text:
Talk:Space exploration

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Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 28 August 2019 and 20 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Brianna Eaddy.

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JRCancio
The first confirmed man-made object into true deep space was not Sputnik or any Russian and it came from America exiting into space and the deep beyond with a total kinetic energy of +5 to +7 escape velocities. I am pulling from deep memory; it was a ten ton blast door of an American underground nuclear bomb experiment. A door similar to the blast doors found on the then in use missile silos. Photographic record of the event, up to the last frame the door was visible, at detonation,the very next frame the blast door no longer there had already been launched into space. Sputnik only beat America into space by a few weeks; also read history with a little more detail, '...the first man to survive going into space and return to earth...'; only suggests men attempted before and did not survive. I once was told the Soviets made many attempts, and to not embarrass Russia, those that did not survive their names have never been told. I was also told by an officer in the United States Air Force 57 men died but I do not have source or research to validate that information. And by the way, the door passed Pluto a while back and is still going. — Preceding unsigned comment added by JRCancio (talk • contribs) 06:12, 28 January 2012 (UTC)
 * It sounds as if you're referring to Operation Plumbbob. If you look into it further you'll find that every expert who has examined the issue concludes it would be physically impossible for any portion of the cover to survive in a form that could undergo the acceleration.Zebulin (talk) 20:34, 11 September 2012 (UTC)

Joe Kittenger
In 1960 Capt. Joe Kittenger use a balloon to enter outer space and jumped from the balloon. I site the History Channels television series "The Most". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.107.239.233 (talk) 17:17, 5 January 2010 (UTC)

Joe Kittenger's balloon story is also featured in the BBC TV series The Planets ;) Just thought I'd add that in. --LoofNeZorf (talk) 10:10, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

The plausibility of this claim depends on the definition used to demarcate the boundary between earth's atmosphere and space. A gas filled balloon provides lift if it is less dense than the air at ground level, and continues to provide lift as long as this condition is met. this method alone is sufficient to lift a balloon higher than 99% of earth's atmosphere, but clearly is insufficient to lift it above all of it. if the boundary of space is taken to be the altitude above which earth's atmosphere is less dense than N and  air of density N is less than sufficient to support a balloon, the balloon is by definition incapable of reaching space unless aided by means of rockets or similar propulsion. 66.65.244.100 (talk) 05:43, 9 November 2010 (UTC)

Article needs lede image
This article would be greatly improved by the addition of an image to the lede section! Any suggestions? Can we establish criteria for what would make a good image? (sdsds - talk) 04:22, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

I think we can do much better than the current image...70.168.11.227 (talk) 07:57, 11 February 2010 (UTC)

US: New Space Plans
This article still states that the US plans to return to the Moon by 2018, and to Mars beyond that, even though the Constellation program was cancelled by President Obama. Should anything be put in place of this now-erroneous statement? Titus.jon (talk) 02:57, 16 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Not yet. The President's proposed budget for 2011 does not include funding for Constellation.  To say the program is "cancelled" is still a bit premature. (sdsds - talk) 04:44, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Well, it's not really premature anymore, although I don't think there was ever much question. 71.170.139.125 (talk) 18:57, 9 September 2012 (UTC)

Chinese man going into space on a chair a part of the history of space exploration?
The so called legend of Wan Hu is not a part of the history of space exploration. Besides, a banned sock puppet adding this. 88.106.110.170 (talk) 03:28, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

Religion in space
Would anyone object to adding religion in space to the other section? I know we also have a sex in space but I don't feel that's so relevant as it's something that's only come up theoretically AFAWK where as religion in space has been a real issue that has come up in various ways. If there are objections, I'd welcome suggestions on other places as the article currently has basically no links from other articles. Nil Einne (talk) 02:47, 12 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Forgot to mention, I added it Nil Einne (talk) 15:55, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

Updates to March 2011
The lead introductory section being sadly out of date, I have updated the US plans for FY 2011 & beyond, so far as they are currently known (which they are not, due to the current negotiations about a continuing budget resolution.) This will need to be updated again as soon as the dust has cleared, but the article was embarrassingly dated, as it had been for many months. I also added a paragraph to the "Future of space exploration" section, about the recent Nautilus-X concept study under way at NASA, involving most of the agency centers. Hope some of this comes to fruition, I think it shows that we are well positioned to move beyond LEO (far better than the USA was to go to the Moon in May 1961). Wwheaton (talk) 05:57, 10 March 2011 (UTC)

Sources needed
The section "History of exploration in the 20th Century" seems to me to be pretty deficient in sources, and I think we need to tighten it up. I just reverted a claim that Wells and Verne "inspired" Tsiolkovsky, Oberth, and Goddard. There may be a little truth in this, but Verne's Moon trip -- in a cannon shell -- was obviously unrealistic, Well's First Men in the Moon got here by a gravity shield ("cavorite") that flatly violated the Law of Conservation of Energy, and earlier SciFi explorers mostly were carried by carried by geese, demons, spirits, etc — nothing that seems likely to have inspired serious work. Tsiolkovsky, by contrast, computed the performance of a hydrogen/oxygen rocket, and showed that escape from Earth was really possible without magic. I will try to do some of this as I have time, but probably not nearly all it needs. I have several books from the 1950s era, especially Willy Ley's Rockets, Missiles, and Space Travel, which has fairly extensive historical material. I believe there is a lot of material out there, and if we are going to present an extensive history in this article (actually I think just a brief outline here, with links to separate articles, might be better), then we really should cite the most important historical sources. A lot of the source material seems to be in Russian; perhaps our Russian friends can help us in ferreting out more of this, with English translations whenever they can be found. Thanks. Wwheaton (talk) 02:14, 12 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Sigh. Do my edits have revert me stamped over them today? FFS!Rememberway (talk) 02:41, 12 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Goddard was inspired by "war of the worlds", the others had read "from earth to the moon"- Tsiolkovsky, von Braun, Oberth. This is not in any way doubtful it's a matter of public record.Rememberway (talk) 02:54, 12 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Or perhaps you just think that at the beginning of the 1900s they all suddenly, at more or less the same time went, well, rockets have been around for hundreds of years, but let's go to the moon with them! Just by sheer luck?Rememberway (talk) 02:55, 12 March 2011 (UTC)

Outdated source / dead link
The first source is outdated / nonexistent, since the definition of "space exploration" is a relatively controversial aspect of space policy if someone could either look into repairing the link (I wasn't able to find the article myself, but someone might have better research capabilities) or finding an alternative definition that would be beneficial. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.194.95.45 (talk) 20:04, 24 June 2011 (UTC)
 * "What do you find controversial about "Space exploration is the use of astronomy and space technology to explore outer space."? Rmhermen (talk) 20:16, 24 June 2011 (UTC)

Picture looking a bit stale
The picture is lovely, but the shuttle has retired permanently, possibly a space station, and some Geostationary Satellites ? and maybe some medium or low earth orbit sats (like gps, iridium) too, with movement lines (like trails)to indicate movement relative to the ground... I can help out with small pd clipart images for them I think, please ask on my talkpage. Penyulap  talk 13:42, 9 August 2011 (UTC)

 * geostationary satellites are so overwhelmingly dedicated solely to communications and global positioning that they probably would not be well suited as a poster child for space exploration. A space station or apollo hardware and interplanetary space probes would be more obvious examples of space exploration, as distinct from space exploitation.Zebulin (talk) 17:13, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

First part of lead
I would like to reword the first part of the lead from this:
 * Space exploration is the discovery and exploration of outer space by means of space technology. Physical exploration of space is conducted both by human spaceflights and by robotic spacecraft.

– to this:
 * Space exploration is the ongoing discovery and exploration of celestial structures in outer space by means of continuously evolving and growing space technology. While the study of space is carried out mainly by astronomers with telescopes, the physical exploration of space is conducted both by unmanned robotic probes and human spaceflight.

Discussion
Rather than to just go in and change it, I thought it would be better to see how others felt about it, first. –  Paine Ellsworth   C LIMAX ! 22:58, 25 December 2013 (UTC)

Update
As there has been no objection, I shall go ahead and improve the lead. Feel free to revert and discuss it here if your objection comes after the edit. –  Paine Ellsworth   C LIMAX ! 04:44, 2 January 2014 (UTC)

Update
As there has been no objection, I shall go ahead and improve the lead. Feel free to revert and discuss it here if your objection comes after the edit. –  Paine Ellsworth   C LIMAX ! 04:44, 2 January 2014 (UTC)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 110.36.216.126 (talk)

Pictures focuse HEAVILY on the US side of the story
We have the following images in the article: Saturn V rocket, Moon, Cape Canaveral, Sputnik 1 (surprisingly), Apollo CSM, Apollo 17, Robert Gilruth, planets and comets (images made by MESSENGER, HST, Voyager 2 and Apollo 17), Apollo 16, Spirit Rover, Voyager 1, Concept art for a NASA Vision mission, Astronaut Buzz Aldrin, Lunar Delta-v's, European Space Agency's Columbus Module.

15+ -related images.

1 -related picture. No Mir ever happened. No, Soviets never landed on planets. And they don't ever take pictures of space, e.g. dark side of the Moon and such. And, basically, we currently all fly to the ISS on pigs with wings, not Russian Russian Soyuz rocket. For those who can not only use their heads as a waste bag: Space Shuttle program is dead now, so better place ISS image instead of Shuttle in terms of altitude.

1 for the .Well, I can more or less understand this.

has zero. Wonder what they Chinese are launching there, as they've had much more launches than the US had recently.

To sum up, not only was Gagarin's flight less important for the space exploration history than the launch of the Saturn V rocket from the first picture. The first human spaceflight was so irrelevant for space exploration that we did not even find any place for the picture in this article. FeelSunny (talk) 02:00, 28 January 2014 (UTC)
 * NASA images are, of course, much more readily available than those of other countries. I don't think it is fair to count the images of each planet in terms of the spacecraft that produced them since NASA images are usually the only ones that can be freely licensed and Wikipedia's non-free content policy prohibits the use of non-free images where free ones do exist. Also I'd like to see equivalent images of the planets not produced by NASA missions - NASA is the only agency to have sent probes to the outer planets (except the joint ESA-NASA Huygens probe which landed on Titan), and to Mercury.
 * There are, maybe, a couple too many Apollo images. I also don't see the importance of the Bumper image or the need for one of Gilruth. I would like to see images of Vostok 1 and recent Indian/Chinese/Japanese/Russian missions, but in the cases where such images are available, justifying their use in terms of WP:NFC can often prove difficult. -- W.  D.   Graham  06:59, 28 January 2014 (UTC)

 * There have been excellent soviet images in the article in the past and all were eventually removed for licensing reasons. Please help us find freely available images to better represent the enormous spectrum of non-NASA contributions and your complaint about poor image representation in the article will be quickly addressed.Zebulin (talk) 05:21, 9 February 2014 (UTC)

 * That is not exactly true. We have many images in articles about Gagarin, Vostok 1, Laika, Tereshkova, Mir Space Station, Soyuz-FG and many other. At least two first images worth being included.

File:Vostok1 big.gif.

Timeline Visualization
Added an infographic in the history of exploration section about every probe that left geocentric orbit to explore objects in the Solar System from the beginning to nowadays. The main source for the picture is the archive on the NASA website, and I also consulted the wiki page of every single mission. It contains info about the names of the probes, their main destinations, their type, their years of trip, or activity, their encounters on the way and if the missions were considered successful or failures. FraPado86 (talk) 10:31, 9 December 2014 (UTC)

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out of this world
space exploration is discovery and exploration of celestail sturces in outer space by means of evoling and growing space tecnology while the study of space is carried out manliy by asturnot with telescopes the physical expis loration of space is conduted both by unmmaned robotic space probes and spaceflight while the observation of objects in space known as asturnomy with out  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 169.139.0.109 (talk) 13:19, 22 May 2018 (UTC)

Hi

is it possible to post this update.

ThanksLOBOSKYJOJO (talk) 04:12, 26 December 2018 (UTC)

Space exploration laws

An independent student newspaper at the New York University, Washington Square News, published an article entitled, Space Exploration Mut be for All. It suggested that continuing technology advancement and the new space age necessitates that international statutes in space exploration must be flexible for practical purposes. https://nyunews.com/2018/11/30/mars-space-race-exploration/ The Outer Space Treaty (United Nations) is primarily based the “Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 1962 (XVIII) in 1963. Several new provisions were added. The Treaty was opened for signature by the three depository Governments (the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States of America) in January 1967. It entered into effect in October 1967. The Outer Space Treaty provides the basic framework on international space law. http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introouterspacetreaty.html Under the Space law and Treaties, the United Nations (UN)conc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, serves as forum for the development of international space law. This Committee completed five international pacts and five sets of principles related to space-associated activities. Said treaties tackles the “non-appropriation of outer space by any one country, arms control, the freedom of exploration, liability for damage caused by space objects, the safety and rescue of spacecraft and astronauts, the prevention of harmful interference with space activities and the environment, the notification and registration of space activities, scientific investigation and the exploitation of natural resources in outer space and the settlement of disputes.” http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties.html The UN concluded other treaties after this like the Rescue Agreement and the Moon Treaty. The Legal Subcommittee considered and negotiated the Rescue Agreement between 1962 and 1967. The UN General Assembly reached a consensus in 1967 and the accord was implemented in December 1968. This Accord stipulates that States must undertake all possible measures to “rescue and assist astronauts in distress and promptly return them to the launching State, and that States shall, upon request, assist launching States in recovering space objects that return to Earth outside the territory of the Launching State.” http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introrescueagreement.html The UN Assembly adopted the Moon Treaty in a Resolution (34/68) and opened for Signature in 1979. However, the UN only enforced the accord in June 1984 following Austria’s ratification of the Treaty. “The Moon Treaty provides that the Moon and its natural resources are common heritage of mankind and the harvesting of those resources is forbidden except through an international regime established to govern the exploitation of such resources when it becomes feasible to do so. The exact nature of this regime is not detailed, nor is the term “resources” defined.” http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1954/1

 * The opinions of a student newspaper aren’t sufficiently notable for inclusion in Wikipedia. As for the UNOOSA there is already a long and detailed article about this. Andyjsmith (talk) 08:35, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

Error re GN-z11
Adding this here, since I'm not an expert. However, when I read the page on GN-z11 linked from this page, I learned that the distance to that galaxy stated on this page is probably an error. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_exploration#First_outer_space_flights Tim Warner (talk) 22:33, 27 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Changed. Rmhermen (talk) 20:06, 29 June 2019 (UTC)

Living in space
Hello, I have expanded more on the 'Living in space' section of the article. I have included more information about the effects of living in space/space travel on the human body. Thank you Brianna Eaddy (talk) 02:23, 6 October 2019 (UTC)

Thank you Brianna Eaddy for the very much needed addition.

Especially since several paragraphs discuss space colonization rather than what the headline states "Living in space" in the context of the article "space exploration". In the context of recent discussions in the space community about the need to seperate discussions of space exploration from space colonization, it would be good to make this differentiation clear and focus this section on living in space for the purpose of space exploration and not space colonization as well.

I have allready attempted to make this distinction in the article, but my grammer was not devine enough for other users, so I ask for more worthy users to have a look at this section.

Last but not least editing the text in the light of this issue has been called opinionated, which I strongly contest. I argue that adding space colonization to space exploration, and especially the paragraph about property rights as an obstacle for life in space, or what the text realy means, for space colonization, is at best misplaced and one sided.

I hope more competent users will work on this constructively. Nsae Comp (talk) 23:58, 16 October 2019 (UTC)

I would further propose to change the title to "Human spaceflight" and link to it as "See also" (Human spaceflight).

Additionaly I find the images random, I would suggest one picture of an actual life support module or scene of living or human activity in space. I have found the following:

Nsae Comp (talk) 15:27, 20 October 2019 (UTC)

space research is for exploring new elements in the universe — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2405:204:30AE:5604:944B:1079:DB3C:A0BF (talk) 11:05, 3 November 2019 (UTC)

"Space mission" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Space mission. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 November 15 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Soumya-8974 talk contribs subpages 07:51, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

Statistics

 * Total number of launches: 6,018 in 64 years = 94 launches per year
 * Success: 5,559
 * Failure: 459

 * Max launches in one year: 139 launches in 1967
 * Max successful launches in one year: 127 launches in 1983, 1984
 * Max satellites on a single launch: 104 satellites on a PSLV rocket, on 15 February 2017 - mission PSLV-C37

 * 95 consecutive successful launches between these two failures: 25 Jan 1983 - Kosmos 11K65M - and - 26 Sep 1983 - Soyuz-U

 * (after 1961) Largest gap between two launches: 35 between these two launches: 2005 Nov 16 - Ariane 5ECA - and - 2005 Dec 21 - Soyuz-U-PVB
 * (before 1961) Largest gap between two launches: 70 between these two launches: 1959 Nov 26 - Atlas Able - and - 1960 Feb 4 - Thor Agena A

Source data: Jonathan's Space Home Page - The General Catalog of Space Objects (2020) - Derived catalogs - currentcat (Latest phase) Text

It does not contain missions failed before launch like this one:
 * 3 September 2016 - Amos 6

It also does not contain in-flight abort tests like this one:
 * 19 January 2020 - Falcon 9 - Crew Dragon In-Flight Abort Test

Alternatively, there is a cool graphic here - https://aerospace.csis.org/data/space-environment-total-launches-by-country/ Barecode (talk) 18:31, 6 January 2021 (UTC)

First outer space flights
I have just updated this section with further details of the MW 18014 German V-2 rocket test and removed the 1949 Bumper-WAC launch. Not sure why NASA is saying that the Bumper launch was the first object in space, all the other sources say the V-2 was the first object in space. Happy to discuss his point with other Editors, however rhe evidence is pretty clear that the V-2 was the first. I also updated the photos. Ilenart626 (talk) 02:24, 11 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Space exploration


text:
List of governors of Kansas

The governor of Kansas is the head of state of Kansas and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Kansas Legislature, to convene the legislature at any time, and to grant pardons.

Since becoming a state, Kansas has had 48 governors. The state's longest-serving governors were Robert Docking, John W. Carlin, and Bill Graves, each of whom served 8 years (Docking served four two-year terms; Carlin and Graves each served 2 4-year terms). The shortest-serving governor was John McCuish, who served only 11 days after the resignation of Fred Hall.

The current governor is Democrat Laura Kelly, who took office on January 14, 2019.

Kansas Territory
Kansas Territory was organized on May 30, 1854, from land that had previously been part of Missouri Territory. Despite existing only for six years, it had six governors appointed by the president of the United States.

State of Kansas
The eastern bulk of Kansas Territory was admitted to the Union as Kansas on January 29, 1861. The Kansas Constitution provided that a governor and lieutenant governor be elected every 2 years, for a term commencing on the second Monday in the January after the election. An amendment in 1972 increased terms to four years, with a limit that a governor could not serve more than two terms in a row, and provided that the governor and lieutenant governor are elected on the same ticket. In the original constitution, should the office of governor be vacant, the powers would devolve upon the lieutenant governor, who nonetheless would remain in that office; the 1972 amendment changed it so that, in such an event, the lieutenant governor becomes governor.

Until 2018, there was no age or residency requirement to run for the office; in 2017, three teenagers were doing so. In 2018, a law was passed establishing the age to run for governor and lieutenant governor at 25.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of governors of Kansas


text:
Luis Gonzalez (outfielder, born 1967)

Luis Emilio Gonzalez (born September 3, 1967), nicknamed "Gonzo", is an American former baseball outfielder who played 19 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for seven teams. Gonzalez spent his best years with the Arizona Diamondbacks and was one of the most popular players in the organization's history. His game-winning hit in Game 7 of the 2001 World Series against New York Yankees closer Mariano Rivera clinched the Diamondbacks' first and only World Series championship to date. Gonzalez was a five-time All-Star and won a Silver Slugger Award in 2001. In addition to good power (354 career home runs), Gonzalez was known as an exceptional gap hitter. His 596 career doubles currently rank 19th on the all-time MLB list.

After retiring from baseball in 2008, Gonzalez joined the Diamondbacks' front office in 2009 as a special assistant to the president. The following year, the team retired his uniform number #20, making him the first player so honored by the Diamondbacks.

Early life
Gonzalez grew up in the West Tampa neighborhood of Tampa, Florida in a Cuban-American household. He graduated from Thomas Jefferson High School in 1985 along with childhood friend Tino Martinez.

College career
After high school, he attended the University of South Alabama, where he earned Baseball America's All-Freshman Second Team honors. He was drafted by the Houston Astros in the fourth round of the 1988 amateur draft. Gonzalez played American Legion Baseball for Post 248. Other Post 248 alumni include Lou Piniella, Tony La Russa, Tino Martinez, and Gary Sheffield.

Houston Astros (1988–1995)

Gonzalez was drafted by the Houston Astros in the 4th round of the 1988 June draft. After signing, he was assigned to the short-season Class A Auburn Astros of the New York–Penn League, where Kenny Lofton, the Astros' 17th-round pick in 1988, was also making his pro debut. Gonzalez hit .312 with 5 home runs and 10 doubles in 39 games for Auburn before being promoted to the Asheville Tourists to finish the season.

Gonzalez made his major league debut on September 4, 1990. He finished the rest of the 1990 season with four hits (two doubles). The year of 1991 became the first full season of Gonzalez's career. During 1991, he batted .254 with 13 home runs and 69 RBI. In 1992, he batted .243 with 10 home runs and 55 RBI. In 1993, he batted .300 with 15 home runs, 72 RBI, and an NL leading 10 sacrifice flies. In 1994, he batted .273 with eight homers and 67 RBI. His 1995 season began with a .258 batting average, six homers and 35 RBI.

Chicago Cubs (1995–1996)
Gonzalez along with Scott Servais were traded to the Chicago Cubs for Rick Wilkins. Gonzalez finished the 1995 season with the Cubs by batting .290 with seven homers and 34 RBI. Overall in 1995, Gonzalez had a .276 average, 13 homers and 69 RBI combined while he played with the Astros and Cubs. In 1996, Gonzalez batted .271 with 15 homers and 79 RBI.

Second stint with the Houston Astros (1997)
Gonzalez signed a one-year deal to return to the Astros in 1997. During 1997, he batted .258 with 10 homers and 68 RBI.

Detroit Tigers (1998)
Gonzalez signed a one-year deal for the Tigers in 1998. In 1998, he batted .267 with 23 homers and 71 RBI. He hit the first home run at Tropicana Field (the home stadium of the expansion Tampa Bay Devil Rays) on Opening Day.

Arizona Diamondbacks (1999–2006)
In 1999, Gonzalez was traded to the Diamondbacks for Karim García. He had a strong debut season for Arizona on his way to becoming a star during his tenure with the team, leading the NL in hits with 206 and posting a .336 batting average to help them win the National League's western division. Arizona would fall to the New York Mets in the divisional playoff series. Gonzalez was selected to his first All-Star Team in 1999. In 2000, the Diamondbacks fell to third place in their division, but Gonzalez had a fine season, blasting 31 home runs among his 192 hits, while hitting .311 and driving in 114 runs.

In 2001, Gonzalez astonished many when he hit 57 home runs, his personal best for one season and almost twice as many as he hit in any other season. This included a record nine home runs in his first 10 games (shared with Mike Schmidt in 1976). The total is the third-most in National League history for a left-handed batter (behind Barry Bonds's record 73, which also came in 2001, and Ryan Howard, who hit 58 in 2006). Gonzalez was selected to his second All-Star Team and won the Home Run Derby at the mid-season classic. He ranked second in the National League in hits with 198, while batting .325 and posting career highs in runs (128), RBI (142) and walks (100). He finished third in the 2001 NL Most Valuable Player voting.

The Diamondbacks reached the World Series that year and faced off against the New York Yankees, who featured Gonzalez's childhood friend Tino Martinez starting at first base. In a climactic moment, Gonzalez came to the plate in the bottom of the 9th inning of game 7, with the score even at 2–2, the bases loaded and one out. The Yankee pitcher was Mariano Rivera, widely regarded as one of the best closers of all time (Rivera had never blown a save chance in a World Series before, or since). Gonzalez swung at Rivera's 0–1 pitch and hit the game-winning bloop single into left field that sealed the first franchise World Series title for Arizona.

He was also selected to All-Star Teams in 2002 and 2003. During the 2002 season, Gonzalez received publicity as a piece of gum chewed by Gonzalez during a spring training game was sold for $10,000 on April 15, 2002. The buyer was Curt Mueller, owner of Mueller Sports Medicine Inc., manufacturer of the gum, Quench. In 2003, Gonzalez topped .300 (.304) for the fourth time in his first five seasons in Arizona, and eclipsed 100 RBI (104) for the fifth consecutive season.

On May 22, 2004, Gonzalez got his 2,000th career hit in a game against the Florida Marlins, though his season ended early when he had Tommy John surgery in August. In 2005, he was selected to his fifth All-Star Team. On April 18, 2006, he got his 500th career double, becoming the 20th player in Major League history to hit 500 doubles and 300 home runs. On May 13, 2006, he passed Babe Ruth for 38th place all-time for the most doubles hit in league history.

On June 15, 2006, The Arizona Republic printed an interview by columnist E. J. Montini with Diamondback managing general partner Ken Kendrick. In the interview, Kendrick mentioned whispers of alleged steroid use by Gonzalez; in the interview Kendrick never directly accused Gonzalez of using performance-enhancing drugs. The interview came eight days after Diamondback relief pitcher Jason Grimsley was released by the team after the team learned that federal agents had searched his home looking for evidence that he was a distributor of human growth hormone and other performance-enhancing drugs. On June 16, 2006, an angry Gonzalez called a press conference to deny that he had ever used steroids.

Los Angeles Dodgers (2007)

On September 14, 2006, the Diamondbacks announced that they would not pick up the team option of $10 million to re-sign Gonzalez after the 2006 season. On December 7, Gonzalez signed a one-year contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers for $7 million for the 2007 season.

Gonzalez hit his first home run as a Dodger on Sunday, April 8, 2007, versus Barry Zito of the San Francisco Giants. He hit two home runs in that game. In his only season with the Dodgers, he was productive offensively, but struggled defensively. Many times throughout the season, he was benched for a defensive replacement. Towards the end of the season, he was benched in favor of Matt Kemp, a top Dodger prospect at the time. He was upset about it and publicly said he was not interested in returning to the Dodgers before the season was even over. He hit .278 with 15 home runs and 68 RBI in 2007.

Gonzalez was the first player to hit a home run off of the touch tank on June 24, in Tropicana Field.

Florida Marlins (2008)
On February 7, 2008, he signed with the Florida Marlins. The deal was reportedly worth $2 million for one season. Gonzalez played in 136 games for the Marlins in 2008, batting .261.

Retirement
Gonzalez announced his retirement on August 29, 2009, and joined the Diamondbacks front office as a special assistant to the president. In 2010, Gonzalez's number 20 jersey was retired on August 7, making him the first player to have his number retired by the team.

Career statistics
In 2,591 games over 19 seasons, Gonzalez posted a .283 batting average (2,591-for-9,157) with 1,412 runs, 596 doubles, 68 triples, 354 home runs, 1,439 RBI, 1,155 bases on balls, 128 stolen bases, .367 on-base percentage and .479 slugging percentage. He finished his career with a .986 fielding percentage primarily as a left fielder. In 24 postseason games, he hit .253 (22-for-87) with 12 runs, 3 doubles, 4 home runs, 12 RBI and 11 walks.

Other activities
With businessman and entrepreneur Anthony Conti, Gonzalez founded IsTalking, LLC, a Phoenix-based company that develops new social networking Web sites exclusively for college students. The company launched a new social network with Arizona State University called ASUIsTalking.com. He has also formed a partnership with the ASU Alumni Association to be the exclusive online social-network for its 250,000 members.

Gonzalez has served as a color commentator on ESPN Radio's broadcasts of National League Division Series games in recent years, and also worked on Fox Sports' television broadcast of the 2006 National League Championship Series.

Gonzalez formerly owned and operated a restaurant called Gonzo's, located in oldtown/downtown Gilbert, Arizona. After several name changes, it closed in 2009. In 2012, Postino opened its 3rd Arizona location in its place. Gonzalez is a prominent member of the Republican Party. As a resident of Arizona, he wrote a letter of endorsement for Arizona's Junior Senator, Jon Kyl, who won his bid for re-election in 2006. He endorsed Arizona's other Senator, 2008 GOP Presidential Nominee John McCain, over former congressman J.D. Hayworth in 2010. In 2022 he endorsed Kari Lake for the 2022 Arizona gubernatorial election. Gonzalez was the Celebrity face for a cornfield maze in Queen Creek, Arizona for the Schnepf Farms' annual Celebrity Maze. Gonzalez is the first local celebrity featured; Oprah Winfrey, Larry King, and Jay Leno were previously featured.

Gonzalez serves as a member of the board of the Baseball Assistance Team, a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization dedicated to helping former Major League, Minor League, and Negro league players through financial and medical hardships.

The Diamondbacks built a Little League ballfield in his honor at Tempe Beach Park in Tempe, Arizona.

Gonzalez was inducted into the Hispanic Heritage Baseball Museum Hall of Fame on July 9, 2011, at the MLB All-Star Fan Fest in Phoenix.

Personal life
Gonzalez and his family (wife Christine and triplets Megan, Jacob, and Alyssa) are residents of Scottsdale, Arizona. Jacob was selected by the San Francisco Giants in the 2017 MLB draft.

title: Luis Gonzalez (outfielder, born 1967)


text:
List of governors of West Virginia

The governor of West Virginia is the head of government of West Virginia and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the West Virginia Legislature, to convene the legislature at any time, and, except when prosecution has been carried out by the House of Delegates, to grant pardons and reprieves.

Since West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863, during the American Civil War, 34 men have served as governor. Two, Arch A. Moore Jr. (West Virginia's 28th and 30th governor) and Cecil H. Underwood (West Virginia's 25th and 32nd governor), served two nonconsecutive terms in office. The longest-serving governor was Moore, who served for three terms over twelve years. The state's first governor after admission into the Union, Arthur I. Boreman, served the most consecutive terms, resigning a week before the end of his third term. Before the state's admission, Francis Harrison Pierpont, the "Father of West Virginia," was elected governor during the Wheeling Convention of 1861. Daniel D.T. Farnsworth was senate president at the time; he filled the last seven days of Boreman's term and remains the shortest-serving governor. Underwood has the unusual distinction of being both the youngest person to be elected as governor (age 34 upon his first term in 1957) and the oldest to both be elected and serve (age 74 upon his second term in 1997; age 78 at the end of his second term in 2001).

The current governor is Republican Jim Justice, who assumed office on January 16, 2017. West Virginia's 36th governor, Justice was elected as a Democrat, but switched to the Republican Party on August 4 of that year.

To serve as governor, a person must be at least 30 years old, and must have been a citizen of West Virginia for at least five years at the time of inauguration. Under the current Constitution of West Virginia, ratified in 1872, the governor serves a four-year term commencing on the third Wednesday in January, following an election. The original constitution of 1863 only called for a two-year term. He may be reelected any number of times, but not more than twice in a row. Any partial term served counts toward the limit of two consecutive terms.

The constitution makes no mention of a lieutenant governor; if the governorship becomes vacant, the senate president acts as governor. If more than one year remains in the governor's term at the time of vacancy, a new election is held; otherwise, the senate president acts as governor for the remainder of the term. A bill passed in 2000 grants the senate president the honorary title of lieutenant governor, but this title is rarely used in practice and the terms of the senate president do not correspond with governorships. The same bill states that the line of succession after the senate president will be the speaker of the House of Delegates, followed by the state attorney general, the state auditor and former governors, in inverse order of term, that are in residence in the state at the time of the vacancy.

Qualifications
Anyone who seeks to be elected Governor of West Virginia must meet the following qualifications:
 * Be a citizen of the United States
 * Be a resident of West Virginia for at least five years preceding the election
 * Be a duly qualified elector of West Virginia
 * Be at least 30 years old

title: List of governors of West Virginia


text:
2002 Governor General's Awards

The 2002 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit were presented by Adrienne Clarkson, Governor General of Canada, at a ceremony at Rideau Hall on Tuesday, November 19. Each winner received a cheque for $15,000.

title: 2002 Governor General's Awards


text:
1-1

1-1 may refer to:
 * New Year's Day, a public holiday in many countries, held annually on the first of January
 * Schweizer SGP 1-1, an American glider design
 * World 1-1, the first level of Nintendo's Super Mario Bros

title: 1-1


text:
Talk:Surjective function

Reversible and Inverse
if a surjective function is revrsible, how does the first picture there represent a reversible function. The C appears to be mapped to by two elements of the domain; wouldn't that make it no surjective? anton — Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.157.122.230 (talk) 15:39, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

 * It's not very clear in the article. "Reversible" simply means that if g(C) = 4, f(4) = C.  It doesn't matter that g(C) can also equal 3.  I'm going to try to put that into the article.  --KSnortum (talk) 20:52, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

There seems to be a contradiction in the part "surjection and epimorphism". First it says that there is equivalence surjection and epimorphism, then it says that it holds only for the category of sets!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.76.172.10 (talk) 13:13, 26 August 2013 (UTC)

Example of a actual function that is surjective but not bijective with image

I think the images here are exceptionally good. I might add an example of an actual function that is surjective, but not bijective such as $$f(x)=x \cdot sin(x) $$

Just noticed that this is a cool example of the product of two odd functions being an even function :) Lfahlberg (talk) 06:27, 29 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Since nobody objected I added an example (without an image) of a surjective, but not bijective function.Lfahlberg (talk) 15:36, 6 August 2013 (UTC)

Arrow Symbols
I like this page, but would someone please add a table of the different arrow symbols that are commonly used for onto, one-one, etc? It would also be nice to note the LaTeX commands for the symbols. Jfgrcar (talk) 20:02, 2 June 2014 (UTC)

 * I just inserted a template which links to a page describing some of the notation. This does not explain all of the symbols but it should help. — Anita5192 (talk) 01:18, 3 June 2014 (UTC)

Function?
According to the wiki-definition of a function, the title of this page is wrong. A function f from X to Y is a subset of the Cartesian product X × Y subject to the following condition: every element of X is the first component of one and only one ordered pair in the subset.

This, however, is obviously not surjective. The most used term in numerous books would be surjective map or mapping, but not function. Should we change the title? — ManniFaltig (talk) 20:47, 22 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Your point is not clear. Not all functions are surjective (unless you are a member of that small minority who don't believe in the concept of a codomain – Y in the above definition.) Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 04:55, 23 June 2014 (UTC)

Clarification needed for the pictures
In my understanding surjectivity allows the existence of members of the domain that are not mapped into any element of the codomain. This is not visible in any of the pictures on this page and neither on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijection,_injection_and_surjection csavlovs, Sep 16 2016  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.103.73.15 (talk) 06:32, 16 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Nope. If there were elements of the domain that were not mapped to anything in the codomain, then this would not be a function (it would be a proper partial function) and this article is about surjective functions. --Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 16:12, 16 September 2016 (UTC)

Gallery section created
I have moved the awkwardly placed images to the gallery section. This severely benefits the readability of the article. A line is included in the lead to make this easily apparent/accessible to all readers. This article has suffered from an unfortunate lack of quality for such a highly visited/essential topic. IaSpiralSource (talk)

Redirection
Okay, I know I just created a section, but c'mon: do we really need a redirect for the word *onto!?* That is absolutely absurd. SpiralSource (talk)

Translations

 * Greek: Επιρριπτική συνάρτηση

(SURJECTIVE = επιρριπτική, INJECTIVE = ερριπτική, BIJECTIVE = αμφιρριπτική) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:587:4115:1000:B854:2FD1:F18D:DC09 (talk) 22:10, 18 July 2019 (UTC)

Sloppy Definition
Please write "iff" and not "if",

and referencing a couple of web-sites instead of a math text book is not a good idea Jan Burse (talk) 10:30, 30 July 2022 (UTC)

being surjective is not a property of a function as it is defined in the article about functions
According to Function (mathematics):

If this is our definition of a function, then "surjective" is not a property of a function and can only be true of a function together with a set. I don't know, maybe something like "(f,B) is surjective iff im(f)=B". However, one can make sense of an expression like "f:A -> B is surjective", because a set B is explicitly mentioned. Imo this should be made more explicit in the article. 2A02:168:FE38:0:FCB6:AAED:7EDF:9D9 (talk) 14:39, 20 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Your quote is not the primary definition given in this article. Moreover, the definition of a binary relation involves two sets. In the case of "a binary relation that is univalent and total", the first set is the domain, the second set is the codomain. There is no need of a third set for defining "surjective". D.Lazard (talk) 14:57, 20 October 2023 (UTC)
 * It is the only rigorous one. And even if it is not, you call it, the "primary" one, it is still there, and this article should address potential inconsistencies with the notion of surjectiveness.
 * First, the definition is given quite informally. Second, it does not include "the sets X and Y" if you don't include them in the definition. There is even a short discussion about that in the article about binary relations:
 * Or please tell for the set {(1,2),(2,3)} if it is surjective or why it is not a function? 2A02:168:FE38:0:FCB6:AAED:7EDF:9D9 (talk) 09:48, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
 * The notion of a binary relationship requires two sets to be meaningful at all, because the Cartesian product requires it. The set {(1, 2), (2, 3)} cannot even be determined to be total, let alone being a function, without that additional data. Just like being surjective requires a codomain to be meaningful, being total needs a domain to be meaningful.--Jasper Deng (talk) 10:42, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
 * In your last example, the set {(1,2),(2,3)} is simply a set of pairs of integers. For having a relation, you must specify X and Y. If $$X\neq \{1,2\},$$ either you have not a relation or the relation is not total; in both case you have not a function. If $$X= \{1,2\}$$ and $$Y= \{2,3\},$$ you have a function which is surjective, and even bijective. If $$X= \{1,2\}$$ and $$Y \varsupsetneq \{1,2\},$$ you have a function that is not surjective.
 * By the way, you are right by saying that the only way to define functions formally is to define them as a relation. However, in mathematics, the formal definition is rarely sufficient to understand a concept, especially for "rich" concepts such as the one of a function. If you do not think of a function as a proccess that associates an element of the codomain to each element of the domain, you will never be able to use functions. D.Lazard (talk) 11:15, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I wanted to note, the definition of surjective function correspnding to 2A02's function definition is in Surjective function: "A surjective function with domain X and codomain Y is a binary relation between X and Y that is right-unique and both left-total and right-total." Mathnerd314159 (talk) 01:18, 22 October 2023 (UTC)
 * In your last example, the set {(1,2),(2,3)} is simply a set of pairs of integers. For having a relation, you must specify X and Y. If $$X\neq \{1,2\},$$ either you have not a relation or the relation is not total; in both case you have not a function. If $$X= \{1,2\}$$ and $$Y= \{2,3\},$$ you have a function which is surjective, and even bijective. If $$X= \{1,2\}$$ and $$Y \varsupsetneq \{1,2\},$$ you have a function that is not surjective.
 * By the way, you are right by saying that the only way to define functions formally is to define them as a relation. However, in mathematics, the formal definition is rarely sufficient to understand a concept, especially for "rich" concepts such as the one of a function. If you do not think of a function as a proccess that associates an element of the codomain to each element of the domain, you will never be able to use functions. D.Lazard (talk) 11:15, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I wanted to note, the definition of surjective function correspnding to 2A02's function definition is in Surjective function: "A surjective function with domain X and codomain Y is a binary relation between X and Y that is right-unique and both left-total and right-total." Mathnerd314159 (talk) 01:18, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Surjective function


text:
List of governors of Illinois

The governor of Illinois is the head of government of the U.S. state of Illinois. The governor is the head of the executive branch of Illinois's state government and is charged with enforcing state laws. The governor has the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Illinois Legislature, to convene the legislature, and to grant pardons, except in cases of impeachment. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces.

Since becoming a state in 1818, 43 people have served as governor of Illinois; before statehood, it had only one territorial governor, Ninian Edwards. The longest-serving governor was James R. Thompson, who was elected to four terms lasting 14 years, from 1977 to 1991. Only one governor, Richard J. Oglesby, has served multiple non-consecutive terms, having been elected in 1864, 1872, and 1884.

The current governor is J. B. Pritzker, who took office on January 14, 2019.

Territory of Illinois
Illinois Territory was formed on March 1, 1809, from Indiana Territory. It had only two governors appointed by the president of the United States before it became a state, and only one ever took office.

State of Illinois
Illinois was admitted to the Union on December 3, 1818, consisting of the southern portion of Illinois Territory; the remainder was assigned to Michigan Territory.

The first Illinois Constitution, ratified in 1818, provided that a governor be elected every 4 years for a term starting on the first Monday in the December following an election. The constitution of 1848 moved the start of the term to the second Monday in January starting in 1849, thus shortening the term won in the 1844 election to 2 years. Governors were not allowed to succeed themselves until the 1870 constitution, which removed this limit.

The office of lieutenant governor was created in the first constitution, to exercise the power of governor if that office becomes vacant. The 1848 constitution changed this to say the power "devolves" upon the lieutenant governor in case of a vacancy. The current constitution of 1970 made it so that, in the event of a vacancy, the lieutenant becomes governor, and the governor and lieutenant governor are now elected on the same ticket. If the governor feels seriously impeded in performing their job, they can inform the secretary of state and the next in the line of succession, who becomes acting governor until the governor can resume office.

title: List of governors of Illinois


text:
Heraclius Constantine

Heraclius Constantine (Heraclius novus Constantinus; Ἡράκλειος νέος Κωνσταντῖνος; 3 May 612 – 25 May 641), often enumerated as Constantine III, was one of the shortest reigning Byzantine emperors, ruling for three months in 641. He was the eldest son of Emperor Heraclius and his first wife Eudokia.

Reign
Constantine was crowned co-emperor by his father on 22 January 613 and shortly after was betrothed to his cousin, Gregoria, a daughter of his father's first cousin, Nicetas. As the couple were second cousins, the marriage was technically incestuous, but this consideration must have been outweighed by the advantages of the match to the family as a whole. Furthermore, its illegality paled into insignificance beside Heraclius' marriage to his niece Martina the same year. In comparison, Constantine's marriage was far less scandalous than that of his father. Constantine assumed an honorary consulship on 1 January 632, and at the same ceremony his brother Heraclonas was raised to the rank of caesar.

Constantine became senior emperor when his father died on 11 February 641. He reigned together with his younger half-brother Heraclonas, the son of Martina. His supporters feared action against him on the part of Martina and Heraclonas, and the treasurer Philagrius advised him to write to the army, informing them that he was dying and asking for their assistance in protecting the rights of his children. He also sent a vast sum of money, more than two million solidi (gold coins), to Valentinus, an adjutant of Philagrius, to distribute to the soldiers to persuade them to secure the succession for his sons after his death. He died of tuberculosis after only three months, on 25 May, leaving Heraclonas sole emperor. A rumor that Martina had him poisoned led first to the imposition of Constans II as co-emperor and then to the deposition, mutilation, and banishment of Martina and her sons.

Family
In 629 or 630, Constantine married Gregoria, the daughter of Niketas. They had two sons, and perhaps a daughter:
 * Constans II, who succeeded as emperor
 * Theodosius
 * Manyanh, who reportedly married Yazdegerd III.

Regnal name
The Romans themselves did not use regnal numbers, which are instead applied to the emperors by modern historians. There is particular confusion surrounding the name 'Constantine III ' as it has been also applied to the earlier Western emperor Constantine ((r. undefined – undefined)407–411), who started as a usurper but was later recognized by Honorius ((r. undefined – undefined)395–423). Charles le Beau (1701–1778), who established the convention of numbering eleven Constantines, uses the numeral only for the Eastern emperor. Edward Gibbon (1737–1794) also explicitly refers to the Western emperor as a usurper and gives the numeral to the Eastern one. Justin Sabatier (1792–1869) and Félicien de Saulcy (1807–1880) notably enumerate Heraclius Constantine as "Heraclius II", a numeral often used for his brother Heraclonas, but refer to the next Constantine as Constantine IV, thus indirectly counting the Western emperor. This numbering has been followed by a few authors. Warwick Wroth (1858–1911) uses no numeral for Heraclius Constantine and uses "Constantine III" as an alternative name for Constans II. The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire (1980) uses the numeral solely for the Eastern emperor, while the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1991) uses it solely for the Western one. Philip Grierson (1910–2006) applies the numeral to both emperors, but treats "Constantine III" more like an alternate name for Heraclius Constantine, who is not given a numeral in the index. The Roman Imperial Coinage, which ends with the fall of the West, uses the numeral for the Western emperor, which has now become standard. Strangely enough, both Constantines had a son called Constans. Neither the RIC, PLRE nor Grierson give the Western one a numeral, yet he's still often called "Constans II".

title: Heraclius Constantine


text:
Talk:Erlang (programming language)

Requested move
Erlang programming language → Erlang (programming language) – Conformance with WP naming conventions LotLE × talk

The page was moved. Move discussion is here: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Programming languages/Renaming poll.

Mnesia
"Mnesia" redirects here, but this page does not explain it, and has a "see also" link to this redirect.

Hello, World!
Please, add Hello World example.

Nine Nines
The nine nines claim is uncited and very dubious (3 sec per decade). It is much more likely to be 5 or 6 nines. Can anyone give a citation for this claim?

Maps Data type
Erlang has a maps (eg. dictionary/object) data type since (?) Version 17.

title: Talk:Erlang (programming language)


text:
Games played with Go equipment

Many games can be played with Go equipment: a supply of white and black stones and a board with 19×19 intersections, other than Go and many more can be played with minor modification.

Games that can be played without modification on the intersections of a 19×19 Go board include:

 * Breakthrough, which can be played on just about any board shape one wishes
 * Gomoku, ninuki-renju and its close relative pente
 * Connect6, similar to naughts and crosses (tic-tac-toe), but requires connecting six in a row, and with two stones per move
 * Gonnect
 * Capture go
 * Alea evangelii

Games that can be played without modification on the intersections of a Go board reduced in size (perhaps by masking the unwanted sections with paper or tape) include:

Games that can be played without modification on the squares of a Go board reduced in size include:
 * Alak, a Go-like game restricted to a single spatial dimension (1×19)
 * Five-field kono (5x5)
 * Renju (15×15)
 * Philosopher's football (15×19)
 * Cinc camins
 * Some games of gonu

 * Gess (18×18 squares—no reduction required)
 * Crossings (8×8 squares)
 * Epaminondas (12×14 squares)
 * Lines of action (8×8 squares)
 * Connect Four (most commonly 7×6 squares)
 * Seega (game) (5×5, 7×7 or 9×9 squares)
 * Four-field kono
 * Reversi and Othello
 * Yoté and Choko (game)
 * Several tafl games

It's also possible to use Go equipment as a low-tech interface to Conway's game of life; use black stones in the board's squares as 'pixels', and for each generation use white stones to indicate where new cells will be born. Then remove 'dead' black stones, replace the white stones with black ones to complete the new generation, and repeat the process.

title: Games played with Go equipment


text:
William of Poitiers

William of Poitiers (Guillelmus Pictaviensis, Guillaume de Poitiers; c. 1020 – 1090) was a Norman priest who served as the chaplain of Duke William II of Normandy (William the Conqueror), for whom he chronicled the Norman conquest of England in his Gesta Willelmi ducis Normannorum et regis Anglorum ("The Deeds of William, Duke of the Normans and King of the English"). He had trained as a soldier before taking holy orders.

Life
Little is known about William of Poitiers, with most information coming from Orderic Vitalis in his Historia Ecclesiactica, written in 1114–1115 and 1125. He was apparently born in Les Préaux, France, near Pont-Audemer to an influential knightly Norman family, probably about 1020. According to Orderic, William originally trained as a knight, which gave him a much greater insight into the details of war than the typical medieval clerical writer. About 1049 he decided to enter the church, turning away from his knightly duties. Once he turned to the priesthood, William studied at the renowned school of Saint Hilaire-le-Grand in Poitiers and was said by Orderic to have returned to Normandy 'more learned than all his friends and neighbours'.

William was given positions of ecclesiastical authority, becoming chaplain to Duke William and archdeacon of Lisieux. However, he doesn't appear in any ecclesiastical or royal and ducal charters as might be expected from someone of such a position, which perhaps casts doubts over Orderic's account of William of Poitiers life. Little is known about his old age, and he probably retired into a religious house, or possibly political disgrace. This is implied by Orderic's statement that William of Poitiers was forced to stop writing his history of William the Conqueror due to ″unfavorable circumstances″, of which we do not know the nature. Possible links between William of Poitiers and Duke William's rebellious son Robert can be found, and may therefore provide an explanation for this.

Gesta Guillelmi
William of Poitiers wrote the Gesta Guillelmi some time after 1066. It tells the story of how Duke William prepared for, and achieved, the Conquest of England. It also justifies William's succession to the English throne. The bulk of the writing probably took place between 1071 and 1077.

The Gesta Guillelmi is the earliest extended biography of any Duke of Normandy, and is an invaluable source for the Battle of Hastings in 1066. William of Poitiers was well placed to write the Gesta Guillelmi, being both trained as a military knight and serving as a chaplain within Duke William's household. There are no surviving manuscripts of the 'Gesta Guillemi'. André Duchesne published an edition in 1619, although even his (now lost) manuscript was missing its beginning and end. Its present form covers the period from 1047 to 1068, and both starts and finishes mid-sentence. There is also some retrospective material concerning affairs in England after Cnut’s death (1035). Orderic Vitalis says that it originally finished in 1071. The Gesta Guillelmi is most valuable as a source for the Battle of Hastings, probably based on first-hand oral evidence.

The 'History' also serves as a panegyric to William the Conqueror. R. Allen Brown writes: "Within the panegyric there is a wealth of facts and details... most derived from personal knowledge and personal contacts, compiled and intelligently put together by a man uniquely qualified as both clerk and knight, closely connected with the court ... One may add that William of Poitiers must have known his hero from their joint youth up, and stress that as both former knight and former chaplain of the duke he is able to bring us closer to the heart of Normandy in the mid-eleventh century than any other writer of that age or later."

Critiques of the Gesta Guillelmi
William of Poitiers undoubtedly thought of himself as an historian. He mentions in the Gesta Guillelmi that the duty of a historian is to remain within the 'bounds of the truth.'; but he failed to obey this rule. Antonia Gransden in 'Historical writing in England c. 550 to c. 1307' shows that William of Poitiers was just as much a panegyrist as a historian. She summarises Gesta Guillelmi as 'biased, unreliable account of events, and unrealistic portraits of the two principle protagonists.' Moreover, Orderic Vitalis, who uses the Gesta Guillelmi as his principal source in creating his 'Ecclesiastical History', chooses to omit or contradict many of Poitiers' passages in the Guesta Guillelmi, including denial of King William's mercy to the conquered English; having been brought up in England from 1075–1085, Orderic knew better. However, the Gesta Guillelmi cannot be dismissed; most of the panegyrical passages are easy to isolate, and there is a lot of material that William of Poitiers probably reports accurately.

Anglo-Saxon society
William of Poitiers details the life of Duke William. Nonetheless, there are a few major insights into pre-Conquest Anglo-Saxon society. For example, William of Poitiers reports that a Danish raiding party returned from England with 'great booty'. Furthermore, Harold is said to have had 'abundant treasure with which to tempt dukes'. This may explain the numerous attacks England suffered during the 10th – early 11th century. William of Poitiers believed that the pre-Conquest English 'all showed love of their country', suggesting some sort of national identity that was lacking in Normandy.

Norman society
William of Poitiers provides a picture of Norman France prior to 1066. The various rebellions Duke William faced in his early reign are detailed in what was a fractured Duchy. The local Norman lords constantly waging private wars contrasts with the relatively stable Anglo-Saxon Kingdom across the Channel. The domestic turbulence forced Duke William to confront and subdue his nobility, sometimes by co-operation than coercion; for example, despite revolting against Duke William, the Gesta Guillemi states that Guy of Burgundy was allowed to remain in his court. William of Poitiers shows that the Norman castle was an important element of society. An effective Duke could use them as strategic power bases, stamping their authority on the rural Duchy; however, a castle could also be a rallying point for rebellious nobles. William of Poitiers reports many a ducal siege as a result.

Medieval literary tradition
As a eulogising text, William of Poitiers's history constantly highlights William's admirable qualities, for example that the Duke 'excelled in intelligence, assiduity, and strength'. For William of Poitiers, Duke William embodies the perfect ideals of knighthood, as illustrated by improbable stories scattered through his history; for example he states that William, with 50 of his knights, fought and bested a force of 1000. This represents a clear exaggeration. William of Poitiers also relates Duke William's exploits to those of the Greek and Roman world. For example, there is a lengthy comparison between William and Julius Caesar’s (attempted) conquest of Britain. Not only was this done to flatter Duke William but also shows William of Poitiers' own knowledge.

Battle of Hastings
The Gesta Guillelmi provides the traditional narrative of the Battle of Hastings. William of Poitiers gives detailed descriptions of the composition of both the Norman and Anglo Saxon armies. Furthermore, he describes the famous 'feigned flight' manoeuvre.

title: William of Poitiers


text:
List of governors of Maine

The governor of Maine is the head of government of Maine and the commander-in-chief of its military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Maine Legislature, to convene the legislature at any time, and, except in cases of impeachment, to grant pardons.

There have been 71 governors of Maine since statehood, serving 75 distinct terms. Four governors served multiple non-consecutive terms (Edward Kent, John Fairfield, John W. Dana, and Burton M. Cross). The longest-serving governor was Joseph E. Brennan, who served two terms from 1979 to 1987. The shortest-serving governors were Nathaniel M. Haskell and Richard H. Vose, who each served only one day. John W. Dana also served for one day in 1844, after the incumbent governor resigned, but was later elected to the governorship. The current governor is Democrat Janet Mills, who took office on January 2, 2019.

Governors
The District of Maine of Massachusetts was admitted to the Union on March 15, 1820, as the State of Maine. The Maine Constitution of 1820 originally established a gubernatorial term of one year, to begin on the first Wednesday of January; constitutional amendments expanded this to two years in 1879 and to four years in 1957. The 1957 amendment also prohibited governors from succeeding themselves after serving two terms. The constitution does not establish an office of lieutenant governor; a vacancy in the office of governor is filled by the president of the Maine Senate. Prior to an amendment in 1964, the president of the senate only acted as governor.

title: List of governors of Maine


text:
William de la Pole

William de la Pole may refer to:

 * Sir William de la Pole (of Mawddwy) (died bef. 1319)
 * Sir William de la Pole of Hull (died 1366)
 * William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk (died 1450)
 * Sir William de la Pole (1478–1539), son of John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk, incarcerated in the Tower of London for 37 years

title: William de la Pole


text:
Kilsby Tunnel

The Kilsby Tunnel is a railway tunnel on the West Coast Main Line in England, near the village of Kilsby in Northamptonshire, roughly 5 miles (8 km) southeast of Rugby. It is 2423 yd long.

The Kilsby Tunnel was designed and engineered by Robert Stephenson for the London & Birmingham Railway (L&BR). It was constructed by contractors Joseph Nowell & Sons and later by the L&BR. It took much longer to construct and exceeded its estimated cost, attributed to a roof collapse and consequential flooding. At the time of its opening in 1838, it was the longest railway tunnel ever constructed.

The tunnel had atypically large ventilation shafts, because of a lack of experience as to how much ventilation would be needed for steam locomotives to pass through. On opening in 1838, the tunnel was single track and in 1879, double-track was laid. In March 1987, Kilsby Tunnel portals and its two ventilation shafts were given listed status.

Construction
In the 1830s, Robert Stephenson developed the London & Birmingham Railway (L&BR) (later known as the West Coast Main Line). After opposition from several landowners and proprietors in Northampton in July 1832, the House of Lords rejected the original bill to authorise construction of the line. Stephenson surveyed an alternative route to the west of the town that included Kilsby Tunnel. The 2,423 yard tunnel would be the world's longest railway tunnel. In May 1835, Joseph Nowell & Sons was awarded the tunnel contract, which was valued at £98,988

Construction proved to be less than straightforward. Within months of work commencing, the second of the working shafts was flooded because of large amounts of quicksand not revealed by trial borings into the hill. Similar problems had been encountered during the construction of Blisworth Tunnel on the Grand Union Canal a few decades earlier. Problems posed by the quicksand at tunnel level were so severe that abandoning the shaft and restarting work elsewhere was considered. Stress from the project was said to have caused Joseph Nowell's ill-health and death.

At the recommendation of George Stephenson, several steam-powered pumps were installed to extract water from the quicksand inside the tunnel. The pumps removed up to 2,000 gallons of water from a depth of 120 feet every minute of operation and took up to eight months. Seven more shafts were sunk to install timber cylinders to hold back the sand. During this time, multiple attempts were made to construct the tunnel's brick lining using a raft to float men and materials into position. As a protective measure, the lining's thickness was increased from 18 inches to in excess of two feet and straw was used to deflect and control the ingress of water to prevent wet concrete from being washed away from newly laid bricks. An unusual feature of the tunnel is the size of its ventilation shafts, which were adapted from ten of the working shafts used during its construction. In May 1836, work started on the first of two shafts, which were 132 feet deep and 20 yards in diameter. The shafts were sunk using sequentially dug trenches around the circumference and took over a year to reach the bottom of each shaft. Its three-foot-thick walls required over one million bricks and weighed an estimated 4,034 tonnes. For aesthetic reasons both shafts are castellated.

Author Graeme Bickerdike has speculated that, while their size is excessive in regards to providing airflow, considerable importance was placed on overcoming public perceptions and worries over personal health due to insufficient ventilation, especially in regards to the use of steam locomotives inside lengthy tunnels. Several newspapers had negatively commented on the issues, and it is likely that Stephenson would have wanted to silence critics and assuage these sentiments by visibly demonstrating how much ventilation was being provided.

Completion and subsequent activities
On 21 June 1838, resident engineer Charles Lean laid the final brick of the tunnel, marking its completion. It took three years, and cost £320,000 to build, three times the original estimate. The high accident rate in the course of its construction included the deaths of 26 of the 1,250 workers. The length of time it took to build delayed the opening of the L&BR. On 20 August 1838, the directors of the L&BR conducted the first ever rail journey between Birmingham Curzon Street railway station and Euston railway station, London. On the way, the train briefly stopped at the tunnel so that they could marvel at the structure and meet some of the workmen. Regular services using the tunnel commenced soon after. Kilsby Tunnel had been designed for double tracks, but opened with a single track. During early operations, train movements were controlled by two policeman, one at either end of the tunnel, who signalled the presence of a train to each other, and only one train was allowed to enter the tunnel at a time. In June 1852, a fatal collision occurred between a ballast train and a coal train as a result of signals that were either not issued or were not received. In 1879, the single track was doubled.

In March 1987, both the north and south portals of Kilsby Tunnel were Grade II* listed; furthermore, the two largest ventilation shafts were also listed, the north shaft being Grade II* listed while the south shaft was Grade II listed. During the tunnel's service life, there have been no major problems or difficulties with the structure. During a survey conducted during the 2010s, it was found to be in a largely good condition.

During the 2010s, Kilsby Tunnel was restored by Network Rail. Maintenance focused on inspecting the ventilation shafts and repairs to the brickwork of one shaft was carried out, sections of the tunnel's lining were replaced. While unusual means of access were used because of the listed status of the shafts, the repairs were described as routine.

At the beginning of 2020, an estimated 400 trains were using the tunnel daily. Due to the drastic reduction in rail traffic caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, Network Rail took the rare opportunity to close the tunnel for two weeks in May 2020 in order to carry out major works, including replacing much of the tunnel's drainage system, which had become clogged by heavily limed water seeping through, causing flooding problems, and also replacing much of the track and ballast. This was the longest total closure of the tunnel since it was opened, with all trains diverted temporarily via Northampton. In normal times the work would have required many short blockades, and taken months to complete. It allowed a temporary speed restriction through the tunnel of 70 mph to be lifted, enabling trains to operate at the normal line speed of 110 mph.

title: Kilsby Tunnel


text:
List of governors of Indiana

The governor of Indiana is the head of government of the U.S. state of Indiana. The governor is the head of the executive branch of Indiana's state government and is charged with enforcing state laws.

While a territory, Indiana had two governors appointed by the president of the United States. Since statehood in 1816, it has had 49 governors, serving 51 distinct terms; Isaac P. Gray and Henry F. Schricker are the only governors to have served non-consecutive terms. Four governors have served two four-year terms; territorial governor William Henry Harrison served for 11 years. The shortest-serving governor is Henry S. Lane, who served two days before resigning to become a U.S. senator. The current governor is Eric Holcomb, who took office on January 9, 2017.

Territory of Indiana
Indiana Territory was formed on July 4, 1800, from the Northwest Territory. Despite remaining a territory for nearly 16 years, it had only two governors appointed by the president of the United States before it became a state.

State of Indiana
Indiana was admitted to the Union on December 11, 1816.

The original 1816 Constitution of Indiana provided for the election of a governor and a lieutenant governor every three years, limited to six years out of any nine-year period. The second and current constitution of 1851 lengthened terms to four years and set the commencement of the governor's term on the second Monday in the January following the election. Governors were allowed to serve for four years in any eight-year period, but a 1972 amendment permitted governors to serve for eight years in any twelve-year period. Should the office of governor become vacant, the lieutenant governor becomes governor. If the office of lieutenant governor is vacant, the president pro tempore of the Indiana Senate becomes governor; this has happened once, when James B. Ray succeeded William Hendricks.

title: List of governors of Indiana


text:
Talk:Dysprosium

Untitled
Article changed over to new WikiProject Elements format by Schnee. Elementbox converted 11:43, 10 July 2005 by Femto (previous revision was that of 13:45, 9 July 2005). 9 July 2005

Another Use: HID's
High Intensity Discharge headlights often use what are commonly called "salts" to modify the color and enhance the efficiency of the light output. DyI3 is one of several of the commonly used salts.

Information Sources
Data for the table was obtained from the sources listed on the subject page and WikiProject Elements but was reformatted and converted into SI units.

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Talk
What are the electrical and magnetic properties of Dysprosium? -

The amazing reducing agent
Dysprosium can be reacted with iodine metal under nitrogen to produce DyI2. This compound can then be thrown in some DME (under N2 of course) and heated to produce DyI2((DME)3. This stuff can reduce Naphthalene! This crazy reaction should be included in this article. Check out J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 11749-11750 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.207.120.212 (talk) 03:47, 10 May 2015 (UTC)

Production discrepancy
In one paragraph the article states that annual global production is about 100 tonnes, 99% of which is from China. In the next paragraph, it states that the Browns Range plant in Western Australia is producing 50 tonnes per annum. Which is 50%. To be sure, the first figures date from 2009/2010, while the second is from 2018. But it is a discrepancy that needs resolving to make this portion of the article credible. To compound the issue, the ABC article cited which is the source of the 50 tonnes per annum in Western Australia statement, goes on to say this is 15% so the source itself needs verification. Ptilinopus (talk) 21:49, 10 June 2019 (UTC)

Hardness
The 84th edition of the Rubber Bible says it is "soft enough to be cut with a knife". Double sharp (talk) 14:05, 5 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I know the CRC bricks, but why isn't there a single wikilink that lists: "CRC ed 84=1962"? -DePiep (talk) 16:15, 5 July 2019 (UTC)

Imaginary names reserved for (non-existing) minerals
"kozoite-(Dy)" and "tengerite-(Dy)" - no such minerals are known and the cited paper is WRONGLY UNDERSTOOD and/or wrongly cited (e.g., with repeating this obvious error here). No approved dysprosium-dominant minerals are currently known at all. A mineral is, exclusively, a substance that is crystalline and formed naturally - not with a purpose, in a lab. This was wrongly introduced here. These dysprosium carbonates are SYNTHETIC and, as such, ARE ONLY SIMILAR to minerals like tengerite-(Y) or kozoite-(La) or kozoite-(Nd); and, as such cannot be named using mineral names. The more, the International Mineralogical Association is the only institution to approve/disprove mineral names. These imaginary names are now deleted. This is yet another example where mineralogy is completely wrongly understood in Wikipedia. Mineralogical names are reserved for minerals (confirmed, existing, approved by the IMA commission - exclusively). Even if some day such Dy-dominant minerals are to be found, they first need to pass the acceptance process within the IMA commission. To anticede the possible local "concrete" and drawing back my edit - I kindly suggest reading this: https://www.ima-mineralogy.org; and this: https://www.ima-mineralogy.org/Minlist.htm; and this: https://www.ima-mineralogy.org/Mission.htm Eudialytos (talk) 22:49, 12 May 2020 (UTC)Eudialytos (talk) 22:37, 12 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dysprosium