text:
Talk:Cleft lip and cleft palate

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 1 July 2019 and 23 August 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Niamh.ogrady, Jdinger123, Arcmelodia, JasperT888.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 17:48, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Syndromes causing Cleft Lip
Can someone please add DiGeorge (VCFS) Syndrome to the list? Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by As.ashwinz (talk • contribs) 07:55, 13 September 2015 (UTC)

Percentage of babies born with cleft lip
The first section in the article states that about 1 in 700 babies is born with a cleft lip/palate. A few sentences later, the article states that one in 600 to 800 babies is born with a cleft lip/palate. One of these two redundant sentences needs to be removed, depending on whether researchers have agreed that the figure is about 1 in 700, or whether it's still in dispute. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.117.85.104 (talk) 02:14, 15 February 2010 (UTC) I could find current stats for the province of Alberta, Canada - but I do not think these specific details add value to understanding the prevalence of the condition ... let me know what the editors of this article think.--4tiggy (talk) 18:42, 5 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Hi, as to the inconsistencies in the above stats, here is the link to the most current stats I could find for the U.S. from a reliable source: http://www.nidcr.nih.gov/DataStatistics/FindDataByTopic/CraniofacialBirthDefects/PrevalenceCleft+LipCleftPalate.htm

Error in pre surgical devices?
I beleive there is an error in the section Pre-Surgical Devices for Cleft Lip Treatment. It states "Nasoalveolar molding followed by surgery can reduce long-term nasal symmetry among patients with complete unilateral cleft lip cleft palate patients compared to surgery alone, according to a retrospective cohort study.[13]" From the following information ("significant improvement," etc.), it seems that nasoalveolar moding would INCREASE long-term nasal symmetry (or, alternatively, reduce long-term nasal asymmetry). I am not an expert though and I don't feel like researching it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.101.160.35 (talk) 13:33, 21 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I think you are correct, the referenced article also states the long-term symmetry is improved and not reduced. I changed the wiki article accordingly. Felsir (talk) 12:27, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

Backwards infringement
An earlier version of this article has been substantially reproduced under claim of full copyright at http://hubpages.com/hub/about_cleft_palate. The individual who created that article, "Spuds", has (according to his profile) been a member for three years as of this writing. Therefor he could not have created that article before 2007, and a review of the condition of the article in December 2006, here, makes apparent that the content was here first. Any significant contributors of that content may complain to the webhost if they object to the use of this content out of license. See http://hubpages.com/help/user_agreement, section 16. Mirrors and forks has some suggestions for how to approach websites about non-compliance, if editors wish to pursue this. --Moonriddengirl (talk) 11:17, 3 September 2010 (UTC)

hairlip and cleft palate
It's unclear to me from this article what a "hairlip" is in a technical sense and how it differs from a cleft palate, which is what I came here to learn. The proper term is "harelip" and is a derrogatory term that began as a reference to the lip looking similar to that of a rabbit. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.117.32.71 (talk) 15:42, 4 July 2009 (UTC)
 * "hairlip" is a degenerative term to describe a cleft lip. A cleft lip is a gap in the (upper)lip tissue, while cleft palate is a gap in the roof of the mouth. So- "hairlip" is a gap in the lip tissue. The difference is the location of the gap. Felsir (talk) 12:22, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

As a parent of a child born with a cleft lip and palate I find the tern 'harelip' to refer to the pulling of the lip towards the nose as a result of difficult or old surgery techniques resulting in a hare or rabbit lip nick. Corrective surgery has improved and currently many cleft lip corrections do no result in this pull. This term is very offensive in medically incorrect.

 * From my brief search, it appears that hairlip and cleft lip refer to the same condition. Hairlip and hair lip also redirect here. So I changed the unsourced sentence It has sometimes colloquially been equated with the phrase harelip, but this is used incorrectly, as that term refers to the pulling of the lip towards the nose. to An older term is harelip, based on the similarity to the cleft in the lip of a hare. (The source is here but didn't add it as I don't thinks it's a "reliable source.") If there is evidence for them being different conditions, please correct, with source(s). Thanks. --Chriswaterguy talk 13:30, 13 November 2010 (UTC)

references flag
THis article was flagged as needing better citations in 2009. Looking at it now, it seems like the flag might be unwarranted? Could some one specify the offending items here so that we can address them? Benjamin Good (talk) 16:29, 13 April 2011 (UTC)

It looks like there are several places where someone marked citations needed. I propose adding the following articles as references for the microform cleft section: Chou E, Ko EW, Chen PK, Yu JC, Chang SC (2009) "Microform or incomplete medican cleft lip: strategy and management". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 124 (6): 437e-438e. Kim EK, Khang SK, Lee TJ, Kim TG (2010). "Clinical features of the microform cleft lip and the ultrastructural characteristics of the orbicularis oris muscle". Cleft Palate Craniofac. J. 47 (3): 297-302. Yuzuriha S, Mulliken JB (2008) "Minor-form, microform, and mini-microform cleft lip: anatomical features, operative techniques, and revisions". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 122 (5): 1485-1493). I will look for other appropriate citations. CleftCGC (talk) 21:11, 14 April 2011 (UTC)

Joaquin Phoenix
Should be in the section of notable people with Cleft lip and palate. Ros Pratch101.161.25.79 (talk) 05:27, 27 March 2013 (UTC)

 * He doesn't have a cleft lip and palate, he has something called a microcleft. Totorotroll (talk) 14:21, 28 July 2013 (UTC)

Thoughts on lead: article box indicates that article may be too technical and could use suggestions to improve readability
In the lead section, I wonder if a few minor syntax edits would make this article lead more readable. For example: "are variations of a type of clefting congenital deformity caused by abnormal facial development during gestation" ... could read ... "are congenital deformities caused during gestation"; "A cleft is a fissure or opening—a gap. It is the non-fusion of the body's natural structures that form before birth." ... could read ... A cleft is a fissure or opening of the body's anatomical structures that fails to fuse or join before birth."--4tiggy (talk) 19:00, 5 August 2011 (UTC)

SmileTrain
I don't think it mentioned anything about SmileTrain, the world's most revolutionary company. also, I guess that could be mentioned in a Wiki page link, and link to the official site under external link, and I Think you should PLEASE REOVE THE FREAKING GRAPHIC PICTURES!!!!! --John Smith 16:16, 8 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Disagree. The images are important to show what cleft lip and palate is.-- Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 19:05, 8 January 2012 (UTC)

Factual accuracy regarding cleft lip/palate late term abortions in the UK
The section "Controversy" reads:

"British clergywoman Joanna Jepson, who suffered from a congenital jaw deformity herself (not a cleft lip or palate as is sometimes reported), has started legal action to stop the practice in the United Kingdom[55][56] (although in the United Kingdom, such an abortion would not be permitted under the 1967 Abortion Act, because a cleft lip and palate is not considered a serious handicap)."

This is incorrect. Actually Joanna Jepson lost her case which involved the abortion of a 28 weeks fetus for cleft; the Crown Prosecution decided to not prosecute the two doctors who authorized the abortion arguing that they believed in good faith that the child would suffer of a "serius handicap" (abortions after 24 weeks in the UK are allowed if the child would have a "serious handicap").

The current guidelines from the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) state that "a strict definition [of what constitutes a serious handicap] is impractical"; they address the cleft issue and state that is up to the doctors to decide on a case by case basis if the abortion is warranted. Skydeepblue (talk) 09:03, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

Subjective, uncited comments
The section "environment" reads: Other environmental factors that have been studied include: seasonal causes (such as pesticide exposure); maternal diet and vitamin intake; retinoids — which are members of the vitamin A family; anticonvulsant drugs; alcohol; cigarette use; nitrate compounds; organic solvents; parental exposure to lead; and illegal drugs (cocaine, crack cocaine, heroin, etc.).

Being under the heading 'Causes/environmental' this implies there is a link between these factors and cleft palate/lip but no studies are cited or their results; the whole paragraph is as bogus as mentioning all the factors that have not been studied; indeed if it is to be kept then such a paragraph should also be added. And the 'illegal drugs' point; does this include all drugs classified by any government as illegal? Or just the ones mentioned and 'etc' whatever that means? Adamgpope (talk) 22:19, 19 August 2012 (UTC)

Edit request on 6 November 2012
We would like to add a paragraph about the nose deformities in cleft lip/palate patients. We have written about the nasal deformities in uni- and bilateral clefts and we described the procedures which can recover the nose. We have used reliable sources, which include literature from the Plastic Surgery department.

Should we copy the hole text in here or could we add it ourselves in some way, if it's accepted? We don't exactly know how this works..

This is the text we would like to add: [Edited by User:Nathan Johnson to remove the large amount of text and replace with a link to user's sandbox.]
 * Text available at User:Danielleaniska/sandbox

Danielleaniska (talk) 13:49, 6 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Since this page is semi-protected, please paste the requested text below and re-activate this edit request when you do so. An auto-confirmed user will check to see whether or not the edit is appropriate. Please note that any text added to this article must conform to the policies on verifiability and neutral point-of-view. — KuyaBriBri Talk 15:17, 6 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Whatever its merits or failings, the proposed text strikes me as overly technical and overly long. Rivertorch (talk) 07:46, 9 November 2012 (UTC)

 * I'm marking this request as answered again, not because there isn't good material to add in the request, but because there is too much information and it's overly technical nature. Before this gets added, it will need to be significantly reduced and simplified. Thank you for your good work on this. If you need help on what needs to be done to your sandbox to make it suitable for this article, and nobody chimes in on this page, please contact me on my User talk page and I'll try to find someone suitably knowledgeable about medicine that would be willing to help. Thanks. :) -Nathan Johnson (talk) 00:28, 10 November 2012 (UTC)

Edit request on 6 April 2013
Hi I am an ENT surgeon in Oxford. There are some errors on this page "Individuals with cleft also face many middle ear infections which can eventually lead to total hearing loss". Better to say "Individuals with cleft may also face middle ear infections which can also lead to mild to moderate hearing loss"

Children will not develop "total hearing loss" unless they also have a malformed cochlea. Parents may be worried by the incorrect information.

Moodydoody (talk) 16:41, 6 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Yellow check.svg Partly done: I have made the wording a bit more ambiguous than your proposal as you have provided no source for your proposal, and the article as previously worded was also unsourced. — KuyaBriBri Talk 17:28, 9 April 2013 (UTC)

Edit request on 12 April 2013
98.251.189.68 (talk) 21:48, 12 April 2013 (UTC)

In Growth and Development class ( 2013 ) we learned that Cleft lip and palate's developmental defect is "Malformation or Disruption", not deformation as mentioned in Wikipedia opening paragraph ( deformation is when abnormal form, shape, or position of part of the body is caused by mechanical forces; disruption is when morphological defect from extrinsic interference with an originally normal development process; malformation is when morphological defect from intrinsically abnormal developmental process occurs ).
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. I don't doubt that what you're saying is medically correct. However, the word "deformity" appears throughout this article, not just in the lede. Without a reliable source cited to make the changes (and the medical expertise to understand what I'm reading), I'm not going to make the change you request. Might I suggest that you register an account and edit Wikipedia for awhile, and you would be able to make edits to articles such as this on your own? -- El Hef  ( Meep ? ) 05:08, 26 April 2013 (UTC)

Edit Request on 20 October 2013
You may add the following terminology: Cheilopalatoschisis = cleft lip and palate; Cheilognathopalatoschisis = cleft lip and jaw and palate;

The incidence statistic is wrong
The article wrongly states that the 1 in 700 children are born with a cleft lip and palate. The actual statistics are:

Cleft Lip and Palate Incidence

1:1000 Caucasians 1:700 Orientals 1:2500 Black Africans 1:100 Some Native Americans

Source: see Mossey PA et al., Lancet 2009; Dixon MJ et al., Nat Rev Genet 2011

[I am a medical school student] — Preceding unsigned comment added by OR21 (talk • contribs) 17:40, 4 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Have updated the lead. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 20:30, 8 May 2015 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 3 May 2015
The "Other Animals" section doesn't make sense in this article. This article is obviously about humans affected. There should be a separate article to talk about this specific condition for animals. (It is also a common offense for people who have this condition being associated with animals.) Few other human conditions have an "Other animals" section -with pictures- included in their article. This article is often read by people who know someone affected (and want to know more about something not easy to talk openly), and the "Other Animal" section is written at the end, like a conclusion. It definitely doesn't make sense,especially the way it is presented, and with dogs pictures with a ... "harelip".

Evandres (talk) 22:11, 3 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. Though if nobody responds in a couple ideas, go ahead and leave a message on my talk page and I'll take a look at it myself.  Kharkiv07  Talk  01:48, 4 May 2015 (UTC)

Addition to the "Works of fiction" section
Shame that the article is protected... this is definitely a dilution of wikipedia's original ethos.

Anyhow, I suggest to those who can edit the article this addition to the "Works of fiction" section:

>> The science fiction novel Dark Eden depicts a society with an extremely high rate of cleft palate, due to inbreeding. — Preceding unsigned comment added by RidiculouslyThrowawayAccount (talk • contribs) 01:11, 11 July 2015 (UTC)
 * User:RidiculouslyThrowawayAccount were does that source mention the condition? Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 01:33, 11 July 2015 (UTC)

Main article mention of charitable organizations to provide treatment in developing countries
Although the template at the bottom of the page includes a list of some notable organizations that provide treatment for these conditions, it seems like it would be worth at least a sentence somewhere in the article noting that it is a charitable focus and linking to List of cleft lip and palate organisations. Just not sure where such a sentence would make the most sense, maybe at the end of the summary? Phil (talk) 02:32, 23 April 2016 (UTC)

Adjusted

 * To match WP:LEAD again which says the lead should be 4 paragraphs
 * Moved sections to match layout per WP:MEDMOS
 * Adjusted name to match ICD9 / 10

Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 20:45, 15 May 2016 (UTC)

Complications
In this section, there is a sentence that I was unable to parse:

"Gravity feeding can be accomplished by using specialized equipment, such as the Haberman Feeder, or by using a combination of nipples and bottle inserts like the one shown, is commonly used with other infants."

I couldn't work out what the subject of "is" is. If anyone can decipher the sentence, could they rewrite it, perhaps as two sentences? Ricklaman (talk) 04:10, 14 May 2017 (UTC)

Schisis, palatoschisis and cheiloschisis
Schisis (disambiguation) has an entry: "Palatoschisis or cheiloschisis, see cleft lip and palate". While the terms Palatoschisis and cheiloschisis both redirect to the article Cleft lip and cleft palate, there is no mention of either term in the article, or any indication that either is known simply as "schisis". A google search seems to indicate to me that the expression "Schisis " is Dutch. Could an expert in the subject please amend the article to insert (if applicable) the terms palatoschisis, cheiloschisis, and schisis. If this is not applicable, I will delete the entry from Schisis (disambiguation). Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 14:36, 13 August 2017 (UTC)
 * There being no reply yet, I am proceeding with my assumption that "schisis" is not a legitimate English-language term for cleft lip and palate, so I am deleting the entry at Schisis (disambiguation) (which will cause the disambiguation page to be a speedy deletion candidate). Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 04:06, 11 September 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 19 February 2018
I would like to add information about dental anomalies associated with cleft lip and palate in order to give a better understanding of oral implications.

Resources: . Prevalence of abnormalities in dental structure, position, and eruption pattern in a population of unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate patients. Tortora C, Meazzini MC, Garattini G, Brusati R Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2008 Mar; 45(2):154-62. . Menezes LM, Rizzatto SMD, Azeredo F, Vargas DA. Characteristics and distribution of dental anomalies in a Brazilian cleft population. Rev Odonto Cienc. 2010;25(2):137. doi . Al Jamal GA, Hazza'a AM, Rawashdeh MA. Prevalence of dental anomalies in a population of cleft lip and palate patients. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2010;47(4):413–420. doi: 10.1597/08-275.1 Shakira Iqbal (talk) 17:25, 19 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Eggishorn (talk) (contrib) 19:36, 20 February 2018 (UTC)

title
I wandered about the article title while looking for two nosed dogs and thought it was rather lumpy something something bathing togs.

Is there a better title, or two articles, or some other solution? cygnis insignis 06:18, 19 November 2018 (UTC)

Classification
Paper says "Proposal for a Universal Structured Form for Description of CL/P Phenotypes"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26339868

Which appears to mean it is not yet accepted. Have thus moved to the body. Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 03:01, 21 January 2019 (UTC)

 * I am not seeing the CDC using it.

 * Nor the NIH
 * Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 03:12, 21 January 2019 (UTC)

The ICD-10-based code expansion (that corresponds with LAHSHAL and CLAP notations) was developed in collaboration with members from the CDC National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities (NCBDDD). It was developed for epidemiologic surveillance and research, and therefore will not be proposed as an official modification for ICD-10-CM, which is maintained separately by the Center on Health Satistics. CLAP notation was incorporated into the International Consortium for Health Outcome Measurement (ICHOM)'s Standard Set of Outcome Measures for Cleft Lip/Palate (https://www.ichom.org/medical-conditions/cleft-lip-palate/), which was developed in accordance with the guidelines of the WHO International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) (http://www.who.int/classifications/icf/en/). The ICHOM Standard Set advocates for the structured form of description that may be abbreviated using LAHSHAL and/or CLAP notation and may be encoded using the ICD-10-based code expansion. Both LAHSHAL and CLAP notations are commonly used by clinicians in cleft and craniofacial teams. I have moved the discussion of classification systems to the new "Classification" subsection created by Doc James. Cavalierex (talk) 05:35, 21 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Have moved the indepth discussion of classification to its own subpage at Classification of cleft lip and cleft palate
 * The references supporting most of it is unclear though.
 * All the souces are from a Allori. It would be good to see other sources used aswell. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 18:44, 21 January 2019 (UTC)

These are the most up-to-date references available and represent the modern appreciation for classification in CL/P. The lead author has participated in numerous task forces, including the Americleft Surgery group, North Carolina Cleft Outcomes Project / Project CHEER, the ICHOM Standard Set working group, and was a member of the Data Standards Committee at the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association (ACPA). Each manuscript has many people on it. So whatever those groups recommended (even as proposals) represents well-reasoned recommendations. If you like, I may pull some of the references that they cite within these review papers or position papers. I didn't want to add dozens of references on the main CL/P page, but now that you've broken this out separately, I could add some more detail if you think it is warranted. Thanks! Cavalierex (talk) 21:13, 21 January 2019 (UTC)

Foundations 2 2019, Group 1B Goals
One of the goals for this topic ("Cleft lip and cleft palate") is to add a section on "DiGeorge (VCFS) Syndrome" that is associated with cleft lip. In addition, I would like to consolidate discrepancies by researching more about the errors or false data/information and adding in a more accurate information under various sections. Asher1026 (talk) 21:46, 29 July 2019 (UTC)Asher Jeong

Foundations 2 Group 4b: Proposed Section Edits
I am planning on editing the section on Cleft Palate where it mentions the prevalence of cleft palate worldwide. The reference for the statement made regarding the prevalence of this condition is based on an extrapolation and could be misleading. An improvement on this section would be including an epidemiological study on cleft lip/cleft palate.

Another section that could be improved on is the Cause section, which only mentions syndromic cleft palate without an explanation. An improvement would be including a description of both syndromic and non-syndromic cleft lip/palate with an addition to the genetic causes of cleft lip/palate.

Arcmelodia (talk) 21:55, 30 July 2019 (UTC)

 * Peer Review
 * Part 1: All group members should respond to the following prompt, with specific examples:
 * • Do the group’s edits substantially improve the article as described in the Wikipedia peer review “Guiding framework”?
 * The edits made were unbiased and from reliable sources. They fit Wikipedia's criteria for neutrality and accuracy.

 * • Has the group achieved its overall goals for improvement?
 * The group added information about the epidemiology of cleft lip and cleft palate but did not add information about non-syndromic cleft lip and cleft palate.

 * Part 2: Does the draft submission reflect a neutral point of view? If not, specify…
 * Yes this draft improved the neutrality of the article. The group replaced less accurate epidemiological information with statistics from more reliable sources like the CDC.
 * --Ldolle (talk) 21:02, 5 August 2019 (UTC)

 * Peer Review

Group maintained their goal and provided additional information on the prevalence of cleft palate. Information provided good statistical data and was given in a neutral tone. --Elizabeth Hays (talk) 21:53, 5 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Peer Review, Part 2
 * Are the edits formatted consistent with Wikipedia's manual of style? Yes, the editor provided revisions that were consistent and easy to follow. Links to wikipedia articles were added for easy access to relevant topics. Aoka222 (talk) 21:55, 5 August 2019 (UTC)

 * Peer Review 2
 * Part 1: The article was updated with statistics on its prevalence in the U.S. and death rates. Structures part of cleft lip and palate were also added. ::The group achieved in improving the prevalence sections.
 * Part 2: Are the points included verifiable with cited secondary sources that are freely available?
 * Yes, the group used reliable sources to provide relevant statistics.

YooCo (talk) 21:59, 5 August 2019 (UTC)

Article is not Global
This article only discusses treatment in rich countries. Craniofacial teams are NOT routinely available to families in poor countries -- that is why organizations such as the Smile Train exist. Please correct the bias in this article. 2601:441:467F:9E00:0:0:0:7529 (talk) 00:45, 29 October 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 29 September 2020
Add newer citations. Add Information about other operative techniques etc Roshan Peroz (UU) (talk) 15:39, 29 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Hello, while your account is still new you'll have to suggest edits here on this talk page. You can also work on improvements in your sandbox and then suggest them here on this talk page, just re-open this request. – Thjarkur (talk) 15:58, 29 September 2020 (UTC)

I had a concern about my nice that had Cleft Palate  condition.  I need Help.
I need help with my  Niece. 108.48.54.21 (talk) 04:29, 20 August 2022 (UTC)

Monstro from the Binding of Isaac
Monstro, a boss from the video game the Binding of Isaac, is also a notable example of a fictional character with a cleft lip. 24.55.146.94 (talk) 00:30, 18 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Can't see any reputable sources talking about this, only the Binding of Isaac wiki, Steam forums, and Reddit. Moozipan Cheese (talk) 19:58, 21 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cleft lip and cleft palate


text:
Adventure Island II

Adventure Island II is a side-scrolling platform game developed by Now Production and published by Hudson Soft that was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1991. It is the sequel to Adventure Island and the second game in the series for the NES. While the first game was an adaptation of Sega's Wonder Boy arcade game, Adventure Island II is an original work, as were most of the subsequent Adventure Island games. A portable version was also released for the Game Boy in 1992 titled Takahashi Meijin no Bouken Jima II or Adventure Island outside of Japan.

Plot
Master Higgins' girlfriend Tina, has just been kidnapped by the Evil Witch Doctor's persistent followers. Eight perilous islands are in control of the various monster minions, although four friendly dinosaurs will gladly ally themselves with those willing to brave the islands' dangers and defeat their common oppressors. Thinking of how grateful his favorite lady will be when he comes to her rescue, Master Higgins embarks on a daunting quest to get to his honey.

Gameplay
The rules of the game are the same as those in the original Adventure Island, with the main new feature being the addition of an inventory system. Before the player begins a stage, he can choose which of Higgins' animal friends to bring (if he has rescued any), as well as whether or not he should bring one of the stone hammers he has accumulated. Because of this, the player can no longer upgrade to shooting fireballs when he picks a second hammer. Instead, it gets added as a reserved hammer to the player's inventory.

The checkpoint system has been eliminated and if the player dies in the middle of a stage, he must restart from the very beginning. However, the stages are significantly shorter than in the previous game. When the player strikes a place where a hidden egg is located, it will play a different noise that will serve as an indicator of its location. The bonus zones are now accessed by picking up a key located inside these hidden eggs. Some of these keys will also transport the player to an item room or a shortcut to the next island. There are now underwater stages, as well as vertical-scrolling stages. When the player completes a stage riding a skateboard, he does not get to take it to the next stage like he could in the previous game. When the player completes a stage, he will be asked to choose one of ten spinning eggs that will give him a certain number of points. The player can now backtrack during a stage as well, but only up to a certain point.

The boss of each island awaits the player on a specific stage at the beginning. However, if the player is defeated while fighting a boss, the boss will move to another area, forcing the player not only to clear his current stage, but also another one in order to fight the boss.

There are four types of dinosaur friends that Higgins can ride. These animal friends are summoned when the player collects a playing card suit hidden inside an egg, and they include: A blue camptosaurus (summoned by a heart card) that attacks with its tail and can walk on ice without sliding; a red camptosaurus (spade) that can breathe fire and swim over lava until a certain point; a pteranodon (clover) that can fly over obstacles and drop stones; and an elasmosaurus (diamond), the only dinosaur that can survive in underwater stages (the others will be lost when used underwater) and can help Higgins swim faster.

Reception
Allgame editor Skyler Miller praised the game over the original, specifically its "improved graphics, a map screen, and most importantly, four dinosaur buddies for Master Higgins to ride, each with their own special ability".

Other media
Adventure Island II is one of the video games featuring in the manga titled Cyber Boy, by Nagai Noriaki, Published by Coro Coro Comic and Shogakukan, from 1991 to 1993. Cover artwork for the packaging was illustrated by Shelley L. Hunter.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Adventure Island II


text:
Legalist

Legalist, Inc. is an investment firm that specializes in alternative assets in the private credit industry. Today the firm manages approximately $750 million across three separate strategies: litigation finance, bankruptcy (debtor-in-possession or DIP) financing, and government receivables lending. The firm’s clients include institutional investors such as endowments, foundations, hospitals, insurance companies, and family offices.

History
The company was founded in 2016 by Harvard University undergraduates, Eva Shang and Christian Haigh, and was part of that year's Summer Y Combinator Demo Day.

In November 2017, Forbes Magazine included Legalist's founders in its "30 Under 30" Law & Policy list and reported that Legalist had raised $10.25 million over the summer.

In September 2019, The Wall Street Journal reported that Legalist had raised and closed its second fund of $100 million.

In April 2020, AngelList named Legalist among the 52 best startups to watch out for.

In March 2021, Reuters reported that Legalist had raised $50 million for its first bankruptcy fund.

By August 2022, Legalist managed approximately $750 million across three distinct private credit strategies: litigation finance, bankruptcy financing, and government receivables lending.

title: Legalist


text:
Dangun

Dangun or Tangun, also known as Dangun Wanggeom , was the legendary founder and first king of Gojoseon, the first Korean kingdom. He founded the first kingdom around present-day Liaoning province in Northeast China and the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. He is said to be the "grandson of heaven", "son of a bear", and to have founded the first kingdom in 2333 BC. The earliest recorded version of the Dangun legend appears in the 13th-century Samguk Yusa, which cites Korea's lost historical record, Gogi (lit. 'Ancient Record') and China's Book of Wei.

Koreans regard the day when Dangun founded Gojoseon, Korea's first dynasty, as a national holiday and call it Gaecheonjeol. The Gaecheonjeol is on 3 October. It is a religious anniversary started by Daejongism, worshipping Dangun. Gaecheonjeol is a day to commemorate Dangun's founding of Gojoseon, but 3 October is not the date when Gojoseon was founded.

Many Korean historians regard Dangun and Tengri as being etymologically identical.

The mythical record and its interpretation
Dangun's ancestry legend begins with his grandfather Hwanin, the "Lord of Heaven". Hwanin had a son, Hwanung, who yearned to live on the earth among the valleys and the mountains. Hwanin permitted Hwanung and 3,000 followers to descend onto Myohyang-san, where Hwanung founded Sinsi (, "City of God"). Along with his ministers of clouds, rain and wind, he instituted laws and moral codes and taught humans various arts, medicine, and agriculture. Legend attributes the development of acupuncture and moxibustion to Dangun.

A tiger and a bear prayed to Hwanung that they might become human. Upon hearing their prayers, Hwanung gave them twenty cloves of garlic and a bundle of mugwort, ordering them to eat only this sacred food and remain out of the sunlight for 100 days. The tiger gave up after about twenty days and left the cave. However, the bear persevered and was transformed into a woman. The bear and the tiger are said to represent two tribes that sought the favor of the heavenly prince.

The bear-woman, Ungnyeo, was grateful and made offerings to Hwanung. However, she lacked a husband, and soon became sad and prayed beneath a "divine birch" tree  to be blessed with a child. Hwanung, moved by her prayers, took her for his wife and soon she gave birth to a son named Dangun Wanggeom.

Dangun ascended to the throne, built the walled city of Asadal situated near Pyongyang (the location is disputed), and called the kingdom Joseon—referred to today as Gojoseon "Old/Ancient Joseon" so as not to be confused with the later kingdom of Joseon  that was established roughly 2000 years later. He then moved his capital to Asadal on Mount Paegak or Mount Gunghol.

Dangun's biography reflected the interest of the people of Dangun Joseon (Gojoseon) at the time in establishing the legitimacy of the kingship of Gojoseon and the dignity of the country. The king of Gojoseon conducted a ritual in honor of his ancestral god every year. Soon, the myth of Dangun was the political ideology of the Gojoseon period, and the ritual had a function of political assembly.

Dating
Emperor Dangun's rule is usually calculated to begin in 2333 BCE, based on the description of the Dongguk Tonggam (1485) contrary to the 40th year of the reign of the legendary Chinese Emperor Yao. Other sources vary somewhat, but also put it during Yao's reign (traditional dates: 2357 BC-2256 BC). The Samguk Yusa states Dangun ascended to the throne in the 50th year of Yao's reign, while Annals of the Joseon Dynasty says the first year and Dongguk Tonggam says the 25th year.

Until 1961, the official South Korean era (for numbering years) was called the Dangi, which began in 2333 BC. Followers of Daejongism considered 3 October in the Korean calendar as Gaecheonjeol. This day is now a public holiday in South Korea in the Gregorian calendar called "National Foundation Day". North Korea dates Dangun's founding of Gojoseon to the early 30th century BC.

15 March in the year 4340 of the Dangun Era is called "Royal Day Festival", the day that the semi-legendary founder Dangun returned to the heavens.

Historical perception
Dangun began to attract attention during the late Goryeo dynasty, when Koreans fought wars against the Mongolian Yuan dynasty. During the Joseon dynasty they were worshiped as the ancestors of the nation. In the Joseon dynasty, a shrine dedicated to Dangun of Gojoseon and King Chumo of Goguryeo was built in Pyongyang, and the Samseongdang, dedicated to the gods of Hwanin, Hwanung, and Dangun, was built.

In Korea at the end of the 19th century, it was greatly emphasized to highlight the resistance of the Joseon people against Imperialist invasion, and it developed into a religion, Dangunkyo. Dangun, who emerged as the central figure of nationalism, played a large role in the spiritual foundation of the independence movement during the Japanese colonial period. In addition, the history of the Dangun era was compiled by followers of Daejongism, such as 'Daedong Sagang ' and 'Gyuwon Sahwa ' and the independence movement, emphasizing the history of the Dangun period.

The study of Dangun in South Korea focused on the historical significance of the Gojoseon society. In South Korea, Dangun Wanggeom is regarded as the head of the Gojoseon society, with many characteristics of the role of high priest. Wanggeom has the meaning of an overlord who governs the country.

In North Korea, the Dangun and Dangun myths were previously established as the founding myth to justify the process of establishing the Gojoseon regime. However, after the excavation of the Mausoleum of Tangun in 1994, North Korea changed its position and claimed that the Dangun myth reflects historical facts and that Dangun is a real person. Also, Dangun claims that the first king of Gojoseon, founded by the Korean people, had all of his birth, founding, and tombs in Pyongyang. There is a tomb of Dangun that North Korea excavated and reconstructed near the city directly under Pyongyang.

Appearances
The earliest recorded version of the Dangun legend appears in the 13th century Samguk yusa, which cites China's Book of Wei and Korea's lost history text Gogi. This is the best known and most studied version, but similar versions are recorded in the Jewang Un-gi by the late Goryeo scholar Yi Seunghyu (, 1224–1300), as well as the Eungje Siju and Sejong Sillok (세종실록; commonly known as "Annals of the Joseon Dynasty", Sejong Jang-heon Dae-wang Shil-lok; ) of the early Joseon. Dangun is worshipped today as a deity by the followers of Cheondoism and Daejongism.

In Taekwondo
Dangun is the second pattern or hyeong in the International Taekwon-Do Federation form of the Korean martial art taekwondo. Students learn that the hyeong represents "the holy legendary founder of Korea in the year 2333 BC."

Mausoleum of Dangun
North Korea's leader Kim Il Sung insisted that Dangun was not merely a legend but a real historical person. As a consequence, North Korean archaeologists were compelled to locate the purported remains and grave of Dangun.

According to a North Korean publication, the Mausoleum of Dangun is the alleged burial site of the legendary Dangun.

title: Dangun


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Talk:Miguel I of Portugal

Untitled
Miguel is known in english as Miguel not Michael. Wiki's policy is not to translate everything into english but use the form used in english, which in this case is Miguel. FearÉIREANN 04:25, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Peer review
History of Portugal (1777-1834) is now being peer reviewed. Please, if you want, go there and state your opinion. Thank you. Gameiro 19:50, 27 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Just to state that it is now a featured article candidate. You can support or oppose here. Thanks. Gameiro 01:48, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

King of Portugal?
This article should be changed to say Miguel's claim is disputed. Also, his 'reign' should be removed from the Infobox & the Monarch of Portugal Navbox deleted. GoodDay (talk) 16:08, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I totally agree because Queen Maria II of Portugal and Portuguese Cortes declared King Miguel without his royal status and also declared him and all his descendants forever ineligible to succeed to the Portuguese crown and forbade them, under death pennalty, to return to Portugal. This decision was supported by the laws of Portuguese Republic. It's important to everyone remember this facts. 84.90.92.195 (talk) 18:16, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

 * We are not in the habit of deciding who the "legitimate" monarch of a country was. Miguel was the de facto king for six years.  He is so listed in all reliable references.  As such, he gets called the king no matter what his successor may have said. john k (talk) 19:42, 19 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Ok, just was wondering. GoodDay (talk) 16:12, 2 December 2009 (UTC)

That's irrelevant. Pedro IV was also deemed illegitimate by the 1828 Cortes (the traditional Cortes), along with his daughter. Eu El-Rei (talk) 09:51, 18 August 2021 (UTC)

Requested move
A move to Michael of Portugal is being discussed at Talk:Luís I of Portugal. Srnec (talk) 21:45, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

Biased article
This article is extremely biased and largely based on references that take only Miguel's enemies opinions into account.
 * As a major contributor to this article, I don't believe it is at all biased. I used freely available sources to construct the biography, and have referenced them accordingly. Please note, I am not biased by nationalistic pertentions: as much as I am Luso-canadian, I neither support Portuguese monarchists nor republican sympathies, nor favour the politics of Emperor Pedro or King Miguel. I invite further elaboration of verifiable sources to elaborate the article. Ruben JC (Zeorymer) (talk) 16:56, 2 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Sorry Zeorymer, I didn't mean to say that you are biased, but the sources in which the article is based definitely are. OK, we will work on it together. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.138.117.221 (talk) 20:07, 5 November 2010 (UTC)

On Miguel's supposed illegitimacy
First of all, the well known popular song saying that Miguel was not the son of Marialva, but of a man in Ramalhão does not make him child of either. Carlota only moved to Ramalhão when Miguel was a baby. That was precisely the moment when João and Carlota became trully separated. Second, he had no resemblance to Mariava, and his features were very similar to Pedro I's. --Lecen (talk) 02:55, 22 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Pedro I was his brother, so they'd be half-brothers even if Miguel was illegitimate. What's required here is sources, not our own logical deductions. john k (talk) 20:25, 22 December 2010 (UTC)
 * It's not "logical deduction". It's a fact. Carlota Joaquina only moved to Ramalhão when Miguel was a year old. One thing is popular gossip that was used to mock Carlota and another is to write in the article as a fact. Second, he did not look like the Marquis of Marialva, this is said by both Brazilian historian Tobias Monteiros as well as the AMerican Historian Neill McCaullay. --Lecen (talk) 13:38, 1 February 2011 (UTC)
 * To ease suffering here, wouldn't it be easier to edit the article accordingly. The content about his legitimacy was introduced by the citations, but don't claim anything more than idle gossip. Lecen, why not just include your sources/citations on the above, and revamp the context so its less bias?Ruben JC (Zeorymer) (talk) 14:46, 1 February 2011 (UTC)

On-going dispute
To participate and view an ongoing dispute concerning various aspects of articles pertaining to the Miguelist dukes, Maria Pia of Braganza, and the Braganza-Coburg articles, and an ongoing dispute between editors User:Anjo-Sozinho, User:Hebel, and myself, see here. Thank you, Cristiano Tomás (talk) 23:18, 21 June 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Miguel I of Portugal


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Heroes Unlimited

Heroes Unlimited is a superhero role-playing game written by Kevin Siembieda and first published by Palladium Books in 1984. The game is based upon the Palladium Books Megaversal system and is compatible with other games that use the Palladium system.

Description
Heroes Unlimited features superheroes fighting supervillains in a comic book-like world. The game's introduction states that the game was designed to be a "thinking man's" superhero role-playing game where the characters were vulnerable and could not amass an incredible number of skills or abilities. The experience point-system of the game allowed users to defeat one's enemies with heroic sacrifice. Characters in the game are defined by "the eight attributes", skills (dependent on education level), and class, which allows the selection of certain powers or enhanced skills or equipment. The classes include super-powered beings to aliens to technology-based or special-training-based characters. Some classes and super-powers (such as the ancient master class or invulnerability powers) start powerful but do not mature, while other classes and powers have effects strongly tied to character level.

The second edition of the game added updates to the previous supplements, in addition to the new play options, along with several new supplements produced by Palladium Books. This edition added new powers and minor rule changes which allowed users to expand play options by adding superpowers to classes, the introduction of the "crazy" heroes option, and added magic-powered characters to the game at the request of the players. The revised edition also included a short rules summary of the Palladium game Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles & Other Strangeness, adding mutant animal character rules and a shortened selection of animals for character creation. The mutant animal characters are generally weaker than standard heroes as the TMNT supplement Turtles Go Hollywood noted.

Publication history
Heroes Unlimited was first published by Palladium Books in 1984 and revised in 1987. A second edition was published in 1998.

Sourcebooks

 * 1) The Justice Machine — first printing in 1985
 * 2) Villains Unlimited — first printing in 1992 (revised for Heroes Unlimited, 2nd Edition, 1999)
 * 3) Aliens Unlimited — first printing in 1994 (revised for Heroes Unlimited, 2nd Edition, 1999)
 * 4) Gamemaster's Guide — first printing June 1999
 * 5) Century Station — first printing February 2000
 * 6) Gramercy Island — first printing November 2000
 * 7) Aliens Unlimited Galaxy Guide — first printing May 2001
 * 8) Mutant Underground — first printing February 2003
 * 9) Powers Unlimited — first printing June 2003
 * 10) Powers Unlimited 2 — first printing February 2004
 * 11) Powers Unlimited 3 — first printing August 2006
 * 12) Armageddon Unlimited — first printing February 2011 (ties in with the Megaverse-wide Minion War)

Related

 * "Ninjas & Superspies" includes rules on buying martial arts forms with Heroes Unlimited characters.
 * "Rifts Conversion Book" includes notes on modifications to Heroes Unlimited characters.
 * "Skraypers", a Rifts (role-playing game) Dimension Book (the 4th) was co-designed as a Heroes Unlimited sourcebook.

Reception
William A. Barton reviewed Heroes Unlimited in Space Gamer No. 72. Barton commented that "if you desire hero-types like Batman, Captain America, Robotman, or Wolverine, Heroes Unlimited is a superbuy, even if you use it as nothing more than a sourcebook for an existing game".

In his 1990 book The Complete Guide to Role-Playing Games, game critic Rick Swan thought this game had "an appealing, versatile system, though it's also unfocused and a little bland." Swan noted that mutant and alien heroes had a large advantage over heroes from Earth, and commented, "it makes for an unbalanced role-playing game." Swan concluded by giving the game a rating of 2.5 out of 4, saying, "It's an excellent source of ideas, however, especially the sections on robotics and equipment, and makes a nice supplement for any of the other superhero games."

In a 1996 readers' poll by British games magazine Arcane to determine the 50 most popular roleplaying games of all time, Heroes Unlimited was ranked 40th. Editor Paul Pettengale commented: "Superhero roleplaying for the Palladium player, but not all that easy to pick up".

Other reviews and commentary

 * Different Worlds #40

title: Heroes Unlimited


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Amarone

Amarone della Valpolicella, usually known as Amarone, is an Italian DOCG denomination of typically rich dry red wine made from the partially dried grapes of the Corvina (45–95%, of which up to 50% could be substituted with Corvinone), Rondinella (5–30%) and other approved red grape varieties (up to 25%).

Valpolicella is in the province of Verona, within the large Veneto region.

In Italian, the name Amarone literally means 'Great Bitter'; originally, this was to distinguish it from the Recioto produced in the same region, which is sweeter in taste.

History
Notable wines have been produced in Valpolicella since ancient times, but the Verona wine was not marketed as Amarone before 1953. It is believed that the label Amarone was coined by Adelino Lucchese in 1936.

The wine was assigned denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) status in December 1990. On 4 December 2009, Amarone and Recioto della Valpolicella were promoted to the status of denominazione di origine controllata e garantita (DOCG). Total production for sale (including Recioto) in 2008 was 8.57 million bottles.

Process
Grapes are harvested ripe in the first two weeks of October, by carefully choosing bunches having fruits not too close to each other, to let the air flow. Grapes are allowed to dry, traditionally on bamboo racks (arele in local dialect) but more commonly in plastic or wooden crates. This process is called appassimento or rasinate (to dry and shrivel) in Italian. This concentrates the remaining sugars and flavours thanks to the water evaporation and is similar to the production of French Vin de Paille. The pomace left over from pressing off the Amarone is used in the production of ripasso Valpolicellas.

Modern Amarone is produced in special drying chambers under controlled conditions. This approach minimizes the amount of handling of the grapes and helps prevent the onset of Botrytis cinerea. In Amarone, the quality of the grape skin is a primary concern, as that component brings the tannins, color, and intensity of flavor to the wine. The process of desiccation not only concentrates the juices within the grape, but also increases the skin contact of the grapes. The drying process creates a polymerization of the tannins in the skin that contributes to the overall balance of the finished wine.

Typically, the length of the drying process is 120 days, but varies according to producer and the quality of the harvest. The most evident consequence of this process is the loss of weight: 35 to 45% for Corvina grapes, 30 to 40% for Molinara, and 27 to 40% for Rondinella. Following the drying process that is completed during the end of January or beginning of February, the grapes are crushed and go through a dry, low temperature fermentation process that may last up to 30 or 50 days. The reduced water content can slow down the fermentation process, increasing the risk of spoilage and potential wine faults, such as high volatile acidity. After fermentation, the wine must undergo a period of ageing of at least 2 years (calculated from 1 January of the year following the harvest). The ageing process takes place in wooden barrels, traditionally in big oak casks but also tonneau (500 lt) or barriques (225 lt) made of either French or Slavonian oak can be used.

Variations
If fermentation is stopped early, the resulting wine will contain residual sugar (more than 4 grams of sugar per litre) and produce a sweeter wine known as Recioto della Valpolicella. Recioto was the traditional wine produced according to this method, and originally, Amarone was Recioto wines that had fermented for too long. Unlike Amarone, Recioto della Valpolicella may be used to produce a sparkling wine. Ripasso is an Italian wine produced when the partially-aged Valpolicella is contacted with the pomace of the Amarone. Typically, this will take place in the spring following the harvest. The resulting wine is more tannic, with a deeper color, and having more alcohol and more extract. The word ripasso designates both the winemaking technique and the wine, and usually is found on a wine label.

Characteristics and faults
The final result is a very ripe, raisiny, full-bodied wine with very little acid. Alcohol content easily surpasses 15% (the legal minimum is 14%) and the resulting wine is rarely released until five years after the vintage, even though this is not a legal requirement.

The labor-intensive process of producing this wine poses significant risk for the development of various wine faults. Wet and rainy weather during harvest may cause the grapes to rot before drying out, requiring winemakers to be diligent in removing rotted bunches that can cause moldy flavors in the wine.

title: Amarone


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Florida Keys

The Florida Keys are a coral cay archipelago off the southern coast of Florida, forming the southernmost part of the continental United States. They begin at the southeastern coast of the Florida peninsula, about 15 mi south of Miami and extend in a gentle arc south-southwest and then westward to Key West, the westernmost of the inhabited islands, and on to the uninhabited Dry Tortugas. The islands lie along the Florida Straits, dividing the Atlantic Ocean to the east from the Gulf of Mexico to the northwest, and defining one edge of Florida Bay. The southern part of Key West is 93 mi from Cuba. The Keys are located between about 24.3 and 25.5 degrees North latitude.

More than 95% of the land area lies in Monroe County, but a small portion extends northeast into Miami-Dade County, such as Totten Key. The total land area is 137.3 sqmi. At the 2010 census the population was 73,090, with an average density of 532.34 /sqmi, although much of the population is concentrated in a few areas of much higher density, such as the city of Key West, which has 32% of the Keys' total population. The 2014 Census population estimate was 77,136. The 2020 Census population estimate was 82,874.

The city of Key West is the county seat of Monroe County. The county consists of a section on the mainland which is almost entirely in Everglades National Park, and the Keys islands from Key Largo to Dry Tortugas National Park.

History
The Keys were originally inhabited by the Calusa and Tequesta tribes and were charted by Juan Ponce de León in 1513. De León named the islands Los Martires ("The Martyrs"), as they looked like suffering men from a distance. "Key" is derived from the Spanish word cayo, meaning small island. For many years, Key West was the largest town in Florida, and it grew prosperous on wrecking revenues. The isolated outpost was well located for trade with Cuba and the Bahamas and was on the main trade route from New Orleans. Improved navigation led to fewer shipwrecks, and Key West went into a decline in the late nineteenth century.

Overseas Railway
The Keys were long accessible only by water. This changed with the completion of Henry Flagler's Overseas Railway in the early 1910s. Flagler, a major developer of Florida's Atlantic coast, extended his Florida East Coast Railway down to Key West with an ambitious series of oversea railroad trestles. Three hurricanes disrupted the project in 1906, 1909, and 1910.

1935 Labor Day hurricane
The strongest hurricane to strike the U.S. made landfall near Islamorada in the Upper Keys on Labor Day, Monday, September 2, 1935. Winds were estimated to have gusted to 200 mi/h, raising a storm surge more than 17.5 ft above sea level that washed over the islands. More than 400 people were killed, though some estimates place the number of deaths at more than 600.

The Labor Day hurricane was one of only four hurricanes to make landfall at Category 5 strength on the U.S. coast since reliable weather records began (about 1850). The other storms were Hurricane Camille (1969), Hurricane Andrew (1992), and Hurricane Michael (2018).

In 1935, new bridges were under construction to connect a highway through the entire Keys. Hundreds of World War I veterans working on the roadway as part of a government relief program were housed in non-reinforced buildings in three construction camps in the Upper Keys. When the evacuation train failed to reach the camps before the storm, more than 200 veterans perished. Their deaths caused anger and charges of mismanagement that led to a Congressional investigation.

The storm also ended the 23-year run of the Overseas Railway; the damaged tracks were never rebuilt, and the Overseas Highway (U.S. Highway 1) replaced the railroad as the main transportation route from Miami to Key West.

Seven Mile Bridge
One of the longest bridges when it was built, the Seven Mile Bridge connects Knight's Key (part of the city of Marathon in the Middle Keys) to Little Duck Key in the Lower Keys. The piling-supported concrete bridge is 35862 ft or 6.79 miles (10.93 km) long. The current bridge bypasses Pigeon Key, a small island that housed workers building Henry Flagler's Florida East Coast Railway in the 1900s, that the original Seven Mile Bridge crossed. A 2.2 mi section of the old bridge remains for access to the island, although it was closed to vehicular traffic on March 4, 2008. The aging structure has been deemed unsafe by the Florida Department of Transportation. Costly repairs, estimated to be as much as $34 million, were expected to begin in July 2008. Monroe County was unable to secure a $17 million loan through the state infrastructure bank, delaying work for at least a year. On June 14, 2008, the old bridge section leading to Pigeon Key was closed to fishing as well. While still open to pedestrians—walking, biking and jogging—if the bridge were closed altogether, only a ferry subsidized by FDOT and managed by the county would transport visitors to the island.

Overseas Highway
After the destruction of the Keys railway by the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935, the railroad bridges, including the Seven Mile Bridge, were converted to automobile roadways. This roadway, U.S. Highway 1, became the Overseas Highway that runs from Key Largo south to Key West. Today this highway allows travel through the tropical islands of the Florida Keys and the viewing of exotic plants and animals found nowhere else on the US mainland and the largest coral reef chain in the United States.

Cuban exiles
Following the Cuban Revolution, many Cubans emigrated to South Florida. Key West traditionally had strong links with its neighbor ninety miles south by water, and large numbers of Cubans settled there. The Keys still attract Cubans leaving their home country, and stories of "rafters" coming ashore are not uncommon.

Conch Republic
In 1982, the United States Border Patrol established a roadblock and inspection points on US Highway 1, stopping all northbound traffic returning to the mainland at Florida City, to search vehicles for illegal drugs and undocumented immigrants. The Key West City Council repeatedly complained about the roadblocks, which were a major inconvenience for travellers, and hurt the Keys' important tourism industry.

After various unsuccessful complaints and attempts to get a legal injunction against the blockade failed in federal court in Miami, on April 23, 1982, Key West mayor Dennis Wardlow and the city council declared the independence of the city of Key West, calling it the "Conch Republic". After one minute of secession, he (as "Prime Minister") surrendered to an officer of the Key West Naval Air Station (NAS) and requested US$1,000,000,000 in "foreign aid".

The stunt succeeded in generating great publicity for the Keys' plight, and the inspection station roadblock was removed. The idea of the Conch Republic has provided a new source of revenue for the Keys by way of tourist keepsake sales, and the Conch Republic has participated in later protests.

Geology
The northern and central sections of the Florida Keys are the exposed portions of an ancient coral reef, the Key Largo Limestone. The northernmost island arising from the ancient reef formation is Elliott Key, in Biscayne National Park. North of Elliott Key are several small transitional keys, composed of sand built up around small areas of exposed ancient reef. Further north, Key Biscayne and places north are barrier islands, built up of sand. The islands in the southwestern part of the chain, from Big Pine Key to the Marquesas Keys, are exposed areas of Miami Limestone.

The Florida Keys have taken their present form as the result of the drastic changes in sea level associated with recent glaciations or ice ages. Beginning some 130,000 years ago the Sangamonian Stage raised sea levels about 25 ft feet above the current level. All of southern Florida was covered by a shallow sea. Several parallel lines of reef formed along the edge of the submerged Florida Platform, stretching south and then west from the present Miami area to what is now the Dry Tortugas. This reef formed the Key Largo Limestone that is exposed on the surface from Soldier Key (midway between Key Biscayne and Elliott Key) to the southeast portion of Big Pine Key and the Newfound Harbor Keys. The types of coral that formed Key Largo Limestone can be identified on the exposed surface of these keys. Minor fluctuations in sea level exposed parts of the reef, subjecting it to erosion. Acidic water, which can result from decaying vegetation, dissolves limestone. Some of the dissolved limestone redeposited as a denser cap rock, which can be seen as outcrops overlying the Key Largo and Miami limestones throughout the Keys. The limestone that eroded from the reef formed oolites in the shallow sea behind the reef, and together with the skeletal remains of bryozoans, formed the Miami Limestone that is the current surface bedrock of the lower Florida peninsula and the lower keys from Big Pine Key to Key West. To the west of Key West the ancient reef is covered by recent calcareous sand. While the islands of the upper and middle keys, consisting of Key Largo Limestone, form a long narrow arc, the islands of the lower keys are perpendicular to the line of that arc. This configuration arose from an ancient tidal-bar system, in which tidal channels cut through a submerged oolitic deposit. The bars lithified into Miami Limestone, and with changes in sea level are presently exposed as the islands, while the channels between the bars now separate the islands.

Just offshore of the Florida Keys along the edge of the Florida Straits is the Florida Reef (also known as the Florida Reef Tract). The Florida Reef extends 270 km from Fowey Rocks just east of Soldier Key to just south of the Marquesas Keys. It is the third-largest barrier reef system in the world.

Environment

The climate and environment of the Florida Keys are closer to that of the Caribbean than the rest of Florida, though unlike the Caribbean's volcanic islands, the Keys were built by plants and animals. The Upper Keys islands are composed of sandy-type accumulations of limestone grains produced by plants and marine organisms. The Lower Keys are the remnants of large coral reefs, which became fossilized and exposed when the sea level dropped.

The natural habitats of the Keys are upland forests, inland wetlands and shoreline zones. Soil ranges from sand to marl to rich, decomposed leaf litter. In some places, "caprock" (the eroded surface of coral formations) covers the ground. Rain falling through leaf debris becomes acidic and dissolves holes in the limestone, where soil accumulates and trees root.

Flora and fauna
The Florida Keys have distinctive plant and animals species, some found nowhere else in the United States, as the Keys define the northern extent of their ranges. The climate also allows many imported plants to thrive. Some exotic species which arrived as landscape plants now invade and threaten natural areas.

The native flora of the Keys is diverse, including members of both temperate families, such as red maple (Acer rubrum), slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. densa) and oaks (Quercus spp.), growing at the southern end of their ranges, and tropical families, including mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni), gumbo limbo (Bursera simaruba), stoppers (Eugenia spp.), Jamaican dogwood (Piscidia piscipula), and many others, which grow only in tropical climates. Several types of palms are native to the Florida Keys, including the Florida thatch palm (Thrinax radiata), which grows to its greatest size in Florida on the islands of the Keys.

The Keys are also home to unique animal species, including the American crocodile, Key deer (protected by the National Key Deer Refuge), and the Key Largo woodrat. The Keys are part of the northernmost range of the American crocodile, which is found throughout the Neotropics. The Key Largo Woodrat is found only in the northern part of its namesake island and is a focus of management activities in Crocodile Lake National Wildlife Refuge. About 70 miles (110 km) west of Key West is Dry Tortugas National Park.

The waters surrounding the Keys are part of a protected area known as the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.

Climate
The climate of the Florida Keys is tropical savanna (Köppen climate classification: Aw). Other than some areas of coastal Miami (Miami Beach), the Florida Keys are the only areas in the continental United States to never report freezing temperatures since settlement. The record low in Key West is 41 °F (in both 1886 and 1981), and low temperatures below 48 °F are rare. Most of the Florida Keys fall into USDA zone 11a to 11b; Key West is zone 12a.

There are two main "seasons" in the Florida Keys, a hot and wet season from June through October, and a dry season from November through April, that features little rainfall, sunny skies, and warm breezy conditions. The warm and sunny winter climate, with average highs around 75 °F and lows above 60 °F, is the main tourist season in the Florida Keys. Key West is the driest city in Florida, and most of the Florida Keys can become quite dry at the height of the dry season. Some of the more exposed vegetation in the keys is scrub, stunted due to the intense sun, quick draining sandy soil, and arid winter climate.

Tropical cyclones
The Keys are occasionally threatened by tropical storms and hurricanes, leading to evacuations to the mainland. Hurricane Georges, after destroying much of the housing and infrastructure on many of the Caribbean islands, caused damage and extensive flooding in the Lower Keys in 1998, before making landfall in Mississippi. In 2005, Hurricanes Katrina, Rita and Wilma affected the Keys (although none made a direct hit), causing widespread damage and flooding. The most severe hurricane to hit the area was the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935, a Category 5 hurricane.

Tropical cyclones present special dangers and challenges to the entire Keys. Because no area of the islands is more than 20 ft above sea level (and many are only a few feet elevation), and water surrounds the islands, nearly every neighborhood is subject to flooding as well as hurricane winds. In response, many homes in the Keys are built on concrete stilts with the first floor being not legally habitable and enclosed by breakaway walls that are not strongly attached to the rest of the house. Nonetheless, Monroe County, as reported in the Federal Register, has estimated that there are between 8,000 and 12,000 illegal enclosures inhabited by people.

Because of the threat from storm surge, evacuations are routinely ordered when the National Weather Service issues a hurricane watch or warning, and are sometimes ordered for a tropical storm warning. Evacuation of the Keys depends on causeways and the two-lane highway to the mainland. Time estimates for evacuating the entire Keys range from 12 to 24 hours. Evacuation estimates are significant in emergency planning, of course, but also because they are a factor in local and state regulations for controlling development. The building permit allocation was increased in 2005 when local governments reduced estimates for evacuation.

On September 10, 2017, Hurricane Irma made landfall in Cudjoe Key. The storm destroyed an estimated 25% of the houses on the Keys and another 65% suffered major damage. Most residents had evacuated before the storm hit the area. On September 12, parts of the Keys were still inaccessible by causeway and some areas were closed to the public. Governor Rick Scott reported devastation; most areas were without power or water. The damage was the worst in the Lower Keys, though less severe in Key West; parts of the Lower Keys may be uninhabitable for months.

Major islands
U.S. Highway 1, the "Overseas Highway", runs over most of the inhabited islands of the Florida Keys. The islands are listed in order from southwest to north. Mile markers are listed for keys that the Overseas Highway runs across or near: The Seven Mile Bridge (MM 40-46¾) separates the Lower Keys from the Middle Keys: (Knights, Vaca, Boot, Long Point, Crawl, and Grassy Keys, as well as most of Fat Deer Key, are incorporated in the city of Marathon. The remaining portion of Fat Deer Key and most of Shelter Key are part of Key Colony Beach.): The Long Key Bridge (MM 63¼-65¼) separates the Middle Keys from the Upper Keys: (Lower Matecumbe through Plantation Keys are incorporated as Islamorada, Village of Islands. The "towns" of Key Largo, North Key Largo and Tavernier, all on the island of Key Largo, are not incorporated.): All keys north of Broad Creek are in Biscayne National Park and Miami-Dade County. The following are "true" Florida Keys (exposed ancient coral reefs): The following are "transitional keys", made of exposed ancient reef surrounded by sand: Key Biscayne is not one of the Florida Keys, but the southernmost of the barrier islands along the Atlantic coast of Florida.
 * Dry Tortugas
 * Loggerhead Key
 * Marquesas Keys
 * Sunset Key
 * Wisteria Island
 * Key West (MM 0-4)
 * Fleming Key
 * Sigsbee Park (off to the north at MM 2¾)
 * Stock Island (MM 5)
 * Raccoon Key (off to the north at MM 5¼)
 * Boca Chica Key (MM 7-8)
 * Rockland Key (MM 9)
 * East Rockland Key (MM 9½)
 * Big Coppitt Key (MM 10)
 * Geiger Key (off to the south at MM 10¾)
 * Shark Key (off to the north at MM 11¼)
 * Saddlebunch Keys (MM 12-16)
 * Lower Sugarloaf Key (MM 17)
 * Park Key (MM 18)
 * Sugarloaf Key (MM 19-20)
 * Cudjoe Key (MM 21-23)
 * Knockemdown Key
 * Summerland Key (MM 24-25)
 * Ramrod Key (MM 27)
 * Middle Torch Key, Big Torch Key (off to the north at MM 27¾)
 * Little Torch Key (MM 28½)
 * Big Pine Key (MM 30-32)
 * No Name Key
 * Scout Key (MM 34-35), formerly known as West Summerland Key
 * Bahia Honda Key (MM 37-38)
 * Ohio Key (MM 38¾), also known as Sunshine Key
 * Missouri Key (MM 39¼)
 * Little Duck Key (MM 39¾)
 * Pigeon Key (off to the north near MM 45; access is at MM 46¾)
 * Knights Key (MM 47)
 * Vaca Key (MM 48-53)
 * Boot Key (off to the south at MM 48; bridge closed)
 * Fat Deer Key (MM 53¼-55)
 * Shelter Key (off to the south at MM 53¾)
 * Long Point Key (MM 56)
 * Crawl Key (MM 56½)
 * Grassy Key (MM 58-60)
 * Duck Key (MM 61)
 * Conch Key (MM 62-63)
 * Long Key (MM 66-70), formerly known as Rattlesnake Key
 * Fiesta Key (off to the north at MM 70)
 * Craig Key (MM 72)
 * Lower Matecumbe Key (MM 74-77)
 * Lignumvitae Key
 * Indian Key
 * Indian Key Fill (MM 79)
 * Tea Table (MM 79½)
 * Upper Matecumbe Key (MM 80-83)
 * Windley Key (MM 85)
 * Plantation Key (MM 86-90)
 * Key Largo (MM 91-107)
 * Tavernier Key
 * Rodriguez Key
 * Old Rhodes Key
 * Totten Key
 * Reid Key
 * Rubicon Keys
 * Adams Key
 * Elliott Key
 * Sands Key
 * Boca Chita Key
 * Ragged Keys
 * Soldier Key

Transportation
The main chain of Keys islands can be traveled by motor vehicles on the Overseas Highway, a 127 mi section of U.S. 1, which runs from Key West to Fort Kent, Maine in its entirety. The highway was built parallel to the original route of the Overseas Railway, which was not rebuilt following the Labor Day hurricane of 1935. Even before the hurricane, road sections and highway bridges allowed automobile traffic to travel from Miami to Lower Matecumbe Key, where a car ferry connected with another roadway section through the Lower Keys. Following the hurricane, some of the original railway bridges were converted to carry the highway roadbeds. These bridges were used until the 1980s, when new highway bridges were built alongside. Many of the original railroad and highway bridges remain today as pedestrian fishing piers.

Public transportation
The Florida Keys has public bus transportation.

Road hazards
Despite this reconstruction, U.S. 1 was not widened on a large scale, and today most of the route consists of just two lanes. Due to their tropical climate, the Florida Keys attract several hundred thousand tourists annually. While some visitors arrive via Key West International Airport and Florida Keys Marathon Airport in Marathon, cruise ship or ferry from Miami, Fort Myers, or Marco Island, Florida, the vast majority of tourists drive down from the mainland on U.S. 1. This influx of traffic, coupled with the two-lane nature of U.S. 1 through most of its length in the Keys, and the fact that no alternative road routes are available mean that Monroe County has the highest per capita rate of fatal automobile accidents in the state of Florida.

Culture and recreation
The major industries are fishing and tourism, including ecotourism, with many visitors scuba diving in the area's protected waters. A ferry takes riders between Key West and Fort Myers, as well as Marco Island due north on the mainland, along the western edge of Florida Bay.

Dark skies recreation

Middle and Lower Florida Keys are among a few remaining South Florida dark skies locations accessible by car, thanks to their position along the Atlantic Ocean, and therefore with southern skies unobstructed by light pollution associated with urban development.

Scout Key is home to Winter Star Party, a prominent annual amateur astronomy event in the United States, and one of the Top 10 star parties in the world according to BBC Sky at Night. It is an international gathering that attracts 500+ people each year who enjoy stargazing, astrophotography and Milky Way photography.

Bahia Honda State Park is a well known dark skies location among locals offering unobstructed views of the southern night sky year-round. It also hosts amateur astronomy gatherings.

Other references

 * Jeff, Ripple (1995). The Florida Keys: the Natural Wonders of an Island Paradise, Photographs by Bill Keogh, Stillwater, Minnesota: Voyageur Press. ISBN 0-89658-262-0.
 * Jason Project The Story of Water Movement and Land Formation – accessed January 28, 2006.
 * About the Florida Keys
 * Florida Keys Fish

Media

 * Key West Citizen

title: Florida Keys


text:
Uziel Gal

Uziel "Uzi" Gal (עוזיאל "עוזי" גל, born Gotthard Glas; 15 December 1923 – 7 September 2002) was a German-born Israeli firearm designer who invented the Uzi submachine gun.

Biography
Gal was born in Weimar, Germany to Miele and Erich Glas. When the Nazis came to power in 1933, he first moved to the United Kingdom and later in 1936 to Kibbutz Yagur in the British Mandate of Palestine, where he changed his name to Uziel Gal.

In 1943, he was arrested for illegally carrying a gun and was sentenced to six years in prison. However, he was pardoned and released in 1946 (serving less than half of his sentence).

Gal began designing the Uzi submachine gun shortly after the founding of Israel and the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. In 1951, it was officially adopted by the Israel Defense Forces and was called the Uzi after its creator. Gal did not want the weapon to be named after him but his request was denied. In 1955, he was decorated with the Tzalash haRamatkal and in 1958, Gal was the first person to receive the Israel Security Award, presented to him by Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion for his work on the Uzi.

Gal retired from the IDF in 1975, and moved to the United States the following year. He settled in Philadelphia so that his daughter, Tamar, who had serious brain damage, could receive extended medical treatment there.

In the early 1980s, Gal assisted in the creation of the Ruger MP9 submachine gun.

Gal also assisted film-actors like Linda Hamilton and Robert Patrick in their training to use automatic weapons in their movie roles.

Gal continued his work as a firearms designer in the United States until his death from cancer in 2002. His body was flown back to Yagur for burial.

title: Uziel Gal


text:
Will Rogers World Airport

Will Rogers World Airport, also known as Will Rogers Airport or simply Will Rogers, is a passenger airport located in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States, about 6 miles (10 km) southwest of the city's downtown area. It is a civil-military airport on 8,081 acres (3,270 ha) of land. Although the official IATA and ICAO airport codes for Will Rogers World Airport are OKC and KOKC, it is common practice to refer to it as "WRWA" or "Will Rogers".

The airport is named for comedian and legendary cowboy Will Rogers, an Oklahoma native who died in an airplane crash near Utqiagvik, Alaska in 1935. The city's other major airport, Wiley Post Airport, along with the Wiley Post–Will Rogers Memorial Airport in Utqiaqvik, are named for Wiley Post, who also died in the same crash. Will Rogers World Airport is the only airport to use "World" in its designation. Although Will Rogers offers U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) services for customs and immigration, there are currently no scheduled international flights.

Will Rogers World Airport is the busiest commercial airport in the state of Oklahoma. In 2019, the airport handled nearly 4.42 million passengers, marking the busiest year on record three years in a row. Southwest Airlines carries the most passengers at Will Rogers World Airport, with a market share of nearly 48% as of April 2022.

History
The airport first opened in 1911 as Oklahoma City Municipal Airfield. It was renamed in Rogers' honor in 1941.

During World War II, Will Rogers Field was a major training facility for the United States Army Air Forces; many fighter and bomber units were activated and received initial training there.

Army Air Forces groups known to have been stationed at Will Rogers Field include:
 * 44th Bombardment Group (Heavy) July 1942 - August 28, 1942
 * 46th Bombardment Group (Light) November 1942 - October 1943
 * 47th Bombardment Group (Light) February 16, 1942 - July 18, 1942
 * 48th Bombardment Group (Light) May 22, 1941 - February 7, 1942
 * 86th Bombardment Group (Light) February 10, 1942 - June 20, 1942
 * 311th Bombardment Group (Light) March 2, 1942 - July 4, 1942
 * 312th Bombardment Group (Light) June 1942 - August 1942
 * 409th Bombardment Group (Light) June 1, 1943 - October 1943
 * 410th Bombardment Group (Light) July 1, 1943 - October 1943
 * 411th Bombardment Group (Light) August 1, 1943 - August 15, 1943
 * 416th Bombardment Group (Light) February 5, 1943 - June 4, 1943
 * 417th Bombardment Group (Light) March 28, 1943 - August 4, 1943
 * 9th Photographic Group (Reconnaissance) October 1, 1943 - May 6, 1944
 * 2d Reconnaissance Group October 7, 1943 - May 1, 1944
 * 70th Tactical Reconnaissance Group November 14, 1943 – November 30, 1943

After completion of their initial training, these units were reassigned to other airfields for secondary training before deployment overseas.

Post-war

The December 1951 C&GS chart shows four runways: the 5497-ft runway 3, 3801-ft runway 8, 5652-ft runway 12 and 5100-ft runway 17.

The April 1957 OAG showed 21 daily non-stop departures on Braniff International Airways, 15 on American Airlines, five on Central Airlines, four on Continental Airlines and three on TWA. A TWA Constellation aircraft flew non-stop from Oklahoma City to Los Angeles, but eastward non-stops didn't reach beyond Wichita, Kansas, Tulsa or Dallas, Texas. Oklahoma City began non-stop flights to Chicago starting in 1966.

2000–present
Great Plains Airlines, a regional airline based in Tulsa, Oklahoma, made Will Rogers World Airport a hub in 2001 with non-stop flights to Tulsa, Albuquerque, New Mexico, and Colorado Springs, Colorado and direct or connecting flights to Nashville, Tennessee, St. Louis, Chicago, and Washington. The airline had hoped to reach additional East- and West-Coast markets but declared bankruptcy and ceased operations on January 23, 2004.

On May 31, 2013, an EF-1 tornado hit Will Rogers Airport. The 1.4-mile wide tornado traveled 10.4 miles, including across the northern side of the airport. The path of the tornado passed over the facilities of MetroTech, the FAA, the Oklahoma National Guard, AAR, the Four Points Hotel, and the passenger terminal and hangars on the north and east side of the airport. Minor damage was reported at AAR and other buildings in this path. The Parking Spot location north of the airport on Meridian Avenue was also hit by the tornado. The company decided in August 2013 not to re-open the facility and exit the OKC market.

The airport once partnered with Tinker AFB in presenting Aerospace America airshow.

Terminal
In the late 1990s, the Oklahoma City Airport Trust deemed the 1967-built terminal building unsuitable. Following the adoption of a three-phase master plan, preparations for renovating the airport were launched in 2001. The old twin concourses (visible in the 1995 photograph) were demolished to make way for a larger terminal with integrated concourses, high ceilings, and modern facilities.

A $110 million multi-phase expansion and renovation project, designed by Atkins Benham Inc. and Gensler and built by Oscar J. Boldt Construction Company, began in 2001. Phase I involved erection of construction walkways from the five-story parking garage to the terminal building, demolishing the terminal's existing elevator core, construction of new elevator and escalator cores on the tunnel level and on level one, building temporary entrance and exit ramps for vehicles approaching and leaving the terminal, reconstruction of the roofs of the lower level and level one, finishing the elevator and escalator cores to level two, building new permanent entry and exit ramps for vehicles, and construction of a new transportation plaza and driving lanes. Phase II included a new concourse constructed to the west of the central terminal area, which was renovated to match the interior and exterior designs of the new concourse. The 1960s-built concourses were then demolished after the new concourse opened in 2005. The entire phase was completed in November 2006. Phase III project calls for the construction of a new concourse to the east, with at least eight more gates as well as expanded retail, restaurant, and baggage areas.

Will Rogers World Airport has a single three-level terminal with 17 departure gates along the West Concourse (Gates 1–12) and Central Concourse (Gates 14–24). Gates on the south side use even numbers while those on the north use odd. Due to the terminal's layout, certain odd numbers are omitted in the succession of Gates 1 through 24. Arriving passengers can access baggage claim in the downstairs level where there are 9 baggage belts. Level 3 contains offices for airline and airport staff.

The architecture of the current terminal uses native stone along with loft-ceilings, plate glass and brushed metal. Compared to the original terminal design of the old Concourses A and B, today's terminal provides a more open feel similar to that found in larger hub airports.

Terminal expansion
In 2008, Will Rogers World Airport officials approved a contract with Frankfurt Short Bruza Associates to begin planning for expansion. Officials later agreed to postpone the expansion plan due to the industry-wide decline in passenger traffic caused by the Great Recession.

During 2012, the Phase III expansion plan was updated to include a new Central Concourse reconfiguration plan. In 2014, the Airport Trust selected Option 2a, which includes only the central terminal improvements. The $3.6 million project will create a new central checkpoint in the center of the check-in hall. Two new greeter lobbies will be created where existing check points exist. The expansion will slightly reduce the space utilized by Sonic in the food court. The restrooms in the area will also be relocated to the nearby Osage room. The Southwest ticket counters will be relocated further east.

In 2015, the airport trust agreed to proceed with the full construction of the East Concourse due to increased congestion in the existing West and Central concourses and passenger demand. When completed, the existing terminal building would to the east and include a new passenger concourse initially with four gates, which would increase the number of boarding gates to 21. The new facility will have customs and immigration on the lower level accessed by the two easternmost gates and would serve international arrivals. The expansion will incorporate a single TSA screening zone in the center of the existing terminal, the food court will be removed and two reconstructed, and arriving passengers would exit at the current TSA zones, which will be dramatically downsized into modern "meeter-greeter areas". The East expansion will include onsite USAA military welcoming facilities, expanded concessions and office space, and an updated terminal lobby.

The new concourse expansion project will also include an innovative view system composed of an elevated platform and lounge that will allow visitors to walk above the newly expanded East Concourse and view down onto the secure gate areas and out to the airside. Visitors would enter the elevated walkway at the terminal lobby non-secured side. This design is intended to provide visitors the experience of airports of old; where one could walk all the way to the gate – albeit today completely separated from the secured concourse space. The expansion broke ground in March 2019 and opened in September 2021.

If necessary, a final expansion of the existing master plan could be accomplished with construction of the Central Concourse, increasing gate capacity by an additional 10 gates. This would give the terminal a final configuration with three concourses, East, West, and Central, and would provide the airport with 30+ gates.

Rental car
The airport opened a new Consolidated Rental Car Facility in early 2016, moving all rental services away from the Terminal to a grand facility nearby. Advantage, Alamo, Avis, Budget, Dollar, Enterprise, Hertz, National, and Thrifty rental companies offer service at Will Rogers World Airport. Shuttle buses connect passengers from the arrivals plaza just outside the terminal.

Parking
The airport began a $3.8 million maintenance project in September 2011 to rehabilitate and repair two of its three parking garages. The project will make improvements to garages A and B, two of the six parking options at the airport. Garage A is the two-story garage that provides hourly parking for the airport's short-term visitors on the upper level, and "ready-return" spaces for the rental car agencies on the lower level. Parking Garage B, adjacent to A, is the older of the two five-level parking structures that provide covered parking for air travelers. Garage C, the new parking garage that opened in 2009, will not be impacted. Nearing middle age (Garage A is 44 years old and Garage B is 31 years old), the structures will undergo several different types of refurbishments that will extend the long-term use of the facilities. The work will include:

 * Repair of concrete walls and pillars, specifically where there are cracks or spalling (chips of concrete that have broken off) and other deterioration
 * Replacement or repair of exterior stairs
 * Replacement and upgrade of all lighting circuits
 * Replacement and upgrade of all lighting fixtures
 * The top levels of each garage will receive new expansion joints, membrane coating, waterproofing and protectant to prevent leaking.

The project will be divided into 12 sequences, allowing the airport to keep as much of the garage open as possible. Most of the sequences will only require closing about 300 spaces at a time, leaving approximately 2,500 of the 2,800 total spaces in the two garages available for parking. The project work will start in the five-level Garage B on levels one and two. The entire project is anticipated to take 18 months. The most challenging portion of the project will be when the work commences on the two-story parking garage. During this sequencing, hourly parking and rental car companies will be moved to temporary locations in Garage B and C.

The airport operates three surface parking lots on the grounds of WRWA.

 * Lot No. 1 is a long-term remote shuttle lot located on Amelia Earhart Drive.
 * Lot No. 2 is a long-term shuttle lot located directly adjacent to the parking garages on the north side.
 * Lot No. 3 is a long-term canopy shuttle lot that provides shelter from sun and hail with protective canopies. It is located to the west of the parking garages on 67th Street near the control tower.

The airport provides a short-term parking area in the second (top) level of Garage A. The parking is free for the first hour and then $2 per hour after that. There are also two cell phone waiting areas just across the street from the shuttle parking lot No. 2, near Lot No. 3, and by the flag plaza north of the long-term shuttle Lot No. 2.

Will Rogers Air National Guard Base
Until 2008, the Oklahoma Air National Guard's 137th Airlift Wing (137 AW) and its Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft were located at the airport's Will Rogers Air National Guard Base. As part of the 2005 round of Base Realignment and Closure Commission (BRAC) recommendations, the majority of the maintenance unit (excluding the munitions flight) was relocated to nearby Tinker Air Force Base, where the wing transitioned to the Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft and became the 137th Air Refueling Wing (137 ARW), an "Associate" unit of the 507th Air Refueling Wing (507 ARW). The unit then shared KC-135 aircraft with the Air Force Reserve Command's 507th Air Refueling Wing in a joint operations and maintenance program. On 30 Jun 2015, the 137 ARW / 507 ARW partnership at Tinker AFB officially ended. The 137th was transferred to Air Force Special Operations Command and redesignated as the 137th Special Operations Wing (137 SOW), flying the Beechcraft MC-12 Liberty, marking a return of ANG flight operations to Will Rogers.

The MC-12 Liberty Formal Training Unit (FTU) will be replaced by the L3Harris OA-1K FTU.

Will Rogers Air National Guard Base also continues to be the home of the unit's Expeditionary Support Group headquarters, operations and support, as well as the Oklahoma ANG's 146th Air Support Operations Squadron. The Oklahoma Army National Guard also carries out helicopter maintenance at the airport.

Other facilities
The Federal Aviation Administration Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center is located on the west side of the airport. The Center headquarter's the Civil Aerospace Medical Institute, FAA Academy and Logistics Center.

The U.S. Department of Justice has major Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System (JPATS) facilities at Will Rogers World Airport. The Federal Transfer Center and its principal air hub is built on the west side of the airport grounds, off of Taxiway G.

The U.S. Customs and Border Protection operate their CBP Air and Marine Operations National Air Training Center facility on airport grounds. They operate a hangar on the north side of the airport, adjacent to the JPATS Hangar.

The Oklahoma City Composite Squadron of Civil Air Patrol meets on Tuesday evenings at 6:30 pm on the grounds of the Oklahoma Air National Guard base on the west side of the field.

The City of Oklahoma City Department of Airports manages Will Rogers World Airport and the other city-owned airports: Wiley Post Airport and Clarence E. Page Municipal Airport. The Airport Trust is led by Director Mark Kranenburg.

Corporate, air taxi
Will Rogers World Airport has a separate terminal facility used by air taxi and corporate service, although most of these flights use the Wiley Post Airport, Oklahoma City's FAA-designated reliever facility.

Maintenance, repair, operations and fixed-base operations
AAR Oklahoma has a fixed-base operation location, as well as a major maintenance, repair, and overhaul facility and regional headquarters at Will Rogers World Airport, in addition to other aircraft maintenance and aircraft on ground organizations.

ARINC has major facilities on the airport premises, including plans to double the size of their current facility.

Atlantic Aviation has a fixed-base operation located on the east side of the airport, off of Taxiway H. This is Atlantic's first Greenfield project.

Other facilities
Southwest Airlines has one of its largest customer service and support centers on the northern grounds of Will Rogers World Airport.

Will Rogers World Airport is home to Metro Technology Center's Aviation Career Campus. The aviation center offers training to prepare aircraft maintenance technicians with classrooms, practical labs, and separate airframe and powerplant hangars are available for academic and hands-on training. The Aviation Maintenance Technician program is an 18-month course that is certified and approved by the Federal Aviation Administration.

The facility is on the west side of the airport, north of the FAA center. One notable sight on the MetroTech campus includes a donated AirTran Airways DC-9-30 in the post AirTran Airways / ValuJet merger colors.

Will Rogers World Airport permanently hosts the Ninety Nines Museum of Women Pilots. The facility is located on more than 5000 sqft, occupying the entire second floor of the International Headquarters building. It features a repository for a unique collection of the papers, personal items and other historic artifacts of some of the most significant achievements and adventures of the international community of women pilots. Its library and exhibit areas will provide new insights into the role women pilots played in the development of aviation.

Lariat Landing
Lariat Landing is a new development on the east side of the airport grounds that encompasses 1000 acres. The development is meant to generate increased non-airline revenue for the airport while still growing air service. The development will be mixed use with nearly half of it, west of Portland Avenue, designated to direct aviation support (with runway access) with an additional portion dedicated to aviation support companies. The remaining portion east of Portland Avenue will be zoned for retail, industrial, and commercial office space.

The direct aviation parcels of Lariat Landing will be marketed towards aircraft maintenance, aircraft manufacturing, commercial air cargo, and corporate aviation companies. Atlantic Aviation and ARINC are two tenants already located in the new development area. The aviation support district will be targeting companies that provides aviation related goods and services. The target companies include freight forwarders, logistics, cargo, warehousing, distribution operations, and manufacturing companies.

Located between Interstate 44 and Portland Avenue, the office park will have a retail village as the gateway to its campus. It will target offices, hotels/motels, retail, warehouse, distribution, and logistic companies.

Property will only be leased due to FAA requirements and will have a maximum term of 40 years. The realignment of Portland Avenue is currently in process while the new 48 in waterline installation has already been completed.

Incidents
On March 26, 1939, Braniff International Airways Trip 1, a Douglas DC-2, registration NC13727, crashed while attempting to return to the airport. The aircraft had just departed when a cylinder on the left engine tore loose from its mounting and caused a tear in the engine cowling. Subsequent drag from the torn cowling resulted in a stall on the wing, and the plane cartwheeled on to the airport grounds, just yards from the safety of the runway. The captain cut the fuel switches just before impact, but misted fuel from the tanks spread over the hot engines, causing a fire. The captain, first officer, and three passengers survived. The flight's hostess and seven passengers, however, died in the disaster.

A Rockwell Sabreliner, registration N5565 crashed on January 15, 1974, after descending below minimums on an ILS approach in low clouds and fog. Both occupants were killed.

On December 21, 2012, a U.S. Customs and Border Patrol Cessna Citation crashed during landing at Will Rogers Airport. Both occupants survived; one had minor injuries.

On November 15, 2016, a Southwest Airlines employee, Michael Winchester was shot and killed in a parking garage; a 45-year-old suspect, Lloyd Dean Buie, was subsequently found dead of an apparently self-inflicted wound. Winchester was the father of Kansas City Chiefs long snapper James Winchester and himself a former punter and member of the Oklahoma Sooners' 1985 national championship college team.

On June 19, 2024, Southwest Airlines flight 4069 Nosed down to 525 altitude and almost crashed during a landing attempt.

title: Will Rogers World Airport