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Vladislav Delay

Vladislav Delay is the most frequently used pseudonym of Sasu Ripatti (born 1976), a Finnish electronic musician. He has also recorded as Luomo, Sistol, Uusitalo, Conoco, and Ripatti, working in styles such as minimal techno, glitch, and house.

Background
Ripatti has been involved in the ambient music, glitch, house, and techno genres. His method of track production involves a mixture of synthesizing, vocal recording and live reprocessing. Many tracks have an organic feeling, conjured through rolling, dubby basslines and processed vocal snippets, often from his wife Antye Greie aka AGF. Their daughter was born in 2006.

Ripatti has released EPs and albums on numerous underground electronic labels, including Raster-Noton, Force Tracks, Chain Reaction, Mille Plateaux, Resopal, and Sigma Editions. He also founded the Finnish music label Huume Recordings and currently runs a label called Ripatti, on which he has released the album Visa and several footwork-oriented singles under the name Ripatti.

Ripatti played drums and percussion in the Moritz von Oswald Trio alongside Moritz von Oswald and Max Loderbauer from 2009 until 2015, when he was replaced by Tony Allen. With the Moritz von Oswald Trio he has released two albums and a live LP. He has also released an album in 2011 with his own experimental jazz/electronic group, the Vladislav Delay Quartet.

He performed as Vladislav Delay at an All Tomorrow's Parties festival in May 2011 curated by Animal Collective, who have praised his album Multila and whose member, Panda Bear, thanked his Luomo alias in the liner notes of his techno-inspired album Person Pitch.

Musical style
Ripatti's music is renowned for its sophisticated textural qualities. His sonic approach relies heavily on a semi-random element, and many undulating, complementary and sometimes conflicting layers interplay throughout most of his music. A de-constructive element is sometimes detected within the music as Ripatti makes comment on established genres within his various releases.

Characteristic traits within Ripatti's music are sometimes a deep or bubbling synth-bass line, fractured and syncopated percussion - often placed freely within the music, long delay repetitions of various sounds, syncopated use of vocal samples, and complicated digital effect processing techniques. Generally, the music has a very spacious and organic sound, and albums such as Anima feature a very simple theme repeated with an array of musical and rhythmical interjections.

Ripatti releases under different names have conceptually varied, but have sonically related qualities; this may be due to Ripatti's different composition techniques. Uusitalo releases are often anchored by a house beat and highlight rhythmic variation (see 2007's Karhunainen). Vladislav Delay releases, on the other hand (see 2000's Multila), explore rhythmically sparse, experimental and ambient techno-dub soundscapes. Works under the Luomo name feature dance-floor ready vocal house. Sistol performs microhouse; Conoco (under which he was only released one early EP, Kemikoski) is similar to his Vladislav Delay work but harsher and more industrial. His Ripatti releases are (a pastiche of) Chicago footwork.

Sasu Ripatti often references himself within his music. The "Vapaa Muurari" album, for example, provided much of the instrumental material for Vocalcity. Similarly, the track "Tessio" on the "Vocalcity" album was re-recorded for the "Present Lover" album in 2003.

As Vladislav Delay

 * Ele (1999)
 * Entain (2000) (remastered 2023)
 * Multila (2000) (re-released 2007 and 2020)
 * Anima (2001) (remastered and expanded 2008)
 * Naima (2002)
 * Demo(n) Tracks (2004)
 * The Four Quarters (2005)
 * Whistleblower (2007) (remastered 2022)
 * Tummaa (2009)
 * Vantaa (2011)
 * Kuopio (2012)
 * Visa (2014)
 * Untitled - Circa 2014 (2018)
 * Rakka (2020)
 * Rakka II (2021)
 * Isoviha (2022)

With Vladislav Delay Quartet

 * Vladislav Delay Quartet (2011)

As Sistol

 * Sistol (1999)
 * On the Bright Side (2010)

As Uusitalo

 * Vapaa Muurari (2000)
 * Tulenkantaja (2006)
 * Karhunainen (2007)

As Luomo

 * Vocalcity (2000)
 * The Present Lover (2003)
 * The Kick (2004), with Domenico Ferrari
 * Paper Tigers (2006)
 * Convivial (2008)
 * Plus (2011)

As Ripatti

 * Fun Is Not a Straight Line (2021)

As Ripatti Deluxe

 * Speed Demon (2022)

As AGF/Delay

 * Explode (2005), with Antye Greie
 * Symptoms (2009), with Antye Greie

As Delay/Aarset

 * Singles (2022), with Eivind Aarset

As The Dolls

 * The Dolls (2005) with Antye Greie and Craig Armstrong

With Moritz von Oswald Trio

 * Vertical Ascent (2009)
 * Live In New York (2010)
 * Horizontal Structures (2011)
 * Fetch (2012)

Singles

 * The Kind of Blue EP (1997)
 * Huone (1999)
 * Helsinki/Suomi (1999)
 * Ranta (2000)
 * Kemikoski (2000), as Conoco
 * Livingston (2000), as Luomo
 * Native (2000), as Luomo
 * Carter (2001), as Luomo
 * Tessio (Remixes) (2001), as Luomo
 * Diskonize Me (2002), as Luomo
 * Tessio (2003), as Luomo
 * Waltz For Your Eyes (2003), as Luomo
 * Running Away (2003), as Luomo, with Raz Ohara
 * Demo(n) Cuts EP (2004)
 * What's Good (2004), as Luomo
 * The Kick (2004), as Luomo, with Domenico Ferrari
 * Really Don't Mind (2006), as Luomo
 * Love You All (2008), as Luomo feat. Apparat
 * Tessio Remixes (2009), as Luomo
 * Symptoms (2009), as AGF/Delay, with Antye Greie
 * Restructure 2 (2010), as Moritz Von Oswald Trio, remixed by Digital Mystikz
 * Latoma EP (2011)
 * Espoo EP (2012)
 * Ripatti 01 (2014), as Ripatti

Television

 * Arctic Circle (2014–present)

title: Vladislav Delay


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Talk:Self-determination

Renaming article to: Self-determination of peoples
Maybe not in de US, but in Europe, self-detemination as a notion is tied to the basic classical human rights principle for individuals. The concept of 'self-ownership' isn't known as a notion for the right for a person in Europe. When European countries speak about the content of this article they give the article a name like: Selbestimmungsrecht der Völker (de), Droit des peuples à disposer d'eux-mêmes (fr), Autodeterminazione dei popoli (it), Samostanowienie narodów (pl Self-determination of nations) or Den nationale selvbestemmelsesret (da National self-determinatiion right) or Nationellt självbestämmande (sw National self-determinatiion) etc.

In the UN treaties the frase is: "self-determination of peoples" (UN Charter) and "All peoples have the right of self-determination" (International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights / Civil and Political Rights. To give room (in other language versions) for an article on the right of self-determination (for individuals), linked to the english language version on self-determination, and Google finding the right article, it would be good the english version makers respect other countries, other cultures and other language versions and think about changing the name of an article with the content this article has, into "Self-determination_of_peoples". Thanks and keep up the good work VanArtevelde (talk) 19:44, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

 * I'd suggest that this isn't done. I'm aware that there are several countries that dispute what constitutes a "people", whose arguments basically deny that a population constitutes a people with the right to self-determination.  Guatemala does it ref Belize, Argentine ref the Falklands, Spain ref Gibraltar.  Renaming is likely to trigger ethnic disputes and is unnecessary in my opinion. WCM email 09:13, 19 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Self-determination in this sense, rather than the personal psychological/philosophical sense, appears to be the common meaning. Searching self-determination gives you first and foremost the international law principle. Iskandar323 (talk) 09:25, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Self-determination


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Talk:Self determination

duplicate with Self-determination

title: Talk:Self determination


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User talk:Nicodemus~enwiki

http://www.nicodemusweb.com

Your account will be renamed
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Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Nicodemus. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Nicodemus~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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title: User talk:Nicodemus~enwiki


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George Stokes

George Stokes may refer to:

 * Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet (George Gabriel Stokes, 1819–1903), Irish mathematician and physicist
 * List of things named after George Gabriel Stokes
 * Sir George Stokes Award (colloquially the Stokes Medal), awarded by the Analytical Division of the Royal Society of Chemistry, biennially
 * George Henry Stokes (1876–1959), Member of Canadian Parliament
 * George Thomas Stokes (1843–1898), Irish historian
 * George Stokes (rugby union) (born 1995), Scottish rugby union player
 * George Stokes (Medal of Honor) (1838–1919), United States Army soldier and Medal of Honor recipient

title: George Stokes


text:
Battle of Ōhaeawai

The Battle of Ōhaeawai, part of the Flagstaff War, was fought in July 1845 at Ōhaeawai in Northland, New Zealand. The battle was between British forces and their allies from the local Ngāpuhi tribe of Māori on one side, and other Ngāpuhi, led by Te Ruki Kawiti, a prominent rangatira (chief), on the other side. The battle was notable for establishing that an appropriately built fortified pā could withstand bombardment from cannon fire, with a frontal assault by soldiers suffering heavy casualties.

Kawiti's success at Ōhaeawai Pā
After the Battle of Te Ahuahu a debate occurred between Te Ruki Kawiti and the Ngatirangi chief Pene Taui as to the site of the next battle; Kawiti eventually agreed to a request to fortify Pene Taui's pā, which was 4 km from the present settlement of Ōhaeawai and 6 km from Kaikohe. In the winter of 1845 Lieutenant Colonel Henry Despard led a combined force of troops from the 58th, 96th, and 99th Regiments, Royal Marines and Māori allies in an attack on Pene Taui's pā, which had been fortified by Kawiti.

The British troops arrived before the Ōhaeawai Pā on 23 June and established a camp about 500 m away. On the summit of a nearby hill (Puketapu) they built a four-gun battery. They opened fire next day and continued until dark but did very little damage to the palisade. The next day the guns were brought to within 200 m of the pā. The bombardment continued for another two days but still did very little damage. Partly this was due to the elasticity of the flax covering the palisade. Since the introduction of muskets the Māori had learnt to cover the outside of the palisades with layers of flax (Phormium tenax) leaves, making them effectively bulletproof as the velocity of musket balls was dissipated by the flax leaves. However the main fault was a failure to concentrate the cannon fire on one area of the defences, so as to create a breach in the palisade.

After two days of bombardment without effecting a breach, Despard ordered a frontal assault. He was, with difficulty, persuaded to postpone this pending the arrival of a 32-pound naval gun which came the next day, 1 July. However an unexpected sortie from the pā resulted in the temporary occupation of the knoll on which Tāmati Wāka Nene had his camp and the capture of Nene's colours—the Union Jack. The Union Jack was carried into the pā. There it was hoisted, upside down, and at half-mast high, below the Māori flag, which was a kākahu (Māori cloak). This insulting display of the Union Jack was the cause of the disaster which ensued. Infuriated by the insult to the Union Jack, Colonel Despard ordered an assault upon the pā the same day. The attack was directed to the section of the pā where the angle of the palisade allowed a double flank from which the defenders of the pā could fire at the attackers; the attack was a reckless endeavour. The British persisted in their attempts to storm the unbreached palisades and five to seven minutes later 33 were dead and 66 injured. The casualties included Captain Grant of the 58th Regiment and Lieutenant George Phillpotts of HMS Hazard (1837). The scalp of Lieutenant Phillpotts was brought to the tohunga Te Atua Wera, who made divinations and composed a song foretelling victory against the British. The casualties were buried at St. John the Baptist Church at Waimate North.

Shaken by the loss of a third of his troops, Despard decided to abandon the siege. However, his Māori allies contested this decision. Tāmati Wāka Nene persuaded Despard to wait for a few more days. More ammunition and supplies were brought in and the shelling continued. On the morning of 8 July the pā was found to have been abandoned, the occupants having disappeared in the night. When they had a chance to examine it, the British officers found it to be even stronger than they had feared.

The defenders of the pā had four iron cannons on ship-carriages including a carronade that was loaded with a bullock-chain, and fired at close quarters at the attacking soldiers. The colonial forces captured these cannons, one of which had been destroyed by a shot from a British cannon.

Captain William Biddlecomb Marlow, RE, noted in relation to his drawing, Plate IV, of Ōhaeawai pā: The dotted lines denote rows of fences composed of trees deeply sunk in the ground, between 9 and 15 inches thick, bound close together by a strong native line or rope at the top and bottom: upon the outer row of trees a screen between 4 and 6 inches thick, and 8 and 9 feet high, was formed from a native plant called the New Zealand flax, which is exceedingly tough, and at a distance capable of resisting a musket-ball. This screen was kept about 18 inches above the ground, to serve as loop-holes to fire through from the trench marked T T, Plate IV., figs. 13 and 14; S S serving as traverses. Ensign John Jermyn Symonds, 99th Regiment, described in his drawing that Ōhaeawai's inner palisade was 3 m high, built using puriri logs. In front of the inner palisade was a ditch in which the warriors could shelter and reload their muskets then fire through gaps in the two outer palisades.

Relying on the report of her husband Henry who observed the battle, Marianne Williams commented on the ingenuity of the construction of the war pā in a letter to Mrs. Heathcote, 5 July 1845:

It is quite astonishing how they seem to defy the British in their fortifications. They have double fences, ditches, and loop holes, their houses sunk underground; and as the great guns of the British are fired through their pa with so little loss to the rebels, it is supposed that they have large holes, in which they secure themselves. The fence round the pa is covered between every paling with loose bunches of flax, against which the bullets fall and drop; in the night they repair every hole made by the guns.

The pā was duly destroyed and the British retreated once again to the Bay of Islands. Te Ruki Kawiti and his warriors escaped and proceeded to construct an even stronger pā at Ruapekapeka. The Battle of Ōhaeawai was presented as a victory for the British force, notwithstanding the death of about a third of the soldiers. The reality of the end of the Battle of Ōhaeawai was that Kawiti and his warriors had abandoned the pā in a tactical withdrawal, with the Ngāpuhi moving on to build the Ruapekapeka Pā from which to engage the British force on a battle field chosen by Kawiti.

Hōne Heke did not participate in the Battle of Ōhaeawai as he was recovering from the wounds he received at the Battle of Te Ahuahu.

Model for the gunfighter pā
After the battle, models were made of the design of the pā, with one being sent to Britain where it sat forgotten in a museum. Other Māori tribes of New Zealand became aware of the techniques used in the design of the Ōhaeawai Pā in order to blunt the effectiveness of cannon and musket fire and to create firing trenches located within the inner palisade and communication trenches linking to ruas—shelters dug into the ground and covered with earth. The design of the Ōhaeawai Pā, and the pā subsequently built by Kawiti at Ruapekapeka, became the basis of what is now called the "gunfighter pā".

Site of the battle
Saint Michael's Anglican Church was built on the site of the Ōhaeawai pā in 1871. While the area is now called Ngawha, it was known as Ōhaeawai at the time. James Cowan identified that "the site of the Ōhaeawai pā is now occupied by a Maori church and burying-ground. The scene of the battle is five miles from Kaikohe and two miles from the Township of Ōhaeawai. A Maori church of old-fashioned design is seen on the left as one travels from Kaikohe; it stands on a gentle rise a short distance west of the main road. The locality is usually called Ngawha, from the hot springs in the neighbourhood, but it is the true Ōhaeawai; the European township which has appropriated the name should properly be known as Taiamai. The church occupies the centre of the olden fortification, and a scoria-stone wall, 7 ft. high, encloses the sacred ground."

The soldiers and sailors' memorial stands in the churchyard. The Maori inscription reads, with translation: ''Ko te tohu tapu tenei o nga hoia me nga heremana o te Kuini i hinga i te whawhai ki konei ki Ohaeawai i te tau o to tatou ariki 1845. Ko tenei urupa na nga Maori i whaka-takoto I muri iho i te maunga rongo.''

This is a sacred memorial to the soldiers and sailors of the Queen who fell in battle here at Ohaeawai in the year of Our Lord 1845. This burying place was laid out by the Maoris after the making of peace.

title: Battle of Ōhaeawai


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Dhalgren

Dhalgren is a 1975 science fiction novel by American writer Samuel R. Delany. It features an extended trip to and through Bellona, a fictional city in the American Midwest cut off from the rest of the world by an unknown catastrophe. It is number 33 on the 20th Century's Greatest Hits: 100 English-Language Books of Fiction list.

Plot overview
The city of Bellona is severely damaged; radio, television, and telephone signals do not reach it. People enter and leave by crossing a bridge on foot.

Inexplicable events punctuate the novel: One night the perpetual cloud cover parts to reveal two moons in the sky. One day a red sun swollen to hundreds of times its normal size rises to terrify the populace, then retreats across the sky to set on the same horizon. Street signs and landmarks shift constantly, while time appears to contract and dilate. Buildings burn for days, but are never consumed, while others burn and later show no signs of damage. Gangs roam the nighttime streets, their members hidden within holographic projections of gigantic insects or mythological creatures. The few people left in Bellona struggle with survival, boredom, and each other.

The novel's protagonist is "the Kid" (sometimes "Kidd"), a drifter who has partial amnesia: he can't remember either his own name or those of his parents, though he knows his mother was an American Indian. He wears only one sandal, shoe, or boot, as do characters in two other Delany novels and one short story: Mouse in Nova (1968), Hogg in Hogg (1995), and Roger in "We, in Some Strange Power's Employ Move on a Rigorous Line" (1967). Possibly he has schizophrenia: the novel's narrative is intermittently incoherent (particularly at its end), the protagonist has memories of a stay in a mental hospital, and his perception of reality and the passages of time sometimes differ from those of other characters. Over the course of the story he also experiences significant memory loss. In addition, he is dyslexic, confusing left and right and often taking wrong turns at street corners and getting lost in the city. It is therefore unclear to what extent the events in the story are the product of an unreliable narrator.

Delany has stated that "Kid's sanity remains in question... for the same reason the disaster of the city is unexplained: such explanations would become a fixed signified straiting the play and interplay of the signifier - the city of signs - that flexes and reflexes above it."

Synopsis
In a forest somewhere outside the city, the protagonist meets a woman and they have sex. After, he tells her that he has "lost something"—he cannot remember his name. She leads him to a cave and tells him to enter. Inside, he finds long loops of chain fitted with miniature prisms, mirrors, and lenses. He dons the chain and leaves the cave, only to find the woman in the middle of a field, turning into a tree. Panicked, he flees. Many characters in the novel wear the same sort of "optic chain" (all will be uncomfortable discussing how they came to have it). On a nearby road, a passing truck stops to pick him up. The trucker, hauling artichokes, drops him off at the end of a suspension bridge leading across the river to Bellona.

As he crosses the bridge in the early morning darkness, the young man meets a group of women leaving the city. They ask him questions about the outside world and give him a weapon: a bladed "orchid," worn around the wrist with its blades sweeping up in front of the hand.

Once inside Bellona, an engineer, Tak Loufer, who was living a few miles outside of the city when the initial destruction happened, meets and befriends him. Tak has moved to Bellona and stayed there ever since. Upon learning that he cannot remember his name, Tak gives him a nickname—the Kid. Throughout the novel he is also referred to as "Kid", "Kidd", and often just "kid." Next Tak takes Kid on a short tour of the city. One stop is at a commune in the city park, where Kid sees two women reading a spiral notebook. When Kid looks at it, we see what he reads: The first page contains, word-for-word, the first sentences of Dhalgren. As he reads further, however, the text diverges from the novel's opening.

In Chapter II, "The Ruins of Morning", Kid returns to the commune the next day and receives the notebook from Lanya Colson, one of the two women from the evening before. Shortly they become lovers. Their relationship lasts throughout the book. We meet or learn about several other characters, including George Harrison, a local cult hero and rumoured rapist; Ernest Newboy, a famous poet visiting Bellona by invitation of Roger Calkins, publisher and editor of the local newspaper, The Bellona Times; Madame Brown, a psychotherapist; and, later in the novel, Captain Michael Kamp, an astronaut who, some years before, was in the crew of a successful Moon landing.

The notebook Kid receives already has writing throughout, but only on the right hand pages. The left hand pages are blank. Glimpses of the text in the notebook, however, are extremely close to passages in Dhalgren itself, as if the notebook were an alternate draft of the novel. Other passages are verbatim from the final chapter of Dhalgren. It is here in Chapter II that Kid begins using the blank pages of the notebook to compose poems. The novel describes the process of creating the poems—the emotions and the mechanics of the writing itself—at length and several times. We never see the actual poems, however, in their final form. Kid soon revises or removes any line that does appear in the text.

The third and longest chapter, "House of the Ax", involves Kid's interactions with the Richards family: Mr. Arthur Richards, his wife Mary Richards, their daughter June (who may or may not have been raped publicly by George Harrison, whom she is now fixated on), and son Bobby. Through Madame Brown they hire Kid to help them move from one apartment to another in the mostly-abandoned Labry Apartments. Led by Mary Richards, they are "keeping up appearances." Mr. Richards leaves every day to go to work—though no office or facility in the city seems to be in operation—while Mrs. Richards acts as though there's nothing truly disastrous happening in Bellona. By some force of will, she causes almost everyone who comes into contact with her to play along. While carrying a carpet to the elevator, June backs Bobby into an open elevator shaft, where he falls to his death. There is reason to believe that June did this intentionally after Bobby threatened to reveal her relationship with George Harrison to the family.

The third chapter is also where successful poet Ernest Newboy befriends Kid. Newboy takes an interest in Kid's poems and mentions them to Roger Calkins. By the end of the chapter, Calkins is preparing to print a book of Kid's poems.

As the novel progresses, Kid falls in with the Scorpions, a loose-knit gang, three of whom have severely beaten him earlier in the book. Almost accidentally, Kid becomes their leader. (Much of this suggests the American "mythical folk hero," Billy the Kid, whom Delany used in his earlier, Nebula Award-winning novel, The Einstein Intersection [1967].) Denny, a 15-year-old Scorpion, becomes Kid's and Lanya's lover, so that the relationship with Lanya turns into a lasting three-way sexual linkage. Kid also begins writing things other than poems in the notebook, keeping a journal of events and his thoughts.

In Chapter VI, "Palimpsest", Calkins throws a party for Kid and his book, Brass Orchids, at his sprawling estate. At Calkins's suggestion, Kid brings along twenty or thirty friends: the Scorpion "nest." While Calkins himself is absent from the gathering, there are extended descriptions of the interactions between what is left of Bellona's high society and, in effect, a street gang. At the party, Kid is interviewed by William (later passages of the book suggest William's last name is "Dhalgren," but this is never confirmed).

In the concluding Chapter VII, "The Anathemata: a plague journal", bits of the whole now and again appear to be laid out. Shifting from the omniscient viewpoint of the first six chapters, this chapter comprises numerous journal entries from the notebook, all of which appear to be by Kid. Several passages from this chapter have, however, already appeared verbatim earlier in the novel when Kid reads what was already in the notebook—written when he received it. In this chapter rubrics run along beside many sections of the main text, mimicking the writing as it appears in the notebook. (In the middle of this chapter, a rubric running contains the following sentence: I have come to to wound the autumnal city.) Recalling Kid's entry into the city, the final section contains a near paragraph-for-paragraph echo of his initial confrontation with the women on the bridge. This time, however, the group leaving is almost all male, and the person entering is a young woman who says almost exactly what Kid did himself at the beginning of his stay in Bellona.

The story ends:

"But I still hear them walking in the trees: not speaking. Waiting here, away from the terrifying weaponry, out of the halls of vapor and light, beyond holland into the hills, I have come to"

As with Finnegans Wake, the unclosed closing sentence can be read as leading into the unopened opening sentence, turning the novel into an enigmatic circle.

Mythology
Writing in the Libertarian Review, Jeff Riggenbach compared Dhalgren to the work of James Joyce. A quotation from his review was included on the inside advertisement page of the fifteenth printing of the Bantam edition. As the critic and novelist William Gass writes of Joyce, "The Homeric parallels in Ulysses are of marginal importance to the reading of the work but are of fundamental importance to the writing of it...Writers have certain ordering compulsions, certain ordering habits, which are part of the book only in the sense that they make the writing possible. This is a widespread phenomenon." Almost certainly this is also the case with Dhalgren: Writing about the novel both as himself and under his pseudonym K. Leslie Steiner, Delany has made similar statements and suggested that it is easy to make too much of the mythological resonances. As he says, they are merely resonances, and not keys to any particular secrets the novel holds.

Circular text, multistable perception, echoes, and repeated imagery
Delany has pointed out that Dhalgren is a circular text with multiple entry points. Those points include the schizoid babble that appears in various sections of the story. Hints along those lines are given in the novel. Besides the Chapter VII rubric mentioned above (containing the sentence "I have come to to wound the autumnal city"—the exact sentence that would be created by joining the novel's unclosed closing sentence to the unopened opening) the most obvious is the point where Kid hears "grendal grendal grendal grendal" going through his mind and suddenly realizes he was listening from the wrong spot: he was actually hearing "Dhalgren Dhalgren Dhalgren" over and over again. The ability of texts to become circular is something that Delany explores in other works, such as Empire Star.

Delany conceived and executed Dhalgren as a literary multistable perception—the observer (reader) may choose to shift his perception back and forth. Central to this construction is the notebook itself: Kidd receives the notebook shortly after entering Bellona. In the first several chapters of the novel we see, on several occasions, exactly what Kid reads when he looks at the open notebook. The notebook appears to take over as the main text of the novel starting at Chapter VII, coming almost seamlessly after Chapter VI. However, though Chapter VII reads as though it is written by Kid, many of the passages shown in earlier chapters appear verbatim in Chapter VII. Yet for Kid to have read those passages earlier, the passages must have been written before he received the notebook. In fact, the last few pages of the novel show Kid leaving Bellona. The last sentence of that departure sequence is the incomplete one that conceivably loops back to the beginning of the book. However, earlier in the novel the notebook falls to the ground and Kid reads the last page. The reader sees exactly what Kid reads: the last four sentences of the novel, word for word. This happens well before a point in the novel where Kid specifically states that he only wrote the poems, and "all that other stuff" was already in there when he received the notebook. However, those four sentences are part of a longer section at the end of the novel which, when read, was obviously written by Kid. This means he left Bellona—taking the notebook with him, for how else would he be able to write about his departure—prior to that notebook being found inside Bellona and given to him. Delany has specifically stated that it is not a matter of settling or deciding which text is authoritative. It is more a matter of allowing the reader to experience perceptual shifts in the same way that a Necker cube can be viewed. Akin to the hints regarding its circular nature, Dhalgren also contains at least one hint towards the perceptual shifts: Denny's book of M. C. Escher prints. Additionally, Jeffrey Allen Tucker has written that Delany's unpublished notes regarding the writing of Dhalgren contain direct references to the novel itself working as a Möbius Strip, and makes a direct connection to Escher's "Möbius Strip".

Within the looping text that comprises Dhalgren, many other textual plays on perception can be found. Imagery and conversations, some hundreds of pages apart, closely echo each other. One case in point: The scenes on the bridge mentioned in the "Plot Summary" above. In another, light sliding across the face of a trucker driving at night is echoed in the description of light sliding across the face of a building. The repeated motif of a scratch down the lower leg of several female characters at different points in the novel is yet another example.

Delany's personal experience of reality
Samuel R. Delany has dyslexia and dysmetria. He once spent time in the mental health ward of a hospital. and he has repeatedly spoken and written of seeing burned-out sections of great American cities that most people didn't see, or even know existed. Dhalgren is a literary exposition of all these experiences for the "normal" reader.

Influences
Dhalgren is often compared to James Joyce's Ulysses. Delany has cited poets W. H. Auden, Rainer Maria Rilke, and Paul Valéry as influences on the book, as well as John Ashbery's poem "The Instruction Manual". Elsewhere he cites Michel Foucault, Frank Kermode, and Jack Spicer. Kenneth R. James has elaborated subtextual ties to mathematician G. Spencer-Brown's Laws of Form.

Literary significance and criticism
With over a million sales, Dhalgren is by far Delany's most popular book—and also his most controversial. Critical reaction to Dhalgren has ranged from high praise (both inside and outside the science fiction community) to extreme dislike (mostly within the community). However, Dhalgren was a commercial success, selling a half million copies in the first two years, and over a million copies worldwide since then, with "its appeal reaching beyond the usual SF readership."

William Gibson has referred to Dhalgren as "a riddle that was never meant to be solved."

Darrell Schweitzer expressed the opinion, "Dhalgren is, I think, the most disappointing thing to happen to science fiction since Robert Heinlein made a complete fool of himself with I Will Fear No Evil."

In 2015, Elizabeth Hand characterized the novel as "a dense, transgressive, hallucinatory, Joycean tour-de-force". Theodore Sturgeon called it "the very best ever to come out of the science fiction field". By contrast, Harlan Ellison hated the novel. When the book appeared, Ellison wrote: "I must be honest. I gave up after 361 pages. I could not permit myself to be gulled or bored any further."

Delany has speculated that "a good number of Dhalgren more incensed readers, the ones bewildered or angered by the book, simply cannot read the proper distinction between sex and society and the nature and direction of the causal arrows between them, a vision of which lies just below the novel's surface."

Bellona, Destroyer of Cities, a stage adaptation of (or sequel to) Dhalgren, was produced at The Kitchen in New York City in April 2010. In 2017, a multimedia performance called Dhalgren Sunrise was staged by Fort Point Theatre Channel in Chelsea, Massachusetts.

In 3 Body Problem (TV series) S1 E6, the man who will be following Ye Wenjie, is seen reading Dhalgren sitting at a table. In S1 E7 he is reading the book while queuing for a flight.

Publishing history
Dhalgren was officially published in January, 1975 (with copies available on bookshelves as early as the first week in December, 1974), as a paperback original (a Frederik Pohl selection) by Bantam Books. The Bantam edition went through 19 printings, selling slightly more than a million copies.

A hardcover edition was published by Gregg Press (1977), based on the Bantam paperback edition with many errors corrected, and with an introduction by Jean Mark Gawron. After the Bantam edition went out of print the book was republished by Grafton (1992); Wesleyan University Press/University Press of New England (1996); and Vintage Books, an imprint of Random House (2001), the latter two with an introduction by William Gibson. In 2010 Gollancz brought out an edition as part of its SF Masterworks series, and in 2014 an ebook edition of the novel appeared.

 * 1975, USA, Bantam Books (ISBN 0-552-68554-2), Pub date January 1975, paperback (First edition)
 * 1977, USA, Gregg Press (ISBN 0-8398-2396-7), Pub date June 1977, hardcover
 * 1982, USA, Bantam Books (ISBN 0-553-25391-3), Pub date December 1982, paperback
 * 1992, UK, Grafton Press (ISBN 0-586-21419-4), Pub date 1992, paperback
 * 1996, USA, Wesleyan University Press (University Press of New England) (ISBN 0-8195-6299-8), Pub date 1996, paperback and limited edition slip-case hardcover edition of 300 signed and numbered copies.
 * 2001, USA, Vintage Books (ISBN ), Pub date 15 May 2001, paperback
 * 2002, USA, Vintage Books (ISBN 0-375-70668-2), Pub date 1 February 2002, paperback
 * 2010, UK, Gollancz/Orion (978-0-575-09099-6), Masterworks of SF II Series, trade paperback
 * 2014, USA, Open Road Media (978-1-4804-6178-9), ebook

title: Dhalgren


text:
Talk:Bulacan

WikiProject Philippine LGUs
Wondering how to edit the article? The WikiProject Philippine LGUs could be of help. :)

The official site says that the area is 2,637.67 km², which contradicts the figure in the article. Still need to confirm which is correct. (Just because it came from the official site of the province doesn't mean it's true). —seav 09:17 26 Jun 2003 (UTC)

The "Barasoain Ecclesiastical Museum" and "Barasoain Museum" mentioned here, I believe, refers to the same museum, which is actually the "Barasoain Ecclesiastical Museum" Bijaei Rodriguez (talk) 18:28, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

History
"When the Americans established a civil government in the Philippines, they held the first election in the country in the town of Baliuag, Bulacan on May 6, 1899. "<<-- I doubt the veracity of this fact because I believe that it is highly improbable that an election was held in Baliuag, if it was really true that the first local elections was actually held there, in 1899. why?

1. 1999 was the height of the conflict between the Filipinos and the Americans. the province of Bulacan was a hotbed of "insurrection" during that year. A civil government may only be established in a pacified province, city or town.

2. the Americans only began organizing a civil government in 1900. Even with the establishment of the civil government with the Philippine Commission as the legislature, executive powers still resided in the Military Governor. Civil Government was only fully established on July 4, 1901 with William Howard Taft as Civil Governor.Angeles624 19:49, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Feel free to edit the articles as long as you can prove it. --- Tito Pao 21:22, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

 * The Baliuageños celebrated this on 1999, the centenary, there were a couple of old folks claiming their parents voted.
 * Some links: (not really reliable),  (a travel website),  (a blog, but has the most detail and the most scholarly in tone), etc. You can find more by conducting a google search with the phrase "Baliuag 1899 election". -- Howard   the   Duck  01:59, 21 April 2007 (UTC)
 * From the book Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic by Teodoro Agoncillo, p. 390:
 * ''...The following day, Bustos and Baliuag fell, and the Filipino defenders fled northward. At Baliuag, Lawton seized 150,000 bushels of rice and 265 tons of sugar and distributed them to the civilians. On May 7, he authorized the creation of the first Filipino local government under the Americans. General Field Orders No. 8, dated at Baliuag, May 7, said:
 * For the purposes of official and just representation of the inhabitants of this town with Military authorities, as well as for temporary convenience in restoring and maintaining order among the former, the citizens ere authorized to meet and elect a capitan municipal. The result of such meeting has been the selection of Señor Francisco Guerrero, who is therefore announced as Mayor and authorized to select a council and such other assistants or officers as may be necessary to properly administer municipal affairs. He will be accordingly respected and obeyed.

 * I'll cite other references I can find. — scorpion prinz  00:27, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Those first elections are correct. But it should not be civil government but military government. By May 1899, Bulacan was already in American hands. In fact, the southern half of Pampanga was captured by May 4. Although the country was still at the height of the conflict, the revolutionary troops by this time, had already fled to the north, to Nueva Ecija and Tarlac. Ivanhenares 14:22, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

Citatio nneded for Bulacan Foundation Date? In 2006..Josie Dela Cruz,then Governor of Bulacan asked Dr.Reynaldo Naguit,then director of Bulacan Center for Studies or CBS to do research to findi when is the true date for the Foundation of Bulacan as a Province.In 2008..the Center for Bulacan Studies presented their research to the Provincial Governor that..CBS have find documents mentioning "Provincia de Bulacan" as of 1578. so the Provincial Government of Bulacan enacted a resolution in January 2008 declaring August 15,1578 as Founding date of the Province.Now..why do such edtings to contest/sounds contrasting at the Province official foundation date? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tope110383 (talk • contribs) 23:48, 19 August 2014 (UTC)

Legislative Districts of Bulacan
The municipality of Bulacan do not belong to the 4th Congressional district but to the First Congressional district (which includes the towns of Calumpit, hagonoy, paombong,and pulilan and the city of malolos.) thanks Angeles624 15:34, 3 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Done. -- Howard  the   Duck  16:48, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Santamaria bulacan.jpg
Image:Santamaria bulacan.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 22:22, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Splitting into multiple articles
I think the article is too long and needs to be split into multiple articles. Potential articles could be Tatak Bulakenyo, History of Bulacan (the history section could be replaced with a summary of its history while the details will be on the main history article), the Points of Interest could be moved somewhere (and needs cleaning up also). What do you think? Kleomarlo (talk) 05:41, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

 * The History section most certainly needs to be split out. I'm going to start by doing that then have a look at splitting out some of the other sections. Ideally this would be best done by an expert on the subject but since this is so long overdue so I'm going to give it a go. -France3470 (talk) 14:40, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

 * There is a lot of work needed to sort out the history section, and it is quite daunting - however, unless a start is made, it will never get done. I have made that start. I have moved the entire history section to History of Bulacan, and left a crude cut and paste summary, per WP:Summary style, in this article. Both the history section in this article, and History of Bulacan are going to need some work in terms of referencing and clarity.  SilkTork  *YES! 16:52, 5 June 2010 (UTC)

Persons list clean-up
Too many names were added to this article, but the references for these are not cited, and in some cases it's not clear if these persons are notable enough for inclusion (most names are red links). Hence, I've cleaned up (and still am) the list of notable Bulakenos.

This is intended to be a transitory/provisionary clean-up. If you are planning to restore any of the names I've removed, please cite your sources, make sure that anyone else can verify these sources, and also check if the names are notable enough for inclusion in Wikipedia. Note that these measures are necessary because what may be common knowledge to your townmates or province-mates may not be so to other readers of the English Wikipedia. I've retained names that may appear on standard Philippine History textbooks or really, really notable celebs (e.g. Regine Velasquez, Angel Locsin, Lydia de Vega).

Questions, concerns...please head over to my talk page and fire away, let's work on improving our province's article. Thanks. --- Tito Pao (talk) 03:24, 4 September 2009 (UTC)

School list
See Manual of Style (embedded lists) for guidance on lists within articles. I have moved the list of schools from the article to this talkpage. It is an uncited list, and even if it was cited, is of dubious value in a general encyclopedia.  SilkTork  *YES! 16:52, 5 June 2010 (UTC)

 * The following are the top public secondary schools in Bulacan based on students' performance and teaching effectiveness arranged in alphabetical order.

 * 1) Assemblywoman Felecita G. Bernardino Memorial Trade School, Marilao
 * 2) Bulacan State University Laboratory High School, City of Malolos
 * 3) Calawitan High School, San Ildefonso
 * 4) Calumpit National High School (formerly San Marcos High School), Calumpit
 * 5) Marcelo H. del Pilar National High School, Malolos City
 * 6) Mariano Ponce National High School, Baliuag
 * 7) Meycauayan National High School, Meycauayan City
 * 8) Obando National High School,Obando
 * 9) Parada High School, Santa Maria
 * 10) Prenza National High School, Marilao
 * 11) Pulong Buhangin National High School, Santa Maria
 * 12) Ramona S Trillana High School, Hagonoy
 * 13) San Ildefonso National High School, San Ildefonso
 * 14) San Miguel National High School, San Miguel
 * 15) Sapang Palay National High School, City of San Jose del Monte
 * 16) San Jose Del Monte National Trade School, City of San Jose del Monte
 * 17) Sta. Monica National High School, Hagonoy
 * 18) Bocaue Central School, Bocaue
 * 19) Lolomboy National high School, Bocaue

Tertiary Education
The following are the top colleges and universities in Bulacan: (In alphabetical order)
 * 1) AMA Computer College (AMACC), City of Malolos, Meycauayan City, San Jose Del Monte City
 * 2) AMA Computer Learning Center (AMACLC); Baliuag, Cities of Malolos, Meycauayan & SJDM
 * 3) ABE International College of Business & Accountancy, City of Malolos
 * 4) Baliuag University, Baliuag
 * 5) Bulacan Merchant Marine Academy, Balagtas
 * 6) Bulacan Agricultural State College, San Ildefonso
 * 7) Bulacan Polytechnic College, City of Malolos (Main), Obando, San Miguel, City of San Jose Del Monte, Bocaue
 * 8) Bulacan State University - Main Campus, City of Malolos
 * 9) Bulacan State University - Satellite Campuses, Bustos; Bulakan, Bulacan; City of San Jose Del Monte
 * 10) Centro Escolar University (Malolos), City of Malolos
 * 11) College of Saint Anthony, City of San Jose Del Monte
 * 12) Dr. Yanga's Colleges, Inc., Wakas, Bocaue, Bulacan
 * 13) Immaculate Conception International College of Arts and Technology-URC, Poblacion,Santa Maria
 * 14) Jesus Is Lord Colleges Foundation, Inc., Bocaue
 * 15)  Liceo de Pulilan Colleges, Pulilan
 * 16) Mariano Quinto Alarilla Polytechnic College, Meycauayan City
 * 17) Marilao Community College, Marilao
 * 18) Meycauayan College, Meycauayan City
 * 19) Norzagaray College, Norzagaray
 * 20) Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Santa Maria Extension, Santa Maria
 * 21)  Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Open University, Pulilan Campus, Pulilan
 * 22) Saint Mary's College of Meycauayan, Meycauayan City
 * 23) University of Regina Carmeli, City of Malolos
 * 24) Saint Mary's College of Baliuag, Baliuag
 * 25) St. Augustine School of Nursing, Malolos City
 * 26) St. Paul University at San Miguel, San Miguel
 * 27) STI College, Balagtas, Sta. Maria, Meycauayan City, Malolos
 * 28) Sienna College, City of San Jose del Monte
 * 29) Baliuag Polytechnic College, Baliuag
 * 30) TESDA Korea-Philippines Information Technology Training Center, Guiguinto
 * 31) Philippine Womens University - Bulacan, Baliuag
 * 32)  Marilao Community College, Marilao
 * 33)  Manila Montessori International College, Marilao
 * 34)  Marian College, Baliuag
 * 35) ''' Fernandez Colleges Baliuag, Bulacan

Start class
This is a poor quality article. It consists mainly of poorly presented lists. It has little organisation, and a reader has to work hard at getting any useful information out of it. I have moved it to start class.  SilkTork  *YES! 17:14, 5 June 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:19, 5 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Divine Mercy Shrine, Marilao.JPG

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 06:27, 1 March 2022 (UTC)
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Smallest municipality
Smallest municipality in Bulacan 119.94.184.245 (talk) 14:17, 9 May 2022 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Bulacan
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Bulacan's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "GazetteHistoryProtest": From Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos:  From Tarlac: https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/edsa/the-ph-protest/

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. Feel free to remove this comment after fixing the refs. AnomieBOT ⚡ 12:54, 30 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bulacan


text:
Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm

In computer science, the Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm (or KMP algorithm) is a string-searching algorithm that searches for occurrences of a "word"  within a main "text string"   by employing the observation that when a mismatch occurs, the word itself embodies sufficient information to determine where the next match could begin, thus bypassing re-examination of previously matched characters.

The algorithm was conceived by James H. Morris and independently discovered by Donald Knuth "a few weeks later" from automata theory. Morris and Vaughan Pratt published a technical report in 1970. The three also published the algorithm jointly in 1977. Independently, in 1969, Matiyasevich discovered a similar algorithm, coded by a two-dimensional Turing machine, while studying a string-pattern-matching recognition problem over a binary alphabet. This was the first linear-time algorithm for string matching.

Background
A string-matching algorithm wants to find the starting index  in string   that matches the search word.

The most straightforward algorithm, known as the "brute-force" or "naive" algorithm, is to look for a word match at each index, i.e. the position in the string being searched that corresponds to the character. At each position  the algorithm first checks for equality of the first character in the word being searched, i.e.  . If a match is found, the algorithm tests the other characters in the word being searched by checking successive values of the word position index,. The algorithm retrieves the character  in the word being searched and checks for equality of the expression. If all successive characters match in  at position , then a match is found at that position in the search string. If the index  reaches the end of the string then there is no match, in which case the search is said to "fail".

Usually, the trial check will quickly reject the trial match. If the strings are uniformly distributed random letters, then the chance that characters match is 1 in 26. In most cases, the trial check will reject the match at the initial letter. The chance that the first two letters will match is 1 in 26 (1 in 26^2 chances of a match over 26 possible letters). So if the characters are random, then the expected complexity of searching string  of length n is on the order of n comparisons or O(n). The expected performance is very good. If  is 1 million characters and   is 1000 characters, then the string search should complete after about 1.04 million character comparisons.

That expected performance is not guaranteed. If the strings are not random, then checking a trial  may take many character comparisons. The worst case is if the two strings match in all but the last letter. Imagine that the string  consists of 1 million characters that are all A, and that the word   is 999 A characters terminating in a final B character. The simple string-matching algorithm will now examine 1000 characters at each trial position before rejecting the match and advancing the trial position. The simple string search example would now take about 1000 character comparisons times 1 million positions for 1 billion character comparisons. If the length of  is k, then the worst-case performance is O(k⋅n).

The KMP algorithm has a better worst-case performance than the straightforward algorithm. KMP spends a little time precomputing a table (on the order of the size of, O(k)), and then it uses that table to do an efficient search of the string in O(n).

The difference is that KMP makes use of previous match information that the straightforward algorithm does not. In the example above, when KMP sees a trial match fail on the 1000th character ( = 999) because , it will increment   by 1, but it will know that the first 998 characters at the new position already match. KMP matched 999 A characters before discovering a mismatch at the 1000th character (position 999). Advancing the trial match position  by one throws away the first A, so KMP knows there are 998 A characters that match   and does not retest them; that is, KMP sets   to 998. KMP maintains its knowledge in the precomputed table and two state variables. When KMP discovers a mismatch, the table determines how much KMP will increase (variable ) and where it will resume testing (variable  ).

Example of the search algorithm
To illustrate the algorithm's details, consider a (relatively artificial) run of the algorithm, where  = "ABCDABD" and   = "ABC ABCDAB ABCDABCDABDE". At any given time, the algorithm is in a state determined by two integers:

 * , denoting the position within  where the prospective match for   begins,
 * , denoting the index of the currently considered character in.

In each step the algorithm compares  with   and increments   if they are equal. This is depicted, at the start of the run, like

1        2   m: 01234567890123456789012 S: ABCABCDAB ABCDABCDABDE W: ABCDABD i: 0123456

The algorithm compares successive characters of  to "parallel" characters of , moving from one to the next by incrementing   if they match. However, in the fourth step  does not match. Rather than beginning to search again at, we note that no   occurs between positions 1 and 2 in  ; hence, having checked all those characters previously (and knowing they matched the corresponding characters in  ), there is no chance of finding the beginning of a match. Therefore, the algorithm sets  and.

1        2   m: 01234567890123456789012 S: ABCABCDAB ABCDABCDABDE W:   ABCDABD i:   0123456

This match fails at the initial character, so the algorithm sets  and

1        2   m: 01234567890123456789012 S: ABC ABCDABABCDABCDABDE W:    ABCDABD i:    0123456

Here,  increments through a nearly complete match   until   giving a mismatch at   and. However, just prior to the end of the current partial match, there was that substring  that could be the beginning of a new match, so the algorithm must take this into consideration. As these characters match the two characters prior to the current position, those characters need not be checked again; the algorithm sets  (the start of the initial prefix) and   (signaling the first two characters match) and continues matching. Thus the algorithm not only omits previously matched characters of  (the  ), but also previously matched characters of   (the prefix  ).

1        2   m: 01234567890123456789012 S: ABC ABCDABABCDABCDABDE W:        ABCDABD i:        0123456

This search at the new position fails immediately because  (a  ) does not match   (a  ). As in the first trial, the mismatch causes the algorithm to return to the beginning of  and begins searching at the mismatched character position of  : , reset.

1        2   m: 01234567890123456789012 S: ABC ABCDABABCDABCDABDE W:          ABCDABD i:          0123456

The match at  fails immediately, so the algorithm next tries   and.

1        2   m: 01234567890123456789012 S: ABC ABCDAB ABCDABCDABDE W:           ABCDABD i:           0123456

Once again, the algorithm matches, but the next character,  , does not match the final character   of the word. Reasoning as before, the algorithm sets, to start at the two-character string   leading up to the current position, set  , and continue matching from the current position.

1        2   m: 01234567890123456789012 S: ABC ABCDAB ABCDABCDABDE W:               ABCDABD i:               0123456

This time the match is complete, and the first character of the match is.

Description of pseudocode for the search algorithm
The above example contains all the elements of the algorithm. For the moment, we assume the existence of a "partial match" table, described below, which indicates where we need to look for the start of a new match when a mismatch is found. The entries of  are constructed so that if we have a match starting at   that fails when comparing   to , then the next possible match will start at index   in   (that is,   is the amount of "backtracking" we need to do after a mismatch). This has two implications: first,, which indicates that if   is a mismatch, we cannot backtrack and must simply check the next character; and second, although the next possible match will begin at index  , as in the example above, we need not actually check any of the   characters after that, so that we continue searching from. The following is a sample pseudocode implementation of the KMP search algorithm. algorithm kmp_search: input: an array of characters, S (the text to be searched) an array of characters, W (the word sought) output: an array of integers, P (positions in S at which W is found) an integer, nP (number of positions) define variables: an integer, j ← 0 (the position of the current character in S)        an integer, k ← 0 (the position of the current character in W)         an array of integers, T (the table, computed elsewhere) let nP ← 0 while j < length(S) do if W[k] = S[j] then let j ← j + 1 let k ← k + 1 if k = length(W) then (occurrence found, if only first occurrence is needed, m ← j - k may be returned here) let P[nP] ← j - k, nP ← nP + 1 let k ← T[k] (T[length(W)] can't be -1) else let k ← T[k] if k < 0 then let j ← j + 1 let k ← k + 1

Efficiency of the search algorithm
Assuming the prior existence of the table, the search portion of the Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm has complexity O(n), where n is the length of   and the O is big-O notation. Except for the fixed overhead incurred in entering and exiting the function, all the computations are performed in the  loop. To bound the number of iterations of this loop; observe that  is constructed so that if a match which had begun at   fails while comparing   to , then the next possible match must begin at. In particular, the next possible match must occur at a higher index than, so that.

This fact implies that the loop can execute at most 2n times, since at each iteration it executes one of the two branches in the loop. The first branch invariably increases  and does not change , so that the index   of the currently scrutinized character of   is increased. The second branch adds  to , and as we have seen, this is always a positive number. Thus the location  of the beginning of the current potential match is increased. At the same time, the second branch leaves  unchanged, for   gets   added to it, and immediately after   gets assigned as the new value of , hence. Now, the loop ends if  = n; therefore, each branch of the loop can be reached at most n times, since they respectively increase either   or , and  : if   = n, then certainly   ≥ n, so that since it increases by unit increments at most, we must have had   = n at some point in the past, and therefore either way we would be done.

Thus the loop executes at most 2n times, showing that the time complexity of the search algorithm is O(n).

Here is another way to think about the runtime: Let us say we begin to match  and   at position   and. If  exists as a substring of   at p, then. Upon success, that is, the word and the text matched at the positions, we increase  by 1. Upon failure, that is, the word and the text do not match at the positions, the text pointer is kept still, while the word pointer is rolled back a certain amount ( , where  is the jump table), and we attempt to match   with. The maximum number of roll-back of  is bounded by , that is to say, for any failure, we can only roll back as much as we have progressed up to the failure. Then it is clear the runtime is 2n.

"Partial match" table (also known as "failure function")
The goal of the table is to allow the algorithm not to match any character of  more than once. The key observation about the nature of a linear search that allows this to happen is that in having checked some segment of the main string against an initial segment of the pattern, we know exactly at which places a new potential match which could continue to the current position could begin prior to the current position. In other words, we "pre-search" the pattern itself and compile a list of all possible fallback positions that bypass a maximum of hopeless characters while not sacrificing any potential matches in doing so.

We want to be able to look up, for each position in, the length of the longest possible initial segment of   leading up to (but not including) that position, other than the full segment starting at   that just failed to match; this is how far we have to backtrack in finding the next match. Hence  is exactly the length of the longest possible proper initial segment of   which is also a segment of the substring ending at. We use the convention that the empty string has length 0. Since a mismatch at the very start of the pattern is a special case (there is no possibility of backtracking), we set, as discussed below.

Working example of the table-building algorithm
We consider the example of  first. We will see that it follows much the same pattern as the main search, and is efficient for similar reasons. We set. To find, we must discover a proper suffix of   which is also a prefix of pattern. But there are no proper suffixes of, so we set. To find, we see that the substring   -    has a proper suffix. However "B" is not a prefix of the pattern. Therefore, we set.

Continuing to, we first check the proper suffix of length 1, and as in the previous case it fails. Should we also check longer suffixes? No, we now note that there is a shortcut to checking all suffixes: let us say that we discovered a proper suffix which is a proper prefix (a proper prefix of a string is not equal to the string itself) and ending at  with length 2 (the maximum possible); then its first character is also a proper prefix of , hence a proper prefix itself, and it ends at  , which we already determined did not occur as   and not. Hence at each stage, the shortcut rule is that one needs to consider checking suffixes of a given size m+1 only if a valid suffix of size m was found at the previous stage (i.e. ) and should not bother to check m+2, m+3, etc.

Therefore, we need not even concern ourselves with substrings having length 2, and as in the previous case the sole one with length 1 fails, so.

We pass to the subsequent,. The same logic shows that the longest substring we need to consider has length 1, and as in the previous case it fails since "D" is not a prefix of. But instead of setting, we can do better by noting that  , and also that a look-up of   implies the corresponding   character,  , was a mismatch and therefore. Thus there is no point in restarting the search at ; we should begin at 1 position ahead. This means that we may shift pattern  by match length plus one character, so.

Considering now the next character,, which is  : though by inspection the longest substring would appear to be  , we still set. The reasoning is similar to why. itself extends the prefix match begun with, and we can assume that the corresponding character in  ,. So backtracking before  is pointless, but   may be , hence.

Finally, we see that the next character in the ongoing segment starting at  would be , and indeed this is also. Furthermore, the same argument as above shows that we need not look before  to find a segment for , so that this is it, and we take.

Therefore, we compile the following table:

Another example:

Another example (slightly changed from the previous example):

Another more complicated example:

Description of pseudocode for the table-building algorithm
The example above illustrates the general technique for assembling the table with a minimum of fuss. The principle is that of the overall search: most of the work was already done in getting to the current position, so very little needs to be done in leaving it. The only minor complication is that the logic which is correct late in the string erroneously gives non-proper substrings at the beginning. This necessitates some initialization code. algorithm kmp_table: input: an array of characters, W (the word to be analyzed) output: an array of integers, T (the table to be filled) define variables: an integer, pos ← 1 (the current position we are computing in T)        an integer, cnd ← 0 (the zero-based index in W of the next character of the current candidate substring) let T[0] ← -1 while pos < length(W) do if W[pos] = W[cnd] then let T[pos] ← T[cnd] else let T[pos] ← cnd while cnd ≥ 0 and W[pos] ≠ W[cnd] do let cnd ← T[cnd] let pos ← pos + 1, cnd ← cnd + 1 let T[pos] ← cnd (only needed when all word occurrences are searched)

Efficiency of the table-building algorithm
The time (and space) complexity of the table algorithm is $$O(k)$$, where $$k$$ is the length of.

 * The outer loop:  is initialized to 1, the loop condition is , and   is increased by 1 in every iteration of the loop. Thus the loop will take $$k - 1$$ iterations.

 * The inner loop:  is initialized to   and gets increased by at most 1 in each outer loop iteration.   is always less than , so   gets decreased by at least 1 in each inner loop iteration; the inner loop condition is  . This means that the inner loop can execute at most as many times in total, as the outer loop has executed – each decrease of   by 1 in the inner loop needs to have a corresponding increase by 1 in the outer loop. Since the outer loop takes $$k - 1$$ iterations, the inner loop can take no more than $$k - 1$$ iterations in total.

Combined, the outer and inner loops take at most $$2k-2$$ iterations. This corresponds to $$O(k)$$ time complexity using the Big O notation.

Efficiency of the KMP algorithm
Since the two portions of the algorithm have, respectively, complexities of  and , the complexity of the overall algorithm is.

These complexities are the same, no matter how many repetitive patterns are in  or.

Variants
A real-time version of KMP can be implemented using a separate failure function table for each character in the alphabet. If a mismatch occurs on character $$x$$ in the text, the failure function table for character $$x$$ is consulted for the index $$i$$ in the pattern at which the mismatch took place. This will return the length of the longest substring ending at $$i$$ matching a prefix of the pattern, with the added condition that the character after the prefix is $$x$$. With this restriction, character $$x$$ in the text need not be checked again in the next phase, and so only a constant number of operations are executed between the processing of each index of the text. This satisfies the real-time computing restriction.

Booth's algorithm uses a modified version of the KMP preprocessing function to find the lexicographically minimal string rotation. The failure function is progressively calculated as the string is rotated.

title: Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm


text:
Freetown Christiania

Freetown Christiania (Fristaden Christiania), also known as Christiania or simply Staden, is an intentional community and commune in the Christianshavn neighbourhood of the Danish capital city of Copenhagen. It began in 1971 as a squatted military base. Its Pusher Street is famous for its open trade of cannabis, which is illegal in Denmark.

The open trade of cannabis was shut down in April 2024 as a collaborative effort with police and the majority inhabitants of Christania. Pusher Street's cobblestone road was physically removed, and a new apartment complex is expected to be built there.

Culture
Christiania is considered to be the fourth largest tourist attraction in Copenhagen, with half a million visitors annually.

The residents of Christiania are called Christianit, or Christianshavner and Amagerkaner because Christiania is located on the island of Amager. The 1976 protest song "I kan ikke slå os ihjel" ("You cannot kill us"), written by Tom Lunden of flower power rock group Bifrost, became the unofficial anthem of Christiania.

Geography

Christiania is an intentional community and commune  of about 850 to 1,000 residents, covering 7.7 ha in the borough of Christianshavn in the Danish capital city of Copenhagen on the island of Amager.

The area of Christiania consists of the former military barracks of Bådsmandsstræde and parts of the city ramparts. The ramparts and the borough of Christianshavn (then a separate city) were established in 1617 by King Christian IV by reclaiming the low beaches and islets between Copenhagen and Amager. After the siege of Copenhagen during the Second Northern War, the ramparts were reinforced during 1682 to 1692 under Christian V to form a complete defence ring. The western ramparts of Copenhagen were demolished during the 19th century, but those of Christianshavn were allowed to remain. They are today considered among the finest surviving 17th century defence works in the world.

The outermost defence line, Enveloppen, has been renamed Dyssen in Christiania language (except for the southernmost tip of it which was not annexed by Christiania). It is connected to central Christiania by a bridge across the main moat or can be reached by the path beginning at Christmas Møllers Plads. Four gunpowder storehouses line the redans. They were built in 1779–1780 to replace a storage in central Copenhagen, at Østerport, which exploded in 1770, killing 50 people. The buildings are renamed Aircondition, Autogena, Fakirskolen ('the Fakir School') and Kosmiske Blomst ('Cosmic Flower') and have, although protected, been slightly altered from their historical state.

In 2007, the National Heritage Agency proposed protection status for some of the historic military buildings now in Christiania, some of which were altered after Christiania's takeover.

After bitter negotiations that temporarily resulted in the area being sealed off to the public, in June 2011, the residents of Christiania agreed to collectively set up a fund to formally purchase the land. The community made its first payment in July 2012, officially becoming legal landowners.

1970s
On 26 September 1971, Christiania was declared open by Jacob Ludvigsen, a well-known provo and journalist who published a magazine called Hovedbladet ('The main paper'), which was intended for and successfully distributed to mostly young people. In the paper, Ludvigsen wrote an article in which he and five others explored what he termed 'The Forbidden City of the Military'. The article widely announced the proclamation of the free town, and among other things he wrote the following under the headline "Civilians conquered the 'forbidden city' of the military": Although Christiania enjoyed an initial blind eye from the authorities, The Ministry of Defence brought a legal case against Christiania on April 1, 1976, which was upheld by the Supreme Court on February 2, 1978, who ruled that Christiania should be cleared immediately. However, despite the ruling, immediate action was not taken and that same year the Danish Parliament, Folketinget, decided that a development plan should be drafted first.

In addition to these external problems, pressure was building internally as well: Following the death of 10 residents in the space of one year from overdoses, in 1979 the residents of Christiania began the "Junk Blockade". For 40 days and nights, residents patrolled the buildings where hard drugs were sold and sought to push the dealers out of the community while offering aid to the addicts.

1980s
During the 1980s, motorcycle gangs fought their way into Christiania, seeking to gain control over the drug market. One gang in particular, Bullshit Motorcycle Club, managed to fight off a chapter of the Hells Angels to establish sole control of the drugs market by 1984. In 1987, after police found the dismembered body of a man under the floorboards of a Bullshitter bike shop inside Christiania, the Bullshitters were broken up and cleared from the area following a combined response from the community, the police and reprisals from the Hells' Angels. From that point on, biker jackets were banned from the Freetown.

In 1989 the Danish Parliament legalised Christiania.

2000s
In April 2005, a gang shot and killed a man in Christiania and injured three others in an incident related to Christiania's cannabis trade.

On 14 May 2007, workers from the governmental Forest and Nature Agency, accompanied by police, entered Christiania to demolish leftovers of the small, abandoned building of Cigarkassen ('the cigar box'). They were met by angry and frightened Christianites, fearing that the police also intended to demolish other houses. The residents built roadblocks, but the police eventually entered the Freetown en masse and were met by resistance. Residents threw stones and shot fireworks at police vehicles. They also built barricades in the street outside Christiania's gate. The police used tear gas on the residents and a number of arrests were made. One activist sneaked behind the police commander and poured a bucket of urine and faeces upon him before being immediately arrested. The trouble continued into the early morning hours. In all, over 50 activists from both Christiania and outside were arrested. Prosecutors demanded they be imprisoned on the basis that they might otherwise participate in further disturbances in Copenhagen (which prosecutors claimed was "in a state of rebellion").

On 24 April 2009, a 22-year-old man had part of his jaw blown off by a hand grenade thrown into the crowds seated at Cafe Nemoland. Four others had minor injuries.

2016 shooting and end of Pusher Street stalls
On 31 August 2016, a person believed by police to be carrying earnings from cannabis sales shot two police officers and a civilian after being stopped. The injuries of one of the officers who was shot in the head were life-threatening (he survived, but needed a long period of rehabilitation), while the injuries of the other victims were less serious. Police sealed off the entire neighbourhood and located the perpetrator in Kastrup a few hours later. During a brief shootout with Politiets Aktionsstyrke (a special intervention police unit) he was seriously wounded and later died from his injuries in the hospital. The perpetrator, a 25-year-old Danish citizen of Bosnian descent (he arrived in Denmark as a child with his family), was well known to the police for violence and involvement in cannabis sales. Although known to be a sympathiser with Islamic extremism, this is not considered to have played a role in his actions. Police officers very rarely receive life-threatening injuries during encounters with criminals (at the moment of the Christiania shooting, the last killing of a police officer by a criminal in Denmark had been in 1995) and the incident was widely condemned.

In a communal meeting consisting of Christiania residents, it was decided that the stalls in Pusher Street (by far the site of the largest cannabis sale in Denmark) should be removed, which happened the following day, 2 September 2016. Local residents also urged people who were friends of the neighbourhood to help by not buying cannabis in Christiania. About two months later, it was estimated that the de facto practice of cannabis sales within Christiania had dropped by about 75%.

When locals blocked the entrances to Pusher Street with concrete barriers and bars in August 2023, a resident said they were advocating not to buy the drugs in Christiania. The dealers in "Pusher Street" didn't adhere to the laws and values of the free city, the money they earned doesn't finance Christiania, but gangs.

2023 shooting
On 26 August 2023, two masked gunmen opened fire in Christiania, killing a 30-year old man and injuring 4 other people. According to the police, the shooting was related to a conflict between gangs. After the shooting, the residents reiterated their inability to throw the gangs off the street without help.

Due to the worsening gang violence, residents were considering a proposition by the Danish government to buy the rest of the land with the proviso that they accommodate 15,000 square meters public housing development. This agreement would provide Christiania residents with help curbing the violence and the city with needed housing.

2024 and beyond
As of 2024, drug trade persisted, with locals and tourists alike enjoying mostly hashish products. Usable raw cannabis flower is less commonly available, with vendors favouring block hash sold by the gram or infused in a cannabis-laced cigarette. All pre-rolled cannabis cigarettes are mixed with tobacco, as is common in Europe.

Intermittent police raids, carried out usually in the evening, have continued to target vendors, hampering efficient drug distribution and driving up prices. As of 2024, the unofficial price for one rolled large hashish cigarette was approximately 100 krone (approximately $14 USD or €13 Euros) for touristy clientèle. These prices are quite high relative to legalised cannabis markets in the United States and the Netherlands. Locals tend to receive fairer market prices, especially if purchasing in bulk.

Pusher Street
Since its opening, Christiania has been famous for its open cannabis trade, taking place in the centrally located Pusher Street, although named "Green Light District" by the Christianian council. Although the hash trade is illegal, authorities were for many years reluctant to forcibly stop it. Proponents thought that concentrating the hash trade at one place would limit its dispersion in society, and that it could prevent users from switching to 'harder drugs'. Some wanted to legalise hash altogether. Opponents thought the ban should be enforced, in Christiania as elsewhere, and that there should be no differentiation between 'soft' and 'hard' drugs. It has also been claimed that the open cannabis trade was one of Copenhagen's major tourist attractions, while some said it scared other potential tourists away and the cannabis sale is actually also forbidden on Christiania's area. Even though the police have attempted to stop the drug trade, the cannabis market has generally thrived in Christiania. When local residents removed the Pusher Street stalls in 2016, it was estimated that the cannabis sale dropped by about 75%.

In 2002, the government began aiming to make the cannabis trade less visible. In response, the cannabis sellers covered their stands in military camouflage nets as a humorous reply. The open cannabis trade returned to Pusher Street after police raids in 2004, but the stalls were again torn down by Christiania's residents after the 2016 shooting. As of June 2023, there were numerous cannabis sellers on Pusher Street openly selling their wares from makeshift stalls with spray painted signs advertising the strain of cannabis for sale. One dealer said the police raid the street daily, but an early warning system of lookouts allows the dealers to close up shop before the police arrive. In August 2023, residents blocked the entrances to Pusher Street with concrete barriers and bars.

Further developments
Christiania has countered the government's plans for normalisation with its own community driven planning proposal, which after eight months of internal workshops and meetings gained consensus at the common meeting before being published in early 2006. Christiania's own development plan was awarded the Initiative Award of the Society for the Beautification of Copenhagen in November 2006.

In September 2007, the representatives of Christiania and Copenhagen's city council reached an agreement to cede control of Christiania to the city over the course of ten years for the purposes of business development. Also, as of May 2009, the Eastern High Court upheld a 2004 Act of Parliament which reaffirmed the state's legal claim to control of the base. This rule is confirmed in February 2011 by the Supreme Court. The state has now full right of disposal of the Christiania area. In June 2011, the State signed an agreement with Christiania stating that the Christiania area will be transferred to a new foundation, the Foundation Freetown Christiania.

The most contentious part of this process has been to force the residents naturally opposed to the whole idea of ownership to buy the piece of land they have been occupying for more than 40 years. In July 2012, they made the first payment, and the Christianites went from squatters to legal landowners. A foundation, run by residents, was set up to raise funds and apply for a bank loan. Christianites were able to buy about 19 acres of the initial 84-acre plot.

In his January 2013 book In the Name of the People, Ivo Mosley cited Christiania as one of the few examples of communities run on truly democratic lines that exist in the world. Six months later, the laws governing Christiania changed. In July 2013, the legislative proposal L 179 for the repealing of the Christiania Law was adopted by all parties in the Folketing with the exception of the Danish People's Party. From that moment, the same legislative rules that apply to the rest of Denmark apply to Christiania, de jure ending any special status the area had. It is now legally considered a piece of purchased land like any other, subject to its owners as under the law, the Freetown Christiania Foundation.

In fiction and popular culture
Christiania native Lukas Forchhammer of the Danish pop band Lukas Graham wrote the 2016 song "Mama Said" about his experience growing up in the community.

The mid-2010s documentary Christiania: 40 Years of Occupation covers the community's history.

Freetown Christiania featured prominently in the script for the third episode of the 2016 Trailer Park Boys spinoff "Out of the Park: Europe".

title: Freetown Christiania