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Davíð Oddsson

Davíð Oddsson (pronounced ; born 17 January 1948) is an Icelandic politician, and the longest-serving prime minister of Iceland, in office from 1991 to 2004. From 2004 to 2005 he served as foreign minister. Previously, he was Mayor of Reykjavík from 1982 to 1991, and he chaired the board of governors of the Central Bank of Iceland from 2005 to 2009. The collapse of Iceland's banking system led to vocal demands for his resignation, both from members of the Icelandic public and from the new Icelandic Prime Minister Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir, which resulted in his being replaced as head of the Central Bank in March 2009. In September 2009 he was hired as the editor of Morgunblaðið, one of Iceland's largest newspapers, a decision that caused nationwide controversy and was followed by resignations and widespread terminated subscriptions. He contested the election for President of Iceland on 25 June 2016 but lost to Guðni Jóhannesson.

Early years
Davíð Oddsson was born in Reykjavík. His father was a doctor, and his mother a secretary. His parents were not married, and he was brought up in his maternal grandfather's home in Selfoss until his grandfather died. He then moved with his mother and grandmother to Reykjavík.

He took an early interest in acting, and attended an acting school for a while. He also attended the gymnasium Menntaskólinn í Reykjavík where he graduated in the spring of 1970. Davíð married Ástríður Thorarensen, a nurse; they have one son, Þorsteinn, who is a judge at the district court at Akureyri. The next six years, Davíð read law at the University of Iceland, working almost full-time as well. He was assistant to the director of a small theatre (now the Borgarleikhúsið) for a while, and with two friends (Þórarinn Eldjárn and Hrafn Gunnlaugsson), he produced a popular radio comedy show for two years; he was for a while a political commentator at the newspaper Morgunblaðið, and the director of publication of Almenna bókafélagið, a conservative publishing house. He had been elected to the Municipal Council in Reykjavík in 1974, for the Independence Party.

Mayor of Reykjavík (1982–1991)
Davíð Oddsson was a member of a group of young conservative-libertarians within the Independence Party who felt that the party should more strongly support attempts to extend economic freedom in the heavily regulated Icelandic economy. The group included Þorsteinn Pálsson, Geir H. Haarde, Jón Steinar Gunnlaugsson, Kjartan Gunnarsson, Magnús Gunnarsson, Brynjólfur Bjarnason and Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson, and they published the magazine Eimreiðin from 1972 to 1975; they also followed with interest what was happening in the United Kingdom under Margaret Thatcher and in the United States under Ronald Reagan; they also read books and articles by and about Milton Friedman, Friedrich Hayek and James M. Buchanan, who all visited Iceland in the early 1980s and whose messages of limited governments, privatisation, and liberalisation of the economy had a wide impact.

Davíð got a chance to further his ideals when, in 1982, the Independence Party, under his leadership, regained the majority in the Reykjavík Municipal Council which it had lost four years earlier to three left-wing parties. Davíð swiftly reduced the number of Council members from 21 to 15, and merged the largest fishing firm in Reykjavík, which belonged to the municipality and had been a huge burden, with a private fishing firm and then sold off the municipality's assets in the new firm, Grandi, which became one of the biggest fishing firms in Iceland. Incidentally, the director of Grandi, Brynjólfur Bjarnason, later became the director of the Icelandic Telephone Company which turned out to be Davíð's last privatisation in government (2005). As Mayor of Reykjavík, Davíð was behind the building of Reykjavík City Hall by The Pond in Reykjavík, and of Perlan, a revolving restaurant over the old water tanks in Öskjuhlíð. Despite his libertarian leanings, Davíð also supported the Reykjavík City Theatre, in particular the building of a new theatre house which was opened in 1989. In the nine years when Davíð was Mayor of Reykjavík, a new district, Grafarvogur, was built and a new shopping area around the Kringlan shopping mall. A forceful and uncompromising Mayor of Reykjavík, Davíð was much criticized by the left-wing opposition in the Municipal Council.

Alliance with the Social Democrats (1991–1995)
In 1983, Davíð Oddsson's old friend and ally, Þorsteinn Pálsson, was elected leader of the Independence Party, and in 1989 Davíð was elected deputy leader or Vice-Chairman of the party. After Þorsteinn resigned as Prime Minister in 1988, after falling out with the leaders of his two coalition parties, there was a widespread feeling in the party that its leadership should be changed, and pressure was put on Davíð to run against Þorsteinn, which he did in 1991, becoming leader of the party. Under Davíð's leadership, in 1991, the party regained most of the parliamentary support it had lost in 1987. In record time, Davíð formed a coalition government with the social democrats, Alþýðuflokkurinn, whose leader, Jón Baldvin Hannibalsson, became Minister of Foreign Affairs. Jón Baldvin and Davíð jointly decided that Iceland should become the first state to renew recognition of the sovereignty and independence of the three Baltic countries, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Davíð's government inherited a huge budget deficit and a number of unproductive investments: much money had been spent on fish farming for example, with little result. Inflationary pressures were also building, while some fish stocks in Icelandic waters were being depleted. The budget deficit was turned into a surplus in 1996, not least because of the close cooperation between Davíð and Friðrik Sophusson, the Minister of Finance, who had also been a prominent young libertarian. There has been a surplus almost continuously since then, which was used to reduce the public debt, and also to reform the pension system, which is now almost wholly self-supporting. Some small companies were privatised. Monetary constraints were imposed by making the Central Bank largely independent of any political pressures. It also helped the Davíð Oddsson government that there was a consensus between the labour unions and the employers that the rampant inflation of the 1980s, with huge, but largely meaningless, wage increases, could not go on; therefore, in 1990, the unions and the employers had signed a "National Accord", whereby wage increases would be moderate, and government would be assisted in bringing down inflation. From 1991, inflation in Iceland was on a level with neighbouring countries.

Alliance with the Progressive Party (1995–1999)
In 1994, the Social Democratic Party split, and as a result they suffered a huge loss in the 1995 parliamentary elections. The coalition government maintained its majority, but only by one seat. Davíð Oddsson therefore decided to form a coalition with the Progressive Party, whose leader, Halldór Ásgrímsson, became Minister of Foreign Affairs. In the new government, privatisation was continued on a much greater scale than before: a large and important chain of fish processing plants was sold; part-public or public investment funds were merged and sold as a private investment bank; the two commercial banks under government control were sold in a few stages; the two coalition parties accepted the loud demands from many people for a charge to be imposed on the holders of fishing quotas.

Davíð's two governments were staunch allies of the United States and strongly in support of NATO, of which Iceland is a founding member. He firmly supported the actions undertaken by the U.S. and its allies in Afghanistan and Iraq, taking much criticism from the Icelandic Left. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, there has been some uncertainty about whether the United States defence force could or should remain in Iceland, having been invited there in 1951, at the height of the Cold War. Davíð has not been enthusiastic about joining the European Union.

The latter Davíð Oddsson government (1995–2004) (under the influence of Milton Friedman's neoliberal ideas ) embarked on a course of tax cuts. It cut the corporate income tax to 18%; it abolished the net wealth tax; it lowered the personal income tax and inheritance tax. This combination of opening up of the economy, fiscal and monetary stabilisation created an entrepreneurial climate in Iceland that spurred record economic growth in the country, with the real average income of individual households increasing by more than 17%, but was also one of the causes of the 2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis.

Alliance with Progressive Party (1999–2004)
As a young man, Davíð Oddsson authored or co-authored several stage and TV plays. During his days as political leader, he also pursued his literary interests, and in 1997 he published a collection of short stories, Nokkrir góðir dagar án Guðnýjar, which became a best-seller in Iceland. Davíð celebrated his 50th birthday at a huge reception in Perlan, paid for by the Independence Party, and his friends published a Festschrift of more than 500 pages to which many Icelandic writers, scholars and politicians contributed papers. In the 1999 parliamentary elections, Davíð's Independence Party retained strong support, despite an attempt by a former government minister of the party, Sverrir Hermannsson, to establish a splinter party: the minister had been appointed director of the National Bank of Iceland and had had to resign because of financial irregularities. In 2002, Davíð published another collection of short stories, Stolið frá höfundi stafrófsins, which was also well received.

However, in that same year, 2002, there began a controversy in Iceland about the Baugur Group, owned by the entrepreneurs Jóhannes Jónsson and his son, Jón Ásgeir Jóhannesson. A giant on the Icelandic scene, Baugur controlled the majority of the retail business in Iceland: in parliament, the then leader of the Social Democratic party, Össur Skarphéðinsson, called for closer supervision of possible monopoly pricing, specifically mentioning Baugur. Davíð concurred. In summer 2002, the Icelandic police raided the headquarters of Baugur, after a disgruntled former employee of their American operations had produced what he claimed was evidence of financial irregularities. The two main owners of Baugur did not take kindly to this, and accused Davíð of orchestrating a campaign against them. They bought a newspaper, Fréttablaðið, which is distributed free of charge to every household in Iceland. The paper opposed Davíð in the bitterly fought 2003 parliamentary election when there was talk of corruption, bribery and abuse of the police. In a speech on 9 February 2003, the main spokesperson of the Social Democratic Alliance, Ingibjörg Sólrún Gísladóttir, suggested that Davíð might be responsible for the tax investigation of businessman Jón Ólafsson, then owner of a private television station, and also for the police raid on Baugur. Paraphrasing Shakespeare, she asked: "Are you a friend of the Prime Minister or are you not; that is the question".

In 2003, he led the liberalization of the banking laws in Iceland allowing less transparency which brought a huge amount of foreign money and high interest rates.

Support for the Iraq War
On 18 March 2003, Davíð and Foreign Minister Halldór Ásgrímsson declared their support of the ultimatum issued by the United States, the United Kingdom and Spain at the Azores Summit, where the three countries announced their intention to invade Iraq if the government of Saddam Hussein did not step down. Due to Davíð and Halldór's declaration of support, Iceland was consequently put on the list of member states of the Coalition of the Willing. Davíð and Halldór did not consult the Parliament's foreign affairs committee before making the announcement, arguing that support for the Iraq War could not be considered a major foreign policy decision. Össur Skarphéðinsson, chairman of the Social Democratic Alliance, and Steingrímur J. Sigfússon, chairman of the Left-Green Movement, accused the government of breaking with parliamentary protocol by bypassing the foreign affairs committee while announcing its support for the war.

Davíð's government's support for the Iraq War was largely unpopular among the Icelandic public. Shortly after the outbreak of the war, 76 percent of responders declared themselves opposed to the government's support for the war in an opinion poll published by Fréttablaðið. In an opinion poll published by Gallup in 2005, 84 percent of responders declared their opposition to Iceland being on the list of the Coalition of the Willing.

Foreign Minister (2004–2005)
After the 2003 elections, Davíð Oddsson and the leader of his coalition partners, Halldór Ásgrímsson, Minister of Foreign Affairs, agreed that Davíð should remain prime minister until 15 September 2004, at which time Halldór would become prime minister, and that the Independence Party would, in exchange for relinquishing the Prime Minister's post, gain an additional ministry in the government from its partner.

In 2004 Davíð's government became embroiled in controversy, when he introduced a bill which would have made it impossible for large private companies to own more than 15% of any one media company, and under which newspapers and television stations could not be owned by the same company. Davíð argued that this was to prevent concentration of the media in the hands of a few people, and to enable the media to remain independent and critical not only towards politicians, but also towards financial moguls. His critics maintained, however, that the proposal was directly aimed at Baugur Group which they claimed Davíð regarded as a political enemy. By then, Baugur had bought another newspaper, the television station from Jón Ólafsson and a few radio stations, and controlled more than half of the media market. The Alþingi passed a much-softened version of the media bill. But in summer 2004, for the first time in the history of the Icelandic Republic, the president, Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, refused to sign the bill into law. Davíð criticized this, pointing out that the director of the television station formerly owned by Jón Ólafsson and recently bought by Baugur, Sigurður G. Guðjónsson, had been Ólafur Ragnar's campaign manager in his first presidential campaign, and that Ólafur's daughter was employed by Baugur. However, Baugur enjoyed considerable goodwill in Iceland because their shops offered lower prices than competitors, while their owners, Jón Ásgeir Jóhannesson and Jóhannes Jónsson, were seen as an embodiment of an Icelandic dream of rags-to-riches. Many people agreed that the media bill seemed to be a part of a political duel rather than an attempt to make general law. The conclusion of the long struggle was that Davíð Oddsson withdrew the bill instead of holding a national referendum on it, as required by the Icelandic constitution in the event that the president refuses to sign a bill into law.

During his 14 years as prime minister, Davíð became acquainted with, or a friend of, many Western leaders, including Bill Clinton and George W. Bush of the United States, Václav Klaus of Czechoslovakia and Silvio Berlusconi of Italy. He has occasionally attended the meetings of the Bilderberg Group, and has read a paper to the Mont Pelerin Society. But he served as Minister of Foreign Affairs for only one year. In autumn 2005, Davíð announced that he would leave politics, saying that he felt the time had come for a new generation to take over. His close ally over many years, Geir H. Haarde, replaced him, as both leader of the Independence Party and Minister of Foreign Affairs. A probable contribution to this decision was a short, but dramatic, bout of cancer, soon after the crisis over the failure of the media bill. He is in remission.

Central Bank Governor (2005–2009)
In October 2005, Davíð was appointed the Governor of the Central Bank of Iceland, despite not having any formal education in economics. Following the collapse of the Icelandic banking system in the autumn of 2008, Iceland was forced to ask for financial help from the International Monetary Fund and friendly nations. Some blamed the collapse on the policies pursued by the Independence Party under Davíð's leadership, such as deregulation, market liberalisation and privatisation which led to investigations into the collapse and a trial. Consequently, there were public calls for Davíð's dismissal. Following protests outside the Central Bank, the new Prime Minister Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir requested that Davíð and his two fellow governors resign. He refused this request. On 26 February 2009, following changes to the laws concerning the Central Bank, Davíð was ousted from the bank and replaced by Norwegian economist Svein Harald Øygard.

In April 2009, Davíð stated that Iceland needs to investigate the "unusual and unconventional loans" given by the banks to senior politicians during the years before the crisis.

Editor of Morgunblaðið (2009–present)
On 24 September 2009, the new owners of Morgunblaðið announced that Davíð Oddsson and Haraldur Johannessen, former editor of the business-oriented newspaper Viðskiptablaðið, had been hired as editors of the paper. The decision was announced in the wake of much speculation and rumours about who would be the new editor after the dismissal of the previous editor, Ólafur Þ. Stephensen. Since Davíð took over as editor-in-chief a third of Morgunblaðið subscribers have cancelled their subscriptions. In 2009, the paper lost 667 million ISK. In the report of the Icelandic parliament's Special Investigation Commission, published in April 2010, the appointment of Davíð Oddsson as editor-in-chief of Morgunblaðið and the firing of many experienced journalists from the newspaper is mentioned as an example of how the owners of media in Iceland engage in manipulation for political ends. "Their objective seems to be to run an opinion journalism and protect special interests rather than ensure a professional and fair reporting."

Environmental issues
Throughout his political career, Davíð has repeatedly engaged in various forms of climate change denial and has criticized attempts to limit emissions of greenhouse gasses. Around the turn of the millennium, Davíð's government refused to make Iceland a party to the Kyoto Accords before extracting a concession that permitted the country to exclude what amounted to around 3.3 million tons of carbon dioxide from the country's obligations in the accords. In his 1997 new year's address, Davíð justified his stance by claiming it would be wrong to stoke people's fears on the basis of "sciences that rest on weak grounds". In a speech during the Independence Party's 2005 convention, Davíð reiterated his view that the Kyoto Accords were based on "very weak foundations" and that the public discourse about climate change tended to be based on "inscrutable emotionalism and, at worst, empty propaganda".

In televised debates during Davíð's 2016 candidacy for President of Iceland, he denied that he had doubted the scientific reality of climate change and noted that it was would not do to "deny the calculations and scientific tools". However, he reiterated his scepticism of ongoing attempts to combat climate change, stating that he believed them to be ineffectual without the full participation of countries like the United States, India and China.

During Davíð's tenure as editor-in-chief of Morgunblaðið, the paper has continued to regularly publish editorials and opinion pieces denying the reality of climate change and criticizing efforts to combat it.

In popular culture
Davíð has been the subject of parody, comedy, and caricature since taking public office. Since 1985, he has been parodied regularly on Spaugstofan and the yearly Áramótaskaupið by comedian Örn Árnason, including in the sketch Dabbi Kóngur in 2001. In 2010, Davíð was part of an unused sketch for the Áramótaskaupið where he played Örn Árnason playing himself.

title: Davíð Oddsson


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User:Tuareg~enwiki

My favorite films

 * Charlie Chaplin
 * Shrek

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Tuareg~enwiki


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Matt Jefferies

Walter Matthew Jefferies (August 12, 1921 – July 21, 2003) was an American aviation and mechanical artist, set designer, and writer. He is best known for his work on the original Star Trek television series, where he designed many of the sets and props, including the original Starship Enterprise, and the bridge and sick bay.

Early life
Jefferies was born in Lebanon, Pennsylvania. He had three brothers, John, Richard and Philip, the latter two of whom would become production designers. Their father was chief engineer at a power plant in Virginia. Matt's younger brother John worked with him as his chief draftsman.

He served in Europe in World War II, was inside of B-17, B-24, B-25 bombers and had four years as a flight test engineer.

Star Trek
Besides creating interiors and exterior of the Enterprise, Jefferies was responsible for designing props (including phasers), sets, the Klingon logo and D-7 battlecruiser. Years later, his concept sketches were revisited and used to design the Starship Enterprise, the Olympic class USS Pasteur, the Daedalus-class and pre-Federation Vulcan ships. Jefferies worked with NASA engineers in designing the Enterprise and the technology it used.

Contrary to popular belief, Jefferies did not create Star Trek ' s original shuttlecraft design: although Jefferies submitted his own concept, it was too complex to build with the show's FX and budget limitations of the time. Gene Winfield's much simpler design was used instead, and Jefferies designed only its interior.

Jefferies had a very pragmatic design ethic: reasoning that a starship's engines would be extremely powerful and potentially dangerous, he positioned them far away from the rest of the ship, with the added benefit of modular design so that they could be ejected quickly in an emergency. Figuring that whatever could go wrong would, he put all of the ship's workings on the interior for easy access, eliminating the need for spacewalking in case of exterior repairs. The bridge panels were given an ergonomic design for comfort and ease of use. He was opposed to the idea of PADDs, as well as the goose-neck viewers that appeared in the first pilot. Moreover, he disliked the idea of a large engine room because by his reckoning the entire ship could be run by a single panel on the bridge. Later, Jefferies' work on the bridge of the Enterprise influenced the design of the U.S. Navy master communications center at the Naval Base San Diego.

When Jefferies saw Star Trek: The Motion Picture he fell asleep. He never watched subsequent incarnations of Star Trek, remarking that they had turned his Navy-esque bridge into "the lobby of the Hilton."

Within the Star Trek universe, Jefferies tubes and Captain Jefferies, designer of the NX-class starships, are named in his honor. According to Jefferies, the Enterprise was Starfleet's 17th starship design and it was the first in the series, therefore the ship had the number "1701". This story is documented in one of his sketches.

In June 2003, Jefferies was the guest of honor at the presentation of a documentary about him prepared for the special edition of the Star Trek Generations DVD. Jefferies died the following month in Los Angeles of congestive heart failure.

Additional activities
Matt was a member of the Aviation Space Writers' Association and one of the original members of the American Aviation Historical Society. He restored and flew period airplanes as a hobby. He owned a Waco YOC aircraft and stored it at Santa Paula Airport, California for many years. His YOC, NC17740, c/n 4279, built in 1935, is now owned by the Virginia Aeronautical Historical Society and was on display at the Virginia Aviation Museum, Richmond, Virginia.

Personal life
Jefferies died July 21, 2003, in Los Angeles of congestive heart failure. He was survived by his wife, Mary Ann Jefferies, and his brothers John and Richard. His brother Philip died in 1987.

Filmography (as art designer)

 * Bombers B-52 (1957)
 * The Old Man and the Sea (1958)
 * The Wreck of the Mary Deare (1959)
 * The Untouchables (1959)
 * Never So Few (1959)
 * Ben Casey (1961)
 * Mission: Impossible (1966)
 * Star Trek: The Original Series (Set Designer; later Art Director) (1966–1969)
 * Love, American Style (1969)
 * Weekend of Terror (1970)
 * Escape (1971)
 * Little House on the Prairie (1974)
 * The Loneliest Runner (1976)
 * Star Trek: Phase II (1977; never aired, inspiration for Star Trek: The Motion Picture two years later)
 * Dallas (1978)
 * Killing Stone (1978)

title: Matt Jefferies


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Wikipedia:Choosing appropriate illustrations

This page has a few suggested guidelines for choosing the type of illustration that would be most appropriate for various circumstances. Many times, a Wikipedia article needs an illustration, but it is not immediately clear what kind of illustration is needed. Should it be a photograph or a drawing? Should it be detailed or simple? You are not obligated in the least to follow these suggestions, but you may find them useful in choosing what kind of image to use for a particular article.

This page was originally conceived as part of WikiProject Illustration.

Classifying images
Images on Wikipedia can be loosely classified according their nature or origin:

 * Photographs
 * Any real-world scene captured using a camera or other photographic technique

 * Diagrams
 * Any manually or automatically created drawing, instructional picture, or conceptual illustration

 * Computer-generated renderings
 * Any image generated by a computer based on some input data or scene description language

 * Artwork
 * Digitally replicated works of art, including paintings, sketches, or other typically two-dimensional media

While these classifications often overlap (artwork may be replicated by photographing it; diagrams may be computer-generated; photographs may be works of art, etc.), they may serve as conceptual niches in determining the appropriate format for a visual illustration.

Image purpose
Images serve a number of different purposes within articles. The following details several broad categories of image "type", and lists situations in which each type may be most appropriate.

Appearance
Some images serve primarily to show the appearance of something. Images used within Wikipedia articles most often serve this purpose. Portraits or photographs of persons; photos of real-world objects taken primarily to show their visual appearance; diagrammed variations of characters in an alphabet; all serve the task of communicating the visual attributes of some subject.

If your article needs an illustration mostly for the purpose of showing what something or someone looks like, an appearance-oriented image is probably the best option. Many times, photographs are the best way to achieve this; however, in some cases a photograph is unavailable, for example, if you are seeking an appearance-oriented image of George Washington, a painted portrait may be the most appropriate alternative. For showing the appearance of something which cannot be photographed for some reason, for example, the letter A, a drawing may be best.

Structure
Illustrations with labels, highlighted components, or other selective or stylized attributes often serve the purpose of demonstrating the structure of something. A map showing the political boundaries of a country, a diagram of the inner workings of a clock mechanism, or an illustration of the structure of a binary tree may fall within this classification. Examples of this type of illustration include those shown in several varieties of lock, in Enigma machine, and in Data Encryption Standard.

If your article needs an illustration for reasons of showing structural attributes, this type of image may be what you need. In these cases, the appearance of the subject is not as important as the way it is organized or how it works. Most often, a drawing or diagram may be most appropriate for this type of image, but in other cases an annotated photograph may be a viable alternative as well.

Concept
Images often serve to illustrate a concept. Some images may be used primarily to demonstrate abstract conceptual material in a visual way. A digitally tinted photograph may be used to demonstrate the concept of hue or saturation; the graph of two mathematical functions could help to show how functions may relate to one another; a diagram could show a physical process such as heat dissipation or magnetism. Examples of this type of illustration can be seen in dithering and HSV color space.

If your article needs an illustration primarily to demonstrate a concept that cannot be easily described in another way, this type of image is probably a good choice. A conceptual illustration may often take the form of a diagram, but other formats may be appropriate in some cases too.


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Legio II Augusta

Legio II Augusta (lit. Second Legion "Augustus'") was a legion of the Imperial Roman army that was founded during the late Roman republic. Its emblems were the Capricornus, Pegasus, and Mars. It may have taken the name "Augusta" from a victory or reorganization that occurred during the reign of Augustus.

In Republican service
The Legio II, Sabina was a Roman military unit of the late Republican era, which may have been formed by Julius Caesar in the year of the consulate of 48 BC and coincide, in this case, with the Legio II. Enlisted to fight against Pompey, they took part in the subsequent Battle of Munda of 45 BC.

Alternatively it could be the Legio II, formed by the consul, Gaius Vibius Pansa in 43 BC and recruited in Sabina, hence its nickname. If this theory is true, then it probably participated in the subsequent battle of Philippi of 42 BC on the side of the triumvirate, Octavian and Marc Antony.

After the defeat of the Republicans, Legio II swore allegiance to Octavian and with the same remained until the Battle of Actium of 31 BC, after which it seems to have been dissolved in the years between 30 and 14 BC (sent on leave were between 105,000 and 120,000 veterans) and some of its soldiers may have been integrated into the new Legio II Augusta.

Hispania
At the beginning of Augustus' rule, in 26 BC, this legion was relocated to a place north of Hispania Tarraconensis, to fight in the Cantabrian Wars. This war would definitively establish Roman power in Hispania. While the legion was in Hispania, they along with the Legio I Germanica helped build the Colonia Acci. They also constructed the city of Cartenna.

Germania and Gaul
With the annihilation of several legions at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, the Legio II Augusta moved to Germania, possibly in the area of Moguntiacum. While in Germania, during the 15 AD the legion would participate in the campaigns of Germanicus against the Germanic tribes. After Germanicus was recalled the legion was stationed at Argentoratum. On its way back from Germania, the legion was drenched in heavy rain and harassed by heavy storms. After Julius Sacrovir and Julius Florus revolted against the Roman Empire in Gaul, the Legio II Augusta, under the command of Gaius Silius would help put down the revolt.

Invasion of Britannia and Boudica's revolt
The legion was one of the four legions used during Claudius's invasion of Britannia. The commander of the Legion at the time was Vespasian. He led the campaign against the Durotriges and Dumnonii tribes. During the campaign the Legion marched across the south of Britain, fighting many battles against the local tribes.

The Legion was first stationed at Alchester and in 49 AD it was moved to Waddon Hill. From 55 it was based at Exeter and from 66 it was possibly at Glevum.

During the uprising of queen Boudica, when its praefectus castrorum Poenius Postumus, who was then its acting commander possibly because its legatus and tribunes were with the governor Suetonius Paulinus, contravened Suetonius' orders to join him and so later committed suicide.

Year of the Four Emperors
In 69 CE, during the Year of the Four Emperors, a vexillation of the Legio II Augusta sided with emperor Otho. After Otho was defeated the vexillation switched sides and served Vitellius. This vexillation possibly took part in Vetellius's march on Rome, and fought in the battle at Cremona against the legions of Otho. Later these soldiers were defeated by those of Vespasian and returned to Britain in 70. It is possible that the main body of the legion had always been loyal towards Vespasian.

Continued service in Britain
Julius Frontinus, the governor of Britain from 74 to 78 ordered several campaigns against the Silures tribe and during the war the fortress of Caerleon in Wales was constructed where from 75 the legion was based. The legion remained there, even during Agricola's term as governor of Britain although several vexillations of the Legio II Augusta fought in the Battle of Mons Graupius.

In 139 the Legion helped build the short lived Antonine Wall. During the years 155 and 158 a revolt spread across Britain, the Legio II Augusta was one of those that fought against the revolt. The legions in Britain suffered greatly, causing reinforcements from the Germanic provinces to be brought over.

In 196 Decimus Clodius Albinus, governor of Britain, declared himself emperor and the Legio II Augusta supported his claim. The legions were defeated by the current emperor, Septimus Severus. Although, while the legions were absent from Britain, the province was overrun with Pictish tribes. Emperor Severus attempted to conquer Scotland in order to stop the tribes, while Severus was fighting the Picts, Legio II Augusta was stationed at a fort near Carpow. It is unknown when, but the II Augusta received the surname Antonina, which meant that the soldiers were particularly dear to the emperor. This happened either under Caracalla or Heliogabalus,

During Severus Alexanders reign as emperor of Rome, the conquests in Scotland were given up and the Second Legion returned to Caerleon. The legion was still there in 255. The last known mention of the Legion was the Notitia Dignitatum which places the legion at Richborough, suggesting Caerleon was abandoned.

In popular culture

 * In his fantasy novel Grail, the author Stephen R. Lawhead states that the legion was ensnared by the black magic of the witch Morgan le Fay, doomed to perpetually wander the mists of Lyonesse.
 * Lindsey Davis' character Marcus Didius Falco and his best friend Lucius Petronius Longus both served in the legion during Boadicea's Revolt in AD 60/61, while they were teenagers (probably 19–20 years old). Marcus and Lucius only refer to their service in asides, due to the bad memories of the Revolt and the boredom in a cold, unfriendly country. The scenes of carnage and destruction in Londinium left a deep impression on both of them, with neither keen to return to Britannia. Their internal references also hint that their disgraced prefect, Postumius, did not commit suicide, but instead was executed by the legionaries for his refusal to march to Governor Suetonius's aid during the Revolt, but the legionaries swore an oath never to speak of this to outsiders.  Novels that most directly refer to their service in Britain are The Silver Pigs, The Iron Hand of Mars, A Body in the Bath House and The Jupiter Myth.
 * It is also the Legion in which Optio Quintus Licinius Cato and Centurion Lucius Cornelius Macro serve during the first five books of the Eagles of the Empire series by Simon Scarrow. The books also cover Vespasian's career as commander of the legion and the invasion of Britain.
 * The story of the legion's role in Boadicea's Revolt and the subsequent suicide of its acting commander features in Imperial Governor, George Shipway's 1968 novel about Gaius Suetonius Paulinus.
 * The II Legion features in Adrian Goldsworthy's novel series, beginning with Vindolanda, about a fictitious centurion of the legion.

title: Legio II Augusta


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Wikipedia talk:Choosing appropriate illustrations

I'd be grateful if someone could find some examples of cases where a photograph is used for either a structural illustration or a conceptual illustration; I can imagine cases where this is so, but some good examples would be nice to have. Also, if someone can think of any additional purposes that images serve within articles, please add them to the list! -- Wapcaplet 11:53 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Nudity
Could we have some kind of policy decision on nude images, so we don't have to have the same BLOODY STUPID ARGUMENT over and over and over again? Where would be the place to suggest that? (I'm a little out of date on WP policy structure, sadly :-/) --Khendon 17:21, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

''Sometimes, a photograph may be considered offensive or in poor taste, for example, if the article is about parts of the human anatomy, such as breast, penis, or clitoris. In those cases, a stylized photograph or drawing may be the way to go.''

 * I object to this advice. Wikipedia is not censored for the protection of minors. More importantly, any prohibition on realistic pictures of any human anatomy destroys the educational value of the picture.  We show medical students realistic pictures (and actual examples) of all parts of the human body, so they can know what they are supposed to look like, have an understanding of the range of phenotypes, and have a better understanding of the details of physiology.  I don't see any reason why the general public shouldn't be entitled to the best quality information on these subjects, as well.  Also, this particular list is associated with a particular value system, which not all Wikipedia readers share.  Some find pictures of any female anatomy, including uncovered heads and ankles, to be quite offensive. -- Beland 19:04, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

Yes, I know that's there, and I disagree with it. What I don't know is why it's there - is it something mandated by the Powers That Be, something that has come from a consensus or vote, or something somebody has put there? It's also very undefinitive. --Khendon 19:51, 17 August 2005 (UTC)
 * If you disagee with it, propose a change there, not here. Superm401 | Talk 19:29, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

Eh? That *is* here! The quote was from the article of which this is a Talk page. --Khendon 19:21, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree, we need an official policy so that we can point future dissenters at that. That policy could be a simple reiteration of WP:NOT censored with a few examples. Radiant_ >|< 13:43, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

To play the Devil's advocate (I came across this in a list of wikipedia talk), I'd say there'd be differences between a medical textbook and wikipedia. A medical textbook would be a wikipedia isnotism (would anyone be willing to risk their life on the info in wikipedia?). Different levels of details would be required for study rather than general interest. Also, if you stumbled across anatomy in a medical textbook it would hardly be a surprise, whereas hypothetically someone could be seeing pubic hair when they were just after information about US president number 43. With respect to people who find ankles offensive, wouldn't they be reading non-English versions of wikipedia? Andjam 12:34, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

To illustrate or not
I can't find an answer from this article: should illustrations be added to an article to liven up a body of text, or only to illustrate? I have an opinion, but can't find a policy. Anyone with a view might also choose to participate in the discussion on Talk:Dystopia. Thanks! Notinasnaid 10:15, 5 April 2006 (UTC)


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Fouquet

Fouquet or Foucquet is a French surname.

Many immigrants to America anglicized their surname to either Fuqua or Fuquay upon arrival in America.

Notable people with the surname include:

 * Charles Louis Auguste Fouquet, Duke of Belle-Isle (1684–1761), French general and statesman
 * Christophe Fouquet (born 1974), French bobsledder
 * Guillaume Fouquet de la Varenne (1560–1616), French chef and statesman
 * Jean Fouquet (1420–1481), French painter
 * Louis Charles Armand Fouquet, Chevalier de Belle-Isle (1693–1747), French general
 * Louis Fouquet, founder in 1899 of Fouquet's brasserie in Paris, France
 * Nicolas Fouquet (1615–1680), French superintendent of Finances under Louis XIV of France
 * Pierre-Claude Foucquet (1694–1772), French organist and harpsichordist

title: Fouquet


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Talk:Meher Baba

Persian father
Baba's father was not a Parsi. Parsis immigrated to India a thousand years ago. He was Persian in that he was born in Iran, and later immigrated. He was part of the Irani community, which is different than the Parsi one. Dazedbythebell (talk) 12:36, 12 July 2019 (UTC)

Deletion Discussion for Beyond Words (1997 film)
Articles for deletion/Beyond Words (1997 film) (2nd nomination) - Randy Kryn (talk) 11:34, 8 September 2019 (UTC)

No Discussion
Meher Spiritual Center, Samadhi of Meher Baba, and Involution (Meher Baba) were all redirected by one editor without discussion. Is this how Wikipedia works now? Dazedbythebell (talk) 12:11, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Just brought back the burial site article, it seems an important article in the Wikipedia Meher collection. If the other two bold moves are controversial you are free to revert. Another seemingly important page to the collection is Silence Day, where a deletion request is still ongoing. Randy Kryn (talk) 14:04, 21 September 2019 (UTC)
 * The burial shrine page was deleted again and I brought it back and there's been some grumbling, so I opened up a discussion at its talk page. I'm not a follower, but would think that this page about Baba's burial site would be important to them and an attempt to save it would at least be worth discussing. Randy Kryn (talk) 19:36, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

 * You forgot to mention that several others had been deleted at AfD recently or are up for deletion, such as God-realization (Meher Baba) which has been nominated for deletion and is well into its relisting period. Randy Kryn (talk) 20:36, 5 October 2019 (UTC)
 * The God-realization page has been deleted. (if you are still here), maybe you can work up a summary of the page (just ask for it back from an admin) to put on both the Baba page and the book page. Randy Kryn (talk) 17:38, 17 October 2019 (UTC)

Gentle note
I see that there has been discussion about the reliability of sources. Just to say that I'm adding some content and referencing sources which as far as I can tell are reliable and independent. I'm happy to be corrected if mistaken; I just want to improve the article, and not looking to step on any toes. Kohlrabi Pickle (talk) 13:36, 14 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Just to say that a lot of my new content might fall foul of WP:OVERCITE, but this is just to allay any concerns about sourcing and I intend for them to be rearranged neatly in the future. These citations can be used elsewhere in the article too. Kohlrabi Pickle (talk) 06:05, 16 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Meher Baba


text:
User:Aamiller

australian

oncologist

resides in New Zealand

title: User:Aamiller