text:
Flushing, Queens

Flushing is a neighborhood in the north-central portion of the New York City borough of Queens. The neighborhood is the fourth-largest central business district in New York City. Downtown Flushing is a major commercial and retail area, and the intersection of Main Street and Roosevelt Avenue at its core is the third-busiest in New York City, behind Times Square and Herald Square.

Flushing was established as a settlement of New Netherland on October 10, 1645, on the eastern bank of Flushing Creek. It was named Vlissingen, after the Dutch city of Vlissingen. The English took control of New Amsterdam in 1664, and when Queens County was established in 1683, the Town of Flushing was one of the original five towns of Queens. In 1898, Flushing was consolidated into the City of Greater New York. Development came in the early 20th century with the construction of bridges and public transportation. An immigrant population, composed mostly of Chinese and Koreans, settled in Flushing in the late 20th century.

Flushing contains numerous residential subsections, and its diversity is reflected by the numerous ethnic groups that reside there. Flushing is served by several stations on the Long Island Rail Road's Port Washington Branch, as well as the New York City Subway's IRT Flushing Line, which has its terminus at Main Street.

Flushing is located in Queens Community District 7, and its ZIP Codes are 11354, 11355, and 11358. It is patrolled by the New York City Police Department's 109th Precinct.

Precolonial and colonial history
Flushing was originally inhabited by the Lenape Indians prior to colonization and European settlement.

Dutch colony

On October 10, 1645, Flushing was established on the eastern bank of Flushing Creek under charter of the Dutch West India Company and was part of the New Netherland colony that was governed from New Amsterdam (Lower Manhattan). The settlement was named Vlissingen, after the city of Vlissingen, which was the European base of the Dutch West India company. By 1657, the residents called the place "Vlishing". Eventually, the formal traditional English name for the Dutch town, "Flushing", would be settled upon (despite being a Dutch colony, many of the local early settlers were British, who trickled down from nearby Connecticut colony).

Unlike all other towns in the region, the charter of Flushing allowed residents freedom of religion as practiced in Holland "without the disturbance of any magistrate or ecclesiastical minister". However, in 1656, New Amsterdam Director-General Peter Stuyvesant issued an edict prohibiting the harboring of Quakers. On December 27, 1657, the inhabitants of Flushing approved a protest known as The Flushing Remonstrance. This petition contained religious arguments even mentioning freedom for "Jews, Turks, and Egyptians," but ended with a forceful declaration that any infringement of the town charter would not be tolerated. Subsequently, a farmer named John Bowne held Quaker meetings in his home and was arrested for this and deported to Holland. Eventually he persuaded the Dutch West India Company to allow Quakers and others to worship freely. As such, Flushing is claimed to be a birthplace of religious freedom in the New World. Landmarks remaining from the Dutch period in Flushing include the John Bowne House (c. 1661) on Bowne Street and the Old Quaker Meeting House (1694) on Northern Boulevard. The Remonstrance was signed at a house on the site of the former State Armory, now a police facility, on the south side Northern Boulevard between Linden Place and Union Street.

English colony
In 1664, the English took control of New Amsterdam, ending Dutch control of the New Netherland colony, and renamed it the Province of New York. When Queens County was established in 1683, the "Town of Flushing" was one of the original five towns which comprised the county. Many historical references to Flushing are to this town, bounded from Newtown on the west by Flushing Creek (now Flushing River), from Jamaica on the south by the watershed, and from Hempstead on the east by what later became the Nassau County line. The town was dissolved in 1898 when Queens became a borough of New York City, and the term "Flushing" today usually refers to a much smaller area, for example the former Village of Flushing.

Flushing was a seat of power as the Province of New York up to the American Revolution was led by Governor Cadwallader Colden, based at his Spring Hill estate.

Flushing was the site of the first commercial tree nurseries in North America, the most prominent being the Prince, Bloodgood, and Parsons nurseries. A 14 acre tract of Parsons's exotic specimens was preserved on the north side of Kissena Park. The nurseries are also commemorated in the names of west–east avenues that intersect Kissena Boulevard; the streets are named after plants and ordered alphabetically from Ash Avenue in the north to Rose Avenue in the south. Flushing also supplied trees to the Greensward Project, now known as Central Park in Manhattan. Well into the 20th century, Flushing contained many horticultural establishments and greenhouses.

During the American Revolution, Flushing, along with most settlements in present-day Queens County, favored the British and quartered British troops, though one battalion of Scottish Highlanders is known to have been stationed at Flushing during the war. Following the Battle of Long Island, Nathan Hale, an officer in the Continental Army, was apprehended near Flushing Bay while on what was probably an intelligence gathering mission and was later hanged.

The 1785 Kingsland Homestead, originally the residence of a wealthy Quaker merchant, now serves as the home of the Queens Historical Society.

19th century

During the 19th century, as New York City continued to grow in population and economic vitality, so did Flushing. Its proximity to Manhattan was critical in its transformation into a fashionable residential area. On April 15, 1837, the Village of Flushing was incorporated within the Town of Flushing. The official seal was merely the words, "Village of Flushing", surrounded by nondescript flowers. No other emblem or flag is known to have been used. The Village of Flushing included the neighbourhoods of Flushing Highlands, Bowne Park, Murray Hill, Ingleside, and Flushing Park.

The Flushing and North Side Railroad opened its Port Washington Branch to Flushing in 1854, providing access to Hunters Point on the East River shore. By the mid-1860s, Queens County had 30,429 residents. The Village of College Point was incorporated in 1867, and the Village of Whitestone was incorporated in 1868. The first free public high school in what is now New York City was established in Flushing in 1875. Flushing, then a small village, established a library in 1858, the oldest in Queens County and only slightly younger than the library of the City of Brooklyn (built in 1852).

In 1898, although opposed to the proposal, the Town of Flushing (along with two other towns and other land of Queens County) was consolidated into the City of New York to form the new Borough of Queens. All towns, villages, and cities within the new borough were dissolved.

Local farmland continued to be subdivided and developed transforming Flushing into a densely populated neighborhood of New York City. A major factor in this was the Halleran real estate agency. From the American Civil War to the end of the 1930s its slogan "Ask Mr. Halleran!" could be seen in ads all over Long Island, and the phrase from its maps "So This Is Flushing" became a catchphrase.

20th-century development
The continued construction of bridges over the Flushing River and the development of other roads increased the volume of vehicular traffic into Flushing. In 1909, the Queensboro Bridge over the East River opened, connecting Queens County to midtown Manhattan. With the opening of Pennsylvania Station the next year, the Port Washington Branch, now part of the Long Island Rail Road, started running to midtown Manhattan. Broadway, a main roadway through Flushing, was widened and renamed Northern Boulevard. The Roosevelt Avenue Bridge over the Flushing River, which carries four lanes of traffic and the New York City Subway's elevated Flushing Line, was the largest trunnion bascule bridge in the world when it was completed in 1927. The next year, the Main Street terminal of the Flushing subway line opened in downtown Flushing, giving the neighborhood direct subway access.

Flushing was a forerunner of Hollywood, when the young American film industry was still based on the U.S. East Coast and Chicago. Decades later, the RKO Keith's movie palace would host vaudeville acts and appearances by the likes of Mickey Rooney, the Marx Brothers and Bob Hope.

Asian communities

In the 1970s, immigrants from Taiwan established a foothold in Flushing, whose demographic constituency had been predominantly non-Hispanic white, interspersed with a small Japanese community. Additionally, a large South Korean population also called Flushing home. The Taiwanese immigrants were the first wave of Chinese-speaking immigrants who spoke Mandarin (Taiwanese also spoken) rather than Cantonese to arrive in New York City. Many Taiwanese immigrants were additionally Hokkien and had relatives or connections to Fujian province in China, which led to large influxes of Fuzhounese Americans.

Over the years, many new non-Cantonese ethnic Chinese immigrants from different regions and provinces of China started to arrive in New York City and settled in Flushing through word of mouth. This wave of immigrants spoke Mandarin and various regional/provincial dialects. The early 1990s and 2000s brought a wave of Fuzhounese Americans and Wenzhounese immigrants, who mostly spoke Mandarin, and who settled in Flushing as well as Elmhurst. Flushing's Chinese population became diverse over the next few decades as people from different provinces started to arrive. Due to loosened emigration restrictions in mainland China, there has been a growing Northern Chinese population in Flushing. The regional food cuisines have led to Flushing being considered the "food mecca" for Chinese regional cuisine outside of Asia.

21st-century transformation
In the 21st century, Flushing has cemented its status as an international "melting pot", predominantly attracting immigrants from Asia, particularly from throughout the various provinces of China, but including newcomers from all over the world. Flushing Chinatown is centered around Main Street and the area to its west, most prominently along Roosevelt Avenue, which have become the primary nexus of Flushing Chinatown. However, Chinatown continues to expand southeastward along Kissena Boulevard and northward beyond Northern Boulevard. The Flushing Chinatown houses over 30,000 individuals born in China alone, the largest Chinatown by this metric outside Asia and one of the largest and fastest-growing Chinatowns in the world. In January 2019, the New York Post named Flushing as New York City's "most dynamic outer-borough neighborhood". Flushing is undergoing rapid gentrification by Chinese transnational entities.

Demographics
Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Flushing was 72,008, an increase of 2,646 (3.8%) from the 69,362 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 853.06 acres, the neighborhood had a population density of 84.4 PD/acre.

The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 9.5% (6,831) white, 4.2% (3,016) black, 0.1% (74) aboriginal American, 69.2% (49,830) Asian, 0.1% (59) Pacific Islander, 0.2% (172) from other races, and 1.8% (1,303) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14.9% (10,723) of the population.

The entirety of Community Board 7, which comprises Flushing, College Point, and Whitestone, had 263,039 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 84.3 years. This is longer than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are middle-aged and elderly: 22% are between the ages of between 25 and 44, 30% between 45 and 64, and 18% over 65. The ratio of youth and college-aged residents was lower, at 17% and 7%, respectively.

As of 2017, the median household income in Community Board 7 was $51,284. In 2018, an estimated 25% of Flushing and Whitestone residents lived in poverty, compared to 19% in all of Queens and 20% in all of New York City. One in seventeen residents (6%) were unemployed, compared to 8% in Queens and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 57% in Flushing and Whitestone, higher than the boroughwide and citywide rates of 53% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation,, Flushing and Whitestone are considered to be high-income relative to the rest of the city and not gentrifying.

Diverse Chinese communities
Flushing Chinatown, or Mandarin Town is the world's largest and one of the fastest-growing Chinatowns, known as the "Chinese Times Square" or the "Chinese Manhattan". In Mandarin, Flushing is known as "Falasheng". The Chinatown of Flushing is centered around the intersection of Main Street and Roosevelt Avenue, and many of the area's Chinese businesses are located on the blocks around, or west of, Main Street. However, Chinatown continues to expand southeastward along Kissena Boulevard and northward beyond Northern Boulevard.

In the 1970s, a Chinese community established a foothold in the neighborhood of Flushing, whose demographic constituency had been predominantly non-Hispanic white. Taiwanese began the surge of immigration, followed by other groups of Chinese. A 1986 estimate by the Flushing Chinese Business Association approximated 60,000 Chinese in Flushing alone. By 1990, Asians constituted 41% of the population of the core area of Flushing, with Chinese in turn representing 41% of the Asian population. However, ethnic Chinese are constituting an increasingly dominant proportion of the Asian population as well as of the overall population in Flushing and its Chinatown. High rates of both legal and illegal immigration from Mainland China continue to spur the ongoing rise of the ethnic Chinese population in Flushing. According to a Daily News article in 2011, Flushing's Chinatown ranked as New York City's second largest Chinese community with 33,526 Chinese, surpassed only by the Brooklyn Chinatown (布鲁克林華埠), and larger than Manhattan's Chinatown. The growth of the business activity at the core of Downtown Flushing, dominated by the Flushing Chinatown, has continued to flourish despite the Covid-19 pandemic. Flushing now rivals Manhattan's Chinatown as a center of Chinese culture. The Lunar New Year Parade has become a growing annual celebration of Chinese New Year. In addition, several Chinese supermarkets such as Hong Kong Supermarket and New York Supermarket have locations in Flushing. The World Journal, one of the largest Chinese-language newspapers outside China, is headquartered in adjacent Whitestone. Numerous other Chinese- and English-language publications are available in Flushing, including SinoVision, one of North America's largest Chinese language television networks.

The popular styles of Chinese cuisine are ubiquitously accessible in Flushing, including Hakka, Taiwanese, Shanghainese, Hunanese, Sichuanese, Cantonese, Fujianese, Xinjiang, Zhejiang, and Korean Chinese cuisine. Even the relatively obscure Dongbei style of cuisine indigenous to Northeast China is now available in Flushing, as well as Mongolian cuisine and Uyghur cuisine. Varieties of Chinese spoken in Flushing include Mandarin Chinese, Fuzhou dialect, Min Nan (Hokkien), Wu Chinese (Wenzhounese, Shanghainese, Suzhou dialect, Hangzhou dialect), and Cantonese; in addition, the Mongolian language is now emerging. Given its rapidly growing status, the Flushing Chinatown has surpassed in size and population the original New York City Chinatown in the borough of Manhattan and this substantial growth has resulted in a commensurate rise in this Chinatown's cultural status.

In accompaniment with its rapid growth, Flushing in particular has witnessed the proliferation of highly competitive businesses touted as educational centers as well as non-profit organizations declaring the intent to educate the community. Some entities offer education in Mandarin, the most spoken Chinese variety in mainland China. A diverse array of social services geared toward assisting recent as well as established Chinese immigrants is readily available in Flushing. As of the 2020s, about 3/4 of the Asian population in the area are of Chinese descent making them the majority of the Asian population.

Korean community

There is a Koreatown that originated in Flushing, but has since spread eastward to Murray Hill, Bayside, Douglaston, and Little Neck in Queens, and also into Nassau County. The Koreatown has historically been centered around Union Street, with the later growth being concentrated around Northern Boulevard east of Union Street. As of the 2010 United States Census, the Korean population of Queens was 64,107.

In the 1980s, a continuous stream of Korean immigrants emerged into Flushing, many of whom began as workers in the medical field or Korean international students who had moved to New York City to find or initiate professional or entrepreneurial positions. They established a foothold on Union Street in Flushing between 35th and 41st Avenues, featuring restaurants and karaoke (noraebang) bars, grocery markets, education centers and bookstores, banking institutions, offices, consumer electronics vendors, apparel boutiques, and other commercial enterprises. As the community grew in wealth and population and rose in socioeconomic status, Koreans expanded their presence eastward along Northern Boulevard, buying homes in more affluent and less dense neighborhoods in Queens and Nassau County. This expansion has led to the creation of an American Meokjagolmok, or Korean Restaurant Street, around the Murray Hill station. The eastward pressure to expand was also created by the inability to move westward due to the Flushing Chinatown on Main Street. Per the 2010 United States Census, the Korean population of Queens was 64,107, representing the largest municipality in the United States with a density of at least 500 Korean Americans per square mile. The Korean American population, consisting of 218,764 individuals in the New York metropolitan area, is the second largest population of ethnic Koreans outside Korea.

The Korea Times, a news organization based in Seoul, carries a significant presence in the Long Island Koreatown. The Long Island Koreatown features numerous restaurants that serve both traditional and/or regional Korean cuisine. Korean is spoken frequently alongside English and Chinese varieties, and retail signs employing the Hangul alphabet are ubiquitous. A significant array of social services toward assisting recent and established Korean immigrants is available in Koreatown. There is also a significant population of Korean-Chinese or Chinese-Koreans in Flushing who can speak Mandarin, Korean, and English.

Other ethnic communities
The neighborhood of East Flushing, technically within Greater Flushing, also houses a substantial Chinese community along with most of Downtown Flushing. However, East Flushing also substantially includes Irish, Greek, Russian, Italian, Jewish, Spanish, and Portuguese communities, as well as communities of Indians, Sri Lankans, Japanese, Malaysians, and Hispanics, mostly Colombians and Salvadorans. This neighborhood tends to be more diverse visibly than Downtown Flushing because of the more even distribution of the ethnicities of East Flushing residents resulting in more ethnic businesses catering to each community rather than the dominance of Chinese and to a lesser extent Korean businesses in Downtown Flushing.

The northeastern section of Flushing near Bayside continues to maintain large Italian and Greek presences that are reflected in its many Italian and Greek bakeries, grocery stores and restaurants. The northwest is a mix of Jews, Greeks, and Italians. Most of central Flushing is an ethnic mix of Whites, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans.

An area south of Franklin Avenue houses a concentration of Indian, Pakistani, Afghan, and Bangladeshi markets. This concentration of Indian American and other South Asian American businesses south of Franklin Avenue has existed since the late 1970s, one of the oldest Little India neighborhoods in North America. The Sri Maha Vallabha Ganapati Devasthanam (Sanskrit: श्री महावल्लभ गणपति देवस्थानम्, Tamil: ஸ்ரீ மகா வல்லப கணபதி தேவஸ்தானம்) at 45-57 Bowne Street in Flushing was the very first of the traditional Hindu temple organized in North America. However, Indians are migrating eastward into neighborhoods in northeastern Queens and into Nassau County, as with many Chinese and Korean immigrants.

Broadway–Flushing
Broadway–Flushing, also known as North Flushing, is a residential area with many large homes. The name refers to the area served by the "Broadway" station of the Long Island Rail Road. The Broadway station is located immediately east of the location where the LIRR's Port Washington Branch crosses Northern Boulevard, which when the station was opened in 1866 was called "Broadway". Part of this area has been designated a State and Federal historic district due to the elegant, park-like character of the neighborhood. Much of the area has been rezoned by the City of New York to preserve the low density, residential quality of the neighborhood. Broadway-Flushing is approximately bounded by 29th Avenue to the north, Northern Boulevard and Crocheron Avenue to the south, 155th Street to the west, and 172nd Streets to the east.

Linden Hill
Linden Hill is bound by 25th Avenue to Willets Point Boulevard to the north, 154th Street to the east, Northern Boulevard to the south and the Whitestone Expressway to the west.

Linden Hill was originally a rural estate owned by the Mitchell family. Ernest Mitchell owned an adjacent area to the west known as Breezy Hill and his father owned the area now called Linden Hill. The two areas are sometimes referred to as the Mitchell-Linden neighborhood. A major change in the rural nature of Linden Hill occurred in the early 1950s. Neisloss Brothers with architect Benjamin Braunstein envisioned a cooperative project to be set on Linden Hill and landfill on the adjacent swamp to the west which would provide middle-income housing to veterans of World War II and the Korean War. The construction was carried out under Section 213 of the Federal Housing Act of 1950 which provided mortgage insurance for non-subsidized projects. Gerace and Castagna with architects Samuel Paul and Seymour Jarmul subsequently developed the larger Linden Towers several years after this. Paul was additionally the architect of Embassy Arms. In total, 41 six-story buildings containing 3,146 apartments comprising the Linden Hill, Mitchell Gardens, Linden Towers, and Embassy Arms cooperatives were erected.

Once a primarily European-American neighborhood, Linden Hill is now a diverse mix of European-Americans, Asian-Americans and Latino-Americans. The Asian-American population has expanded markedly in the southern part of Linden Hill in the past decade (as it has throughout Flushing) and the Latino-American population has also grown noticeably. Conversely, the European-American population has lessened somewhat, though European-Americans still remain in great numbers north of Bayside Avenue, west of 149th Street.

Murray Hill
Murray Hill is bounded by 150th Street to the west and 160th Street to the east and straddles ZIP Codes 11354, 11355, and 11358. Traditionally the home of families of Irish and Italian immigrants, many Korean and Chinese immigrants have moved into Murray Hill in recent years. Murray Hill within Flushing is often confused with the larger Murray Hill neighborhood on the East Side of Manhattan. The Long Island Rail Road's Murray Hill and Broadway stations serve the area.

Before the area was developed for residential housing in 1889, Murray Hill was the location of several large nurseries owned by the King, Murray, and Parsons families. The Kingsland Homestead has been preserved as the home of the Queens Historical Society. The Voelker Orth Museum, Bird Sanctuary and Victorian Garden is also located in Murray Hill. Comic strip artist Richard F. Outcault, the creator of The Yellow Kid and Buster Brown, lived on 147th Street in Murray Hill.

Queensboro Hill
Queensboro Hill in southern Flushing is bordered to the west by College Point Boulevard, to the north by Kissena Park and Kissena Corridor Park, to the south by Reeves Avenue and the Long Island Expressway, and to the east by Kissena Boulevard. Queensboro Hill is a part of ZIP Codes 11355 and 11367 and contains the NewYork–Presbyterian/Queens hospital. One of the leading churches is the Queensboro Hill Community Church, a multi-racial congregation of the Reformed Church in America. Turtle Playground serves the residents of this section of Flushing. This area is often referred to as South Flushing.

Pomonok

Pomonok is a neighborhood in South Flushing. This large public housing development was built in 1949 on the former site of Pomonok Country Club. The name comes from an Algonquian word for eastern Long Island, and means either "land of tribute" or "land where there is travelling by water". In Pomonok, there is also Electchester, a cooperative housing complex at Jewel Avenue and Parsons Boulevard in Pomonok, which was established by Harry Van Arsdale, Jr. and Local 3 of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers in 1949, when Van Arsdale worked with the Joint Industry Board of the Electrical Industry to purchase 103 acre of the former Pomonok Country Club and build apartment buildings. 5,550 people live in about 2,500 units in 38 buildings, many of which are six-story brick structures. It is served by Public School 200, which is on land donated by Electchester. The union provided the majority of the mortgage. New York state offered tax abatements. Electchester was classified as a "limited dividend nonprofit", subject to state regulations. The first families paid $475 per room for equity shares, and carrying charges of $26 per month per room, on apartments ranging from three-and-a-half to five-and-a-half rooms.

Both housing complexes are patrolled by the N.Y.P.D.'s 107th Precinct. There is also an N.Y.P.D. P.S.A.-9 Housing Police Unit station located in the Pomonok Houses. Pomonok is part of Queens Community District 8.

Waldheim

The Waldheim neighborhood, an estate subdivision in Flushing constructed primarily between 1875 and 1925, is bound by Sanford and Franklin Avenues on the north, 45th Avenue on the south, Bowne Street on the west and Parsons Boulevard on the east. The area is immediately southeast of the downtown Flushing commercial core, and adjacent to Kissena Park. a small district of upscale "in-town" suburban architecture. Waldheim, German for "home in the woods", is known for its large homes of varying architectural styles and is laid out in an unusual street pattern.

Waldheim was the home of some of Flushing's wealthiest residents until the 1960s. Notable residents include the Helmann family of condiment fame, the Steinway piano-making family, as well as A. Douglas Nash, who managed a nearby Tiffany glass plant. Starting in the 1980s, homes in Waldheim were destroyed by the Korean American Presbyterian Church of Queens, one of the area's largest land owners. In 2008, the city rezoned the neighborhood to help preserve the low-density, residential character of the neighborhood. As with the Broadway neighborhood, preservationists have been unable to secure designation as an Historic District by the NYC Landmarks Preservation Commission, and, structures in Waldheim were still being torn down.

Houses of worship
Flushing is a religiously diverse community. Houses of worship in Flushing include the Dutch colonial epoch Quaker Meeting House, the historic Unitarian Universalist Congregation of Queens, St. Andrew Avellino Roman Catholic Church, St. George's Episcopal Church, the Free Synagogue of Flushing, the Congregation of Georgian Jews, St. Mel Roman Catholic Church, St. Michael's Catholic Church, St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Shrine Church, Holy Annunciation Russian Orthodox Church, St. John's Lutheran Church, Queensboro Hill Community Church, Hindu Temple Society of North America, and the Muslim Center of New York.

There are more than 200 houses of worship in Flushing.

In 1657, while Flushing was still a Dutch settlement, a document known as the Flushing Remonstrance was created by Edward Hart, the town clerk, where some thirty ordinary citizens protested a ban imposed by Peter Stuyvesant, the director general of New Amsterdam, forbidding the harboring of Quakers. The Remonstrants cited the Flushing Town charter of 1645, which promised liberty of conscience.

Landmarks, museums, and cultural institutions
Flushing has many registered New York City Landmarks, several of which are also located on the National Register of Historic Places. Several city landmarks are located on the Queens Historical Society's Freedom Mile. Flushing Town Hall on Northern Boulevard is the headquarters of the Flushing Council on Culture and the Arts, an affiliate of the Smithsonian Institution, and houses a concert hall and cultural center. Other landmarks include the Bowne House, Kingsland Homestead, the Weeping Beech, Old Quaker Meeting House, Flushing High School, St. George's Church, the Lewis H. Latimer House, and the lobby of the former RKO Keith's movie theater. The Flushing Armory, on Northern Boulevard, was formerly used by the National Guard.

There are several other landmarks in Flushing, but outside the Freedom Mile. These include the Protestant Reformed Dutch Church of Flushing, the Fitzgerald/Ginsberg Mansion, on Bayside Avenue and the Voelker Orth Museum, Bird Sanctuary and Victorian Garden. In addition, the Broadway-Flushing Historic District, Free Synagogue of Flushing, United States Post Office, and Main Street Subway Station (Dual System IRT) are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The Queens Botanical Garden is located on 39 acre between College Point Boulevard and Main Street. It has been in operation continuously since its opening as an exhibit at the 1939 New York World's Fair, and has been at its current location since 1963. The Botanical Garden carries on Flushing's horticultural tradition that dates back to the area's 18th-century tree nurseries and seed farms.

Parks
Public parks and playgrounds in Flushing are supervised by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation.

Flushing Meadows-Corona Park
Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, an 897 acre park, is the largest park in Queens. The site hosted two World's Fairs, in 1939–1940 and 1964–1965, and the park infrastructure reflects the construction undertaken for the Fairs. The northern part of the park contains Citi Field, home of the New York Mets of Major League Baseball; the field, opened in 2009, replaced the former Shea Stadium. To the south is the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center which is the home of the US Tennis Open.

Several attractions were originally developed for the World's Fairs in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park. One of the most prominent is the Unisphere, the iconic 12-story-high stainless steel globe that served as the centerpiece for the 1964 New York World's Fair, which was made a city landmark. Additionally, there is a stone marker for the two 5,000-year Westinghouse Time Capsules made of special alloys buried in the park, chronicling 20th-century life in the United States, dedicated both in 1938 and 1965. Also in the park are the Queens Museum of Art which features a scale model of the City of New York, the largest architectural model ever built; Queens Theatre in the Park; the New York Hall of Science; and the Queens Zoo. The New York State Pavilion was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.

Other parks

 * Kissena Park is a 234 acre park with a lake as a centerpiece.
 * Kissena Corridor Park is a 100 acre park which connects two separate corridors, adjoining Flushing Meadows–Corona Park to Kissena Park. It contains a baseball field and a playground called Rachel Carson Playground.
 * Bowne Park is an 11 acre park developed on the former estate of New York City Mayor Walter Bowne.
 * Flushing Fields is a 10 acre greenbelt that includes the home athletic field of Flushing High School.

Malls

 * Queens Crossing, at 39th Avenue and 136th Street, which opened in 2017.
 * New World Mall, at Roosevelt Avenue east of Main Street
 * One Fulton Square, at 39th Avenue and Prince Street, which opened in 2014.
 * The Shops at Skyview Center, at College Point Boulevard and Roosevelt Avenue, which opened in 2010. The mall also contains a condominium development atop it.
 * Flushing Commons, at 39th Avenue and Union Street, which opened its first phase in 2017. This is a multi-phase retail and housing development project.
 * Tangram, at 39th Avenue and 133rd Street. It is in development and set to house the first 4DX movie theater in Queens.

Police and crime
Flushing, College Point, and Whitestone are patrolled by the 109th Precinct of the NYPD, located at 37-05 Union Street. The 109th Precinct ranked 9th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010. , with a non-fatal assault rate of 17 per 100,000 people, Flushing and Whitestone's rate of violent crimes per capita is less than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 145 per 100,000 people is lower than that of the city as a whole.

The 109th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 83.7% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 6 murders, 30 rapes, 202 robberies, 219 felony assaults, 324 burglaries, 970 grand larcenies, and 126 grand larcenies auto in 2018.

Fire safety
Flushing contains the following New York City Fire Department (FDNY) fire stations:
 * Engine Company 273/Ladder Company 129 – 40-18 Union Street
 * Engine Company 274/Battalion 52 – 41-20 Murray Street
 * Engine Company 320/Ladder Company 167 – 36-18 Francis Lewis Boulevard

In addition, FDNY EMS Station 52 is located at 135-16 38th Avenue.

Health
, preterm births and births to teenage mothers are less common in Flushing and Whitestone than in other places citywide. In Flushing and Whitestone, there were 63 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 8 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide). Flushing and Whitestone have a higher than average population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 14%, slightly higher than the citywide rate of 12%.

The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in Flushing and Whitestone is 0.0073 mg/m3, less than the city average. Thirteen percent of Flushing and Whitestone residents are smokers, which is lower than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In Flushing and Whitestone, 13% of residents are obese, 8% are diabetic, and 22% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 22%, 8%, and 23% respectively. In addition, 15% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.

Ninety-five percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is higher than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 71% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", lower than the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket in Flushing and Whitestone, there are 6 bodegas.

The nearest major hospitals are NewYork–Presbyterian/Queens and Flushing Hospital Medical Center. NewYork–Presbyterian/Queens serves Flushing as well as surrounding communities with comprehensive medical care services. Numerous tertiary medical clinics also serve the residents of Flushing.

Post offices and ZIP Codes
Flushing is covered by multiple ZIP Codes. Downtown Flushing and western Murray Hill is covered by 11354; south Flushing, including Queensboro Hill and Waldheim, is included in 11355; and eastern Murray Hill and Broadway-Flushing fall within 11358. ZIP Codes 11356 and 11357, which are part of College Point and Whitestone respectively, also cover small parts of northern Flushing and Linden Hill. The United States Post Office operates three post offices nearby:
 * Flushing Station – 41-65 Main Street
 * Linden Hill Station – 29-50 Union Street
 * Station A – 40-03 164th Street

ZIP Codes prefixed with 113 are administered from a sectional center at the Flushing Post Office. The 113-prefixed area extends west to Elmhurst and Jackson Heights; southwest to Ridgewood; south to Forest Hills; southeast to Fresh Meadows; and east to Bayside and Little Neck.

Education
Flushing and Whitestone generally have a similar rate of college-educated residents to the rest of the city. While 37% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, 23% have less than a high school education and 40% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 39% of Queens residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher. The percentage of Flushing and Whitestone students excelling in math rose from 55% in 2000 to 78% in 2011, and reading achievement rose from 57% to 59% during the same time period.

Flushing and Whitestone's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is less than the rest of New York City. In Flushing and Whitestone, 9% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, lower than the citywide average of 20%. Additionally, 86% of high school students in Flushing and Whitestone graduate on time, more than the citywide average of 75%.

Public schools

Flushing's public schools are operated by the New York City Department of Education. Flushing contains the following public elementary schools, which serve grades PK-5 unless otherwise indicated:
 * PS 20 John Bowne
 * PS 21 Edward Hart
 * PS 22 Thomas Jefferson
 * PS 24 Andrew Jackson (grades K-5)
 * PS 32 State Street
 * PS 107 Thomas A. Dooley
 * PS 120
 * PS 163 Flushing Heights
 * PS 214 Cadwallader Colden
 * PS 242 Leonard P Stavisky Early Childhood School (grades PK-3)
 * PS 244 The Active Learning Elementary School (grades PK-3)

Public middle schools include:
 * IS 25 Adrien Block
 * JHS 185 Edward Bleeker
 * JHS 189 Daniel Carter Beard
 * IS 237 Rachel Carson
 * East-West School of International Studies (grades 6-12). Located in the same building as I.S. 237

The eight public high schools in Flushing are:
 * John Bowne High School
 * East-West School of International Studies (grades 6-12)
 * Robert F. Kennedy Community High School
 * Townsend Harris High School, a selective high school located on the Queens College campus, was once ranked by U.S. News & World Report as one of the best public high schools in the United States.
 * The Flushing International High School
 * Flushing High School, the oldest free public high school (1875) in what is now New York City. It is housed in a distinctive Gothic Revival building built between 1912 and 1915 and declared a NYC Landmark in 1991.
 * The Queens School of Inquiry
 * Queens Academy High School

Private schools
The private high schools include:
 * Archbishop Molloy High School
 * Holy Cross High School

On December 22, 1980, The Japanese School of New York moved from Jamaica Estates, Queens into Fresh Meadows, Queens, near Flushing. In 1991, the school moved to Yonkers in Westchester County, New York, before moving to Greenwich, Connecticut in 1992.

As a result of the high number of Chinese and Korean immigrants with (Confucius) educationally orientated outlooks, there is a large number of cram schools (Buxiban and hagwon) located not only in Flushing, but also following Northern Blvd. west into Nassau County.

Higher education

Queens College, founded in 1937, is a senior college of the City University of New York (CUNY), and is commonly misconstrued to be within Flushing neighborhood limits due to its Flushing mailing address. It is actually located in the nearby neighborhood of Kew Gardens Hills on Kissena Boulevard near the Long Island Expressway. The City University of New York School of Law was founded in 1983 adjacent to the Queens College campus, and was located at 65-21 Main Street in Kew Gardens Hills until 2012. It moved to Long Island City for the Fall 2012 Semester. The Law School operates Main Street Legal Services Corp., a legal services clinic.

Libraries

Flushing contained the first public library in Queens, founded in 1858. Today, Queens Public Library contains five libraries in Flushing.

The largest of the libraries is the Flushing branch, located at the intersection of Kissena Boulevard and Main Street in Flushing's central business district. It is the busiest branch of the Queens Public Library, the highest-circulation system in the United States. This library has an auditorium for public events. The current building, designed by Polshek Partnership Architects, is the third to be built on the site—the first was a Carnegie library, built through a gift of Andrew Carnegie.

The other branches are:
 * East Flushing – 196-36 Northern Boulevard
 * McGoldrick – 155-06 Roosevelt Avenue
 * Mitchell-Linden – 31-32 Union Street
 * Queensboro Hill – 60-05 Main Street

In addition, the Auburndale, Hillcrest, and Pomonok libraries carry Flushing addresses but are not located in Flushing proper.

Public transportation
The following MTA Regional Bus Operations bus routes serve Flushing:

 * Q12: to Little Neck via Sanford Avenue and Northern Boulevard
 * Q13: to Fort Totten via Northern Boulevard
 * Q15 and Q15A: to Beechhurst via 41st Avenue and 150th Street
 * Q16: to Fort Totten via Union Street and Bayside Avenue
 * Q17: to Jamaica via Kissena Boulevard
 * Q19: to Astoria via Northern Boulevard
 * Q20A/B: to Jamaica or College Point via Main Street and Union Street
 * Q25: to Sutphin Boulevard–Archer Avenue–JFK Airport or College Point via Kissena Boulevard, Main Street, and Linden Place
 * Q26: to Fresh Meadows via Parsons Boulevard and 46th Avenue
 * Q27: to Cambria Heights via Kissena Boulevard, Holly Avenue and 46th Avenue
 * Q28: to Bay Terrace via Northern Boulevard and Crocheron Avenue
 * Q34: to Sutphin Boulevard–Archer Avenue–JFK Airport or Linden Hill via Kissena Boulevard, Main Street, Linden Place, and 28th Avenue
 * Q44 SBS: to Jamaica or West Farms, Bronx via Main Street and Union Street
 * Q48: to LaGuardia Airport via Roosevelt Avenue
 * Q50: to Co-op City, Bronx via Linden Place and Whitestone Expressway
 * Q58: to Myrtle–Wyckoff Avenues via College Point Boulevard
 * Q65: to Sutphin Boulevard–Archer Avenue–JFK Airport via Bowne Street and 45th Avenue
 * Q66: to Queensboro Plaza via Northern Boulevard

The n20G Nassau Inter-County Express (NICE) bus route to Great Neck, which runs along Sanford Avenue and Northern Boulevard, terminates in Flushing. The n20x NICE bus route to Roslyn Clock Tower, which follows the n20G route that goes between Flushing and Great Neck, and the n20H that goes between Great Neck and Hicksville.

There is one New York City Subway station in Flushing, the Flushing–Main Street station at Main Street and Roosevelt Avenue, served by the. It is one of the busiest stations in the New York City Subway system.

The Long Island Rail Road's Port Washington Branch also serves Flushing via the following stations:
 * Mets–Willets Point
 * Flushing–Main Street
 * Murray Hill
 * Broadway

Roads
Major highways that serve the area include the Van Wyck Expressway and Whitestone Expressway (Interstate 678), Grand Central Parkway, and Long Island Expressway (Interstate 495). Northern Boulevard (part of New York State Route 25A) extends from the Queensboro Bridge in Long Island City through Flushing into Nassau County. The Roosevelt Avenue Bridge over Flushing Creek was the largest fixed trunnion bascule type in the world when opened in 1927. However, it was decommissioned as a moving bridge when marine navigation was eliminated in the late 1930s.

Political representation
The political stature of Flushing appears to be increasing significantly, with many Chinese from Flushing becoming New York City Council members. Taiwan-born John Liu, former New York City Council member representing District 20, which includes Flushing and other northern Queens neighborhoods, was elected New York City Comptroller in November 2009. In 2018, Liu defeated incumbent Tony Avella to become the first of two Asian Americans in the New York State Senate.

At the same time, Shanghai-born Peter Koo was elected to succeed Liu to assume this council membership seat. Additionally, in 2012 Flushing resident Grace Meng, a State Assembly Member, was elected to Congress as the first Asian-American member of the United States House of Representatives from the eastern United States.

In popular culture

 * The first series of Charmin toilet paper commercials featuring Mr. Whipple (Dick Wilson) were filmed in Flushing at the Trade Rite supermarket on Bowne Street and Roosevelt Avenue.
 * The rock band KISS first played at the Coventry Club on Queens Boulevard in 1973, and is said to have derived its name from Kissena Boulevard in Flushing.
 * Joel Fleischman, the fictional character from the 1990s comedic drama Northern Exposure, was said to have relocated from Flushing. Often, references were made to actual locations around Main Street, Flushing.
 * The eponymous celebration in Taiwanese director Ang Lee's 1993 comedy hit The Wedding Banquet takes place in Downtown Flushing's Sheraton LaGuardia East Hotel.
 * Fran Drescher's character Fran Fine on the TV show The Nanny, was said to have been raised in Flushing, where her family still lived. Drescher was born in Flushing Hospital.
 * Flushing was the location of the Stark Industries (later Stark International) munitions plant in Marvel Comics' original Iron Man series. In the movie Iron Man 2, the Stark Expo is located in Flushing.
 * On the Norman Lear-produced TV show All in the Family, in the episode when Edith Bunker was arrested for shoplifting, she mentions the names of a few long-gone stores that were in downtown Flushing. The Bunkers also mention having lived on Union Street in Flushing.
 * The main characters of The Black Stallion series resided in Flushing and many of Flushing's streets and landmarks in the 1940s were mentioned in the first book.
 * In the musical Hair, the character Claude Bukowski is from Flushing.
 * In The Simpsons episode "The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson", Homer, after having drunk a large quantity of crab juice and unable to find a restroom, sees a bus going to Flushing Meadows and imagines it to be a field full of toilets.
 * The 2014 novel Preparation for the Next Life by Atticus Lish takes place largely in Flushing and surrounding neighborhoods. The novel depicts the unlikely romance between an Iraq War veteran and a Uighur immigrant.
 * F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby alludes to Flushing: "About half way between West Egg (Great Neck) and New York, the motor road hastily joins the railroad and runs beside it for a quarter of a mile."

Notable people

 * Judd Apatow (born 1967), stand-up comedian, director, producer, actor, screenwriter
 * Annet Artani (born 1976), singer-songwriter and international pop star
 * Yak Ballz, rapper, born Yashar Zadeh
 * Daniel Carter Beard (1850-1941), founder of the Boy Scouts of America
 * Jerry Beck (born 1955), animation historian
 * Michael Bellusci, musician
 * Black Sheep, rap group
 * James A. Bland (1854-1911), singer and composer
 * Arthur Blank (born 1942), co-founder of The Home Depot and the owner of the Atlanta Falcons and Atlanta United
 * Joe Bolton (1910-1986), host of the WPIX show "Clubhouse Gang" and "The Three Stooges Funhouse" as Officer Joe Bolton
 * Action Bronson (born 1983), rapper
 * Godfrey Cambridge (1933-1976), comedian and actor
 * Margaret I. Carman (1890-1976), teacher who taught for 44 years at Flushing High School
 * Cadwallader Colden (1688-1776), Lieutenant Governor and acting Governor for the Province of New York. Estate was at Springhill, now the location of Mount Hebron Cemetery.
 * Glenn Consor, American-Israeli NBA and NCAA basketball analyst, who played collegiate and pro basketball.
 * Joseph Cornell (1903-1972), artist
 * Manuel De Peppe, actor, singer, musician, arranger, music producer, songwriter
 * Harris Doran (born 1978), writer, director, actor, producer
 * Fran Drescher (born 1957), actress, author, politician/humanitarian, cancer survivor, activist (known for The Nanny as Fran Fine)
 * Thomas Duane (born 1955), first openly gay member of the New York State Senate
 * Jimmy Durante (1893-1980), singer, pianist, comedian and actor
 * Jon Favreau (born 1966), actor/producer/director
 * F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896–1940), novelist who lived at 29-34 146th Street
 * Franky G (born 1965), actor
 * Mic Geronimo (born 1973), rapper
 * Nancy Gertner, federal court judge
 * Charles Dana Gibson (1867-1944), illustrator
 * Eugene Glazer (born 1939), American Olympic fencer
 * Mary Gordon (born 1949), writer
 * Al Greenwood (born 1951), former keyboardist of Foreigner
 * Marvin Hamlisch (1944–2012), composer
 * Han Hee-jun (born 1989), American Idol contestant
 * Mark Hurd (1957–2019), former CEO of Hewlett-Packard and former CEO of Oracle Corp
 * Dan Ingram (1934–2018), retired radio disc jockey
 * Sarah Jones, Tony Award-winning stage actress and poet
 * Marilyn Kagan (born 1951), actress and psychotherapist
 * Steve Karsay, baseball player
 * Keith and The Girl, podcasters
 * Kevin "Flushing Flash" Kelley, boxer
 * Clarence King, explorer and geologist
 * Yul Kwon, television personality and winner of Survivor: Cook Islands
 * Cathy Ladman, stand-up comedian, actress, writer (grew up in Little Neck)
 * Large Professor, hip-hop producer
 * Gene Larkin, Major League Baseball player
 * Lewis Latimer, inventor
 * Martin Lawrence, actor and comedian
 * Sandra Lee, "Dr Pimple Popper", TV and YouTube reality host
 * Paul Martin Lester, author and educator
 * Ken Levine, Creator of Bioshock Series, CEO of Irrational Games
 * Reggie Lucas (1953–2018), musician, songwriter and record producer
 * Gene Mayer, tennis player
 * Sandy Mayer, tennis player
 * Nettie Mayersohn, New York Assemblywoman from 1983 to 2011
 * Charles Momsen, vice admiral who organized rescue of USS Squalus
 * Robert Moog (1934-2005), inventor of the Moog synthesizer
 * Rick Moonen, executive chef of RM Seafood and R Bar Café at Mandalay Bay
 * Lewis Mumford (1895-1990), architecture critic and historian
 * Tito Muñoz (born 1983), conductor and is Music Director of the Phoenix Symphony
 * Richard Outcault, creator of Buster Brown, The Yellow Kid, and Hogan's Alley
 * Jason Patric (Jason Miller, Jr.), (born 1966), film, television and stage actor.
 * Samuel Parsons (1844-1923), landscape architect
 * Amy Ryan (born 1968), actress
 * Nancy Reagan (1921-2016), actress and former First Lady
 * Richard Riordan (born 1930), Los Angeles mayor
 * Peter Rosenthal, mathematician and lawyer
 * Royal Flush, rapper
 * Martin Scorsese, Oscar winning movie director
 * David Schwimmer, actor, comedian, director and producer
 * John Seery, artist
 * Kasey Smith, Danger Danger keyboardist
 * Paul Stanley, member of the band KISS
 * Beau Starr, actor
 * Mike Starr, actor
 * Henry E. Steinway (1797-1871), founder of Steinway & Sons piano company
 * Jeannie Suk, professor of law / Harvard Law School
 * Himanshu Suri, musician
 * Tobias Truvillion, actor
 * Bill Viola, video artist
 * Tommy Victor, rock singer, guitarist, songwriter
 * John Vinocur, journalist
 * Harvey (born 1952) and Bob Weinstein (born 1954), founders of Miramax and the Weinstein Company
 * Suzanne Weyn, children's author
 * John Williams (born 1932), Academy Award-winning film composer
 * Susan Wu Rathbone (1921–2019), a community leader in New York City, founder and head of the Chinese Immigrants Service and the Queens Chinese Women's Association
 * Najibullah Zazi (born 1985), convicted al-Qaeda member

title: Flushing, Queens


text:
Nervous tissue

Nervous tissue, also called neural tissue, is the main tissue component of the nervous system. The nervous system regulates and controls body functions and activity. It consists of two parts: the central nervous system (CNS) comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) comprising the branching peripheral nerves. It is composed of neurons, also known as nerve cells, which receive and transmit impulses, and neuroglia, also known as glial cells or glia, which assist the propagation of the nerve impulse as well as provide nutrients to the neurons.

Nervous tissue is made up of different types of neurons, all of which have an axon. An axon is the long stem-like part of the cell that sends action potentials to the next cell. Bundles of axons make up the nerves in the PNS and tracts in the CNS.

Functions of the nervous system are sensory input, integration, control of muscles and glands, homeostasis, and mental activity.

Structure
Nervous tissue is composed of neurons, also called nerve cells, and neuroglial cells. Four types of neuroglia found in the CNS are astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes. Two types of neuroglia found in the PNS are satellite glial cells and Schwann cells. In the central nervous system (CNS), the tissue types found are grey matter and white matter. The tissue is categorized by its neuronal and neuroglial components.

Components
Neurons are cells with specialized features that allow them to receive and facilitate nerve impulses, or action potentials, across their membrane to the next neuron. They possess a large cell body (soma), with cell projections called dendrites and an axon. Dendrites are thin, branching projections that receive electrochemical signaling (neurotransmitters) to create a change in voltage in the cell. Axons are long projections that carry the action potential away from the cell body toward the next neuron. The bulb-like end of the axon, called the axon terminal, is separated from the dendrite of the following neuron by a small gap called a synaptic cleft. When the action potential travels to the axon terminal, neurotransmitters are released across the synapse and bind to the post-synaptic receptors, continuing the nerve impulse.

Neurons are classified both functionally and structurally.

Functional classification:
 * Sensory neurons (afferent): Relay sensory information in the form of an action potential (nerve impulse) from the PNS to the CNS
 * Motor neurons (efferent): Relay an action potential out of the CNS to the proper effector (muscles, glands)
 * Interneurons: Cells that form connections between neurons and whose processes are limited to a single local area in the brain or spinal cord

Structural classification: Neuroglia encompasses the non-neural cells in nervous tissue that provide various crucial supportive functions for neurons. They are smaller than neurons, and vary in structure according to their function.
 * Multipolar neurons: Have 3 or more processes coming off the soma (cell body). They are the major neuron type in the CNS and include interneurons and motor neurons.
 * Bipolar neurons: Sensory neurons that have two processes coming off the soma, one dendrite and one axon
 * Pseudounipolar neurons: Sensory neurons that have one process that splits into two branches, forming the axon and dendrite
 * Unipolar brush cells: Are excitatory glutamatergic interneurons that have a single short dendrite terminating in a brush-like tuft of dendrioles. These are found in the granular layer of the cerebellum.

Neuroglial cells are classified as follows:
 * Microglial cells: Microglia are macrophage cells that make up the primary immune system for the CNS. They are the smallest neuroglial cell.
 * Astrocytes: Star-shaped macroglial cells with many processes found in the CNS. They are the most abundant cell type in the brain, and are intrinsic to a healthy CNS.
 * Oligodendrocytes: CNS cells with very few processes. They form myelin sheaths on the axons of a neuron, which are lipid-based insulation that increases the speed at which the action potential, can travel down the axon.
 * NG2 glia: CNS cells that are distinct from astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia, and serve as the developmental precursors of oligodendrocytes
 * Schwann cells: The PNS equivalent of oligodendrocytes, they help maintain axons and form myelin sheaths in the PNS.
 * Satellite glial cell: Line the surface of neuron cell bodies in ganglia (groups of nerve body cells bundled or connected together in the PNS)
 * Enteric glia: Found in the enteric nervous system, within the gastrointestinal tract.

Classification of tissue
In the central nervous system:
 * Grey matter is composed of cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, protoplasmic astrocytes (astrocyte subtype), satellite oligodendrocytes (non-myelinating oligodendrocyte subtype), microglia, and very few myelinated axons.
 * White matter is composed of myelinated axons, fibrous astrocytes, myelinating oligodendrocytes, and microglia.

In the peripheral nervous system: The three layers of connective tissue surrounding each nerve are:
 * Ganglion tissue is composed of cell bodies, dendrites, and satellite glial cells.
 * Nerves are composed of myelinated and unmyelinated axons, Schwann cells surrounded by connective tissue.
 * Endoneurium. Each nerve axon, or fiber is surrounded by the endoneurium, which is also called the endoneurial tube, channel or sheath. This is a thin, delicate, protective layer of connective tissue.
 * Perineurium. Each nerve fascicle containing one or more axons, is enclosed by the perineurium, a connective tissue having a lamellar arrangement in seven or eight concentric layers. This plays a very important role in the protection and support of the nerve fibers and also serves to prevent the passage of large molecules from the epineurium into a fascicle.
 * Epineurium. The epineurium is the outermost layer of dense connective tissue enclosing the (peripheral) nerve.

Function
The function of nervous tissue is to form the communication network of the nervous system by conducting electric signals across tissue. In the CNS, grey matter, which contains the synapses, is important for information processing. White matter, containing myelinated axons, connects and facilitates nerve impulse between grey matter areas in the CNS. In the PNS, the ganglion tissue, containing the cell bodies and dendrites, contain relay points for nerve tissue impulses. The nerve tissue, containing myelinated axons bundles, carry action potential nerve impulses.

Tumours
Neoplasms (tumours) in nervous tissue include:

 * Gliomas (glial cell tumors)
 * Oligoastrocytoma, Choroid plexus papilloma, Ependymoma, Astrocytoma (Pilocytic astrocytoma, Glioblastoma multiforme), Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour, Oligodendroglioma, Medulloblastoma, Primitive neuroectodermal tumor

 * Neuroepitheliomatous tumors
 * Ganglioneuroma, Neuroblastoma, Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor, Retinoblastoma, Esthesioneuroblastoma

 * Nerve sheath tumors
 * Neurofibroma (Neurofibrosarcoma, Neurofibromatosis), Schwannoma, Neurinoma, Acoustic neuroma, Neuroma

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nervous tissue


text:
Clark Terry

Clark Virgil Terry Jr. (December 14, 1920 – February 21, 2015) was an American swing and bebop trumpeter, a pioneer of the flugelhorn in jazz, and a composer and educator.

He played with Charlie Barnet (1947), Count Basie (1948–51), Duke Ellington (1951–59), Quincy Jones (1960), and Oscar Peterson (1964–96). He was with The Tonight Show Band on The Tonight Show from 1962 to 1972. His career in jazz spanned more than 70 years, during which he became one of the most recorded jazz musicians, appearing on over 900 recordings. Terry also mentored Quincy Jones, Miles Davis, Herbie Hancock, Wynton Marsalis, Pat Metheny, Dianne Reeves, and Terri Lyne Carrington.

Early life
Terry was born to Clark Virgil Terry Sr. and Mary Terry in St. Louis, Missouri, on December 14, 1920. He attended Vashon High School and began his professional career in the early 1940s, playing in local clubs. He served as a bandsman in the United States Navy during World War II. His first instrument was valve trombone.

Big band era
Blending the St. Louis tone with contemporary styles, Terry's years with Basie and Ellington (who secretly recruited Terry away from Basie) in the late 1940s and 1950s established his prominence. During his period with Ellington, he took part in many of the composer's suites and acquired a reputation for his wide range of styles (from swing to hard bop), technical proficiency, and good humor. Terry influenced musicians including Miles Davis and Quincy Jones, both of whom acknowledged Terry's influence during the early stages of their careers. Terry had informally taught Davis while they were still in St Louis, and Jones during Terry's frequent visits to Seattle with the Count Basie Sextet.

After leaving Ellington in 1959, Clark's international recognition soared when he accepted an offer from the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) to become a staff musician. He appeared for ten years on The Tonight Show as a member of the Tonight Show Band until 1972, first led by Skitch Henderson and later by Doc Severinsen, where his unique "mumbling" scat singing led to a hit with "Mumbles". Terry was the first African American to become a regular in a band on a major US television network. He said later: "We had to be models, because I knew we were in a test.... We couldn't have a speck on our trousers. We couldn't have a wrinkle in the clothes. We couldn't have a dirty shirt."

Clark has many relationships in the music world and they all speak highly of him. One of those relationships was Quincy Jones, who wrote the preface to Terry's autobiography. Jones led a band for the musical Free and Easy in 1959, and Terry left Duke Ellington Orchestra to join them in Belgium.

Terry continued to play with musicians such as trombonist J. J. Johnson and pianist Oscar Peterson, and led a group with valve-trombonist Bob Brookmeyer that achieved some success in the early 1960s. In February 1965, Brookmeyer and Terry appeared on BBC2's Jazz 625. and in 1967, presented by Norman Granz, he was recorded at Poplar Town Hall, in the BBC series Jazz at the Philharmonic, alongside James Moody, Dizzy Gillespie, Coleman Hawkins, Benny Carter, Teddy Wilson, Bob Cranshaw, Louie Bellson and T-Bone Walker.

In the 1970s, Terry concentrated increasingly on the flugelhorn, which he played with a full, ringing tone. In addition to his studio work and teaching at jazz workshops, Terry toured regularly in the 1980s with small groups (including Peterson's) and performed as the leader of his Big B-A-D Band (formed about 1970). After financial difficulties forced him to break up the Big B-A-D Band, he performed with bands such as the Unifour Jazz Ensemble. His humor and command of jazz trumpet styles are apparent in his "dialogues" with himself, on different instruments or on the same instrument, muted and unmuted.

Later career
From the 1970s through the 1990s, Terry performed at Carnegie Hall, Town Hall, and Lincoln Center, toured with the Newport Jazz All Stars and Jazz at the Philharmonic, and was featured with Skitch Henderson's New York Pops Orchestra. In 1998, Terry recorded George Gershwin's "Let's Call the Whole Thing Off" for the Red Hot Organization's compilation album Red Hot + Rhapsody, a tribute to George Gershwin, which raised money for various charities devoted to increasing AIDS awareness and fighting the disease.

In November 1980, he was a headliner along with Anita O'Day, Lionel Hampton and Ramsey Lewis during the opening two-week ceremony performances celebrating the short-lived resurgence of the Blue Note Lounge at the Marriott O'Hare Hotel near Chicago.

Prompted early in his career by Billy Taylor, Clark and Milt Hinton bought instruments for and gave instruction to young hopefuls, which planted the seed that became Jazz Mobile in Harlem. This venture tugged at Terry's greatest love: involving youth in the perpetuation of jazz. From 2000 onwards, he hosted Clark Terry Jazz Festivals on land and sea, held his own jazz camps, and appeared in more than fifty jazz festivals on six continents. Terry composed more than two hundred jazz songs and performed for eight U.S. Presidents.

He also had several recordings with major groups including the London Symphony Orchestra, the Dutch Metropole Orchestra, and the Chicago Jazz Orchestra, hundreds of high school and college ensembles, his own duos, trios, quartets, quintets, sextets, octets, and two big bands: Clark Terry's Big Bad Band and Clark Terry's Young Titans of Jazz.

In February 2004, Terry guest starred as himself, on Little Bill, a children's television series. Terry was a resident of Bayside, Queens, and Corona, Queens, New York, later moving to Haworth, New Jersey, and then Pine Bluff, Arkansas.

His autobiography was published in 2011. Taylor Ho Bynum wrote in The New Yorker that it "captures his gift for storytelling and his wry humor, especially in chronicling his early years on the road, with struggles through segregation and gigs in juke joints and carnivals, all while developing one of most distinctive improvisational voices in music history."

The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings notes that Terry appears on more of its listed recordings than any other artist. According to his own website Terry was "one of the most recorded jazz artists in history and had performed for eight American Presidents." He was adept in the challenging technique of circular breathing, by which an instrumentalist can play for extended periods without stopping for breath, and in 1976 he published his Clark Terry's System of Circular Breathing for Woodwind and Brass Instruments.

In April 2014, the documentary Keep on Keepin' On, followed Terry over four years, to document his mentorship of the 23-year-old blind piano prodigy Justin Kauflin, as Kauflin  prepared to compete in an elite, international competition.

In December 2014 the Jazz at Lincoln Center Orchestra with Wynton Marsalis and Cécile McLorin Salvant visited Terry, who had celebrated his 94th birthday on December 14, at the Jefferson Regional Medical Center. A lively rendition of "Happy Birthday" was played.

Death and tributes
On February 13, 2015, it was announced that Terry had entered hospice care to manage his advanced diabetes. He died on February 21, 2015.

Writing in The New York Times, Peter Keepnews said Terry "was acclaimed for his impeccable musicianship, loved for his playful spirit and respected for his adaptability. Although his sound on both trumpet and the rounder-toned flugelhorn (which he helped popularize as a jazz instrument) was highly personal and easily identifiable, he managed to fit it snugly into a wide range of musical contexts."

Writing in UK's The Daily Telegraph, Martin Chilton said: "Terry was a music educator and had a deep and lasting influence on the course of jazz. Terry became a mentor to generations of jazz players, including Miles Davis, Wynton Marsalis and composer-arranger Quincy Jones."

Interviewing Terry in 2005, fellow jazz trumpeter Scotty Barnhart said he was "... one of the most incredibly versatile musicians to ever live ... a jazz trumpet master that played with the greatest names in the history of the music ..."

Southeast Missouri State University hosts the Clark Terry/Phi Mu Alpha Jazz Festival, an annual tribute to the musician. The festival began in 1998, and has grown in size every year. The festival showcases outstanding student musicians and guest artists at the university's River Campus.

The University of New Hampshire hosts the Clark Terry Jazz Festival every year; it showcases middle- and high-school jazz musicians from all over New England.

Awards and honors
Over 250 awards, medals and honors, including:
 * Induction into the Jazz at Lincoln Center Nesuhi Ertegun Jazz Hall of Fame (2013)
 * The 2010 Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, two Grammy certificates, three Grammy nominations
 * Induction into the Down Beat Jazz Hall of Fame
 * The National Endowment for the Arts Jazz Master Award (1991)
 * In 1988 an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music.
 * Sixteen honorary doctorates
 * Keys to several cities
 * Jazz Ambassador for U.S. State Department tours in the Middle East and Africa
 * A knighthood in Germany
 * Charles E. Lutton Man of Music Award, presented by Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia fraternity in (1985). Terry was awarded honorary membership in the Fraternity by the Beta Zeta Chapter at the College of Emporia (1968).
 * An honorary member of the Iota Phi chapter of Kappa Kappa Psi, National Honorary Band Fraternity (2011), at the University of New Hampshire.
 * The French Order of Arts and Letters (2000)
 * A life-sized wax figure for the Black World History Museum in St. Louis
 * Inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame (1996)
 * NARAS Present's Merit Award (2005)
 * Trumpeter of the Year by the Jazz Journalists Association (2005)

As leader/co-leader

 * Clark Terry (EmArcy, 1955)
 * The Jazz School with Joe Gordon, Paul Gonsalves (Wing, 1955)
 * Serenade to a Bus Seat (Riverside, 1957)
 * Duke with a Difference (Riverside, 1957)
 * Out on a Limb with Clark Terry (Argo, 1958) – recorded in 1957
 * In Orbit with Thelonious Monk (Riverside, 1958)
 * Top and Bottom Brass (Riverside, 1959)
 * Everything's Mellow (Prestige/Moodsville, 1961)
 * Color Changes (Candid, 1961) – recorded in 1960
 * Clark Terry Plays the Jazz Version of All American (Moodsville, 1962)
 * Back in Bean's Bag (Columbia, 1963) – recorded in 1962
 * Tread Ye Lightly (Cameo, 1964)
 * What Makes Sammy Swing (20th Century Fox, 1964)
 * The Happy Horns of Clark Terry (Impulse!, 1964)
 * The Power of Positive Swinging with Bob Brookmeyer (Mainstream, 1965)
 * Tonight with Bob Brookmeyer (Mainstream, 1965) – recorded in 1964
 * Gingerbread Men with Bob Brookmeyer (Mainstream, 1966)
 * Mumbles (Mainstream, 1966)
 * Spanish Rice with Chico O'Farrill (Impulse!, 1966)
 * It's What's Happenin' (Impulse!, 1967)
 * Soul Duo with Shirley Scott (Impulse!, 1967)
 * At the Montreux Jazz Festival (Polydor, 1970) – recorded in 1969
 * In Concert: Live (Etoile, 1973)
 * Previously Unreleased Recordings with Bob Brookmeyer (Verve, 1974)
 * Clark Terry's Big B-A-D Band Live at the Wichita Jazz Festival (Vanguard, 1975)
 * Oscar Peterson and Clark Terry with Oscar Peterson (Pablo, 1975)
 * Wham/Live at the Jazz House (MPS, 1976)
 * Professor Jive (Inner City, 1976)
 * The Globetrotter (Vanguard, 1977)
 * Clark After Dark: The Ballad Artistry of Clark Terry (MPS, 1978)
 * Ain't Misbehavin' (Pablo, 1979)
 * Mother———! Mother———!! with Zoot Sims (Pablo, 1980) – recorded in 1979
 * Memories of Duke (Pablo, 1980)
 * Yes, the Blues (Pablo, 1981)
 * To Duke and Basie (Enja, 1986)
 * Live 1964 (Emerald, 1987) – live recorded in 1964
 * Portraits (Chesky, 1989)
 * Squeeze Me (Chiaroscuro, 1989)
 * Having Fun (Delos, 1990)
 * Live at the Village Gate (Chesky, 1991)
 * Music in the Garden (Jazz Heritage, 1993)
 * What a Wonderful World (Red Baron, 1993)
 * Marian McPartland's Piano Jazz with Guest Clark Terry (Jazz Alliance, 1994)
 * Mellow Moods (Prestige, 1994)
 * Big Band Basie with Frank Wess (Reference, 1995)
 * The Second Set: Recorded Live at the Village Gate (Chesky, 1995)
 * Clark Terry with Peewee Claybrook and Swing Fever (D'Note, 1995)
 * Live in Chicago Vol. 1 (Monad, 1995)
 * Live in Chicago Vol. 2 (Monad, 1995)
 * Top and Bottom (Chiaroscuro, 1995)
 * Clark Terry Express (Reference, 1996)
 * The Songs Ella and Louis Sang with Carol Sloane (Concord Jazz, 1997)
 * One on One (Chesky, 2000)
 * The Hymn (Candid, 2001) – live recorded in 1993
 * Live in Concert (Image, 2001)
 * Friendship with Max Roach (Columbia, 2002)
 * Live on QE2 (Chiaroscuro, 2002)
 * George Gershwin's Porgy and Bess (Americana, 2004)
 * Live at Marihans (Chiaroscuro, 2005)
 * Louie and Clark Expedition 2 with Louie Bellson (Percussion Power, 2008)
 * Carnegie Blues: The Music of Duke Ellington (Squatty Roo, 2015)

As sideman
With Gene Ammons
 * 1961-62: Soul Summit Vol. 2 (Prestige, 1962)
 * 1961-62: Late Hour Special (Prestige, 1964)
 * 1960-62: Velvet Soul (Prestige, 1964)

With Dave Bailey
 * One Foot in the Gutter (Epic, 1960)
 * Gettin' Into Somethin' (Epic, 1961) – recorded in 1960

With Ray Bryant
 * Gotta Travel On (Cadet, 1966)
 * Lonesome Traveler (Cadet, 1966)

With Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis
 * Trane Whistle (Prestige, 1960)
 * Afro-Jaws (Riverside, 1961) – recorded in 1960

With Duke Ellington
 * Ellington Uptown (Columbia, 1952) – recorded in 1947-51
 * Premiered by Ellington (Capitol, 1953)
 * Dance to the Duke! (Capitol, 1954) – recorded in 1953-54
 * Ellington '55 (Capitol, 1955) – recorded in 1953-54
 * Ellington Showcase (Capitol, 1955) – recorded in 1953-55
 * Blue Rose (Columbia, 1956)
 * A Drum Is a Woman (Columbia, 1956)
 * Ellington at Newport (Columbia, 1956)
 * Such Sweet Thunder (Columbia, 1957)
 * Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Song Book (Verve, 1957)
 * All Star Road Band (Doctor Jazz, 1983) – recorded in 1957
 * Ellington Indigos (Columbia, 1958) – recorded in 1957
 * Black, Brown and Beige (Columbia, 1958)
 * Duke Ellington at the Bal Masque (Columbia, 1958)
 * The Cosmic Scene (Columbia, 1958)
 * Festival Session (Columbia, 1959)
 * The Ellington Suites (Columbia, 1976) – recorded in 1959-72
 * Blues in Orbit (Columbia, 1960) – recorded in 1958-59
 * The Greatest Jazz Concert in the World (Columbia, 1975) – recorded in 1967

With Stan Getz
 * Big Band Bossa Nova (Verve, 1962)
 * Stan Getz Plays Music from the Soundtrack of Mickey One (MGM, 1965)

With Dizzy Gillespie
 * Gillespiana (Verve, 1960)
 * Carnegie Hall Concert (Verve, 1961)
 * The Trumpet Kings Meet Joe Turner (Pablo, 1974)
 * The Trumpet Summit Meets the Oscar Peterson Big 4 (Pablo, 1980)

With Johnny Griffin
 * The Big Soul-Band (Riverside, 1960)
 * White Gardenia (Riverside, 1961)

With Johnny Hodges
 * Creamy (Norgran, 1955)
 * Ellingtonia '56 (Norgran, 1956)
 * Duke's in Bed (Verve, 1956)
 * The Big Sound (Verve, 1957)

With Milt Jackson
 * Big Bags (Riverside, 1962)
 * For Someone I Love (Riverside, 1963)
 * Ray Brown / Milt Jackson with Ray Brown (Verve, 1965)

With J. J. Johnson
 * J.J.! (RCA Victor, 1964)
 * Goodies (RCA Victor, 1965)
 * Concepts in Blue (Pablo Today, 1981) – recorded in 1980

With Quincy Jones
 * The Birth of a Band! (Mercury, 1959)
 * I Dig Dancers (Mercury, 1961) – recorded in 1960
 * The Quintessence (Impulse! 1962) – recorded in 1961
 * Big Band Bossa Nova (Mercury, 1962)
 * Quincy Jones Plays Hip Hits (Mercury, 1963) – recorded in 1962–63
 * Quincy Jones Explores the Music of Henry Mancini (Mercury, 1964)
 * Quincy Plays for Pussycats (Mercury, 1965) – recorded in 1959–65
 * The Hot Rock OST (Prophesy, 1972) – recorded in 1971

With Mundell Lowe
 * Themes from Mr. Lucky, The Untouchables and Other TV Action Jazz (RCA Camden, 1960)
 * Satan in High Heels (soundtrack) (Charlie Parker, 1961)

With Herbie Mann
 * Latin Fever (Atlantic, 1964) – recorded in 1962-64
 * My Kinda Groove (Atlantic, 1965) – recorded in 1964
 * Our Mann Flute (Atlantic, 1966)
 * The Beat Goes On (Atlantic, 1967)
 * The Herbie Mann String Album (Atlantic, 1967)

With Gary McFarland
 * The Jazz Version of "How to Succeed in Business without Really Trying" (Verve, 1962) – recorded in 1961
 * Tijuana Jazz (Impulse!, 1965)

With Charles Mingus
 * Mingus Revisited/ (Mercury/Limelight, 1961) – recorded in 1960
 * The Complete Town Hall Concert (Blue Note, 1994) – recorded in 1962

With Blue Mitchell
 * Smooth as the Wind (Riverside, 1961) – recorded in 1960-61
 * A Sure Thing (Riverside, 1962)

With Gerry Mulligan
 * Gerry Mulligan and the Concert Jazz Band at the Village Vanguard (Verve, 1961) – recorded in 1960
 * Gerry Mulligan '63 (Verve, 1963) – recorded in 1962

With Oliver Nelson
 * Impressions of Phaedra (United Artists, 1962)
 * Full Nelson (Verve, 1963) – recorded in 1962-63
 * Oliver Nelson Plays Michelle (Impulse!, 1966)
 * Happenings (Impulse!, 1966)
 * Encyclopedia of Jazz (Verve, 1967) – recorded in 1965-66
 * The Spirit of '67 (Impulse!, 1967)
 * The Sound of Feeling (Verve, 1968) – recorded in 1966-67

With Oscar Peterson
 * Oscar Peterson Trio + One (Verve, 1964)
 * Oscar Peterson and the Trumpet Kings – Jousts (Pablo, 1975) – recorded in 1974-75
 * The Trumpet Summit Meets the Oscar Peterson Big 4 (Pablo, 1980)
 * Jazz at the Philharmonic – Yoyogi National Stadium, Tokyo 1983: Return to Happiness (Pablo, 1983)

With Dave Pike
 * Bossa Nova Carnival (New Jazz, 1962)
 * Jazz for the Jet Set (Atlantic, 1966) – recorded in 1965

With Lalo Schifrin
 * New Fantasy (Verve, 1964)
 * Once a Thief and Other Themes (Verve, 1965)

With Sonny Stitt
 * The Matadors Meet the Bull (Roulette, 1965)
 * I Keep Comin' Back! (Roulette, 1966)

With Billy Taylor
 * Taylor Made Jazz (Argo, 1959) – recorded in 1957
 * Kwamina (Mercury, 1961)

With Cal Tjader
 * Several Shades of Jade (Verve, 1963)
 * Live at the Monterey Jazz Festival 1958–1980 (Concord, 2008)

With others
 * Ernestine Anderson, My Kinda Swing (Mercury, 1961) – recorded in 1960
 * George Barnes, Guitars Galore (Mercury, 1961)
 * Joe Cain (arranger), ''Latin Au Go Go (Mainstream, 1965)
 * George Benson, Goodies (Verve, 1968)
 * Willie Bobo, Bobo's Beat (Roulette, 1963) – recorded in 1962
 * Bob Brookmeyer, Gloomy Sunday and Other Bright Moments (Verve, 1961)
 * Clifford Brown, Jam Session (EmArcy, 1954)
 * Ruth Brown, Ruth Brown '65 (Mainstream, 1965)
 * Kenny Burrell, Lotsa Bossa Nova (Kapp, 1963)
 * Gary Burton, Who Is Gary Burton? (RCA, 1962)
 * Charlie Byrd, Byrd at the Gate (Riverside, 1963)
 * Al Caiola, Cleopatra and All That Jazz (United Artists, 1963)
 * Al Cohn, Son of Drum Suite (RCA Victor, 1960)
 * Tadd Dameron, The Magic Touch (1962)
 * Dorothy Donegan, Live at the Floating Jazz Festival (Chiaroscuro, 1992)
 * Art Farmer, Listen to Art Farmer and the Orchestra (Mercury, 1962)
 * Ella Fitzgerald, Ella Abraça Jobim (Pablo, 1981)
 * Paul Gonsalves, Cookin'  (Argo, 1957)
 * Bunky Green, Transformations (Vanguard, 1977)
 * Dave Grusin, Homage to Duke (1993)
 * Chico Hamilton, The Further Adventures of El Chico (Impulse!, 1966)
 * Jimmy Hamilton, It's About Time (Swingville, 1961)
 * Lionel Hampton, You Better Know It!!! (Impulse!, 1965)
 * Jimmy Heath, Really Big! (Riverside, 1960)
 * John Hicks, Friends Old and New (Novus, 1992)
 * Milt Hinton, Old Man Time (Chiaroscuro, 2002)
 * Kenyon Hopkins, The Yellow Canary (Verve, 1960)
 * Budd Johnson, Budd Johnson and the Four Brass Giants (Riverside, 1960)
 * Elvin Jones, Summit Meeting (Vanguard, 1977) – recorded in 1976
 * Sam Jones, Down Home (Riverside, 1962)
 * Lambert, Hendricks & Bavan, At Newport '63 (RCA, 1963)
 * Yusef Lateef, The Centaur and the Phoenix (Riverside, 1960)
 * Michel Legrand, Michel Legrand Plays Richard Rodgers (Philips, 1962)
 * Abbey Lincoln, The World Is Falling Down (Polydor/Verve, 1990)
 * Junior Mance, The Soul of Hollywood (Jazzland, 1962)
 * Jay McShann, Some Blues (Chiaroscuro, 1993)
 * Modern Jazz Quartet, Jazz Dialogue (Atlantic, 1965)
 * Mark Murphy, That's How I Love the Blues! (Riverside, 1962)
 * Chico O'Farrill, Nine Flags (Impulse!, 1966)
 * Oscar Pettiford, Basically Duke (Bethlehem, 1954)
 * Flip Phillips, The Claw (Chiaroscuro, 1986)
 * Hugh Ragin, Fanfare & Fiesta (Justin Time, 2001)
 * Gene Roland, Swingin' Friends (Brunswick, 1963)
 * Sonny Rollins, Sonny Rollins and the Big Brass (1958)
 * Jimmy Rushing, Every Day I Have the Blues (BluesWay, 1967)
 * Jimmy Smith, Hobo Flats (Verve, 1963)
 * Buddy Tate, Tate-a-Tate (Swingville, 1960)
 * Cecil Taylor, New York City R&B (Candid, 1961)
 * Ed Thigpen, Out of the Storm (Verve, 1966)
 * Teri Thornton, Devil May Care (Riverside, 1961)
 * Stanley Turrentine, Joyride (Blue Note, 1965)
 * McCoy Tyner, Live at Newport (Impulse, 1964) – live recorded in 1963
 * Dinah Washington, Dinah Jams (EmArcy, 1955) – live recorded in 1954
 * Randy Weston, Uhuru Afrika (Roulette, 1961) – recorded in 1960
 * Joe Williams, At Newport '63 (RCA, 1963) – live
 * Gerald Wilson, New York, New Sound (Mack Avenue, 2003)
 * Kai Winding, Kai Olé (Verve, 1961)
 * Jimmy Woode, The Colorful Strings of Jimmy Woode (Argo, 1958) – recorded in 1957

title: Clark Terry


text:
American Association of Lutheran Churches

The American Association of Lutheran Churches (AALC, also known as The AALC or TAALC) is a Lutheran church body based in the United States. It was formed on November 7, 1987, as a continuation of the American Lutheran Church denomination, the majority of which merged with the Lutheran Church in America and the Association of Evangelical Lutheran Churches to form the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. The AALC offices were originally in Bloomington, Minnesota. The national office moved to Fort Wayne, Indiana, in 2007, and to Saint Paul, Minnesota, in 2022. In 2008, it had 67 congregations, with about 16,000 members. In 2020, the denomination listed 59 congregations. Its current Presiding Pastor is the Rev. Dr. Cary G. Larson.

Historical background
The AALC began with 12 congregations and had, as of 2008, grown to 70 congregations spread across 23 states. The AALC sees itself as a confessional Lutheran church body in the United States. At its beginning, the AALC defined itself by what it saw as maintaining a commitment to the authority of Holy Scripture and the teaching of the Lutheran confessions by way of retaining the Confession of Faith of the American Lutheran Church.

The AALC operates its own seminary, the American Lutheran Theological Seminary, originally located in Saint Paul, Minnesota. In fall 2005, the seminary relocated to Fort Wayne, Indiana, and is hosted by Concordia Theological Seminary of the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod (LCMS).

The AALC holds to the inerrancy of scripture. It does not ordain women as pastors. However, women may serve as deaconesses. In addition to serving in congregations, its rostered pastors also serve as chaplains in the U.S. Armed Services, hospitals, correctional facilities, law enforcement, hospice, and a host of other specialized ministries.

Some well known confessional Lutheran theologians of the AALC include: Jordan B. Cooper, an author, conference speaker, and host of the Just and Sinner podcast and video channel;   Curtis E. Leins, a professor and host of the seminary's video channel; and Chris Rosebrough, a conference speaker and host of Pirate Christian Radio and the Fighting for the Faith video channel.

Fellowship with the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod
Starting in 1989, representatives of the AALC and the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod (LCMS) met in a series of official and unofficial talks. After six official meetings, at which various doctrinal papers were submitted, representatives of both the AALC and the LCMS recommended to their respective church bodies that they enter into altar and pulpit fellowship with one another. The proposal was brought before theology/doctrine commissions of each church body before being presented at their respective national conventions. During the June 20–23, 2007, AALC National Convention, the AALC declared fellowship with the LCMS; and voted to join the International Lutheran Council. On July 16, 2007, the LCMS declared fellowship with the AALC during the LCMS 63rd Regular Convention.

Basic beliefs

 * Affirms the full authority of the Bible as the inerrant and infallible Word of God
 * Holds to the Lutheran Confessions because they are the true interpretation of Scripture
 * Maintains a purpose focused on the Great Commission with priority for evangelism and world missions
 * Affirms the authority of the local congregation as the basic unit of the church

Presiding pastors

 * Rev. Dr. Duane R. Lindberg 1987–1999
 * Rev. Thomas V. Aadland 1999–2007
 * Rev. Franklin E. Hays 2007–2014
 * Rev. Dr. Curtis E. Leins 2014–2022
 * Rev. Dr. Cary G. Larson 2022–