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President of the Philippines

The president of the Philippines (pangulo ng Pilipinas, sometimes referred to as presidente ng Pilipinas) is the head of state, head of government and chief executive of the Philippines. The president leads the executive branch of the Philippine government and is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.

The president is directly elected by the citizens of the Philippines and is one of only two nationally elected executive officials, the other being the vice president of the Philippines. However, four vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having been elected to the office, by virtue of a president's intra-term death or resignation.

Filipinos generally refer to their president as pangulo or presidente in their local language. The president is limited to a single six-year term. No one who has served more than four years of a presidential term is allowed to run or serve again.

The current president of the Philippines is Bongbong Marcos, who was sworn in on June 30, 2022, at the National Museum of Fine Arts (formerly the Legislative Building).

Title
The official title of the Philippine head of state and government is "President of the Philippines." The title in Filipino is Pangulo (cognate of Malay penghulu "leader", "chieftain"). In the other major languages of the Philippines such as the Bisayan languages, presidente is more common when Filipinos are not actually code-switching with the English word. The honorific for the president is "Your Excellency" or "His/Her Excellency." During his tenure, President Rodrigo Duterte broke precedent by not using the honorific, opting to drop the title in all official communications, events or materials.

Historical titles
The term "President of the Republic of the Philippines" used under Japanese occupation of the Philippines distinguished the government of then-president José P. Laurel from the Commonwealth government-in-exile under President Manuel L. Quezon. The restoration of the Commonwealth in 1945 and the subsequent independence of the Philippines restored the title of "President of the Philippines" enacted in the 1935 constitution. The 1973 constitution, though generally referring to the president as "President of the Philippines", Article XVII, Section 12 once used the term, "President of the Republic." In the text of Proclamation No. 1081 that placed the country under martial law in September 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos consistently referred to himself as "President of the Philippines."

Bonifacio's Tagalog Republic
Depending on the definition chosen for these terms, a number of persons could alternatively be considered the inaugural holder of the office. Andrés Bonifacio could be considered the president of the tagalog provinces, while he was the third Supreme President (Spanish: Presidente Supremo; Filipino: Kataas-taasang Pangulo) of the Katipunan, a secret revolutionary society that started an open revolt against the Spanish colonial government in August 1896, he transformed the society into a revolutionary government with himself as "President of the Sovereign Nation/People" (Filipino: Pangulo ng Haring Bayan). While the term Katipunan (and the title "Supreme President") remained, Bonifacio's government was also known as the Tagalog Republic (Spanish: República Tagala; Filipino: Republika ng Katagalugan), and the term haring bayan or haringbayan as an adaptation and synonym of "republic", from its Latin roots as res publica. Since Presidente Supremo was shortened to Supremo in contemporary historical accounts of other people, he thus became known by that title alone in traditional Philippine historiography, which by itself was thus understood to mean "Supreme Leader" in contrast to the later "Presidents". However, as noted by Filipino historian Xiao Chua, Bonifacio did not refer himself as Supremo but rather as Kataas-taasang Pangulo (Supreme President), Pangulo ng Kataas-taasang Kapulungan (President of the Supreme Assembly), or Pangulo ng Haring Bayan (President of the Sovereign Nation/People), as evidenced by his own writings.

Although the word Tagalog refers to the Tagalog people, a specific ethno-linguistic group mostly in southern Luzon, Bonifacio used the term "Tagalog" in "Tagalog Republic" to denote all non-Spanish peoples of the Philippines in place of Filipinos, which had colonial origins, referring to his concept of the Philippine nation and people as the "Sovereign Tagalog Nation/People" or more precisely "Sovereign Nation of the Tagalog People" (Filipino: Haring Bayang Katagalugan), in effect a synonym of "Tagalog Republic" or more precisely "Republic of the Tagalog Nation/People".

According to Filipino historian Ambeth Ocampo, including Bonifacio as a past president would imply that Macario Sakay and Miguel Malvar should also be included, as Sakay continued Bonifacio's concept of a national Tagalog Republic, and Malvar continued the Philippine Republic which was the culmination of several governments headed by Emilio Aguinaldo that superseded Bonifacio's, Malvar taking over after Aguinaldo's capture. Nevertheless, there are still calls, including from a descendant of Bonifacio, to let Bonifacio be recognized by the current government as the first Philippine president. In 1993, historians Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnacion and Ramon Villegas petitioned before the National Historical Institute (now the National Historical Commission of the Philippines) to recognize Bonifacio as the first Philippine president but the institute turned down the petition and reasoned that Bonifacio was not even the Katipunan's first Supremo, but rather Deodato Arellano.

In 2013, the Manila City Council passed a resolution persuading the national government to declare Bonifacio as the first president of the Tagalog Republic, attributing to all natives of the archipelago of the Philippines. A separate resolution was also signed in 2013 by the Philippine Historian Association urging then Philippine President Benigno Aquino III to recognize Bonifacio as the first Philippine president. In the same year, representatives of the Philippine House of Representatives passed a house resolution that sought to acknowledge Bonifacio as the first president. A similar house resolution was also filed in 2016.

According to Marlon Cadiz of the NHCP, the agency is waiting for a thorough and clear study containing new evidence as well as explanations of experts regarding Bonifacio's status as the first president.

Aguinaldo's governments and the First Republic
In March 1897, during the Philippine Revolution against Spain, Emilio Aguinaldo was elected president of a new revolutionary government at the Tejeros Convention in Tejeros, Cavite. The new government was meant to replace the Katipunan. It variously called itself the "Philippine Republic" (Spanish: Republica Filipina), "Republic of the Philippines" (Spanish: Republica de Filipinas) and "Government of All Tagalogs" or "Government of the Whole Tagalog Nation/People" (Filipino: Pamahalaan ng Sangkatagalugan).

Months later, Aguinaldo was again elected president at Biak-na-Bato, Bulacan in November, leading a reorganized "Republic of the Philippines" (Spanish: Republica de Filipinas), commonly known today as the Republic of Biak-na-Bato. Aguinaldo therefore signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato and went into exile in Hong Kong at the end of 1897.

In April 1898, the Spanish–American War broke out, and afterwards, the Asiatic Squadron of the United States Navy sailed for the Philippines. At the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898, the American Navy decisively defeated the Spanish Navy. Aguinaldo subsequently returned to the Philippines aboard a U.S. Navy vessel and renewed the revolution. He formed a dictatorial government on May 24, 1898, and issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898. During this brief period he took the title "Dictator" and the Declaration of Independence refers to him as such.

On June 23, 1898, Aguinaldo transformed his dictatorial government into a revolutionary government and became known as "President" again. On January 23, 1899, Aguinaldo was then elected president of the "Philippine Republic" (Spanish: Republica Filipina), a new government constituted by a revolutionary congress under a likewise revolutionary constitution. Consequently, this government is today officially considered to be the proper "first republic" and is also called the Malolos Republic, after its capital Malolos in Bulacan; its congress (formally "National Assembly") and constitution are commonly known as the Malolos Congress and Malolos Constitution as well.

Like all of its predecessors and would-be successors until the 1935 Commonwealth of the Philippines, the First Philippine Republic was short-lived and never internationally recognized, and never controlled or was universally recognized by the entire area covered by the current republic, though it (and they) claimed to represent and govern the entire Philippine archipelago and all its people. The Philippines was transferred from Spanish to American control by the Treaty of Paris of 1898, signed in December of that year. The Philippine–American War broke out between the United States and Aguinaldo's government. His government effectively ceased to exist on April 1, 1901, after he pledged allegiance to the United States following his capture by U.S. forces in March.

The current government of the Republic of the Philippines considers Emilio Aguinaldo to be the first president of the Philippines-based specifically on his presidency of the Malolos Republic, not any of his various prior governments.

Other claimants
Miguel Malvar continued Aguinaldo's leadership of the Philippine Republic after the latter's capture until his own capture in 1902, while Macario Sakay revived the Tagalog Republic in 1902 as a continuing state of Bonifacio's Katipunan. They are both considered by some scholars as "unofficial presidents", and along with Bonifacio, are not recognized as presidents by the government.

American occupation
Between 1898 and 1935, executive power in the Philippines was exercised by a succession of four American military governors-general and eleven civil governors-general.

Philippine Commonwealth
In October 1935, Manuel L. Quezon was elected the first president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, which had been established, still under United States sovereignty, under a constitution ratified on May 14 of that year. During its first five years, the president could serve for a six-year term that cannot be renewed. It was later amended in 1940 to limit a president to serving no more than two four-year terms. When the administration of President Quezon exiled to the United States after the Philippines fell to the Empire of Japan in World War II, Quezon appointed Chief Justice José Abad Santos as his delegate, which in effect the acting president of the commonwealth according to Justice George A. Malcolm. Abad Santos was subsequently executed by the Imperial Japanese Army on May 2, 1942.

The Second Republic under the Japanese
On October 14, 1943, José P. Laurel became president under a constitution imposed by the Japanese occupation. Laurel, an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, had been instructed to remain in Manila by President Quezon, who withdrew to Corregidor and then to the United States to establish a government in exile in the United States. On August 17, 1945, two days after the Japanese surrendered to the Allies, Laurel officially dissolved the republic.

After World War II
The 1935 Constitution was restored after the Japanese surrender ended World War II, with Vice President Sergio Osmeña becoming president due to Quezon's death on August 1, 1944. It remained in effect after the United States recognized the sovereignty of the Republic of the Philippines as a separate self-governing nation on July 4, 1946. On the same day, Manuel A. Roxas, the last president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, became the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines, also known as the Third Republic of the Philippines.

1973 and 1987 Constitutions
A new Constitution ratified on January 17, 1973, under the rule of Ferdinand Marcos introduced a parliamentary-style government. Marcos instituted himself as prime minister while serving as president in 1978. Marcos later appointed César Virata as prime minister in 1981, although, he was only a figurehead as the government control was still with Marcos.

The 1973 Constitution was in effect until the People Power Revolution of 1986 toppled Marcos's 21-year authoritarian regime and replaced him with Corazon C. Aquino. On March 25, 1986, Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3, s. 1986 or the "freedom constitution" that initially replaced the 1973 Constitution. This provisional constitution was done as Aquino was installed as president through revolutionary means. Proclamation No. 3 abrogated many of the provisions of the then 1973 Constitution, including the provisions associated with the Marcos regime, which gave the president legislative powers, as well as the unicameral legislature called the Batasang Pambansa (literally National Legislature in Filipino). The proclamation retained only parts of the 1973 Constitution that were essential for a return to democratic rule, such as the bill of rights. This constitution was superseded on February 2, 1987, by the present constitution.

Other issues
Both Bonifacio and Aguinaldo might be considered to have been an inaugural president of an insurgent government. Quezon was the inaugural president of a predecessor state to the current one, while Roxas was the first president of an independent Philippines.

The government considers Aguinaldo to have been the first president of the Philippines, followed by Quezon and his successors. Despite the differences in constitutions and government, the line of presidents is considered to be continuous. For instance, Rodrigo Duterte, is considered to be the 16th president.

While the government may consider Aguinaldo as the first president, the First Republic fell under the United States' jurisdiction due to the 1898 Treaty of Paris which ended the Spanish–American War; the United States thus does not consider his tenure to have been legitimate. Manuel L. Quezon is considered to be the first president by the United States when they gave the Philippines independence through the Tydings–McDuffie Act. He is also the first to win a popular election and a nationwide election.

During the Second World War, the Philippines had two presidents heading two governments. One was Quezon and the Commonwealth government-in-exile in Washington, D.C., and the other was Manila-based Laurel heading the Japanese-sponsored Second Republic. Notably, Laurel was himself instructed to remain in Manila by President Quezon. Laurel and Aguinaldo were not formally recognized as Philippine presidents until Diosdado Macapagal's administration. Their inclusion in the official list coincided with the transfer of the official date of Independence Day from July 4 (the anniversary of the Philippines' independence from the United States) to June 12 (the anniversary of the 1898 Declaration of Independence).

Executive power
The president of the Philippines, being the chief executive, serves as both the head of state and head of government of the Philippines. The constitution vests the executive power with the president who consequently heads the government's executive branch, including the Cabinet and all executive departments. There are also government agencies that report to no specific department but are instead under the Office of the President. The president also exercises general supervision over local government units.

The president has the power to give executive issuances, which are means to streamline the policy and programs of an administration. There are six issuances that the President may issue, as defined in the Administrative Code of 1987: executive orders, administrative orders, proclamations, memorandum orders, memorandum circulars, and general or special orders.

The president has power to grant reprieves, commutations and pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures after conviction by final judgment, except in cases of impeachment. The president can grant amnesty with the concurrence of the majority of all the members of the Congress. The president has authority to contract or guarantee foreign loans on behalf of the country but only with the prior concurrence of the Monetary Board and subject to such limitations as may be provided by law.

The president has the authority to exercise the power of eminent domain. The president also has the power to direct escheat or reversion proceedings and the power to reserve lands of the public and private domain of the government. However, there are two constitutional provisions that limit the exercise of such power: Article 3, Section 9 of the Constitution provides that no person shall be deprived of his/her life, liberty, or property without due process of law and that private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.

With the consent of the Commission on Appointments, the president also appoints the heads of the executive departments, board of members and its leaders from any national government-related institutions, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, high-ranking officers of the armed forces, and other officials. The members of the Supreme Court and lower courts are also appointed by the president, but only from the list of nominees prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council. Such appointments do not need the approval of the Commission on Appointments.

Legislative power
As per Article 6, Section 1 of the Constitution, the power of lawmaking is vested in the bicameral Congress, which consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. However, the president has some legislative power. The president has the power to veto any bill passed by Congress. Article 6, Section 27 requires that every legislation passed by Congress shall be presented to the president, after which the president can either sign the bill into law within thirty days, veto the bill, or take no action within the timeframe, in which the bill will pass as if it had been signed. While Congress can override a presidential veto, it requires a two-thirds vote of both houses. The president can also veto any particular item or items in an appropriation, revenue, or tariff bill, but the veto shall not affect the item or items to which he does not object. By exerting their influence on Congress, the president can shape legislation and be involved in the legislative process. The State of the Nation Address also gives the president an opportunity to outline their priority legislative agenda.

Eligibility
Article 7, Section 2 of the Constitution sets the following qualifications for holding the presidency:

 * be a natural-born citizen of the Philippines
 * be a registered voter
 * be able to read and write
 * at least forty years of age on the day of the election
 * a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding such election.

Natural-born Filipinos are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines at the time of their birth and those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority are considered natural-born Filipinos.

The Constitution also provides term limits where the president is ineligible for reelection and a person who has succeeded as president and has served as such for more than four years will be ineligible to be elected for a second term. However, with the case of Joseph Estrada who was elected president in 1998, deposed in 2001, and again ran for the presidency in 2010, the Constitution's wording where "[the] President shall not be eligible for any re-election" remains unclear as his case was never brought to the Supreme Court. It remains unclear whether the term limit of no re-election applies only to the incumbent president or for any person who has been elected as president.

Election
The president is elected by direct vote every six years, usually on the second Monday of May. The latest election was held in 2022.

The returns of every election for president and vice president, duly certified by the board of canvassers of each province or city, shall be transmitted to Congress, directed to the president of the Senate. Upon receipt of the certificates of canvass, the president of the Senate shall open all the certificates in the presence of a joint public session of Congress not later than 30 days after election day. Congress then canvasses the votes upon determining that the polls are authentic and were done in the manner provided by law.

The person with the highest number of votes is declared the winner, but in case two or more have the highest number of votes, the president is elected by a majority of all members of Congress, with the Senate and the House of Representatives voting separately.

Inauguration

The president of the Philippines usually takes the oath of office at noon of June 30 following the presidential election. Traditionally, the vice president takes the oath first, a little before noon for two reasons. First, according to protocol, no one follows the president (who is last due to his supremacy), and second, to establish a constitutionally valid successor before the president-elect accedes. During Quezon's inauguration, however, the vice president and legislature were sworn in after the president, to symbolize a new start.

Custom has enshrined three places as the traditional venue for the inauguration ceremony: Barasoain Church in Malolos City, Bulacan; in front of the old Legislative Building (now part of the National Museum) in Manila; or at Quirino Grandstand, where most have been held. Some presidential have broken precedent, either due to extraordinary circumstances or In 2004, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo delivered her pre-inaugural address at Quirino Grandstand, took the oath of office in Cebu City before Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr., and the next day held the first cabinet meeting in Butuan. She broke with precedent, reasoning that she wanted to celebrate her inauguration in each of the three main island groups of the Philippines: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Her first inauguration also broke precedent as she was sworn in at the EDSA Shrine on January 20, 2001, during the EDSA Revolution of 2001 that removed Joseph Estrada from office.

The dress code at the modern inaugural ceremony is traditional, formal Filipino clothing, which is otherwise loosely termed Filipiniana. Ladies must wear baro't saya (the formal wear of other indigenous groups is permissible), while men don the barong tagalog. Non-Filipinos at the ceremony may wear their respective versions of formal dress, but foreign diplomats have often been seen donning Filipiniana as a mark of cultural respect.

The Constitution provides the following oath or affirmation for the president and vice president-elect which must be taken before they enter into office:

"'I, (name), do solemnly swear [or affirm], that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President [or Vice-President or Acting President] of the Philippines. Preserve and defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every man, and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation. So help me God.' [In case of affirmation, last sentence will be omitted.]"

The Filipino text of the oath used for the inaugurations of Fidel V. Ramos, Joseph Estrada, Benigno Aquino III, and Bongbong Marcos reads:

"'Ako si (pangalan), ay taimtim kong pinanunumpaan (o pinatototohanan) na tutuparin ko nang buong katapatan at sigasig ang aking mga tungkulin bilang Pangulo (o Pangalawang Pangulo o Nanunungkulang Pangulo) ng Pilipinas, pangangalagaan at ipagtatanggol ang kanyang Konstitusyon, ipatutupad ang mga batas nito, magiging makatarungan sa bawat tao, at itatalaga ang aking sarili sa paglilingkod sa Bansa. Kasihan nawa ako ng Diyos.' (Kapag pagpapatotoo, ang huling pangungusap ay kakaltasin.)"

As soon as the president takes the oath of office, a 21-gun salute is fired to salute the new head of state, and the presidential anthem "We Say Mabuhay" is played. The president delivers his inaugural address, and then proceeds to Malacañang Palace to climb the Grand Staircase, a ritual which symbolizes the formal possession of the palace. The president then inducts the newly formed cabinet into office in one of the state rooms.

State of the Nation Address

The State of the Nation Address (SONA) is an annual event, in which the president reports on the status of the nation, normally to the resumption of a joint session of the House of Representatives and the Senate. This is a duty of the president as stated in Article VII, Section 23 of the 1987 Constitution.

Tenure and term limits
The 1935 Constitution originally set the president's term at six years, without re-election. In 1940, however, the 1935 Constitution was amended and the term of the president (and vice president) was shortened to four years, with a two-term limit. Under the provisions of the amended 1935 document, only presidents Manuel L. Quezon (1941) and Ferdinand E. Marcos (1969) were re-elected. Presidents Sergio Osmeña (1946), Elpidio Quirino (1953), Carlos P. Garcia (1961) and Diosdado Macapagal (1965) all failed in seeking a new term. Marcos was the only president to serve three terms (1965–1969, 1969–1981, 1981–1986).

On August 24, 1970, Congress enacted RA No. 6132, otherwise known as the Constitutional Convention Act, for the purpose of convening a Constitutional Convention. The 320 delegates met from June 1971 until November 30, 1972, when they approved the draft of the new Charter. While in the process of drafting a new Constitution, President Ferdinand Marcos declared Martial Law on September 21, 1972. The draft Constitution was submitted to the Citizen's Assemblies from January 10 to 17, 1973 for ratification. On January 17, 1973, President Marcos issued Proclamation No. 1102, announcing the ratification of the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines. In 1981, President Marcos secured a third term, defeating Alejo Santos in an election.

The 1987 Constitution restored the 1935 Constitution's original ban on presidential reelection. Under Article 7, Section 4 of the current constitution, the term of the president shall begin at noon on the thirtieth day of June next following the day of the election and shall end at noon of the same date, six years thereafter. The incumbent president is not eligible for re-election, even if non-consecutive. Moreover, no president who serves more than four years of a presidential term is allowed to run or serve again.

At the start of the term
Under Article 7, Section 7 of the Constitution, In case the president-elect fails to qualify, the vice president-elect shall act as president until the president-elect shall have qualified. If at the beginning of the term of the president, the president-elect shall have died or shall have become permanently disabled, the vice president-elect shall become president. Where no president and vice president shall have been chosen or shall have qualified, or where both shall have died or become permanently disabled, the president of the Senate or, in case of his inability, the speaker of the House of Representatives, shall act as president until a president or a vice president shall have been chosen and qualified.

During the term

The line of presidential succession as specified by Article 7, Section 8 of the Constitution are the vice president, Senate president and the speaker of the House of Representatives. Contrary to popular belief, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines is not in the line of succession. If the offices of both the president and vice president are vacant at the same time, Congress shall within a specific period enact a law calling for a special election. However, if the presidential election is 18 months away, no special election shall be called. An acting president may temporarily assume the duties of president.

The current presidential line of succession is:

Impeachment
Impeachment in the Philippines follows procedures similar to the United States. The House of Representatives, one of the houses of the bicameral Congress, has the exclusive power to initiate all cases of impeachment against the president, vice president, members of the Supreme Court, members of the constitutional commissions and the ombudsman. When a third of its membership has endorsed the impeachment articles, it is then transmitted to the Senate of the Philippines which tries and decide, as impeachment tribunal, the impeachment case. A main difference from U.S. proceedings however is that only a third of House members are required to approve the motion to impeach the president (as opposed to the majority required in the United States). In the Senate, selected members of the House of Representatives act as the prosecutors and the senators act as judges with the Senate president and chief justice of the Supreme Court jointly presiding over the proceedings. Like the United States, to convict the official in question requires that a minimum of two-thirds (i.e., 16 of 24 members) of the senate vote in favor of conviction. If an impeachment attempt is unsuccessful or the official is acquitted, no new cases can be filed against that impeachable official for at least one full year.

The Constitution enumerates the culpable violation of the Constitution, treason, bribery, graft and corruption, other high crimes, and betrayal of public trust as grounds for the impeachment of the president. The same also applies for the vice president, the members of the Supreme Court, the members of the constitutional commissions, and the ombudsman.

Official residence
Malacañang Palace is the official residence of the president of the Philippines, a privilege entitled to him/her under Article VII, Section 6 of the Constitution. The palace is located along the north bank of the Pasig River, along J.P. Laurel Street in the district of San Miguel, Manila. The Filipino name is derived from the Tagalog phrase "may lakán diyán" ("there is a nobleman there"), and this was eventually shortened to Malakanyáng. The complex includes several mansions and office buildings built and designed in the bahay na bato and neoclassical architectural styles.

Before Malacañang Palace was designated as the official residence of the president, various establishments served as residence of the chief executive in the Philippines. The Spanish governor-general, the highest-ranking official in the Philippines during the Spanish Era, resided in the Palacio del Gobernador inside the walled city of Intramuros. However, after an earthquake in 1863, the Palacio del Gobernador was destroyed, and the residence and office of the governor-general was transferred to Malacañang Palace. During the Philippine Revolution, President Aguinaldo resided in his own home in Kawit, Cavite. After his defeat in the Philippine–American War, Aguinaldo transferred the capital of the Philippines several times as he struggled against invading American Forces. When the Americans occupied the Philippines, they also used the palace as an official residence for their governors-general. During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, the presidential seat and government offices were transferred to the more inland Baguio, where the Mansion House was used as the official residence. Meanwhile, President Manuel L. Quezon of the Philippine Commonwealth government-in-exile resided in the Omni Shoreham Hotel in Washington D.C. After the restoration of independence in 1946, plans were made for the construction of the new presidential residence to replace Malacañang in a new capital city. However, the plans did not push through and the president's official residence is still Malacañang Palace in Manila.

A secondary residence within the wider palace grounds is Bahay Pangulo, formerly known as Bahay Pangarap and Bahay ng Pagbabago , a smaller structure located on the south bank of the Pasig River across the main palace in Malacañang Park, which is itself part of the Presidential Security Group Complex. President Benigno Aquino III was the first to use Bahay Pangarap as his official residence. It was originally built in the 1930s under President Quezon as a rest house and venue for informal activities and social functions of the First Family. The house was designed by architect Juan Arellano in the 1930s, and underwent several renovations in the early 1960s, 2008, and 2010.

The president also has several other official residences nationwide for official use. The Mansion in Baguio is the official summer palace of the president. The palace was originally built in 1908 to serve as the summer residence for American Governors-General, and later became the holiday home and working office for presidents when the government would temporarily visit Baguio. Malacañang of the South in Davao City is the president's residence in Mindanao. It was built in 2005 on state property and serves as an official residence and base of operations for presidents when visiting Davao and the surrounding provinces. Malacañang sa Sugbo in Cebu City was the former official residence in the Visayas. Originally the local office of the Bureau of Customs (BOC), it was converted to a palace in 2004. It was later returned to the BOC. Malacañang of the North was also an official residence of the president in the Ilocos Region. The residence is currently a presidential museum.

Air transportation
The 250th (Presidential) Airlift Wing of the Philippine Air Force has the mandate of providing safe and efficient air transport for the president of the Philippines and the First Family. On occasion, the wing has also been tasked to provide transportation for other members of government, visiting heads of state, and other state guests.

The majority of the fleet is fairly dated with a few exceptions it includes: 1 Fokker F28, which is primarily used for the president's domestic trips and it is also called "Kalayaan One" when the president is on board, 4 Bell 412 helicopters, 3 Sikorsky S-76 helicopters, 1 Sikorsky S-70-5 Black Hawk, a number of Bell UH-1N Twin Hueys, as well as Fokker F-27 Friendships. In September 2020, a new Gulfstream G280 was delivered which will be used for VIP transport as well as for C2 (Command and Control) missions. For trips outside of the Philippines, the Air Force employs a Bombardier Global Express or charters appropriate aircraft from the country's flag carrier, Philippine Airlines. Any PAL aircraft with the flight number "PR/PAL 001" and callsign "PHILIPPINE 001" is a flight operated by Philippine Airlines to transport the president of the Philippines. The president sometimes charter private jets for domestic trips within the Philippines due to some airports in the Philippines having small runways.

Water transportation
BRP Ang Pangulo (BRP stands for Barkó ng Repúblika ng Pilipinas, "Ship of the Republic of the Philippines"; "Ang Pangulo" is Filipino for "the president") was commissioned by the Philippine Navy on March 7, 1959. It was built in and by Japan during the administration of President García as part of Japanese reparations to the Philippines for World War II. It is primarily used in entertaining guests of the incumbent president.

Land transportation
The president of the Philippines uses two black and heavily armored Mercedes-Benz W221 S600 Guard, whereas one is a decoy vehicle. In convoys, the president is escorted by the Presidential Security Group using primarily Toyota Fortuner SUVs with the combination of the following vehicles: Toyota FJ Cruiser, Toyota Fortuner, Toyota Land Cruiser, Toyota Hiace Toyota Camry, Philippine National Police 400cc motorcycles, Philippine National Police Mitsubishi Montero, Toyota Innova (Police car variant), other government-owned vehicles, and ambulances at the tail of the convoy; the number depends on the destination. The presidential cars are designated and registered a plate number of "1" or the word "PANGULO" (president). The limousine bears the flag of the Philippines and, occasionally, the presidential standard.

The Office of the President has also owned various cars over the decades, including a 1937 Chrysler Airflow that served as the country's very first presidential limousine for Manuel L. Quezon. For regional trips, the president boards a Toyota Coaster or Mitsubishi Fuso Rosa or other vehicles owned by government-owned and controlled corporations or government agencies. In this case, the PSG escorts the president using local police cars with an ambulance at the tail of the convoy. Former president Benigno Aquino III, preferred to use his personal vehicle, a Toyota Land Cruiser 200 or his relative's Lexus LX 570 over the black presidential limousines after their electronic mechanisms were damaged by floodwater. Malacañang had announced its interest to acquire a new presidential limousine. His successor, Rodrigo Duterte, utilized a white, bullet-proof armored Toyota Landcruiser as his official presidential vehicle.

Security
The Presidential Security Group (abbreviated PSG), is the lead agency tasked with providing security for the president, vice president, and their immediate families. They also provide protective service for visiting heads of state and diplomats.

Unlike similar groups around the world who protect other political figures, the PSG is not required to handle presidential candidates. However, former presidents and their immediate families are entitled to a small security detail from the PSG. Currently, the PSG uses Toyota Fortuner SUVs as its primary security vehicles.

Post-presidency

After leaving office, a number of presidents held various public positions and made an effort to remain in the limelight. Among other honors, except Ferdinand Marcos Sr, former presidents and their immediate families are entitled to seven soldiers as their security detail.
 * José P. Laurel, who was the only president of the Second Philippine Republic, was elected to the Senate in 1951 and would serve in the upper house until 1957, making him the country's first head of state to seek lower office following his presidency. During his tenure, the Nacionalista Party urged him to run for president in 1953. He declined, working instead for the successful election of Ramon Magsaysay, who subsequently appointed Laurel to head a diplomatic mission that was tasked with negotiating trade and other issues with United States officials, resulting in the Laurel-Langley Agreement. Laurel was also the chairperson of the Economic Mission to the United States (1954) and the founder of Lyceum of the Philippines University.
 * Sergio Osmeña became a member of the Council of State under Roxas, Quirino, Magsaysay, and García. He was also a member of the National Security Council in the García administration.
 * Elpidio Quirino became a councilor of state under President Magsaysay.
 * Carlos P. Garcia was a delegate, later elected, president of the Constitutional Convention on June 1, 1971.
 * Diosdado Macapagal was also a delegate and then succeeded Carlos P. García as president of the 1971 Constitutional Convention. He also lectured in universities and was later a Councilor of State under presidents Aquino and Ramos.
 * Corazon Aquino was a member of the National Security Council under Ramos, Estrada and Arroyo. She was also a member of the Council of State under President Arroyo.
 * Fidel Ramos founded the Ramos Peace and Development Foundation. He was a senior advisor and member of the National Security Council under President Estrada. Ramos was a member of the Council of State and an Ambassador-at-Large under President Arroyo. He was later appointed as special envoy to China under President Duterte to open bilateral negotiations with China over the disputes in the South China Sea but later resigned on November 1 following President Duterte's state visit to Beijing on October 16, 2016.
 * Joseph Estrada returned to film in November 2009, starring in Ang Tanging Pamilya: A Marry Go Round as part of a promotional attempt to run for a second term as president in 2010 amid controversy on the legality of his intent (he was allowed to run anyway by the COMELEC since the Supreme Court never weighed in on the matter) with many questioning why such a constitutional violation was ever allowed. His release from prison in 2007 by his successor, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, restored his political privileges and allowed him to run again. Estrada eventually became a member of the National Security Council under Arroyo, Aquino III, Duterte and Marcos Jr.  Following his loss to Aquino III in 2010, he ran against Alfredo Lim for the office of Mayor of Manila in 2013, and won. Estrada was mayor from 2013 to 2019, thus making him the third head of state to run for lower office following his presidency.
 * Gloria Macapagal Arroyo ran for and won a seat in the House of Representatives of the Philippines as the Representative for the 2nd District of Pampanga in the 2010 elections and in the 2022 elections, making her the second head of state after Laurel to seek lower office following her presidency. Arroyo would later serve in major positions in the House of Representatives such as Deputy Speaker within two consecutive terms (from 2016 to 2017, and another currently in 2022) and was later elected as House Speaker on July 23, 2018, making her the first woman to hold that position.
 * Benigno Aquino III became a councilor of state under President Duterte.
 * Rodrigo Duterte was a member of the National Security Council under Marcos Jr.

title: President of the Philippines


text:
Henry Wace (priest)

Henry Wace (10 December 1836–9 January 1924) was an English Anglican priest and ecclesiastical historian who served as Principal of King's College, London, from 1883 to 1897 and as Dean of Canterbury from 1903 to 1924. He is described in the Dictionary of National Biography as "an effective administrator, a Protestant churchman of deep scholarship, and a stout champion of the Reformation settlement".

Early life and education
Wace was born in London on 10 December 1836 and was educated at Marlborough College, Rugby School, King's College, London, and Brasenose College, Oxford (BA literae humaniores and mathematics, Honorary Fellow 1911).

Career
He took Holy Orders and served curacies at St Luke's, Berwick Street (1861–63), St James's, Piccadilly (1863–69), and Grosvenor Chapel (1870–72). He moved to Lincoln's Inn, where he served first as Chaplain (1872–80) and later as Preacher (1880–96). He was additionally Chaplain of the Inns of Court Rifle Volunteers (1880–1908) and the Warburton Lecturer for 1896.

In 1875, he became Professor of Ecclesiastical History at King's College, London, of which he served as Principal (1883–97). He was Rector of St Michael's, Cornhill 1896–1903 and Dean of Canterbury from 1903 until his death in 1924. He is buried in the courtyard of the great cloister of the cathedral.

Writings
He wrote, contributed to, and edited, many publications in Christian and ecclesiastical history. His best-known work, of widest application, is the Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D., with an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies, written in collaboration with William Smith.

He worked with Philip Schaff on the second series of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers.

From 1902 to 1905 he was editor of The Churchman, an evangelical Anglican academic journal.

Other accomplishments
He delivered the Boyle Lectures in 1874 and 1875 and the Bampton Lectures at the University of Oxford in 1879. He was Select Preacher at Oxford in 1880–81 and 1907 and at Cambridge in 1876, 1891, 1903, and 1910.

He was appointed Prebendary of St Paul's Cathedral in 1881 and received the honorary freedom of the City of Canterbury in 1921. In 1922 he played an important role in the foundation of the Bible Churchmen's Missionary Society and was its Vice-President from 1923 until his death on 9 January 1924, following a road traffic accident.

Publications

 * Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D., with an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies
 * The War and the Gospel: Sermons & Addresses During the Present War (1917)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Henry Wace (priest)


text:
Talk:Municipalities of Sweden

This is the discussion/talk page for: Municipalities of Sweden.

Conversion process
The articles covering Swedish municipalities are currently not possible to distinguishe from articles covering cities from which they have received their names. Even if many of the municipality articles still are little more than stubs, there is a value in being able to distinguish between the city and the geographically larger, political entity, that is the municipality. The intention is to achieve this by moving all of the 290 municipality articles from the current naming format "Karlshamn" to "Karlshamn Municipality". Links relating to the municipality will need to be disambiguated, but the majority of the links will need no disambiguation as they refer to the city rather than to the municipality. There will be a process where by the articles are moved and the cities and towns separated to their own articles. During the stages of this process it will not be possible to continously update the municipality lists and because of this the will be suspended and replaced by the Category:Municipalities of Sweden, which always will contain an updated list of the process.

The lists affected are:
 * List of Swedish municipalities (Old revision)
 * List of Swedish municipalities by county (Old revision)
 * List of Swedish municipalities by population (Old revision)
 * List of Swedish municipalities by wealth (Old revision)

The Municipalities of Blekinge County have been converted and can regarded as a form of display case of the conversion. -- Mic 14:50, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

The templates planned for each of the municipalities are covered in two WikiProjects: WikiProject Swedish municipalities and WikiProject Swedish cities. -- Mic 08:47 18 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Munis vs. cities

 * The following discussion, from User talk:Fred chessplayer, was considered to be of general interest and copied here in order for the discussion to be continued in a forum relevant to the topic of conversation. / Alarm 13:37, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

I appreciate your effort to create pages for all Swedish municipalities, but why are the city names redirects to these articles? The cities (e.g. Varberg) are capitals of their municipalities (just like Stockholm is the capital of Sweden), but they are not identical with the municipality. People tend to know if they live "in Varberg" or "outside" but in the municipality. Right now, Skänninge has an article of its own, because it is not the center of its own municipality, but belongs to Mjölby Municipality, but Mjölby hasn't got any article of its own. Shouldn't there be three articles for Mjölby, Skänninge, and Mjölby Municipality? --LA2 21:33, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well if you want to write a separate article about the town, go ahead. The alternative is to gather all the municipal towns and villages into one article until there is enough material to warrant separate articles. --Fred-Chess 09:47, July 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * I would prefer that the municipality articles contain only information about administrative details and that article titles like Strängnäs contain history, culture and all that. The municapities are fairly recent innovations after all.
 * On a side note, what's with the capitalization? "Municipality" isn't exactly part of an official name. It should be Mjölby municipality for example. My bet is that this is another one of Mic's lingering excentricities, like all the latinization and ideas about "the Realm of Sweden".
 * Peter Isotalo 14:47, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes you are correct about the last statement, Peter. I have been wondering a little about that too, but prefer not to change it at the moment.
 * I also agree with your first suggestion. It will require quite some work though.
 * --Fred-Chess 14:20, August 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * I want to add that this need not be done to all municipalities. With cities in the list Cities of Sweden it could be done to all (except Gothenburg Malmö Stockholm and except if the article is still quite small, less than one page, so not to make two stubs of one stub). But -- with the municipalities that actually are recent inventions from the 1970s, please don't do such a divisioning yet. --Fred-Chess 21:39, August 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually I think "X Municipality" has to be taken as a translation of "X kommun", which should be treated as a compound proper noun. I had a similar discussion with User:Nixdorf a while ago, when he moved Uppsala Cathedral to Uppsala cathedral. I pointed to the example Uppsala universitet, which has an uncapitalized u in "universitet". while the official English name is Uppsala University. If you check other examples of official English names for Swedish government agencies, all the main words are capitalized.

 * As for municipalities, Lund uses City of Lund, with a capitalized "City" in mid-sentence. Likewise is City of Malmö used on the city webpage here. Stockholm seems to use City of Stockholm or "City of Stockholm municipality". I take this as a way to deemphasize the municipality part in relation to the "City" part of the name; it should not be taken as a part of the name, just as they don't like "kommun" in the Swedish name. City of Stockholm is clearly what the city (or its political leadership) wants to be known as, just as it is "Stockholms stad" in Swedish. Falun actually uses "the municipality of Falun", or "the municipality of Falu", in either case with an uncapitalized m.. I looked at a couple of more (Bollnäs, Piteå) and they mostly avoid the issue by just using the name. Some smaller municipalities seem to use capitalization in English where it does not belong (when it refers to general concepts, such as some "Folk High School", rather than a specific, named folk high school) and even in Swedish ("Piteå Kommun") where it is definitely not standard, so I am not sure it can be taken as authoritative for any type of Wikipedia standard.

 * Anyway, what about simply using "City of X" for those that insist on that usage, and "Municipality of X" for the rest? It avoids the issue of capitalization in the article titles. It should be made clear somewhere, and linked from each "City of X" article, that the modern Swedish use of "city" is related to but still distinct from the historical use, when it actually meant something to be a city. up◦land 07:57, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your suggestions Tups, always a pleasure to see well thought out ones.
 * Yes good suggestions. Some thoughts in my mind. #1: should we move Stockholm to "City of Stockholm"? I think not -- but I would be happy to change the name on top of the infobox... (Alarm disagreed with me on that on the talk page :-) #2 you are in disaccordance with other wikipedia articles. See Category:Municipalities of Denmark for instance. #3 I will be moving articles to "Municipality of X" then..? #4 "Lindingö stad" (off. name of Lidingö) and similar kommun names are confusing, but perhaps "City of Lidingö"? Or just Lidingö?
 * --Fred-Chess 08:14, August 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * Perhaps we don't need to move these articles, and I certainly see no reason to move Stockholm to City of Stockholm: the point of using the latter is really only if we need to disambiguate between Stockholm (historic city) and Stockholm (contemporary municipality/city). Personally I am not sure it is necessary to do so, but I thought that you were about to make such a split for other cities. Actually, I think we can mostly keep things where they are for the time being. up◦land 09:51, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Being back again from a well-needed break, I'd like to weigh in on this.
 * I am very much against using "City of X" or "X City" as an alternative for "X Municipality" in article titles (redirects are of course fine!). Although official use is a factor in naming Wikipedia articles, I think it would be confusing for non-Swedes to use two different terms in article naming for what is entirely the same concept. As we all know, the concept of "stad" in Swedish is rather fuzzy and "kommun"/"municipality" is the official term on a general level. Furthermore, even "Stockholms kommun" is frequently used in Swedish, although maybe not by the municipality itself. The uniform use of "Municipality" would also mean that problems such as "Lidingö stad" are avoided.
 * As for the capitialization in "X Municipality" I'm quite sure it is correct, for the reasons suggested by Uppland. Note that we use capitalization in "X County" (which corresponds to the use in articles on specific U.S., UK and Canadian counties). Most Danish municipality articles seem to be simply at "X", a rather common practice for countries that haven't seen a thorough effort to create articles for all their administrative divisions. The Danish articles named "X municipality" seem to be the ones that don't follow Wikipedia capitalization policies.
 * As for the choice between "X Municipality" and "Municipality of X" I can't see much reason to change the current standard form, although I must confess I haven't really thought about it. Anyway, I think this should be carefully considered and discussed (preferrably at Talk:Municipalities of Sweden, with a note pointing there posted at WP:SWNB) before any moves are made. Can anyone give some relevant examples from other countries and/or policy/project pages on this? / Alarm 18:21, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Fred, I happened to notice that you moved Västerås Municipality to City of Västerås yesterday. How come? Should this be interpreted as an intention to move all other articles on municipalities calling themselves "City" to "City of X"?

Forgive me if I'm mistaken, but I can't see that this has been discussed anywhere except above on your talk page, where I dropped you a note saying I was very much against such a plan just the day before you moved the Västerås article - to which you haven't replied. Considering the fact that you scolded Bishonen and Peter Isotalo for not getting the chance to comment on the renaming of Scania to Skåne (an operation which had actually been discussed at some length in a largely relevant forum) I am somewhat surprised by your actions. Could you please engage in discussion before moving any other articles in a similar fashion? (Perhaps the discussion above could be copied to Talk:Municipalities of Sweden and continued there, to make it easier to find for anyone interested in the issue at hand.) / Alarm 12:58, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Hehe good point -- you spot my double morale. Well, there is no such place as a "Västerås Municipality" so at least that can't be right? There is however a "City of Västerås", which is also "the municipality of Västerås", but I preferred the first. --Fred-Chess 13:04, August 18, 2005 (UTC)

''End of text copied from user talk page. Discussion continues on this page only.'' / Alarm 13:37, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * "X Municipality" must be a name right? So "Västerås Stad" could hardly be translated into "Västerås Municipality". It may however be called the "municipality of Västerås", But note should be taken of the municipal official name "Västerås Stad". At least "Västerås Municipality" can not be right. Other suggestions are: "Västerås City"; "City of Västerås", "Västerås municipality" (incorrect grammar really), and "municipality of Västerås".  --Fred-Chess 13:10, August 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * I would value some consistency. Please see my comments above. I think it could well be argued that "Västerås Municipality" is the most logical English name for an article about the municipality, including its surrounding non-urban area. I take it that you mean that since the municipality uses "Västerås Stad" this should be regarded as the only existing proper name, excluding the possibility of a capitalization of "Municipality". I (and, it seems, Uppland) don't necessarily agree with you on this (I'd like to check what the Government uses), but I would definitely have "Västerås municipality" as my second choice, rather than "City of Västerås". (I can see you've been moving a large number of articles from "X Municipality" to "X municipality" as well, and I can't see any trace of broader discussion about that either.)
 * My point is that all the municipal articles have been placed at "X Municipality" for quite some time. The only thing I've seen users arguing for is that the articles about the urban areas are covered in separate articles titled "X" only. This, in my eyes, is a kind of consensus around "X Municipality" as the title for all articles on municipalities. I don't exclude the possibility that there are better alternatives, but before starting to move things around a thorough discussion should be held. If we can reach a rough consensus for another alternative, all municipality articles ought to be moved in a swift and coordinated effort, to avoid confusion and inconsistency. / Alarm 13:37, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Sure move the discussion.
 * Well, I have admitted to have been acting inpolite about the Skåne / Scania issue, so that is no justification of not doing it.
 * Those names I have changed I have done due to names used on official pages. Thus it seemed pointless to keep Västerås Municipality. Without that information, the arguments of Uppland and yourself do not matter, and needless for me to wait for your approval first. See http://www1.vasteras.se/english/ and see the name of the first link.
 * Once again my point is: Västerås Municipality is not correct, consensus or not, there is in this case a better alternative. I am not suggesting moving articles as a general rule. And yes, I will continue to move articles if there are better alternatives. Also note that many moves are done after splitting them up first, so City of Västerås is only about the municipality.
 * --Fred-Chess 13:47, August 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * Excuse me, Fred, but are you actually saying that as long as you think another title is better you will move an article, even if there is no consensus for a move and vocal opposition? If so, I'm rather surprised. Anyway, I don't agree that the arguments of Uppland and myself do not matter. You seem to confuse what a municipality chooses to call itself with an official name. Since the municipal institution is regulated by the Swedish government, the names used in central government documents might be considered equally or more important - but I have yet to check those out (which I intend to do). I just wanted to stop you from embarking on a mass-move operation before such arguments could be thoroughly vetted. I'm not dead set against any change of policy - but I can't see the hurry in overturning a long-standing principle which has arguably worked reasonably well. Alarm 14:45, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Nope... I'm not going to move if there is opposition.
 * I actually thought that the official name of the municipality was, e.g. "Västerås Stad". If you are correct in it not being so, then matters are changed.
 * Okay I will not move any more municipal articles, until it has been confirmed how it is. (But I will still do the split between e.g. "Västerås" and the municipal article, "Västerås Municipality". I think this should be done to all former Cities of Sweden, but not to necessarily to small recent municipalities such as Emmaboda.
 * I will consider "X Municipality" used in the same way as "X County" -- capitalized.
 * Fred-Chess 15:24, August 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Fred! As I've written before, I'm all in favour of branching off an article about the urban area (e.g. "Västerås") from the "X Municipality" articles, and that the major cities should be on the top of the list for such changes. So we're on exactly the same page there. As for the rest, I'll look more closely into the matters as soon as I can and get back on this. Anyway, I'm sure we can reach a workable consensus solution - it's the Wiki way, after all. / Alarm 22:02, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

The facts are as follows:: In Sweden there is since the municipal reform in 1971 only one type of municipality, called in Swedish "kommun". Most municipalities contain rural as well as urban areas, and there is no administrative difference whatsoever between "town" and "country".

Some municipalities, which derive ther names from former chartered towns or cities, dislike this order. Therefore they prefer to call themselves "stad" (city) sometimes including large rural areas in the "city". This is not really illegal, but it is not recognized by government agencies. The government decides over the names of municipalities. At present there are 13 out of 290 municiplities, which call themselves "stad". But in all official contexts the proper term for all municipalities is kommun --Andhanq 19:03, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Other topics
Under "Duties" i found "*Law and order". That is a bit confusing. All the courts and the enitire swedish Police force are under the national government. There are no municipal law enforcement officers other than traffic wardens. --Andhanq 19:32, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your suggestion regarding &]]! When you feel an article needs improvement, please feel free to make whatever changes you feel are needed. Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone can edit almost any article by simply following the  link at the top. You don't even need to log in! (Although there are some reasons why you might like to…) The Wikipedia community encourages you to be bold. Don't worry too much about making honest mistakes—they're likely to be found and corrected quickly. If you're not sure how editing works, check out how to edit a page, or use the sandbox to try out your editing skills.  New contributors are always welcome.
 * Fred-Chess 20:33, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Formatting maps-images
03-Sep-2007: Many people are asked to edit articles, without an intro session explaining formatting of images + text. An image reference (" ") can have screen placement "right" or "left" or "center" to control text-wrapping alongside the image. When tall, vertical navigation-boxes appear in an article, then using image-parameter "left" will allow text to wrap between the image and righthand nav-box; however, standard Wiki format tends to avoid squeezing text between images, so try to keep side images very small (such as 170px) when wrapping text along a nav-box. When placing map images in an article, there is a tendency to want the map large to cross-reference against the text; however, maps can be a nuisance to experts who don't even need the map at all, so embed maps as smaller images and allow "click to enlarge" as a separate window, for other users to switch between the article & map windows for cross-checking. Putting giant maps in an article can be less informative than encouraging side-by-side windows of article against click-enlarged maps, as a technique of cross-referencing data against maps. Outsiders who've never seen the map might prefer a giant map, but balance that against local people who don't need such maps at all, and keep maps as "click to enlarge" smaller size. -Wikid77 08:58, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

Municipal populations
Some editors STILL confuse the populations of municipalities with the populations of the seats. As an example: Kungsbacka Municipality has a population of about 71,000, but in the town Kungsbacka only some 18,000 persons live. That might sound odd to some, but nevertheless it is the fact. The cities, towns and other localities of Sweden are NOT local government units, but parts of municipalities which include several loacilities and also rural areas. There are 1940 localities, but only 290 municipalities. --Muniswede (talk) 23:10, 23 November 2007 (UTC)

Merger ?
Someone has proposed that the article Stad (Sweden) should be merged into this one. I don´t think that's a good idea. Since 1971 a stad (city or town in Swedish) is NOT a type of municipality, but a non-administrative built-up area. Therefore the article could just as well be merged into Urban areas of Sweden. As this fact still seems to be hard to understand for some, I think a separate article describing it is necessary. --Muniswede (talk) 23:30, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

I agree with Muniswede. 'Stad' as a historical form of local government deserves its own article. It can easily be edited in such a way that the difference between 'Urban areas', 'Municipalities' and 'Stad' can be made clear. I'll have a go at it soon. --Pepijnk (talk) 00:08, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

Stad and Kommun is NOT the same thing. Also all "kommuner" are definately not Urban areas as MuniSwede suggest - some ar VERY small when looking at a population of maybe 7000 people in a VERY large geographic area and spread out over several smaller villages. A Kommun is a Kommun - period!. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.55.123.83 (talk) 20:44, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I certainly do not know why the above unsigned user attacks me. I did certainly NOT say that "kommuner" are urban areas. Just the contrary. Urban areas in Sweden are non-administrative. Up until 1971, however, one type of "kommun" was called stad (which is the Swedish word for city or town). The fact that many of the städer included large rural areas (Kiruna was the ultimate example, called the largest "city" of the world) was one of the reasons why the system with different types of municipalities was abolished alltogether.--Muniswede (talk) 21:32, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Municipalities of Sweden


text:
Rodin (surname)

Rodin is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Alexandr Rodin (1947–2022), Belarusian painter
 * Alexey Grigoryevich Rodin (1902–1955), Soviet general
 * Auguste Rodin (1840–1917), French sculptor, for whom is named:
 * Rodin (crater), a crater on Mercury
 * 6258 Rodin, an asteroid
 * Rodin (film), a 2017 film about Auguste Rodin
 * Burton Rodin (born 1933), American mathematician
 * Dmitry Rodin (1912–1992), Red Army officer
 * Georgy Rodin (1897–1976), Red Army general
 * Gil Rodin (1906–1974), American jazz saxophonist
 * Ivan Rodin (born 1987), Russian football player
 * Janko Rodin (1900–1974), Croatian football player
 * Judith Rodin (born 1944), American university administrator
 * Nikolay Ivanovich Rodin (1924–2013), Soviet pilot
 * Odile Rodin (1937–2018), French actress
 * Oleh Rodin (born 1956), Russian football player
 * Viktor Rodin (1928–2011), Soviet general

title: Rodin (surname)


text:
1937 in aviation

This is a list of aviation-related events from 1937:

Events

 * Over Tushino airfield near Moscow, Soviet aircraft fly in precise formations spelling "LENIN", "STALIN," and "USSR."
 * Cuba establishes a naval aviation arm.
 * Kawasaki Heavy Industries moves its airframe manufacturing business into a new subsidiary, the Kawasaki Aircraft Engineering Company Ltd.

January

 * January 12 – Adventurer and filmmaker Martin Johnson, of Martin and Osa Johnson fame, is killed along with four others in the crash of Western Air Express Flight 7 in mountainous terrain near Saugus, California.
 * January 19 – Howard Hughes sets a new record by flying from Los Angeles to New York City in 7 hours, 28 minutes and 25 seconds.

February

 * Manchukuo officially establishes the Manchukuo Imperial Air Force. In fact, it had existed unofficially since 1932.
 * Hans von Ohain begins ground-testing a turbojet engine.
 * February 3 – In the Spanish Civil War, a Nationalist (rebel) attack on Málaga begins, supported by an Italian "legionary" air force of about 100 aircraft.
 * February 18 – Nationalist ace Joaquín García Morato plays a major role in an air-to-air engagement in which a Nationalist force of Fiat CR.32 fighters defeats a Republican (loyalist) one of Polikarpov I-15s, shooting down eight I-15s. The battle gives the Nationalists temporary air superiority during the Battle of Jarama and demonstrates that the CR.32s could defeat the I-15s – which previously had dominated the CR.32s over Spain – if handled courageously and imaginatively.
 * February 19 – Flying in heavy rain, the Airlines of Australia Stinson Model A City of Brisbane (registration VH-UHH) crashes in the McPherson Range in Australia′s Lamington National Park. Both pilots and two of the five passengers die in the crash, and another passenger dies in a fall over a waterfall after he goes for help. The Australian author Bernard O'Reilly becomes a national hero in Australia when he hikes into the wilderness on February 28 to look for the plane and discovers the airliner's wreckage and the two surviving passengers on March 1.
 * February 22–26 – The "International Circuit of the Oases" event at Almaza Airport in Egypt. 41 competitors take part in two races – a 1303-mile (2097 km) handicap race, and a speed race. Competing aircraft arrived from Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Egypt, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Poland, Romania.

March

 * March 5 – Imperial Airways opens a new flying boat base at Hythe, Hampshire, England.
 * March 8 – A Nationalist offensive begins against Guadalajara, Spain, with support by Italian forces, including 50 fighters and 12 reconnaissance planes.
 * March 16 – At the Avignon-Pujaut Military Training Center at Avignon, France, French aviator and parachutist Edith Clark is killed when the new model of French Air Force parachute she is using fails to open on her third jump of the day and 200th of her career. She falls to her death from an altitude of 500 meters (1,640 feet).
 * March 17 – Amelia Earhart flies a Lockheed Electra from Oakland, California, to Wheeler Field, Territory of Hawaii, on the first leg of an attempted circumnavigation of the world, making the flight in 15 hours 47 minutes.
 * March 18 – The Bossi-Bonomi Pedaliante achieves the first sustained 1-km (0.621-mile) human-powered flight, with a catapult launch.
 * March 20 – As Earhart tries to leave Hawaii for the second leg of her around-the-world flight, her Electra is severely damaged in an aborted takeoff from Luke Field on Ford Island in Pearl Harbor, bringing her circumnavigation attempt to an end.
 * March 22
 * Spanish Nationalist leader Francisco Franco orders his National Aviation (Aviación Nacional) force to begin a bombing campaign against the Basques in northern Spain.
 * The 71-year-old English aviator and ornithologist Mary Russell, Duchess of Bedford, dies in the crash of her de Havilland DH.60GIII Moth Major into the North Sea off Great Yarmouth, England. Her body is never recovered.
 * March 25 – The Transcontinental and Western Air Douglas DC-2 NC13730 crashes nose first into a gully near Clifton, Pennsylvania, due to atmospheric icing during a flight from Camden Central Airport in Camden County, New Jersey, to Allegheny County Airport outside Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, killing all 13 people on board. Doris Hammons, the first TWA flight attendant – known at the time as an "air hostess" – killed in an airplane crash, is among the dead.
 * March 28 – Taking off in thick fog from Archerfield, Queensland, Australia, for an early-morning mail and newspaper flight, the Airlines of Australia Stinson Model A Lismore (registration VH-UGG) crashes into trees, lands inverted, and explodes, killing its two-man crew.
 * March 31 – A Spanish Nationalist ground offensive begins against the Basques, supported by 80 German aircraft based at Vitoria-Gasteiz and 70 Spanish Nationalist and Italian aircraft based elsewhere in northern Spain. Opposing them are 20 to 30 Basque aircraft. On the first day, German Junkers Ju 52s conduct the first terror bombing and strafing of an undefended town in Europe, killing 248 people in Durango.
 * March 31-April 4 – Supporting Nationalist forces, 40 to 50 aircraft per day bomb Ochandiano, Spain.

April

 * Flying a Breda Ba.88 Lince, Breda chief test pilot Furio Niclot sets two speed-over-distance world records, averaging 517 km/h (321.25 mph) over a 100-km (62.1-mile) distance and 475 km/h (295.15 mph) over a 1000-km (621-mile) circuit.
 * The Martin M-130 flying boat Hawaii Clipper completes Pan American World Airways' 100th transpacific flight without a single passenger fatality. It is considered a remarkable safety record at the time.
 * American Export Airlines is founded.
 * April 6–9 – Masaaki Iinuma (pilot) and Kenji Tsukagoshi (flight mechanic and navigator) fly the Mitsubishi Ki-15 J-BAAI Kamikaze 15,366 km (9,542 statute miles) from Tachikawa, Japan, to Croydon Airport in London in a record 94 hours 17 minutes 56 seconds, of which 51 hours 17 minutes 23 seconds is spent in the air at an average speed of 162 km/h (101.2 mph). It is the first Japanese-built aircraft to fly to Europe.
 * April 11 – Trans-Canada Airlines – the future Air Canada – is established. It will begin flight operations on September 1.
 * April 12 – Sir Frank Whittle ground-tests the first jet engine designed to power an aircraft at the British Thomson-Houston factory in Rugby, England.
 * April 13 – Frank Hawks flies the Hawks Miller HM-1 Time Flies about 1,100 miles (1,771 km) from Hartford, Connecticut, to Miami, Florida in 4 hours 55 minutes. After lunch, he flies the plane from Miami to Newark, New Jersey, in 4 hours 21 minutes. The aircraft is damaged on landing at Newark and Hawks opts not to rebuild it.
 * April 20 – A new Nationalist advance begins in Vizcaya province in northern Spain, supported by a preliminary aerial bombardment.
 * April 26 – Four Heinkel He 111 and 23 Junkers Ju 52 bombers of the German Condor Legion attack Guernica, Spain, in the first example of "carpet bombing" to demoralize a civilian population. Over three hours, the bombers drop 45,000 kg (99,207 lbs) of bombs, destroying 70% of the city and killing at least 1,000, and perhaps as many as a third (over 1,600 people) of its inhabitants. Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Heinkel He 51 fighters also strafe the town to kill any inhabitants they see. The town burns for three days. The damage shocks Spanish Nationalist military leaders, and the Condor Legion engages in no further area bombing during the Spanish Civil War.
 * April 27 – Henrich Focke and Gerd Achgelis found the Focke-Achgelis company to design and manufacture helicopters at Hoykenkamp, Germany.

May

 * In the Spanish Civil War, the Republicans have the technological and numerical superiority in the air, with about 450 aircraft, including 150 Soviet and 50 other fighters and 60 Soviet and 40 other bombers; they have lost about 150 aircraft since the war began in July 1936. The Nationalists have a little less than 400 aircraft, with about 150 flown by Spanish pilots, about 100 in the German Condor Legion, and about 120 in the Italian "legionary air force."
 * May 6 – The Hindenburg disaster occurs when the German dirigible Hindenburg catches fire and is destroyed at the end of a transatlantic flight while attempting to dock with a mooring mast at Naval Air Station Lakehurst in Lakehurst, New Jersey. Of the 97 people on board, 35 are killed, as is one member of the ground crew.
 * May 8 – Lieutenant Colonel Mario Pezzi of Italy sets a new world altitude record of 15,655 meters (51,362 feet) in a Caproni Ca.161.
 * May 8–14 – Dick Merrill and his copilot Jack Lambie make the Hearst Publishing-sponsored "Anglo-American Goodwill Coronation Flight" – history's first transatlantic commercial round-trip flight – in the Lockheed Model 10E Electra Daily Express. Departing New York City on May 8 carrying photographs of the Hindenburg disaster to London so that Hearst newspapers can be the first in the United Kingdom to publish them, they return on May 14 with photographs of the May 10 coronation of King George VI so that Hearst newspapers can be the first to publish photographs of the coronation in the United States. Merrill will win the 1937 Harmon Trophy for the flight, and footage from the flight will be used to make the 1937 movie Atlantic Flight, in which Merrill and Lambie star.
 * May 10 – With its engine turned off, a Focke-Wulf Fw 61 helicopter makes the first landing for an Fw 61 using autorotation.
 * May 22 – The Spanish Republican Air Force sends fighters on a risky flight across Nationalist-controlled territory to Republican bases in northern Spain to support the Basque defense against Nationalist forces there; seven of them arrive safely. Over the next several weeks, 50 more Republican aircraft – Polikarpov I-15 and I-16 fighters and Polikarpov R-5 light bombers – will make the trip, with 45 arriving safely.
 * May 24 – A Spanish Republican air raid against Palma, Majorca, hits the Italian armed merchant cruiser Barletta – a unit of the non-intervention patrol around Spain.– killing six of her crew.
 * May 26 – Spanish Republican air raids by Soviet pilots narrowly miss the German patrol ship Albatross at Palma and damage the German "pocket battleship" Deutschland off Ibiza, killing 31 and wounding 66 aboard Deutschland.

June

 * The Latécoère 521 flying boat Lieutenant de Vaisseau Paris makes a nonstop flight from France to Natal, Brazil, then returns to France via the North Atlantic Ocean.
 * June 1 – Transcontinental and Western Air introduces sleeper berths for airline passengers in the United States.
 * June 3 – The Spanish Nationalist commander General Emilio Mola dies when his plane crashes on the hill of Alcocero de Mola, near Burgos.
 * June 11 – An aerial bombardment by German aircraft of the Condor Legion and Italian aircraft precedes a renewed Nationalist offensive against the Basque defensive perimeter around Bilbao, Spain.
 * June 12 – About 70 German and Italian aircraft attack Basque defenses around Bilbao over the course of several hours.
 * June 14 – German aircraft of the Condor Legion strafe refugees from Bilbao as they flee along the road to Santander.
 * June 16 – Pan Am and Imperial Airways begin regular passenger flights by flying boat between Port Washington, New York, and Bermuda.
 * June 18–20 – Transpolar flight of Chkalov, Baydukov and Belyakov: Soviet aviators Valery Chkalov, G. F. Baidukov, and A. V. Belyakov from Moscow in the Soviet Union to Vancouver, Washington, in the United States via the North Pole in a Tupolev ANT-25.
 * June 25 – Flying a Focke-Wulf Fw 61, Ewald Rohlfs sets two new helicopter world records, an altitude record of 2,439 meters (8,002 feet) and an endurance record of 1 hour 20 minutes 49 seconds.
 * June 26 – Flying a Focke-Wulf Fw 61, Ewald Rohlfs sets three new helicopter world records: a straight-line distance record of 16.4 kilometers (10.2 miles), a closed-circuit distance record of 80.604 kilometers (50.055 miles), and a straight-line speed record of 122.553 km/h (76.105 mph) over a 20-kilometer (12.4-mile) course.
 * June 27 – The British Airline Pilots' Association is founded.
 * June 30 – During a 2¼-hour flight in the Bristol Type 138A, Royal Air Force Flight Lieutenant M. J. Adam sets a Fédération Aéronautique Internationale-homologated world altitude record of 16,440 meters (53,937 feet). The cockpit canopy cracks, but he is saved by his pressure suit.

July

 * July 3 – Amelia Earhart and navigator Fred Noonan disappear over the Pacific Ocean on a flight from Lae, New Guinea, to Howland Island, and are never seen again.
 * July 3–6 – Pan American World Airways and Imperial Airways flying boats conduct joint survey flights over the Atlantic Ocean in preparation for the commencement of regular services.
 * July 6 – A Spanish Republican offensive against Brunete begins, supported by 300 aircraft; the Republicans will use Polikarpov I-15 fighters at night for the first time during the battle, opposing night-bombing German Heinkel He 111 bombers. The Nationalists redeploy German aircraft of the Condor Legion from north to central Spain to support Nationalist ground forces around Brunete.
 * July 7
 * The Marco Polo Bridge Incident begins the Second Sino-Japanese War.
 * Curtiss receives the largest order placed with an airplane manufacturing company since 1918 when the United States Army Air Corps orders 210 P-36 Hawks
 * July 8 – Varney Speed Lines is renamed Continental Air Lines, which later will be changed to Continental Airlines.
 * July 11
 * The Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy agree that if a full-scale war breaks out with China, the army will have the responsibility for operations in northern China and the navy in central and southern China.
 * German Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters appear over the battlefield around Brunete, Spain, proving themselves much more effective than Republican Polikarpov I-15 fighters, although outnumbered by the I-15s.
 * July 12–14 – Soviet aviators Mikhail Gromov, Andrey Yumashev, and Sergey Danilin Transpolar flight of Gromov, Yumashev and Danilin a new unrefueled flight distance record of 10,148 kilometers (6,302 miles), flying from Moscow in the Soviet Union to San Jacinto, California, in the United States via the North Pole in a Tupolev ANT-25, covering the distance in 62 hours 17 minutes.
 * July 18 – Supporting Nationalist forces, German fighters of the Condor Legion begin to dominate the air over the Battle of Brunete, shooting down 21 Republican aircraft during the day. The Nationalists will hold the advantage in the air over central Spain for the rest of the Spanish Civil War.
 * July 21 – Arbitrating the Royal Navy's request that control of British naval aircraft be transferred to it from the Royal Air Force for the first time since the dissolution of the Royal Naval Air Service in 1918, Sir Thomas Inskip recommends to the British Cabinet that the Royal Navy have full control of its aircraft. His decision, which becomes known as the "Inskip Award," will take nearly two years to implement.
 * July 25 – The Battle of Brunete ends. During the 20-day-long battle, the Republicans have lost about 100 aircraft, while the Nationalists have lost 23. The appearance of the German Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter and Heinkel He 111 bomber and the Italian Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 bomber in numbers during the battle signals the end of Republican air superiority in the Spanish Civil War.

August

 * August 6
 * In response to a request by Spanish Nationalist leader Francisco Franco for the Italian armed forces to attack ships in the Mediterranean Sea bringing aid to the Republicans, Italian aircraft based on Majorca bomb a British, a French, and an Italian merchant ship near Algiers.
 * Pan American Airways receives the Collier Trophy for "establishment of the transpacific airline and the successful execution of extended overwater navigation and the regular operations thereof." Chief Executive Officer Juan Trippe accepts the trophy on behalf of the company from President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
 * August 7 – Italian aircraft from Majorca bomb a Greek ship in the Mediterranean Sea.
 * August 12
 * Majorca-based Italian aircraft sink a Danish cargo vessel in the Mediterranean Sea.
 * Soviet 6-men crew under captaincy of Sigizmund Levanevsky in Bolkhovitinov DB-A aircraft starts its long distance transpolar flight from Moscow to Fairbanks, Alaska.
 * August 13 - the radio communication with the Levanevsky's crew breaks off after the aircraft encountered adverse weather conditions and suffered failure of its end right engine; all subsequent search operations failed
 * August 14
 * On the second day of the Battle of Shanghai, Nationalist Chinese aircraft attack Imperial Japanese Navy ships anchored in the Huangpu River during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
 * Vice Admiral Kiyoshi Hasegawa orders Imperial Japanese Navy aircraft carriers to begin strikes against the coast of China, beginning several months of such operations.
 * A Nationalist offensive in northern Spain against Basque forces defending Santander, begins, supported by 70 German – including the latest models, being evaluated in combat for the first time – 80 Italian, and 70 Spanish Nationalist aircraft. Republican forces opposing them have only 33 fighters – only 18 of them modern Soviet aircraft – and 11 reconnaissance planes. The Nationalist aerial bombardment will overwhelm the defenders of Santander, which will fall to the Nationalists on August 26.
 * August 14–15 – Imperial Japanese Navy Mitsubishi G3M bombers based at Taihoku on Formosa and Ōmura on Kyūshū conduct over-ocean raids on Nationalist Chinese bases 400 to 500 miles (644 to 805 km) inland, demonstrating an operational range that astonishes both foreign observers and those of the Imperial Japanese Army. It is the first transoceanic bombing raid in history.
 * August 15 – Deutsche Luft Hansa begins seaplane services between the Azores and New York with the assistance of seaplane tenders stationed along the route.
 * August 24 – The Republicans launch an offensive against Nationalist in forces in Aragon, supported by about 200 aircraft; the opposing Nationalists have only 15 Heinkels. The Nationalists redeploy 20 Fiat CR.32 fighters commanded by the ace Joaquín García Morato, 20 Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 bombers, and 20 cargo aircraft from northern Spain to the area to bolster the defense.
 * August 26 – Majorca-based Italian aircraft bomb a British merchant ship off Barcelona, Spain.

September

 * The Mitsubishi A5M (Allied reporting name "Claude") fighter enters service, allowing the Imperial Japanese Navy to gain air superiority in the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Japanese soon gain control of the skies over Shanghai.
 * A French military leader tells the British that "a veritable forest of guns" over the Maginot Line will prevent the German Luftwaffe from intervening in a land war between France and Germany.
 * September 1
 * Supported by 250 aircraft, Spanish Nationalist forces begin an offensive against Republicans in Asturias. The absence of the Condor Legion, which is deployed in Aragon, is felt; Nationalist progress is slow for the first six weeks.
 * Trans-Canada Airlines – the forerunner of Air Canada – begins flight operations. Its first flight is from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, to Seattle, Washington, in the United States.
 * September 17 – At a conference at Nyon, Switzerland, to address Italian attacks on merchant ships in the Mediterranean Sea attended by Bulgaria, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Romania, the Soviet Union, and Turkey, delegates agree that a British and French naval patrol in the Mediterranean west of Malta previously authorized to sink submarines suspected of attacking merchant ships also will be authorized to attack aircraft suspected of engaging in anti-shipping strikes. The agreement is in response to Italian attacks on merchant ships by aircraft based at Majorca.
 * September 19–22 – Imperial Japanese Navy Mitsubishi A5M ("Claude") fighters conduct a successful campaign to eliminate Chinese air resistance over Nanking.

October

 * Imperial Japanese Navy bomber operations against Nanking resume, and continue through the autumn.
 * The French assure General John Vereker, the British Chief of the General Staff, that they plan to reinforce their antiaircraft artillery in the Maginot Line to counter Germany's superior aircraft such that Germany "would require an unrealizable supremacy of machines to get over the antiaircraft defenses."
 * The French Farman F.223.1 Laurent Guerrero (registration F-APUZ) sets a record for aircraft in its class by flying 1,000 km (621 miles) with a 10,000-kg (22,046-pound) payload.
 * October 15 – The Condor Legion is redeployed to assist the Spanish Nationalist offensive in Asturias, which immediately speeds up greatly. German pilots led by Adolf Galland experiment with the "carpet bombing" of Asturian positions, in which the Germans fly in close formation very low, approach the enemy positions from the rear, and release their bombs simultaneously.
 * October 20 – The Spanish Republican Navy submarine C-6 is scuttled at Gijón, Spain, after suffering damage in a Nationalist air attack.
 * October 21 – Nationalist aircraft sink the Basque Auxiliary Navy destroyer Ciscar at Gijón.
 * October 25 – Flying a Focke-Wulf Fw 61, Luftwaffe test pilot Hanna Reitsch sets a new helicopter straight-line distance world record with a 108.974-kilometer (67.673 miles) in a flight in Germany from Bremen to Berlin.

November

 * To disrupt the Soviet Union's efforts to supply China during the Second Sino-Japanese War, Imperial Japanese Navy bombers begin strikes on Lanzhou. Navy and Imperial Japanese Army bomber strikes on Lanzhou will occur for the next several years.
 * November 5 – The German Ministry of Aviation authorizes the Heinkel firm's P.1041 design as the winner of the "Bomber A" strategic bomber competition for the Luftwaffe, issuing the airframe type number 8-177 to it. It simultaneously requires the new design to be capable of medium-angle dive bombing attacks – which Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring, the commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe, would not rescind until September 1942.
 * November 12 – The "Vuelo Panamericano Pro Faro A Colon" (Pan American Flight for the Columbus Lighthouse; also styled "Por el Faro de Colón"), departs from Ciudad Trujillo in the Dominican Republic a month behind schedule, bound for San Juan in three Cuban Stinson Reliant aircraft and one Dominican Air Force Curtiss-Wright CW-19.
 * November 16 – A Sabena Junkers Ju 52 en route from Cologne to London via Brussels crashes near Ostend, Belgium, killing all 11 people on board. Among the dead are the Grand Duke and eight-months pregnant Grand Duchess of Hesse and their two small sons.
 * November 20 – The French Farman F.223.1 Laurent Guerrero (registration F-APUZ) sets out on a history-making flight from Istres, France, to Santiago, Chile, where it arrives to great fanfare 2 days 10 hours 41 minutes later.
 * November 22 – Heinkel He 119 V4, the fourth prototype of the German Heinkel He 119, makes a world record flight for an aircraft of its class, recording an air speed of 505 km/h (314 mph) with a payload of 1,000 kg (2,205 lb) over a distance of 1,000 km (621 mi).
 * November 23 – During the Great Purge, Soviet Air Force commander-in-chief Comandarm Yakov Alksnis is arrested.

December

 * Flying a Breda Ba.88 Lince, Breda chief test pilot Furio Niclot sets two speed-over-distance world records, averaging 554 km/h (344.24 mph) over a 100-km (62.1-mile) distance and 524 km/h (325.6 mph) over a 1000-km (621-mile) circuit.
 * Major air battles take place between Imperial Japanese Navy and Nationalist Chinese aircraft over Nanchang on December 9 and December 22, during which the Japanese claim the destruction of 29 Chinese aircraft in the air and 25 on the ground.
 * December 9 – During combat over Nanchang, an Imperial Japanese Navy Mitsubishi A5M ("Claude") fighter loses a third of its right wing when it is rammed by a Nationalist Chinese Curtiss Hawk, but flies 200 mi back to base without further mishap.
 * December 12 – The Panay Incident occurs, when Imperial Japanese Navy Yokosuka B4Y (Allied reporting name "Jean") bombers and Nakajima A4N fighters sink the U.S. Navy gunboat USS Panay (PR-5) and three nearby Standard Oil tankers on the Yangtze River near Nanking.
 * December 15 – A Spanish Republican offensive in the area of Teruel, Spain, begins. The ensuing Battle of Teruel will last until February 22, 1938, and involve 120 fighters, 80 bombers, and 100 other aircraft on the Republican side and 150 fighters, 100 bombers, and 110 other aircraft on the Nationalist side.
 * December 29 – A Spanish Nationalist counteroffensive against Republican forces during the Battle of Teruel begins with the support of German aircraft of the Condor Legion. The Condor Legion has had to redeploy in order to support the counteroffensive, and its personnel are becoming weary of the constant changes of front required by Nationalist military operations.
 * December 29 – Three out of the four aircraft flying in the Pan American Flight for the Columbus Lighthouse crash near Cali, Colombia on their way to Panama. The Pan American flight has reached San Juan PR, Caracas VE, Port of Spain TT, Paramaribo SR, Belém, Fortaleza, Natal, Recife, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro BR, Montevideo UY, Buenos Aires AR, Santiago CL, La Paz BO, Lima PE, and Bogota CO.
 * December 30 – The French Latécoère 521 flying boat Lieutenant de Vaisseau Paris sets a world record by carrying a payload of 18,000 kg (39,682 pounds) to 2,000 meters (6,562 feet) over Biscarosse, France.

First flights

 * Arado Ar 95
 * Arado Ar 195
 * Bellanca 14-7 Cruisair
 * Bellanca 28-90
 * Bellanca 28-92
 * Beriev MBR-7
 * Levasseur PL.107
 * Mitsubishi B5M (Allied reporting name "Mabel")
 * Piaggio P.50-I
 * Polikarpov I-153
 * Polikarpov VIT-1
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.75
 * Early 1937 – Gwinn Aircar
 * Summer 1937 – Arado Ar 196
 * Late 1937 – Henschel Hs 127

January

 * Nakajima B5N (Allied reporting name "Kate")
 * January 13 – Fairey Fulmar
 * January 15 – Beech Model 18

February

 * February 9 – Blackburn Skua
 * February 26 – Fiat G.50 Freccia
 * February 28 – Mitsubishi Ki-30 (Allied reporting name "Ann")

March

 * Kawasaki Ki-32 (Allied reporting name "Mary")
 * March 3 – Luton Minor
 * March 4 – Junkers EF 61
 * March 10 – Hawker Henley
 * March 20 – Miles M.14 Magister

April

 * April 10 – Junkers Ju 88 V2 D-AREN
 * April 11 – Junkers Ju 89
 * April 20 – Curtiss XP-37

May

 * Arado Ar 196
 * Focke-Wulf Fw 187
 * Miles M.9 Kestrel
 * May 7 – Lockheed XC-35
 * May 12 – Fairchild F-46
 * May 20 – de Havilland Albatross
 * May 25 – Gasuden Koken

June

 * Aichi E11A
 * June 11 – Kawanishi E11K
 * June 12 – Farman F.223.1 F-APUZ Laurent Guerrero, prototype of the Farman F.223
 * June 18 – de Havilland Don
 * June 18 – Vought V-143
 * June 19 – Airspeed Oxford
 * June 22 – de Havilland Moth Minor

July

 * Heinkel He 119
 * July 3 – Dornier Do 24
 * July 15 – Hamburger Flugzeugbau Ha 138, unsuccessful early prototype of the Blohm & Voss BV 138
 * July 18 – Potez 661
 * July 27
 * Focke-Wulf Fw 200 prototype D-AERE
 * Short Mayo Flying-boat / seaplane composite
 * July 29 – Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra

August

 * Nakajima Ki-19
 * August 11 – Boulton Paul Defiant prototype K8310
 * August 24 – Fairchild 45-80
 * August 25 – Sukhoi ANT-51, prototype of the Sukhoi BB-1, redesignated the Sukhoi Su-2 in 1942
 * August 28 – Junkers Ju 90

September

 * September 1 – Bell YFM-1 Airacuda
 * September 2 – Grumman XF4F-2, prototype of the F4F Wildcat
 * September 4 – Miles M.13 Hobby G-AFAW
 * September 13 – Junkers Ju 88 V3 D-ASAZ
 * September 30 – Blohm & Voss Ha 140

October

 * ERCO 310, prototype of the ERCO Europe
 * October 12 – Hawker Hurricane production model with Rolls-Royce Merlin G engine
 * October 15 – Boeing XB-15
 * October 16
 * Fokker T.V
 * Short S.25 K 4774, prototype of the Short Sunderland
 * October 23 – Focke-Wulf Fw 62

December

 * Bellanca Cruisair
 * December 2 – Brewster XF2A-1 (company designation B-139), prototype of the Brewster F2A Buffalo
 * December 6 – Amiot 350
 * December 17 – Consolidated PB2Y Coronado
 * December 24 – Macchi C.200
 * December 27 – Farman NC.470

Entered service

 * Aeronca K
 * Focke-Wulf Fw 58 with the German Luftwaffe
 * Henschel Hs 126 with the German Luftwaffe
 * Early 1937 – Mitsubishi A5M (Allied reporting name "Claude") with the Imperial Japanese Navy
 * Spring 1937 – Farman F.222 with the French Air Force
 * Late 1937 – Mitsubishi B5M (Allied reporting name "Mabel") with the Imperial Japanese Navy

January

 * January 13 – Handley Page H.P.54 Harrow with the Royal Air Force's No. 214 Squadron

February

 * Gloster Gladiator with No. 3 and No. 72 Squadrons, Royal Air Force (RAF)

March

 * Bristol Blenheim with No. 114 Squadron, Royal Air Force
 * March 4 – B-17 Flying Fortress with the United States Army Air Corps 2nd Bombardment Group
 * March 9 – Armstrong Whitworth Whitley with No. 10 Squadron, Royal Air Force

April

 * Vickers Wellesley
 * Junkers Ju 87 with German Luftwaffe's I. Group, Sturzkampfgeschwader 162
 * April 16 – Supermarine Stranraer

May

 * Mitsubishi Ki-15 (Allied reporting name "Babs") with Imperial Japanese Army Air Force
 * May 20 – Fairey Battle with No. 63 Squadron, Royal Air Force

June

 * Aichi E11A (Allied reporting name "Laura")

August

 * Nakajima Ki-19
 * August 13 – Sikorsky XPBS-1

October

 * Miles Magister
 * Douglas TBD Devastator with United States Navy Torpedo Squadron (VT-3) aboard USS Saratoga (CV-3)

November

 * Airspeed Oxford
 * Dornier Do 24 with the Royal Netherlands Navy

December

 * Hawker Hurricane with No. 111 Squadron, Royal Air Force at Northolt as the RAF's first monoplane fighter
 * SB2U Vindicator with U.S. Navy Bombing Squadron 3 (VB-3) aboard USS Saratoga (CV-3)

Retirements

 * Curtiss P-6 Hawk by the United States Army Air Corps
 * de Havilland M′pala, last variant of the Airco DH.9 in service, by the South African Air Force.

May

 * Hall PH-1 by the United States Navy from squadron service; last served with Patrol Squadron 8 (VP-8); some aircraft remained in service as trainers

August

 * Ford RR-5 by the United States Marine Corps, last Ford Trimotor in service with the U.S. Marine Corps.

title: 1937 in aviation