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Talk:Palestinians/Archive 1

Archive 2001-July 14, 2003
RK: I don't agree with all of Joseph's comments, but how you can describe them as "Blatant antisemitism and pro-terrorism/pro-Al Qaeda propaganda" is quite beyond me. -- SJK

I'd like to see a source for the following:
 * In any case these refugees have never been allowed to return to their homes, and properties (many homes and properties have been expropriated from the refugees, by the state of Israel).

I haven't followed this topic until recently but I do know that there are some refugee camps for Palestinians outside the area of Palestine and Israel that have been in existence for some 30 years plus now. user:Arab

 * Yes, that is true. Many Arab nations have virtually imprisoned hundreds of thousands of Palestinian Arabs, for many years. In contrast, the State of Israel gave freedom to Jewish refugees from every Arab nation that they were expelled from. The difference in how Israel treated Jewish refugees and how Arab nations treated Arab refugees is shocking. This is why many Jews feel that the most anti-Arab discrimination comes from within the Arab world itself. RK

I thought that Israel allowed Arabs to become citizens. Ed Poor
 * They lived under military rule within the Green Line till 1966 (just before the Six Day War), and Arabs who fled had their property registered in the tabu (state registry) and given to others. A classic case is the village of Ikrit along the Lebanese border. Though the Israeli army asked them to leave for a few days until the area could be "cleaned up," they have not been allowed to return to their homes for over fifty years, despite promises, appeals to Israel's Supreme Court and peaceful demonstrations. Israeli Arabs that did remain in their homes are citizens, but they have long suffered from economic and social discrimination--i.e., try becoming an urban planner if you are an Arab. The situation is changing, of course, but there is still a long way to go. Danny

 * Israel has always allowed Arabs within Israel proper to be citizens. I am uncertain of why Danny didn't mention or realize this.
 * I fully realize that. I am just pointing out that there has also been discrimination and that there still is. On the other hand, there have also been vast strides forward for Israel's Arab population, which, I would go so far as to say, has more rights than the Arab population in many Arab states. Danny

This entry was vandalized by an a pro-Palestinian, who filled this entry not only with an anti-Israeli diatribe, but with a justification of terrorism against Jews. In this era of daily mass-murder suicide bombings against Jews in Israel, and mass anti-Semitic attacks against Jews all over Europe, I hope that Wikipedia community members will condemn such hatespeech. RK

 * I also hope that those feel that the Palestinians are oppressed are also able to express their view point without censure user:Arab

 * You misunderstand. This is an encyclopaedia, not a vehicle for anti-Zionist tirades. If you have historically correct information to present, and if you back it up and present it in context, please do so. We all welcome this kind of cooperation. But we should not allow these encyclopaedia entries to be used by angry people who are out to make the State of Israel look bad. This isn't a forum for anti-Israeli feeling. It is an encyclopaedia with a neutral point of view. RK

Childish taunting removed from the entry "There was no room there for the Palestinians, Israel from the start never wanted Peace, but pieces of the land, till it was all theirs."

 * True or false, the situation as of March 2002 was such: A Saudi proposal of Land for Peace AND recognition by ALL arab countries was made. The day the proposal was to be made formal by the Arab League was the day the Israeli's under the command of Ariel Sharon began the invasion of the Palestinian self-rule areas. user:Arab.

 * I don't understand the relevence of this statement. What does that have to do with the removed quote in question? You are making illogical leaps from subject to another. Please try and keep focused. It looks like you are using an ad homenim attack Israel to "prove" that the previous unrelated quote should be restored.

 * In any case, as for the Saudi Arabian peace proposal, the Israelis did indeed start protecting themselves on that day by going into Palestinian areas to arrest suicide bombers and their suppliers. I am disappointed to see you ignore the fact that the Israeli incursion was a *response to the mass murder of Jewish women, men, children and babies, all by suicide bombers who had the intent of murdering civilians. Without mentioning this critical context, your critique is not only misleading, but perhaps dishonest.

Childish terrorist-incitement removed from the entry "The Zionists really started it -- it was not the Arabs who had the weapons & the training, it was the Zionists, with the Irgun & Stern gangs. Remember if Israel suffers from terrorism now, it is because she herself was founded on terror & injustice."

Further, I have removed a conspiracy-ridden statement from this entry. Someone changed the Arab statements on the cause of the Palestinian refugees to read "Zionist" statement on the cause of the refugees. I am aware that there is much conspiracy theory that exists within the Palestinian community, but such shockingly obvious lies really do not belong in an encyclopaedia. RK

This page really needs some NPOV editing. --Uriyan

About the Palestinian Exodus... None of the new historians see that the reason for the exodus would be that the Arab leaders called upon them to flee. Instead, they call that pure propaganda. Morris claims that it was the war that created the refugee problem, Shlaim goes further and claims that it was an organized effort to wipe out the Palestinian population. The Bir Zeit University's study also ruled out that the Arab leaders calls had any significane (if they even DID call). Anyway, the claim that 700-800.000 people would have adhered to their leaders and left their homes makes no sense (to me). The quotes used to support this theory comes from the years following the cease fire, most of them from newspapers, and I HIGHLY doubt their truthfullness. ESPECIALLY when they are contradicted by Morris and Shlaim. --BL

From article:

Positions of both sides regarding the state of Israel
The Palestinians oppose the claim that if they had accepted partition, they wouldn't have lost even more of their territory in the war by quoting Eamon De Valera, the president of Ireland, who declared it was impossible. To one visitor who had solicited his support for partition he replied: "I read the Old Testament many years ago. I am afraid I have forgotten many things I read; but one passage I recall clearly. It is the story of Solomon's judgement of the two women who desired the same baby. I remember how when Solomon ruled that the baby be divided the real mother screamed, "No! No! Give the baby to the other woman!" That is my answer to partition. The rightful owners of a country will never agree to partition".

Israelis would point out that the real mother in the story of Solomon's judgement preferred that her own baby be raised by the false mother just so that the baby she loved should live and thrive (which would be similar to Jewish acceptance of the partition offer, in spite of the fact that resulting Jewish state would have indefensible borders and would not include Judaism's most cherished holy sites). Therefore, De Valera should have said, "The rightful owners of a country are those that prefer to share the land they love with another, rather than subjecting it to devastation and neglect". As the Israelis claim, it was the Arab leadership's full ignoring of the existence of 600,000 Jews aspiring for statehood as much as they do, and the total refusal to share the land in any form eventually lay the ground for their own disaster, which they might have as well averted by accepting a mutually profitable peace.

The above is great stuff, and it should be in the Wikipedia somewhere. I just don't see how an article defining who the "Palestinians" are, is the right place. How about Zionism or anti-Zionism? --Ed Poor

I removed the following statement as it is a violation of NPOV. RK
 * (Keep in mind there is no such thing as a Palestinian. They always have been living in other countries and never wanted their own country except to arouse a cause from which to bring Jihad agsainst those who they do not like, whomever they may be at the time.  The 'Palestinian' cause is used as an excuse by many tyrannical, despotic government to murder in cold blood innocent civilians, including harmless women and children).
 * Agreed. The removed text is apparently a personal opinion. While it bears some similarity to fact, the way it is written is unsuitable for inclusion in an encyclopedia article. The "no such thing as a Palestinian" claim is a viable concept, however, and could go somewhere if properly attributed. I seem to recall a statement by an Arab leader that the concept of Palestinian identity was made up, as a ruse or pretext to justify the replacement of Israel with an Arab-ruled Palestinian state, but the article would have to quote that statement rather than make the claim directly. --Ed Poor

 * Ed is absolutely correct. The original position held by the various Arab governments was, indeed, that there isn't and never was such a thing as a "Palestinian". The modern day concept of a separate national or ethinic Arab Palestinian group is a very new phenomenon, one that only came into existence in the past 40 years. This is not to deny that new ethnicities or nationalities can appear over time; after all Americans are a new people, and they didn't exist as a people before the mid 1700s. They didn't fully become a nationality in legal terms until 1776, and even then they didn't become a real nation in practice (it could be argued) until the end of America's Civil War. So the article should point out the original Arab position. Indeed needs to do so to counter the illegitimate historical revisionism that some people dishonestly use to "prove" that the Palestinians have a centuries or milennia old ethnicity. If I may attempt to defuse a flame war before it begins, note that the argurments for a Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza should not (ideally) be affected by understanding that the Palestinians are a new people. In fact, although I am a Zionist and thus pro-Israeli, I believe that the only tenable long-term prospect for peace involves the creation of a second Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza. (One defacto Arab Palestinian state already exists in the nation of Jordan, which is 78% of the British Mandate of Palestine.) Do I think it is fair that a second Arab Palestinian state be created? No, not at all. But at this point its clear that there is no way around this issue. And frankly I don't think that the Arab peers of Palestinians have any real love for them. Their best interests in the long run are, in all likelihood, served by peacefully negotiating a truce, peace agreement, and then a final status accord with Israel, and then living in peace as neighbors. RK

I think the noun Palestinian is often used as shorthand for "Palestinian nationalist", i.e., a person advocating the establishment of a new Islamic or Arab state in Palestine.

Another, overlapping meaning of Palestinian is "rightful owner of the occupied Palestinian territories" with "Palestinian territories" being defined as "the lands belonging to the Palestinians" -- which seems to me a circular definition. --Ed Poor

 * Hmm, is "person living in Palestine before the creation of the State of Israel, or descendent of such a person", an accurate definition?

It's the definition I prefer above all others! However, that's not the definition of the current article, which seems intended to exclude Palestinian Jews. Citizens of Jordan are nearly all "persons living in Palestine before the creation of the State of Israel", but the way the news media use Palestinian seems to exclude Jordanians. --Ed Poor

 * Then that would be: "person living in Palestine before the creation of the State of Israel, or descendent of such a person, exclusive of Jordanians"

 * Sounds like narrowing Palestinian to mean "non-Jordanian Palestinian" -- do I understand you correctly?

I would vote for the above definition without "exclusive of Jordanians". In regard to the fact that the jordanian population consists to over 50% of Palestinian refugees the last words would appear misleading. --Elian

Elian, it sounds like you would like to add that definition to the article. If you do, to which advocacy group will you attribute the definition? (It can't just be "three like-minded contributors to Wikipedia" :-) --Ed Poor

I'll try to find out a advocacy group tomorrow - libraries are closed now. Can we attribute views to encyclopedia britannica or brockhaus (its german equivalent)? ;-) I think it would be quite enlightening to have their definitions for such issues as a base for further discussion. --Elian

 * "A said B about C" is my usual formulation. In the case of Britannica, unless you think they're biased, they wouldn't be an "advocate" but a "source". Something like "the EB defines Palestinians as ..." --Ed Poor

The changes I made today attempt to answer these questions: "What is a Palestinian? What does the noun Palestinian mean?"

I thought I would start with the meaning I encounter most in American news media.

Still to be addressed are views which presume that Palestinians are a distinct ethnic group, having discernable important differences from other Arabs. That is way out of my scope of understanding, as I am not an ethnographer or anthropologist.

And some mention must be made of the claim by Golda Meir and echoed by one or two Arab leaders that the concept of a Palestinians as a distinct people was fabricated for political purposes.

I hesitate to move quickly on this delicate question, and I welcome comprehensive discussion before and after any changes. (By the way, I rarely object if someone reverts one of my changes, provided they either (A) copy the text to talk or (B) give a reason for the reversion -- preferably both!) --Ed Poor

--- "on the other hand, numerous divisions among them persist, in language, religion and culture"

the division is mainly a religious one. Language (palestinian arabic dialect) and culture are quite similar for all. However, there are, as in every society, divisions concerning educational levels and social status. --Elian

I rewrote the entire article, bit by bit, and you can see what I by following the "Older versions" link. Please do so, before reverting. But don't worry, I won't fight you. I utterly refuse to engage in an edit war on this article, which is just about the most highly contentious article in Wikipedia; I want to set a good example.

Below, you will find some stuff I couldn't integrate. --Ed Poor 22:23 Dec 4, 2002 (UTC)

Palestinian Arabs
One of the most common views states that the Palestinians are the descendants of the Arab inhabitants of the British Mandate of Palestine. This definition, then, would include:
 * 1) Those who are citizens of Israel ("Israeli Arabs")
 * 2) Those who live in West Bank and Gaza Strip; most are currently under the jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority
 * 3) Those who live in Jordan and identify themselves as "Palestinians"; many are refugees (or descendants of refugees) from the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and the 1967 Six-Day War. They were granted Jordanian citizenship.
 * 4) Those who live elsewhere, in the Arab world (where many have never received a citizenship) and out of it (where many have).

Overall, there are about 4 million people belonging to groups (1) and (2); estimates indicate there are about 5 more million in groups (3) and (4).

Note that this definition excludes non-Arab residents of the British Mandate. Some writers use the term Palestinians to include all residents of the British mandate, and the term Arab Palestinians when speaking only of Arab residents.

The word Palestinian is a highly loaded term, being used in arguments and slogans implying that some or all of the British Mandate is the rightful property of Arabs rather than Jews (see Arab-Israeli conflict, etc.).

Most writers deem Palestinians to be Arabs. However, some Palestinians are members of Arab ethnic groups that stretch far beyond the borders of historic Palestine; on the other hand, numerous divisions among them persist, in language, religion and culture. However, most Palestinians believe in a common joint identity. In the opinion of many, this is enough to qualify them as a unique nationality, and by the way of romantic nationalism makes them eligible for statehood. Many others disagree with opinion (see proposals for a Palestinian state).

Palestinians are nearly all Muslim, but there are some Christians as well. A very small number of Palestinians are humanists, atheists or agnostics. Over the past few years, many Palestinian Christians have moved to Europe and North America, citing the rise of Islamic parties and accompanying intolerance and discrimination in the major cities of the West Bank (see: Palestine/Christian), including by the Palestinian Authority itself.

In general – it is not offensive to me. I would not dispute the neutrality of this article. I have some particular comments.

There have indeed been Jewish residents of Palestine, and some people were even issued passports listing their nationality as Palestinian. However, very few people today accept the concept of a Jewish Palestinian and would prefer to use the term Palestinian to exclude Palestinian Jews.

The PLO has a very small number jewish members. I use to know one. Some of these Jewish PLO people are quite high ranking. There are Jews, though not many who choose to live in the Occupied territories with their Palistinian neighbours, and not in settlements (excluding those who are members of the PLO. I would think that these Jews are Palistinians. They are clearly claiming that they are, and if they are in the PLO, the PLO is claiming that they are too. Are these Jews traitors? (If so – that would be really interesting.)

 * A great many Jews consider this tiny extremist group to indeed be "traitors". Many Jews, even some Orthodox Jews, consider this fanatical group to be anti-Semitic. See the entry on this tiny ultra-Orthodox sect, the Neturei_Karta for more details. I have heard both Orthodo and Conservative Jews refer to them as pro-terrorist and Jewish anti-Semitites. Based on their hatespeech towards other Jews that they have published, I see little difference between them and the PLO itself. RK

 * to see them as trators is not what I was talking about, but to define them as trators, through law. The question is whether all Jews are subject to the laws of israel, or whether they may choose to live lives apart from israel, or even in opposition to israel. Is Israel citizenship a privlidge or a duty? (Clearly some people believe that all Jews must be loyal to Jews, and that supporting the PLO does not count.) Not all Jews who have joined the PLO are members of the ultra-Orthodox sects. Some are decidedly left wing. Ok, I know of one who is. I see a certain amount of difference between the PLO and Jewish groups who oppose Israel and support the PLO based on religious grounds. The PLO has far fewer choices open it than the ultra-Orthodox sects. I would not say that Israel is any less of a terrorist nation than the PLO, and I would say that Israel is not necessary any less of a racist society than the PLO, anti-semitism or not.  Karl

'''Israeli Arabs are not generally considered "Palestinians", as they bear Israeli citizenship. Arabs who are citizens of Jordan are also not generally considered to be Palestinians. '''

Israeli Arabs are not generally considered "Palestinians", as they bear Israeli citizenship. Arabs who are citizens of Jordan are also not generally considered to be Palestinians. I don’t follow the issue well enough to flatly disagree, but I’m real suspicious. I believe that Israeli Arabs ARE Palestinians in terms of personal identification. Palistinian Israeli citizens receive special (ie torture) attention in the Israli political system. This is along with inadequate funding of education, for exampel Israel considers them palistinians in a negative sense. – see amnisty international year in review (I think).

 * Many Israeli Arabs do consider themselves to be "Palestinians". Many Israeli Jews now also view them in this way. RK

There is a negative definition – like that Hitler created. A jew is whom I say it is – so that under Nazi law I am a Jew. Under Jewish law I am not. (Great I have a choice between racism and sexism. Ops – that wasn’t called for!) I’m not sure if this type of definition should be included – it may be impossible to make it NPOV.

 * I don't think that NPOV is the problem. The problem is that there isn't any one tightly defined group of people called "Palestinians", and we confuse and mislead ourselves when we try to pretend otherwise. Palestinian Arabs as a distinct nationalist certainly have never existed before 1948 at the very earliest, and one can argue that they didn't really exist before 1967. They are an emerging people in flux, and it will be a century or more before we can talk about this new group in the same definitive way that we talk about long-established nationalities. RK

And then there are the Druze… 1) they believe themselves to be Druze & Arab and Palestinian and the oppression they suffered for being Druze leading to their assimilation into Israel. The Druze also live in the occupied territories. I don’t know the numbers, but am under the impression that it is more than just a few. There are also a few Christians who choose to live in the Occupied Territories with the Palistinians.

 * Many Palestinian Arabs always have been Christians.
 * yes, but I haven't seen mention of the Druze in the article, and I suspect that they should be in there some where, with some sort of analysis on Palistinian Druze and Israli Druze. I am curious whether the Palistinian oppression of the Druze throws a curve into the identification of "Palestinian".

Re: Jordan: I understand that Jordan has allowed some palistinian refugees to settle and live there, without living in refugee camps. Would these people loose their palistinian identiy? I’m just picking at things – I don’t plan to make any changes at this time. Karl

 * The majority of Jordanians are ethnically identical to the Arab people in the West Bank who call themselves Palestinians. The PLO itself held, until recently, that their goal was never to make a Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza, but rather to make a Palestinian state in all of Jordan and the West bank, Gaza and Israel. RK

 * I should have posted the items I was looking at before - sorry. I was originally responding to --Ed Poor. RK - do you think the article is NPOV? Karl

-

RK, you cannot say that Golda Meir's statement is not a mainstream Israeli position. After all, she was prime minister when she made it. Perhaps today, there are far fewer people who would make such a comment, but the attitude lives on and certainly has an impact on the discourse within Israeli society. For instance, a common argument used against Palestinian statehood is that there are so many other Arab states. This is, in effect, a denial of a distinctive Palestinian identity, though it is not saying it in as many words. Danny

 * This isn't what I meant. I understand that 30 years ago, when she said that, many Israelis felt this way, and she was probably right. The PLO themselves publicly used to admit that there was no such thing as a "Palestinian", and they repeatedly publicly admitted that they created this pseudo-nationality simply as part of the Pan-Arab effort to destroy Israel. And this fact is discussed, with quotes and references, in the appropriate article. However, none of this is why I made my edit; I edited out that claim because the writer was clearly implying that this was the mainstream Israeli view, and that is totally false. Many things have changed since then. For one, there really now is a nascent Palestinian Arab nationality developing. The writer created a historical anachronism to explain something today, which was misleading. RK

 * I had been under the impression that Meir's claim meant that there were no "Palestinians" per se, only "Palestinian Arabs" and "Palestinian Jews" (and others), i.e. that those Arabs who call themselves "Palestinians" do not have an exclusive claim to that name. True? Spurious? --FOo

I haven't been following the exchange above as closely as I should. But let me just add that I think the definition of the word Palestinian is crucial to any discussion of the rightness or wrongness of establishing a "Palestinian state". --Uncle Ed

This recent addition must be changed: "Advocates of the Israeli side, however, view the definition of a Palestinian as a more complex problem. The rest of the article deals with these problems. Some Israelis (and also Americans) refuse to accept the term Palestinian in general (cmp. Golda Meirs statement: "There are no Palestinians" which was interpreted in various ways), some prefer to speak of "Arab nationalists" which already implies the political goal which is commonly ascribed to the"

 * This is factually wrong on many levels. First (see my comments above) most Israelis do not hold this belief today. Secondly, it takes a statement that was made totally out of its context, and makes Gold Meir out to look like a pathological liar. In point of fact, if we are to be fair we must note that most Arab leaders denied the existence of any "Palestinian people" in the 1940s and 1950s, and the PLO themselves publicly admitted that they created this idea solely as part of a Pan-Arab plan against Israel. Thirdly, it is absolutely false to claim that Israelis or Jews refer to Palestinian Arabs as "Arab nationalists". That's totally out of the question; no one uses this as a euphamisim for the Palestinians, no one at all. The phrase "Arab nationalists" has a totally different meaning. Frankly, the entire paragraph looks like a modern day PLO press release, meant to deligitimize everything else in this entry. It makes fun of people who are seriously working on discussing this complex issue, and basically implies "Of course any honest person knows who Palestinians are, its only those stubborn Israelis who can't see the truth". That's just bunk. We had an entire article, and all of the article is basically dismissed as ignorant by this insertion. That is wrong. RK

I agree with you, and I appreciate your patience. Let's wait another hour or two for the new IP guy to finish stating his case, then we can:
 * clean it up, bit by bit
 * revert it to your last "clean" version
 * or I could even protect the page

I've written to the mailing list (see here), asking for advice and/or help. --Uncle Ed

Rater than try to prevent biased comments, what about something like this:

Historically, the Muslim faith did not encourage countries or national identity in the same way as Christianity in the west. It seems that who is a Palestinian, and how important this is has changed over time.

It is most likely that a solution to the “Palestinian Problem” will require negations between the State of Israel, and the PLO. Both of their views on who is a Palestinian is probably biased.

Comparing the Palestinian refugee situation to other refugee cases
The Vietnamese boat people exodus from Vietnam was happening when I was in university. Shocked by the number of people affected; 1.5 to 2 million, and somewhat pleased with the Orderly Departure Program, I looked at the Palestine issue in order to understand the magniture of the boat exodus and was appalled to see estimates for the Palestinian exodus of from 9 to 15 million displaced people with no international resettlement response.

I continue to see acusations that it was the arab states responsibility to take in all the refugees, yet I cannot conceive of the effect it would have had on their economies for the bordering nations to handle 15 million refugees as the estimate which was given and the size of their own populations. Even 9 million would be crushing to the bordering nations whose populations are: Syria 18 million, Jordon  6 million, Lebanon  4 million, and more remotely Saudi Arabi 26 million

This is the extent of my investigation on the issue and I remain appalled. How accurate is the information I have presented here?
 * This page is an old discussion page. I've moved your post to Talk:Palestinian_people. Arniep 01:31, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

Arab vs Palestinian
from talk:Anti-Semitism

I prefer to use the term Arab in preference to the term Palestinian wherever possible. Everyone knows who the Arabs are. It's not as easy to determine who a "Palestinian" is. Sometimes there has arisen controversy over this, and the 'pedia is better off not taking sides in any controversy. One way to sidestep the issue, using neutral terminology, is to refer to "Arabs in the West Bank and Gaza say X", or "supporters of the Islamic ideal of a Palestinian state say Y". Ed Poor, Friday, June 21, 2002

 * When it comes to the Israeli-Arab conflict, or anti-Semitism, who is confused about the word "Palestinian"? When people see this word on TV, the radio, the Internet or in print media, everyone knows who it refers to: Palestinian Arabs. Who else do people think it now refers to? Sure, in the past the word "palestinian" had a different meaning, but in modern every day conversation it now carries a specific meaning: Palestinian Arabs. In any case, Arabs don't all have the same government, beliefs, or tactics, and it frequently is necessary to use the terms Palestinian, Egyptian, Syrian, Lebanese, etc, in order to describe who is holding a iven position. However, I totally agree with you that sometimes people use the term "Palestinian" when "Arab" should be used, and vice-versa, and that we should all be careful about using the word most fitting for the context. RK

- Thanks to Uriyan and RK for clearing up the definition of "Palestinian". I might take a crack at refactoring the new info I got thereby, into the beginnings of an article like Palestine, Palestinian or Palestinian homeland. Ed Poor

 * I would be careful with that, Ed. Once again, the problem seems to be that you want definitions with sharp boundaries: i.e., this falls within the definition; this does not. The problem is, especially with such a contentious issue as what defines a Palestinian, is that the boundaries are not so clear at all. In fact, that is what all the contention is about. Danny

 * Thanks for the warning; I will heed it. As a software engineer, I spend the bulk of my professional life devising tests that distinguish between various categories: there IS or IS NOT enough money in the account, etc. Perhaps it is a vain hope that such thinking might apply to politics. Ed Poor, Monday, June 24, 2002

title: Talk:Palestinians/Archive 1


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User talk:195.92.168.168

Proposed deletion of Gustav Wyneken

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Nomination of Gustav Wyneken for deletion
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:195.92.168.168


text:
Compay Segundo

Máximo Francisco Repilado Muñoz Telles (18 November 1907 – 13 July 2003), known professionally as "Compay Segundo", was a Cuban trova guitarist, singer and composer.

Biography
Compay (meaning compadre) Segundo, so called because he was always second voice in his musical partnerships, was born in Siboney, Cuba, and moved to Santiago de Cuba at the age of nine. His first engagement was in the Municipal Band of Santiago de Cuba, directed by his teacher, Enrique Bueno. In 1934, after a spell in a quintet, he moved to Havana, where he also played the clarinet in CI the Municipal Band. He also learned to play the guitar and the tres, which became his usual instruments. Compay Segundo also invented the armónico, a seven-stringed guitar-like instrument, to fill the harmonic jump between the Spanish guitar and the tres. In the 1950s he became well known as the second voice and tres player in Los Compadres, a duo he formed with Lorenzo Hierrezuelo in 1947.

Los Compadres were one of the most successful Cuban duos of their time. Greater international fame came later, in 1997, with the release of the Buena Vista Social Club album, a hugely successful recording which won several Grammy awards. Compay Segundo appeared in the Wim Wenders film of the same title.

Segundo's most famous composition is "Chan Chan", the opening track on the Buena Vista Social Club album, a four-chord son cubano song. "Chan Chan" was recorded by Segundo himself various times as well as by countless other Latin artists. Other compositions are "Sarandonga", "La calabaza", "Hey caramba", "Macusa", "Saludo Compay". These are all sones, and this differentiates siu him from the more usual trova musicians, with their devotion to the bolero. However, it seems his interests went much further:
 * I have danzones, waltzes, sones. I have some beautiful danzones. Why? Because I've learned from those who know how to preserve the tradition of the music. I play music the way it was played in yesteryear. I started out playing the son corto (short son). As Miguel Matamoros used to say, "The son is short and sweet."... Back in the day, they'd start out playing son at seven in the evening, and they'd greet the dawn with it.

At a fiesta he sang to President Fidel Castro, who took his pulse and joked about his vitality despite his 90-plus years. "Who could have imagined that?" he asked when he found himself at the Vatican City, performing "Chan Chan" before Pope John Paul II. He explained his longevity simply: mutton consommé and a drink of rum.

He predicted that he would live to be 115, but died of kidney failure in Havana, 20 years short of his ambition. In 2007, the 100th anniversary of Segundo's birth was celebrated with a concert of his compositions performed by a symphony orchestra in Havana with some of his musicians and sons.

Discography

 * 1942–55
 * Sentimiento guajiro
 * Cantando en el llano
 * Compay Segundo y Compay Primo
 * Mi son oriental
 * Los reyes del son
 * Los compadres
 * 1956–95
 * Balcón de Santiago
 * Balcón de Santiago - Reedición
 * Saludo, Compay
 * 1996–2015
 * Cien años de son
 * Son del monte
 * Yo Vengo Aquí (1996)
 * Buena Vista Social Club (World Circuit/Nonesuch Records,16 September 1997)
 * Antología (1997)
 * Lo mejor de la vida (1998)
 * Calle salud (1999)
 * Yo soy del norte
 * Grandes Éxitos (2000)
 * Antología (2001)
 * Las flores de la vida (2001)
 * Duets (2002) Anthology of Compay Segundo's duos
 * Buena Vista Social Club at Carnegie Hall (World Circuit/Nonesuch Records, 14 October 2008) (live album)
 * Lost and Found (World Circuit/Nonesuch Records, 23 March 2015 ) (collection of previously unreleased tracks)

Listening

 * Grupo Compay Segundo audio samples

title: Compay Segundo


text:
Mount Kazbek

Mount Kazbek or Mount Kazbegi is a dormant stratovolcano and one of the major mountains of the Caucasus, located in Georgia, just south of the border with Russia.

Lying at 5,054 meters (16,581 ft) above at sea level, Mount Kazbek is the highest mountain in Eastern Georgia. It is also the third-highest peak in the country (after Mount Shkhara and Janga). Kazbegi is the second-highest volcanic summit in the Caucasus, after Mount Elbrus. The summit lies directly to the west of the town of Stepantsminda and is the most prominent geographic feature of the area. The last eruption occurred c. 750 BCE.

Origin of the name
The name Kazbeg is disputed; some claims are it is named after a Circassian nobleman who lived on it, other claims are it is named after local nobleman Dimitri Chopikashvili (grand father of the Georgian writer Aleksandre Kazbegi) who was given the title of "Kazbeg" by Georgian king Erekle II. The word "Kazbek" means a "nobleman" in Kabardian language. The title appeared under Georgian king Rostom in the 17th century. The name of the mountain in Georgian, Mqinvartsveri, translates to "Glacier Peak" or "Freezing Cold Peak". The Ingush name Beshloam and Chechen name Bashlam translates as "Molten Mount".

Location
Kazbek is located on the Khokh Range, a mountain range which runs north of the Greater Caucasus Range, and which is pierced by the gorges of the Ardon and the Terek. At its eastern foot runs the Georgian Military Road through the pass of Darial 2,378 meters (7,805 feet). The mountain itself lies along the edge of the Borjomi–Kazbegi Fault (which is a northern sub-ending of the North Anatolian Fault). The region is highly active tectonically, with numerous small earthquakes occurring at regular intervals. An active geothermal/hot spring system also surrounds the mountain. Kazbek is a potentially active volcano, built up of trachyte and sheathed with lava, and has the shape of a double cone, whose base lies at an altitude of 1,770 meters (5,800 feet). Kazbek is the highest of the volcanic cones of the Kazbegi volcanic group which also includes Mount Khabarjina (3,142 metres).

Owing to the steepness of its slopes, the glaciers of Kazbek are not very large. The total combined area of all of Kazbek's glaciers is 135 km2. The best-known glacier is the Dyevdorak (Devdaraki), which creeps down the north-eastern slope into a gorge of the same name, reaching a level of 2,295 meters (7,530 feet). Kazbegi's other glaciers include the Mna, Denkara, Gergeti, Abano, and Chata. The recent collapse of the Kolka Glacier, located in a valley between Mt. Jimara and Kazbegi in the year 2002 was attributed to solfatara volcanic activity along the northern slope of the mountain, although there was no eruption. In addition to the 2002 event, a massive collapse of the Devdaraki Glacier on the mountain's northeastern slope which occurred on August 20, 2014, led to the death of seven people. The glacier collapse dammed the Terek River in the Daryal Gorge and flooded the Georgian Military Highway.

From 24 to 28 May 2019 Caucasus Skitouring Network organized an expedition to survey Mt. Kazbegi's height. On 27 May 2019 at 12:22 GMT+4, for the first time, a survey team placed a GPS receiver on the Mt. Kazbegi peak. The new height is defined with the WGS 84 datum. Height was determinate with 5mm accuracy. Defined height is 5053.927m.

Legend
Mount Kazbegi is associated in Georgian folklore with Amirani, the Georgian version of Prometheus, who was chained on the mountain in punishment for having stolen fire from the gods and giving it to mortals. The location of his imprisonment later became the site of an Orthodox hermitage located in a cave called "Betlemi" (Bethlehem) at approximately the 4,000-meter level. According to legends, this cave housed many sacred relics, including Abraham's tent and the manger of the infant Jesus.

According to Prince Ioane of Georgia, Ingush mountaineer Yosif Buzurtanov, also known as "Yosif the Mokhevian", was the first to ascend the mountain peak of Kazbek in the late eighteenth century during the reign of Heraclius II of Georgia, though, officially, this occurred in 1868 by D. W. Freshfield, A. W. Moore, and C. Tucker of the Alpine Club, with the guide François Devouassoud, guided by local Gveletians climbers, among them Tsogol Buzurtanov (son of Yosif Buzurtanov). They were followed by Russian alpinists Vladimir Kozmin and Maria Preobrazhenskaya, who made the climb nine times starting in 1900.

Kazbegi nature reserve
The area around Mount Kazbegi was designated a nature reserve by the Soviet government in 1979, and includes beech forests, subalpine forests and alpine meadows. Many of the plants and animals in the reserve are endemic to the Caucasus region.

title: Mount Kazbek


text:
Procmail

procmail is an email server software component — specifically, a message delivery agent (MDA). It was one of the earliest mail filter programs. It is typically used in Unix-like mail systems, using the mbox and Maildir storage formats.

procmail was first developed in 1990, by Stephen R. van den Berg. Philip Guenther took over maintainership for a number of years, but relinquished the role in 2014. The software remained unmaintained for several years, and was believed to be defunct. In 2020 May, Stephen van den Berg resumed maintenance again. The program has since seen multiple releases and bug-fixes.

Uses
The most common use case for procmail is to filter mail into different mailboxes, based on criteria such as sender address, subject keywords, and/or mailing list address.

Another use is to let procmail call an external spam filter program, such as SpamAssassin. This method can allow for spam to be filtered or deleted.

The procmail developers have built a mailing list manager called SmartList on top of procmail.

Procmail is an early example of a mail filtering tool and language. It is a data-driven programming language, similar to earlier line-oriented languages such as sed and AWK.

Operation
procmail reads mail messages given to it on standard input, delivering or otherwise dispositioning each one. procmail is typically not invoked directly by the user. Rather, some other mail program will call upon procmail to deliver a message according to the user's wishes. Message transfer agents (MTAs), such as Sendmail or Postfix), can be configured to use procmail to deliver all mail. A mail retrieval agent such as fetchmail can invoke procmail as needed.  The companion tool formail allows procmail to be applied to mail already in a mailbox.

procmail's behavior is controlled by a config file (by default, .procmailrc in the user's home directory) containing one or more recipes, read in order. Each recipe consists of a mode, zero or more conditions, and an action.

Conditions are usually extended regular expressions, although there are other forms. A recipe's action is taken only if all the conditions match (logical AND). If no conditions is given, the recipe is unconditional and the action always runs.

The action specifies what is to be done with the message, such as deliver it to a particular mailbox, or discard it. A recipe and its action can be delivering or non-delivering. Processing of a given message stops with the first delivering recipe (unless the recipe's mode flag specifies otherwise).

Example
A simple .procmailrc config file might look like this:

MAILDIR=$HOME/mail DEFAULT=$MAILDIR/inbox :0:   * ^List-Id: .* foo-announce

The above routes mail from a hypothetical mailing list to a separate mailbox called foo-announce, while delivering all other mail to the inbox mailbox, both located under the $HOME/mail/ directory.

Criticism
By default, procmail will "bounce" undeliverable mail back to the sender, or discard it entirely. A mistake in the config file can result in all mail being rejected or discarded.

The configuration file format is sometimes regarded as cryptic.

procmail is not well-suited for processing mail involving Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME). It cannot decode or recognize MIME-specific headers or international characters.

For approximately ten years, procmail was not maintained, and multiple serious security vulnerabilities were discovered in the intervening time span (since fixed).

Mail architecture

 * Email
 * Message transfer agent
 * Message delivery agent
 * Mail retrieval agent
 * Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

Similar programs and technologies

 * fdm (fetch, filter and deliver mail)
 * maildrop
 * Dovecot
 * Sieve mail filtering language

title: Procmail


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The Bard's Tale (1985 video game)

The Bard's Tale is a fantasy role-playing video game designed and programmed by Michael Cranford for the Apple II. It was produced by Interplay Productions in 1985 and distributed by Electronic Arts. The game was ported to the Commodore 64, Apple IIGS, ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC, Amiga, Atari ST, MS-DOS, Mac, and NES. It spawned The Bard's Tale series of games and books. The earliest editions of the game used a series title of Tales of the Unknown, but this title was dropped for later ports of The Bard's Tale and subsequent games in the series.

In August 2018, a remastered version was released for Windows, followed by the Xbox One release in 2019.

Plot
The following text from the box cover summarizes the premise:

Long ago, when magic still prevailed, the evil wizard Mangar the Dark threatened a small but harmonious country town called Skara Brae. Evil creatures oozed into Skara Brae and joined his shadow domain. Mangar froze the surrounding lands with a spell of Eternal Winter, totally isolating Skara Brae from any possible help. Then, one night, the town militiamen all disappeared.

The future of Skara Brae hung in the balance. And who was left to resist? Only a handful of unproven young Warriors, junior Magic Users, a couple of Bards barely old enough to drink, and some out of work Rogues.

You are there. You are the leader of this ragtag group of freedom fighters. Luckily you have a Bard with you to sing your glories, if you survive. For this is the stuff of legends. And so the story begins...

In the game, the player forms a group of up to six characters. Game progress is made through advancing the characters so that they are powerful enough to defeat the increasingly dangerous foes and monsters in the dungeons, obtaining certain items relevant to solving the overall quest, and obtaining information.

The fictional town of Skara Brae consists of 30x30 map tiles containing either buildings or streets (plus gates and magical guardian statues blocking certain streets). Access to one tower in the northeastern and southwestern city corner each is blocked by locked gates. The main city gates, which open to the west, are blocked by snow and remain impassable throughout the game. One street seems to lead south endlessly, by actually teleporting the party back to its beginning upon reaching the portion where the city walls would be.

Certain buildings within the city are special, such as the Adventurer's Guild, Garth's Equipment Shoppe, the Review Board (which is unmarked and must be found first, and is the only place where characters can advance in experience levels), various taverns and temples, and the dungeons. The latter are mazes of various kinds—cellars, sewers, catacombs, or fortresses—full of monsters and riddles, some guarded by magical statues that come to life to attack trespassing player parties.

 * 1) The first dungeon is the Wine Cellar (1 level) of a tavern, which turns out to be connected to the Sewers of Skara Brae (3 levels) that in turn feature an exit that leads to the otherwise inaccessible southwestern corner of the city where Mangar's Tower, the final dungeon, is located. The tower cannot be entered without a key, however. In the sewers, numerous hints are found, including the name of the Mad God. Finding the Wine Cellar requires the party to order some wine at a specific tavern. There was a hint to this in the manual (Hint: The first dungeon is the wine cellar of the only tavern in town which serves wine. It's on Rakhir Street). However, this hint was not present in the manual included with the C64 release of the game. Upon ordering wine, the party is sent by the bartender to his cellar to fetch a bottle themselves. It is not actually possible within the game to obtain a bottle of wine, nor is it required to proceed.
 * 2) The undead-infested Catacombs (3 levels) beneath the temple of the Mad God, accessible only if his name is known (the player must type the password to enter). On the lowest level, a Spectre must be defeated to obtain an eye.
 * 3) If they possess the eye, a statue of the Mad God in Baron Harkyn's Castle (3 levels) will teleport the party to the (otherwise inaccessible) northeastern area of Skara Brae where the next dungeon is located; however, it is not required to proceed to the next dungeon immediately. If weakened too much from the fighting in the castle, the party may elect to leave the area via one-way portals instead at this point and return to the city and the Adventurer's Guild.
 * 4) Kylearan's Tower (1 level) can only be reached through the teleporter in Harkyn's Castle, requiring any party who wishes to enter to fight through the castle's three levels first. Kylearan the Archmage awaits the party at the conclusion of his tower maze and turns out to be friendly. He gives the party an access key to Mangar's Tower, the final dungeon, but they still have to circumvent the locked gates around the tower by going through the Sewers.
 * 5) Still reachable only via the Sewers at this point in the game, Mangar's Tower (5 levels) is the final dungeon that has to be overcome to reach Mangar and slay him, provided the party has acquired several items in the other dungeons which are required to best him. At one point within the tower, the party can acquire a key that will allow them to access Mangar's Tower and Kylearan's Tower from the city directly thenceforward, without having to move through the Sewers or Harkyn's Castle, respectively.

Gameplay
The Bard's Tale is a straightforward dungeon crawl. The objective is to gain experience and advance characters' skills through (mostly) random combat with enemies and monsters. This is done while exploring maze-like dungeons, solving occasional puzzles and riddles, and finding or buying better weapons, armor, and other equipment.

When beginning the game, the player may create up to six player characters, chosen from among the following classes: bard, hunter, monk, paladin, rogue, warrior, magician, and conjurer. The classes sorcerer and wizard are available to experienced conjurers and magicians. On some platforms, the player can import previously created characters from Wizardry and/or Ultima III, which was somewhat revolutionary at the time of the game's release.

Of particular innovation to the genre was the bard, whose magical songs functioned like long-lasting spells and affected the player's party in various ways—such as strengthening their armor, or increasing their attack speed. A number of obligatory puzzles in the game were unsolvable without the use of bard songs. Each bard song triggered corresponding music while he played (some classical, some original).

Magic users were allowed to change classes permanently. The game manual describes a magic user who has mastered all spells from all four classes as "an Archmage, the most powerful being in the world of The Bard's Tale." However, Archmage status had no effect on gameplay other than simply having all spells available.

Casting one of the 85 magic user spells consisted of typing a four-letter code found only in the printed game manual. However, when using a mouse (in the DOS, Amiga, and Macintosh versions), the full names of the spells would appear in a list to choose from.

Combat is turn-based, described in text rather than shown graphically; there is no notion of moving characters around on a map during combat. Cash and experience points are distributed evenly to all surviving party members after a particular encounter is won.

Cluebook
Publisher Electronic Arts published a cluebook for the game in 1986 (ISBN 1-55543-064-3) that added some original characters and background information to the game's setting. Written by T.L. Thompson, it purports to be an in-universe document that one Pellis, who seems to be an influential individual working against Mangar behind the scenes, entrusts to an unnamed friend who has just come of age: implicitly, the player (party).

It is the journal of Lord Garrick, viscount of Skara Brae's sister city Hamelon. Trapped in Skara Brae by Mangar's spell, Lord Garrick and his party of servants and associates (including Corfid op Orfin the Bard, Ghaklah the Magician, Isli the Paladin, Soriac the Archmage, and the otherwise unnamed "last of the great sage-sorcerors") take it upon themselves to rid Skara Brae of Mangar's influence. The journal narrates how they navigate the dungeons and solve the puzzles until, one step short of actually confronting Mangar, they find that crucial items were stolen by the party's Rogue when he had abandoned them. Soriac prepares a spell that will allow Isli to escape and give the journal to Pellis, but is also thought to rent from the fabric of time everything they have accomplished, and will consume Isli as well as it burn itself out.

Development
Michael Cranford developed the concept, design, and programming of The Bard's Tale and its successor game (The Bard's Tale II: The Destiny Knight), with additional design by Brian Fargo (the founder of Interplay) and Roe Adams III. David Lowery designed the graphics, Lawrence Holland composed the music, and Joe Ybarra served as producer. Cranford stated that most of the game design was based on his and Fargo's Dungeons & Dragons gaming experiences. Cranford and Fargo tried to improve on previous games of the genre in many areas including graphics and sound, with Cranford pointing to the Apple version of Wizardry as an example of a game that fell short in his judgement.

Cranford is a devout Christian. He included references to Jesus in The Bard's Tale, and all but one of the city names in The Bard's Tale II are taken from the New Testament. After a falling-out with Brian Fargo, he was not involved in The Bard's Tale III and decided to go back to college to study philosophy and theology instead.

Cranford stated that they used a consultant during game development who suggested various ideas, including the city name Skara Brae, which was also used in Ultima IV—a surprise discovery after that game's release due to the consultant's work on Ultima IV as well. Cranford noted that they did not use the other ideas as the similarities could have been problematic.

Rebecca Heineman, who worked at Interplay at the time (then as Bill "Burger" Heineman), is credited in the game's manual for the "data compressing routines that allowed [Cranford] to pack so much graphics and animation", and according to herself also wrote development tools for the game such as a graphic editor and all ports to other platforms. Heineman became openly critical of Cranford in later years, saying in an interview that Cranford, after doing some last bugfixes, held the game's final version "hostage" to force Brian Fargo to sign a publishing contract that contained a clause by which the sequel game (The Destiny Knight) would be Cranford's alone. Brian Fargo confirmed this, but still defended Cranford.

Cranford in turn called Heineman's words "disparaging slant" and "fiction", noting that Heineman ("a storyteller with an agenda") at the time was (paraphrased) a loner who "sat isolated in a cubicle in the back corner of the room", wasn't involved in the company's business operations, nor deeply involved in The Bard's Tale, and therefore would not know all the details. As far as he (Cranford) could remember the situation, Brian Fargo would not produce a written contract for the game until near the very end of the development, and then only under pressure from Cranford withholding the final product. When he finally did, the contract was not what Cranford thought they had verbally agreed on when he had started working on the project, nor something he felt he could or would have agreed to at the onset. Although a compromise was found, Fargo asked Cranford to leave the company after The Bard's Tale II: The Destiny Knight was finished. The experience contributed to Cranford walking away from game development to pursue a different career. Cranford said he later apologized to Fargo after learning that the attorney who had represented him had misrepresented several other cases to his clients and had apparently misled him into assuming the worst.

Cranford, Fargo, and Heineman have all since stated that they hold no grudges against each other over something that occurred when they were in their early twenties. Cranford and Fargo remain friends. When Fargo, through his firm inXile Entertainment, started making The Bard's Tale IV: Barrows Deep on the original game's 30th anniversary, Cranford was invited to join the project and did contribute, while Heineman offered to create a 'remastered' edition of the original three games for modern operating systems (see below).

Critical reception
Computer Gaming World's Scorpia in 1985 described Bard's Tale as "not to be missed!" In 1993 she criticized the game's starting difficulty and single save location, but stated that it had "many points of interest, particularly in the puzzles, and is definitely a game worth getting". The game was reviewed in 1986 in Dragon #116 by Hartley and Pattie Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column. The reviewers rated the game well, concluding that "Bard's Tale, a game of high adventure ... is one we recommend for your software library." The game was revisited in Dragon #120. In a subsequent column, the reviewers gave the game 5 out of 5 stars.

Calling the Commodore 64 version wondrous, Compute!'s Gazette in 1986 stated that while the game's plot and gameplay did not vary from the norm, "its depth of concept and brilliance of execution" did. Praising the complex magic system, the magazine concluded that "the greatest danger is not Mangar—it's the likelihood that you'll never be able to tear yourself away from this masterpiece of a game". Compute! in 1987 called the Apple IIGS version "unquestionably the most graphically stunning product I have seen on any Apple computer". The ZX Spectrum version of The Bard's Tale, released in 1988, was favorably received. CRASH said that "the Skara Brae environment is so complex and involves so many different factors that it's hard not to get completely enthralled in your quest" and rated it at 86%. Sinclair User rated it at 89%, but noted that it would not appeal to general gameplayers, saying that "The Bard's Tale will enthrall diehard pixie fans [...] but there's too much text, and not enough graphics and animation, to convert the uncommitted." Your Sinclair were similarly positive about the game, rating it 9/10.

Macworld reviewed the Macintosh version of The Bard's Tale, praising the music and gameplay, calling it a "Nice combination of problem solving, combat, and exploration", but criticizing the monochrome graphics and repetitive gameplay, the latter largely directed towards frequent combat.

The Commodore 64 version of The Bard's Tale was given a 'Sizzler' award and rated at 94% by Zzap!64 magazine, in the 1986 Christmas Special edition. Reviewer Sean Masterson called it "the best RPG on the Commodore". In 1993, Commodore Force ranked the game at number 13 on its list of the top 100 Commodore 64 games.

With a score of 7.49 out of 10, in 1988 The Bard's Tale was among the first members of the Computer Gaming World Hall of Fame, honoring those games rated highly over time by readers. In 1990 the game received the seventh-highest number of votes in a survey of readers' "All-Time Favorites". In 1996, the magazine named The Bard's Tale the 89th best game ever.

Commercial performance
The Bard's Tale was very successful, becoming the best-selling computer RPG of the 1980s at 407,000 copies. It was the first non-Wizardry computer role-playing game to challenge the Ultima series' sales, especially to Commodore 64 users who could not play Wizardry (a Commodore version did not appear until 1987, with inferior graphics to that of The Bard's Tale). By 1993, The Bard's Tale series had sold over a million copies.

Sequels
The Bard's Tale was both a best-seller and a critical success, and produced two official sequels and a "Construction Set" in its time.

 * The Bard's Tale II: The Destiny Knight (1986)
 * The Bard's Tale III: Thief of Fate (1988)
 * The Bard's Tale Construction Set (1991)

A compilation of all three classic The Bard's Tale games, entitled The Bard's Tale Trilogy, was released for DOS by Electronic Arts in 1990.

According to programmer Rebecca Heineman, the name of the overall series was to be Tales of the Unknown, and the three games were to be entitled The Bard's Tale, The Archmage's Tale, and The Thief's Tale. This is supported by the cover art of the original Bard's Tale release, which proclaimed the game as "Tales of the Unknown, Volume I." However, the immense popularity of the first game prompted Electronic Arts to re-brand the series under the more well-known name. Michael Cranford, however, stated that an Electronic Arts agent they worked with had come up with the city name (Skara Brae, named after a real-life settlement in prehistoric Orkney) and the game's title, The Bard's Tale (from originally: Tale of the Scarlet Bard), and that The Destiny Knight was never going to be called The Archmage's Tale.

What was originally going to be The Bard's Tale IV became an unrelated game called Dragon Wars (1989) at a very late point in its development process, due to rights issues after developer Interplay parted ways with publisher Electronic Arts. The game's name and storyline were changed to disassociate it from the Bard's Tale series.

In 2003, Brian Fargo (who created maps for the first two Bard's Tale games and directed the third) left Interplay Entertainment and began a new game development company named InXile Entertainment. In 2004, they released their first game, also titled The Bard's Tale, an unrelated, console-style, top-down, action RPG which pokes fun at traditional, fantasy, and role-playing game tropes as in those found throughout the original Bard's Tale. It was not a proper sequel to the classic series, nor was it connected in any respect apart from the title and location: the story takes place on the Orkney Mainland, where the ruins of real-world Skara Brae lie. Although a legal loophole allowed InXile to use the Bard's Tale name, and the company had evidently planned to incorporate more elements of the original games, Electronic Arts still owned the original trademarks for the Bard's Tale series itself, and InXile was not legally allowed to use any of the plot, characters, or locations featured in the original trilogy in their 2004 game.

In May 2015, Fargo announced that he was planning to develop and a sequel funded through crowdfunding on Kickstarter, The Bard's Tale IV. The game, which was released in 2018, continues the storyline of the original trilogy but has significantly changed gameplay.

The Mage's Tale was published by InXile in 2017 as a spinoff game using virtual reality technology. It was developed concurrently with The Bard's Tale IV.

Remastered Edition
During the Kickstarter campaign to create a proper fourth installment to the series, inXile partnered with Rebecca Heineman and her company Olde Sküül to remaster the original trilogy for modern personal computers running mac OS and Windows (instead of the emulated versions offered by inXile). After reaching an impasse in development, Olde Sküül and inXile agreed to transfer the project to Krome Studios. Krome Studios and inXile released the remastered edition on August 14, 2018, as part of the remastered The Bard's Trilogy.

The Remastered Edition essentially re-wrote the original games, keeping only the storyline and gameplay design but little if any of the original game code. Graphics, sound, and user interface were updated to modern standards, various bugs were fixed, and a unified authoritative gameplay was devised when it turned out that there were significant differences not only between parts I, II, and III of the original trilogy (such as the number of characters in the party or spells being available at different levels, or not available at all, in different installments), but also between ports of the same game. Some content was added, including female character portraits and (inconsequential) references to the Bard's Tale IV storyline.

The remastered edition of the original trilogy was released for Xbox One on August 13, 2019. This followed the acquisition of inXile Entertainment by Microsoft. The collection supports Xbox Play Anywhere.

Novels
A series of novels based on The Bard's Tale were published by Baen Books during the 1990s. Although the books had little in common with the storyline of the games, their existence is a testament to how influential the Bard's Tale brand had become. They include:

 * 1) Castle of Deception, by Mercedes Lackey and Josepha Sherman (1992, ISBN 0-671-72125-9)
 * 2) Fortress of Frost and Fire, by Mercedes Lackey and Ru Emerson (1993, ISBN 0-671-72162-3)
 * 3) Prison of Souls, by Mercedes Lackey and Mark Shepherd (1994, ISBN 0-671-72193-3)
 * 4) The Chaos Gate, by Josepha Sherman (1994, ISBN 0-671-87597-3)
 * 5) Thunder of the Captains, by Holly Lisle and Aaron Allston (1996, ISBN 0-671-87731-3)
 * 6) Wrath of the Princes, by Holly Lisle and Aaron Allston (1997, ISBN 0-671-87771-2)
 * 7) Escape from Roksamur, by Mark Shepherd (1997, ISBN 0-671-87797-6)
 * 8) Curse of the Black Heron, by Holly Lisle (1998, ISBN 0-671-87868-9)

While they are listed here in the order they were published, some books in the series connect more than others, such as Castle of Deception and The Chaos Gate, Prison of Souls and Escape from Roksamur, and Thunder of the Captains and Wrath of the Princes.

title: The Bard's Tale (1985 video game)


text:
Santa Clara Valley

The Santa Clara Valley (Spanish: Valle de Santa Clara) is a geologic trough in Northern California that extends 90 mi south–southeast from San Francisco to Hollister. The longitudinal valley is bordered on the west by the Santa Cruz Mountains and on the east by the Diablo Range; the two coastal ranges meet south of Hollister. The San Francisco Bay borders the valley to the north, and fills much of the northern third of the valley. The valley floor is an alluvial plain that formed in the graben (tectonic depression) between the San Andreas Fault to the west and the Hayward and Calaveras faults to the east. Within the valley and surrounding the bay on three sides are the urban communities of San Mateo County, Santa Clara County, and Alameda County, while the narrow southern reaches of the valley extend into rural San Benito County to Hollister. In practical terms, the central portion of the Santa Clara Valley is often considered by itself, contained entirely within Santa Clara County.

The valley, named after the Spanish Mission Santa Clara, was for a time known as the Valley of Heart's Delight for its high concentration of orchards, flowering trees, and plants. Until the 1960s it was the largest fruit-producing and packing region in the world, with 39 canneries. The high-tech industrial growth starting in the 1960s—later known as Silicon Valley—transformed the area from extensive agricultural tracts to an urbanized landscape.

Overview
Once primarily agricultural because of its highly fertile soil, Santa Clara Valley is now largely urbanized, although its far southern reaches south of Gilroy remain agrarian. Few traces of its agricultural past can still be found, but the Santa Clara Valley American Viticultural Area remains a large wine-making region. It was one of the first commercial wine-producing regions in California (and possibly the United States), utilizing high-quality French varietal vines imported from France.

The northern end of the Santa Clara Valley is at San Francisco, and the southern end is south of Hollister. The valley is bounded by the Santa Cruz Mountains on the southwest, which separate the valley from the Pacific Ocean, and by the Diablo Range on the northeast. The valley is approximately 93 mi long by 15 mi wide. Its largest city is San Jose. Santa Clara Valley has a Mediterranean semi-arid climate.

Joseph S. Diller, a geologist, observed in 1915 that a "notable peculiarity" of the Santa Clara Valley is that "it is divided transversely by a scarcely noticeable soil-covered divide." The northern portion is drained northward by various rivers and creeks into San Francisco Bay. The southern portion of the valley is drained southward by Llagas Creek into the Pajaro River, which in turn flows westward to Monterey Bay. As one travels across the valley floor, "the alluvial plain is continuous across the divide." The summit of the transverse divide is about two miles from the former town of Madrone at an elevation of 345 ft, but the alluvial plain is so continuous that most travelers are unaware they are crossing between two drainage basins.

History
The earliest known inhabitants on the Santa Clara Valley are the Ohlone people, who had eight distinct languages and tribes in the coastal region. Mission Santa Clara de Asís, which had control over a vast tract of land stretching from Palo Alto to Gilroy, was founded by Franciscans in 1777. San Jose was California's first town and was also founded in 1777 by Spain as an agricultural pueblo. There were 66 original settlers. In Spanish and Mexican times the land was devoted to cattle, as was most of California. Following the Mexican–American War San Jose was briefly the capital of California. The influx of Americans resulted in relocation of many of the native Mexican and Indian people of San Jose to the mission at Santa Clara, which had been under control of Jesuits from 1850; they founded Santa Clara University there in 1851. In 1860, as an American town, the population of San Jose was 4,579, with cattle ranching still the main agricultural activity. For a time wheat became the main crop, but in the 1870s fruit gradually became the main crop and processing of fruit by drying or canning the predominant industry. The railroad reached San Jose in 1860.

The Valley of Heart's Delight
The valley with its scenic beauty, mild climate, and thousands of acres of blooming fruit trees was known as "The Valley of Heart's Delight". Various fruit cooperatives were formed in the area to deal with economic issues, including the California Fruit Union (founded in 1883) and the Santa Clara County Fruit Exchange (founded in 1892). Prunes were a major crop, with the valley was producing the majority of prunes in California by 1900 and shipped internationally. Water was supplied from an artesian aquifer and when the water table dropped, wells were pumped. Many orchards were small with housing and fruit growing in a dispersed pattern. By the 1920s and 1930s, the agricultural and horticultural industries were doing well in the valley and included 18 canneries, 13 dried-fruit packing houses, and 12 fresh-fruit and vegetable shipping firms, and they were shipping internationally. Del Monte and Sunsweet are two brands which originated in the Santa Clara Valley.

The need for workers greatly exceeded the local population and in the nineteenth century, Chinese and Japanese immigrants met that need. Toward the end of the nineteenth century many Italians and other immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe came to the valley and worked in the orchards and canneries. During the 20th century there were Filipino immigrants and increasing numbers of immigrants from Mexico who during World War II became the dominant agricultural workforce. The town of San Jose was dominated by its business community, which was in part composed of Irish Catholics, who had a self-contained social life which did not include immigrant labor. There was marked prejudice against Asians, particularly Chinese, who gradually left the valley.

The Great Depression
Deflation and overproduction severely hurt the orchards and packers of the Santa Clara Valley during the Great Depression. Bankrupt farmers from the Dust Bowl, the Okies, made the trek to California. Desperate to feed their families, they joined a workforce that was itself impacted by unemployment. The growers, with record low prices and surplus supply, could pay little. Labor organizers and goon squads battled in the labor camps. Woody Guthrie's songs were on the radio and he wrote a regular column in the San Francisco-based The Daily People's World. San Francisco had a strong labor union tradition which extended to Santa Clara County. During the "March Inland" organizing drive the International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) backed the Cannery and Agricultural Workers' Industrial Union (CAWIU), a Communist-controlled union headquartered in San Jose, which had considerable success organizing farm and cannery workers in the Santa Clara Valley and elsewhere in California until it was suppressed and its leaders jailed in 1934 by the State of California following sustained attacks by business, political, and reactionary forces which, in San Jose, resulted in an atmosphere of terror (the low point of which was a public lynching tacitly supported by James Rolph, the Governor of California). The canneries, with a segregated seasonal work force of white women, were eventually organized, at first by an AFL-affiliated company union, but one which gradually evolved, thanks to rank and file efforts, into a union which genuinely represented cannery workers.

War and industry
The fruit industry gradually recovered, and by the early 1940s, prosperity returned to the valley. Wartime production associated with World War II brought industry to the valley such as building of marine engines for Liberty ships by the Joshua Hendy Iron Works, now Northrop Grumman Marine Systems in Sunnyvale; landing craft were built by Food Machinery Corporation, which later built the M113 armored personnel carrier, the Bradley Fighting Vehicle, and the XR311 at its facility in Santa Clara; and an IBM factory began manufacturing punch cards in San Jose in 1943.

About 1,000 Japanese were interned, losing substantial property. Wartime production drew workers, including women, from the orchards and canneries; they were replaced by Mexican Americans from Texas and California and by Mexican braceros. Neighborhoods in East San Jose, such as the Meadowfair district, became barrios.

The Polaris submarine-launched ballistic missile was built during the Cold War by Lockheed Missiles & Space Division in Sunnyvale for the United States Navy, while Northrop Grumman Marine Systems built the launch tubes and propulsion systems. For the most part, the defense industry and traditional electronics manufacturers, with the exception of IBM, in the Santa Clara Valley were unionized, mainly by the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers, International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, and Teamsters. The United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America, a communist dominated union, but friendly to minority and women workers, gradually lost its place during the McCarthy era.

Silicon Valley
In the 1950s, the first transistor industries was established in the area. Led by Stanford University, the lower San Francisco Peninsula became home to many high-tech industries, creating the high-tech center known as Silicon Valley. The name came from the silicon element used by semiconductor companies in their microchips.

The borders of Silicon Valley have been variously defined. Most observers include the entirety of Santa Clara County and the southern portions of San Mateo and Alameda counties, while others extend the region northwest to San Francisco or northeast to San Ramon.

San Jose
In 1950, Dutch Hamann was appointed city manager of San Jose. Hamann's boosterism was supported by Joe Ridder, publisher of the San Jose Mercury. In power until 1969, Hamann created a master plan for San Jose and embarked on a program of annexation that increased the area of San Jose from 17 square miles to 136.7 square miles. The main bargaining chip was the superior sewage system built to handle cannery waste. To overcome resistance by school districts, who otherwise would have lost their tax base, annexed areas were allowed to maintain independent school districts. This resulted in some parts of the city, such as East San Jose, having low-quality segregated school systems with a low tax base while school systems in other parts of San Jose had an ample tax base and high-quality schools. The population of San Jose increased from 95 thousand in 1950 to 446 thousand in 1970. There were critics: Santa Clara County Planning Director Karl Belser, who opposed urban sprawl, commented, "Perhaps the only use we will ever find for the hydrogen bomb will be to erase this great mistake from the face of the earth." Housing for each additional 1000 people took 257 acres of land. In more recent years, San Jose and the Santa Clara Valley have suffered from extensive droughts in California to the extent that some residents may run out of household water by the summer of 2022.

Schools
Funding for public schools in upscale communities in the Santa Clara Valley is often supplemented by grants from private foundations set up for that purpose and funded by local residents. Schools in less favorable demographics must depend on state funding.

Cities and towns
Cities and towns in the Santa Clara Valley include (in alphabetical order):

 * Campbell
 * Cupertino
 * Gilroy
 * Hollister
 * Los Gatos
 * Los Altos
 * Los Altos Hills
 * Milpitas
 * Monte Sereno
 * Morgan Hill
 * Mountain View
 * Palo Alto
 * San Martin
 * San Jose
 * San Juan Bautista
 * Santa Clara
 * Saratoga
 * Sunnyvale

Because technology companies have spread out from Silicon Valley, Fremont and Newark, even though they are not in Santa Clara County, are often included in discussions about Silicon Valley, or, in the case of Fremont, referred to as the "Gateway to the Silicon Valley" (a title also claimed occasionally by San Jose, Union City, and several other locations). Similarly, Palo Alto, while in Santa Clara County and considered part of Silicon Valley, is on the San Francisco Peninsula.

Notable structures
There are a number of well-known structures and sites of interest in the South Bay:

 * Apple Park, Cupertino
 * Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto
 * Stanford University, Palo Alto
 * SAP Center, downtown San Jose
 * Hayes Mansion, Southern San Jose
 * Plaza de César Chávez, downtown San Jose
 * Cathedral Basilica of Saint Joseph, downtown San Jose
 * Winchester Mystery House, Western San Jose
 * Santana Row, Western San Jose
 * Lick Observatory, Mount Hamilton
 * Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum, Central San Jose
 * Mexican Heritage Plaza, Eastern San Jose
 * History Park at Kelley Park, Central San Jose
 * Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose, Downtown San Jose
 * San Jose International Airport, uptown San Jose
 * San Jose Museum of Art, downtown San Jose
 * San Jose State University, downtown San Jose
 * Santa Clara University, Santa Clara (which includes the original Santa Clara Mission site)
 * California's Great America, Santa Clara
 * The Tech Interactive, downtown San Jose
 * Moffett Federal Airfield, Sunnyvale/Mountain View
 * Yahoo!, Sunnyvale
 * LinkedIn, Sunnyvale
 * Alviso, Northern San Jose (sea access/ main port of goods from Asia in 1800 before Oakland took over the following century)
 * Berryessa Flea Market, Northern San Jose (previously Earth's largest)
 * Gurdwara Sahib of San Jose, Eastern San Jose (Sikh Temple built by President Jit Singh Bainiwal)
 * Levis Stadium, Santa Clara

Geology
Santa Clara Valley was created by the sudden growth of the Santa Cruz Mountains and the Diablo Range during the later Cenozoic era. This was a period of intense mountain building in California when the folding and thrusting of the Earth's crust, combined with active volcanism, gave shape to the present state of California. Hence, Santa Clara Valley is a structural valley, created by mountain building, as opposed to an erosional valley, which is a valley that has undergone the wearing away of the Earth's surface by natural agents. The underlying geology of the Santa Cruz Mountains was also formed by the sediment of the ancient seas, where marine shale points to Miocene origin. Today, evidence of this is still found in the Santa Cruz Mountains, where shark's teeth and the remains of maritime life are still found as high as Scotts Valley, a city nestled in the mountains. The highest peak on the Santa Cruz Mountain Range side of the valley is Loma Prieta at 3,790 feet. The highest peak in the Diablo Range side of the valley is Mount Hamilton, specifically Copernicus Peak at 4,370 feet elevation. It is the highest peak in Santa Clara County.

The valley is a graben between the San Andreas and Hayward faults.

Quicksilver mine
During the 19th century, 37,388 metric tons of mercury were extracted from the New Almaden mine south of San Jose and northeast of Santa Cruz. The area, closed for many years, resulted in pollution of the Guadalupe River and South San Francisco Bay. After intermittent mining operations finally ceased in the 20th century, the area was purchased by Santa Clara County to be used as a park and was designated a National Historic Landmark.

Climate

The climate of the Santa Clara Valley in California is a Mediterranean climate with warm, very dry summers and mild, fairly rainy winters. Today, the Valley attracts many people from the East Coast with its warm and sunny climate. The Santa Clara Valley receives on average 330 sunny days per year. The northern areas of the valley (such as Palo Alto or Mountain View) have greater marine influences with temperatures rarely rising above 85 °F while in the southern areas and near the mountains (such as Los Gatos, Morgan Hill, or Gilroy) the temperature frequently exceeds 95 °F in the summer months. Winter is the rainy season, but still quite sunny. Winter highs range from 57 to 66 °F while lows range from 40 to 48 °F. Summer highs range from 82 to 95 °F and summer lows range from 53 to 58 °F.

The record high for the Santa Clara Valley was recorded in Los Gatos on June 9, 2000, with a temperature of 114 °F and the record low was recorded in Gilroy on December 23, 1990, with a temperature of 16 °F. Temperatures drop below 40 °F on average of 17 days per year, below freezing on average of 4 days per year and below 30 °F on average of 0 days per year (none).

More recently, extensive droughts in California, further complicated by drainage of the local Anderson reservoir for seismic repairs, have strained the Valley's water security.

Temperatures
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title: Santa Clara Valley


text:
Ella Mae Morse

Ella Mae Morse (September 12, 1924 – October 16, 1999) was an American singer of popular music whose 1940s and 1950s recordings mixing jazz, blues, and country styles influenced the development of rock and roll. Her 1942 recording of "Cow-Cow Boogie" with Freddie Slack and His Orchestra gave Capitol Records its first gold record. In 1943, her single "Get On Board, Little Chillun", also with Slack, charted in what would soon become the R&B charts, making her one of the first white singers to do so. Morse stopped recording in 1957 but continued to perform and tour into the 1990s. In 1960 she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Career
Morse was born in Mansfield, Texas. She was hired by Jimmy Dorsey when she was 14 years old. In 1942, at the age of 17, she joined Freddie Slack's band, with whom, that same year she recorded "Cow-Cow Boogie (Cuma-Ti-Yi-Yi-Ay)", the first gold record released by Capitol Records. "Mr. Five by Five" was also recorded by Morse with Slack, and became a hit record in 1942 (Capitol 115). She also originated the wartime hit "Milkman, Keep Those Bottles Quiet", which was later popularized by Nancy Walker in the 1944 film Broadway Rhythm.

In 1943, Morse began to record solo. She reached #1 in the R&B chart with "Shoo-Shoo Baby" in December for two weeks. In the same year she performed "Cow Cow Boogie" in the film Reveille with Beverly and co-starred in Universal's South of Dixie, Ghost Catchers with Olsen and Johnson, and How Do You Dooo?, a vehicle for radio's "Mad Russian", Bert Gordon. She sang in a wide variety of styles, and she had hits on both the U.S. pop and rhythm and blues charts. However, she never received the popularity of a major star.

The song "Love Me or Leave Me" as recorded by Morse was released by Capitol Records as catalog number 1922, with the flip side "Blacksmith Blues", which became her biggest hit.

In 1946, "House of Blue Lights" by Freddie Slack and Morse, (written by Slack and Don Raye) saw them perform what was one of many of Raye's songs picked up by black R&B artists. Her biggest solo success was "Blacksmith Blues" in 1952, which sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. The same year her version of "Down the Road a Piece" appeared on Capitol with Slack again on piano accompaniment. Morse also recorded a version of "Oakie Boogie" for Capitol which reached #23 in 1952. Her version was one of the first songs arranged by Nelson Riddle.

Morse ceased recording in 1957, but continued performing until the early 1990s, under the new management of Alan Eichler, performing at such clubs as Michael's Pub in New York, Ye Little Club in Beverly Hills, the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel's Cinegrill and the Vine St. Bar and Grill. She appeared regularly at Disneyland for several years with the Ray McKinley Orchestra, and did a successful tour of Australia shortly before her final illness.

Her music career was profiled in Nick Tosches' 1984 book, The Unsung Heroes of Rock 'N' Roll: The Birth of Rock in the Wild Years Before Elvis. She has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1724 Vine Street.

Her entire recorded body of work was issued in a deluxe box set by Bear Family Records and a rare live performance, "Ella Mae Morse On Broadway", was released in 2011.

Musical style
As Morse's musical style blended jazz, blues, and country, she has sometimes been called the first rock 'n' roll singer. A good example is her 1942 recording of the song "Get On Board, Little Chillun", which, with strong gospel, blues, boogie, and jive sounds, was a genuine precursor to the later rockabilly/rock 'n roll songs. Her records sold well to both Caucasian and African-American audiences. As she was not well known at the time of her first solo hits, many people assumed she was African-American because of her 'hip' vocal style and choice of material.

Personal life
In 1999, Morse died of respiratory failure in Bullhead City, Arizona, at the age of 75. She had six children from four marriages, several grandchildren, great-grandchildren, and a sister, Flo Handy, who was also a singer.

Albums as a leader
compilations:
 * Dynamite Texas Diva Live (1940s live recordings, released by Collectors Choice, 2003)
 * Barrelhouse, Boogie and the Blues with Big Dave and his orchestra (Capitol Records, 1957)
 * Morse Code (Capitol, 1957)
 * Morse Code Collection (Jasmine Records, 2005) (2 discs)
 * Singles Collection, 1942-57 (Acrobat Records, 2018) (3 discs)
 * Barrelhouse, Boogie and the Blues (Bear Family Records, 2006) (Complete recordings, 5 discs)
 * Rocks (Bear Family Records, 2013)
 * Very Best Of (Collectables, 1998)
 * Two Classic Albums Plus Singles (Real Tyme Music, 2014) (4 discs)
 * Ella Mae Morse, Collectors Series (Capitol, 2007
 * Razzle Dazzle--In the 50's (Rev-ola Bandstand, 2007

As a collaborator or side performer

 * Ella Mae Morse and Freddie Slack, The Hits of Ella Mae Morse and Freddie Slack (Capitol, 1962)
 * Herbie Mann, Ella Mae Morse, Jimmy Giuffre, Sessions, Live (Calliope, 1976)
 * Red Norvo Quintet,  With Guest Vocalists Mavis Rivers And Ella Mae Morse (United, 1962; released by Studio West, 1990)

title: Ella Mae Morse