (advanced ground penetrating radar technology for shallow subsurface mapping in 3D)
 * Atmel Norway (inventors and designers of the Atmel AVR RISC microcontroller family, incl HW/SW tools)
 * Ceetron AS (3D visualization and technical computing for oil & gas, plus aerospace, automotive, and consumer electronics)
 * Cybernetica (Norwegian company) advanced process control, specializing in nonlinear model predictive control
 * CorrOcean (industrial/off-shore Corrosion Monitoring)
 * ErgoRunit AS (outsourcing services in IT system planning/administration and accounting) (N)
 * Fast Search & Transfer (FAST) (inter/intranet search engines; developers of alltheweb.com)
 * GE Vingmed Ultrasound, formerly Vingmed Sound (ultrasound-based imaging in medical diagnosis and surgery support systems) (N)
 * Marine Cybernetics, specialising in the testing and verification of ship and offshore structure control systems (N)
 * MARINTEK, The Norwegian Marine Technology Research Institute, including MARINTEK (USA), Inc.
 * Nordic Semiconductor ASA (ASIC design, SoCs, RF/mixed-signal hybrid IC's)
 * Oceanor (oceanographic measurements and real-time environmental monitoring in oceans, freshwater, and soil)
 * Powel ASA (IT products/services for energy production companies)
 * Q-Free ASA; formerly Micro Design AS (radio systems for tolling, traffic information, parking, ticketing, access control, logistics)
 * Schlumberger Information Solutions Trondheim, formerly VoxelVision AS (3D visualization, mostly for oil & gas applications)
 * SINTEF, The Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research at NTH (contract research corp, 1700 employees)
 * SINTEF Energy Research, SINTEF Petroleum Research, and SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture ²
 * Sinvent Ltd., SINTEFs development and investment company
 * Sun Microsystems Trondheim; formerly ClustRa Systems (high-availability, real-time database technology)
 * Kongsberg Oil & Gas Technologies AS; acquired Systems in Motion AS (3D visualization software)

title: Norwegian Institute of Technology


text:
Angeline

Angeline may refer to:

Books

 * Angeline, a novella by Émile Zola published in 1898
 * Angeline Fowl, fictional character from the Artemis Fowl series
 * Someday Angeline, a children's novel by Louis Sachar

Songs

 * "Angeline" (Groove Coverage song), 2011
 * "Angeline" (Sean Hogan song), 2000
 * "Angeline", by Elton John from the album Leather Jackets, 1986
 * "Angeline", by Jamiroquai, from the album Rock Dust Light Star, 2010
 * "Angeline", by John Martyn, 1986
 * "Angeline", by Jonathan Fagerlund, from the album Flying, 2008
 * "Angeline", by New World, 1970

Albums

 * Angeline Quinto (album), by Filipino singer Angeline Quinto

People

 * Cary Angeline (born 1997), American football player
 * Princess Angeline (c. 1820–1896), born Kikisoblu, daughter of Chief Seattle
 * Angeline Armstrong, Australian singer, songwriter, guitarist, and the frontwoman of Telenova
 * Angeline Ball (born 1969), Irish actress
 * Angeline Barrette, (1896–2007), Canadian supercentenarian
 * Angelines Fernández (1922–1994), Spanish-born actress of Mexican film and television
 * Angeline Fuller Fischer (1841–1925), American writer
 * Angeline Greensill (born 1948), Māori political rights campaigner, academic and leader
 * Angeline Kalinowski, (died 1958) victim of Our Lady of the Angels School fire in Chicago
 * Angeline Makore, Zimbabwean activist and human rights advocate
 * Angeline Malik, Pakistani director and actress
 * Angeline Narayan, Australian Idol contestant
 * Angeline Quinto (born 1989), Filipino singer
 * Angeline Stickney (1830–1892), American suffragist, abolitionist, and mathematician
 * Mary Angeline Teresa McCrory, née Bridget Teresa McCrory (1893–1984), Roman Catholic nun and advocate for the impoverished elderly

Other uses

 * Angeline Falls, a waterfall in King County, Washington, US

title: Angeline


text:
Wolframite

Wolframite is an iron, manganese, and tungstate mineral with a chemical formula of (Fe,Mn)WO4 that is the intermediate mineral between ferberite (Fe(2+) rich) and hübnerite (Mn(2+) rich). Along with scheelite, the wolframite series are the most important tungsten ore minerals. Wolframite is found in quartz veins and pegmatites associated with granitic intrusives. Associated minerals include cassiterite, scheelite, bismuth, quartz, pyrite, galena, sphalerite, and arsenopyrite.

This mineral was historically found in Europe in Bohemia, Saxony, and in the UK in Devon and Cornwall. China reportedly has the world's largest supply of tungsten ore with about 60%. Other producers are Spain, Canada, Portugal, Russia, Australia, Thailand, South Korea, Rwanda, Bolivia, the United States, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Properties
The wolframite series is mainly formed through magmatic-hydrothermal processes associated with felsic magmas, namely skarns, or through metamorphic processes. In the more common granitic deposits, wolframite minerals can be found in both greisen and veins as its formation is tied to these two structures.

Crystal structure
The wolframite series consists of two endmembers, ferberite (Fe2+ end member), hübnerite (Mn2+ end member), with Wolframite, (Fe,Mn)WO4 itself being a solid solution between the two endmembers. These two end members can be present in any proportion within wolframite, from 100% ferberite to 100% hübnerite. Wolframite Contains the following percentages of its components, 60.63% W+6, 9.21% Fe+2, 9.06% Mn+2, 21.10% O−2. Wolframite ore exhibits massive form with a dark grey to reddish black coloration. Wolframite in its pure crystal form exhibits a monoclinic crystal system with a perfect cleavage of {010} and an iron black color. Wolframite in its crystalline form also displays lamellar and prismatic habit.

Name
The name "wolframite" is derived from German "wolf rahm", the name given to tungsten by Johan Gottschalk Wallerius in 1747. This, in turn, derives from "Lupi spuma", the name Georg Agricola used for the element in 1546, which translates into English as "wolf's froth" or "wolf's cream". The etymology is not entirely certain but seems to be a reference to the large amounts of tin consumed by the mineral during its extraction, the phenomenon being likened to a wolf eating a sheep. Wolfram is the basis for the chemical symbol W for tungsten as a chemical element.

World mine production and reserves
As of 2022, estimated world mine production was 84,000 metric tons of tungsten. The foremost producer of Tungsten is China with an estimated 71,000 metric tons produced and as such world tungsten supply was dominated by China and Chinese exports. The next highest producers are Vietnam, Russia, Bolivia, and Rwanda with an estimated 4,800, 2,300, 1,400, and 1,100 respectively.

As of 2022, the estimate world reserves of tungsten is 3,800,000 metric tons. Again China contains the greatest reserve at 1,800,000 metric tons of tungsten. The following countries have the next highest reserves: Russia, Vietnam, Spain, and Austria with an estimated reserve of 400,000, 100,000, 56,000, and 10,000 respectively.

Use
Wolframite is highly valued as the main source of the metal tungsten, a strong and very dense material with a high melting temperature used for electric filaments and armor-piercing ammunition, as well as hard tungsten carbide machine tools. During World War II, wolframite mines were a strategic asset, due to its use in munitions and tools. Tungsten salts were used in the 19th century to dye cotton and to make stage costumes which were fire retardant. Additionally in the 19th century tungsten sulfides were sparingly used as lubrication for machining. Wolframite is also used to make tungstic acid which is used in the textile industry.

A major modern day use of tungsten is as a catalyst for various chemical reactions. One such catalytic use of tungsten is as a hydrocracking catalyst which is used to improve the yield of organic components such as gasoline in hydrocarbon refinement as well as reducing harmful pollution and by products. Another catalytic use of tungsten is as a De-NOX catalyst which is used in the treatment of nitrogen oxide emissions to convert harmful nitrogen oxides into inert N2 gas.

Another modern day use of tungsten is as a lubricant. Tungsten disulfide (WS2) is a lubricant with a dynamic coefficient of friction of ~0.03. Tungsten disulfide can be used at temperatures of 583 °C and 1316 °C in air and vacuum respectively. These characteristics allow this lubricant to operate in extreme conditions.

Wolframite was considered to be a conflict mineral due to the unethical mining practices observed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, during the Congo Wars.

title: Wolframite


text:
Thirty Two Short Films About Glenn Gould

Thirty Two Short Films About Glenn Gould is a 1993 Canadian biographical anthology film about the pianist Glenn Gould, played by Colm Feore. It was directed by François Girard, with a screenplay by Girard and Don McKellar.

The film is presented as a series of 31 short films rather than as one narrative. Segments include documentaries, consisting of interviews with individuals who knew the real Gould, and reenactments of episodes in Gould's life. "Gould Meets McLaren" employs animated spheres from Norman McLaren's filmography. The film received positive reviews and won four Genie Awards, including Best Motion Picture.

Plot
With memories revolving around the family's cottage near Lake Simcoe, Glenn Gould recalls how in his childhood, he had ostensibly made the decision to become a concert pianist at age five. In fact, he believes his mother had already chosen that career for him. He recalls being able to read music before he could read books, and learned the music of Johann Sebastian Bach from his mother. Gould later imagines interviewing himself, in which he confronts himself about why he chose to quit giving concerts at the age of 32, preferring to communicate to his audience through media instead. Gould reminds himself that the musician is inescapably an autocrat, no matter how benign.

In crafting radio documentaries, Gould works on a piece called The Idea of North, which touches on the effects the environment has on the solitude and isolation of the people of Northern Canada. In a media interview, Gould reveals that The Idea of North is one of only five of his documentaries about isolation, and that he intends to make a comedy next because he is tired of serious expression. Interviewers also push him to explain how he could achieve his level of musical perfection without interest in being overly technical in his piano playing. They ask why he insists on being interviewed only over the telephone. Others question if Gould's supposed obsession in technology is merely a smokescreen to keep his distance from real people.

As the markets plummet, Gould picks up word from the bodyguard of the visiting Sheik Yamani to invest in an obscure company called Sotex Resources, which is set to benefit from an exploration contract. Gould becomes the only client to profit in the wake of financial meltdown. However, Margaret Pacsu, a friend, notices Gould's bathroom is stocked heavily with various pills, including Valium, Trifluoperazine and Librax. Gould laughs off the idea that he is taking all of the pills simultaneously, and Pacsu does not notice any effects on his personality. As his birthday approaches, Gould becomes concerned that no one will attend his funeral, despite being aware of strong record sales in Central Europe and Japan. Gould dies at age 50 of a stroke. His cousin, Jessie Greig, says Gould was wrong and his funeral was heavily attended. He had noted that Voyager I and Voyager II, space probes launched for possible contact with extraterrestrial intelligence, contain Bach's music as played by Gould.

Segments

 * 1) Aria
 * 2) Lake Simcoe
 * 3) Forty-Five Seconds and a Chair
 * 4) Bruno Monsaingeon: musician and collaborator
 * 5) Gould Meets Gould: text by Glenn Gould
 * 6) Hamburg
 * 7) Variation in C minor
 * 8) Practice
 * 9) The L.A. Concert
 * 10) CD318
 * 11) Yehudi Menuhin: violinist
 * 12) Passion According to Gould
 * 13) Opus 1: a composition by Glenn Gould
 * 14) Crossed Paths
 * 15) Truck Stop
 * 16) The Idea of North: a radio documentary by Glenn Gould
 * 17) Solitude
 * 18) Questions with No Answers
 * 19) A Letter
 * 20) Gould Meets McLaren: animation by Norman McLaren
 * 21) The Tip
 * 22) Personal Ad
 * 23) Pills
 * 24) Margaret Pacsu: friend
 * 25) Diary of One Day
 * 26) Motel Wawa
 * 27) Forty-Nine
 * 28) Jessie Greig: cousin
 * 29) Leaving
 * 30) Voyager
 * 31) Aria
 * 32) Credits

Development
Rhombus Media was established in 1979 with the goal to make a film about pianist Glenn Gould, who was still alive at the time. Producer Niv Fichman explained, "He was our greatest hero. So we thought we would have to make a few short films before we approached Gould to make one about him". After Gould died in 1982, director François Girard mentioned the idea of making a biopic of the pianist in 1990, reviving Fichman's plans. Wishing to have an English Canadian screenwriter, Fichman and Girard proposed the idea to Don McKellar, who had a musical education. McKellar was initially opposed to the idea of adapting Gould's life into a film, calling it "an undramatic life". However, Girard's concept of 32 "short films" intrigued him. McKellar claimed to write the humorous aspects of the screenplay, while Girard was responsible for the trivia. Girard opted to model the screenplay after Bach's Goldberg Variations, which Gould had performed.

Girard found writing challenging, saying, "As Gould was such a complex character, the biggest problem was to find a way to look at his work and deal with his visions. The film is built of fragments, each one trying to capture an aspect of Gould. There is no way of putting Gould in one box. The film gives the viewer 32 impressions of him. I didn't want to reduce him to one dimension." The fact that the concept allowed for 32 segments led to the combination of documentary, fictional and "abstract" scenes, with Girard saying "I allowed myself to play the game to its limits". The budget was $1.8 million.

Actor Colm Feore watched available video and listened to sound recordings of Gould in order to develop his performance. He also read through 6,000 of Gould's letters.

Filming
Girard took the first shots in Hamburg in August 1992, while Gould's genuine Steinway grand piano was moved to a church in Toronto for principal photography. Most filming took place in Toronto and Montreal. Feore and the filmmakers also shot scenes in Lake Saint Pierre in December 1992, for the scenes set in Northern Canada.

The animation in the "Gould Meets McLaren" segment is clipped from Norman McLaren's film Spheres, published in 1969. Violinist Yehudi Menuhin was among those interviewed for the film.

Music
The soundtrack consists almost entirely of piano recordings by Gould. It includes pieces famously linked with him, such as Bach: The Goldberg Variations, and the Well-Tempered Clavier. It also features the prelude to Richard Wagner's Tristan und Isolde in the "Lake Simcoe" segment.

Sony Classical released a soundtrack album on CD in 1994. This was part of a strategy to obtain video rights for certain films, with the CD release timed to match the U.S. cinematic release in April.

Release
Thirty Two Short Films About Glenn Gould debuted at the Venice Film Festival in September 1993, where it received positive reviews. It also played at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 1993. In 1994, it was one of 26 films featured in the Miami International Film Festival.

Rhombus Media and Max Films was the Canadian distributor, and after the Toronto festival, made plans for an initial release in Montreal and Toronto. In the U.S., it was distributed by The Samuel Goldwyn Company, and opened in New York City on 14 April 1994.

The Canadian Film Institute restored the film, and in co-operation with TIFF, it was played at Library and Archives Canada in January 2009. A DVD was released in Region 1 in 2012.

Critical reception
Roger Ebert awarded the film four stars, praising it for parting with the customary biopic format and challenging viewers to imagine themselves as Gould. Janet Maslin of The New York Times assessed it as smart and highly interesting. The Washington Post critic Desson Howe described the segments as exciting and revealing. In Variety, Leonard Klady cited it as a rare film for achieving a picture of both an artist and the artist's work. For Newsweek, David Ansen called it an "elegant, coolly funny movie". The New Republic critic Stanley Kauffmann said it offered "teasing yet satisfactory glimpses- vivid, funny, cranky, passionate, eremitic, humane".

In 2012, The New Yorker's Richard Brody wrote the film used unique methods to find Gould's brilliance. In his 2015 Movie Guide, Leonard Maltin gave it two and a half stars, criticizing it as "too fragmented". The film has a 92% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 25 reviews.

Year-end lists

 * 4th – Gene Siskel, The Chicago Tribune
 * 4th – Kenneth Turan, Los Angeles Times
 * 4th – Janet Maslin, The New York Times
 * 6th – Steve Persall, St. Petersburg Times
 * 7th – Scott Schuldt, The Oklahoman
 * 9th – Yardena Arar, Los Angeles Daily News
 * Top 10 (not ranked) – Howie Movshovitz, The Denver Post
 * Honorable mention – Betsy Pickle, Knoxville News-Sentinel
 * Honorable mention – David Elliott, The San Diego Union-Tribune
 * Honorable mention – Robert Denerstein, Rocky Mountain News

Legacy
Girard and McKellar employed a few crew members from Thirty Two Short Films About Glenn Gould for their next film, The Red Violin (1998). Cinematographer Alain Dostie, editor Gaétan Huot and Feore were among those who reunited for the project.

The TV series The Simpsons gave homage to the film with the title of the episode "22 Short Films About Springfield", which aired on 14 April 1996. The A.V. Club asserted many viewers in 1996 would have understood the title, noting the series Animaniacs also produced a 1996 short entitled "Ten Short Films About Wakko Warner".


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Stage Fright (1950 film)

Stage Fright is a 1950 British thriller film noir directed and produced by Alfred Hitchcock and starring Jane Wyman, Marlene Dietrich, Michael Wilding and Richard Todd. The cast also features Alastair Sim, Sybil Thorndike, Kay Walsh, Hitchcock's daughter Pat Hitchcock in her film debut, and Joyce Grenfell in a vignette.

The story was adapted for the screen by Whitfield Cook and Alma Reville (the director's wife), with additional dialogue by James Bridie, based on the 1947 novel Man Running by Selwyn Jepson.

Plot
Eve Gill is an aspiring actress at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in London. She is interrupted in rehearsal by her friend and crush, Jonathan Cooper, the secret lover of flamboyant stage actress and singer Charlotte Inwood. Via a flashback, he says Charlotte visited him after killing her husband; she was wearing a bloodstained dress. Jonathan claims he went back to her house for another dress but was seen by Nellie Goode, Charlotte's Cockney maid and dresser. He escaped the police and needs help.

Eve takes him to her father's house on the coast to hide. Commodore Gill notices that the blood on Charlotte's dress has been smeared on deliberately; he and Eve think that Charlotte framed Jonathan. Jonathan angrily destroys the dress and, thus, the most useful piece of evidence.

Eve starts to investigate. She hears Charlotte's dresser Nellie Goode boasting about her newfound notoriety in a bar. While she is there, Eve meets Detective Inspector Wilfred O. Smith, and they become friendly. Eve then poses as a reporter; she bribes Nellie to tell Charlotte she is ill and introduce her cousin "Doris Tinsdale" as a replacement. Using her acting skills, Eve becomes "Doris" and starts working for Charlotte. Eve discovers Charlotte is having an affair with her manager Freddie Williams.

Eve and "Ordinary" Smith become more friendly. When Smith visits Charlotte, Eve has to disguise the fact that she is also "Doris", the maid. Smith makes a courtship visit to Eve and her mother at home, where the Commodore drops subtle hints that Jonathan has left the seaside house.

Despite her widowed status, Charlotte continues to perform her West End musical show. Jonathan comes to her dressing room, asking her to accompany him abroad. She casually tells him no, but he says he still has the bloodstained dress. The police search for Jonathan and Eve again helps him escape. He hides at the Gills' London residence. He is grateful to Eve, but she is starting to fall in love with Detective Smith.

Smith and Eve kiss in a taxi on the way to the RADA garden party, where Nellie Goode confronts Eve, demanding more blackmail money. Eve does not have enough, so Eve's father comes to give Nellie more cash. Freddie Williams spots Eve (thinking she is "Doris") and orders her to help Charlotte, who is to sing onstage in a tent. During the performance, Commodore Gill gets a small boy to carry a doll wearing a bloodstained dress onto the stage as Charlotte sings "La Vie en rose". Disturbed, Charlotte collapses, and "Doris" has to help.

Seeing this, Smith confronts Eve and the Commodore, but Eve proclaims her true affection for Smith as well as Jonathan's innocence. They persuade Smith to set Charlotte up. Once the theatre has closed, they use a hidden microphone, and "Doris" tells Charlotte she has the bloodstained dress. Smith and his men listen using the theatre loudspeakers. Charlotte admits planning her husband's death but says that Jonathan actually committed the murder. Charlotte offers Eve £10,000 to keep quiet.

Eve sees that Jonathan has been brought to the theatre by the police, but he escapes. Charlotte realises her conversation with Eve was broadcast to the detectives and that she will be charged as an accessory to murder. Detective Smith tells the Commodore that Jonathan really did kill Mr. Inwood and that Jonathan had killed before, though he got off on a plea of self-defense.

Hiding below the stage, Jonathan confesses to Eve that Charlotte goaded him into killing her husband. His flashback story was all lies, and he was the one who smeared more blood onto the dress. He alludes to killing Eve to justify a plea for insanity in court. Eve pretends to help Jonathan escape but locks him onto the stage and alerts the police about his presence. As Jonathan is pursued from all directions and cornered, he is killed by the stage's falling safety curtain.

Production
Though Hitchcock had lived and worked in Hollywood since 1939, this mystery thriller, which is mixed with humour, was made in London locations. The only members of the cast who are not British are the two top-billed stars: Wyman and Dietrich.

Dietrich's costumes were designed by Christian Dior, and the production featured an original Cole Porter song, "The Laziest Gal in Town", performed by Dietrich in a sultry fashion. Dietrich also begins a performance of Edith Piaf's "La Vie en rose" twice, the first being heard before a scene change and later her character is unable to finish it after being startled by a Boy Scout bringing a blood-stained doll to her. Dietrich was allowed an unprecedented control of her shots by Hitchcock during the filming. When asked during the filming about working with the famously controlling, and technically adept Dietrich, Hitchcock replied, "Everything is fine. Miss Dietrich has arranged the whole thing. She has told them exactly where to place the lights and how to photograph her." He later said of Dietrich, "Marlene was a professional star. She was also a professional cameraman, art director, editor, costume designer, hairdresser, makeup woman, composer, producer and director."

Stage Fright garnered some adverse publicity upon its initial release due to the "lying flashback" seen near the beginning of the film. However, some film critics, including those of Cahiers du cinéma, see the flashback as simply being an illustration of one person's version of the events: the events as recounted by the character whose voice-over we hear, which was presumably Hitchcock's intention. Hitchcock realized that the scene might be misinterpreted after seeing the film edited together, but it was too late to change; he would later maintain that it was one of his greatest mistakes. Alternatively, modern filmmaker and Hitchcock devotee Richard Franklin described it as "almost cutting edge mystery filmmaking".

The film has a few extra-long takes, reminiscent of those that Hitchcock used in Rope (1948) and Under Capricorn (1949), both films produced by Hitchcock for Transatlantic Pictures in partnership with Sidney Bernstein and released by Warner Brothers. Stage Fright was originally intended to be a Transatlantic release, but became a Warners release instead.

According to the biography of Dietrich by her daughter Maria Riva, Dietrich was not particularly fond of Jane Wyman, perhaps because they were such opposites.

Howard Maxford, author of The A–Z of Hitchcock: The Ultimate Reference Guide, notes that some aspects of the Edith Thompson and Frederick Bywaters case have similarities to the plot of Stage Fright.

Differences between the film and the novel
Although Stage Fright is based on Selwyn Jepson's short story "Man Running" (also known as "Outrun the Constable"), it differs in some ways. In the original story, Freddie Williams is the actual murderer.

Hitchcock's cameo
Alfred Hitchcock's cameo is a signature occurrence in most of his films. In Stage Fright, he can be seen 39 minutes into the film as a man on the street turning to look at Eve as she rehearses her scripted introduction speech to Mrs. Inwood.

In the 4 June 1950 issue of The New York Times, Hitchcock stated:
 * "In Stage Fright, I have been told that my performance is quite juicy. I have been told this with a certain air of tolerance, implying that I have now achieved the maximum limits of directorial ham in the movie sandwich. It isn't true. There may have been a 'MacGuffin' in my film appearance, but not a ham."

Critical reaction
Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote that Hitchcock "and his writers have contrived to give a fine cast of actors some slick and entertaining things to do. But we must quietly advise you that these things, while amusing separately, build up very little sustained excitement or suspense. They are simply a wild accumulation of clever or colorful episodes, tending for the most part to the comic, without any real anxiety." John McCarten of The New Yorker agreed, writing that "the picture doesn't lack for comic touches, but none of its episodes ties in very closely with the succeeding one, and the result is disappointing." Variety printed a more positive review, reporting that Hitchcock "has a choice cast to put through its paces, and there's not a bad performance anywhere. The dialog has purpose, either for a chuckle or a thrill, and the pace is good despite the 110 minutes of footage." Harrison's Reports called it "a rambling murder thriller that wavers constantly between comedy that is delightfully funny and melodrama that is rarely more than moderately exciting. The overall result is a spotty entertainment that is too dragged out to keep one's interest constantly alive." Richard L. Coe of The Washington Post wrote that there were "so many beguiling people and moments" in the film "that it's curious the picture as a whole isn't better." The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote: "Stage Fright is not without effective moments, reminding us how Hitchcock once excelled in the simple melodrama with ordinary, naturalistic backgrounds; but too much of it has the heavy, corpulent quality that made Rope and in particular Under Capricorn so lifeless and unreal." Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic described Stage Fright as "abominable". It was selected as one of the Top 10 Films of 1950 chosen annually by the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures.

Contemporary reviews of the film have been mostly positive. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Stage Fright has an approval rating of 91% based on 21 reviews, with an average score of 7.10/10.

Has been shown on the Turner Classic Movies show 'Noir Alley' with Eddie Muller.

Box office
Trade papers called the film a "notable box office attraction" in British cinemas in 1950. According to Warner Bros' accounts, the film earned $1,012,000 domestically and $896,000 internationally.

title: Stage Fright (1950 film)


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Default rule

In legal theory, a default rule is a rule of law that can be overridden by a contract, trust, will, or other legally effective agreement. Contract law, for example, can be divided into two kinds of rules: default rules and mandatory rules. Whereas the default rules can be modified by agreement of the parties, mandatory rules will be enforced, even if the parties to a contract attempt to override or modify them. One of the most important debates in contract theory concerns the proper role or purpose of default rules.

The idea of a default rule in contract law is sometimes connected to the notion of a complete contract. In contract theory, a complete contract fully specifies the rights and duties of the parties to the contract for all possible future states of the world. An incomplete contract, therefore, contains gaps. Most contract theorists find that default rules fill in the gaps in what would otherwise be incomplete contracts. This is often stated pragmatically as whether a court will imply terms so as to save a contract from uncertainty.

title: Default rule


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Irene Cara

Irene Cara Escalera (March 18, 1959 – November 25, 2022) was an American singer and actress who rose to prominence for her role as Coco Hernandez in the 1980 musical film Fame, and for recording the film's title song "Fame", which reached No. 1 in several countries. In 1983, Cara co-wrote and sang the song "Flashdance... What a Feeling" (from the film Flashdance), for which she shared an Academy Award for Best Original Song and won a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance in 1984.

Before her success with Fame, Cara portrayed the title character Sparkle Williams in the original 1976 musical drama film Sparkle. Cara died as a result of hypertensive heart disease after hypercholesterolemia at age 63.

Early life
Irene Cara Escalera was born and raised in the Bronx, New York City, the youngest of five children. Her father, Gaspar Cara, a steel factory worker and retired saxophonist, was Puerto Rican, and her mother, Louise Escalera, a movie theater usher, was Cuban. Cara had two sisters and two brothers. She began taking dance lessons when she was five. Her performing career started with her singing and dancing professionally on Spanish-language television. She made early TV appearances on The Original Amateur Hour (singing in Spanish) and Johnny Carson's The Tonight Show. In 1971, she was a regular on PBS's educational program The Electric Company as a member of the Short Circus, the show's band, appearing as a member during the show’s first season. As a child, Cara recorded a Spanish-language record for the Latin market and an English-language Christmas album. She also appeared in a major concert tribute to Duke Ellington, which featured Stevie Wonder, Sammy Davis Jr., and Roberta Flack. Cara attended the Professional Children's School in Manhattan. In 1985, Cara told Cosmopolitan "I don't mean to sound immodest, but I'd never had any doubt that I'd be successful, nor any fear of success; I was raised as a little goddess who was told she would be a star."

Career
Cara appeared in Broadway and off-Broadway shows, starting with Maggie Flynn opposite Shirley Jones and Jack Cassidy. Shortly thereafter, she was one of five finalists for the "Little Miss America" pageant. She also appeared in Via Galactica with Raúl Juliá, Ain't Misbehavin'  and The Me Nobody Knows (which won an Obie Award). Cara was the original Daisy Allen on the 1970s daytime serial Love of Life. She later took on the role of Angela in the romance/thriller Aaron Loves Angela, followed by her portrayal of the title character in Sparkle.

Television brought Cara international acclaim for serious dramatic roles in Roots: The Next Generations and Guyana Tragedy: The Story of Jim Jones. John Willis' Screen World, Vol. 28, named her one of twelve "Promising New Actors of 1976"; that same year, a readers' poll in Right On! magazine named her Top Actress.

The 1980 hit film Fame, directed by Alan Parker, catapulted Cara to stardom. She originally was cast as a dancer, but when producers David Da Silva and Alan Marshall and screenwriter Christopher Gore heard her voice, they re-wrote the role of Coco Hernandez for her to play. In this part, she sang both the title song "Fame" and the single "Out Here on My Own", which were both nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song. These songs helped make the film's soundtrack a chart-topping, multi-platinum album, and it was the first time that two songs from the same film and sung by the same artist were nominated in the same category. Cara had the opportunity to be one of the few singers to perform more than one song at the Oscar ceremony; "Fame," written by Michael Gore and Dean Pitchford, won the award for best original song that year, and the film won the Academy Award for Best Original Score. Cara earned Grammy Award nominations in 1980 for Best New Artist and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, as well as a Golden Globe nomination for Best Motion Picture Actress in a Musical. Billboard named her Top New Single Artist, and Cashbox magazine awarded her both Most Promising Female Vocalist and Top Female Vocalist. Asked by Fame TV series producers to reprise her role as Coco Hernandez, she declined, wanting to focus her attention on her recording career; Erica Gimpel assumed the role. In 1980, she briefly played the role of Dorothy in The Wiz on tour, in a role that Stephanie Mills had portrayed in the original Broadway production. Coincidentally, Cara and Mills had shared the stage together as children in the original 1968 Broadway musical Maggie Flynn, starring Shirley Jones and Jack Cassidy, in which both young girls played American Civil War orphans. Cara was set to star in the sitcom Irene in 1981. The cast had veteran performers Kaye Ballard and Teddy Wilson as well as newcomers Julia Duffy and Keenen Ivory Wayans. However, the pilot was not picked up by the network for the fall season. In 1983, Cara appeared as herself in the film D.C. Cab. One of the characters, Tyrone, played by Charlie Barnett, is an obsessed Cara fan who decorated his Checker Cab as a shrine to her. "The Dream (Hold On to Your Dream)", her contribution to the film's soundtrack, played over the closing credits of the film, and was a minor hit, peaking at No. 37 on the Billboard Hot 100 in February 1984.

In 1982, Cara earned the Image Award for Best Actress when she co-starred with Diahann Carroll and Rosalind Cash in the NBC Movie of the Week Sister, Sister. Cara portrayed Myrlie Evers-Williams in For Us the Living: The Medgar Evers Story, the PBS TV movie about civil rights leader Medgar Evers, and she earned an NAACP Image Award Best Actress nomination. She also appeared in 1982's Killing 'em Softly. Cara continued to perform in live theater.

In 1983, Cara reached the peak of her music career with the title song for the movie Flashdance: "Flashdance... What a Feeling", which she co-wrote with Giorgio Moroder and Keith Forsey. Cara wrote the lyrics to the song with Keith Forsey while riding in a car in New York heading to the studio to record it; Moroder composed the music. Cara admitted later that she was initially reluctant to work with Giorgio Moroder because she had no wish to invite comparisons with Donna Summer, another artist who worked with Moroder. The song became a hit in several countries, attracting several awards for Cara. She shared the 1983 Academy Award for Best Original Song with Moroder and Forsey, becoming the first black woman to win an Oscar in a non-acting category and the youngest to receive an Oscar for songwriting. She won the 1984 Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, 1984 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, and American Music Awards for Best R&B Female Artist and Best Pop Single of the Year.

In 1984, she was in the comedic thriller City Heat, co-starring with Clint Eastwood and Burt Reynolds and singing the standards "Embraceable You" and "Get Happy". She also co-wrote the theme song "City Heat", sung by the jazz vocalist Joe Williams. In May 1984, she scored her final Top 40 hit with "Breakdance" going to No. 8. "You Were Made for Me" reached No. 78 that summer, but she did not appear on the Hot 100 again. In 1985, Cara co-starred with Tatum O'Neal in Certain Fury. In 1986, Cara appeared in the film Busted Up. She also provided the voice of Snow White in the unofficial sequel to Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Filmation's Happily Ever After, in 1993. The same year, she appeared as Mary Magdalene in a tour of Jesus Christ Superstar with Ted Neeley, Carl Anderson, and Dennis DeYoung.

Cara released three studio albums: Anyone Can See in 1982, What a Feelin in 1983, and Carasmatic in 1987, the most successful of these being What a Feelin. In 1985, she collaborated with the Hispanic charity supergroup Hermanos in the song "Cantaré, cantarás", in which she sang a solo segment with the Spanish opera singer Plácido Domingo. Cara toured Europe and Asia throughout the 1990s, achieving several modest dance hits on European charts, but no U.S. chart hits. She released a compilation of Eurodance singles in the mid-to-late 1990s titled Precarious 90's. Cara also worked as a backup vocalist for Vicki Sue Robinson, Lou Reed, George Duke, Oleta Adams, and Evelyn "Champagne" King.

In 1993, a California jury awarded her $1.5 million from a 1985 lawsuit she filed against record executive Al Coury and Network Records, accusing them of withholding royalties from the Flashdance soundtrack and her first two solo records. Cara stated that, as a result, she was labeled as being difficult to work with and that the music industry "virtually blacklisted" her.

In 2004, Cara received two honors with an induction into the Ciboney Cafe's Hall of Fame and a Lifetime Achievement Award presented at the sixth annual Prestige Awards. In 2005, Cara won the third round of the NBC television series Hit Me, Baby, One More Time, performing "Flashdance... What a Feeling" and covered Anastacia's song "I'm Outta Love" with her all-female band Hot Caramel. At the 2006 AFL Grand Final in Melbourne, Cara performed a rendition of "Flashdance" as an opener to the pre-match entertainment.

In 2005, Cara contributed a dance single, titled "Forever My Love", to the compilation album titled Gay Happening Vol. 12.

Cara was in Hot Caramel, a band which she formed in 1999. Their album, called Irene Cara Presents Hot Caramel, was released in 2011. Cara appeared in season 2 of CMT's reality show Gone Country.

Personal life and death
Cara married stuntman and film director Conrad Palmisano in Los Angeles on April 13, 1986. The couple had no children and divorced in 1991.

Cara died from arteriosclerotic and hypertensive heart disease after hypercholesterolemia at her home on November 25, 2022, at 63 years of age; she also had diabetes. At the time of her death, Cara was a resident of Florida, living in Largo and maintaining a secondary address in New Port Richey, where her company, Caramel Productions, was located.

Vocal appearances on other albums

 * 1986: Brecker Brothers – Détente (background)
 * 1987: Jimmy Maelen – Beats Workin'
 * 1992: Stanley Turrentine – Home Again
 * 2001: DJ BoBo – Planet Colors
 * 2002: DJ BoBo – Celebration

Stage acting

 * 1968: Maggie Flynn
 * 1970: The Me Nobody Knows
 * 1972: Via Galactica
 * 1973: Lotta
 * 1978: Ain't Misbehavin'  (replaced by Charlayne Woodard during previews)
 * 1979: Got Tu Go Disco
 * 1980: The Wiz
 * 1992: Jesus Christ Superstar
 * 1996: What a Feeling!: The Rock & Pop Musicals in Concert

title: Irene Cara


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John Taverner

John Taverner (c. 1490 – 18 October 1545) was an English composer and organist, regarded as one of the most important English composers of his era. He is best-known for Missa Gloria tibi Trinitas and The Western Wynde Mass, and Missa Corona Spinea is also often viewed as a masterwork.

Career
Nothing is known of Taverner's activities before 1524. He appears to have come from the East Midlands, possibly being born in Tattershall, Lincolnshire, but there is no indication of his parentage. According to one of his own letters, he was related to the Yerburghs, a well-to-do Lincolnshire family. The earliest information is that in 1524, Taverner travelled from Tattershall to the Church of St Botolph in nearby Boston, as a guest singer. Two years later, in 1526, Taverner became the first Organist and Master of the Choristers at Christ Church, Oxford, appointed by Cardinal Thomas Wolsey. The college had been founded in 1525, by Cardinal Wolsey, and was then known as Cardinal College. Immediately before this, Taverner had been a clerk fellow at the Collegiate Church of Tattershall. In 1528, he was reprimanded for his (probably minor) involvement with Lutherans, but escaped punishment for being "but a musitian". Wolsey fell from favour in 1529, and in 1530, Taverner left the college. He married a widow, one Rose Parrowe, probably in 1536, and she outlived him until 1553. During the last five months of the composer's life, he was an alderman in the town council of Boston. For about three years, previously, he was the treasurer of the Corpus Christi Gild, there in Boston.

As far as can be told, Taverner had no further musical appointments, nor can any of his known works be dated to after that time, so he may have ceased composition. It is often said that after leaving Oxford, Taverner worked as an agent of Thomas Cromwell assisting in the Dissolution of the Monasteries, although the veracity of this is now thought to be highly questionable. He is known to have settled eventually in Boston, Lincolnshire, where he was a small landowner and reasonably well-off. He is buried with his wife under the belltower at Boston Parish Church. (In the few existing copies of his signature, the composer actually spelled his last name "Tavernor.") The 20th-century composer, Sir John Tavener claimed (even in his early teens), to be his direct descendant.

Works

Most of Taverner's music is vocal, and includes masses, Magnificats and motets. The bulk of his output is thought to date from the 1520s. His best-known motet is Dum Transisset Sabbatum.

One of his best-known masses is based on a popular song called The Western Wynde (John Sheppard and Christopher Tye later also wrote masses based on this same song). Taverner's Western Wynde mass is unusual for the period because the theme tune appears in each of the four parts, excepting the alto, at different times. Perhaps his most celebrated work is his Missa Gloria tibi Trinitas, which Taverner probably composed during his years at Christ Church, Oxford. Commonly his masses are designed so that each of the four sections (Gloria, Credo, Sanctus-Benedictus and Agnus Dei) are about the same length, often achieved by putting the same number of repetitions of the thematic material in each. For example, in the Western Wynde mass, the theme is repeated nine times in each section. As the sections have texts of very different lengths, he uses extended melismata in the movements with fewer words.

Several of his other masses use the widespread cantus firmus technique, where a plainchant melody with long note values is placed in an interior part, often the tenor. Examples of cantus firmus masses include Corona Spinea and Gloria Tibi Trinitas. Another technique of composition is seen in his mass Mater Christi, which is based upon material taken from his motet of that name, and hence known as a "derived" or "parody" mass.

The Missa Gloria tibi Trinitas gave origin to the style of instrumental work known as an In nomine. Although this mass is in six parts, some more virtuosic sections are in reduced numbers of parts, presumably intended for soloists, a compositional technique used in several of his masses. The section at the words "in nomine ..." in the Benedictus is in four parts, with the plainchant in the alto. This section of the mass became popular as an instrumental work for viol consort. Other composers came to write instrumental works modelled on this, and the name In nomine was given to works of this type.

The life of Taverner was the subject of Taverner, an opera by Peter Maxwell Davies.

Masses

 * 1) Missa Gloria tibi Trinitas (6 voices) (This mass was probably composed for Trinity Sunday. The original manuscript of this work—in the form of partbooks—contains facial portraits of Taverner. The portraits are in the initial letters of these partbooks. The above portrait is one of them.)
 * 2) Missa Corona Spinea (6 voices)
 * 3) Missa O Michael (6 voices)
 * 4) Missa Sancti Wilhelmi (5 voices), sometimes called Small Devotion (possibly a corruption of inscription "S Will Devotio" found in two sources)
 * 5) Missa Mater Christi (5 voices)
 * 6) The Mean Mass (5 voices)
 * 7) The Plainsong Mass (4 voices)
 * 8) The Western Wynde Mass (4 voices)

Mass fragments

 * 1) Christeleison (3 voices)
 * 2) Kyrie Le Roy (4 voices)

Votive antiphons

 * 1) Ave Dei Patris filia (5 voices)
 * 2) Gaude plurimum (5 voices)
 * 3) O splendor gloriae (5 voices) (This motet may have been co-written with Christopher Tye.)
 * 4) O Wilhelme, pastor bone (in honour of Cardinal Wolsey)

Office music

 * 1) Alleluya. Veni electa (4 voices)
 * 2)  Alleluya (4 voices)
 * 3) Te Deum (5 voices)

Motets

 * 1) Audivi vocem de caelo (4 voices)
 * 2) Ave Maria (5 voices)
 * 3) Dum transisset sabbatum (I) (5 voices, only work by Taverner included in the Dow Partbooks; also a 4 voice edition)
 * 4) Dum transisset sabbatum (II) (4 voices)
 * 5) Ecce carissimi
 * 6) Ex ejus tumba – Sospitati dedit aegro
 * 7) Fac nobis secundum hoc nomen (5 voices)
 * 8) Fecundata sine viro (3 voices)
 * 9) Hodie nobis caelorum rex
 * 10) In pace in idipsum (4 voices)
 * 11) Jesu spes poenitentibus (3 voices)
 * 12) Magnificat (4 voices)
 * 13) Magnificat (5 voices)
 * 14) Magnificat (6 voices)
 * 15) Mater Christi (5 voices)
 * 16) O Christe Jesu pastor bone (5 voices)
 * 17) Prudens virgo (3 voices)
 * 18) Sancte deus (5 voices)
 * 19) Sub tuum presidium (5 voices)
 * 20) Tam peccatum (3 voices)
 * 21) Traditur militibus (3 voices)
 * 22) Virgo pura (3 voices)

Other

 * 1) In trouble and adversity (SATB, a contrafactum on his four-part instrumental consort piece In Nomine ).

Secular works

 * 1) In women (2 voices)
 * 2) Quemadmodum (possibly for viols or recorders) (This piece is now believed to have been a motet, with a text taken from Psalm 42. In 2010, the Oxford University Press published a choral version of this work, in an edition made by Tim Symons.)

title: John Taverner


text:
User talk:Texastwister

I hope that you have Restorationism on your watchlist. Mkmcconn 00:37, 14 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Thanks! I'm brand new to Wikipedia and had not discovered that page. Good to know about! TexasTwister 03:30, Aug 15, 2003 (UTC)

Another new stub exists: Alexander Campbell (Restoration movement). Mkmcconn 04:04, 15 Aug 2003 (UTC)

I went digging for my reference books (packed away for storage in anticipation of an eventual move) last night and could only find one of them. I have had several others. Either they are at the bottom of some box, or I loaned them out some time back and failed to get them back (I'm notorious for doing that). At any rate, I should have some good info for the A. Campbell page eventually, and lots of info on the Restoration Movement, but may not have the depth of sources I'd like. Maybe I can call this page to the attention of some I've worked with in the past in the Christian Churches and get them to help round out these articles. TexasTwister 19:38, Aug 15, 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Texastwister