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Talk:Liquorice

Old discussions
I could have sworn there was a page about the herb. But now this page appears to redirect into itself, without an edit history? Huh?
 * Looks like it got moved, and the redirect got munged. - Hephaestos 05:05 21 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * It's not in the google cache. I'd ask Eloquence about it.  Koyaanis Qatsi 05:06 21 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Two BBC news links articles were added. Neither is important enough to make it into this article. One referred to a case report, hardly innovative in this context (we already know that liquorice causes hypokalaemia). The other one is a piece of basic scientific research that may still sizzle out before it achieves any degree of encyclopedicity. JFW | T@lk  18:46, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Licorice is a flavor, not a shape of candy. Licorice candy is commonly made into a twist shape.  The shape is called a twist, not a licorice.  For example, you can have strawberry twists, but you can't have strawberry licorice.

Thank you for your suggestion regarding &]]! When you feel an article needs improvement, please feel free to make whatever changes you feel are needed. Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone can edit almost any article by simply following the  link at the top. You don't even need to log in! (Although there are some reasons why you might like to…) The Wikipedia community encourages you to be bold. Don't worry too much about making honest mistakes—they're likely to be found and corrected quickly. If you're not sure how editing works, check out how to edit a page, or use the sandbox to try out your editing skills. New contributors are always welcome. JFW | T@lk  13:20, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

testosterone
It is correct that one study (Armanini D, Bonanni G, Palermo M. Reduction of serum testosterone in men by liquorice. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1158.) claimed that Liquorice would lower serum testosterone significantly. This finding however could not be replicated in a follow-up study (Licorice Extract Consumption and Salivary Testosterone Concentrations, Robert A Josephs, Jennifer S Guinn, Michelle L Harper, Frederick Askari; http://www.jacemedical.com/store/testosterone.html). Armanini's study seems to be flawed. The authors of the follow-up study concluded: "Because we detected only a small reduction in testosterone, we cannot confirm that people with low libido should avoid licorice consumption [...]" MAIN ARTICLE SHOULD THEREFORE BE CORRECTED. thanks! (i'm too clumsy when it comes to editing) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.114.147.43 (talk) 17:36, 22 February 2010 (UTC)

soft drinks?
The article states that licorice is found in some soft drinks but doesn't provide examples or cite a source.
 * Here is an example: http://www.bevnet.com/reviews/virgils/ I'm unsure how to add this as a source on the main page, so someone else can do so if they like. Snickersnee 23:04, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

Liquorice used in fire extinguishers?
I'm just watching a BBC programme, Rough Science, which asserts that liquorice can be used in fire extinguishers as a foam enhancer. Of course I checked the Wikipedia entry and found nothing. I don't know any more than what I've seen on the TV so it doesn't seem appropriate to edit the page myself. Coconino 20:03, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I've "heard" the same thing, but don't really "know it for a fact". Perhaps you can search Google for an authoritative citation and then edit the article?
 * Atlant 20:40, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

Without a source it sounds like a prank :-). The building burnt down but at least it was tasty! JFW | T@lk  20:55, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

More pranks?
There is no evidence that a Alvin Hosenfeld has ever existed, so this must be deleted from the main article. Politis 19:33, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

You have proof that there is no Alvin Hosenfeld anywhere in this world ? Proof is a two way street not just for your convenience. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.112.140.132 (talk) 09:20, 17 May 2016 (UTC)

Mark Trail/Comics Curmudgeon
More information on licorice can be found on the Internet.

Tastes of Europeans/Salty licorice
The article states: "In continental Europe, however, far stronger, saltier, candies are preferred". This seems a quite ridiculous statement to my European self. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 84.30.252.42 (talk • contribs).

 * It doesn't seem ridiculous to my American self. I've had salty licorice that a Dane reluctantly let me try, knowing that I would find it inedible.  I did.  There a r eEuropeans who enjoy some very salty licorice-- I believe it was lableled as "salty starklicorice." Silarius 19:02, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

 * http://www.dutchsweets.com/saltlicorice.php
 * http://www.licoriceinternational.com/saltlicorice.php —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.16.189.141 (talk) 21:00, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Denmark ≠ "Continental Europe" ! In Germany Licorice is sweet. I am changing the sentence to "In Scandinavia". --BjKa (talk) 08:17, 3 September 2013 (UTC)

Harmful effects on the heart?
My mom has always said that too much licorice will make you suffer a heart attack, but this article doesn't mention anything on the matter. Truth? Old wives' tale? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.52.235.98 (talk • contribs).

 * The article on Glycyrrhizinic acid, which is the main sweetener for licorice, says that it can cause hypertension in some people Poobslag 16:58, 9 July 2007 (UTC)It does increase blood flow so if you do have huge amounts of it then it can cause a heart attack

This article needs cleaning up for sure. "(more than 2 mg/kg/day of pure glycyrrhizinic acid, a liquorice component)" there is a huge difference between 2 mg and 2 Kg so which is it ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.112.140.132 (talk) 09:24, 17 May 2016 (UTC)
 * mg per kg per day. There is no error here. Rmhermen (talk) 04:33, 22 May 2016 (UTC)

Milligram per Kilogram ? 1000000mg makes 1kg. You would never state it as mg per kg per day. e.g. 500000.0mg is 0.5kg, you either go with mg or kg not both. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.112.140.132 (talk) 03:17, 14 June 2016 (UTC)
 * mg (of glycyrrhizinic) per kg (of body weight) per day. That's a pretty normal way of measuring doses. — derobert (talk) 22:13, 19 July 2016 (UTC)

aphrodisiac?
I read or heard somewhere that licorice can be a female aphrodisiac. Any comment on that?

Hear is a quote off of Men's Health Magazine--"Black licorice has been shown to speed up her genital bloodflow by 40 percent". I have no idea if this is true, but at least it has a good flavor for her to increase her libido.

 91.34.89.229 14:34, 17 September 2007 (UTC)
 * The answer seems to be: No

Search results as a reference
Search results are dynamic, so if you would like to refer to the results, you should archive the results page using WebCite (or similar) and refer to the static page generated. Mike.lifeguard 01:16, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

liquorice international
Do people have an opinion of the liquorice international link in the external links section? I'm equivocal about including it. It's got a lot of different types of liquorice, but is trying to sell them. WLU 22:26, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Toxicity concerns
All but two of the cases where licorice has resulted in hypertension have occurred from people overindulging in Panda concentrated licorice candies. Unlike conventional licorice twists which may contain very little licorice, Panda is a solid extract of the herb. There are two reported cases where hypertension was caused by drinking over four cups of strong licorice tea a day. I belong to an association of herbalists where all cases were vetted, and although I do not have the references at hand, you would be hard pressed to find actual case studies of hypertension except those I have cited. Ksvaughan2 05:53, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

 * "A simple search of the Medline literature database reveals almost 100 case reports published since 1980 involving licorice-induced hypertension, hypokalemia, decreased plasma renin and aldosterone levels, myopathies, edema and/or muscle weakness. Most patients recover after withdrawal of the licorice source although some deaths have been reported in more extreme cases."

The liquorice affects the liver and prevent absorbtion of potassium which is essential for healthy blood and heart. Fleur Black in West Yorkshire had a nasty liver problem from chewing the liquorice root at th rate of 2-3 roots per day. After a few days she noticed headaches, hypertension, sudden weight gain and edema of her legs. Ceasing chewing the root and eating tomato paste and banans as a quick source of potassium saw her lose about 7pounds/3.5kg of fluid over the course of 5 days. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Fleurblack (talk • contribs) 20:37, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Also: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=licorice case report Blahdenoma (talk) 09:54, 29 April 2011 (UTC)

A beverage that does not have the ingredient "Camellia sinensis" is not "tea". The correct term for other such beverages is an "infusion" or a "brew". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.112.140.132 (talk) 09:32, 17 May 2016 (UTC)

 * And yet, we speak of mint tea, raspberry tea, chamomile tea and more, and have done for more than a hundred years. See, for example: Beatrix Potter, The Tale of Peter Rabbit: London, Warne, 1902 for the phrase "chamomile tea." The Cambridge English Dictionary defines tea as: (a drink made by pouring hot water onto) dried and cut leaves and sometimes flowers, especially the leaves of the tea plant. The etymology of the word tea is the sanskrit "la" meaning "leaf," but not of a specific plant. Infusion may be the scientific term, but it is not the common term. One could argue that the correct term is in fact "tisane" as that has been used for a herbal infusion for more than 400 years. If we are to be pedantic, however, even tisane is not correct, because it originally meant an infusion of barley, and that is where pedantry will get you. I could even claim that infusion, itself, is too general a term, since it refers to steeping in any solvent; whether hot water, oil or alcohol. Most people would understand a "tea" to be a type of infusion of leaves, roots, fruits or flowers that uses hot water. Mind you, lt s not forget the cold infusions, which Twinings refer to as a tea and, since they have been trading in Tea since 1700, I think they have the right to do so.82.40.90.107 (talk) 13:37, 1 May 2022 (UTC)

Citation needed.2A02:8070:E284:B100:A9E9:737:36AF:4548 (talk) 16:09, 26 October 2019 (UTC)

Is Licorice a good lightening agent ?
Is Licorice a good lightening agent ?Have heard that it help lighten dark lips —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 203.91.193.5 (talk) 06:34, 30 January 2007 (UTC). I doubt it. I am an herbalist and have never heard of this. Besides, it concentrates down to a black color. Ksvaughan2 05:54, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

This might be due to the effect of lowering ACTH (by inhibiting breakdown of cortisol), which also lowers melanocortin which causes skin-darkening. But I wouldn't expect a melanocortin effect except in cases of severe adrenal insufficiency, and I wouldn't expect licorice to be of much help there. Except in those extreme cases where ACTH would be very high, I wouldn't think licorice could have enough inhibitory effect on ACTH/melanocortin to make any difference. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.9.143.237 (talk) 13:01, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

Green stool
Well I've eaten a lot of liquorice (root and candy), and read some about it, and I'm extremely skeptical that it turns your stool green, so I took that part out. Prove me wrong, kids. sNkrSnee | t.p.  06:36, 9 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Proving in process. Whew, may be camping out in the bathroom this weekend. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 219.89.138.200 (talk) 12:41, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

I am in my fifties, and have been a lover of liquorice for many, many years. I thought that it was a known fact that eating liquorice turns your stool green. It happens to me every time I over indulge in the stuff (mainly liquorice ropes). It may not actually be the liquorice, but some filler that is added; but, whatever it is, my stools are definitely (dark) green. 97.115.253.117 (talk) 17:40, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

Pontefract in Yorkshire
I removed the claim that the culinary use of liquorice was "invented" in Pontefract in Yorkshire. The article referenced did not make that claim at all, only that it was known there in the middle ages. Liquorice was used for thousands of years before that, although the use of -candy- is more recent. But the claim that "culinary use" of -anything- was invented somewhere is at best bothersome. If there is better proof of where culinary use of liquorice was "invented", then perhaps it can be integrated in the article, but in practice such claims are normally unsupportable. Mahjongg 11:11, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

In Yorkshire liquorice is often called "Spanish" because it was Spanish monks that brought the plant to the region, somewhere around Pontefract. I have heard Pontefract liquorice being called "Franks" in Yorkshire, not sure if that is Frank the Spanish currency or that the Pontefract has a frank as in a seal. Even the name Pontefract is unusual in that area due to the Danish Viking history of the region. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.112.140.132 (talk) 08:33, 17 May 2016 (UTC)

Poisonous Plant?
This plant is in Category:Poisonous plants, but the only mention of its toxicity is from overdosing on large amounts of a concentrated extract. It seems misleading. I'm going to go ahead and remove it. Indeterminate (talk) 05:04, 19 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Almost anything can be toxic if consumed in excess amounts.. Including water.  I'd prefer if all toxicity-labled things were also given an LD-50 value (or whatever similar value is for "50% of people/animals get sick")  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.9.143.237 (talk) 13:04, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

Licorice is the preferred spelling
1,160,000 Google hits Liquorice, 4,900,000 hits Licorice.
 * I assume this is an old comment, but it's still worth addressing in case anyone else comes here with the same idea.
 * There are a few things that one must know before discussing the choice of spelling:
 * Google hits are relatively irrelevant. Beyond illustrating that a spelling exists, it doesn't really mean much. (For example, there's no reason to assume that Google isn't a little ameri-centric. And, even besides that, the results don't indicate how often a word is used; simply how many links that particular search engine has happened to have indexed)
 * You're probably still right anyways. I very highly doubt that 'Liquorice' is used more often than 'Licorice'
 * It's entirely immaterial. The Manual of Style for Wikipedia doesn't even allow that kind of argument to hold any influence in making this decision. The fact is, talk pages would always be jam-packed with bickering back and forth if it did. To prevent needless arguments over what's, realistically, a non-issue, MoS says to simply stick with the first significant contribution to the article. (ie. the first non-stub version) That used the UK spelling. As such, UK spellings need to be used throughout the article.
 * So, basically, it wouldn't matter if you did have proof that one spelling was used significantly more than the other. That still wouldn't change our policy for handling spelling differences. 209.90.135.92 (talk) 01:45, 29 October 2008 (UTC)
 * http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/liquorice The dictionary defines liquorice as "chiefly British variant of licorice" There are more English speaking Americans than the total population of all other English speaking countries combined.  I think we should use the American spelling. Dream Focus (talk) 08:20, 3 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I believe that this is wrong. There are more English speakers in India.  The number of English speakers in Pakistan is pretty significant too.  --SmokeyJoe (talk) 23:56, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Just to amplify the earlier comments. Licorice would have been equally acceptable (in fact the name comes from the Old French licoress – without qu), but as this article has been called Liquorice for over five years (since it was started by Simon Pulsifer, a Canadian) it is too late to change it. There's also a Liquorice (confectionery) article that was started in April 2005 by Ike9898, an American. So it is not as though any Brits were involved in the decision!  BTW, if you are interested in general guidance on American vs British spelling, there's a  Wikipedia manual of style section full of advice, and you might also be interested in the American and British English spelling differences article. Hope this helps - Pointillist (talk) 09:42, 11 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I had read those idiots guidelines before hand. I recall one example it gave was that instead of using the word airplane, which might be spelled aeroplane or some other way in different nations, its best to just say aircraft.  So the official policy is to work around the issue, avoiding it whenever possible.  Age of the article doesn't matter, nor who created it.  If more than one spelling exist, then Google should determine which is the most common one used on the internet, and that'd be it.  But, whatever.  No big deal.  I'm just pleased I read that too much of it can kill you, or cause other health problems, before I bought a load of this stuff to eat for anxiety disorder.  The Wikipedia: saving lives, spelling be damned. Dream Focus (talk) 10:10, 11 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, since it sounds like its moot, I don't suppose there's any harm in mentioning that the liquorice spelling is probably a folk etymology from liquor. Indeterminate (talk) 08:58, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

Anyway, at the moment the article has loads of instances of both spellings and that looks stupid. It should be one thing or the other. 82.20.44.6 (talk) 19:56, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

It is a common error in both America and the UK to think that it is the same language. The UK invented the language by taking it from mostly other Latin based languages but America just corrupts the English language. e.g in America everything is "Awesome" "Gourmet" "Unique" "Tactical" "Spicy". These words really have no meaning anymore and are just hollow buzz words used by marketing. Another example is calling everything tea even when there is no Camellia sinensis in the beverage. Spelling is not the same and pronunciation is also different. America uses the letter Z way more and ough way less, colonized rather than colonised, color rather than colour, Thro rather than through etc. Both are correct in their own environment. (The French call liquorice "réglisse", German "Lakritze", Spanish "regaliz", Vietnamese "cam thảo", Chinese "甘草" etc.)

Overdose
Only 100 gm. is the limit: The European Commission 2008 report suggested that “people should not consume any more than 100mg of glycyrrhizic acid a day, for it can raise blood pressure or cause muscle weakness, chronic fatigue, headaches or swelling, and lower testosterone levels in men.” Haribo, manufacturer of Pontefract cake, stated: “Haribo advises, as with any other food, liquorice products should be eaten in moderation.” Meanwhile, a 56-year-old Yorkshire woman was hospitalized on June, 2008, after liquorice overdose ( 200 grams a day)," which caused her muscle failure. The hospital restored her potassium levels, by intravenous drip and tablets, relieving her after 4 days.news.bbc.co.uk, Woman 'overdoses' on liquorice--Florentino floro (talk) 11:19, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 15:58, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Requested info re color and pronunciation
I would appreciate it if someone could add the information as to why licorice candy is traditionally black and why the word is pronounced (sometimes if not most of the time) with a final sh sound. DBlomgren (talk) 20:36, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

The licorice confectionary page has why licorice (the candy) is black, but I wouldn't have thought to look there for it, myself. Its because molasses is added. I'm too lazy to go editing this page more than I already have though, but considering how often I'm changing these wiki pages I'm coming across I should get an account or something and stop being some kind of anonymous wikipedia editing trivia pedant. 121.45.47.118 (talk) 10:53, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

Licorice extract appears black due to the dark brown color made by the naturally occurring iodine content. The candy form is often dyed with "food coloring" to make it "more appealing to the consumer".

Article needs editing due to only one type of Licorice Species listed
I want to edit the top section of this article as it only lists Licorice as being the species Glycyrrhiza glabra but there are other species of licorice too such as Glycyrrhiza uralensis and im concerned that readers might get misinformation as a lot of the main body is only relevant to Glycyrrhiza glabra. I will go ahead with the edit and add information regarding Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Glycyrrhiza lepidota unless anybody has any opposition to me adding the edit?Severina123 (talk) 15:33, 30 January 2010 (UTC)

'anti-vinam' compound
wtf is a 'vinam' or 'anti-vinam compound'? the only google results point to this article and exact copies regarding licorice or Glycyrr acid. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.235.91.131 (talk) 03:08, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

Merge from Liquorice root
I notice a merge of Liquorice root into Liquorice was proposed a couple of weeks ago. It looks like a good idea to me. Any objections, or shall I go ahead and do it? Thomas Kluyver (talk) 21:39, 10 July 2010 (UTC)
 * On further inspection, I now think that liquorice root, which is mainly about the use in traditional Chinese medicine, should go to Glycyrrhiza uralensis, which is the Chinese species. I'm going to change the merge templates and open another discussion--let me know if you disagree. Thomas Kluyver (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 21:47, 10 July 2010 (UTC).

I've merged the content (which was largely about its use in traditional Chinese medicine) into Glycyrrhiza glabra, the Chinese species, but I've made Liquorice root redirect to here. Thomas Kluyver (talk) 23:06, 20 July 2010 (UTC) In UK we get liquorice root from Syria and Turkey although there was a flourishing local growing of it around the liquorice allsorts factory in West Yorkshire, UK. Chewing this root gives a greater intake of the active compounds than the diluted coumpounds used in sweets which are mainly sugar and starch. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Fleurblack (talk • contribs) 20:40, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

 * the mentions of liquorice root are messy. mention of Yoprskshire and Lancashire the 50s and 60s and 'also Essex'. I used to chew liquorice root when I lived in South Wales in the 70s. It wasn't as widely available as some types of sweet but was well known by me and my schoolfirends. It appears to have been available across England and Wales at the least. The Yowser (talk) 14:39, 30 October 2012 (UTC)

Move?

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

No consensus to move. Vegaswikian (talk) 23:05, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

Liquorice → Licorice –
 * In Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States, it's known as "Licorice" (or am I wrong?) but in the United Kingdom (and possibly Ireland), they use the longer name. Also, do we change the name of the plant from which it comes from, seeing as it shares the same name and problem? AnimatedZebra (talk) 17:29, 1 August 2011 (UTC)

 * This seems like a WP:ENGVAR situation, which would mean it should not move, according to my understanding. -GTBacchus(talk) 18:48, 1 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Support . Wasn't sure about this one, but after a search on gbooks, this looks pretty conclusive. 255,000 hits for "Licorice", compared to half as many (125,000) for "Liquorice". Jenks24 (talk) 01:45, 2 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Even if it weren't an ENGVAR case, I usually don't consider G-tests conclusive unless there's an order of magnitude difference. Those two numbers differ by less than a third of an order of magnitude. -GTBacchus(talk) 16:02, 2 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose. They are both valid English spellings, and this would be governed by WP:ENGVAR and WP:RETAIN. The number of G-hits is entirely irrelevant. -- Ohconfucius  ¡digame! 02:20, 2 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Perhaps my understanding of ENGVAR is off, but I thought that was to avoid changing between titles that are split about 50/50 (i.e. color vs colour). If Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the US use one spelling and only the UK uses the other, does this not fall into COMMONNAME territory? Jenks24 (talk) 07:10, 2 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Not as I understand it. Liquorice is clearly listed as one of the differences between American and British English, and thus I believe WP:ENGVAR applies. -- Ohconfucius ¡digame! 08:54, 2 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. I've struck my support accordingly. Jenks24 (talk) 07:31, 4 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose. ENGVAR covers it perfectly. Absconded Northerner (talk) 10:50, 2 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose. per ENGVAR. If we always adopted the spelling that came up most on Google we would invariably use the American spelling. -- Necrothesp (talk) 11:52, 2 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose. British English language variant was clearly established at the creation of the article ("flavouring"). WP:CONSISTENCY suggests that the article name should follow that used in the article, i.e., 'Liquorice'. Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 21:42, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Comment. I've read the ENGVAR page but I'm still kinda confused. Can anyone explain a little further? AnimatedZebra (talk) 16:38, 6 August 2011 (UTC)
 * I'll try. Basically, if an article is written in British English, then we don't change it to American English, even if the majority of sources use American English. The opposite is also true. We aren't going to take sides in a dispute over which national variety of English we use. That means that the article Honour doesn't get moved to Honor, and the article Color doesn't get moved to Colour. The point is that we aren't going to take sides when it comes to differences between English in Australia versus English in Canada. We leave spellings as they are, because otherwise we'll be embroiled in months of debate over countless articles that happen to have been written by English speakers in India, or Kenya, or any other country where English is one of the predominant languages spoken. In this case, the article was originally written about "Liquorice", so we're not going to change the spelling to "Licorice", because that would be favoring American English over British English. Does that make it any more clear? -GTBacchus(talk) 06:17, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
 * That does help thankyou! Since the article is written in British English, I can understand why we use the British spelling of "Liquorice" for the article's name but still, "Licorice" is the more common way of spelling the word isn't it, regardless of what version of English we use. The article "aluminium" for example is written in American English but is using the non-american way of spelling it, so can't we do the same here? AnimatedZebra (talk) 13:18, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
 * I think of it as a cease-fire. It may be that we're not entirely consistent in applying it, but the idea, the way I see it, is that we just don't change from one variety of English to another. I don't know whether "licorice" is also more common in British English - is that true? It just seems like a can of worms that's best not opened. If we change the title of this article, then what next? I don't know; maybe someone else can explain it better. My inclination is to leave well enough alone. How does the saying go... "if it ain't broke, don't fix it". This ain't broke. -GTBacchus(talk) 14:29, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

 * Comment: The American preference for licorice and the British preference for liquorice are borne out strongly by corpora, according to Cambridge Guide to English Usage. Licorice is preferred by the Canadian Oxford and the Australian Macquarie; liquorice is the preference of the New Zealand Oxford. SSR (talk) 07:30, 30 July 2013 (UTC)

Anethole as natural scent of Liquorice?.
Anethole is not the primary compound producing the scent of unadulterated liquorice. Anethole accounts for about 0% to 1.3% of total volatiles in Glycyrrhiza glabra root (2.9% in G. inflata.) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02927.x/abstract

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf60214a042

As a contrast, Fennel volatiles are 60% to 78% anethole. http://www.revistafarmacia.ro/20101/issue12010art05.pdf--Nomen ambiguum (talk) 15:51, 21 December 2012 (UTC)

Liquorice and tobacco
Reliable references are missing. It is difficult to believe that 90% of all liquorice will be used as tobacco additive. --Shisha-Tom (talk) 17:10, 3 March 2013 (UTC)

 * A bit low, you think? You're probably right.  This source says "well over 90 per cent."  That's from 1975, but my guess would be that, if anything, the percentage has increased since then.  Even if I'm wrong and it's gone down, it's still true that tobacco flavoring is the major commercial use of licorice, and one would think that there would be some discussion of this in the article.  John M Baker (talk) 20:18, 24 September 2013 (UTC)
 * It is believed that well over 90 per cent of the total production of licorice extract and its derivatives finds its way into tobacco products. This is what the source says ... If believed is fine with Wikipedia, it is fine with me. --Shisha-Tom (talk) 10:33, 26 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, there's a lack of precision there. The writer was a scientist who worked for MacAndrews and Forbes, which sources almost all liquorice, and apparently they didn't bother getting a more precise percentage for the paper.  For Wikipedia's purposes, perhaps it would be better just to say "most."  John M Baker (talk) 11:04, 26 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Incidentally, I'm not really sure what is the source of your skepticism. Liquorice is used to flavor substantially all tobacco sold in the United States (I'm not sure about foreign-sourced tobacco), and that obviously requires a vast amount of liquorice. It shouldn't be surprising that this would considerably outweigh the use of liquorice for candy and the like.  John M Baker (talk) 11:09, 26 September 2013 (UTC)
 * The source of my skepticism is my common sense. Lets just perform some math.

 * First my assumptions:
 * One cigarettes weighs 1000 milligram.
 * One cigarette contains 1% liquorice.
 * Almost 300 billions cigarettes have been sold in the USA in 2011 (according to CDC).
 * Now to the calculation:
 * 1 cigarette contains 10 milligram liquorice
 * 1000 cigarettes contain 10 gram liquorice
 * 1 million cigarettes contain 10 kg liquorice
 * 1 billion cigarettes contain 10 to liquorice
 * 300 billion cigarettes contain 3000 to liquorice

 * 3000 to liquorice is really something. However, in Europe some countries really like liquorice. According to the German wikipedia every Dutch person consumes 2 kg liquorice per year and every German in the northern half of the country consumes 200 g liquorice per year (it is certainly not me!). Comparing the 3000 to liquorice in cigarettes in the USA to European consumers we can calculate that 1.5 million Dutch consume 3000 to liquorice per year leaving the remaining 14.5 million Dutch waiting for more liquorice.
 * Maybe the situation is completly different in the USA but in a global perspective such a statement (90% used in tobacco) is ridiculous. --Shisha-Tom (talk) 11:11, 27 September 2013 (UTC)
 * I have better information which I will post when more time, and it appears that the 90% is indeed an overestimate, although most liquorice is used to flavor tobacco. However, your estimates are quite a bit off, because they underestimate the use in tobacco products and enormousely overestimate the use in candy.  Cigarettes are about 20% additives.  Liquorice is not the only additive, so it doesn't make up the whole 20%, but it's the most or one of the most important.  Liquorice is used to a larger extent in smokeless tobaccos, although I don't suppose that smokeless tobaccos are a huge part of the market.  As for liquorice candy, liquorice is only a flavoring and does not make up a very large part of its composition.  For example, this black liquorice candy lists liquorice extract as the ninth ingredient, which means that eight other ingredients are found in larger quantities.  This English liquorice candy lists liquorice extract as the 12th ingredient.  And this liquorice-flavored candy, which is probably the most popular liquorice-flavored candy in the United States, lists liquorice not at all, apparently relying instead on an artificial flavoring.  John M Baker (talk) 14:52, 27 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Or I could just have pointed to our article, which says that the actual content of liquorice in liquorice candies and sweets usually is very low. John M Baker (talk) 03:58, 28 September 2013 (UTC)
 * I might be late and have a stupid question, but how much of the produced liqourice is turned into extract? It is believed that well over 90 per cent of the total production of licorice extract and its derivatives finds its way into tobacco products. Does that excludes all licorice that's not turned into extract form? Does its derivatives refer to the licorice or its extract?83.255.188.8 (talk) 19:24, 12 October 2014 (UTC)
 * It's not at all a stupid question, but I don't know where we would find an answer. However, I am under the impression that the commercially most important uses of liquorice are to flavor tobacco and candy, and perhaps as a medicinal component, and in all of these cases we are talking about extracts.  John M Baker (talk) 00:10, 13 October 2014 (UTC)

some usable info?
The following words were recently added to the article by an apparently new editor Matterofthemind: "Licorice is a clear liquid (Not black)The black in so-named licorice candy and confectionary is 'Lamp Black' or soot. Licorice is more often black in candy but there are clear hard candies as well. The well known 'TWIZZLERS' regularly sold in Red, Green and black are Strawberry Twizzlers, Peppermint Twizzlers and Licorice Twizzlers respectively. The soot or lamp black in Licorice candy when consumed and over indulged in will increase ones blood pressure. The Soot or Lamp black and not the licorice is the active source of increased blood pressure. Licorice extract mixed with water (Small drops in a glass of water) will cure 85% of those with peptic ulcers. The source; THE FOOD ADDITIVES BOOK. Authors; Nicholas Freydberg and Willis A. Gortner≠" and was removed only 4 minutes later! by User:Plantsurfer. The words, as they are, are inappropriate but reworded could be usable? thanks. Coolabahapple (talk) 01:14, 17 April 2015 (UTC)

 * No, this material makes a series of assertions that are inaccurate and/or inappropriate and/or unsourced in almost every respect. Plant surfer 11:38, 17 April 2015 (UTC)

It should be pointed out that whoever added that text about Twizzlers is obviously American. Twizzlers are an American fake liquorice and, just like most American food products, they are full of artificial ingredients that are colored with toxic "food colorings" to make them more attractive to potential consumers. Licorice is naturally a brown color due to the iodine in the plant. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.112.140.132 (talk) 08:52, 20 May 2016 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on Liquorice
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Blacklisted Links Found on Liquorice
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UScentric?
Most liquorice is used as a flavouring agent for tobacco, particularly US blend cigarettes,EUROP<candy,tea..81.11.231.39 (talk) 08:53, 20 February 2016 (UTC)

 * No, that describes the use of liquorice on a global basis: worldwide, the majority of all liquorice consumption is as a flavouring agent for tobacco. John M Baker (talk) 15:34, 20 February 2016 (UTC)

diuretik?
https://www.google.be/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=-RfIVoyEC4H1-gaXh4lQ&gws_rd=ssl#q=licorice+diuretic81.11.231.39 (talk) 14:31, 20 February 2016 (UTC)

New article
The article Licorice poisoning has been created.--Stone (talk) 21:02, 14 April 2016 (UTC)

Drug interactions
Licorice interacts with a number of drugs. That includes a popular type of blood pressure medication, and diuretics. Aspirin, insulin, oral contraceptives.... I feel that should get a mention somewhere. http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/herb-interaction/possible-interactions-with-licorice Oakletree (talk) 21:48, 16 December 2016 (UTC)

Native Habitat?
what are the growing regions of licorice? Is it only cultivated in gardens, or are the regions that it grows naturally? 96.50.165.171 (talk) 18:05, 22 January 2017 (UTC)Michael Cote

External links modified
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Use in tobacco products
I modified the discussion below because its sources are many years out of date. There is no evidence I can find that flavoring with licorice or any other popular flavor additives, like cocoa or vanilla, persist in major tobacco product manufacturing. I added a source in this revision indicating that licorice has been banned from use in US manufacturing since 2009. --Zefr (talk) 19:32, 21 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Most liquorice is used as a flavouring agent for tobacco. For example, M&F Worldwide reported in 2011 that about 63% of its liquorice product sales are to the worldwide tobacco industry for use as tobacco flavour enhancing and moistening agents in the manufacture of American blend cigarettes, moist snuff, chewing tobacco, and pipe tobacco. American blend cigarettes made up a larger portion of worldwide tobacco consumption in earlier years, and the percentage of liquorice products used by the tobacco industry was higher in the past. M&F Worldwide sold approximately 73% of its liquorice products to the tobacco industry in 2005. A consultant to M&F Worldwide's predecessor company stated in 1975 that it was believed that well over 90% of the total production of liquorice extract and its derivatives found its way into tobacco products.

 * Liquorice provides tobacco products with a natural sweetness and a distinctive flavour that blends readily with the natural and imitation flavouring components employed in the tobacco industry. It represses harshness and is not detectable as liquorice by the consumer. Tobacco flavourings such as liquorice also make it easier to inhale the smoke by creating bronchodilators, which open up the lungs.  Chewing tobacco requires substantially higher levels of liquorice extract as emphasis on the sweet flavour appears highly desirable.

 * The new language is incorrect. The 2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act outlawed flavored tobacco, where the additive is a characterizing flavor of the tobacco product or tobacco smoke.  In most cases, however, licorice is not detectable as such by the consumer, as previously stated in our article.  In its Form 10-K filed on Mar. 4, 2011, its last such filing before going private, M & F Worldwide reported that tobacco-related sales of licorice were still an important source of revenue for it, particularly for use in American blend cigarettes.  It did disclose that Canada had essentially outlawed licorice as a tobacco additive.  Unless there have been further developments, therefore, I think that tobacco products are still the most significant use of licorice.  John M Baker (talk) 20:48, 21 December 2017 (UTC)
 * We don't have a current WP:SCIRS source proving that licorice is a quantitatively significant flavor used in major manufacturing in any country. Is M&FW a major manufacturer, and do they have sales in the US? For the US, the FDA is the definitive source, and there seems to be no update from the 2009 ban. There are EU publications indicating that licorice is banned from manufacturing. Perhaps we can have a brief section explaining the small unique markets for M&FW, but it seems the worldwide trend has been for years to eliminate it. The reverted version discussed licorice as though it was still a significant flavor component, which apparently it is not. --Zefr (talk) 21:02, 21 December 2017 (UTC)

 * M & F Worldwide is the world's leading manufacturer of licorice and provides a majority of all licorice used in the world. It's an American corporation, although they also sell to many other countries.  Their Form 10-K should be RS as a primary source; a Form 10-K, which is an annual report to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, is subject to strict verification requirements, and misstatements can expose the company to legal liability in actions brought by the SEC and by investors.  The 2009 ban was only on tobacco products with a characterizing flavor other than tobacco; the legislative history is clear that licorice and other flavoring agents can still be used, so long as they do not result in the products having a flavor other than tobacco or menthol, see H. Rep. 111-58, pp. 37 - 38.  So unless there have been significant developments since 2011, licorice is still legal and used in American blend cigarettes.  John M Baker (talk) 22:04, 21 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I still feel we need an independent source stating that licorice is a significant ingredient used in 2017-18 manufacturing of any tobacco product. This sentence: Most liquorice is used as a flavouring agent for tobacco should source where in the world that applies. This sentence: Liquorice provides tobacco products with a natural sweetness and a distinctive flavour that blends readily with the natural and imitation flavouring components employed in the tobacco industry should be sourced with a 2017-18 reference that it is still valid. --Zefr (talk) 22:24, 21 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Specifying the 2009 US Tobacco Control Act against use of licorice from this: (quote edited to focus) - "shall not contain, as a constituent or additive, an artificial or natural flavor or an herb or spice, including licorice". --Zefr (talk) 15:43, 4 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I addressed this in my previous edit from December 21: The 2009 Act only applies to constituents and additives that are a "characterizing flavor."  Licorice is rarely a characterizing flavor, because a characterizing flavor is one that results in the product having a flavor other than tobacco or menthol and, as the article previously stated, licorice normally is not detectable as such by the consumer.
 * The tobacco section needs to be rewritten to get closer to the old language while addressing some of the concerns you have outlined above. I don't have time to do that right now, but we can at least get rid of the factually incorrect and WP:OR statement that licorice has been banned in the United States.  John M Baker (talk) 16:35, 4 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I do understand the point you're making, but I'd dispute that a 10-k by M&FW is the only source for such a statement. If we can't find a solid WP:RS secondary source, and licorice is only a non-detectable agent in tobacco products (clouding why it's actually used), then I'd question whether this topic is WP:WEIGHT, and perhaps the whole section should be entirely removed as having little overall relevance. --Zefr (talk) 17:05, 4 January 2018 (UTC)

Assessment Report Summary
There is quite a bit of information in the 2013 [https://www.ema.europa.eu/documents/herbal-report/final-assessment-report-glycyrrhiza-glabra-l/glycyrrhiza-inflata-bat/glycyrrhiza-uralensis-fisch-radix_en.pdf EuroMed. Assessment report]- a very brief precis: Overall, a monograph on Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and/or Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat. and/or Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., radix is recommended with the following therapeutic indications: 1) Traditional herbal medicinal product used for the relief of digestive symptoms including burning sensation and dyspepsia. 2) Traditional herbal medicinal product used as an expectorant in cough associated with cold

Serious side effects reported following chronic use of high dose of liquorice root are: hypokalaemia and hypertension. More rarely cardiac rhythm disorders can occur. In susceptible people prolonged daily intake even of low doses of liquorice, corresponding to 80-100 mg of glycyrryzic acid, may provoke severe hypertension. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lmstearn (talk • contribs) 04:03, 30 December 2018 (UTC)

mention Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice (DGL)?
mention Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice (DGL)? FunTruth (talk) 20:14, 28 July 2023 (UTC)

Liquorice
Physiology need a discussion of the effects on the bowels. 119.18.1.38 (talk) 22:13, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Liquorice


text:
Electric Tepee

Electric Tepee is the seventeenth studio album by the English space rock group Hawkwind, released in 1992. It spent one week on the UK albums chart at #53.

After a European tour in March and April 1991, long-standing bass guitarist and keyboardist Harvey Bainbridge chose to leave the group. Vocalist Bridget Wishart would also end her association with the group in September. The group would go on to operate as a three piece of guitarist Dave Brock, bassist Alan Davey and drummer Richard Chadwick, making heavy use of sequencers, synthesisers and computers, both in the studio and live. The style of Electric Tepee is predominantly space rock, with elements of trance, ambient and techno.

The album was recorded in 1992 at Brock's own Earth Studios, produced with Paul Cobbold. "Mask of the Morning" re-uses the lyrics from "Mirror of Illusion" from the 1970 debut album Hawkwind. "Death of War" uses lyrics written by Mark Rowntree, credited as "Rown Tree", a convicted killer who has been held in a secure hospital since 1976. "Rites of Netherworld" is a brief keyboard piece based on Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring. The instrumental track "Don't Understand" includes samples of dialogue from Star Trek the Motion Picture and Star Trek the Next Generation (specifically the episode  The Offspring).

The cover is the first by Alan Arthurs, who was part of the band's crew and also worked on Brock's Devon farm. The album came in a gatefold sleeve with a painting of Castlerigg stone circle in the fold-out. It was the group's first of two for Essential Records, a subsidiary of Castle Communications.

The group undertook a 23 date UK tour in April and May to promote the album, appearing behind a curtain on which the lightshow was projected. An all-nighter at the Brixton Academy on 15 August, when they were joined on-stage by Salt Tank, was released as Brixton Academy 15.8.92, using an amateur video shoot of the event.

Personnel

 * Hawkwind
 * Dave Brock – electric guitar, keyboards, vocals
 * Alan Davey – bass guitar, vocals, keyboards
 * Richard Chadwick – drums

Release history

 * May 1992: Essential Records, ESDLP181, UK Double LP (Limited edition of 5000)
 * May 1992: Essential Records, ESSCD181, UK CD
 * May 1992: Essential Records, ESSMC181, UK Cassette
 * July 1995: Griffin Music, GN0931-2, USA
 * January 2009: Atomhenge (Cherry Red) Records, ATOMCD1008, UK CD

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Electric Tepee


text:
Charles-Pierre Augereau

Charles Pierre François Augereau, 1st Duke of Castiglione (21 October 1757 – 12 June 1816) was a French military commander and a Marshal of the Empire who served during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. After serving in the Revolutionary Wars, he earned rapid promotion while fighting against Spain and soon found himself as a division commander under Napoleon Bonaparte in Italy. He fought in all of Bonaparte's battles of 1796 with great distinction. During the Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon entrusted Augereau with important commands. His life ended under a cloud because of his poor timing in switching sides between Napoleon and King Louis XVIII of France. Napoleon wrote of Augereau that he "has plenty of character, courage, firmness, activity; is inured to war; is well liked by the soldiery; is fortunate in his operations.". Augereau is generally counted as one of the most capable generals of the Napoleonic Wars.

Early years
Augereau was born in Faubourg Saint-Marceau, Paris, as the son of a Parisian fruit seller (in some accounts, a servant). He enlisted in the army at the age of seventeen in the Clare Infantry Regiment, but was soon discharged. Later, he joined the dragoons. He became a noted swordsman and duellist, but he had to flee France after killing an officer in a quarrel. For the next 13 years Augereau drifted across Europe. He claimed to have served in the Russian Army against the Ottoman Empire, being present at the Siege of Izmail as a sergeant before deserting afterwards. He later enlisted in the infantry regiment of Prince Henry of Prussia and claimed he served in the Prussian Foot Guards as well. He deserted by masterminding a mass escape and reached Saxony, where he taught fencing.

In 1781, King Louis XVI of France proclaimed an amnesty for deserters, so Augereau returned to his native land. He joined the cavalry in 1784, and after serving in the carabiniers he was sent to the Kingdom of Naples as part of a military mission. While in Naples, he eloped with Gabrielle Grach and the two lovers traveled to Portugal where they spent the years 1788–1791. After the French Revolution broke out, the Portuguese jailed Augereau as a dangerous foreigner. Somehow, Gabrielle persuaded the authorities to release her husband and the couple returned to France. In September 1792, Augereau joined a volunteer cavalry unit, the German Legion, but this is without proof as Augereau claims that the papers were taken away from him during the Portuguese Inquisition.

French Revolutionary Wars
Augereau's unit was sent to put down the revolt in the Vendée in April 1793. The German Legion proved useless in battle because many of the soldiers switched sides, and the officers, including Augereau and François Marceau, found themselves in prison. Released, he served briefly in the 11th Hussars before serving as wagonmaster and as aide de camp to General Jean Antoine Rossignol. He was then assigned to train recruits for General Jean-Antoine Marbot at Toulouse. Marbot liked his work and Augereau soon became a close friend of the Marbot family.

It is not clear when, or if, Augereau was promoted to general of brigade, but he transferred to the Army of the Eastern Pyrenees and was promoted to general of division on 23 December 1793. When General Jacques François Dugommier became commander in January 1794, the army was thoroughly reorganized. Augereau became a divisional commander and played a significant role at the Battle of Boulou from 29 April to 1 May, where his feint attacks lured the Spanish Army led by General Luis Firmín de la Unión into a false position. After the victory at Boulou, the army advanced a short distance into Spain, with Augereau holding the right wing. At the Battle of San-Lorenzo de la Muga on 13 August, he skillfully repelled the assaults of 20,000 Spanish troops with his 10,000 French troops. On 17 November, Dugommier launched a major offensive against the Spanish at the Battle of the Black Mountain. On the first day, Augereau's attack crushed the Spanish left flank while other French attacks proved unsuccessful. Dugommier was killed on the second day, but after a day's pause, the advance resumed and the Spanish were routed.

After the Peace of Basel ended the War of the Pyrenees in July 1795, Augereau and his division were transferred to the Army of Italy. On 23 November 1795, Augereau fought at the Battle of Loano against the Austrians and Piedmontese. During the fighting, his troops attacked on the right near the coast, while General André Masséna's division pierced the Allied center. The following April, his close association with Napoleon Bonaparte began when Bonaparte took command of the army and launched the Montenotte campaign. Augereau fought at the Battle of Millesimo on 13 April 1796, and accepted the surrender of the castle of Cosseria the next morning. He led his troops at the Battle of Ceva on the 16th, before serving in the Lodi campaign in early May and at the Battle of Borghetto on 30 May.

But it was at the Battle of Castiglione on 5 August 1796 that Augereau rendered the most notable services. In his memoirs, General Marcellin Marbot described Augereau as encouraging even Bonaparte himself in the confused situation that prevailed before that battle, though Marbot may not be the most reliable source, as he had not witnessed these events directly and because of his outspoken sympathy for Augereau. In any case, it was Bonaparte's undoubted superiority as a strategist that made the victory at Castiglione a possibility. On 3 August, while Bonaparte defeated the Austrian corps of General Peter Quasdanovich, Augereau held off the main Austrian army of General Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser. With 11,000 men, he attacked General Anton Lipthay's brigade and drove it back on the Austrian main body. By the end of the day, Augereau faced 20,000 Austrians. The battle cost the Austrians about 1,000 casualties, while French losses were also heavy, including General Martial Beyrand who was killed. Augereau's bold front allowed Bonaparte to dispose of Quasdanovich, then mass his main strength to beat Wurmser at Castiglione two days later.

Shortly after Castiglione, Bonaparte tersely summed up Augereau's military qualities: "Much character, courage, steadiness, activity; is used to war, liked by the soldiers, lucky in his operations."

In 1797, Bonaparte sent Augereau to Paris to encourage the Jacobin Directors. Augereau and the troops led by him coerced the "moderates" in the councils and carried through the coup d'état of 18 Fructidor (4 September 1797). He was then sent to command French forces in Germany.

Augereau took little part in the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire in November 1799, and did not distinguish himself in the Rhenish campaign which followed. Nevertheless, owing to his final adhesion to Bonaparte's fortunes, Augereau received a Marshal's baton at the beginning of the First French Empire on 19 May 1804.

Napoleonic Wars

Augereau commanded a camp in Brest, Brittany, during preparations for the invasion of Britain. When Napoleon called off the invasion because of the growing threat from Austria and Russia, the camp became the VII Corps of the Grande Armée. With this force, Augereau fought in the War of the Third Coalition. His corps was charged with protecting the army's lines of communications during the Ulm campaign. He fought in the battles of Konstanz and Bregenz, before tracking down and destroying General Franz Jellacic's Austrian division at Dornbirn in Vorarlberg on 13 November 1805. This was followed by the occupation of Frankfurt am Main. His wife Gabrielle died while he was away.

During the War of the Fourth Coalition, Augereau was again commander of the VII Corps. He distinguished himself at the Battle of Jena on 14 October 1806 where his corps made up the left flank. Early in 1807, he fell ill with fever, and at the Battle of Eylau on 7 February 1807, he had to be supported on his horse. Nevertheless, he directed the movements of his corps with his usual bravery. Augereau's corps was almost annihilated and the marshal himself received a wound in the arm from grapeshot.

Augereau became Duke of Castiglione on 19 March 1808, a hereditary victory title (i.e. not in chief of an actual fief, but a hollow title), in honour of the 1796 victory. In 1809, he married the 19-year-old Adélaïde Josephine Bourlon de Chavange (1789 – 1869) whom he had become infatuated with. Adélaïde, the daughter of Gilles Bernard Bourlon de Chavange and wife Jeanne Françoise Launuy, had no children with Augereau and the ducal title became extinct upon his death. His wife later remarried Camille de Sainte-Aldegonde (1787 – 1853), by whom she had a daughter Valentine de Sainte-Aldegonde (1820 – 1891), who married the 3rd Duke of Dino.

While serving in Catalonia during the Peninsular War from February to May 1810, Augereau gained some successes but tarnished his name with cruelty. It was Augereau's brother Jean-Pierre, serving under Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers, who was taken prisoner by the Russian vanguard near Smolensk. He sat out the German campaign in spring 1813 due to illness. Before the Battle of Leipzig in October, Napoleon reproached him with not being the Augereau of Castiglione; to which he replied, "Give me back the old soldiers of Italy, and I will show you that I am." Yet, he led the IX Corps at Leipzig with skill and brought off his command in good order.

In 1814, Augereau was given command of the army of Lyon, and his slackness exposed him to the charge of having come to an understanding with the Allies. Thereafter, he served the restored Bourbon King Louis XVIII of France. But, after reviling Napoleon, he went over to him during the Hundred Days. The emperor repulsed Augereau and charged him with being a traitor to France in 1814.

After being re-restored to the throne in 1815 following Napoleon's defeat, King Louis XVIII deprived Augereau of his military title and pension. Augereau died at his estate of La Houssaye only a year later. He is buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery.

title: Charles-Pierre Augereau