text:
Roger Sherman

Roger Sherman (April 19, 1721 – July 23, 1793) was an early American statesman, lawyer, and a Founding Father of the United States. He is the only person to sign all four great state papers of the United States: the Continental Association, the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution. He also signed the 1774 Petition to the King.

Born in Newton, Massachusetts, Sherman established a legal career in Litchfield County, Connecticut, despite a lack of formal education. After a period in the Connecticut House of Representatives, he served as a justice of the Superior Court of Connecticut from 1766 to 1789. He represented Connecticut at the Continental Congress, and he was a member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence.

Sherman served as a delegate to the 1787 Philadelphia Convention, which produced the United States Constitution. After Benjamin Franklin, he was the second oldest delegate present at the convention. Sherman favored granting the federal government power to raise revenue and regulate commerce, but initially opposed efforts to supplant the Articles of Confederation with a new constitution. After supporting the establishment of a new constitution, Sherman became a key delegate and main opponent of James Madison's Virginia Plan by introducing the Connecticut Compromise that won the approval of both the more and less populous states.

After the ratification of the Constitution, Sherman represented Connecticut in the United States House of Representatives from 1789 to 1791. He served in the United States Senate from 1791 to his death in 1793.

Early life and family
Sherman was born into a family of farmers in Newton, Massachusetts. His father was William and mother Mehetabel Sherman. The Shermans left Newton and settled in what became the town of Stoughton, Massachusetts 17 miles southeast of his home in Newton, when Roger was two. Sherman's education did not extend beyond his father's library and grammar school, and his early career was spent as a shoemaker. However, he had an aptitude for learning, access to a good library owned by his father, and a Harvard-educated parish minister, Rev. Samuel Dunbar, who took him under his wing.

In 1743, his father's death made Sherman move with his mother and siblings to New Milford, Connecticut. There, in partnership with his brother William, he opened the town's first store, a cobbler shop, and earned a position as the county surveyor in 1745. The income from this office enabled him to buy land and to earn a favorable reputation throughout the county. Sherman published a series of almanacs between 1750 and 1761. He also studied law on his own, passing the bar in 1754.

He very quickly introduced himself in civil and religious affairs, rapidly becoming one of the town's leading citizens and eventually town clerk of New Milford. He became county surveyor of New Haven County in 1745 and began providing astronomical calculations for almanacs in 1759.

Sherman was married two times and had a total of fifteen children with thirteen reaching adulthood. Sherman married Elizabeth Hartwell (born August 31, 1726, in Stoughton, Massachusetts) on November 17, 1749. Elizabeth died on October 19, 1760. Sherman married Rebecca (also spelled Rebekah) Prescott (born on May 20, 1742, in Danvers, Massachusetts) on May 12, 1763, and had eight children: Rebecca, Elizabeth, Roger, Mehetabel (1st), Mehetabel (2nd), Oliver, Martha and Sarah. Sherman is distantly related to Union general William Tecumseh Sherman.

Early political career
Despite the fact that Sherman had no formal legal training, he was urged to read for the bar exam by a local lawyer and was admitted to the bar of Litchfield, Connecticut in 1754, during which he wrote "A Caveat Against Injustice" and was chosen to represent New Milford in the Connecticut House of Representatives from 1755 to 1758 and from 1760 to 1761. Sherman was appointed justice of the peace in 1762 and judge of the court of common pleas in 1765. During 1766, Sherman was first elected to the Governor's Council of the Connecticut General Assembly, where he served until 1785. From 1784 to 1785, he also served as a judge of the Connecticut Supreme Court of Errors. Sherman served as Justice of the Superior Court of Connecticut from 1766 to 1789.

Sherman was also appointed treasurer of Yale College, and awarded an honorary Master of Arts degree. He was a professor of religion for many years, and engaged in lengthy correspondences with some of the theologians of the time. During February 1776, Sherman, George Wythe, and John Adams were members of a committee responsible for establishing guidelines for U.S. Embassy officials in Canada with the committee instructions that included, "You are to declare that we hold sacred the rights of conscience, and may promise to the whole people, solemnly in our name, the free and undisturbed exercise of their religion. And ... that all civil rights and the rights to hold office were to be extended to persons of any Christian denomination." In 1784, Sherman was elected mayor of New Haven, which office he held until his death.

Continental and Confederation Congress
As a member of the First Continental Congress, Sherman signed the Continental Association to impose an economic boycott on British trade. In the Second Continental Congress, Sherman was appointed to the Committee of Five that drafted Declaration of Independence. Sherman was also a member of the committee of 13 that was responsible for preparing a draft constitution for the new nation. During debate, Sherman proposed a bicameral national legislature where states would be represented equally. The committee of 13 rejected Sherman's proposal, adopting a unicameral legislature and what would become the Articles of Confederation. As a member of the Confederation Congress, Sherman was a signatory of the Treaty of Paris which ended the Revolutionary War.

Constitutional Convention
Sherman came into the Convention without the intention of creating a new constitution. He saw the convention as a means to modify the already existing government. Part of his stance was concerned with the public appeal. He defended amending the articles declaring that it was in the best interest of the people and the most probable way the people would accept changes to a constitution. "The problem with the old government was not that it had acted foolishly or threatened anybody's liberties, but that it had simply been unable to enforce its decrees." Sherman advanced the idea that the national government simply needed a way to raise revenue and regulate commerce.

Sherman's views were heavily shaped by Connecticut's position as a particularly isolationist state. Connecticut operated almost without much need from other states, using its own ports   to trade with the West Indies  instead of utilizing ports in Boston, and feared that "...the mass of people lacked sufficient wisdom to govern themselves and thus wished no branch of the federal government to be elected directly by the people".

His views were also influenced by his personal beliefs and Puritan views. Sherman opposed slavery and used the issue as a tool for negotiation and alliance. He believed that slavery was already gradually being abolished and the trend was moving southward. Sherman saw that the issue of slavery could be one that threatened the success of the Constitutional Convention. Therefore, Sherman helped shape compromises that benefited the slave states in order to obtain unlikely allies from the Carolinas due to the economies of their home states.

Sherman is also known for his stance against paper money with his authoring of Article I, Section 10 of the United States Constitution and his later opposition to James Madison over the Bill of Rights. He believed that these amendments would diminish the role and power of the states over the people.

"Mr. Wilson & Mr. Sherman moved to insert after the words 'coin money' the words 'nor emit bills of credit, nor make any thing but gold & silver coin a tender in payment of debts' making these prohibitions absolute, instead of making the measures allowable (as in the XIII art) with the consent of the Legislature of the U.S. ... Mr. Sherman thought this a favorable crisis for crushing paper money. If the consent of the Legislature could authorize emissions of it, the friends of paper money would make every exertion to get into the Legislature in order to license it.'"

Sherman also had very little interest in creating an executive branch with much authority. He suggested that no constitutional provision needed be made for the executive because it was "nothing more than an institution for carrying the will of the Legislature into effect".

Representation
Two proposed options for the formation of the legislative branch emerged in the deliberations. One was to form a bicameral legislature in which both chambers had representation proportional to the population of the states, which was supported by the Virginia Plan. The second was to modify the unicameral legislature that had equal representation from all of the states, which was supported by the New Jersey Plan introduced by William Paterson that Sherman helped author. Sherman saw no reason for bicameralism. He defended the unicameral legislature of the Articles of Confederation by stating that the more populous states had not "suffered at the hands of less populous states on account of the rule of equal voting". Sherman, Elbridge Gerry and others were of the shared opinion that the elected composition of the national government should be reserved for the vote of state officials and not for election by the will of the people. Sherman was wary of allowing ordinary citizen participation in national government and stated that the people "should have as little to do as may be about the Government. They want information and are constantly liable to be misled".

While Sherman was a devout supporter of a unicameral legislature, he recognized that this goal was unattainable because it would not receive the support of the more populous states. With the aide of Oliver Ellsworth, Sherman repeatedly proposed a bicameral compromise where one house had representation proportional to the population, and the other had equal representation for the states. Some scholars have identified Sherman as a pivotal delegate at the Convention because of his role in settling the debate over representation. At important moments in the deliberations, Sherman consistently pushed the interests of the less populous states. When delegates were unable to reconcile the differences between his plan and Madison's Virginia Plan, Sherman helped to get the issue of representation in Congress delegated to a Grand Committee of which he was not only a member but whose membership was sympathetic to the views of the less populous states.

The plan that emerged from the Grand Committee, originally introduced by Sherman, and which known as became the Connecticut Compromise, was designed to be acceptable to both the more and less populous states: the people would be represented proportionally in one branch of the legislature, called the House of Representatives (the lower legislative house). The states would be represented in another house called the Senate (the upper house). In the lower house, each state had a representative for every one delegate. In the upper house, each state was guaranteed two senators, regardless of its size. In terms of modes of election, Sherman supported allowing each state legislature to elect its own senators. In the House, Sherman originally proposed that the suffrage of the House should be figured according to the "numbers of free inhabitants" in each state.

Later career
Sherman was elected as a United States Representative in the First Congress, and then to the Senate in the Second and Third Congress until his death in 1793. In 1790 both Sherman and Richard Law were appointed to revise the confused and archaic Connecticut statutes, which they accomplished. Throughout his life, Sherman was a major benefactor of Yale College, acting as the university's treasurer for many years and promoting construction of a college chapel.

Sherman opposed appointment of fellow signer Gouverneur Morris as minister to France because he considered that high-living Patriot to be of an "irreligious nature".

Death and burial site
Sherman died in his sleep on July 23, 1793, after a two-month illness diagnosed as typhoid fever. The Gazette of the United States (Philadelphia), August 17, 1793, p. 508, reported an alternate diagnosis, "He was taken ill about the middle of May last, and from that time declined till his death. His physician supposed his disorder to be seated in his liver." He was buried in New Haven Green. In 1821, when that cemetery was relocated, his remains were moved to the Grove Street Cemetery.

Jonathan Edwards Jr. gave a funeral sermon at the ceremony for Sherman on July 25, 1793. He praised his contributions to his friends, family, town, and country, noting Sherman's piety and excellence in study.

Legacy
Sherman is especially notable in United States history for being the only person to sign all four great state papers of the United States, the Articles of Association, the United States Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the United States Constitution. Robert Morris, who did not sign the Articles of Association, signed the other three. John Dickinson also signed three, the Continental Association, the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution. He was involved with the Declaration of Independence but abstained, hoping for a reconciliation with Britain.

Sherman is one of the most influential members of the Constitutional Convention. He is not well known for his actions at the Convention because he was a "terse, ineloquent speaker" who never kept a personal record of his experience, unlike other prominent figures. At 66 years of age, Sherman was the second eldest member at the convention following Benjamin Franklin (who was 81 years old at the time). Yet he was a critical opponent of James Madison and the more populous states. Sherman was also one of the most active members of the convention, Sherman made motions or seconds 160 times (compared to Madison's 177 times).

The town of Sherman, Connecticut was named for Roger Sherman. Sherman, as a member of the Committee of Five, is portrayed on the pediment of the Jefferson Memorial.

title: Roger Sherman


text:
Talk:A. N. Other

Untitled
Since this page contains info on other names,other thev A N Other I think it should be moved to "anonymous pseudonym". Does anyone object? Theresa knott 09:50 4 Jul 2003 (UTC)

While I haven't heard of Fred Bloggs, I am very familiar with Joe Bloggs, which is very commonly used on British television. Maybe this name should be added. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 192.55.37.193 (talk • contribs) 14:32, 4 June 2004 (UTC)

Anytown and VISA numbers
I've removed the paragraph about "Anytown" and VISA numbers because after looking for books, articles, and web pages that document any such relation, I've come up with nothing. We have no reason for believing that the claim is true, because no-one outside of Wikipedia appears to have actually properly researched and documented it. It appears to be a surmise by Wikipedia editors, in violation of our No original research policy. Uncle G (talk) 16:59, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:A. N. Other


text:
HMS Fox

Sixteen ships and two shore establishments of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Fox, after the fox.

Ships

 * HMS Fox (1650) was a 22-gun ship captured from the French in 1650 and expended as a fireship in 1656.
 * HMS Fox (1658) was a 14-gun ship captured in 1658 and expended as a fireship in 1666.
 * HMS Fox (1690) was an 8-gun fireship launched in 1690 and expended in 1692 at La Hougue.
 * HMS Fox (1699) was a 6-gun sloop launched in 1699 and wrecked later that year.
 * HMS Fox (1705) was a 24-gun sixth rate captured in 1705 and wrecked the following year.
 * HMS Fox was a 24-gun sixth rate launched in 1702 as HMS Nightingale (1702). She was captured by the French in 1707, was recaptured later that year and renamed HMS Fox, rebuilt in 1727 and broken up in 1737.
 * HMS Fox (1740) was a 20-gun sixth rate launched in 1740 and foundered in 1745.
 * HMS Fox (1746) was a 24-gun sixth rate launched in 1746 and foundered in a hurricane in 1751.
 * HMS Fox (1766) was an 8-gun ketch launched in 1766, and still in the records in 1772.
 * HMS Fox (1773) was a 28-gun sixth rate launched in 1773, captured by the Americans in 1777, recaptured a month later, then captured by the French in 1778. She ran aground in March 1779 on Pointe St Jacques on Rhuys Peninsula and could not be refloated.
 * HMS Fox (1780) was a 32-gun fifth rate launched in 1780 and broken up in 1816.
 * HM hired armed cutter HIRED ARMED CUTTER Fox, of twelve 9-pounder guns, was hired on 27 March 1793 and sunk in action at the Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797).
 * HMS Fox (1799) was a 14-gun schooner purchased in 1799 and wrecked later that year off Dog Island, Apalachee Bay, Florida. There were no lives lost despite the fact that the crew had to wait for 33 days with little food and water before they were rescued.
 * HMS Fox (1829) was a 46-gun fifth rate launched in 1829, converted to a screw frigate in 1856, and broken up in 1882.
 * HMS Fox (1893) was an Astraea-class cruiser second class cruiser launched in 1893 and sold in 1920.
 * HMS Fox (A320) was a survey vessel launched in 1967 and sold in 1989.

Shore establishments

 * HMS Fox (shore establishment) was the Navy's base at Lerwick, Shetland between 1939 and 1945.
 * HMS Fox II was the Coastal Forces Base at Lerwick between 1942 and 1944.

Battle honours
Ships named Fox have earned the following battle honours:
 * Gabbard, 1653
 * Orfordness, 1666
 * Barfleur, 1692
 * Genoa, 1795
 * St Vincent, 1797
 * Egypt, 1801
 * Burma, 1852-3

title: HMS Fox


text:
Orders of magnitude (numbers)

This list contains selected positive numbers in increasing order, including counts of things, dimensionless quantities and probabilities. Each number is given a name in the short scale, which is used in English-speaking countries, as well as a name in the long scale, which is used in some of the countries that do not have English as their national language.

Smaller than (one googolth)

 * Mathematics – random selections: Approximately is a rough first estimate of the probability that a typing "monkey", or an English-illiterate typing robot, when placed in front of a typewriter, will type out William Shakespeare's play Hamlet as its first set of inputs, on the precondition it typed the needed number of characters.  However, demanding correct punctuation, capitalization, and spacing, the probability falls to around 10−360,783.
 * Computing: 2.2 is approximately equal to the smallest non-zero value that can be represented by an octuple-precision IEEE floating-point value.
 * 1 is equal to the smallest non-zero value that can be represented by a quadruple-precision IEEE decimal floating-point value.
 * 6.5 is approximately equal to the smallest non-zero value that can be represented by a quadruple-precision IEEE floating-point value.
 * 3.6 is approximately equal to the smallest non-zero value that can be represented by an 80-bit x86 double-extended IEEE floating-point value.
 * 1 is equal to the smallest non-zero value that can be represented by a double-precision IEEE decimal floating-point value.
 * 4.9 is approximately equal to the smallest non-zero value that can be represented by a double-precision IEEE floating-point value.
 * 1.5 is approximately equal to the probability that in a randomly selected group of 365 people, all of them will have different birthdays.
 * 1 is equal to the smallest non-zero value that can be represented by a single-precision IEEE decimal floating-point value.

10−100 to 10−30

 * Mathematics: The chances of shuffling a standard 52-card deck in any specific order is around 1.24 (or exactly $1/52!$)
 * Computing: The number 1.4 is approximately equal to the smallest positive non-zero value that can be represented by a single-precision IEEE floating-point value.

10−30
(0.000 000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  001; 1000−10; short scale: one nonillionth; long scale: one quintillionth)

ISO: quecto- (q)

 * Mathematics: The probability in a game of bridge of all four players getting a complete suit each is approximately $4.47$.

10−27
(0.000 000  000  000  000  000  000  000  001; 1000−9; short scale: one octillionth; long scale: one quadrilliardth)

ISO: ronto- (r)

10−24
(0.000 000  000  000  000  000  000  001; 1000−8; short scale: one septillionth; long scale: one quadrillionth)

ISO: yocto- (y)

10−21
(0.000 000  000  000  000  000  001; 1000−7; short scale: one sextillionth; long scale: one trilliardth)

ISO: zepto- (z)
 * Mathematics: The probability of matching 20 numbers for 20 in a game of keno is approximately 2.83 × 10−19.
 * Mathematics: The odds of a perfect bracket in the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament are 1 in 263, approximately 1.08 × 10−19, if coin flips are used to predict the winners of the 63 matches.

10−18
(0.000 000  000  000  000  001; 1000−6; short scale: one quintillionth; long scale: one trillionth)

ISO: atto- (a)
 * Mathematics: The probability of rolling snake eyes 10 times in a row on a pair of fair dice is about $2.74$.

10−15
(0.000 000  000  000  001; 1000−5; short scale: one quadrillionth; long scale: one billiardth)

ISO: femto- (f)
 * Mathematics: The Ramanujan constant, $$e^{\pi\sqrt{163}} = 262\,537\,412\,640\,768\,743.999\,999\,999\,999\,25\ldots,$$ is an almost integer, differing from the nearest integer by approximately $7.5$.

10−12
(0.000 000  000  001; 1000−4; short scale: one trillionth; long scale: one billionth)

ISO: pico- (p)
 * Mathematics: The probability in a game of bridge of one player getting a complete suit is approximately $2.52$ (0.000 000  002  52%).
 * Biology: Human visual sensitivity to 1000 nm light is approximately $1$ of its peak sensitivity at 555 nm.

10−9
(0.000 000  001; 1000−3; short scale: one billionth; long scale: one milliardth)

ISO: nano- (n)
 * Mathematics – Lottery: The odds of winning the Grand Prize (matching all 6 numbers) in the US Powerball lottery, with a single ticket, under the rules, are 292,201,338 to 1 against, for a probability of $3.422$ (0.000 000  342  2%).
 * Mathematics – Lottery: The odds of winning the Grand Prize (matching all 6 numbers) in the Australian Powerball lottery, with a single ticket, under the rules, are 134,490,400 to 1 against, for a probability of $7.435$ (0.000 000  743  5%).
 * Mathematics – Lottery: The odds of winning the Jackpot (matching the 6 main numbers) in the UK National Lottery, with a single ticket, under the rules, are 13,983,815 to 1 against, for a probability of $7.151$ (0.000 007  151%).

10−6
(0.000 001; 1000−2; long and short scales: one millionth)

ISO: micro- (μ)
 * Mathematics – Poker: The odds of being dealt a royal flush in poker are 649,739 to 1 against, for a probability of 1.5 (0.000 15%).
 * Mathematics – Poker: The odds of being dealt a straight flush (other than a royal flush) in poker are 72,192 to 1 against, for a probability of 1.4 (0.0014%).
 * Mathematics – Poker: The odds of being dealt a four of a kind in poker are 4,164 to 1 against, for a probability of 2.4 (0.024%).

10−3
(0.001; 1000−1; one thousandth)

ISO: milli- (m)
 * Mathematics – Poker: The odds of being dealt a full house in poker are 693 to 1 against, for a probability of 1.4 × 10−3 (0.14%).
 * Mathematics – Poker: The odds of being dealt a flush in poker are 507.8 to 1 against, for a probability of 1.9 × 10−3 (0.19%).
 * Mathematics – Poker: The odds of being dealt a straight in poker are 253.8 to 1 against, for a probability of 4 × 10−3 (0.39%).
 * Physics: α = $0.007$, the fine-structure constant.

10−2
(0.01; one hundredth)

ISO: centi- (c)
 * Mathematics – Lottery: The odds of winning any prize in the UK National Lottery, with a single ticket, under the rules as of 2003, are 54 to 1 against, for a probability of about 0.018 (1.8%).
 * Mathematics – Poker: The odds of being dealt a three of a kind in poker are 46 to 1 against, for a probability of 0.021 (2.1%).
 * Mathematics – Lottery: The odds of winning any prize in the Powerball, with a single ticket, under the rules as of 2015, are 24.87 to 1 against, for a probability of 0.0402 (4.02%).
 * Mathematics – Poker: The odds of being dealt two pair in poker are 21 to 1 against, for a probability of 0.048 (4.8%).

10−1
(0.1; one tenth)

ISO: deci- (d)
 * Legal history: 10% was widespread as the tax raised for income or produce in the ancient and medieval period; see tithe.
 * Mathematics – Poker: The odds of being dealt only one pair in poker are about 5 to 2 against (2.37 to 1), for a probability of 0.42 (42%).
 * Mathematics – Poker: The odds of being dealt no pair in poker are nearly 1 to 2, for a probability of about 0.5 (50%).

100
(1; 1|one)
 * Demography: The population of Monowi, an incorporated village in Nebraska, United States, was one in 2010.
 * Religion: One is the number of gods in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (monotheistic religions).
 * Computing – Unicode: One character is assigned to the Lisu Supplement Unicode block, the fewest of any public-use Unicode block as of Unicode 15.0 (2022).
 * Mathematics: $\sqrt{2}$ ≈ 1.414 213  562  373  095  049, the ratio of the diagonal of a square to its side length.
 * Mathematics: φ ≈ 1.618 033  988  749  894  848, the golden ratio.
 * Mathematics: $\sqrt{3}$ ≈ 1.732 050  807  568  877  293, the ratio of the diagonal of a unit cube.
 * Mathematics: the number system understood by most computers, the binary system, uses 2 digits: 0 and 1.
 * Mathematics: $\sqrt{5}$ ≈ 2.236 067 9775, the correspondent to the diagonal of a rectangle whose side lengths are 1 and 2.
 * Mathematics: $\sqrt{2}$ + 1 ≈ 2.414 213  562  373  095  049, the silver ratio; the ratio of the smaller of the two quantities to the larger quantity is the same as the ratio of the larger quantity to the sum of the smaller quantity and twice the larger quantity.
 * Mathematics: e ≈ 2.718 281  828  459  045  087, the base of the natural logarithm.
 * Mathematics: the number system understood by ternary computers, the ternary system, uses 3 digits: 0, 1, and 2.
 * Religion: three manifestations of God in the Christian Trinity.
 * Mathematics: π ≈ 3.141 592  653  589  793  238, the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter.
 * Religion: the Four Noble Truths in Buddhism.
 * Biology: 7 ± 2, in cognitive science, George A. Miller's estimate of the number of objects that can be simultaneously held in human working memory.
 * Music: 7 notes in a major or minor scale.
 * Astronomy: 8 planets in the Solar System.
 * Religion: the Noble Eightfold Path in Buddhism.
 * Literature: 9 circles of Hell in the Inferno by Dante Alighieri.

101
(10; ten)

ISO: deca- (da)
 * Demography: The population of Pesnopoy, a village in Bulgaria, was 10 in 2007.
 * Human scale: There are 10 digits on a pair of human hands, and 10 toes on a pair of human feet.
 * Mathematics: The number system used in everyday life, the decimal system, has 10 digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
 * Religion: the Ten Commandments in the Abrahamic religions.
 * Music: The number of notes (12) in a chromatic scale.
 * Astrology: There are 12 zodiac signs, each one representing part of the annual path of the sun's movement across the night sky.
 * Computing – Microsoft Windows: Twelve successive consumer versions of Windows NT have been released as of December 2021.
 * Music: The number (15) of completed, numbered string quartets by each of Ludwig van Beethoven and Dmitri Shostakovich.
 * Linguistics: The Finnish language has fifteen noun cases.
 * Mathematics: The hexadecimal system, a common number system used in computer programming, uses 16 digits where the last 6 are usually represented by letters: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F.
 * Computing – Unicode: The minimum possible size of a Unicode block is 16 contiguous code points (i.e., U+abcde0 - U+abcdeF).
 * Computing – UTF-16/Unicode: There are 17 addressable planes in UTF-16, and, thus, as Unicode is limited to the UTF-16 code space, 17 valid planes in Unicode.
 * Science fiction: The 23 enigma plays a prominent role in the plot of The Illuminatus! Trilogy by Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson.
 * Mathematics: e$π$ ≈ 23.140692633
 * Music: a combined total of 24 major and minor keys, also the number of works in some musical cycles of J. S. Bach, Frédéric Chopin, Alexander Scriabin, and Dmitri Shostakovich.
 * Alphabetic writing: There are 26 letters in the Latin-derived English alphabet (excluding letters found only in foreign loanwords).
 * Science fiction: The number 42, in  by Douglas Adams, is the Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything which is calculated by an enormous supercomputer over a period of 7.5 million years.
 * Biology: Each human cell contains 46 chromosomes.
 * Phonology: There are 47 phonemes in English phonology in Received Pronunciation.
 * Syllabic writing: There are 49 letters in each of the two kana syllabaries (hiragana and katakana) used to represent Japanese (not counting letters representing sound patterns that have never occurred in Japanese).
 * Chess: Either player in a chess game can claim a draw if 50 consecutive moves are made by each side without any captures or pawn moves.
 * Demography: The population of Nassau Island, part of the Cook Islands, was around 78 in 2016.
 * Syllabic writing: There are 85 letters in the modern version of the Cherokee syllabary.
 * Music: There are 88 keys on a grand piano.
 * Computing – ASCII: There are 95 printable characters in the ASCII character set.

102
(100; hundred)

ISO: hecto- (h)
 * European history: Groupings of 100 homesteads were a common administrative unit in Northern Europe and Great Britain (see Hundred (county division)).
 * Music: There are 104 numbered symphonies of Franz Josef Haydn.
 * Religion: 108 is a sacred number in Hinduism.
 * Chemistry: 118 chemical elements have been discovered or synthesized as of 2016.
 * Computing – ASCII: There are 128 characters in the ASCII character set, including nonprintable control characters.
 * Videogames: There are 151 Pokémon in the first generation.
 * Phonology: The Taa language is estimated to have between 130 and 164 distinct phonemes.
 * Political Science: There were 193 member states of the United Nations as of 2011.
 * Computing: A GIF image (or an 8-bit image) supports maximum 256 (=28) colors.
 * Computing – Unicode: There are 327 different Unicode blocks as of Unicode 15.0 (2022).
 * Aviation: 583 people died in the 1977 Tenerife airport disaster, the deadliest accident not caused by deliberate terrorist action in the history of civil aviation.
 * Music: The largest number (626) in the Köchel catalogue of works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
 * Demography: Vatican City, the least populous independent country, has an approximate population of 800 as of 2018.

103
(1 000; thousand)

ISO: kilo- (k)
 * Demography: The population of Ascension Island is 1,122.
 * Music: 1,128: number of known extant works by Johann Sebastian Bach recognized in the Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis as of 2017.
 * Typesetting: 2,000–3,000 letters on a typical typed page of text.
 * Mathematics: 2,520 (5×7×8×9 or 23×32×5×7) is the least common multiple of every positive integer under (and including) 10.
 * Terrorism: 2,996 persons (including 19 terrorists) died in the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.
 * Biology: the DNA of the simplest viruses has 3,000 base pairs.
 * Military history: 4,200 (Republic) or 5,200 (Empire) was the standard size of a Roman legion.
 * Linguistics: Estimates for the linguistic diversity of living human languages or dialects range between 5,000 and 10,000. (SIL Ethnologue in 2009 listed 6,909 known living languages.)
 * Astronomy – Catalogues: There are 7,840 deep-sky objects in the NGC Catalogue from 1888.
 * Lexicography: 8,674 unique words in the Hebrew Bible.

104
(10 000; ten thousand or a myriad)
 * Biology: Each neuron in the human brain is estimated to connect to 10,000 others.
 * Demography: The population of Tuvalu was 10,544 in 2007.
 * Lexicography: 14,500 unique English words occur in the King James Version of the Bible.
 * Zoology: There are approximately 17,500 distinct butterfly species known.
 * Language: There are 20,000–40,000 distinct Chinese characters in more than occasional use.
 * Biology: Each human being is estimated to have 20,000 coding genes.
 * Grammar: Each regular verb in Cherokee can have 21,262 inflected forms.
 * War: 22,717 Union and Confederate soldiers were killed, wounded, or missing in the Battle of Antietam, the bloodiest single day of battle in American history.
 * Computing – Unicode: 42,720 characters are encoded in CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B, the most of any single public-use Unicode block as of Unicode 15.0 (2022).
 * Aviation:, 44,000+ airframes have been built of the Cessna 172, the most-produced aircraft in history.
 * Computing - Fonts: The maximum possible number of glyphs in a TrueType or OpenType font is 65,535 (216-1), the largest number representable by the 16-bit unsigned integer used to record the total number of glyphs in the font.
 * Computing – Unicode: A plane contains 65,536 (216) code points; this is also the maximum size of a Unicode block, and the total number of code points available in the obsolete UCS-2 encoding.
 * Mathematics: 65,537 is the largest known Fermat prime.
 * Memory:, the largest number of decimal places of π that have been recited from memory is 70,030.

105
(100 000; one hundred thousand or a lakh).
 * Demography: The population of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines was 100,982 in 2009.
 * Biology – Strands of hair on a head: The average human head has about 100,000–150,000 strands of hair.
 * Literature: approximately 100,000 verses (shlokas) in the Mahabharata.
 * Computing – Unicode: 149,186 characters (including control characters) encoded in Unicode as of version 15.0 (2022).
 * Language: 267,000 words in James Joyce's Ulysses.
 * Computing – Unicode: 293,168 code points assigned to a Unicode block as of Unicode 15.0.
 * Genocide: 300,000 people killed in the Rape of Nanking.
 * Language – English words: The New Oxford Dictionary of English contains about 360,000 definitions for English words.
 * Mathematics: 360,000 – The approximate number of entries in The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences.
 * Biology – Plants: There are approximately 390,000 distinct plant species known, of which approximately 20% (or 78,000) are at risk of extinction.
 * Biology – Flowers: There are approximately 400,000 distinct flower species on Earth.
 * Literature: 564,000 words in War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy.
 * Literature: 930,000 words in the King James Version of the Bible.
 * Mathematics: There are 933,120 possible combinations on the Pyraminx.
 * Computing – Unicode: There are 974,530 publicly-assignable code points (i.e., not surrogates, private-use code points, or noncharacters) in Unicode.

106
(1 000  000; 10002; long and short scales: one million)

ISO: mega- (M)
 * Demography: The population of Riga, Latvia was 1,003,949 in 2004, according to Eurostat.
 * Computing – UTF-8: There are 1,112,064 (220 + 216 - 211) valid UTF-8 sequences (excluding overlong sequences and sequences corresponding to code points used for UTF-16 surrogates or code points beyond U+10FFFF).
 * Computing – UTF-16/Unicode: There are 1,114,112 (220 + 216) distinct values encodable in UTF-16, and, thus (as Unicode is currently limited to the UTF-16 code space), 1,114,112 valid code points in Unicode (1,112,064 scalar values and 2,048 surrogates).
 * Ludology – Number of games: Approximately 1,181,019 video games have been created as of 2019.
 * Biology – Species: The World Resources Institute claims that approximately 1.4 million species have been named, out of an unknown number of total species (estimates range between 2 and 100 million species). Some scientists give 8.8 million species as an exact figure.
 * Genocide: Approximately 800,000–1,500,000 (1.5 million) Armenians were killed in the Armenian genocide.
 * Linguistics: The number of possible conjugations for each verb in the Archi language is 1,502,839.
 * Info: The freedb database of CD track listings has around 1,750,000 entries.
 * Computing – UTF-8: 2,164,864 (221 + 216 + 211 + 27) possible one- to four-byte UTF-8 sequences, if the restrictions on overlong sequences, surrogate code points, and code points beyond U+10FFFF are not adhered to. (Note that not all of these correspond to unique code points.)
 * Mathematics – Playing cards: There are 2,598,960 different 5-card poker hands that can be dealt from a standard 52-card deck.
 * Mathematics: There are 3,149,280 possible positions for the Skewb.
 * Mathematics – Rubik's Cube: 3,674,160 is the number of combinations for the Pocket Cube (2×2×2 Rubik's Cube).
 * Geography/Computing – Geographic places: The NIMA GEOnet Names Server contains approximately 3.88 million named geographic features outside the United States, with 5.34 million names. The USGS Geographic Names Information System claims to have almost 2 million physical and cultural geographic features within the United States.
 * Computing - Supercomputer hardware: 4,981,760 processor cores in the final configuration of the Tianhe-2 supercomputer.
 * Genocide: Approximately 5,100,000–6,200,000 Jews were killed in the Holocaust.
 * Info – Web sites: As of July 29, 2024, the English Wikipedia contains approximately million articles in the English language.

107
(10 000  000; a crore; long and short scales: ten million)
 * Demography: The population of Haiti was 10,085,214 in 2010.
 * Literature: 11,206,310 words in Devta by Mohiuddin Nawab, the longest continuously published story known in the history of literature.
 * Genocide: An estimated 12 million persons shipped from Africa to the New World in the Atlantic slave trade.
 * Mathematics: 12,988,816 is the number of domino tilings of an 8×8 checkerboard.
 * Genocide/Famine: 15 million is an estimated lower bound for the death toll of the 1959–1961 Great Chinese Famine, the deadliest known famine in human history.
 * War: 15 to 22 million casualties estimated as a result of World War I.
 * Computing: 16,777,216 different colors can be generated using the hex code system in HTML (note that the trichromatic color vision of the human eye can only distinguish between about an estimated 1,000,000 different colors).
 * Science Fiction: In Isaac Asimov's Galactic Empire, in 22,500 CE, there are 25,000,000 different inhabited planets in the Galactic Empire, all inhabited by humans in Asimov's "human galaxy" scenario.
 * Genocide/Famine: 55 million is an estimated upper bound for the death toll of the Great Chinese Famine.
 * Literature: Wikipedia contains a total of around articles in  languages as of July 2024.
 * War: 70 to 85 million casualties estimated as a result of World War II.
 * Mathematics: 73,939,133 is the largest right-truncatable prime.

108
(100 000  000; long and short scales: one hundred million)
 * Demography: The population of the Philippines was 100,981,437 in 2015.
 * Internet – YouTube: The number of YouTube channels is estimated to be 113.9 million.
 * Info – Books: The British Library holds over 150 million items. The Library of Congress holds approximately 148 million items. See The Gutenberg Galaxy.
 * Video gaming:, approximately 200 million copies of Minecraft (the most-sold video game in history) have been sold.
 * Mathematics: More than 215,000,000 mathematical constants are collected on the Plouffe's Inverter.
 * Mathematics: 275,305,224 is the number of 5×5 normal magic squares, not counting rotations and reflections. This result was found in 1973 by Richard Schroeppel.
 * Demography: The population of the United States was 328,239,523 in 2019.
 * Mathematics: 358,833,097 stellations of the rhombic triacontahedron.
 * Info – Web sites:, the Netcraft web survey estimates that there are 525,998,433 (526 million) distinct websites.
 * Astronomy – Cataloged stars: The Guide Star Catalog II has entries on 998,402,801 distinct astronomical objects.

109
(1 000  000  000; 10003; short scale: one billion; long scale: one thousand million, or one milliard)

ISO: giga- (G)
 * Transportation – Cars:, there are approximately 1.4 billion cars in the world, corresponding to around 18% of the human population.
 * Demographics – China: 1,409,670,000 – approximate population of the People's Republic of China in 2023.
 * Demographics – India 1,428,627,663 – approximate population of India in 2023.
 * Demographics – Africa: The population of Africa reached 1,430,000,000 sometime in 2023.
 * Internet – Google: There are more than 1,500,000,000 active Gmail users globally.
 * Internet: Approximately 1,500,000,000 active users were on Facebook as of October 2015.
 * Computing – Computational limit of a 32-bit CPU: 2,147,483,647 is equal to 231−1, and as such is the largest number which can fit into a signed (two's complement) 32-bit integer on a computer.
 * Computing – UTF-8: 2,147,483,648 (231) possible code points (U+0000 - U+7FFFFFFF) in the pre-2003 version of UTF-8 (including five- and six-byte sequences), before the UTF-8 code space was limited to the much smaller set of values encodable in UTF-16.
 * Biology – base pairs in the genome: approximately 3.3 base pairs in the human genome.
 * Linguistics: 3,400,000,000 – the total number of speakers of Indo-European languages, of which 2,400,000,000 are native speakers; the other 1,000,000,000 speak Indo-European languages as a second language.
 * Mathematics and computing: 4,294,967,295 (232 − 1), the product of the five known Fermat primes and the maximum value for a 32-bit unsigned integer in computing.
 * Computing – IPv4: 4,294,967,296 (232) possible unique IP addresses.
 * Computing: 4,294,967,296 – the number of bytes in 4 gibibytes; in computation, 32-bit computers can directly access 232 units (bytes) of address space, which leads directly to the 4-gigabyte limit on main memory.
 * Mathematics: 4,294,967,297 is a Fermat number and semiprime. It is the smallest number of the form $$2^{2^n}+1$$ which is not a prime number.
 * Demographics – world population: 8,019,876,189 – Estimated population for the world as of 1 January 2024.

1010
(10 000  000  000;   short scale: ten billion; long scale: ten thousand million, or ten milliard)
 * Biology – bacteria in the human body: There are roughly 1010 bacteria in the human mouth.
 * Computing – web pages: approximately 5.6 web pages indexed by Google as of 2010.

1011
(100 000  000  000;  short scale: one hundred billion; long scale: hundred thousand million, or hundred milliard)

 * Astronomy: There are 100 billion planets located in the Milky Way.
 * Biology – Neurons in the brain: approximately (1±0.2) × 1011 neurons in the human brain.
 * Medicine: The United States Food and Drug Administration requires a minimum of 3 x 1011 (300 billion) platelets per apheresis unit.
 * Paleodemography – Number of humans that have ever lived: approximately (1.2±0.3) × 1011 live births of anatomically modern humans since the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic.
 * Astronomy – stars in our galaxy: of the order of 1011 stars in the Milky Way galaxy.
 * Mathematics: 608,981,813,029 is the smallest number for which there are more primes of the form 3k + 1 than of the form 3k + 2 up to the number.

1012
(1 000  000  000  000; 10004; short scale: one trillion; long scale: one billion)

ISO: tera- (T) 3 \uparrow\uparrow 3 $$ and $$ 3 \uparrow\uparrow\uparrow 2 $$.
 * Astronomy: Andromeda Galaxy, which is part of the same Local Group as our galaxy, contains about 1012 stars.
 * Biology – Bacteria on the human body: The surface of the human body houses roughly 1012 bacteria.
 * Astronomy – Galaxies: A 2016 estimate says there are 2 × 1012 galaxies in the observable universe.
 * Biology – Blood cells in the human body: The average human body has 2.5 × 1012 red blood cells.
 * Biology: An estimate says there were 3.04 × 1012 trees on Earth in 2015.
 * Marine biology: 3,500,000,000,000 (3.5 × 1012) – estimated population of fish in the ocean.
 * Mathematics: 7,625,597,484,987 – a number that often appears when dealing with powers of 3. It can be expressed as $$19683^3$$, $$27^9$$, $$3^{27}$$, $$3^{3^3}$$ and 33 or when using Knuth's up-arrow notation it can be expressed as $$
 * Astronomy: A light-year, as defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), is the distance that light travels in a vacuum in one year, which is equivalent to about 9.46 trillion kilometers ($9.46 km$).
 * Mathematics: 1013 – The approximate number of known non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function.
 * Mathematics – Known digits of π:, the number of known digits of π is 31,415,926,535,897 (the integer part of π).
 * Biology – approximately 1014 synapses in the human brain.
 * Biology – Cells in the human body: The human body consists of roughly 1014 cells, of which only 1013 are human. The remaining 90% non-human cells (though much smaller and constituting much less mass) are bacteria, which mostly reside in the gastrointestinal tract, although the skin is also covered in bacteria.
 * Mathematics: The first case of exactly 18 prime numbers between multiples of 100 is 122,853,771,370,900 + n, for n = 1, 3, 7, 19, 21, 27, 31, 33, 37, 49, 51, 61, 69, 73, 87, 91, 97, 99.
 * Cryptography: 150,738,274,937,250 configurations of the plug-board of the Enigma machine used by the Germans in WW2 to encode and decode messages by cipher.
 * Computing – MAC-48: 281,474,976,710,656 (248) possible unique physical addresses.
 * Mathematics: 953,467,954,114,363 is the largest known Motzkin prime.

1015
(1 000  000  000  000  000; 10005; short scale: one quadrillion; long scale: one thousand billion, or one billiard)

ISO: peta- (P)
 * Biology – Insects: 1,000,000,000,000,000 to 10,000,000,000,000,000 (1015 to 1016) – The estimated total number of ants on Earth alive at any one time (their biomass is approximately equal to the total biomass of the human species).
 * Computing: 9,007,199,254,740,992 (253) – number until which all integer values can exactly be represented in IEEE double precision floating-point format.
 * Mathematics: 48,988,659,276,962,496 is the fifth taxicab number.
 * Science Fiction: In Isaac Asimov's Galactic Empire, in what we call 22,500 CE, there are 25,000,000 different inhabited planets in the Galactic Empire, all inhabited by humans in Asimov's "human galaxy" scenario, each with an average population of 2,000,000,000, thus yielding a total Galactic Empire population of approximately 50,000,000,000,000,000.
 * Science Fiction: There are approximately 1017 sentient beings in the Star Wars galaxy.
 * Cryptography: There are 256 = 72,057,594,037,927,936 different possible keys in the obsolete 56-bit DES symmetric cipher.

1018
(1 000  000  000  000  000  000; 10006; short scale: one quintillion; long scale: one trillion)

ISO: exa- (E)
 * Mathematics: The first case of exactly 19 prime numbers between multiples of 100 is 1,468,867,005,116,420,800 + n, for n = 1, 3, 7, 9, 21, 31, 37, 39, 43, 49, 51, 63, 67, 69, 73, 79, 81, 87, 93.
 * Mathematics: Goldbach's conjecture has been verified for all n ≤ 4 by a project which computed all prime numbers up to that limit.
 * Computing – Manufacturing: An estimated 6 transistors were produced worldwide in 2008.
 * Computing – Computational limit of a 64-bit CPU: 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 (about 9.22) is equal to 263−1, and as such is the largest number which can fit into a signed (two's complement) 64-bit integer on a computer.
 * Mathematics – NCAA basketball tournament: There are 9,223,372,036,854,775,808 (263) possible ways to enter the bracket.
 * Mathematics – Bases: 9,439,829,801,208,141,318 (≈9.44) is the 10th and (by conjecture) largest number with more than one digit that can be written from base 2 to base 18 using only the digits 0 to 9, meaning the digits for 10 to 17 are not needed in bases greater than 10.
 * Biology – Insects: It has been estimated that the insect population of the Earth is about 1019.
 * Mathematics – Answer to the wheat and chessboard problem: When doubling the grains of wheat on each successive square of a chessboard, beginning with one grain of wheat on the first square, the final number of grains of wheat on all 64 squares of the chessboard when added up is 264−1 = 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 (≈1.84).
 * Mathematics – Legends: The Tower of Brahma legend tells about a Hindu temple containing a large room with three posts, on one of which are 64 golden discs, and the object of the mathematical game is for the Brahmins in this temple to move all of the discs to another pole so that they are in the same order, never placing a larger disc above a smaller disc, moving only one at a time. Using the simplest algorithm for moving the disks, it would take 264−1 = 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 (≈1.84) turns to complete the task (the same number as the wheat and chessboard problem above).
 * Computing – IPv6: 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 (264; ≈1.84) possible unique /64 subnetworks.
 * Mathematics – Rubik's Cube: There are 43,252,003,274,489,856,000 (≈4.33) different positions of a 3×3×3 Rubik's Cube.
 * Password strength: Usage of the 95-character set found on standard computer keyboards for a 10-character password yields a computationally intractable 59,873,693,923,837,890,625 (9510, approximately 5.99) permutations.
 * Economics: Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe estimated in February 2009 by some economists at 10 sextillion percent, or a factor of 1020.

1021
(1 000  000  000  000  000  000  000; 10007; short scale: one sextillion; long scale: one thousand trillion, or one trilliard)

ISO: zetta- (Z)
 * Geo – Grains of sand: All the world's beaches combined have been estimated to hold roughly 1021 grains of sand.
 * Computing – Manufacturing: Intel predicted that there would be 1.2 transistors in the world by 2015 and Forbes estimated that 2.9 transistors had been shipped up to 2014.
 * Mathematics – Sudoku: There are 6,670,903,752,021,072,936,960 (≈6.7) 9×9 sudoku grids.
 * Mathematics: The first case of exactly 20 prime numbers between multiples of 100 is 20,386,095,164,137,273,086,400 + n, for n = 1, 3, 7, 9, 13, 19, 21, 31, 33, 37, 49, 57, 63, 73, 79, 87, 91, 93, 97, 99.
 * Astronomy – Stars: 70 sextillion = 7, the estimated number of stars within range of telescopes (as of 2003).
 * Astronomy – Stars: in the range of 1023 to 1024 stars in the observable universe.
 * Mathematics: 146,361,946,186,458,562,560,000 (≈1.5) is the fifth unitary perfect number.
 * Mathematics: 357,686,312,646,216,567,629,137 (≈3.6) is the largest left-truncatable prime.
 * Chemistry – Physics: The Avogadro constant ($6.022$) is the number of constituents (e.g. atoms or molecules) in one mole of a substance, defined for convenience as expressing the order of magnitude separating the molecular from the macroscopic scale.

1024
(1 000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000; 10008; short scale: one septillion; long scale: one quadrillion)

ISO: yotta- (Y)
 * Mathematics: 2,833,419,889,721,787,128,217,599 (≈2.8) is the fifth Woodall prime.
 * Mathematics: 3,608,528,850,368,400,786,036,725 (≈3.6) is the largest polydivisible number.
 * Mathematics: 286 = 77,371,252,455,336,267,181,195,264 is the largest known power of two not containing the digit '0' in its decimal representation.

1027
(1 000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000; 10009; short scale: one octillion; long scale: one thousand quadrillion, or one quadrilliard)

ISO: ronna- (R)

 * Biology – Atoms in the human body: the average human body contains roughly 7 atoms.
 * Mathematics – Poker: the number of unique combinations of hands and shared cards in a 10-player game of Texas hold 'em is approximately 2.117.

1030
(1 000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000; 100010; short scale: one nonillion; long scale: one quintillion)

ISO: quetta- (Q)

 * Biology – Bacterial cells on Earth: The number of bacterial cells on Earth is estimated at 5,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, or 5 × 1030.
 * Mathematics: 5,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,027 is the largest quasi-minimal prime.
 * Mathematics: The number of partitions of 1000 is 24,061,467,864,032,622,473,692,149,727,991.
 * Mathematics: 368 = 278,128,389,443,693,511,257,285,776,231,761 is the largest known power of three not containing the digit '0' in its decimal representation.
 * Mathematics: 2108 = 324,518,553,658,426,726,783,156,020,576,256 is the largest known power of two not containing the digit '9' in its decimal representation.
 * Mathematics: 739 = 909,543,680,129,861,140,820,205,019,889,143 is the largest known power of 7 not containing the digit '7' in its decimal representation.

1033
(1 000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000; 100011; short scale: one decillion; long scale: one thousand quintillion, or one quintilliard)
 * Mathematics – Alexander's Star: There are 72,431,714,252,715,638,411,621,302,272,000,000 (about 7.24) different positions of Alexander's Star.

1036
(1 000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000; 100012; short scale: one undecillion; long scale: one sextillion)
 * Mathematics: 22 7−1 − 1 = 170,141,183,460,469,231,731,687,303,715,884,105,727 (≈1.7) is the largest known double Mersenne prime.
 * Computing: 2128 = 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 (≈3.40282367), the theoretical maximum number of Internet addresses that can be allocated under the IPv6 addressing system, one more than the largest value that can be represented by a single-precision IEEE floating-point value, the total number of different Universally Unique Identifiers (UUIDs) that can be generated.
 * Cryptography: 2128 = 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 (≈3.40282367), the total number of different possible keys in the AES 128-bit key space (symmetric cipher).

1039
(1 000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000; 100013; short scale: one duodecillion; long scale: one thousand sextillion, or one sextilliard)
 * Cosmology: The Eddington–Dirac number is roughly 1040.
 * Mathematics: 97# × 25 × 33 × 5 × 7 = 69,720,375,229,712,477,164,533,808,935,312,303,556,800 (≈6.97) is the least common multiple of every integer from 1 to 100.

1042 to 10100
(1 000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000; 100014; short scale: one tredecillion; long scale: one septillion)
 * Mathematics: 141×2141+1 = 393,050,634,124,102,232,869,567,034,555,427,371,542,904,833 (≈3.93) is the second Cullen prime.
 * Mathematics: There are 7,401,196,841,564,901,869,874,093,974,498,574,336,000,000,000 (≈7.4) possible permutations for the Rubik's Revenge (4×4×4 Rubik's Cube).
 * Chess: 4.52 is a proven upper bound for the number of chess positions allowed according to the rules of chess.
 * Geo: 1.33 is the estimated number of atoms on Earth.
 * Mathematics: 2168 = 374,144,419,156,711,147,060,143,317,175,368,453,031,918,731,001,856 is the largest known power of two which is not pandigital: There is no digit '2' in its decimal representation.
 * Mathematics: 3106 = 375,710,212,613,636,260,325,580,163,599,137,907,799,836,383,538,729 is the largest known power of three which is not pandigital: There is no digit '4'.
 * Mathematics: 808,017,424,794,512,875,886,459,904,961,710,757,005,754,368,000,000,000 (≈8.08) is the order of the monster group.
 * Cryptography: 2192 = 6,277,101,735,386,680,763,835,789,423,207,666,416,102,355,444,464,034,512,896 (6.27710174), the total number of different possible keys in the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 192-bit key space (symmetric cipher).
 * Cosmology: 8 is roughly the number of Planck time intervals since the universe is theorised to have been created in the Big Bang 13.799 ± 0.021 billion years ago.
 * Cosmology: 1 is Archimedes' estimate in The Sand Reckoner of the total number of grains of sand that could fit into the entire cosmos, the diameter of which he estimated in stadia to be what we call 2 light-years.
 * Mathematics – Cards: 52! = 80,658,175,170,943,878,571,660,636,856,403,766,975,289,505,440,883,277,824,000,000,000,000 (≈8.07) – the number of ways to order the cards in a 52-card deck.
 * Mathematics: There are ≈1.01×1068 possible combinations for the Megaminx.
 * Mathematics: 1,808,422,353,177,349,564,546,512,035,512,530,001,279,481,259,854,248,860,454,348,989,451,026,887 (≈1.81) – The largest known prime factor found by Lenstra elliptic-curve factorization (LECF).
 * Mathematics: There are 282,870,942,277,741,856,536,180,333,107,150,328,293,127,731,985,672,134,721,536,000,000,000,000,000 (≈2.83) possible permutations for the Professor's Cube (5×5×5 Rubik's Cube).
 * Cryptography: 2256 = 115,792,089,237,316,195,423,570,985,008,687,907,853,269,984,665,640,564,039,457,584,007,913,129,639,936 (≈1.15792089), the total number of different possible keys in the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 256-bit key space (symmetric cipher).
 * Cosmology: Various sources estimate the total number of fundamental particles in the observable universe to be within the range of 1080 to 1085. However, these estimates are generally regarded as guesswork. (Compare the Eddington number, the estimated total number of protons in the observable universe.)
 * Computing: 9.999 999 is equal to the largest value that can be represented in the IEEE decimal32 floating-point format.
 * Computing: 69! (roughly 1.7112245), is the largest factorial value that can be represented on a calculator with two digits for powers of ten without overflow.
 * Mathematics: One googol, 1, 1 followed by one hundred zeros, or 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000.

10100 (one googol) to 101000
(10 000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000  000; short scale: ten duotrigintillion; long scale: ten thousand sexdecillion, or ten sexdecillard)

 * Mathematics: There are 157 152 858 401 024 063 281 013 959 519 483 771 508 510 790 313 968 742 344 694 684 829 502 629 887 168 573 442 107 637 760 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 (≈1.57) distinguishable permutations of the V-Cube 6 (6×6×6 Rubik's Cube).
 * Chess: Shannon number, 10120, a lower bound of the game-tree complexity of chess.
 * Physics: 10120, discrepancy between the observed value of the cosmological constant and a naive estimate based on Quantum Field Theory and the Planck energy.
 * Physics: 8, ratio of the mass-energy in the observable universe to the energy of a photon with a wavelength the size of the observable universe.
 * Mathematics: 19 568 584 333 460 072 587 245 340 037 736 278 982 017 213 829 337 604 336 734 362 294 738 647 777 395 483 196 097 971 852 999 259 921 329 236 506 842 360 439 300 (≈1.96) is the period of primary pretenders.
 * History – Religion: Asaṃkhyeya is a Buddhist name for the number 10140. It is listed in the Avatamsaka Sutra and metaphorically means "innumerable" in the Sanskrit language of ancient India.
 * Xiangqi: 10150, an estimation of the game-tree complexity of xiangqi.
 * Mathematics: There are 19 500 551 183 731 307 835 329 126 754 019 748 794 904 992 692 043 434 567 152 132 912 323 232 706 135 469 180 065 278 712 755 853 360 682 328 551 719 137 311 299 993 600 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 (≈1.95) distinguishable permutations of the V-Cube 7 (7×7×7 Rubik's Cube).
 * Go: There are 208 168 199 381 979 984 699 478 633 344 862 770 286 522 453 884 530 548 425 639 456 820 927 419 612 738 015 378 525 648 451 698 519 643 907 259 916 015 628 128 546 089 888 314 427 129 715 319 317 557 736 620 397 247 064 840 935 (≈2.08) legal positions in the game of Go. See Go and mathematics.
 * Economics: The annualized rate of the hyperinflation in Hungary in 1946 was estimated to be 2.9%. It was the most extreme case of hyperinflation ever recorded.
 * Board games: 3.457, number of ways to arrange the tiles in English Scrabble on a standard 15-by-15 Scrabble board.
 * Physics: 10186, approximate number of Planck volumes in the observable universe.
 * Shogi: 10226, an estimation of the game-tree complexity of shogi.
 * Physics: 7×10245, approximate spacetime volume of the history of the observable universe in Planck units.
 * Computing: 1.797 693 134 862 315 807 is approximately equal to the largest value that can be represented in the IEEE double precision floating-point format.
 * Computing: (10 – 10−15) is equal to the largest value that can be represented in the IEEE decimal64 floating-point format.
 * Mathematics: 997# × 31# × 7 × 52 × 34 × 27 = 7 128 865 274 665 093 053 166 384 155 714 272 920 668 358 861 885 893 040 452 001 991 154 324 087 581 111 499 476 444 151 913 871 586 911 717 817 019 575 256 512 980 264 067 621 009 251 465 871 004 305 131 072 686 268 143 200 196 609 974 862 745 937 188 343 705 015 434 452 523 739 745 298 963 145 674 982 128 236 956 232 823 794 011 068 809 262 317 708 861 979 540 791 247 754 558 049 326 475 737 829 923 352 751 796 735 248 042 463 638 051 137 034 331 214 781 746 850 878 453 485 678 021 888 075 373 249 921 995 672 056 932 029 099 390 891 687 487 672 697 950 931 603 520 000 (≈7.13) is the	least common multiple of every integer from 1 to 1000.

101000 to 1010 100 (one googolplex)

 * Mathematics: There are approximately 1.869 distinguishable permutations of the world's largest Rubik's Cube (33×33×33).
 * Computing: 1.189 731 495 357 231 765 05 is approximately equal to the largest value that can be represented in the IEEE 80-bit x86 extended precision floating-point format.
 * Computing: 1.189 731 495 357 231 765 085 759 326 628 007 0 is approximately equal to the largest value that can be represented in the IEEE quadruple-precision floating-point format.
 * Computing: (10 – 10−33) is equal to the largest value that can be represented in the IEEE decimal128 floating-point format.
 * Computing: 1010,000 − 1 is equal to the largest value that can be represented in Windows Phone's calculator.
 * Mathematics: 104,8245 + 5104,824 is the largest proven Leyland prime; with 73,269 digits.
 * Mathematics: approximately 7.76 × 10206,544 cattle in the smallest herd which satisfies the conditions of Archimedes's cattle problem.
 * Mathematics: 2,618,163,402,417 × 21,290,000 − 1 is a 388,342-digit Sophie Germain prime; the largest known.
 * Mathematics: 2,996,863,034,895  ×  21,290,000 ± 1 are 388,342-digit twin primes; the largest known.
 * Mathematics: 3,267,113# – 1 is a 1,418,398-digit primorial prime; the largest known.
 * Mathematics – Literature: Jorge Luis Borges' Library of Babel contains at least 251,312,000 ≈ 1.956 × 101,834,097 books (this is a lower bound).
 * Mathematics: 101,888,529 − 10944,264 – 1 is a 1,888,529-digit palindromic prime, the largest known.
 * Mathematics: 4 × 721,119,849 − 1 is the smallest prime of the form 4 × 72n − 1.
 * Mathematics: 422,429! + 1 is a 2,193,027-digit factorial prime; the largest known.
 * Mathematics: (215,135,397 + 1)/3 is a 4,556,209-digit Wagstaff probable prime, the largest known.
 * Mathematics: 1,963,7361,048,576 + 1 is a 6,598,776-digit Generalized Fermat prime, the largest known.
 * Mathematics: (108,177,207 − 1)/9 is a 8,177,207-digit probable prime, the largest known.
 * Mathematics: 10,223 × 231,172,165 + 1 is a 9,383,761-digit Proth prime, the largest known Proth prime and non-Mersenne prime.
 * Mathematics: 282,589,933 − 1 is a 24,862,048-digit Mersenne prime; the largest known prime of any kind.
 * Mathematics: 282,589,932 × (282,589,933 − 1) is a 49,724,095-digit perfect number, the largest known as of 2020.
 * Mathematics – History: 108×10 16, largest named number in Archimedes' Sand Reckoner.
 * Mathematics: 10googol ($$10^{10^{100}}$$), a googolplex. A number 1 followed by 1 googol zeros. Carl Sagan has estimated that 1 googolplex, fully written out, would not fit in the observable universe because of its size, while also noting that one could also write the number as 1010 100.

Larger than 1010 100
(One googolplex; 10googol; short scale: googolplex; long scale: googolplex)
 * Go: There are at least 1010 108 legal games of Go. See Go and mathematics.
 * Mathematics – Literature: The number of different ways in which the books in Jorge Luis Borges' Library of Babel can be arranged is approximately $$10^{10^{1,834,102}}$$, the factorial of the number of books in the Library of Babel.
 * Cosmology: In chaotic inflation theory, proposed by physicist Andrei Linde, our universe is one of many other universes with different physical constants that originated as part of our local section of the multiverse, owing to a vacuum that had not decayed to its ground state. According to Linde and Vanchurin, the total number of these universes is about $$10^{10^{10,000,000}}$$.
 * Mathematics: $$10^{\,\!10^{10^{34}}}$$, order of magnitude of an upper bound that occurred in a proof of Skewes (this was later estimated to be closer to 1.397 × 10316).
 * Cosmology: The estimated number of Planck time units for quantum fluctuations and tunnelling to generate a new Big Bang is estimated to be $$10^{10^{10^{56}}}$$.
 * Mathematics: $$10^{\,\!10^{10^{100}}}$$, a number in the googol family called a googolplexplex, googolplexian, or googolduplex. 1 followed by a googolplex zeros, or 10googolplex
 * Cosmology: The uppermost estimate to the size of the entire universe is approximately $$10^{10^{10^{122}}}$$ times that of the observable universe.
 * Mathematics: $$10^{\,\!10^{10^{963}}}$$, order of magnitude of another upper bound in a proof of Skewes.
 * Mathematics: Steinhaus' mega lies between 10[4]257 and 10[4]258 (where a[n]b is hyperoperation).
 * Mathematics: Moser's number, "2 in a mega-gon" in Steinhaus–Moser notation, is approximately equal to 10[10[4]257]10, the last four digits are ...1056.
 * Mathematics: Graham's number, the last ten digits of which are ...2464195387. Arises as an upper bound solution to a problem in Ramsey theory. Representation in powers of 10 would be impractical (the number of 10s in the power tower $$10^{\,\!10^{10^{...}}}$$ would be virtually indistinguishable from the number itself).
 * Mathematics: TREE(3): appears in relation to a theorem on trees in graph theory. Representation of the number is difficult, but one weak lower bound is  AA(187196)(1), where A(n) is a version of the Ackermann function.
 * Mathematics: SSCG(3): appears in relation to the Robertson–Seymour theorem. Known to be greater than TREE(3).
 * Mathematics: Transcendental integers: a set of numbers defined in 2000 by Harvey Friedman, appears in proof theory.
 * Mathematics: Rayo's number is a large number named after Agustín Rayo which has been claimed to be the largest number to have ever been named. It was originally defined in a "big number duel" at MIT on 26 January 2007.

title: Orders of magnitude (numbers)


text:
Footprint Center

Footprint Center (formerly America West Arena, US Airways Center, Talking Stick Resort Arena and Phoenix Suns Arena) is a multi-purpose arena in Phoenix, Arizona. It opened under the name America West Arena on June 6, 1992, at a cost of $89 million.

It is the home arena of the Phoenix Suns of the National Basketball Association (NBA), the Phoenix Mercury of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) and the former home of the Indoor Football League's Arizona Rattlers. The ECHL's Phoenix RoadRunners also played there from 2005 until they ceased operations at the conclusion of the 2008–2009 season. Additionally, the National Hockey League (NHL)'s Phoenix Coyotes (Arizona Coyotes) played their first 7-plus seasons at the arena following their arrival in Phoenix on July 1, 1996.

Located one block away from Chase Field, home of the Arizona Diamondbacks, the arena is 1 e6sqft in size on an 11 acre site. These two major league sports venues are joined by State Farm Stadium and Desert Diamond Arena in the neighboring Phoenix suburb of Glendale, current home of the Arizona Cardinals and former home of the Arizona Coyotes.

Sports teams and events
Basketball, arena football, concerts, ice shows and other events such as wrestling are held in the arena.

Capacity
The arena seats 17,071 for basketball, 16,210 for ice hockey and indoor football, 17,716 for in-the-round concerts, 12,565 for end stage concerts, and 4,379 for theater events.

Early years
The Coyotes hosted their first regular season home game in Arizona at the arena on October 10, 1996, with a 4–1 win over the San Jose Sharks. They finished the 1996–97 season with a 38–37–7 record to qualify for the Stanley Cup playoffs. That playoff appearance was short-lived, with a Game 7 loss to the Anaheim Ducks in the Western Conference Quarterfinals. Just over seven years later, the team played their last home game within Phoenix city limits with a 5–2 loss to the Minnesota Wild on December 15, 2003.

The arena also hosted the Arizona Sandsharks of the defunct Continental Indoor Soccer League (CISL).

Nickname
Its most common nickname is "The Purple Palace", though during the Rattlers' season it is known as "The Snake Pit".

NBA
The arena's capacity for basketball games was originally 19,023, but it was reduced after the 2002–03 season to 18,422, then again to 18,055 before the 2014–15 season.

The arena has seen its share of memorable basketball moments. In its inaugural season, it hosted three games of the 1993 NBA Finals between the Suns and the Chicago Bulls; it also hosted three games of the 2021 NBA Finals against the Milwaukee Bucks. The Mercury hosted WNBA Finals games in 1998, 2007, 2009, 2014 and 2021. It also played host to the 1995, and the 2009 (and will host the 2027) NBA All-Star Games and the 2000 WNBA All-Star Game.

AFL
The Arizona Rattlers have hosted four ArenaBowl games, with three played at Footprint Center. They won ArenaBowl XI with a 55–33 win over the Iowa Barnstormers on August 25, 1997. They lost in their only championship game appearance at Gila River Arena, a 56–42 ArenaBowl XXIX loss to the Philadelphia Soul on August 26, 2016.

Boxing
Among the notable boxing events held in Phoenix, they include Oscar De La Hoya's early bouts, Michael Carbajal's WBO world Junior Flyweight title against Josue Camacho in 1994 and Julio César Chávez ended his career with a fight at the arena.

Jaime Munguía vs. John Ryder will take place in the arena on January 27, 2024.

Bull riding
In bull riding, the Professional Bull Riders hosted a Built Ford Tough Series (formerly the Bud Light Cup) at the arena between 1999 and 2002. The annual event moved to Glendale in 2004 before it returned to downtown Phoenix in March 2014.

Mixed martial arts
In MMA, the arena has hosted several noteworthy UFC events including UFC on Fox: dos Santos vs. Miocic, UFC Fight Night: Rodríguez vs. Penn, UFC on ESPN: Ngannou vs. Velasquez and UFC 274: Oliveira vs. Gaethje.

Professional wrestling
The arena has also hosted various professional wrestling events, including:
 * SummerSlam (2003)
 * Judgment Day (2006)
 * Cyber Sunday (2008)
 * WWE SmackDown, August 28, 2009
 * WWE Raw, March 29, 2010 (the first Raw since WrestleMania XXVI)
 * Money in the Bank (2012)
 * WWE Raw, June 20, 2016
 * Elimination Chamber (2017)
 * WWE Raw, February 19, 2018
 * WWE SmackDown, February 20, 2018
 * NXT TakeOver: Phoenix and the following Raw and SmackDown events as part of that year's Royal Rumble weekend
 * WWE Raw, September 30, 2019 (served as the season premiere of Raw, with a new logo, new commentary team (Vic Joseph, Jerry Lawler, Dio Maddin), new theme song ("Legendary" by Skillet), and a new stage design)
 * WWE SmackDown, August 20, 2021 (first WWE event the arena hosted since the COVID-19 pandemic, and final SmackDown before that year's SummerSlam took place the next day)
 * WWE SmackDown, July 1, 2022 (final SmackDown before that year's Money in the Bank took place the next day)
 * All Elite Wrestling: Live Dynamite broadcast and Rampage taping, February 22, 2023
 * WWE Raw, March 27, 2023 (final Raw before WrestleMania 39)

Concerts and other events
Frank Sinatra gave one of his last concerts on December 10, 1993, in the arena.

As part of their Keep the Faith Tour, Bon Jovi performed in the arena on March 11, 1993.

Gloria Estefan played here on July 30, 1996, during her "Evolution" World Tour.

Van Halen made a stop in Phoenix on April 1, 1995, as part of their The Balance "Ambulance" Tour.

Shakira performed at the arena on January 31, 2003 during the Tour of the Mongoose. She later brought her Oral Fixation Tour to the arena on August 11, 2006. She returned to the arena on August 26, 2018 for her El Dorado World Tour and November 7, 2024 for her Las Mujeres Ya No Lloran World Tour.

Depeche Mode performed during 3 separate tours at the arena. They were on December 14, 1998 (Singles Tour), August 10, 2001 (Exciter Tour) and August 23, 2009 (Tour of the Universe). Their 2009 show had 7,635 people in attendance and was recorded for the band's live albums project Recording the Universe.

Miley Cyrus performed at the arena for her Bangerz Tour on February 27, 2014.

Ariana Grande performed at the arena on April 6, 2015 as part of The Honeymoon Tour. She kicked off her Dangerous Woman Tour at the arena on February 3, 2017. She later brought her Sweetener World Tour to the arena on May 14, 2019.

Fleetwood Mac performed at the arena on November 28, 2018, during their An Evening with Fleetwood Mac tour. It took place in the hometown of their lead singer Stevie Nicks.

Earlier that month, Twenty One Pilots held a second show there as part of their The Bandito Tour. They returned to the arena for their The Icy Tour on September 16, 2022, and they will come back for their Clancy World Tour on August 30, 2024.

On August 30, 2021, Guns N' Roses held a show as a part of their 2020 Tour.

On October 17, 2021, J.Cole performed at the arena for his The Off-Season Tour.

On February 8, 2022, Tyler, the Creator performed at the Footprint Center for his first show on the Call Me If You Get Lost Tour.

On February 19, 2022, Andrea Bocelli performed at the Footprint Center for his United States Tour.

On March 1, 2022, Satanic Doo-Wop Band Twin Temple, Danish metal band Volbeat, and Swedish metal band Ghost performed at the Footprint Center on the final leg of their US Tour.

On March 20, 2022, Dua Lipa performed a sold out show as part of her Future Nostalgia Tour, with Megan Thee Stallion and Caroline Polachek as her opening acts.

On September 10, 2022, Kendrick Lamar performed at the Footprint Center for The Big Steppers Tour With Baby Keem and Tanna Leone as opening acts on the show.

On September 21, 2022, Michael Bublé performed at the Footprint Center for his Higher Tour.

On December 4, 2022, Trans-Siberian Orchestra performed two shows at the Footprint Center for their 2022 Winter Tour.

The Footprint Center acted as the venue for Opening Night activities for Super Bowl LVII on February 6, 2023.

On February 24, 2024, Olivia Rodrigo performed at the arena as part of her Guts World Tour.

On March 10, 2024, Kanye West and Ty Dolla $ign performed at the Footprint Center as a listening party for their collaborative album Vultures 1.

On June 25, 2024, Melanie Martinez performed at the arena in support of her The Trilogy Tour.

On July 25, 2024, K-pop boy group Ateez will perform at the arena as part of the North American leg of their 2024 Towards the Light : Will to Power Tour. On July 30, 2024, Janet Jackson will perform at the arena as part of her Together Again tour.

On November 13, 2024, Sabrina Carpenter will perform at the arena as part of her Short n' Sweet Tour.

History
Construction began on August 1, 1990, as former Suns owner Jerry Colangelo envisioned a need for a new arena to be built in Phoenix to replace Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum. About 27 months later, Footprint Center was officially inaugurated with the Suns' 1992–1993 season opening 111–105 victory over the Los Angeles Clippers on November 7, 1992. Simultaneously, it also was Charles Barkley's first regular season game as a Sun. Despite the fact that the Suns had lost the 1993 NBA Finals to the Chicago Bulls, a parade was still held and attracted more than 300,000 Suns fans. It made its way through downtown Phoenix and finished at the new arena.

NHL years
When the original Winnipeg Jets publicly announced their intention to relocate to Phoenix for the 1996–97 NHL season, the arena was quickly reconfigured to accommodate ice hockey. Unlike most multipurpose arenas, it was not designed with an ice hockey rink in mind. Its tight seating configuration is suited for basketball, but made it logistically difficult to fit a standard NHL rink onto the floor. The lower level had to be sheared in half to fit the rink and create retractable seating.

As it turned out, the result was completely inadequate for the Coyotes. Three entire sections at one end of the ice hung over the boards. Fans sitting in those sections could not see roughly one-fourth of the ice (including one of the nets) except on the video boards. The problem was so serious that after the team's first season in Phoenix, the team had to curtain off some seats in the areas where the view was particularly obstructed, reducing the arena's listed capacity to 16,210.

The arena added a second video board for an area of particularly obstructed views, and proposed numerous plans to improve sight lines and boost the seating capacity above 17,000, though these did not come to fruition. The Coyotes were forced to sell many obstructed-view tickets at a reduced price. Additionally, an unfavorable lease caused further financial troubles that impacted the team for much of the time it played at the arena. The Coyotes moved into Glendale Arena midway through the 2003–04 NHL season.

Renovations
Footprint Center underwent its second significant renovation in its history. The Phoenix City Council approved the plan on January 23, 2019, involving the arena, with the Phoenix Suns paying up to $80 million alongside any overrun costs. The first renovation, completed in March 2003, had a 16000 sqft air-conditioned glass-enclosed atrium built on the northwest side of the arena. That $67 million project was constructed to keep patrons cool while waiting in line for tickets or spending time inside the building before events. The arena upgrades have been done as part of the Suns' plan to keep it economically competitive after Desert Diamond Arena opened. Former Suns owner Jerry Colangelo originally thought of the renovations after visiting Staples Center in Los Angeles and envisioned a similar entertainment district in Phoenix.

COVID-19 pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic in Arizona forced a pause to the Suns' 2019–20 season and allowed for an early start to the most recent renovations. Up to 80% of all planned work was completed in time for the 2020 preseason home opener, a 112–107 loss to the Los Angeles Lakers on December 16, 2020. The Mercury originally planned to play their 2020 WNBA season home games at Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum, but relocated all of the season's games to the IMG Academy in Bradenton, Florida. The Rattlers had their 2020 IFL season cancelled, but played their first home game of the 2021 season on June 12, 2021, against the Tucson Sugar Skulls. The arena renovations would be fully completed by the end of the Suns' 2021 NBA Finals run.

Use by City Council
Members of the Phoenix City Council were criticized in 2022 for using a suite in Footprint Center to watch games and concerts. The council subsequently voted to consider leasing out the suite.

Naming rights
The original arena naming rights contract was sold in January 1990 to Tempe-based America West Airlines. The venue was known as America West Arena from its opening until 2006.

The previous year, America West purchased rival carrier US Airways. Although America West was the surviving airline, it took the US Airways name as did the venue. This was the second arena that the company owned the naming rights after the now-demolished US Airways Arena (formerly Capital Centre) in Landover, Maryland.

Talking Stick Resort in nearby Scottsdale secured the new naming rights with an official announcement outside the Casino Arizona Pavilion on December 2, 2014.

The name change to Talking Stick Resort Arena was completed in September 2015, in time for the start of the 2015–16 Phoenix Suns season.

After negotiations on a contract extension stalled earlier on in the year due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Arizona, Talking Stick Resort officially announced the naming rights deal expired on November 6, 2020. Until a new agreement was reached, the venue was known as Phoenix Suns Arena; prior to this, it was briefly known as PHX Arena.

On July 16, 2021, it was announced that Gilbert-based materials science company Footprint had secured the arena naming rights, naming it the Footprint Center as part of a long-term partnership with the Suns ownership and the company. The naming change would go into effect by Game 5 of the 2021 NBA Finals for the Suns.

title: Footprint Center


text:
House of Hesse

The House of Hesse is a European dynasty, directly descended from the House of Brabant. They ruled the region of Hesse, one branch as prince-electors until 1866, and another branch as grand dukes until 1918.

History
The origins of the House of Hesse begin with the marriage in 1241 of Sophie of Thuringia (daughter of Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia, and Elizabeth of Hungary) with Henry II, Duke of Brabant, from the House of Reginar. Sophie was the heiress of Hesse, which she passed on to her son, Henry, upon her retention of the territory following her partial victory in the War of the Thuringian Succession, in which she was one of the belligerents.

Originally the western part of the Landgraviate of Thuringia, in the mid 13th century, it was inherited by the younger son of Henry II, Duke of Brabant, and became a distinct political entity. From the late 16th century, it was generally divided into several branches, the most important of which were those of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) and Hesse-Darmstadt.

In the early 19th century, the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel was elevated to Elector of Hesse (1803), while the Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt became the Grand Duke of Hesse (1806), later the Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine. The Electorate of Hesse (Hesse-Kassel) was annexed by Prussia in 1866, while the Grand Duchy of Hesse (Hesse-Darmstadt) remained a sovereign realm until the end of the German monarchies in 1918.

Since 23 May 2013, the head of the house has been Donatus, Landgrave of Hesse. He descends from the Hesse-Kassel branch of the family, which has been the genealogically senior male line since the house's major partition in 1567. He is married to Countess Floria-Franziska of Faber-Castell. They have three children together.

Links

 * Rulers of Hesse
 * Faber-Castell family

Branches
Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, died in 1567. Hesse was then divided between his four sons, thus four main branches arose: Hesse-Kassel, Hesse-Marburg, Hesse-Rheinfels and Hesse-Darmstadt.

 * House of Brabant
 * Hesse (1264–1567)
 * Hesse-Kassel (1567–1866), became Electorate of Hesse in 1803
 * Hesse-Rotenburg (1627–1834)
 * Hesse-Wanfried (1627–1755)
 * Hesse-Rheinfels (1627–1754)
 * Hesse-Eschwege (1632-1657)
 * Hesse-Philippsthal (1685-1866)
 * Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld (1721–1866)
 * Hanau-Schaumburg (1831/1853, morganatic line)
 * Hesse-Marburg (1567, divided in 1604 between Hesse-Darmstadt and Hesse-Kassel)
 * Hesse-Rheinfels (1567, divided in 1583 between Hesse-Darmstadt, Hesse-Kassel and Hesse-Marburg)
 * Hesse-Darmstadt (1567–1918), became Grand Duchy of Hesse in 1806
 * Hesse-Butzbach (1609–1642)
 * Hesse-Braubach (1609–1651)
 * Hesse-Homburg (1622–1866)
 * Hesse-Itter (1661–1676)
 * Battenberg (1858, morganatic line. Mountbatten since 1917)

The Battenberg family are morganatic descendants in the male-line of the House of Hesse, issuing from the marriage of Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine with Countess Julia Hauke who, along with her children and agnatic descendants, were made princes and princesses of Battenberg and Serene Highnesses. The Battenbergs who later settled in England changed that name to Mountbatten after World War I at the behest of George V, who substituted British peerages for their former German princely title. Those descended from the marriage of Alexander of Battenberg, Prince of Bulgaria, contracted with a commoner after the loss of his throne, were granted the title Count von Hartenau.

Hesse-Kassel and its junior lines were annexed by Prussia in 1866. Hesse-Darmstadt became the People's State of Hesse when the monarchy was abolished in 1918. Hesse-Philippsthal died out in the male line in 1925, and Hesse-Darmstadt in 1968. The male-line heirs of Hesse-Kassel and Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld continue to exist to the present day.

title: House of Hesse


text:
Sojourner

A sojourner is a person who resides temporarily in a place.

Sojourner may also refer to:

People

 * Sojourner Truth (1797–1883), abolitionist and women's rights activist
 * Albert Sojourner (1872–1951), member of the Mississippi House of Representatives
 * Melanie Sojourner (born 1968) member of the Mississippi State Senate
 * Mike Sojourner (born 1953), American retired National Basketball League player
 * Willie Sojourner (1943–2005), basketball player and brother of Mike Sojourner

Media

 * Sojourners, a Christian monthly magazine
 * Sojourner, a member of the DC Comics superhero team Hellenders
 * Sojourner (band), a multinational metal band
 * Sojourner (album) a box set by the alternative country band Magnolia Electric Co.
 * "Sojourner", a song by the Smashing Pumpkins from Atum: A Rock Opera in Three Acts, 2023
 * Sojourner (magazine), US feminist magazine published in Cambridge between 1975 and 2002.

Other uses

 * Sojourner (rover), a robotic rover that was part of the Mars Pathfinder mission

title: Sojourner


text:
Strand Bookstore

The Strand Bookstore is an independent bookstore located at 828 Broadway, at the corner of East 12th Street in the East Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, two blocks south of Union Square. In addition to the main location, there is another store on the Upper West Side on Columbus Ave between West 81st and 82nd Streets, as well as kiosks in Central Park and Times Square, and a curated shelf at Moynihan Train Hall. The company's slogan is "18 Miles Of Books," as featured on its stickers, T-shirts, and other merchandise. In 2016, The New York Times called The Strand "the undisputed king of the city’s independent bookstores."

Description
The Strand is a family-owned business with more than 230 employees. Many notable New York City artists have worked at the store, including rock musicians of the 1970s: Patti Smith – who claimed not to have liked the experience because it "wasn't very friendly" – and Tom Verlaine, who was fond of the discount book carts sitting outside the store. Other celebrity employees include Richard Hell, Neil Winokur, Adam Bellow, Sam Shepard, Mary Gaitskill, Burt Britton, Lucy Sante, Marvin Mondlin, Ken Schles, and Thomas Weatherly Jr.

The Strand has had a unionized workforce for over 35 years. On April 5, 2012, unionized workers at the store rejected a new contract; on June 15, 2012, workers ratified a new contract.

Besides the main store and Central Park kiosk, an additional location called the "Strand Book Annex" opened in the 1980s and was originally located on Front Street in the South Street Seaport complex. It moved in 1996 to Fulton and Gold Streets in the Financial District, but finally closed on September 22, 2008, due to rent increases. A branch in the Flatiron District opened in 2013, and a summer kiosk in Times Square opened in 2016. In 2020 The Strand's planned opening of its Upper West Side location was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

In 2005, the main store underwent a major renovation and expansion, with the addition of an elevator, air conditioning, and a re-organization of the floors to make browsing easier for shoppers. It also began to sell discounted new books and non-book merchandise.

The bookstore had 70,000 books in its early years, which increased by the mid-1960s to 500,000. By the 1990s it had 2.5 million books, which necessitated the renting of a warehouse in Sunset Park, Brooklyn. At that time, the oldest book for sale in the Strand was an edition of Magna Moralia, which was priced at $4,500. The most expensive book is a copy of James Joyce's Ulysses at $38,000. While the store continues to boast the slogan, "18 miles of books," it now houses over "23 miles" of books.

History
Benjamin Bass was an emigrant from Lithuania who came to the United States when he was 17. He worked as a messenger, salesman and subway construction worker before he came across the used-book district on Fourth Avenue between Astor Place and Union Square. His first bookstore was the Pelican Book Shop on Eighth Street near Greene Street. However, the store was not a success, and Bass next opened the Strand – named after the street in London – in 1927 with $300 in his own savings and $300 he borrowed; early on, he slept on a cot in the store. The new store was able to survive the Depression by use of Bass's extensive network of contacts. Furthermore, his landlord was the last of the city's noted Stuyvesant family, which carried the store through its lean years when Bass could not pay his rent; Bass later paid back the debt, and agreed to a schedule of voluntary rent increases during rent controls which were instituted with World War II. After rent controls ended, the Stuyvesant interests doubled the rents on their other properties, but not on the Strand.

The Strand was then located on Fourth Avenue, which had at the time 48 bookstores, in what was known as "Book Row", which was established as early as 1890. These started to disappear around the 1930s due to the Great Depression and again in the 1950s, due to rent increases.

Benjamin Bass died in 1978.

Bass's son Fred – who started working in the store on weekends when he was 13 years old – took over the business in 1956 and the next year moved the store to the present location at the corner of East 12th Street and Broadway. The store expanded to the entire first floor of the building, and then first three floors in the 1970s. In 1996 Bass bought the building at East 12th Street and Broadway for $8.2 million, by which time the Strand was the largest used bookstore in the world. The store now occupies three and a half floors, with another one and half floors for offices.

Strand also has two kiosks, one in Times Square and one in Central Park, and has a pop-up location in the Artists & Fleas market in Soho. They also participate in seasonal holiday markets in Union Square, Bryant Park, and Columbus Circle.

Bass's daughter Nancy Bass Wyden, the current owner of the Strand, began helping in the store at age 6, sharpening pencils for staff. At 16, she began taking phone requests, working the cash register, and managing the store's Central Park kiosks. After receiving her MBA from the University of Wisconsin and working briefly for Exxon, she returned to New York City to work for her father at The Strand. Wyden officially joined The Strand as a manager in 1986. She established the store's Books by the Foot department, curating custom book collections and private libraries. She spearheaded major renovations and expansions of the store in 2005, and supervised the rollout of The Strand's official bookish merchandise, including t-shirts and totes, which now account for over 15% of the business's revenue.

Wyden become the co-owner of the store on her father's retirement in November 2017. With her father's death in January 2018, she is now the sole owner.

Wyden is married to United States Senator for Oregon, Ron Wyden, whom she met while on a trip to Portland to see Powell's Books.

On December 22, 2021, Ben McFall, who had worked at the Strand since 1978, and was the longest-tenured bookseller there, died in his home as the result of a fall. McFall did not have an official position in the Strand's management, but was the only employee who had personal control over an entire section of the store, in his case the fiction section, and the only one with a desk designated for his own use. Wyden referred to McFall as "the heart of the Strand."

Fight against landmarking
In December 2018, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission held a hearing on the topic of designating The Strand as a city landmark. Owner Nancy Bass Wyden objected and campaigned heavily against the designation, citing regulatory barriers to proposed renovations and increased costs of running the business as obstacles to running her independent business; she also contrasted the treatment of her store to the reception of Amazon HQ2 in New York, saying "I’m not asking for money or a tax rebate, just leave me alone." The commission voted to landmark the building on June 11, stating that it had "lost very few buildings" to mismanagement. The landmarking can be appealed to the New York City Council.

2020 controversies
In March 2020, the Strand laid off most of its employees due to the COVID-19 pandemic, though in April it received a Paycheck Protection Program loan between $1 and $2 million intended to help maintain 212 jobs of which 188 had already been eliminated. Less than two dozen union jobs were restored. In July 2020, the Strand laid off 12 recently rehired employees.

On July 15, 2020, the Strand opened a new location on the Upper West Side, replacing Book Culture.

On October 23, 2020, Bass Wyden released a statement on Twitter saying the Strand was in danger of closing. This plea for help, issued on a Friday, drew enormous sales in the following days, with 25,000 online orders placed over the following weekend. However, it also drew criticism from those who had followed the ongoing labor issues at the store.

Bass Wyden also drew criticism for purchasing $115,000 in Amazon stock in April and May, and then $60,000 to $200,000 of the stock in June, after having previously characterized the company as a threat to the Strand's survival.

In popular culture

 * The Strand has been featured in films such as Six Degrees of Separation, Julie & Julia and Remember Me, starring Robert Pattinson, who played a Strand employee.
 * The Strand can be seen from the room of Professor Wutheridge in The Bishop's Wife (1948).
 * The Strand is featured in the third episode of the miniseries Flesh and Bone.
 * The band Steely Dan "name-checks" the Strand in their song "What A Shame About Me" from the album Two Against Nature.
 * Joyce Carol Oates' short story, "Three Girls", takes place at the Strand.
 * The Strand was referenced on Gilmore Girls in the season four episode "Ballrooms and Biscotti", when Rory and Lorelai discuss a daytrip to New York City, before Rory starts college.
 * The Strand was a backdrop for part of the novel Dash & Lily's Book of Dares by David Levithan and Rachel Cohn and was also featured in the Netflix series Dash & Lily, based on the book.
 * One of the short stories in the book Bad Behavior: Stories by Mary Gaitskill features a girl named Daisy who works at the Strand.
 * The Strand was featured on the BBC television series Absolutely Fabulous in the 2002 Christmas Special "Gay"
 * In the Sex and the City episode, "The Freak Show", Carrie Bradshaw shops the book carts outside the Strand.
 * In the 2011 film Arthur, the titular character visits the store.
 * The Strand is the location of a chase in the movie The House on Carroll Street.
 * In the episode "Expectation" of The Romanoffs, the characters visit the store.
 * The store and owner Nancy Bass Wyden were featured in the 2020 documentary The Booksellers, chronicling the antique book trade.
 * Wyden was interviewed by Rishabh Chaddha who is a newsletter editor at Substack. They talked about the history and future of the store.

title: Strand Bookstore