text:
Talk:Global

Split proposal
Move to wiktionary -- Tarquin 21:39, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Agree, Wikipedia is not a dictionary Chadloder 03:23, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I think it should stay. Other that the dictionary meaning, the name seem to be used by companies. The Cabadian TV and Noway pension fund for example. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wk muriithi (talk • contribs)

 * The definition parts should move to Wikitionary, but a disambiguation page should be left in this article's place to deal with entities using the "Global" name. --StuffOfInterest 18:37, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree. It will be much clearer like that! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.120.251.253 (talk • contribs)

 * There is a lot of talk about the health issues of our humble planet that supports all life as we know it in the known universe but I don't really hear a lot about anyone doing anything to really resolve the problem. sure they speak of carbon emissions and they talk about hydro styles of power but has any one ever stop to have a close look at what the people are talking about at this web site. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.87.79.213 (talk • contribs)

 * I agree. It should definitely be split.  Zweinstein 21:29, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I happen to like the article and would like to see it stay in its entirety, but if it must be down-sized, I'd favor the split. Shanoman 22:22, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Removed non-Dab material
Perhaps useful somewhere: Global is a synonym of worldwide and means of, or relating to, or involving the entire world, in the general sense or as the planet Earth.

The adjective global and the adverb globally mean pertaining to, or embracing, the totality of a number of items, categories, etc. They also mean comprehensive and all-inclusive.

It has been argued that global has replaced international or world as a way of referring to issues, processes and structures that affect human beings collectively.

Conceptual associations

--Jerzy•t 23:11, 24 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Global event, one that has an effect on on the entire planet.
 * Global activity, describing actions of an entity, usually commercial that spans the planetary surface.

Clash Of Clans
Do not bother with the greetings and service all game clash F Clans extortionist who is 40 levels higher than they are able to visit Clan REQ The Clan code : # P8G9VYY8 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 5.235.161.118 (talk) 11:57, 30 January 2015 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Global Media & Entertainment which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 11:03, 30 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Global


text:
Nankai University

Nankai University is a public university in Tianjin, China. It is affiliated with the Ministry of Education of China. The university is part of Project 211, Project 985, and the Double First-Class Construction.

Nankai University was established in 1919 as the private Nankai School by Yan Xiu and Zhang Boling. During the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1937 to 1945, Nankai University, Peking University and Tsinghua University merged and formed the National Changsha Provisional University, which later moved to Kunming and was renamed the National Southwestern Associated University (西南联大). On December 25, 2000, the State Ministry of Education signed an agreement with Tianjin Municipal Government to jointly establish and develop Nankai University.

Nankai's alumni include the first Premier of the People's Republic of China Zhou Enlai, mathematician Shiing-Shen Chern and Nobel laureates Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee.

1919–1937
The university was founded as a private institution in 1919. Nankai's scale was relatively small at its inception partly because it received no funding from the government but instead was funded by foreign charitable funds and local entrepreneurs, with only 3 departments (liberal arts, science, and business) and 96 students. It was noted particularly for its courses which were taught in English using foreign curricula and textbooks.

The well-known Nankai Institute of Economics was established in 1927 and soon became one of the most prominent in China being the first non-foreign entity to calculate a Chinese Consumer Price Index.

By 1937, Nankai had expanded into a university of 3 colleges, 13 departments, and 2 research institutes, with 429 students and 110 faculty and staff members.

It was once nicknamed "The North Star of Higher Learning".

1937–1949
In July 1937, during the Sino-Japanese War, Nankai campus was severely damaged by Japanese bombings. About two-thirds of Nankai's school buildings including its library were destroyed by the Japanese Imperial Army. A number of the school's artifacts, including the university bell,  were looted and remain in Japanese museums till this day.

In August 1937, still during the Sino-Japanese War, Nankai University, Peking University and Tsinghua University united to form the National Changsha Provisional University, which later moved to Kunming and was renamed the National Southwestern Associated University. On April 2, it was renamed "National Southwestern Associated University. In 1946, after the war, Nankai returned to Tianjin and was reformed into a national university by the government. At that time, Nankai had four schools (Liberal Arts, Science, Political Science and Economics, and Engineering) and 16 departments.

1949–1966
After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, Nankai was readjusted and became a comprehensive university with emphasis on the arts and sciences, with 14 departments and 3 professional specialties in total.

1966–1976
From 1966 to 1976 the School's normal life was out of order due to the Cultural Revolution. In 1976 a catastrophic earthquake broke out in Tangshan, bordering Tianjin, causing damage of varying degrees to the School's buildings.

1976–present
In February 1978, the State Council decided to resume and set up national key colleges, Nankai University is identified as the first national key college.

After 1980, Nankai added a number of new specialties and institutes. In arts, applied specialties on financing were set up and the School of Economics was reopened in 1983, while in Sciences, interdisciplinary, marginal and high and new technological specialties were added.

Nankai was among the first universities in China to open its doors for students from America in the 1980s. In 1989 the university was ordered by the Tianjin public security bureau to send two Americans back home, following rising political tensions over pro-democracy demonstrations.

By the late 1980s, Nankai University had grown to be a comprehensive university embracing Humanities, Natural Sciences, Applied Sciences, Life Sciences, Managements and Art.

In 1994 Tianjin Foreign Trade College was merged to Nankai university. In 1999 under the combined efforts of Nankai and TEDA, TEDA College was set up. In 2000 the State Ministry of Education signed an agreement with Tianjin Municipal Government on jointly establishing and developing Nankai University. Experimental cooperation between Nankai University and Tianjin University was initiated on the principle of independent school-running and close cooperation. In 2002 under the cooperative efforts of Nankai, Government of Shenzhen and UC Berkeley, the Financial Engineering College was established in Shenzhen.

In May 2006 Nankai's president Rao Zihe tendered 15 of the 21 university's college dean positions, restaffing key positions in an effort to further improve the university's educational programs.

In February 2015, following Chinese media reports and statements from inside the Chinese Communist Party that universities would have to "be cleansed of liberal Western textbooks and other ideological heresies", Nankai's president Gong Ke publicly stated: "Recently I've read people on the Internet saying that the ranks of academics must be cleansed, purified and rectified. I can't agree with this. This was the mentality of 1957 or 1966." and "We cannot re-enact this history of "leftist" errors against intellectuals."

Campus
Nankai university encompasses three campuses. Balitai, Jinnan and TEDA. The total local campus area is 456.1 and the building area 136.8 hectare.

Balitai campus
Balitai was Nankai's first campus. established in 1919 and is located at Balitai in the Nankai district of Taijin. The campus hosts 10 colleges, namely the Business School, School of Economics, School of Literature, College of Chemistry, School of Mathematical Sciences, Institute of Physics, College of Foreign Languages, College of Life Sciences and Institute of Japan Studies.

Jinnan campus
Jinnan campus is the latest campus of Nankai university. It was opened in September 2015 and is located in the jinnan Area. The campus hosts 14 colleges, the Zhou Enlai School of Government, College of Tourism and Service Management, School of Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Law School, College of Chinese Language and Culture, Faculty of Philosophy, College of History, College of Computer and Control Engineering, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, School of Finance and College of Software.

TEDA campus
TEDA campus is also located in the Binhai New Area and hosts the TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology and the TEDA Institute of Applied Physics.

Academics
Nankai is a multidisciplinary university under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education.

Teaching and Learning
The university has academic programs that cover the humanities, natural sciences, technology, life sciences, medical sciences and the arts, with an equal balance between the sciences and the liberal arts.

Nankai's academic programs operate on a semester calendar, with two terms. The first beginning in early September and ending in early January and the second beginning in early February and ending in early July. Subsequently, winter break usually ranges from early January to early February and summer break from early July to early September.

Nankai, in 2013, had 22 colleges and schools, and offered 79 bachelor's degree programs, 231 master's degree programs, and 172 PhD programs. The total enrollment stood at approximately 12,000 undergraduate students and 11,000 graduate students. Of the total student population, 10% were international students from different countries around the world.

In 2018 the university offered a total of 80 undergraduate programs, 231 Master and 172 PhD programs and 28 post doctoral research stations. The total count of full-time students was 24,525. Academic staff consisted of 1,986 full-time teaching personnel, with 214 professors and 805 associate professors.

Nankai offers different scholarships, among them the Chinese Government Scholarship for international students, the CSC Scholarship for American Students, the Tianjin Government Scholarship, the Confucius Institute Scholarship and the Nankai University Scholarship.

Nankai also offers several scholarship programs to support international exchanges and hosts different international student exchange programs. Nankai's broad international programs are organized through the International Office. The university has established cooperations with more than 300 international universities and academic institutions, including programs like an Elementary School Chinese Program with schools in the US, which was launched in 2009. In 2010 the US-China exchange program Study International was launched, with the plan to send 100,000 American students to china in a four-year time frame. The first students were sent to Nankai university in the fall of 2010.

In 2012 Nankai was invited to become the 35th member of The Global University Leaders Forum (GULF), a global community of high-ranking universities, including renowned members like Yale University, Harvard University and the University of Oxford.

Research
The university has established broad international exchanges and collaborative relationships with more than 200 universities and academic institutions. Nobel Laureates Chen Ning Yang, Tsung-Dao Lee, Samuel Chao Chung Ting, Robert A. Mundell, and Reinhard Selten as well as former President of Korea Kim Dae Jung and former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger were all conferred Honorary Professorships by Nankai University.

In November 2016 Robert F. Engle, who won the 2003 Nobel Prize in economics, became an honorary professor at Nankai.

Many other world-known scholars and entrepreneurs have been invited as Visiting Professors at Nankai University. Dr. Heng-Kang Sang returned from the United States to found the College of Economic and Social Development in 1987. Nankai University, a magnet for talented mathematicians known both at home and abroad, has become one of the most famous centers for mathematics worldwide.

Nankai established nine Confucius Institutes around the world.

Scientists from Nankai have been involved in different scientific breakthroughs and important advancements.

Rankings and reputation
Nankai University is ranked among the top 10 universities in China, with exceptions in 2017 and 2018. In the ranking of top 50 universities in China published by Renmin University of China in June 2011, it was ranked 10th. In the Netbig ranking of 2011 it was ranked 10th as well. In the QS World University Rankings of 2013 it was ranked 62nd among Asian universities, and 11th in China. In the Chinese first-class university ranking of 2012 by Wu Shulian of China Management Academy, it was placed 8th. In the CWTS Leiden Ranking 2013, it was ranked 53rd among world universities, and 1st in China. In the Nature Index Global 2014, it was ranked 83rd among world universities, and 7th in China.

Department rankings
The university is also highly regarded for its top quality undergraduate programs. Nankai's mathematics, chemistry, history, business and economics programs are among the best in China.

Chern, Shiing-Shen established the world's largest mathematics institute (in terms of office area) in Nankai University.

Student body
In 2018 Nankai enrolled 24,525 full-time students, with 13,067 undergraduate, 8,162 postgraduate and 3,296 PhD students. Of them 1,902 were international students.

Colleges and schools

 * Chern Institute of Mathematics
 * College of Artificial Intelligence
 * College of Chemistry
 * College of Chinese Language and Culture
 * College of Computer Sciences
 * College of Cyber Sciences
 * College of Economic and Social Development
 * College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering
 * College of Environmental Science and Engineering
 * College of Foreign Languages
 * College of Life Sciences
 * College of Pharmacy
 * College of Philosophy
 * College of Software
 * College of Tourism and Service Management
 * Faculty of History
 * Institute of Finance and Development

 * Institute of Japan Studies
 * Nankai Business School
 * School of Economics
 * School of Finance
 * School of International Education
 * School of Journalism and Communication
 * School of Law
 * School of Literature
 * School of Marxism
 * School of Materials Science and Engineering
 * School of Mathematical Sciences
 * School of Medicine
 * School of Physics
 * School of Statistics and Data Science
 * TEDA College
 * TEDA Institute of Applied Physics
 * TEDA Biotechnology School
 * Zhou Enlai School of Government

Presidents

 * Zhang Boling（张伯苓）: 1919–48
 * He Lian (何廉): 1948–57 (acting)
 * Yang Shixian（杨石先）: 1957–1969
 * vacant due to the Cultural Revolution: 1969–1978
 * Zang Boping（臧伯平）: 1978
 * Yang Shixian (second term): 1979–1981
 * Teng Weizao（滕维藻）: 1981–1986
 * Mu Guoguang（母国光）: 1986–1995
 * Hou Zixin（侯自新）: 1995–2006
 * Rao Zihe（饶子和）: 2006–2011
 * Gong Ke（龚克）: 2011–2018
 * Cao Xuetao（曹雪涛）: 2018–2022
 * Chen Yulu（陈雨露）: 2022–

Notable alumni
Notable alumni of Nankai university include

 * Wang Anshun, Chinese politician and former mayor of Beijing
 * Jerome Chen, Chinese historian and fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
 * Shiing-Shen Chern, Chinese mathematician regarded as a leader in geometry and one of the greatest mathematicians of the twentieth century
 * Chow Chung-cheng, Chinese artist and author
 * Zhou Enlai, Chinese politician and first Premier of the People's Republic of China
 * Tsung-Dao Lee, Chinese-American physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1957 (together with Chen-Ning Yang)
 * Ray Huang, Chinese philosopher and historian
 * Li Jinyuan, Chinese businessman and billionaire
 * David X. Li, Chinese statistician
 * Guo Shuqing, Chinese politician, banker and formerly served as the Governor and Deputy Party Secretary of Shandong, chairman of the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC)
 * Wu Ta-You, Chinese atomic and nuclear theoretical physicist who worked in the United States, Canada, mainland China and Taiwan and has been dubbed the "Father of Chinese Physics"
 * Zhang Wenzhong, Chinese businessman and scholar
 * Liu Xinyuan, Chinese molecular biologist
 * Ren Xuefeng, Chinese politician and business executive who served as the Communist Party Secretary of Guangzhou and the Deputy Communist Party Secretary of Guangdong
 * Cao Yu, Chinese playwright, often regarded as China's Shakespeare and one of the most important playwrights of the 20th century
 * Chen-Ning Yang, Chinese physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1957 (together with Tsung-Dao Lee)
 * Dou Yupei, Chinese politician and former Vice Minister of Civil Affairs
 * Xiaowen Zeng, Chinese-Canadian author
 * Zhang Yiming, Chinese businessman, founder and former CEO of ByteDance

A more extensive list of Nankai alumni can be found here.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nankai University


text:
Advanced Stream Redirector

The Advanced Stream Redirector (ASX) format is a type of XML metafile designed to store a playlist of Windows Media files for a multimedia presentation.

It is used frequently on streaming video servers where multiple ASF files are to be played in succession. Both RTSP and MMS streaming protocols are supported, as well as HTTP.

ASX files have MIME type  (as do ASF files).

With the introduction of the WMA and WMV container formats in late 1990s, WAX and WVX extensions have also been introduced by Microsoft respectively.

Windows Media Player playlists
ASX can be used to print playlists done with Windows Media Player. To print a playlist, there are two main steps for those people that are familiar with Windows command lines and XSLT:
 * Install an XSLT processor
 * Export the playlist from the Windows Media Player with: Menu File -> Save current playlist

title: Advanced Stream Redirector


text:
Talk:Tutankhamun

Semi-protected edit request on 3 June 2024
King Tutankhamun, originaly got the name King Tut from his great grandmother, who died shortly after suffering from disease also called Tutonia. Leap Codinski (talk) 00:14, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate.   [[User:CanonNi ]]  (talk • contribs) 11:22, 3 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tutankhamun


text:
Algonquin Provincial Park

Algonquin Provincial Park is an Ontario provincial park located between Georgian Bay and the Ottawa River, mostly within the Unorganized South Part of Nipissing District. Established in 1893, it is the oldest provincial park in Canada. Additions since its creation have increased the park to its current size of about 7,653 sqkm. The park is contiguous with several smaller, administratively separate provincial parks that protect important rivers in the area, resulting in a larger total protected area.

Its size, combined with its proximity to the major urban centres of Toronto and Ottawa, makes Algonquin one of the most popular provincial parks in the province and the country. Highway 60 runs through the south end of the park, while the Trans-Canada Highway bypasses it to the north. Over 2,400 lakes and 1,200 kilometres of streams and rivers are located within the park. Some notable examples include Canoe Lake and the Petawawa, Nipissing, Amable du Fond, Madawaska, and Tim rivers. These were formed by the retreat of the glaciers during the last ice age.

The park is considered part of the "border" between Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The park is in an area of transition between northern coniferous forest and southern deciduous forest. This unique mixture of forest types, and the wide variety of environments in the park, allows the park to support an uncommon diversity of plant and animal species. It is also an important site for wildlife research.

Algonquin Park was named a National Historic Site in 1992 in recognition of several heritage values including: its role in the development of park management; pioneering visitor interpretation programs later adopted by national and provincial parks across the country; its role in inspiring artists, which in turn gave Canadians a greater sense of their country; and historic structures such as lodges, hotels, cottages, camps, entrance gates (the West Gate was designed by George H. Williams, Chief Architect and Deputy Minister of Public Works for the Province of Ontario), a railway station, and administration and museum buildings.

Algonquin Park is the only designated park within the province of Ontario to allow industrial logging to take place within its borders.

Early logging
In the 19th century, the logging industry cut the large white pine and red pine trees to produce lumber for domestic and American markets, as well as square timber for export to Great Britain. The loggers were followed by small numbers of homesteaders and farmers. Even at that time, however, the area's beauty was recognized by nature preservationists.

To manage these conflicting interests, the Ontario Government appointed a commission to inquire into and report on the matter. The act to establish Algonquin Park was drawn up in 1892 by this five member Royal Commission, made up of Alexander Kirkwood (the chairman and Commissioner of Crown Lands), James Dickson (Ontario Land Surveyor), Archibald Blue (director of mines), Robert Phipps (head of the Forestry Branch), and Aubrey White (Assistant Commissioner of Crown Lands). Their report recommended the establishment of a park in the territory lying near and enclosing the headwaters of five major rivers, those being: the Muskoka, Little Madawaska River (including Opeongo), Amable du Fond River, Petawawa River, and South rivers.

The commissioners remarked in their report: "the experience of older countries had everywhere shown that the wholesale and indiscriminate slaughter of forests brings a host of evils in its train. Wide tracts are converted from fertile plains into arid desert, springs and streams are dried up, and the rainfall, instead of percolating gently through the forest floor and finding its way by easy stages by brook and river to the lower levels, now descends the valley in hurrying torrents, carrying before it tempestuous floods."
 * Report of the (Ontario) Royal Commission on Forest Conservation and National Park, Mar. 8, 1893

Although much of the area within Algonquin had been under license for some time, it was intended to make the park an example of good forestry practices. Only licenses to cut pine would be issued. The commissioners had recommended that when the hardwood was mature, it too should be cut.

Dark Day fire
Researchers believe that smoke from a forest fire in Algonquin Park was responsible for New England's Dark Day of May 19, 1780. This is based on investigations into scar marks which are left in the growth rings of trees that survive forest fires. Data obtained from such scar marks make it possible to approximate the date of a past fire.

Current logging

Industrial logging continues in significant portions of the park's interior. After 2013 amendments to the park management plan, 65.3% of the park (498,785 hectares) remains in the recreation/utilization zone where logging is permitted. Numerous methods of logging take place throughout the park including clear cutting, selection cutting and shelterwood cutting.

, the Algonquin Forestry Authority is currently reviewing an application that would allow for expansion of current logging roads and the addition of new ones.

Forestry activities in Algonquin, including logging are carried out in accordance with a Forest Management Plan prepared according to Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry requirements. The planning process includes public consultation opportunities at several stages of preparation. The 2010–2020 approved Forest Management Plan for the Algonquin Park Forest, the 2015–2020 Phase 2 Plan, and the associated Annual Work Schedules and Reports are available on the Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry's website.

Park formation
An Act to establish "Algonquin National Park of Ontario" was passed by the Liberal government of Oliver Mowat in the Ontario Legislature, May 23, 1893 (56 Vic., c.8). The name "Algonquin" refers to the Algonquin people, indigenous inhabitants of the area.

Although called a "national park", Algonquin has always been under the jurisdiction of the provincial government. No provincial parks existed until Algonquin, but there was a new movement to create national parks since Banff's establishment in 1885. The name was changed to Algonquin Provincial Park in 1913. The boundaries of the park included 18 townships within the District of Nipissing, covering an area of 3797 km2 of which 10% was under water. The tract of land was to be set apart, as a public park, health resort and pleasure ground for the benefit, advantage and enjoyment of all the people of the province. The year following the park's creation saw portions of six new townships added to the existing park's boundaries (Paxton, McCraney, Finlayson, Butt, Ballantyne, and Boyd). The first four were put up for auction that same year. The production of the lumber companies operating in the park at the time increased from 680,000 m3 (288 million board feet) in 1886 to 809,000 m3 (343 million board feet) in 1896.
 * Notice regarding establishment of 'The Algonquin National Park of Ontario', Sept. 27, 1893, transcribed on Death On a Painted Lake: The Death of Tom Thomson
 * Archibald M. Campbell, "The Algonquin National Park of Ontario-Its Resources and Advantages", The Ottawa Naturalist XV (June, 1901): 80-89, transcribed on Death On a Painted Lake: The Death of Tom Thomson

Peter Thomson, the first chief ranger of Algonquin Park, was responsible for establishing park boundaries, constructing buildings, and posting notices to warn hunters and trappers against trespassing. He liaised with timber operators, oversaw the removal of settlers and their homes, and notified local Algonquin natives that they could no longer hunt, trap or live in the area.

Park rangers began patrolling the park, the game protected, and forest fires were suppressed. By 1910 wildlife numbers were increasing. Thousands of people had visited the great pleasure resort and it was said to be undeniably one of the most beautiful natural parks in the Dominion, if not on this continent. All this had entailed a large expenditure by the government, which was recovered chiefly through the maintenance of timber licenses. There was no fee for camping permits, though a nominal charge was introduced for fishing and guides' licenses when "an Act to establish the Algonquin National Park of Ontario" was again passed by the legislature, March 19, 1910. This new legislation included the original area as well as portions of ten townships annexed into the park since 1893, and allowed for further expansion by the addition of adjacent townships, should it become necessary.

Another notable figure in park management was Frank MacDougall, the park's chief ranger from 1931 to 1941. He was the first ranger to supervise the park by airplane, flying a Fairchild KR-34. He eventually became deputy minister for the provincial Ministry of Lands and Forests, and the portion of Highway 60 which passes through Algonquin Park has been named the Frank A. MacDougall Parkway in his honour.

Railway, settlement, and the beginning of tourism
Construction of the Ottawa, Arnprior and Parry Sound Railway (O. A. & P. S.) through the park in 1896 provided the first easy access to the area. While the park's purpose was to control settlement within its boundaries, the families of railway workers as well as those of the lumbermen took up residence in the park. The village of Mowat on the west side of Canoe Lake was first established in 1893 as a logging camp for the Gilmour Lumber Company. From there, logs were driven down the Oxtongue River towards Lake of Bays and eventually on to Trenton. In the same year the park headquarters was established near the logging camp. The arrival of the railway had provided easy access for the lumbermen as well. The Gilmour firm decided to put up a sawmill closer to their source of timber. By 1897 the village of Mowat had grown to 500 residents and there were 18 km of railway siding.

The same year saw the official opening of the railway between Ottawa and Depot Harbour. Park headquarters were also relocated in 1897 from Mowat to a point of land on the north shore of Cache Lake, adjacent to the railway. The O. A. & P. S. put up a station there it named Algonquin Park. The railway, taken over by the Canada Atlantic Railway in 1899, was in turn sold to the Grand Trunk Railway (GTR) in 1905.

In 1898 George W. Bartlett was appointed as the second superintendent of Algonquin Park, replacing the late Peter Thompson. Placed under the direction of the Premier of Ontario to make the park self-sufficient, Bartlett worked to make the park more attractive to tourists by encouraging short-term leases for cottages, lodges, and camps. Changes came about in 1908, when Hotel Algonquin was opened at Joe Lake. The Grand Trunk Railway opened its first hotel, the Highland Inn, near Park Headquarters. Built on a hill behind Algonquin Park station, the two-storey year-round resort was an immediate success. Soon other guest lodges were established in the park. To the west side of Highland Inn, land was cleared and raised wooden platforms erected, on which tents (supplied by the hotel), were put up to meet the requirements of the rapidly growing tourist trade.

At the village of Mowat, abandoned by Gilmour Lumber Co. in 1900, the mill's former boarding house became Mowat Lodge in 1913. The Highland Inn was enlarged, and new camps were built. Nominigan Camp, consisting of a main lodge with six cabins of log construction, was established on Smoke Lake. Camp Minnesing on Burnt Island Lake was created as a wilderness lodge. Both, open only in July and August, were built by the GTR as affiliates of the Highland Inn.

A second railway, the Canadian Northern (CNoR), was built across the northern portion of the park, opening in 1915. Both lines later became part of Canadian National Railway. The beginning of the end of rail service in the park happened in 1933 when a flood damaged an old Ottawa, Arnprior and Parry Sound Railway trestle on Cache Lake. The trestle was deemed too dangerous to use and too expensive to fix, ending through service on the southern line (old O.A. & P.S.). Service from the west ended in 1952, and from the east in 1959. Service on the old CNoR line through the north end of the park ended in 1995. Many of the trails in the park still make use of portions of the old railway rights-of-way.

Administration and management
As recreational use of the park increased during the 1950s and 1960s, it became clear that a long-term plan to manage the park was required. Six years of consultation with park users resulted in the 1974 publication of the Algonquin Master Plan, a management plan that sought to ensure that the park could continue indefinitely to serve all of the competing park interests. Three major changes came about as a result of the plan. One, the park was divided into zones with different specified purposes and uses: Nature Reserve and Historic (5.7% of land area), Wilderness (12%), Development (4.3%) and Recreation-Utilization (78%) zones. Logging in the park was limited to the Recreation-Utilization zones, but was separated as much as possible from users of the park interior in order to maintain the park's natural environment. Each year only a small percentage of the park is being actively logged. Two, all existing timber licenses were cancelled, and all logging in the park is now done by the Algonquin Forestry Authority, which supplies timber to 10 private mills outside the park. Three, rules were put in place to limit the impact of recreational use of the park. Almost all cans and bottles are banned in the interior, and limits are placed on the number of people per campsite, and the number of people who can enter the park interior per day at each access point. Also, the use of boat motors is limited, both in power and to a few of the larger and more accessible lakes. The master plan has been reviewed and updated four times since 1974, with the latest version being published in 1999.

Climate
The park has a humid continental climate (Köppen Climate Classification Dfb) with long, cold, snowy winters and warm summers. In winter, temperatures frequently drop below -20 C while in summer, temperatures can exceed 30 C 9 days per year. Precipitation averages 810 mm per year, which is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year with late summer/early fall being the wettest months and the winter months being the driest.

Legacy of landscapes
As a result of its beauty, Algonquin Park became recognized by nature preservationists. It quickly became popular with anglers, though hunting was prohibited.

The landscapes of Algonquin Park attracted artists such as Tom Thomson along with members of the Group of Seven. Thomson served as a guide in the park, often working from Mowat Lodge. He did much of his painting at Canoe Lake, and a favourite campsite of his was behind Hayhurst Point, a peninsula overlooking the central portion of the lake. Many of Thomson's most significant paintings are of Algonquin Park, including The Jack Pine and The West Wind. He died under mysterious circumstances at Canoe Lake in 1917. A plaque recognizing his national historic significance stands at the Visitor Centre dock on Canoe Lake, erected by the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada. Friends of the painter erected a cairn and totem pole memorial on Hayhurst Point, near the north end of the lake.

Visitor activities
Algonquin is popular for year-round outdoor activities. There are over 1,200 campsites in eight designated campgrounds along Highway 60 in the south end of the park, with almost 100 others in three other campgrounds across the northern and eastern edges. There is also the Whitefish Lake group campground with 18 sites of various sizes to accommodate groups of 20, 30, or 40 people. Interior Camping is possible further inside the park at sites accessible only by canoe or on foot. The Algonquin Visitor Centre features exhibits about the natural and cultural history of the park. A large and detailed relief map of southern Ontario is displayed to enable a visitor to be oriented to the size and geography of the park. In a flow-through style, exhibits continue with many taxidermied species set in their native surroundings, then progresses, in a chronological manner, through an extensive collection of artifacts relating to human intervention in the park. The centre also includes a video theatre, a gift shop, a panoramic outdoor viewing deck, and an art gallery—"The Algonquin Room"—with changing exhibits of art related to the park.

Other activities include fishing, mountain biking, horseback riding, cross country skiing, and day hiking. The park has 19 interpretive trails, ranging in length from 1 to 11.7 km. Each trail comes with a trail guide and is meant to introduce visitors to a different aspect of the park's ecology or history.

Algonquin is home to a Natural Heritage Education program. The most popular aspect of the program are the weekly wolf howls. These are held (weather and wolves permitting) on Thursdays in the month of August, and sometimes in the first week of September if there is a Thursday before Labour Day. Park staff attempt to locate a wolf pack on Wednesday evening and, if successful, they announce a public wolf howl the next day.

The park also publishes a visitor's newsletter, The Raven, six times a year – two issues in spring, two in summer, one in the fall, and one in the winter.

Algonquin Logging Museum
Opened in 1992, the Algonquin Logging Museum is located by the park's east gate. A 1.3 km trail features a recreated logging camp, a steam-powered amphibious tug called an "alligator", logging equipment and interpretive panels about logging industry activities in the park. Exhibits include a video presentation. The museum is open seasonally.

One annual feature worthy of note at the museum is "Logger's Day", typically held in late July or early August each year. This festivity includes musicians, a logger's old style lunch, activities for children, interpretive actors, and forest industry representatives.

Canoe routes
Canoe camping is one of the most popular activities. This wilderness experience, essentially, a pristine wilderness canoe journey through vastness of the park, allows the tourist to enjoy the interior of Algonquin Park in ways inaccessible by any other means. The "Friends of Algonquin Park" organization publishes an authoritative map and guide called Canoe Routes of Algonquin Park.

Aspects of interior camping
Although there are numerous drive-in campgrounds in Algonquin, the park is better known for its interior camping; that is, campsites which are only accessible by canoe or hiking in the summer, or ski or snowshoe in the winter. Algonquin Park provides some of Canada's best canoeing, with hundreds of navigable lakes and rivers forming a 2000 km interconnected system of canoe routes. The two main access points to start a trip are located on Canoe Lake and Lake Opeongo. The further a camper proceeds from these access points, the more wild the park becomes, and it is possible to spend several days in the interior with few or no sightings of other campers. Park staff maintain portages between all major and even smaller lakes, and interior campsite reservations can be made through the main Ontario Parks reservation system.

There are also three areas of back-country hiking trails, with sub-loops ranging from 6 to 88 km long. These hiking trails have their own dedicated campsites, typically located on the shores of small lakes. Although some lakes have sites for both canoe and hiking access, the sites are designated by type of use.

Interior camping can provide excellent wildlife viewing opportunities. The eerie call of the common loon can be heard from every campground and loons can be seen on almost every lake. Moose, deer and beaver can often be seen, especially along waterways, given sufficiently quiet campers. Otters are also present, but less frequently seen. Black bears, although present in the park, are seldom seen, especially if appropriate precautions to avoid attracting them are taken. Wolves may be heard, but will likely remain distant from campers.

Fishing
Fishing is allowed in the park for holders of valid Ontario fishing licences, with the purchase of a daily or seasonal vehicle permit as well available through the Ministry of Natural Resources. Fish such as bass, yellow perch, trout and pike can be found in the waterways of the park. The further an angler is willing to travel from an access point, the better the fishing. The backcountry lakes do not receive heavy fishing pressure.

Services
The non-profit Friends of Algonquin Park operate a tourist information station, CFOA-FM.

A direct bus shuttle from Toronto is being run by Parkbus, a non-profit initiative, which is supported by the park.

Research
Algonquin Park has been an important arena for research since the 1930s. Four research facilities exist: Harkness Laboratory of Fisheries Research, Wildlife Research Station, Timber Research Station, and the visitor centre. Over 1800 scientific papers have been published on research done in the park, covering almost every aspect of the park: wildlife, geology, forestry, history, human impacts, etc. In addition, the Park forms a radio quiet zone for the Algonquin Radio Observatory (ARO).

Summer camps
Algonquin Park has been home to many historic summer camps including:
 * Algonquin Experience Camp, a now-defunct YMCA camp that was on the north shore of Whitefish Lake;
 * Camp Ahmek (boys) and Camp Wapomeo (girls) (The Taylor Statten Camps), on Canoe Lake
 * Camp Arowhon (boys and girls) on Teepee Lake;
 * Camp Pathfinder (boys) on Source Lake;
 * Northway Lodge (girls) and its affiliate Camp Wendigo, a tripping outpost for boys, on Cache Lake;
 * Camp Tamakwa (boys and girls), on South Tea Lake;
 * Camp Tanamakoon (girls) on Tanamakoon Lake (linked to Cache Lake);

Camps are members of the Ontario Camping Association.

Geology and soils
Algonquin is almost entirely underlain by the Precambrian-era metamorphic and igneous rock of the Canadian Shield. Quartz-feldspar gneiss and granite are among the most common types. More mafic rock such as hornblende-biotite gneiss and gabbro are occasionally found. The Brent Crater has Ordovician period sedimentary rock, chiefly limestone and sandstone. Glaciation during the Pleistocene epoch left a mantle of glacial till plus sandy and gravelly outwash deposits.

Soils in the park are mostly coarse-textured and of poor quality, typical of the Canadian Shield. The hilly western side (which includes all of the Highway 60 Corridor) has a stony fine sandy loam glacial till which holds water better than the very coarse outwash soils which dominate the eastern side. The dominant soil classification on well drained forest soils is Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol. The most common soil series on till upland is Monteagle, while Wendigo dominates the outwash area. Classic podzol profile development with a well-defined eluvial (Ae) horizon is the rule; however, in some areas this horizon has been obliterated by disturbance such as earthworm activity. Concerns about effects of non-native earthworms on park soil ecosystems have not led to the banning of worm bait, but anglers are urged to dispose of unused worms in garbage containers.

Gleysolic and organic soils are common where drainage is poor.

Rivers
The park contains and protects the headwaters of these rivers:
 * Amable du Fond River
 * Barron River
 * Bonnechere River
 * Gull River
 * Madawaska River
 * Magnetawan River
 * Muskoka River
 * Petawawa River
 * York River

Flora and fauna
Within the boundaries of the park, the following number of species are known to live: 53 species of mammals, 272 species of birds, 31 species of reptiles and amphibians, 54 species of fish, about 7000 species of insects, over 1000 species of plants, and over 1000 species of fungi. Animals that inhabit Algonquin include moose, black bears, white-tailed deer, Canada jays, beavers, red foxes, great grey owls, and Eastern wolf.

Old growth sugar maple, hemlock and yellow birch forests are common in Algonquin Park. Researchers have aged trees in Algonquin's old-growth forests at up to 430 years old using ring counts, and up to 610 years old using estimation techniques. Some of Algonquin Park's old-growth forest occurs in the recreation-utilization zone and is available for logging.

Famous deaths

 * Tom Thomson: Canoe Lake, July 1917
 * Blair Frazer: Petawawa River (Rollway Rapids), May 1968
 * Ken Danby: North Tea Lake, September 2007

title: Algonquin Provincial Park


text:
Piglet's Big Movie

Piglet's Big Movie is a 2003 American animated musical adventure comedy-drama film produced by the Japanese office of Disneytoon Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. The animation production was by Walt Disney Animation Japan, Inc. with additional animation provided by Gullwing Co., Ltd., additional background by Studio Fuga and digital ink and paint by T2 Studio. The film features the characters from the Winnie-the-Pooh books written by A. A. Milne and E. H. Shepard and is the third theatrically released Winnie the Pooh feature. It was released on March 21, 2003, to generally positive reviews from critics and grossed $62.9 million worldwide. In this film, Piglet is ashamed of being small and clumsy and wanders off into the Hundred Acre Wood, leading all of his friends to form a search party to find him.

Plot
Pooh, Tigger, Eeyore, and Rabbit are working on a plan to get honey from a beehive by tricking the bees into leaving their hive. Piglet offers to help, but is rejected due to his smallness. The plan goes awry when the bees see through the plan, but Piglet manages to divert the bees into a new hive and trap them. Unfortunately, Piglet's friends take all the credit for themselves when they fail to notice his heroism, making him leave dejectedly. After the bees break free, Pooh, Rabbit, Tigger, and Eeyore escape to Piglet's house, where they notice that Piglet is missing and decide to find him. Using Piglet's scrapbook as a guide, the four use the pictures to tell the stories depicted therein, leading to several flashbacks.

The first story told is when Kanga and Roo first moved to the Hundred Acre Wood. Pooh, Piglet, Tigger, and Rabbit are afraid of the newcomers and Rabbit concocts a plan to use Piglet as a decoy, so they can ransom Roo to force Kanga to leave. When Kanga finds out about the plan, she plays along by pretending that Piglet is Roo, where Piglet learns of how nice she is. Realizing their kindness, everyone agrees to let Kanga and Roo stay in the Hundred Acre Wood. Back in the present, Roo joins the others in searching for Piglet.

The second story is of the expedition to find the North Pole. During the search, Roo falls into a river, prompting Piglet to use a long stick to launch him out. Unfortunately, his heroism is overlooked when he gives the stick to Pooh to try to catch Roo (where he is caught by his mother), and Christopher Robin credits Pooh with finding the North Pole (the stick). Back in the present, the friends regret not sharing the praise with Piglet.

The third story concerns the building of the House at Pooh Corner. Pooh and Piglet get the idea of building Eeyore a house in an area they name "Pooh Corner" and are joined by Tigger, who leads them to some neatly stacked sticks to use for building. After many failed attempts, Pooh and Tigger attempt to offer Eeyore to move in with one of them only for Eeyore to reveal that the sticks Pooh and Tigger found was his house. Piglet manages to rebuild Eeyore's house and shows it to him, satisfying the donkey.

Back in the present, an argument between Rabbit and Tigger ends with the scrapbook falling into a river. Without their guide and with a storm coming, the gang sadly return to Piglet's house, where they draw pictures depicting Piglet's heroism. Eventually feeling reinvigorated, the group decide to resume their search for Piglet.

During their search, the gang find Piglet's scrapbook suspended on a hollow log looming over a waterfall. Pooh goes to retrieve it, but he falls into a hole in the log, and the others are unable to reach him. At that moment, Piglet arrives and helps pull Pooh to safety just as the log begins to break in half. Everyone manages to escape just as the front half of the log breaks off, but the scrapbook itself is destroyed by the fall. Although saddened by this loss, the group take Piglet back to his house to show him all of their drawings.

The next day, everyone in the Hundred Acre Wood throws a party to celebrate Piglet's heroism during which Pooh reveals that he renamed Eeyore's home "Pooh and Piglet Corner". The camera pulls back to show a large shadow of Piglet behind everyone.

Cast

 * John Fiedler as Piglet
 * Jim Cummings as Winnie the Pooh / Tigger
 * Andre Stojka as Owl
 * Kath Soucie as Kanga
 * Nikita Hopkins as Roo
 * Peter Cullen as Eeyore
 * Ken Sansom as Rabbit
 * Tom Wheatley as Christopher Robin
 * Kath Soucie as Christopher Robin's singing voice

Production
Piglet's Big Movie was produced by Disneytoon Studios, Walt Disney Animation (Japan), Gullwing Co., Ltd, Studio Fuga, and T2 Studio.

The film was originally intended as a direct-to-video release, in February 2002 Disney announced that the film and The Jungle Book 2 would be released theatrically.

Music
American singer-songwriter Carly Simon wrote seven new songs for the film, and performed six of them ("If I Wasn't So Small", "Mother's Intuition", "Sing Ho for the Life of a Bear", "With a Few Good Friends", "The More I Look Inside", and "Comforting to Know"), as well as recording her own version of the Sherman brothers' "Winnie the Pooh" theme song.

"The More It Snows" features Jim Cummings and John Fiedler, as Pooh and Piglet. Simon was accompanied by her children Ben Taylor and Sally Taylor on many of the songs. Renée Fleming accompanied Simon on the song "Comforting to Know". On "Sing Ho for the Life of a Bear" Simon was accompanied by the cast.

The soundtrack also features five tracks of the film's score by Carl Johnson, as well as five of Simon's original demonstration recordings.

Songs
Original songs performed in the film include:

Box office
Piglet's Big Movie was number seven on the box-office charts on its opening weekend, earning $6 million. The film domestically grossed $23 million, half the amount of what The Tigger Movie earned, and it grossed nearly $63 million worldwide.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film received a rating of 70% based on 77 reviews, and an average rating of 6.2/10. The site's critical consensus is "Wholesome and charming entertainment for young children." On Metacritic the film has a score of 62/100 based on reviews from 23 critics. Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade A, on a scale of A+ to F.

Film critic Stephen Holden of New York Times called the film an "oasis of gentleness and wit". Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News stated that Piglet's Big Movie was "one of the nifty pleasures in the process", despite her belief that "Disney may be milking its classics".

Games
In 2003, Disney released Piglet's Big Game for the PlayStation 2, GameCube, and Game Boy Advance, as well as a game on CD-ROM that was also entitled Piglet's Big Game. The latter was developed by Doki Denki Studio and involves helping Piglet assist in the preparation for a "Very Large Soup Party". In their review, Edutaining Kids praised various features including the adventure/exploration aspect (the game is linear instead of using a main screen) and many of the activities (such as the color mixing, which they said offers an incredible variety of hues), but noted that it is much too brief and that Kanga and Roo are absent.

Marketing
Disney released a teaser trailer of Piglet's Big Movie in May 2002 on The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh 25th-anniversary edition VHS and DVD home video releases and on the Winnie the Pooh: A Very Merry Pooh Year DVD release in November 2002. The teaser was later attached to theatrical screenings of Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron, Lilo & Stitch, The Powerpuff Girls Movie and Stuart Little 2. The next trailer for the film was released with the theatrical screenings of Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie, Treasure Planet, The Wild Thornberrys Movie and The Jungle Book 2. The trailers for the film were also attached to other Disney home video releases.

Theatrical
The film premiered March 16, 2003 and opened in theaters on March 21, 2003.

Home media
The film was released on VHS and DVD on July 29, 2003.

title: Piglet's Big Movie


text:
User talk:Hannibal (usurped)

Hello there, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Cheers! --maveric149

Unverified images
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following image:

 * Image:In-TableImage.png

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GNU Free Documentation License,  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know at my talk page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk, automation script)]] 03:27, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at User:Yann/Untagged_Images. Thanks again.

Working from a different spot, Image:Ag-TableImage.png needs a tag. --Ricky81682 (talk) 09:16, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * No need now, as Ahoerstemeier tagged it GFDL as are all the periodic tables. --Ricky81682 (talk) 23:49, Dec 26, 2004 (UTC)

wikiversity vote
If you cast a wikiversity vote, please make a link at your Wikimedia meta-wiki user page linking back to your wikipedia user page. If you do not do so, your vote will not count. --JWSchmidt 15:49, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Desmond Llwelyn
Hi

I was hoping to contact you with regards to the picture of Desmond Llwelyn you have placed on the article about the actor. Is there anyway that I can contact you privately? (Aadams16 (talk) 12:39, 20 October 2010 (UTC))

Request for Usurpation
Hello, Hannibal. A request has been made at Changing username/Usurpations to usurp, or "take over", your username because another user would like to use it to edit. The changing username guideline allows a username that is not being actively used to be usurped if the user is given an opportunity to object and does not do so.

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Thank you for your time. SvHannibal (talk) 13:07, 28 February 2011 (UTC))

title: User talk:Hannibal (usurped)


text:
Talk:Phichit province

It has contradicting sources about the symbol tree of this province: andy 19:51, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * says Ironwood
 * The TAT also says Ironwood
 * The Ministery of the Interior in their province guide say Ficus religiosa
 * also says Ficus religiosa, but most probable copied from the above site, as it also uses the same image

Spelling of พิจิตร
What is the correct Thai spelling of Phichit? According to User:Media lib it should be พิจิตร์, however almost all sources spell it พิจิตร without the additional mark to make the last letter silent. The google test is 80,000:20, and the government pages are among the 80,000. Also in my books I only found the spelling without the mark. However the letter is really silent, thus it would be logical to put that mark. But I somehow doubt that the official spelling really has that mark, the google test is a bit too clear to make the version without just a common mistake. Can anyone give an insight on it? andy 22:03, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I apologize for having confused matters here. Yesterday I drove nearby Amphoe Mueang Phichit - not because of that silent letter. The official spelling is indeed พิจิตร . In the future I will believe google more, I promise. To Andy: will rev the German text. --Media lib 02:56, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually it's not silent, it's a final consonant cluster. But since this form of final consonant cluster is only '-xร', no one pronounces the last 'ร'. Here are some common words: บุตร, สมัคร, สมุทร. Also Thaksin Shinawatra's last name, see Thai (pronounced 'chin na wat'). Notice that the romanized '-xร' often be '-xr' or '-xra'. Conclusion, simplified, it is an extra rule of final consonant cluster, applied only for '-xร'. Please note that there is no such real rule, but I put here for ease of understand. -- PaePae 12:44, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Additional, for reference, it is a sort of 'real consonant cluster' (คำควบแท้ or คำควบกล้ำแท้), one of two consonant cluster classes. Opposed to 'unreal consonant cluster' (คำควบไม่แท้ or คำควบกล้ำไม่แท้) -- PaePae 13:43, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Phichit province


text:
Chief Bender

Charles Albert "Chief" Bender (May 5, 1884 – May 22, 1954) was a Native American professional baseball pitcher who played in Major League Baseball during the 1900s and 1910s. In 1911, Bender tied a record by pitching three complete games in a single World Series. He finished his career with a 212–127 win–loss record for a .625 winning percentage and a career 2.46 earned run average (ERA).

After his major league playing career, Bender's roles in baseball included major league coach, minor league manager and player-manager, college manager, and professional scout. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1953, and died the following year.

Early life
Bender was born in Crow Wing County, Minnesota, as a member of the White Earth Band of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe. His father was German and his mother was part Chippewa. As a child, he was named Mandowescence, which might be translated into English as "Little Spirit Animal". His family had 160 acres on the White Earth Indian Reservation near Detroit Lakes, Minnesota. His father taught him to farm on the reservation. He graduated from Carlisle Indian Industrial School and attended Dickinson College.

Early career
Bender debuted in the major leagues in 1903. He is one of only a few pitchers in the 20th century to throw 200 or more innings at the age of 19. His walks per nine innings rate were 2.17; only a few pitchers since 1893 have had a rate below 2.2 at the age of 20 or younger. That year, he also won a game against Cy Young and met his future wife Marie.

In 1905, Bender earned an 18–11 win–loss record with a 2.83 ERA, helping the A's win the AL pennant; but they lost the World Series in five games to the New York Giants. Bender went 1–1, 1.06 ERA in the series, pitching a 4-hit, 3–0 complete-game shutout in Game 2, striking out 9, and again went the distance in Game 5, giving up just two earned runs in eight innings and losing 2–0 to Christy Mathewson.

After solid seasons in 1906 (15–10, 2.53), 1907 (16–8, 2.05), 1908 (8–9 despite a 1.75 ERA), and 1909 (18–8, 1.66), he led the Athletics to the AL pennant in 1910, as Philadelphia went 102–48, $14 1/2$ games ahead of the second-place New York Highlanders. Bender led the AL in winning percentage, at .821, going 23–5 with a 1.58 ERA. He went 1–1 with a 1.93 ERA in the World Series as the A's beat the Chicago Cubs, who had gone 104–50 in the regular season, in five games. Bender pitched a complete-game three-hitter in the opener, striking out 8 and giving up only one unearned run. He lost Game 4 of the series in another complete-game effort, 4–3 in 10 innings. Bender pitched all $9 2/3$ innings for the Athletics, striking out 6.

Later career
In 1911, he led the AL in winning percentage again (.773), going 17–5 with a 2.16 ERA as the A's won their second consecutive AL pennant, going 101–50 and finishing $13 1/2$ games ahead of the Detroit Tigers. In a rematch of the 1905 World Series, the Athletics got their revenge, defeating the New York Giants and becoming the first American League team to win back-to-back World Series (the Chicago Cubs from the NL had won back-to-back titles in 1907 and 1908). After losing the opener 2–1 to Christy Mathewson, though pitching a complete game, giving up just 5 hits and 2 runs (1 earned run) and striking out 11, he returned in Game 4, beating the Giants 4–2 on a complete game 7-hitter, and closed out the Series in game 6 with a 13–2 A's victory. Bender again went the distance (his 3rd complete game of the series), a 4-hit performance which he gave up no earned runs (the two Giants runs were unearned). He went 2–1, with 1.04 ERA and 3 complete games in the series.

In 1912 Bender was 13–8 with a 2.74 ERA. He did not start for nearly 40 games late in the year and was suspended by the A's in September for alcohol abuse. His next contract had a clause saying he had to abstain from drinking to earn his full salary. In 1913, he went 21–10 with a 2.21 ERA, helping the A's win their third AL pennant in four years. They would also make it three World Series titles in four years by defeating the Giants in five games. Bender went 2–0 in the series with complete-game victories in Games 1 and 4.

He led the AL in winning percentage (.850) for the third time in 1914, going 17–3 with a 2.26 ERA, and the A's would win their fourth AL pennant in five years. But the Philadelphia Athletics would be swept by the underdog Boston Braves, with Bender losing Game 1 7–1 and giving up 6 earned runs in $5 1/3$ innings. It was the only World Series game he failed to finish, after completing his previous nine starts in the Fall Classic.

When the Baltimore Terrapins of the upstart Federal League offered Bender a large increase in salary, Athletics manager Connie Mack knew he could not hope to match it and released him. Bender went 4–16 in his only season with the Terrapins and later regretted leaving Philadelphia. After two years with the Philadelphia Phillies, he left baseball in 1918 to work in the shipyards during World War I

Over his career, his win–loss record was 212–127, for a .625 winning percentage (a category in which he led the American League in three seasons), and a career 2.46 ERA. His talent was even more noticeable in the high-pressure environment of the World Series; in five trips to the championship series, he managed six wins and a 2.44 ERA, completing 9 of the 10 games he started, putting him 2nd in World Series history behind Christy Mathewson. In the 1911 Series, he pitched three complete games to tie Christy Mathewson's record of three complete games in a World Series. He also threw a no-hitter on May 12, 1910, beating the Cleveland Indians 4–0.

Bender was an adept hitting pitcher in his major league career, posting a .212 batting average (243-for-1,147) with 102 runs, 6 home runs and 116 RBI. Bender notably hit two home runs in one game—rare for the dead ball era—in a 1906 game where he replaced outfielder Topsy Hartsel. He had 10 or more RBI in a season four times, with a career-high 16 in 1910.

Minor leagues
In 1919, Bender pitched in the minor leagues for the Richmond Colts of the Virginia League. He earned a 29–2 record that year. He spent the next three seasons as a player-manager; the first two seasons were with the New Haven Weissmen/Indians, and the third was with the Class AA Reading Aces. For the 1920 New Haven team, Bender recorded 25 wins as a pitcher. His record declined to 13–7 in 1921 and 8–13 in 1922.

In 1923 and 1924, Bender did not manage, but did pitch for the minor league Baltimore Orioles and the New Haven Profs, respectively. He went 6–3 with a 5.03 ERA for Baltimore, then went 6–4 with a 3.07 ERA for New Haven.

Coaching career
He came back to the majors as a coach for the Chicago White Sox (1925–26) and even made a cameo appearance on the mound in 1925. Between 1924 and 1928, Bender managed the baseball team at the United States Naval Academy. He recorded a 42–34–2 record for the Naval Academy. In 1931, he coached for the Giants and the next year managed the Yankees affiliate in the Central League. He then returned to the Athletics where he worked the rest of his life as a scout, minor league manager, and coach.

Personal
Bender was nicknamed "Chief", a common nickname for baseball players of Native American descent. Biographer Tom Swift writes that Bender "was often portrayed as a caricature and was the subject of myriad cartoons – many exhibits of narrow-mindedness. After he threw one of the most dominating games of the early years of the American League, Bender was depicted wielding a tomahawk and wearing a headdress as though he was a happy warrior."

He also faced discrimination on the field. Swift writes that taunting from the bench was common in Bender's era and that the opposition or the fans often made war whoops or yelled taunts such as "Nig!" or "Back to the reservation!" Bender usually remained calm, sometimes smiling at the insults. After an inning in which he had pitched particularly well, he might yell back, "Foreigners! Foreigners!"

Off the baseball field, Bender was one of several prominent baseball players who enjoyed trap shooting, bowling and golf. He felt that shooting in the offseason helped to train his eye and increase his self-control. He worked in sporting goods at Wanamaker's in Philadelphia during his early playing days. He opened his own store, Bender Sporting Goods, in 1914.

In February 1917, Bender was charged with manslaughter when a car he owned struck and killed a boy in Philadelphia and the driver sped off. He was cleared of wrongdoing later the same month by a coroner's jury.

Bender's brother, John C. Bender, also played professional baseball. John Bender was suspended from minor league baseball for three years beginning in 1908 after he stabbed his manager, Win Clark, several times during a fight. John Bender is sometimes erroneously described as having died on a baseball field, but he died at a restaurant in 1911, not long after attempting a professional baseball comeback.

Later life
Late in his life, Bender's friend John Burns gave him a plot of land in Haddon Heights, New Jersey. Bender planted a garden on the land and worked with it almost every day, even though he lived in Philadelphia (which is about 12 miles away). He grew fruits and vegetables, especially corn, and either ate, sold or gave away what he grew. After the 1950 season, Bender took his last position in the major leagues, replacing Mickey Cochrane as the pitching coach for the Athletics. Bender's coaching helped pitcher Bobby Shantz to the American League Most Valuable Player Award in 1952. Bender was struggling with health problems, including arthritis and a cancer he did not disclose, during his tenure with Philadelphia.

In his last days, Bender remained close friends with Athletics coach Bing Miller, who used to bring Bender a container of ice cream almost every day. Bender was hospitalized in Philadelphia in mid-April 1954. He died there on May 22, 1954, of prostate cancer. He had also been suffering from cardiac problems. While he had been hospitalized, Bender sent Marie to Shibe Park for each home game so that she could report back to him on his team's pitching.

Bender was buried in the Philadelphia suburb of Roslyn, Pennsylvania.

Legacy
Bender was well-liked by his fellow players. Teammate Rube Bressler called him "one of the kindest and finest men who ever lived". Ty Cobb praised his intelligence, describing a play by Bender in the 1911 World Series as "the greatest bit of brainwork I ever saw in a ballgame". Cobb was not alone in regard for his intelligence; Bender drew similar praise from many other teammates, opponents, and umpires, including Billy Evans and Nap Lajoie. Bender was also known for his keen eyes and ability to discern subtle details of opposing pitchers' motions to help his teammates predict their pitches. His success led other teams to suspect Bender and the Athletics were stealing signs; though teammate Cy Morgan denied the A's were stealing signs, Danny Murphy praised Bender's ability and said he could "come pretty near to getting anybody's signs". Mack often put this skill to use by occasionally using him as the third base coach or first base coach on days he wasn't scheduled to pitch.

The innovator of the slider is debated, but some credit Bender as the first to use the pitch, then called a "nickel curve", in the 1910s. Bender used his slider to help him achieve a no-hitter and win 212 games.

Bender was voted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1953, less than a year before his death. He died before his induction ceremony and Marie accepted the Hall of Fame plaque on his behalf.

In 1981, Lawrence Ritter and Donald Honig included him in their book The 100 Greatest Baseball Players of All Time. The Minnesota Humanities Center published a children book about this life: Charles Albert Bender: National Hall of Fame Pitcher by Kade Ferris (Turtle Mountain Chippewa/Métis) and illustrated by Tashia Hart (Red Lake Chippewa)

title: Chief Bender


text:
Cargo bike

There have been many human powered vehicles designed and constructed specifically for transporting loads since their earliest appearance in the 20th century. They are referred to variously depending on the number of wheels — typically two, three, or four — and by their specific use. Adjectives used to describe the tasks to which the bicycles, dicycles, tricycles, or quadracycles are put include cargo cycles (bi- / tri- / etc.), freight cycles, box cycles (due to the luggage carrier's shape), carrier cycles, and so on. Sometimes they are also called cycletrucks, which uses a sense of the word 'truck' predating the automobile.

Cargo bike designs include a cargo area consisting of an open or enclosed box, a flat platform, or a wire basket, usually mounted over one or both wheels, low behind the front wheel, or between parallel wheels at either the front or rear of the vehicle. The frame, drivetrain and wheels must be constructed to handle loads larger than those on an ordinary bicycle.

Development
The first cargo bikes were used by tradesmen to deliver mail, bread and milk amongst other things. Early cargo bikes were heavy-duty standard bicycles, with heavy carriers at front or rear, sometimes with a smaller front wheel to accommodate a large front carrier. During the early part of the 20th century these were commonly used by tradesmen for local deliveries. In the UK this style is still sometimes known as a butcher's bike or delibike, although the Post Office have by far the largest fleet.

With the domination of the internal combustion engine in the industrialized countries after World War II, cargo bikes became less popular. In the rest of the world, however, they continued to be manufactured and heavily used. In the 2000s, ecologically minded designers and small-scale manufacturers initiated a revival of the cargo bike manufacturing sector.

Some cargo bike makers and users use power assist motors to complement the power of the cyclist. Power assist can increase the payload and range of cargo bikes, but also increases the cost of the bicycle and requires an on-board battery.

Common uses
Cargo bikes are used in a variety of settings:
 * Delivery services in dense urban environments
 * Transporting children
 * Food vending in high foot traffic areas (including specialist ice cream bikes)
 * Transporting trade tools, including around large installations such as power stations and CERN
 * Airport cargo handling
 * Recycling collections
 * Warehouse inventory transportation
 * Mail delivery (The UK post office operates a fleet of 33,000 bicycles, mainly the Pashley MailStar)

Types

In Amsterdam and Copenhagen, cargo bikes are extremely popular. In Amsterdam many residents simply fit large front carriers to sturdy city bicycles. There is also a broad variety of specially made cargo bikes including low-loading two-wheelers with extended wheelbases, bicycles with small front wheels to fit huge front carriers, tadpole-type three-wheelers with a box between the two front wheels. Other varieties include a platform, basket etc. instead of the box, the loading area between two rear wheels (delta-fashion), small-wheel two-wheelers loading both back and front. An occasional four-wheeler can also be seen, especially within a plant, warehouse or the like, where demands on stability and loading capacity are higher than on range.

Many models are now available with an electric assist which can make them more useful for longer distances or for varied terrain, i.e. not flat cities, amongst other reasons, such as feeling more confident riding in car traffic due to faster acceleration from stopping.

Butcher's bike

Also referred to as a Baker's bike, although this style of cargo bike was popular with a wide variety of trades during the first half of the 20th century, particularly in the United Kingdom. Typically, they would have a basket or storage box mounted within a framework which was fixed to the frame (not the forks) of the bike. Often, they would also feature a sign advertising the business concerned, which would be attached within the main triangle of the bicycle frame.

The Schwinn Cycle Truck, produced in the USA between 1939 and 1967, also employed the same basket to frame arrangement.

Porteur bicycle

A porteur bicycle has the rack on the front, and can carry as much as 50 kg that way.

Cycle truck
The cycle truck refers to a type of cargo bike with a smaller front wheel than rear, typically 26 in rear and 20 in front.

Boda-boda
A boda-boda (or bodaboda) is a two-wheeled bicycle or motorcycle taxi, originally in East Africa. Boda Boda is also the name of Yuba Bicycles compact cargo bike introduced in 2012.

Stroller bike
A cargo bicycle that converts into a stroller. Three wheels are used when the bike is in a stroller configuration, and two wheels are used when it is in a bike configuration with the cargo in front of the cyclist. This cargo bike can carry up to 100 lbs (45.4 kg). The stroller bike won the Gold Award at the Eurobike exhibition in 2018 as a special-purpose bike.

Long john bicycle

The long john bicycle is a cargo bike with the cargo area in front of the rider and some linkage connecting the steering to the front wheel, "linkage steering". Capacity is usually about 220 lb. A traditional long john will have a smaller front wheel and a 23 or rear wheel, plus a 30 - 40 in long platform, basket, or box located low, in front of the handlebars.

The term "bakfiets" (which literally means "box bike" in Dutch; plural is "bakfietsen") is the Dutch word for cargo bikes in general. Bakfiets has traditionally mainly been used to refer to cargo tricycles with two front wheels, while the term Deense bakfiets ("Danish cargo bike") is sometimes used to describe the Long John style of bicycle.

Vintage long johns are becoming collectible. The last known manufacturer to still produce the original long john is Monark. The history of long john bicycles is traced to Denmark c. 1923. The Smith & Co. Company (SCO - founded by Ivar Smith and Robert Jacobsen in Odense, Denmark 17 October 1894) was the inventor and the first to build this type of cargo bicycle. The first Long-John was presented to the public at the Wembley World Fair & Exhibition in 1924.

This style of bicycle is useful for carrying cargo, including children, and can function as a car replacement for many families. It is possible to install a carseat in the box to for babies, and when children get older, they are often seated on a small bench and clipped in with a 3- or 5-point harness. Canopies can be affixed to the cargo box for protection from the elements, making a warm and inviting space for children to enjoy the ride.

Off-road long john bicycle
The range of long john style cargobikes extends to off-road applications. Such designs can cover difficult terrain such as sand, mud, and snow, by using fatbike tires, electric motors, and suitable ground clearance. This brings cargobikes into farms, national parks, 1st-response situations, and immunization programs.

Longtail bicycle

Longtails have a longer frame wheelbase at the rear compared to a standard bicycle. The extended rear facilitates use as a cargo bike or carrying multiple or adult passengers compared with shorter bicycles. They tend to handle more like regular bikes than cargo bikes with linkage steering.

Xtracycle developed their first longtail product, their Free Radical, which attaches to an existing 'donor' bicycle to make it a longtail bike in 1998. The growing popularity of Xtracycle inspired the Kona Ute, launched for the 2008 season. Surly were asked by Xtracycle to build a complete Xtracycle-compatible frameset; the result was the 'Big Dummy', first released for the 2008 season. The chromoly frameset is designed for 26 in wheels. Buyers have the choice of frameset alone or complete bicycle. In 2008 Xtracycle documented the LongTail as an open-source standard. This has helped individuals to build longtail bikes themselves such as the Xtravois.

There is a sub-class of longtail bicycles referred to as midtails. As their name implies, they are not quite as long as a longtail, but can still often carry at least one if not two children. The distinction between both is not clear and there are longer tailed bikes sold as midtail, while shorter are categorized as longtail.

Wooden cargo bike

The chukudu (or chikudu, cbokoudou) is a two-wheeled vehicle similar to a scooter used in the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is made of wood, and used for transporting cargo.

Tricycle

Cycle rickshaws and other cargo tricycles are used for short range transport of both people and goods while tricycles with boxes or platforms are used to transport goods. A cargo tricycle with an open or flat platform might be used for low value goods or for trips where the rider is always with the goods. A fabric cover can be added to provide weather protection. Tricycles can also be fitted with a lockable weatherproof box, usually of aluminium construction, for valuable goods and where the rider has to leave the vehicle.

Cargo tricycles can typically carry 100 - 300 kg of cargo and have capacity of 1 m3 or more, which is about half the capacity of a small panel van. The weight capacity of tricycles is limited by available human power and the permitted power of electric assist by law.

title: Cargo bike


text:
Arboriculture

Arboriculture is the cultivation, management, and study of individual trees, shrubs, vines, and other perennial woody plants. The science of arboriculture studies how these plants grow and respond to cultural practices and to their environment. The practice of arboriculture includes cultural techniques such as selection, planting, training, fertilization, pest and pathogen control, pruning, shaping, and removal.

Overview
A person who practices or studies arboriculture can be termed an arborist or an arboriculturist. A tree surgeon is more typically someone who is trained in the physical maintenance and manipulation of trees and therefore more a part of the arboriculture process rather than an arborist. Risk management, legal issues, and aesthetic considerations have come to play prominent roles in the practice of arboriculture. Businesses often need to hire arboriculturists to complete "tree hazard surveys" and generally manage the trees on-site to fulfill occupational safety and health obligations.

Arboriculture is primarily focused on individual woody plants and trees maintained for permanent landscape and amenity purposes, usually in gardens, parks or other populated settings, by arborists, for the enjoyment, protection, and benefit of people.

Arboricultural matters are also considered to be within the practice of urban forestry yet the clear and separate divisions are not distinct or discreet.

Tree Benefits
Tree benefits are the economic, ecological, social and aesthetic use, function purpose, or services of a tree (or group of trees), in its situational context in the landscape.

Environmental tree benefits

Erosion control and soil retention

Improved water infiltration and percolation

Protection from exposure: windbreak, shade, impact from hail/rainfall

Humidification of the air

Food for decomposers, consumers, and pollinators

Soil health: organic matter accumulation from leaf litter and root exudates (symbiotic microbes)

Ecological habitat

Modulates environmental conditions in a given microclimate: shields wind, humidifies, provides shade

Carbon sequestration

Oxygen production

Increased biodiversity

Social tree benefits

Employment: forestry, education, tourism

Run-off and flood control (e.g. bioswales, plantings on slopes)

Erosion control

Air purification

Aesthetic beauty: parks, gatherings, social events, tourism, senses (fragrance, visual), focal point

add character and prestige to the landscape

can anchor a landscape design

creates a “natural” feel

Climate control (e.g shade): can reduce energy consumption of buildings

Privacy and protection: from noise, wind

Attracting pollinators

History: eg. memorials for a loved one

Medical benefits: eg. Taxus chemotherapy

Materials: wood for building, paper pulp

Fodder for livestock

Property value: trees can increase by 10-20%

Increases the amount of time customers will spend in a mall, strip mall, shopping district

Carbon capture

Tree Defects
A tree defect is any feature, condition, or deformity of a tree that indicates weak structure or instability that could contribute to tree failure.

Common types of tree defects:

Codominant stems: two or more stems that grow upward from a single point of origin and compete with one another.

 * common with decurrent growth habits
 * occurs in excurrent trees only after the leader is killed and multiple leaders compete for dominance

Included bark: bark is incorporated in the joint between two limbs, creating a weak attachment

 * occurs in branch unions with a high attachment angle (i.e. v-shaped unions)
 * common in many columnar/fastigiate growing deciduous trees

Dead, diseased, or broken branches:

 * woundwood cannot grow over stubs or dead branches to seal off decay
 * symptoms/signs of disease: e.g. oozing through the bark, sunken areas in the bark, and bark with abnormal patterns or colours, stunted new growth, discolouration of the foliage

Cracks

 * longitudinal cracks result from interior decay, bark rips/tears, or torsion from wind load
 * transverse cracks result from buckled wood, often caused by unnatural loading on branches, such as lion's tailing.
 * Seams: bark edges meet at a crack or wound
 * Ribs: bulges, indicating interior cracks

Cavity and hollows: sunken or open areas wherein a tree has suffered injury followed by decay. Further indications include: fungal fruiting structures, insect or animal nests.

Lean: a lean of more than 40% from vertical presents a risk of tree failure

Taper: change in diameter over the length of trunks branches and roots

Epicormic branches (water sprouts in canopy or suckers from root system): often grow in response to major damage or excessive pruning

Roots:

 * girdling roots compress the trunk, leading to poor trunk taper, and restrict vascular flow
 * kinked roots provide poor structural support; the kink is a site of potential root failure
 * circling roots occurs when roots encounter obstructions/limitations such as a small tree well or being grown too long in a nursery pot; these cannot provide adequate structural support and are limited in accessing nutrients and water
 * healthy soil texture and depth, drainage, water availability, makes for healthy roots

Tree Installation
Proper tree installation ensures the long-term viability of the tree and reduces the risk of tree failure.

Quality nursery stock must be used. There must be no visible damage or sign of disease. Ideally the tree should have good crown structure. A healthy root ball should not have circling roots and new fibrous roots should be present at the soil perimeter. Girdling or circling roots should be pruned out. Excess soil above the root flare should be removed immediately, since it present a risk of disease ingress into the trunk.

Appropriate time of year to plant: generally fall or early spring in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere.

Planting hole: the planting hole should be 3 times the width of the root ball. The hole should be dug deep enough that when the root ball is placed on the substrate, the root flare is 3-5cm above the surrounding soil grade. If soil is left against the trunk, it may lead to bark, cambium and wood decay. Angular sides to the planting hole will encourage roots to grow radially from the trunk, rather than circling the planting hole. In urban settings, soil preparation may include the use of:

 * Silva cells: suspended pavement over modular cells containing soil for root development

 * Structural soils: growing medium composed of 80% crushed rock and 20% loam, which supports surface load without it leading to soil compaction

Tree wells: a zone of mulch can be installed around the tree trunk to: limit root zone competition (from turf or weeds), reduce soil compaction, improve soil structure, conserve moisture, and keep lawn equipment at a distance. No more than 5-10cm of mulch should be used to avoid suffocating the roots. Mulch must be kept approximately 20cm from the trunk to avoid burying the root flare. With city trees additional tree well preparation includes:

Tree grates/grill and frames: limit compaction on root zone and mechanical damage to roots and trunk

Root barriers: forces roots to grow down under surface asphalt/concrete/pavers to limit infrastructure damage from roots

Staking: newly planted, immature trees should be staked for one growing season to allow for the root system to establish. Staking for longer than one season should only be considered in situations where the root system has failed to establish sufficient structural support. Guy wires can be used for larger, newly planted trees. Care must be used to avoid stem girdling from the support system ties.

Irrigation: irrigation infrastructure may be installed to ensure a regular water supply throughout the lifetime of the tree. Wicking beds are an underground reservoir from which water is wicked into soil. Watering bags may be temporarily installed around tree stakes to provide water until the root system becomes established. Permeable paving allows for water infiltration in paved urban settings, such as parks and walkways.

UK
Within the United Kingdom trees are considered as a material consideration within the town planning system and may be conserved as amenity landscape features.

The role of the Arborist or Local Government Arboricultural Officer is likely to have a great effect on such matters. Identification of trees of high quality which may have extensive longevity is a key element in the preservation of trees.

Urban and rural trees may benefit from statutory protection under the Town and Country Planning system. Such protection can result in the conservation and improvement of the urban forest as well as rural settlements.

Historically the profession divides into the operational and professional areas. These might be further subdivided into the private and public sectors. The profession is broadly considered as having one trade body known as the Arboricultural Association, although the Institute of Chartered Foresters offers a route for professional recognition and chartered arboriculturist status.

The qualifications associated with the industry range from vocational to Doctorate. Arboriculture is a comparatively young industry.

title: Arboriculture


text:
Kinjite

Kinjite (禁じ手 or 禁手) are various fouls that a sumo wrestler might commit that will cause him to lose the bout. They are:

 * Striking the opponent with a closed fist.
 * Grabbing the opponent's hair.
 * Jabbing at the opponent's eyes or solar plexus.
 * Simultaneously striking both of the opponent's ears with the palms.
 * Grabbing or pulling the opponent's groin.
 * Grabbing the opponent's throat.
 * Kicking at the opponent's chest or waist.
 * Bending back one or more of the opponent's fingers.

Any of these is grounds for immediate disqualification (hansoku) owing to the potential for long-lasting harm to the wrestler involved. They are exceedingly rare and unlikely to be seen in the higher divisions of sumo, especially by the sekitori wrestlers. Additionally, if a wrestler's mawashi becomes undone, they will be similarly disqualified.

Perhaps the most common kinjite committed is the grabbing of the opponent's hair. Since it is tied up in a form of chonmage one's hand can become inadvertently tangled in it during a bout. Itai pulled his opponent's hair on two consecutive days when ranked in the jūryō division in May 1980. Other rikishi to have been disqualified in this way include ōzeki Daikirin and yokozuna Asashōryū in July 2003, ōzeki Tochinoshin in September 2019 and Terunofuji in May 2021.

Whilst grabbing the throat is not allowed, pushing the opponent backwards with an open hand against the throat (called a nodowa) is permitted, and is actually quite common.

In addition, there are moves that are permitted to professional rikishi and forbidden to more junior (school level) wrestlers. One such move is harite — slapping the opponent's face with an open hand.

Kinjite also refers to an illegal move in shogi.

title: Kinjite


text:
Willemstad (disambiguation)

Willemstad (William Town) can refer to:
 * Willemstad, the capital city of Curaçao, Kingdom of the Netherlands
 * Willemstad, North Brabant, a town in Moerdijk, the Netherlands
 * , a hamlet near Marum, the Netherlands
 * , a hamlet in the Netherlands

title: Willemstad (disambiguation)