text:
Novotny (chess)

The Novotny (also often spelled as Nowotny, even in non-German sources) is a device found in chess problems named after a problem from 1854 by Antonín Novotný, though the first example was composed by Henry Turton in 1851. A piece is sacrificed on a square where it could be taken by two different opposing pieces, but whichever makes the capture, it interferes with the other. It is essentially a Grimshaw brought about by a sacrifice on the critical square.

This pattern can arise as part of a combination in an actual game, but it is extremely rare (see games below). Most chess players would not use the term "Novotny" to describe such a move, since that term is almost exclusively used in the context of chess problems.

Basic
The device can be understood by reference to the problem shown here, a mate in two moves (white moves first, and must checkmate black in two moves against any defence). The key (first move of the solution; see Glossary of chess problems) is 1.Nb2 (see algebraic notation). This interferes with black's rook and bishop, and whichever of those pieces takes the knight, it will interfere with the other—this is the Novotny idea at its most basic. So, if black plays 1...Bxb2, this interferes with his rook and allows 2.Qf2#, while if he plays 1...Rxb2, it is the bishop that is interfered with, allowing 2.Qd4#.

Problemists would generally agree that a single Novotny with no other play, as in this example, makes for a relatively uninteresting problem. Usually, Novotnys are combined in problems with other ideas, or several Novotnys are shown in a single problem.

Multiple Novotnys
The problem as shown here is very well known. It contains no fewer than six separate Novotnys. It is by R. C. O. Matthews, was published in the British Chess Magazine in 1957 and won the Brian Harley Award. It is a mate in 3.

The key is 1.b4, threatening 2.Bxb1 and 3.Ra3#. Black has six thematic defences, each of which White meets with a Novotny on move two:

 * 1...Bb6 threatens 2...Ba5, interfering with the path of the white rook to a3. White counters with a Novotny interference: 2.Rd5. This interferes with the black rook on h5 and the bishop on a8, and so threatens 3.Nb5# and 3.Ne4#. Black can prevent one by capturing on d5, but not both, because the capturing piece interferes with the other (so 2...Rxd5 3.Ne4#; or 2...Bxd5 3.Nb5#).
 * 1...Rbxb5 threatens 2...Ra5 stopping the threat. White can now play 2.Qd5 with the same interferences and threats as follow 1...Bb6.
 * 1...Bc5 threatens 2...Bxb4 to defend a3, stopping White's threat. White counters with 2.Rb7, interfering with the bishop on a8 and the rook on b8 and leading to the same threats and comparable continuations as follow 1...Bb6 (additionally, 2...Bxd6 allows 3.Bxd4#).
 * 1...Bb7 threatens to capture the white rook which would give mate. White can now play 2.Rc5 interfering with the bishop on a7 and the rook on h5, and so threatening 3.Nb5# and 3.Bxd4#. As before, a capture on c5 stops one of the threats, but not both.
 * 1...Bd5 threatens 2...Bxc4, after which Black could meet white's threatened 3.Ra3 with 3...Bb3. White instead plays 2.Rbb6 with the same threats and variations as follow 1...Bb7.
 * 1...Rhxb5 threatens 2...Ra5, stopping the threat. White instead plays 2.Rb6 with the same threats and variations as follow 1...Bb7.

The solution, in short form, is thus: 1. b4
 * 1...Bb6 2. Rd5
 * 1...Rbxb5 2. Qd5
 * 1...Bc5 2. Rb7
 * 1...Bb7 2. Rc5
 * 1...Bd5 2. Rbb6
 * 1...Rhxb5 2. Rb6

Four of White's Novotnys in these variations are executed by the rook on b5—only the rook will do in those variations, because the square it comes from, b5, must be vacated for the white knight to deliver mate. In the other two lines, that rook is captured, meaning it cannot execute the Novotny, but also meaning the square vacation is no longer necessary (the white knight can simply capture the black piece on b5). Therefore, another piece can make the Novotny interference in those lines. (There is one other non-thematic defence in the problem: 1...Nd2, threatening a nuisance check on b3. This allows 2.Ra3+ Nb3+ 3.Rxb3#.)

As part of a larger scheme
Many problems include a Novotny as part of some larger scheme. The problem here, by Milan Vukcevich, published in Schach-Echo in 1976, includes a Novotny as just one part of a more complex problem. It is a mate in 2. The key is 1.Qd6, which is a Novotny interference with the black rook and bishop on b8, so threatening 2.Ne5# and 2.Nxd2#. After the capture of the queen by the rook or bishop, the other black piece is still interfered with by the capturing unit; so 1...Rxd6 rules out 2.Nxd2 but still allows 2.Ne5#, while 1...Bxd6 rules out 2.Ne5 but allows 2.Nxd2#. Just as these Novotny lines work as a pair, so the other black defences work in pairs:

 * 1...Rxa7 (removes white guard of e3) 2.Qd3#
 * 1...Bxa7 (removes white guard of e3) 2.Qf4#
 * 1...e5 (pins the knight that gives the mate in the Novotny lines) 2.Qf6#
 * 1...Bd5 (pins the knight) 2.Qxa3# (not otherwise possible because of 2...Rd3)

The Novotny theme in practical play
The Novotny theme occurs extremely rarely in actual play. The strong English master Amos Burn produced such an example in an offhand game in 1910 (see diagram). In a seemingly desperate position, with his king apparently about to fall to a powerful attack by White's pieces, Burn played 33...Qg4!! The point is that if the bishop or pawn takes the queen, the white rook's pin on the black bishop is lifted, allowing 34...Bxd2; if the rook takes the queen, the white bishop no longer protects f3, so Black can play the royal fork 34...Nf3+ and 35...Nxd2. Finally, if 34.Qxg5+, Qxg5 35.Rxg5+ Kh6 (a king fork) wins a piece. Burn won in 15 more moves and was to comment afterwards that his 33...Qg4 demonstrated that there is an element of luck in chess.

In this position, from Rubtsova-Belova, USSR 1945, White has just played the attractive-looking 1.Rf4-g4? Black cannot capture the rook (1...Qxg4? 2.Bxg4; 1...fxg4?? 2.Qxg5), and White would win a piece after 1...Qf6? 2.Rxg3. However, Black responded with a decisive Novotny, 1...Ne2+! This enables Black to win the rook after 2.Rxe2 Qxg4; 2.Bxe2 Qxe3+ and 3...fxg4; or 2.Kf1 Qxg4. Black won.

The Novotny theme could also have occurred in actual play in E. Berg-J. Zezulkin, Rowy 2000. From this diagram, White could have won with 40.Nf6!! (instead of 40.Qe6?, leading to an eventual draw). After 40.Nf6!!, White would threaten the two thematical mates 41.Qg7# and 41.Qf8# and in addition 41.Rg8# and 41.Qxh7#. Now 40...Bxf6 would block Black's rook, allowing 41.Qf8#, while 40...Rxf6 would block Black's bishop, allowing 41.Qg7#. After 40...Qxh6 which parries both thematical threats White has 41.Rg8#.

The Novotny theme was played in David Navara vs Anna Dergatschova-Daus, Ordix Open (2007), Mainz, 2007. If White could check on the a2–g8 diagonal, it would force mate quickly. But the R guards e6, and the B guards d5. So 36. Rc6!! intersects both lines: 36... Rxc6 37.Qd5+ Re6 38.Qxe6#, or 36... Bxc6 37.Qe6#; and if 36... Qxc6 then 37. e8=Q+ Qxe8 38. Qxe8#

title: Novotny (chess)


text:
Agar plate

An agar plate is a Petri dish that contains a growth medium solidified with agar, used to culture microorganisms. Sometimes selective compounds are added to influence growth, such as antibiotics.

Individual microorganisms placed on the plate will grow into individual colonies, each a clone genetically identical to the individual ancestor organism (except for the low, unavoidable rate of mutation). Thus, the plate can be used either to estimate the concentration of organisms in a liquid culture or a suitable dilution of that culture using a colony counter, or to generate genetically pure cultures from a mixed culture of genetically different organisms.

Several methods are available to plate out cells. One technique is known as "streaking". In this technique, a drop of the culture on the end of a thin, sterile loop of wire, sometimes known as an inoculator, is streaked across the surface of the agar leaving organisms behind, a higher number at the beginning of the streak and a lower number at the end. At some point during a successful "streak", the number of organisms deposited will be such that distinct individual colonies will grow in that area which may be removed for further culturing, using another sterile loop.

Another way of plating organisms, next to streaking, on agar plates is the spot analysis. This type of analysis is often used to check the viability of cells and performed with pinners (often also called froggers). A third used technique is the use of sterile glass beads to plate out cells. In this technique cells are grown in a liquid culture of which a small volume is pipetted on the agar plate and then spread out with the beads. Replica plating is another technique in order to plate out cells on agar plates. These four techniques are the most common, but others are also possible. It is crucial to work in a sterile manner in order to prevent contamination on the agar plates. Plating is thus often done in a laminar flow cabinet or on the working bench next to a bunsen burner.

History
In 1881, Fanny Hesse, who was working as a technician for her husband Walther Hesse in the laboratory of Robert Koch, suggested agar as an effective setting agent, since it had been commonplace in jam making for some time.

Types
Like other growth media, the formulations of agar used in plates may be classified as either "defined" or "undefined"; a defined medium is synthesized from individual chemicals required by the organism so the exact molecular composition is known, whereas an undefined medium is made from natural products such as yeast extract, where the precise composition is unknown.

Agar plates may be formulated as either permissive, with the intent of allowing the growth of whatever organisms are present, or restrictive or selective, with the intent of only allowing growth a particular subset of those organisms. This may take the form of a nutritional requirement, for instance providing a particular compound such as lactose as the only source of carbon and thereby selecting only organisms which can metabolize that compound, or by including a particular antibiotic or other substance to select only organisms which are resistant to that substance. This correlates to some degree with defined and undefined media; undefined media, made from natural products and containing an unknown combination of very many organic molecules, is typically more permissive in terms of supplying the needs of a wider variety of organisms, while defined media can be precisely tailored to select organisms with specific properties.

Agar plates may also be indicator plates, in which the organisms are not selected on the basis of growth, but are instead distinguished by a color change in some colonies, typically caused by the action of an enzyme on some compound added to the medium.

The plates are incubated for 12 hours up to several days depending on the test that is performed.

Commonly used types of agar plates include:

Blood agar plate
Blood agar plates (BAPs) contain mammalian blood (usually sheep or horse), typically at a concentration of 5–10%. BAPs are enriched, differential media used to isolate fastidious organisms and detect hemolytic activity. β-Hemolytic activity will show lysis and complete digestion of red blood cell contents surrounding a colony. Examples include Streptococcus haemolyticus. α-Hemolysis will only cause partial lysis of the red blood cells (the cell membrane is left intact) and will appear green or brown, due to the conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin. An example of this would be Streptococcus viridans. γ-Hemolysis (or nonhemolytic) is the term referring to a lack of hemolytic activity. BAPs also contain meat extract or yeast extract, tryptone, sodium chloride, and agar.

Chocolate agar
Chocolate agar is a type of blood agar plate in which the blood cells have been lysed by heating the cells to 80 °C. It is used for growing fastidious respiratory bacteria, such as Haemophilus influenzae. Chocolate agar is named for its color, and no chocolate is actually contained in the plate.

Thayer–Martin agar
Thayer–Martin agar is a chocolate agar designed to isolate Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis.

Thiosulfate–citrate–bile salts–sucrose agar
Thiosulfate–citrate–bile salts–sucrose agar enhances growth of Vibrio spp., including Vibrio cholerae.

General bacterial media

 * Bile esculin agar is used for the isolation of Enterococcus and group D Streptococcus species.
 * CLED agar – cysteine, lactose, electrolyte-deficient agar is used to isolate and differentiate urinary tract bacteria, since it inhibits Proteus species swarming and can differentiate between lactose fermenters and nonfermenters.
 * Granada medium is used to isolate and differentiate group B Streptococcus, Streptococcus agalactiae from clinical samples. It grows in Granada medium as red colonies and most of accompanying bacteria are inhibited.
 * Hektoen enteric agar is designed to isolate and recover fecal bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is particularly useful in isolating Salmonella and Shigella.
 * Lysogeny broth is used to culture Escherichia coli.
 * MacConkey agar is a selective and differential medium used to differentiate between gram-negative bacteria while inhibiting the growth of gram-positive bacteria. The addition of bile salts and crystal violet to the agar inhibits the growth of most gram-positive bacteria, making MacConkey agar selective. Lactose and neutral red are added to differentiate the lactose fermenters, which form pink colonies, from lactose nonfermenters that form clear colonies. An alternative medium, eosin methylene blue serves a similar purpose.
 * Mannitol salt agar is also a selective and differential medium. The mannitol indicates organisms that ferment mannitol: mannitol fermentation produces lactic acid, lowering the pH and turning the plate yellow. The salt is to select for halophiles; organisms that cannot withstand a high salt content are unable to grow well.
 * Mueller–Hinton agar contains beef infusion, peptone, and starch, and is used primarily for antibiotic susceptibility testing. It can be in a form of blood agar.
 * Nutrient agar is usually used for growth of nonfastidious organisms and observation of pigment production. It is safe to use in school science laboratories because it does not selectively grow pathogenic bacteria.
 * Önöz agar allows more rapid bacteriological diagnosis, as Salmonella and Shigella colonies can be clearly and reliably differentiated from other Enterobacteriaceae. The yields of Salmonella from stool samples obtained, when using this medium, are higher than those obtained with LEIFSON agar or Salmonella–Shigella agar.
 * Phenylethyl alcohol agar selects for Staphylococcus species while inhibiting Gram-negative bacilli (e.g., Escherichia coli, Shigella, Proteus, etc.).
 * R2A agar, a nonspecific medium, imitates water, so is used for water analysis.
 * Tryptic (trypticase) soy agar (TSA) is a general-purpose medium produced by enzymatic digestion of soybean meal and casein. It is frequently the base medium of other agar types; for example, blood agar plates are made by enriching TSA plates with blood. TSA plates support growth of many semifastidious bacteria, including some species of Brucella, Corynebacterium, Listeria, Neisseria, and Vibrio.
 * Xylose-lysine-deoxycholate agar is used for the culture of stool samples and contains two indicators. It is formulated to inhibit Gram-positive bacteria, while the growth of Gram-negative bacilli is encouraged. The colonies of lactose fermenters appear yellow. It is also used to culture possible Salmonella that may be present in a food sample. Most Salmonella colonies produce a black centre on it.
 * Cetrimide agar is used for the selective isolation of the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
 * Tinsdale agar contains potassium tellurite, which can isolate Corynebacterium diphteriae.

Fungal media

 * Sabouraud agar is used to culture fungi and has a low pH that inhibits the growth of most bacteria; it also contains the antibiotic gentamicin to specifically inhibit the growth of Gram-negative bacteria.
 * Hay infusion agar is specific for the culturing of slime moulds (which are not fungi).
 * Potato dextrose agar is used to culture certain types of fungi.
 * Malt extract agar has a high content of peptone and is acidic. It is essentially used in the isolation of fungal microorganisms.
 * MMN (Modified Melin-Norkrans) medium and BAF medium are used for ectomycorrhizal fungi.
 * Chromogenic agars can distinguish some major types of fungal infection.

Moss media

 * Knop agar is used to axenically culture protonema and whole moss plants, such as those of Physcomitrella patens, a model organism.

Yeast media

 * YEPD media is often used as a general growth media for yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans
 * Sporulation medium is medium used when spores have to be formed. It can also be used when working with fungi or bacteria depending on whether or not the strain is capable of forming spores.

Mega Plate

 * A 2' x 4' petri plate filled with 14L (liters) of seaweed derived agar medium created by Harvard scientists that was used to see how E. coli evolved to be resistant to antibiotics. The mega plate also helped study more unique concepts of microbiology such as parallel evolution, mutation selection, colonial interference etc.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Agar plate


text:
Gentamicin

Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat several types of bacterial infections. This may include bone infections, endocarditis, pelvic inflammatory disease, meningitis, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and sepsis among others. It is not effective for gonorrhea or chlamydia infections. It can be given intravenously, by intramuscular injection, or topically. Topical formulations may be used in burns or for infections of the outside of the eye. It is often only used for two days until bacterial cultures determine what specific antibiotics the infection is sensitive to. The dose required should be monitored by blood testing.

Gentamicin can cause inner ear problems and kidney problems. The inner ear problems can include problems with balance and hearing loss. These problems may be permanent. If used during pregnancy, it can cause harm to the developing fetus. However, it appears to be safe for use during breastfeeding. Gentamicin is a type of aminoglycoside and works by disrupting the ability of the bacteria to make proteins, which typically kills the bacteria.

Gentamicin is naturally produced by the bacterium Micromonospora purpurea, was patented in 1962, approved for medical use in 1964. The antibiotic is collected from the culture of the Micromonospora by perforating the cell wall of the bacterium. Current research is underway to understand the biosynthesis of this antibiotic in an attempt to increase expression and force secretion of gentamicin for higher titer. Gentamicin is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. The World Health Organization classifies gentamicin as critically important for human medicine. It is available as a generic medication.

Medical uses
Gentamicin is active against a wide range of bacterial infections, mostly Gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas, Proteus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia, and the Gram-positive Staphylococcus. Gentamicin is used in the treatment of respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, blood, bone and soft tissue infections of these susceptible bacteria.

There is insufficient evidence to support gentamicin as the first line treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection. Gentamicin is not used for Neisseria meningitidis or Legionella pneumophila bacterial infections (because of the risk of the person going into shock from lipid A endotoxin found in certain Gram-negative organisms). Gentamicin is also useful against Yersinia pestis (responsible for plague), its relatives, and Francisella tularensis (the organism responsible for tularemia often seen in hunters and trappers).

Some Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus and other Staphylococcus spp. have varying degrees of resistance to gentamicin.

Pregnancy and breastfeeding
Gentamicin is not recommended in pregnancy unless the benefits outweigh the risks for the mother. Gentamicin can cross the placenta and several reports of irreversible bilateral congenital deafness in children have been seen. Intramuscular injection of gentamicin in mothers can cause muscle weakness in the newborn.

The safety and efficacy for gentamicin in nursing mothers has not been established. Detectable gentamicin levels are found in human breast milk and in nursing babies.

Elderly
In the elderly, renal function should be assessed before beginning therapy as well as during treatment due to a decline in glomerular filtration rate. Gentamicin levels in the body can remain higher for a longer period of time in this population. Gentamicin should be used cautiously in persons with renal, auditory, vestibular, or neuromuscular dysfunction.

Children
Gentamicin may not be appropriate to use in children, including babies. Studies have shown higher serum levels and a longer half-life in this population. Kidney function should be checked periodically during therapy. Long-term effects of treatment can include hearing loss and balance problems. Hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, and muscle weakness have been reported when used by injection.

Contraindications
Gentamicin should not be used if a person has a history of hypersensitivity, such as anaphylaxis, or other serious toxic reaction to gentamicin or any other aminoglycosides. Greater care is required in people with myasthenia gravis and other neuromuscular disorders as there is a risk of worsening weakness. Gentamicin should also be avoided when prescribing empirical antibiotics in the setting of possible infant botulism (Ampicillin with Gentamicin is commonly used as empiric therapy in infants) also due to worsening of neuromuscular function.

Adverse effects
Adverse effects of gentamicin can range from less severe reactions, such as nausea and vomiting, to more severe reactions including: Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity are thought to be dose related with higher doses causing greater chance of toxicity. These two toxicities may have delayed presentation, sometimes not appearing until after completing treatment.
 * Low blood cell counts
 * Allergic reactions
 * Neuromuscular problems
 * Nerve damage (neuropathy)
 * Kidney damage (nephrotoxicity)
 * Ear disorders (ototoxicity)

Kidney damage
Kidney damage is a problem in 10–25% of people who receive aminoglycosides, and gentamicin is one of the most nephrotoxic drugs of this class. Oftentimes, acute nephrotoxicity is reversible, but it may be fatal. The risk of nephrotoxicity can be affected by the dose, frequency, duration of therapy, and concurrent use of certain medications, such as NSAIDs, diuretics, cisplatin, ciclosporin, cephalosporins, amphotericin, iodide contrast media, and vancomycin.

Factors that increase risk of nephrotoxicity include: Kidney dysfunction is monitored by measuring creatinine in the blood, electrolyte levels, urine output, presence of protein in the urine, and concentrations of other chemicals, such as urea, in the blood.
 * Increased age
 * Reduced renal function
 * Pregnancy
 * Hypothyroidism
 * Hepatic dysfunction
 * Volume depletion
 * Metabolic acidosis
 * Sodium depletion

Inner ear
About 11% of the population who receives aminoglycosides experience damage to their inner ear. The common symptoms of inner ear damage include tinnitus, hearing loss, vertigo, trouble with coordination, and dizziness. Chronic use of gentamicin can affect two areas of the ears. First, damage of the inner ear hair cells can result in irreversible hearing loss. Second, damage to the inner ear vestibular apparatus can lead to balance problems. To reduce the risk of ototoxicity during treatment, it is recommended to stay hydrated.

Factors that increase the risk of inner ear damage include:
 * Increased age
 * High blood uric acid levels
 * Kidney dysfunction
 * Liver dysfunction
 * Higher doses
 * Long courses of therapy
 * Also taking strong diuretics (e.g., furosemide)

Mechanism of action
Gentamicin is a bactericidal antibiotic that works by binding the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, negatively impacting protein synthesis. The primary mechanism of action is generally accepted to work through ablating the ability of the ribosome to discriminate on proper transfer RNA and messenger RNA interactions. Typically, if an incorrect tRNA pairs with an mRNA codon at the aminoacyl site of the ribosome, adenosines 1492 and 1493 are excluded from the interaction and retract, signaling the ribosome to reject the aminoacylated tRNA::Elongation Factor Thermo-Unstable complex. However, when gentamicin binds at helix 44 of the 16S rRNA, it forces the adenosines to maintain the position they take when there is a correct, or cognate, match between aa-tRNA and mRNA. This leads to the acceptance of incorrect aa-tRNAs, causing the ribosome to synthesize proteins with wrong amino acids placed throughout (roughly every 1 in 500). The non-functional, mistranslated proteins misfold and aggregate, eventually leading to death of the bacterium. Moreover, it has been observed that gentamicin can cause a substantial slowdown in the overall elongation rate of peptide chains in live bacterial cells, independent of the misincorporation of amino acids. This finding indicates that gentamicin not only induces errors in protein synthesis but also broadly hampers the efficiency of the translation process itself. An additional mechanism has been proposed based on crystal structures of gentamicin in a secondary binding site at helix 69 of the 23S rRNA, which interacts with helix 44 and proteins that recognize stop codons. At this secondary site, gentamicin is believed to preclude interactions of the ribosome with ribosome recycling factors, causing the two subunits of the ribosome to stay complexed even after translation completes, creating a pool of inactive ribosomes that can no longer re-initiate and translate new proteins.

Structure
Since gentamicin is derived from the species Micromonospora, the backbone for this antibiotic is the aminocyclitol 2-deoxystreptamine. This six carbon ring is substituted at the carbon positions 4 and 6 by the amino sugar molecules cyclic purpurosamine and garosamine, respectively. The gentamicin complex, is differentiated into five major components (C1, C1a, C2, C2a, C2b) and multiple minor components by substitution at the 6' carbon of the purpurosamine unit indicated in the image to the right by R1 and R2. The R1 and R2 can have the follow substitutions for some of the species in the gentamicin complex.

Components
Gentamicin is composed of a number of related gentamicin components and fractions which have varying degrees of antimicrobial potency. The main components of gentamicin include members of the gentamicin C complex: gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 which compose approximately 80% of gentamicin and have been found to have the highest antibacterial activity. Gentamicin A, B, X, and a few others make up the remaining 20% of gentamicin and have lower antibiotic activity than the gentamicin C complex. The exact composition of a given sample or lot of gentamicin is not well defined, and the level of gentamicin C components or other components in gentamicin may differ from lot-to-lot depending on the gentamicin manufacturer or manufacturing process. Because of this lot-to-lot variability, it can be difficult to study various properties of gentamicin including pharmacokinetics and microorganism susceptibility if there is an unknown combination of chemically related but different compounds.

Biosynthesis
The complete biosynthesis of gentamicin is not entirely elucidated. The genes controlling the biosynthesis of gentamicin are of particular interest due to the difficulty in obtaining the antibiotic after production. Since gentamicin is collected at the cell surface and the cell surface must be perforated somehow to obtain the antibiotic. Many propose the amount of gentamicin collected after production could increase if the genes are identified and re-directed to secrete the antibiotic instead of collecting gentamicin at the cell surface. Literature also agrees with the gentamicin biosynthesis pathway starting with D-Glucose-6-phosphate being dephopsphorylated, transaminated, dehydrogenated and finally glycosylated with D-glucosamine to generate paromamine inside Micromonospora echinospora. The addition of D-xylose leads to the first intermediate of the gentamicin C complex pathway, gentamicin A2. Gentamicin A2 is C-methylated and epimerized into gentamicin X2, the first branch point of this biosynthesis pathway

When X2 is acted on by the cobalamin-dependent radical S-adenosyl-L-methionine enzyme GenK, the carbon position 6' is methylated to form the pharmacologically active intermediate G418 G418 then undergoes dehydrogenation and amination at the C6' position  by the dehydrogenase gene, GenQ, to generate the pharmacologically active JI-20B, although another intermediate, 6'-dehydro-6'oxo-G418 (6'DOG) is proposed to be in-between this step and for which the gene GenB1 is proposed as the aminating gene. JI-20B is dehydroxylated and epimerized to first component of the gentamicin C complex, gentamicin C2a which then undergoes an epimerization by GenB2 and then a N-methylation by an unconfirmed gene to form the final product in this branch point, gentamicin C1.

When X2 bypasses GenK and is directly dehydrogenated and aminated by the GenQ enzyme, the other pharmacologically relevant intermediate JI-20A is formed. Although, there has been identification of an intermediate for this step, 6'-dehydro-6'-oxo-gentamicin X2 (6'-DOX), for which the enzyme GenB1 is purposed as the aminating enzyme. JI-20A is then dehydroxylated into the first component of the gentamicin C complex for this branch, gentamicin C1a via a catalytic reaction with GenB4. C1a then undergoes an N-methylation by an unconfirmed enzyme to form the final component, gentamicin C2b.

Fermentation
Gentamicin is only synthesized via submerged fermentation and inorganic sources of nutrients have been found to reduce production. Traditional fermentation used yeast beef broth, but there has been research into optimizing the growth medium for producing gentamicin C complex due to the C complex currently being the only pharmaceutically relevant component. The main components of the growth medium are carbon sources, mainly sugars, but several studies found increased gentamicin production by adding vegetable and fish oils and decreased gentamicin production with the addition of glucose, xylose and several carboxylic acids. Tryptone and various forms of yeast and yeast derivatives are traditionally used as the nitrogen source in the growth medium, but several amino acids, soybean meal, corn steep liquor, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium chloride have proven to be beneficial additives. Phosphate ions, metal ions (cobalt and a few others at low concentration), various vitamins (mostly B vitamins), purine and pyrimidine bases are also supplemented into the growth medium to increase gentamicin production, but the margin of increase is dependent on the species of Micromonospora and the other components in the growth medium. With all of these aforementioned additives, pH and aeration are key determining factors for the amount of gentamicin produced. A range of pH from 6.8 to 7.5 is used for gentamicin biosynthesis and the aeration is determined by independent experimentation reliant on type of growth medium and species of Micromonospora.

History

Gentamicin is produced by the fermentation of Micromonospora purpurea. It was discovered in 1963 by Weinstein, Wagman et al. at Schering Corporation in Bloomfield, N.J. while working with source material (soil samples) provided by Rico Woyciesjes. When M. purpurea grows in culture it is a vivid purple colour similar to the colour of the dye Gentian Violet and hence this was why Gentamicin took then name it did. Subsequently, it was purified and the structures of its three components were determined by Cooper, et al., also at the Schering Corporation. It was initially used as a topical treatment for burns at burn units in Atlanta and San Antonio and was introduced into IV usage in 1971. It remains a mainstay for use in sepsis.

It is synthesized by Micromonospora, a genus of Gram-positive bacteria widely present in the environment (water and soil). According to the American Medical Association Committee on Generic Names, antibiotics not produced by Streptomyces should not use y in the ending of the name, and to highlight their specific biological origins, gentamicin and other related antibiotics produced by this genus (verdamicin, mutamicin, sisomicin, netilmicin, and retymicin) have their spellings ending in ~micin and not in ~mycin.

Research
Gentamicin is also used in molecular biology research as an antibacterial agent in tissue and cell culture, to prevent contamination of sterile cultures. Gentamicin is one of the few heat-stable antibiotics that remain active even after autoclaving, which makes it particularly useful in the preparation of some microbiological growth media.

title: Gentamicin


text:
Jeff Shaara

Jeffrey M. "Jeff" Shaara (born February 21, 1952) is an American novelist and the son of Pulitzer Prize winner Michael Shaara.

Biography
Jeffrey Shaara was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey, and grew up in Tallahassee, Florida. He graduated from Florida State University in 1974 with a degree in Criminology and lives in Gettysburg.

He wrote Gods and Generals and The Last Full Measure, which is the prequel and sequel, respectively, to his father Michael's award-winning novel The Killer Angels. Jeff followed his father's footsteps upon the latter's death, writing historical fiction and documenting the American wars and their most historically relevant characters. In total, Jeff has written fifteen New York Times bestselling novels.

Jeff delivered the commencement speech at the University of Delaware's 2005 undergraduate ceremony. Jeff has deemed this "one of the most important moments in his life."

He completed a trilogy in 2010 about World War II in the European and North African theaters. A fourth World War II novel, titled The Final Storm, covers the end of the war in the Pacific, and was released on May 17, 2011.

Awards
Shaara received the W.Y. Boyd Literary Award for Excellence in Military Fiction from the American Library Association in 2022 for The Eagle's Claw, in 2018 for The Frozen Hours, in 2005 for To The Last Man: A Novel of The First World War, and in 1997 for Gods and Generals. The American Library Association's Reference and Users Services Association recognized The Steel Wave as a 2009 Notable Book.

He has also been awarded The Lincoln Forum's "Richard Nelson Current Award of Achievement", New York Civil War Round Table's "Bell I. Wiley Award", and Florida State University's "Artes Award" as a Distinguished Alumnus. In 2011, Shaara was inducted into the FSU College of Criminology Hall of Fame and awarded FSU's first annual Distinguished Writer's Award.

Film adaptations
In 2003, Warner Brothers made the major motion picture Gods and Generals, which was based upon his book of the same title.

Works

 * Jeff Shaara's Civil War Battlefields: Discovering America's Hallowed Ground (2006) ISBN 9780345464880

Novels

 * Gods and Generals (1996)—Civil War (1858–1863) ISBN 9780345409577
 * The Last Full Measure (1998)—Civil War (1861–1865) ISBN 9780345404916
 * Gone for Soldiers (2000)—US-Mexican War (1847–1848) ISBN 9780345427502
 * Rise to Rebellion (2001)—Pre-American Revolutionary War (1770–1776) ISBN 9780345427533
 * The Glorious Cause (2002)—American Revolutionary War (1776–1783) ISBN 9780345427564
 * To the Last Man (2004)—World War I (1914–1918) ISBN 9780345461346
 * The Rising Tide (2006)—World War II (1939–1945), Trilogy Part 1 of 3 ISBN 9780345461414
 * The Steel Wave (2008)—World War II (1939–1945), Trilogy Part 2 of 3 ISBN 9780345461421
 * No Less Than Victory (2009)—World War II (1939–1945), Trilogy Part 3 of 3 ISBN 9780345497925
 * The Final Storm (2011)—World War II (1939–1945), Pacific Theater ISBN 9780345497949
 * A Blaze of Glory (2012)—Civil War (1861-1865), Western Theater, Tetralogy Part 1 of 4 ISBN 9780345527356
 * A Chain of Thunder  (2013)—Civil War (1861-1865), Western Theater, Tetralogy Part 2 of 4 ISBN 9780345527387
 * The Smoke at Dawn (2014)—Civil War (1861-1865), Western Theater, Tetralogy Part 3 of 4 ISBN 9780345527417
 * The Fateful Lightning (2015)—Civil War (1861-1865), Western Theater, Tetralogy Part 4 of 4 ISBN 9780345549198
 * The Frozen Hours (2017)—Korean War (1950-1953) ISBN 9780345549228
 * To Wake The Giant (2020)—Pearl Harbor, World War II (1939–1945) ISBN 9780593129623
 * The Eagle's Claw (2021) - Battle of Midway, World War II (1939–1945) ISBN 9780525619444
 * The Old Lion (2023) - Teddy Roosevelt's life and times, including Amazon exploration ISBN 9781250279941
 * The Shadow of War (2024) - Cuban Missile Crisis ISBN 9781250279965

title: Jeff Shaara


text:
Talk:Manu Chao

Manu Chao Song
I'm doubtful of the relevance of this section. True, Les Wampas appear to have written this song, however, I wouldn't consider the 2003 opinions of an independent label french punk band to be ipso facto sufficiently important to include in this article. Further, given that the section already exists on the Les Wampas wikipedia page, it doesn't belong here. WP:NN advises that temporary news not be included, and I don't think this event has any real long term impact on Manu Chao's life or career. The fact that it represents more words than the first 23 years of the singer's life is disproportionate. Unless someone can find evidence that it has been noticed by anyone other than the members of Les Wampas, I suggest we remove it completely. 128.250.102.55 12:11, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Les Wampas includes Joseph Dahan, the former Mano Negra bassist, with whom I understand Manu had something of a falling out, in addition to which Jo and his bandmates seem to disdain Manu's divergence from his rock roots. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.213.193.217 (talk) 18:43, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

PERSONALITY SECTION
Not only is this pure speculation, but I would suggest it is also rather unencyclopedic. Even if there was a citation to back up that he is unfriendly, does it warrant inclusion? Removed for now. Anyone object? Blastfromthepast 23:00, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Birthday is listed as 2 different days - June 26 and June 21

Mislabelling
If his mother was basque, and his father gallician, should he not be classafied as 'hispanic' rather than 'latino' which denotes a heritage of mixed hispanic and amerindian ancestry?

Or we could just skip that and write that his ethnic heritage is Spanish (Gallician/Basque). While some people aren't happy about it, the regions are of course technically Spanish. Blastfromthepast 18:52, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

American people really have problems with the meaning of the words such as "latin", "latino" or "hispanic"... Manu Chao and Mano negra are French, this is what make them latin, because France is a latin country. Being latin doesn't mean being from latino-America but speaking a latin language. describing manu chao as a latinamerican singer (wrongly shortened as "latino" (you can be aslo latinoeuropean - see latin Europe) is really wrong. singing partly in spanish doesn't make him an hispanic either (especially with the conotation it implies in American usage), a lot of french people can speak spanish or have spanish ancestor, it doesn't make them hispanic. I think the link with latinamerican music should be deleted since manu chao is not latinoamerican, and his music is not a latinoamerican music (even if there are some influences of this region, not more than Punk, rock, reaggae, chanson française, and other influences...
 * I have deleted the false classification as Latin American music from the intro and the misleading term Latin which was listed unter genres in the infobox. BNutzer 22:34, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

On top of what is said avove, regarding his nationality, Manu Chao is by no way "Spanish/French singer", but only French, as clearly stated on Wikipedia pages in every other major language. I therefore suggest "French singer of Spanish descent". Rapmar (talk) 13:35, 16 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Fixed accordingly 85.179.30.58 (talk) 19:34, 30 September 2018 (UTC)

Whereabouts
Where is he living at the moment? The page has "now" in Brazil. I last heard of him being in Barcelona. Error

His "house" is definately in Barcelona, and I think it is where he lives most of the time when he's not travelling. ElVirolo

He was also reported at some point to be living again in Paris. In interviews, he declared that he has trouble staying more than 2 weeks at the same place. David.Monniaux 08:28, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

(Well, he has definitely lived in Paris, because he's from there!) But, yeah, David Monniaux I agree that establishing where he is "now" may be harder/pointless. I've read in multiple articles and interviews that he doesn't seem to stay anywhere long. Blastfromthepast 18:46, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The current redaction makes it as if he was based in Madrid rather than in Barcelona. --Error 23:29, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Discography
On a different note, what does "SP" stand for in the discog? I recognise them as tracks from Prixma estacion esperanza, so presumably they're singles, but I don't want to change it, since they might be EPs. --Camembert

Oscar Tramor
In my understanding, Oscar Tramor is an heteronym. Certainly his father is Ramón Chao. -- Error 23:58, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * The following sources seem to think his real name is Oscar Tramor, but it was only from one of these sources (allmusic) that I got this information.  ("Née Oscar Tramor")  ("b. Oscar Tramor")  ("real name Oscar Tramor")
 * For now, I'll change it to "AKA". --Sam Francis

Oscar Tramor is the title of a (seemingly parodic) song about a torero/matador that Manu Chao sung in Los Carayos. David.Monniaux 08:26, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * In the booklet of Manu Negra's Patchanka album, you can see a 'police' picture of Manu with the name Oscar Tramor, I guess this has to do with it. --Djith 10:34, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

As far as everything I've read both "Manu Chao" and "Oscar Tramor" are pseudonyms. Blastfromthepast 18:48, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * "Oscar tramor" is a pseudonym and the origin of the name is really weird, In the Carayos Era, Manu heard a song in spanish called "Busca otro amor" and he took the melody and recompose the lyrics to "Oscar Tramor" (Like an accidental CrossLanguage Onomatopoeia), the song of Chao talks about Oscar Tramor who was an alcoholic bullfighter who prayed to god to keep him alive, before every bullfight, years later, with Mano Negra, he composed another song "Madame Oscar" that refered himself as Oscar Tramor.

Categories
Why is he in the categry of 1963 births, or why is he marked as being born in 1961? Which information is false now? :) Chery 11:57, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Looking through the page history, it seems his year of birth was originally given as 1963. This was corrected to 1961, but the category was not changed at the same time. Fixed now. -- Curps 14:44, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

Bongo Bong
His song "Bongo Bong" was somewhat popular due to file sharing of the video. Does anyone that knows more fill in on this?

VarunRajendran

 * It was also featured on the soundtrack to the horrible 2000 Madonna/Rupert Everett film The Next Best Thing, which perhaps heightened its exposure. Elefuntboy 23:00, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

Millennium Hits
Since I had never heard of an album named "Millennium Hits" before and since it is not mentioned on manuchao.net nor radiochango, I decided to remove it (again). Googling for it, all I could find were wp-clones of the article and rather questionable sources like pages containing (alleged) covers of that album, e.g.. Both the track list (it starts with a song from some complilation, continues with all songs from his first album "Clandestino" and ends with some songs from the last Mano Negra album) and the design of the "cover" seem to me like being somebody's self-compiled selection of all his songs available at the time plus something to fill the rest of a CD-R. Although some of the sources that can be found with google claim that the "album" was released by "EMI Publishing BMG 2000" (I always thought these two were competitors) and "Made in Germany", I can assure you that it was never available in stores in Germany, nor could I find any trace of it anywhere else (i.e. in online stores). So unless someone can present some kind of proof for the existence of this "album", I have to ask everyone to refrain from adding it again. --a.bit 14:54, 26 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmm, strange, so if you type the upc code from the album cover shown here into a upc database type program such as this one you get a result of an acdc album (Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap). I also noticed "Umbrella Records" released another album entitled "Millennium Hits" for Chumbawamba .  I am guessing both albums are a bootleg produced and distributed in Europe or Eastern Europe - not official releases and not widespread.  So, I appologize for adding it, and support A.bit's assertation that it doesn't belong here. Smmurphy(Talk) 21:20, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

-- He's playing lollapalooza in chicago this year! 2006! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.14.180.96 (talk • contribs)

Redesign / Additional Info
I felt that this page deserved some fleshing out, so I added quite a bit more info (with sources provided throughout) and reorganized the page to better accommodate the additions. I don't believe I deleted any previous information, although I did reshuffle much of it around and added onto it when possible. If this update doesn't seem appropriate, please let me know. HumbleGod 21:42, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

Anarchism?
I made a quick mention of anarchism. I don't know if Chao says this of himself. The Zapatistas are anarchists of a sort, and his band Mano Negra refers to an anarchist group... so I think some mention of anarchism is appropriate. If anyone can help on this note, that would be super. Cheers, --Dylanfly 17:44, 28 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I think the anarchism connection is a stretch outside of the Mano Negra connection. Judging from his lyrics and his statements in concerts, Manu's more of a pacifist than anything. And the Zapatistas aren't an anarchist group, they are (or were, arguably) a revolutionary organization. 71.237.207.254 07:27, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

Ethnicy
Basque people are also an ethnic group, is he half-basque? If so it may be noted that he's half basque-spanish for example. - PietervHuis (talk) 20:21, 20 May 2008 (UTC)
 * It already states in the first sentence that he is of "Galician and Basque" origin. Being his mom is from the Basque country doesn't automatically mean she would identify as being part of the Basque ethnic group (but yes, she might be part of that ethnic group). Her family could have moved there from somewhere else in Spain. Kman543210 (talk) 05:13, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

Parents' nationality
The way the article reads now, it seems as though Galicia is another country. I am going to edit it to point out they are both from Spain, and then the Spanish cities they hail from.72.87.108.235 (talk) 01:24, 6 December 2009 (UTC)

Picture
If anyone has a fair use photo of Manu playing his characteristic orange Gretsch, as opposed to the Gibson SG, I would recommend the change. Thanks! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.213.193.78 (talk) 09:33, 23 September 2010 (UTC)

Left Wing?
i don't know if it's true, he admit himself being from the "left" ,ok but he is much more complex... here in france we have a strong "anti-racism" ideology, ans he s more in that category ... but is the "anti racism" clearly a "left" idea ?? (is "right" racist?)

He s also "anti-capitalist" but today his engagement is not as clear as a few year ago... on this point we had a protest song from alternative scene called " si j avais le portefeuille de Manu Chao" from the punk group : "Wampas"("If i had the wallet of manu chao", protesting against the manu chao engagement against capitalism as a rich person) The perceiving of his "internationalism" is mitiged in France... also today people are questionning the "left wing" seriously... Chao never was really engaged politicaly in western countries...he s leftist in 3rd world, but here, idk ! seeing what leftis in western world, it s hard to say Chao= left — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.6.243.136 (talk) 15:01, 12 January 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Manu Chao. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://www.tootsandthemaytals.net/linear-cd-notes/%3E
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110410124624/http://www.musicomh.com/albums/robbie-williams-5_1006.htm to http://www.musicomh.com/albums/robbie-williams-5_1006.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:45, 1 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Manu Chao. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080311215430/http://www.rfimusique.com/siteen/biographie/biographie_6191.asp to http://www.rfimusique.com/siteen/biographie/biographie_6191.asp
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20120712171015/http://music.monstersandcritics.com/news/article_1296328.php/Manu_Chao%92s_plans_new_album_and_Coachella_appearance to http://music.monstersandcritics.com/news/article_1296328.php/Manu_Chao%92s_plans_new_album_and_Coachella_appearance
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080219053447/http://www.abqtrib.com/news/2007/may/04/rock-n-roll-celebrities-and-sun-abound-coachella-m/ to http://www.abqtrib.com/news/2007/may/04/rock-n-roll-celebrities-and-sun-abound-coachella-m/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070724084209/http://www.ontaponline.com/view_article.php?article_id=10675 to http://www.ontaponline.com/view_article.php?article_id=10675

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:31, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Manu Chao


text:
Talk:Gold chalcogenides

This article doesn't explain what Gold chalcogenides is. There are other terms in the article which are undefined. For a layman, this article doesn't make any sense. RickK 02:07 29 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Fixed this. Hope it is better. I do question the last edit, however --- A gold chalcogenide is not always a mineral. I'll attempt a fix

Proposed merge
I am not always in favor of merges, but this topic is such a tiny niche that the content might be more useful in the article on gold. The chalcogenides of gold are extremely rare and usually unstable (hence gold does not tarnish). At least that is my impression.--Smokefoot (talk) 18:56, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

That is only true for the oxide and sulfide. Gold tellurides are actually quite stable and are the only gold compounds found in nature (see the tellurium article, and Telluride, Colorado for a town named after them). There are several different AuTe minerals, in fact, since the compound is not stoichiometric (it is actually a metallic conductor). This is possible because Au and Te have similar electronegativities; 2.1 for Te, 2.54 for Au.

Gold tellurides are highly notable because they contain two of the rarest elements on Earth occuring in the same mineral! So I don't think your proposed merger is a good idea.

As far as selenides go, they don't occur in nature but I would expect them to be more stable than the oxides and sulfides (though less so than the tellurides), since Se is more metallic than S. Se and Au have almost identical electronegativities, in fact, so AuSe compounds should be pretty interesting to study...

Stonemason89 (talk) 19:34, 10 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Good luck writing up the gold tellurides, that info would be welcome.--Smokefoot (talk) 22:18, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gold chalcogenides


text:
Ertapenem

Ertapenem, sold under the brand name Invanz, is a carbapenem antibiotic medication used for the treatment of infections of the abdomen, the lungs, the upper part of the female reproductive system, and the diabetic foot.

The most common side effects include diarrhoea, nausea (feeling sick), headache, and problems around the area where the medicine is infused. It can significantly reduce the concentrations of valproic acid, an anti-seizure medication, in the blood to the point where it loses its effectiveness.

Ertapenem was approved for medical use in the United States in November 2001, and in the European Union in April 2002. It is marketed by Merck.

Medical uses
Ertapenem is indicated for the treatment of intra-abdominal infections, community-acquired pneumonia, pelvic infections, and diabetic foot infections, with bacteria that are susceptible to this drug, or expected to be so. It can also be used to prevent infections after colorectal surgery. In the United States it is also indicated for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections including pyelonephritis. It is a potential effective alternative treatment for ceftriaxone-resistant gonorrhoea.

It is given as an intravenous infusion or intramuscular injection. The drug is not approved for children under three months of age.

Contraindications
The drug is contraindicated in people with known hypersensitivity to ertapenem or other carbapenem type antibiotics, or with severe hypersensitivity reactions (such as anaphylaxis or severe skin reactions) to other beta-lactam antibiotics in the past.

Side effects
Common side effects are diarrhoea (in 5% of people receiving ertapenem), nausea (in 3%) and vomiting, reactions at the injection site (5%, including pain and inflammation of the vein), and headache. Uncommon but possibly serious side effects include candida infections, seizures, skin reactions such as rashes (including nappy rash in children), and anaphylaxis. Hypersensitivity cross-reactions with penicillins are rare.

Ertapenem also can have an effect on some blood tests such as liver enzymes and platelet count.

Overdose
Overdosing is unlikely. In adults receiving the threefold therapeutic dose over eight days, no significant toxicity was observed.

Interactions
Ertapenem can reduce the concentrations of valproic acid, an epilepsy medication, by 70% and perhaps up to 95% within 24 hours; this can result in inadequate control of seizures. The effect is described for other carbapenem antibiotics as well, but seems to be most pronounced for ertapenem and meropenem. This is likely caused by several mechanisms: carbapenems inhibit transport of valproic acid from the gut into the body; they may increase metabolization of valproic acid to its glucuronide; they may reduce enterohepatic circulation and recycling of valproic acid glucuronide by acting against gut bacteria; and they may block transporter proteins that pump valproic acid out of red blood cells into the blood plasma. The effect is also seen in reverse: in cases where ertapenem has been withdrawn blood concentrations of valproate have been reported to rise.

Drug interactions via the cytochrome P450 enzyme system or the P-glycoprotein transporter are considered unlikely, as these proteins are not involved in the metabolism of ertapenem.

Mechanism of action
Like all beta-lactam antibiotics, ertapenem is bactericidal. It inhibits cross-linking of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls by blocking a type of enzymes called penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). When a bacterial cell tries to synthesize new cell wall in order to grow and divide, the attempt fails, rendering the cell vulnerable to osmotic disruption. Additionally, the surplus of peptidoglycan precursors triggers autolytic enzymes of the bacterium, which disintegrate the existing wall.

Susceptible bacteria
Bacteria that are normally susceptible to ertapenem treatment (at least in Europe) include:
 * Gram-positive aerobes
 * Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus species (including Staphylococcus aureus)
 * Streptococcus agalactiae
 * Streptococcus pneumoniae (not established for penicillin-resistant strains)
 * Gram-negative aerobes
 * Escherichia coli
 * Haemophilus influenzae
 * Klebsiella pneumoniae
 * Moraxella catarrhalis
 * Proteus mirabilis
 * Anaerobes:
 * Clostridium species (excluding C. difficile)
 * Eubacterium species
 * Fusobacterium species
 * Peptostreptococcus species
 * Porphyromonas asaccharolytica
 * Prevotella species

 * The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) label specifies activity against additional anaerobes:
 * Bacteroides distasonis
 * Bacteroides fragilis
 * Bacteroides ovatus
 * Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
 * Bacteroides uniformis

Resistance
Bacteria that show no clinically relevant response to ertapenem include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus species (including MRSA) as well as Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Enterococcus, and Pseudomonas.

Microorganisms can become resistant to ertapenem by producing carbapenemases, enzymes that inactivate the drug by opening the beta-lactam ring. Other mechanisms of resistance against carbapenems are development of efflux pumps that transport the antibiotics out of the bacterial cells, mutations of PBPs, and mutations of Gram-negative bacteria's porins which are necessary for carbapenems to enter the bacteria.

Pharmacokinetics

The route of administration has only a slight effect on the drug's concentrations in the bloodstream: when given as an intramuscular injection, its bioavailability is 90% (as compared to the 100% availability when given directly into a vein), and its highest concentrations in the blood plasma are reached after about 2.3 hours. In the blood, 85–95% of ertapenem are bound to plasma proteins, mostly albumin. Plasma protein binding is higher for lower concentrations, and vice versa. The drug is only partially metabolized, with 94% circulating in form of the parent substance and 6% as metabolites. The main metabolite is the inactive hydrolysis product with the ring opened.

Ertapenem is mainly eliminated via the kidneys and urine (80%) and to a minor extent via the faeces (10%). Of the 80% found in the urine, 38% is excreted as the parent drug and 37% as the ring-opened metabolite. The biological half-life is about 3.5 hours in women, 4.2 hours in men and 2.5 hours in children up to 12 years of age.

Comparison with other antibiotics
Like all carbapenem antibiotics, ertapenem has a broader spectrum of activity than other beta-lactams like penicillins and cephalosporins. Similar to doripenem, meropenem and biapenem, ertapenem has slightly better activity against many Gram-negative bacteria than other carbapenems such as imipenem. In contrast to imipenem, doripenem and meropenem, it is not active against Enterococcus, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species.

For diabetic foot infections, ertapenem as a single treatment or in combination with vancomycin has been found to be more effective and have fewer side effects than tigecycline, but in severe cases it is less effective than piperacillin/tazobactam.

Regarding pharmacokinetics, imipenem, doripenem and meropenem have lower plasma protein bindings (up to 25%) and shorter half-lives (about one hour) than ertapenem.

History
Ertapenem is marketed by Merck. It was approved for use by the US Food and Drug Administration in November 2001, and by the European Medicines Agency in April 2002.

title: Ertapenem


text:
Talk:Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu

Requested move 24 February 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Consensus to not move. The noes have it. OhKayeSierra (talk) 14:42, 4 March 2020 (UTC)

Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu → Taumata (hill) – This title is too long. It fills up the address bar and may cause formatting problems on mobile and desktop. Aasim 23:13, 24 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose Article titles tells us how articles are to be named. It is strongly guided by the concept that we call common name and the existing article title represents the common name. There isn't anything on that page about the kind of technical difficulties the proposer is talking about. The case for a page move has not been made.  Schwede 66  23:41, 24 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Even then, per WP:CONCISE, titles should be the shortest title to search the subject. So that village in Wales has an article title of Llanfairpwllgwyngyll, not Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch.  So... the title may need to be shortened to Taumata (hill), but for a different reason mentioned in the title policy.:) Aasim 02:06, 25 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Oppose, this is the common name, used in the sources, and the name is the reason for its notability. Note that there were similar proposals to change the article title in 2014, which failed. See /Archive 1.- gadfium 03:45, 25 February 2020 (UTC)o
 * Oppose per above and per common name (I hear it in conversation all the time). Randy Kryn (talk) 03:51, 25 February 2020 (UTC)
 * To be honest, what I hear in regular conversation is "That hill with the very long name somewhere in the south of the North Island, which I visited in 20xx when I was ...", but I'm not suggesting we move the article to that title. For me, the last time I visited the site was nine days ago, when I was ....- gadfium 17:22, 25 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose per (and others as well, but mainly because I wanted to ping Randy and say "hi!" following a contentious MfD for Portal:Painting I originally closed as "keep," but re-opened following a request from another participant). This is a good case where we need to ignore WP:CONCISE and/or WP:COMMONNAME and invoke WP:IAR. So, call this a strong oppose per WP:IAR. Doug Mehus  T · C  02:44, 29 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Hello, and may the winds, fine food, and rustic music of Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu be at your back and guide you into a weekend of editing and good cheer. As to your point, since the name is the real name of the location there is no need to ignore any rule. This is the same as a nomination to change the name of London to Lond, Toronto to Toro, or Rome to Roma (wait, that one should actually be tested). Enjoy. Randy Kryn (talk) 12:24, 29 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Came back to say I checked Rome and was surprised 'Roma' wasn't boldfaced in the lede as an alternate name (although it's in the infobox title and listed as a Roman name), so boldfaced it and removed its unneeded italics in the infobox title, and will keep watch. Thanks for the inspiration. Who would have known that the flute music from the hill of Taumatawhakathang...well, you know, would reach the seven hills of Roma on Wikipedia. Randy Kryn (talk) 12:33, 29 February 2020 (UTC)
 * , Oh, good point! Doug Mehus T · C  14:55, 29 February 2020 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.
 * On a side note, at least the page Taumata (hill) was redirected. Hopefully it makes it easier to find and not painstakingly long to type in :) Aasim 16:45, 4 March 2020 (UTC)

Requested move 3 July 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. There exists consensus generally opposing the move as proposed.

Most arguments given by supporters fell into WP:CONCISE and WP:COMMONNAME. Generally, usage of these policies pointed toward the display of the title for readers. Opponents, meanwhile, argued on the basis of WP:RECOGNISABILITY. Main arguments against the move focused on the notability of the hill in popular culture and reputable sourcing, as well as the hill being more commonly recognizable using its formal name.

While the overall consensus is fairly evenly split, I find that there is a rough overall consensus against the page move based on the discussion below. (closed by non-admin page mover) EggRoll97 (talk) 22:43, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu → Taumata (hill) – Per WP:CONCISE. The shorter name also appears to be more common; even articles that discuss the long name appear to prefer the short one, including Stuff, news18, and NZ Herald BilledMammal (talk) 06:31, 3 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Support I didn't even consider this would be controversial, let alone that prior proposals would be opposed. It's quite clear per our article naming WP:CRITERIA that this is far too lengthy of a title. Taumata hill is a perfectly natural alternative that is used in multiple reliable sources and described as being the named used by locals. Also WP:WIAN states 'A name can be considered as widely accepted if a neutral and reliable source states: "X is the name most often used for this entity"' Stuff states 'its everyday name is Taumata Hill.'. That's a reliable source quite clearly stating the name is widely used amongst locals. Traumnovelle (talk) 06:57, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I prefer your proposed natural disambiguation of Taumata Hill over the parenthetical disambiguation I proposed; looking at the sources again, it also appears to be preferred by them too. BilledMammal (talk) 07:09, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * The long name establishes its notability. Alexeyevitch (talk) 22:28, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Comment: Please move the article back to the original name of Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu until consensus is reached. There had already been two requested moves and consensus was not to move. ―Panamitsu (talk) 07:16, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Panamitsu, I'm aware of this. I'm trying to see how to copy the old title to actually properly move it back.  Liliana UwU  (talk / contributions) 07:17, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * See this. It wasn't intentional, and they have been trying to get it back to that title, although there are technical issues because of its length. BilledMammal (talk) 07:18, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Did I do it?  Liliana UwU  (talk / contributions) 07:19, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, yours still had the soft hyphen character. I think I've managed to fix it now. BilledMammal (talk) 07:22, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I think the original did have the soft hyphen character to an extent, hence why it was at AN for being blacklisted.  Liliana UwU  (talk / contributions) 07:24, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Sorry, my mistake - I think you're right; they're in the link in my RM, but not the previous RM. I think Canley accidentally introduced them in . However, should it have them? BilledMammal (talk) 07:27, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I mean... on my end (with Vector 2010), the title trails off the screen, pretty much.  Liliana UwU  (talk / contributions) 07:29, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * And moved back, sorry about that. BilledMammal (talk) 07:31, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Apologies for this mess and waste of time. Although it somewhat highlights the issues with the lengthy name. Traumnovelle (talk) 07:55, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:CONCISE and other arguments above. Left guide (talk) 07:29, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose The hill's unusually long name (arguably the longest in the world) is the specific reason why it is notable. PatricKiwi (talk) 07:32, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Strong Oppose, per PatricKiwi and it's not the common name. Alexeyevitch (talk) 07:56, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Weak oppose. This has been discussed repeatedly, and basically nothing has changed AFAIK. As I said before, the notability of the place seems to stem largely from its lengthy name. The Guinness Book of World Records did not celebrate the place as "Taumata". The Mountain Dew jingle wasn't about "Taumata", and neither were any of the other pop culture references. It is not special in The New Zealand Geographic Placenames Database for being called "Taumata". Most reliable sources that talk about the place seem likely to feature its longer name. Without the name, it's just a non-notable hill. The soft hyphens are helpful for display purposes. — BarrelProof (talk) 19:45, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Weak support: Llanfairpwllgwyngyll is also notable for its extremely long name and yet WP uses a shorter, but more frequently used variant as the title. The cases seem analogous. BilledMammal and Traumnovelle cite a range of sources for Taumata as the common name. I'd change my position if there was evidence that the long version was the common name. Furius (talk) 21:07, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * (a. It obviously remains notable for the long name regardless of whether we use that as the article title; b. it should also be notable for its role in the life of Tamatea Urehaea, but sadly as the article stands it doesn't even include an account of the story: who was the lover? what was the outcome of Tamatea's flute playing?) Furius (talk) 21:11, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Even without its lengthy name, Llanfairpwllgwyngyll would have a Wikipedia article written about it. It has thousands of residents, a substantial list of notable people who lived there, and a long and rich history dating back several thousand years including a fort, a capture by Roman forces, a notable medieval church, and a Victorian-era church. For that town, the long name is just an interesting observation and tourism promotion, not its only or primary source of notability. — BarrelProof (talk) 22:15, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Comment I note that the LINZ Gazetteer - which we usually use for guidance in how to name WP pages for NZ places - does not list this hill as "Taumata" at all; instead, it uses the long name. PatricKiwi (talk) 22:47, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * The Gazetteer actually uses neither the current name or the proposed one; they shorten it to Taumatawhakatangihangakōauauotamateapōkaiwhenuakitānatahu. Also, see WP:OFFICIALNAME. BilledMammal (talk) 00:55, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Strong Oppose Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu is the real name of the hill can not change it just because it is really long. 173.72.3.91 (talk) 23:40, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Even if the article's title is changed the article body will remain how it is. Traumnovelle (talk) 05:28, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose per @BarrelProof comments. Kiwiz1338 (talk) 01:48, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Support. The sources given by BilledMammal indicate that Taumata is the common name. The article is about the hill, not the long form of the name of the hill; that the hill is well-known for having a long name does not mean that the long name should be the article's title - especially when there is another, more commonly used name. WP:CONCISE also clearly provides support for the shorter name. XabqEfdg (talk) 03:46, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Support. Taumata is the common name. ‹hamster717🐉› (discuss anything!🐹✈ • my contribs🌌🌠) 15:22, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Strong Oppose per Barrelproof and the reason for the hill's notability being the long name. Since the shorter version is redirected to this page there is nothing broken, and the notability remains intact. Randy Kryn (talk) 15:32, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Support - The length of the place name may be why it is notable, but that doesn't mean we have to keep the article at that name. WP:COMMONNAME applies. —  The Hand That Feeds You :Bite 16:40, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose The hill longest name is what make this hill known for, even though there is a shorter WP:COMMONNAME used by the NZ media, or a shorter but not too short WP:OFFICIALNAME Taumatawhakatangihangakōauauotamateapōkaiwhenuakitānatahu. This place, as the world's longest name, is more notable. I'm concurred with @BarrelProof, without it's longest name, that would become non-notable. --- Cat12zu3 (talk) 19:33, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Comment : So as a "compromise", I would support instead to a "medium" WP:OFFICIALNAME of Taumatawhakatangihangakōauauotamateapōkaiwhenuakitānatahu. --- Cat12zu3 (talk) 19:33, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose any shortening or moving to a shorter name. The hill's notability is in the length of its name. Abbreviating it to "Taumata" would lead to confusion with Taumata near Clinton, about 850 km distant. Daveosaurus (talk) 08:42, 5 July 2024 (UTC)
 * No one is going to confuse this hill with an unnotable sheep station in the middle of no where. Traumnovelle (talk) 08:49, 5 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Unnotable? If not for its name Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu the hill at Porangahau would be an order of magnitude less notable than Taumata the locality at Clinton, which is a Settlement under the land policies of the 1890s and subsequent decades (which deserve an article of their own if anyone has the time to write one). Clinton is a well known refreshment stop on Highway 1 approximately mid-way between Dunedin and Invercargill. Porangahau is miles from any highway and is in the wild country between Dannevirke and Cape Turnagain.Daveosaurus (talk) 09:11, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Support - I haven't followed this debate but at a glance I think the common name should apply, ie the short version. However, the place is notable almost entirely due to its long name and so that must be written in bold in the first sentence as an 'also known as'. Roger 8 Roger (talk) 08:58, 5 July 2024 (UTC)
 * The first bold text in an article doesn't need to match the title, see today's featured article: Ed Bradley. Traumnovelle (talk) 09:05, 5 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Okay thanks. Wouldn't that mean using the short version for the title and the long name as the first bold at the start? The commonly used name is the title with the formal name at the start of the lead. However, on reflection, what is it the article is about? Is it the hill or the name? Hmm, on balance I still think it should be about the hill with the short name as the title. Apologies if I am going over detail already discussed. Roger 8 Roger (talk) 09:46, 5 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, if this move is successful the title would be Taumata hill with the leading remaining as it is. The article is about the hill although focuses on the name a bit. There is some content that can be used to write about the hill itself: https://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/back-your-backyard/300097188/world-famous-in-new-zealand-hawkes-bays-taumata-hill (note how Stuff chooses to use the short name for the title too). !Traumnovelle (talk) 09:51, 5 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I've thought more...The title should be the commonly used name. That will be the short name. References using the long name are about the name itself, not the hill. The Welsh comparison isn't a good one because the Welsh town's long name is not as excessively long and so can be and is sometimes used in sources about the twon. See Oriental Republic of Uruguay, an unusual but official name but the article title is just Uruquay. Roger 8 Roger (talk) 10:19, 5 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:COMMONNAME 『π』  BalaM314  〘talk〙  12:29, 5 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:RECOGNISABILITY. As others have stated, the long name is the reason for the hill's notability, and is far more prominent than an arbitrarily shortened name. The proposed name is also frankly generic, with several other places in NZ sharing it and the title introducing unnecessary disambiguation. I'd be open to use of the shorter official name as I think that would align with WP:NZNC but my preference would be for the current title to be retained. Turnagra (talk) 00:34, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Agreed. The long name is more recognizable than the shortened version. Alexeyevitch (talk) 04:49, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Support. Per nom. --Spekkios (talk) 10:23, 7 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The primary rationale given by the proposer is concision, per the WP:CONCISE policy. According to the OED, "concise" means "Expressed in few words; brief and comprehensive in statement; not diffuse." And its opposite, "diffuse", means "expressed in or containing many words; expansive, discursive". Nothing at WP:CONCISE is contrary to the dictionary definition of "few words", as opposed to "many words". The current title is one word (albeit a very long one). The proposal is to move to a title of two words (albeit much shorter words). But concision is few words, not few letters. The proposal is actually for a less concise title. The secondary rationale given by the proposer is commonness, and three news articles are provided in support of this. The first article, in Stuff, mentions "Taumata Hill" in the headline and the article states, "Locals will pronounce it fluently for you, but its everyday name is Taumata Hill". The second article, in news18, states "Local people call this place Taumata Hill". news18 also refers to it variously as a "hill", "mountain", "place", "village" and "township". It is a hill and a place, and I'll let have "mountain", but it is not a village or township. news18 is a news site in India, so it is not too surprising that they might be hazy on a NZ topic, but IMO these mentions make them less than reliable on this topic. The third article is in NZ Herald. Oh dear, this article must have been mentioned by mistake. It says "known also as Te Taumata for short". It makes no mention of the simple "Taumata", nor of "Taumata Hill". In my reckoning, this leaves us with just Stuff, a single news article, which is hardly sufficient weight to move the page. Those are my policy-based arguments. Additionally, and I said this to a previous move request, to Taumata, but it was ten years ago (to the hour), so please excuse the repetition, the short name is used in casual conversation by people who live nearby, just as they say "Waipuk" for Waipukurau, and we are hardly going to move that article (in that discussion I was defending the shorter long name as title, not the present longest name). Nurg (talk) 11:11, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * The policy says The title is no longer than necessary to identify the article's subject and distinguish it from other subjects. This appears to be referring to length in general, not word count. BilledMammal (talk) 11:16, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * It can also be referring to word count. This is one word, a concise applicable title. The nomination extends that to two words. That's too long, compared to a one-word descriptor. Randy Kryn (talk) 13:13, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I think it’s more than a little silly to claim that an 85 character title is not longer than a title consisting of two words and 12 characters. BilledMammal (talk) 13:17, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * And it could be argued the other way, including the above information brought by Nurg. The language is unclear. Every long-winded hill has the right to a defense, no?, and since more-than-a-little silly is medium silly, maybe, but still accurate. Word count is mentioned in one of the two examples given at WP:CONCISE, as is letter-count. Randy Kryn (talk) 14:02, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * It is obvious that the current title is longer than "Taumata Hill". Nurg's OED definition is irrelevant, since nowhere is it written "all terms are used in accordance with the OED". The meaning of the policy is clear from context; it makes no explicit reference to word or letter count, just brevity. The current title is not brief, which is why it is not in common use.
 * Besides, the current title is merely many words joined together, so even if the OED definition was to be used, the page should still be moved. XabqEfdg (talk) 14:46, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * No, we shouldn't use the OED definition, but it is a point of reference. For Wikipedia policy, one of the two examples at CONCISE mentions word count and letter count. In common use, if you show the full title to someone they may recognize it because of its notability. Show lots of people the two-word redirect title and I'd guess they'd have no idea what makes that notable let alone recognize it. I wouldn't have. Randy Kryn (talk) 14:54, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Dictionaries such as the OED give the meanings of words. A word's meaning is not irrelevant. Nurg (talk) 09:28, 10 July 2024 (UTC)
 * While I agree that it's silly to claim that the current title is more concise than the proposed, I don't actually think the proposed title is suitable under the definition you just quoted. I don't think someone could reasonably be expected to look at the proposed title and be like "Oh that's that hill in the Hawkes Bay with the super long name", and as mentioned the title introduces disambiguation which wouldn't be needed with a different choice of name. Turnagra (talk) 19:29, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * BilledMammal, The title is no longer than necessary to identify the article's subject and distinguish it from other subjects does indeed appear to be referring to length in general, when taken out of context. The full quote though is Concision – The title is no longer than necessary to identify the article's subject and distinguish it from other subjects, and Concision means fewer words. Nurg (talk) 09:12, 10 July 2024 (UTC)

Oppose - the name is key to the subject's notability and significance, changing it to anything else would be confusing to readers. If Taumata is being used anywhere, it's likely for brevity and convenience, I don't feel that the common name would be anything other than the full name, given its significance. ASUKITE 16:15, 11 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The real name of the place is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu, and the fact that the name is really long does not mean it can be changed. A redirect can be provided for the shortened version. I'm Here to Help You (talk) 05:26, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Support per BilledMammal Zinderboff(talk) 17:15, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose, seems weird to chose a less-notable contraction of a name for a place that is only really notable for the name. David Palmer// cloventt (talk) 04:27, 15 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Support - per WP:CONCISE. I did not find any good arguments for oppse:-1) "Real name of the place" is not very relevant, see WP:OFFICIALNAME. 2) "The place is notable for its name" - Thats an argument against deletion. The long name being its claim to notability does not influence the title. Captain Jack Sparrow (talk) 10:55, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Soft hyphens
If the current RM fails, should this be moved from Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu to Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu? They look the same; I'm just proposing deleting the current title's four soft hyphens. These are hidden characters that permit the page title to be broken up at line breaks, but because they virtually never appear in page titles, they can cause confusion for editors and non-editing readers — especially since they're invisible, and there's no immediately obvious reasoning that they're placed where they are, rather than at other spots in the word. See this discussion at WP:AN, related to the recent series of pagemoves started by someone who was unaware of title discussions here at talk. Nyttend (talk) 12:11, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

 * I would support that, if they're arbitrarily placed and invisible, no reason to have them. The only reason I can think of adding them is that maybe in some case they show? Perhaps on certain mobile browsers, but I can't get them to render for me. (Scratch that, they showed on Edge and not Firefox.) Still really unnecessary, as the title text stands out enough on its own to not need hypens (the only real purpose for which is indicating that a word is continuing, but the title style is unique and large enough to make this irrelevant)

 * Actually, on that note, perhaps it's so that links to the page wrap in body? That's a possible reason to keep the hypens. ASUKITE 16:19, 11 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Per the discussion with LilianaUwU, omitting them causes the title to run off the edge of smaller screens (take a look at the redirect with your browser window shrunk). Because of this, I think they're necessary. BilledMammal (talk) 16:25, 11 July 2024 (UTC)


text:
Operation Scavenger

During World War II, Operation Scavenger was the aerial bombardment of Iwo Jima and the Bonin Islands on 4–5 August 1944, as part of the preparation for the invasion and other fighting around the Marianas Islands.

Carrier aircraft wipe out Convoy 4804, marus ENJU, HOKKAI, KYUSHU, SHOGEN, and UNKAI No.7 are sunk north west of Chichi Jima, as well as IJN LST T-133 off Okinawa.

title: Operation Scavenger


text:
Combination (chess)

In chess, a combination is a sequence of moves, often initiated by a sacrifice, which leaves the opponent few options and results in tangible gain. At most points in a chess game, each player has several reasonable options from which to choose, which makes it difficult to plan ahead except in strategic terms. Combinations, in contrast to the norm, are sufficiently forcing that one can calculate exactly how advantage will be achieved against any defense. Indeed, it is usually necessary to see several moves ahead in exact detail before launching a combination, or else the initial sacrifice should not be undertaken.

Definition
In 1952/53, the editors of Shakhmaty v SSSR decided on this definition: A combination is a forced sequence of moves which uses tactical means and exploits specific peculiarities of the position to achieve a certain goal.

Irving Chernev wrote: What is a combination? A combination is a blend of ideas – pins, forks, discovered checks, double attacks – which endow the pieces with magical power. It is a series of staggering blows before the knockout. It is the climactic scene in the play appearing on the board. It is the touch of enchantment that gives life to inanimate pieces. It is all this and more – A combination is the heart of chess.

Example
A combination is usually built out of two or more fundamental chess tactics such as forks, pins, skewers, undermining, discovered attacks, etc. Thus a combination is usually at least three moves long, but the longer it takes to recoup the initial sacrifice, the more impressive the combination.

The position shown is from G. Stepanov–Peter Romanovsky, Leningrad 1926, and begins a combination which illustrates several forks and skewers. Black has just played
 * 1... Rxf3+

Retreating with 2.Ke2 would allow 2...Nd4+, a attacking both White's king and queen and winning the queen. Similarly, 2.Kd2 would allow 2...Rf2+ (skewering the white king and queen) 3.Be2 Rxe2+! 4.Kxe2 Nd4+, again winning the queen. White accordingly chose
 * 2. Ke4

but after
 * 2... d5+

White resigned. White cannot take the black rook since that loses his queen to the fork 3...Nd4+, but the alternative 3.cxd5 exd5+ 4.Kxd5 (again, taking the rook loses the queen to the fork 4...Nd4+) Be6+ would leave White with no good defense. Taking the bishop with 5.Kxe6 allows the long-threatened fork 5...Nd4+, while taking the knight with 5.Kxc6 allows the skewer 5...Rc8+ followed by 6...Rxc2. Retreating with 5.Ke4 permits the black bishop to skewer the white king and queen with 5...Bf5+, so White has only one option left: 5.Kd6.

After 5.Kd6, Black would have played 5...Rd8+. White still cannot take the knight for exactly the same reason as before, and 6.Kxe6 allows checkmate in one move with 6...Rf6#, which leaves one legal move, namely 6.Kc7, but then 6...Rf7+ absolutely forces the white king to take the black knight, allowing the skewer 7...Rc8+ followed by 8...Rxc2.

title: Combination (chess)


text:
Foxton

Foxton may refer to:

Places

 * New Zealand
 * Foxton, New Zealand, in the North Island
 * Foxton Fizz, soft drink
 * Foxton (New Zealand electorate), a former parliamentary electorate, 1881–1890
 * Foxton Beach, North Island

 * United Kingdom
 * Foxton, Cambridgeshire, England
 * Foxton, County Durham, England
 * Foxton, Leicestershire, England
 * Foxton, North Yorkshire, England
 * Foxton Locks, on the Grand Union Canal, in Leicestershire, England

 * United States
 * Foxton, Colorado

People

 * Bruce Foxton (born 1955), British musician
 * David Foxton (born 1965), British judge
 * John Foxton (1769–1829), British hangman
 * Justin Foxton (1849–1916), Australian politician
 * Richard Foxton (died 1649), British MP

title: Foxton