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Situated ethics

Situated ethics, often confused with situational ethics, is a view of applied ethics in which abstract standards from a culture or theory are considered to be far less important than the ongoing processes in which one is personally and physically involved, e.g. climate, ecosystem, etc. It is one of several theories of ethics within the philosophy of action.

There are also situated theories of economics, e.g. most green economics, and of knowledge, usually based on some situated ethics. All emphasize the actual physical, geographical, ecological and infrastructural state the actor is in, which determines that actor's actions or range of actions - all deny that there is any one point of view from which to apply standards of or by authority. This makes such theories unpopular with authority, and popular with those who advocate political decentralisation.

Embodiment
Humans pass through Kohlberg/Gilligan's stages of moral development. Up to stage 3 (Conventional morality:Good Interpersonal Relationships), these stages are compatible with embodiment. Most philosophy of law emphasizes that the fact that bodies take risk to enforce laws, make laws embodied at least to the degree they are enforced.

However, the stages become problematic when Lawrence Kohlberg posits a universal ethics - that is, a disembodied ethic. All ethical decisions are necessarily situated in a world. Carol Gilligan's view is closer to an embodied view and emphasizes ethical relationships - necessarily between bodies - over universal ethical principles that require a "God's Eye view". Some ethicists emphasize the role of the ethicist to sort out right versus right in a given context. This is stage 4 but assumes that the ethicist is hesitant to damage relationships or violate principles, e.g. that survival or human rights take precedence over property rights.

title: Situated ethics


text:
Talk:Metamorphism

Redirects: Etymology:from Gk. metamorphosis "a transforming," and "-ism"; from metamorphoun "to transform," from meta- "change" (see meta-) + morphe "form" (see Morpheus),Metamorphism (geology), Regional metamorphism, Contact metamorphism, Hydrothermal metamorphism, Impact metamorphism

Removed redirect because i intend to write something about this. Muriel Gottrop 15:25, 1 Aug 2003 (UTC)

The concept of metamorphic sequence is missing:

 * pelitic sequence (where the concept of metamorphic zones -chlorite, biotite, garnet, staurolite, kyanite, sillimanite- is usually applied)
 * mafic (or basic) sequence (where the concept of facies is usually applied
 * ultramafic (or ultrabasic) sequence
 * Carbonate sequence
 * Quartzo-feldspathic sequence

Also the term of Barrovian metamorphism for regional metamorphism should be added

Moumine 23:32, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Barrovian metamorpism is only one type of prograde sequence, and it is wrong to class blueschist and eclogite in with it. Also, I will attempt to work on a more thorough definition of metamorphic facies which includes what they are, mineral assemblages, etc. Also, I can't believe that prehnite-pumpellyite facies was missing entirely....oh well. Rolinator 05:52, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Done Blueschist facies, under Blueschist and Greenschist facies under Greenschist and Amphibolite Facies under Amphibolite. Will also be attempting to bring together the materials science links to put together the whole equilibrium assemblage thing; also the thermomechanical reasons behind metamorphism, and work on rock microstructure metamorphic section as part of this. Rolinator 08:51, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

Dynamic metamorphism
Dynamic metamorphism should not be confusedwith brecciation; the former is a metamorphic event (thermal and textural) and the latter is just a result of faulting. In brittle conditions, you are unlikely to see any change of mineral assemblages, because the rocks are too cool to undergo retrogression. I'll grant that a lot of large fault systems have clay gouges etc, in the upper crustal zones, but most of this is a result of metasomatism not metamorphism.

Dynamothermal metamorphism is also not to be confused with mylonitisation; mylonites are a textural response to ductile deformation, resulting in comunition via grain size reduction and mineral reconfiguration, most often without changing the mineral assemblage. That's not metamorphism, it's shearing. The other problem with confabulating mylonites and dynamothermal metamorphism is that mylonites don't neccessarily get heated up enough above the background because shear dislocation is shared across a very large cross section of he shear zone. In the brittle-ductile transition, however, heat is able to be focused more efficiently into thin fault zones because the confining pressure keeps the hangingwall and footwall pressed together enough to mitigate milling, and the rock isn't ductile enough to deform via pure ductile smearing...so it tends to, in the rare cases, form thick shear bands of pseudotachlyltes and disturbed milled ductile melanges and fault gouges. In these zones the frictional heat is often enough to not only heat the rock up to melt it, but also change the mineral assemblage, hence causing definite metamorphism not just textural reorganisation.Rolinator 04:08, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

we need some diagrams to get towards a B class Graeme Bartlett 06:16, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

The image
The image does nothing but detract from the legitimacy (actual AND factual aspects) of this Encylopedic entry. The symbol used in the image (opposed chevrons with attached tails) is not a chemistry symbol for reaction equations. Sources which incorporate aspects such as using a false symbol in a reaction equation screams that the depiction is not true or at the very least, an entry which should be ignored as it includes information that is not from a reputable source. Wikipedia does NOT have to be in the same reference category as the Urban Dictionary, it does so by choice. The Weasel colors do nothing to communicate the meaning without be labeled as the true colors they depict; that of weasels - Dirtclustit (talk) 21:52, 24 September 2014 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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image Petrogenetic grid for Metapelites.png
I removed image https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Petrogenetic_grid_for_Metapelites.png from the Introduction section of this article because i think it is is much too complicated and unclear. I think viewers will not be able to see the wood for the trees. I think it is a very unsuitable image to be the second image about metamorphism that 99 percent of readers will have seen in their lifetime and I expect it would scare viewers and readers away from this article. The pressure-temperature ranges of metamorphic facies are already shown in the much simpler and clearer image https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Metamorphic_Facies.jpg in the Metamorphic facies section of this article.

(I have also removed the image from the Metamorphic rock and Metamorphic facies articles for similar reasons). GeoWriter (talk) 17:10, 26 February 2019 (UTC)

 * While it may be useless for the layman, petrogenetic grids are the bread and butter of metamorphic petrologists, and this petrogenetic grid is one of the best looking ones I've ever seen. It deserves to be easily available for all. Besides, this page really needs to be expanded. There's quite a bit of work to do. Can we compromise and put it closer to the bottom, by the facies or metamorphic processes/reactions? It may look a bit confusing now, but I'm currently in the process of developing a page on petrogenetic grids to explain them.  RockingGeo (talk) 17:46, 26 February 2019 (UTC)

I think the diagram is much worse than "a bit confusing now". I think the diagram is a mass of data - too much for almost everyone, including novices and even some experts. Even if it is accompanied by an explanation, the diagram is so cluttered that I think it is very unlikely to be useful to the average reader/viewer. The creator of the diagram has favoured quantity of data at the expense of clarity of information. It may be one of the most complete available examples of a petrogenetic grid but that does not necessarily make it suitable for a Wikipedia article. Diagrams should bring clarity and improve a reader/viewer's understanding of a subject - this correlates closely with simplicity. Wikipedia editors should not be trying to impress people with an overly-complicated diagram, which looks authoritative and comprehensive but which is also likely to overwhelm and intimidate people. Diagrams should be accurate and useful but they do not have to be impressive or comprehensive. Wikipedia articles do use and should use diagrams to help the reader to understand a concept. Wikipedia articles do not have to include a diagram just because it "deserves to be easily available for all".

Although this diagram contains much interesting data, which could be useful to professional metamorphic petrologists (whom I suspect will account for only a very tiny minority of the people who will ever look at this diagram on Wikipedia), professional metamorphic petrologists are very much more likely to find petrogenetic grids elsewhere e.g. in academic journals. Professional metamorphic petrologists should not use this diagram in their academic research because the diagram's creator did not give sources.

As you are proposing to create an article about petrogenetic grids, I recommend that you describe/explain simple examples with about 3 to 10 mineral P-T stability fields, not the ~150 fields of this diagram. — GeoWriter (talk) 15:37, 28 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Have you ever studied metamorphic petrolgy? I don't mean to insult you, but petrogenetic grids are introduced in the beginning chapters of any good textbook on metamorphism, and they're also as complicated as this or more (much less pretty too). It's impossible to learn about or understand metamorphism without knowing how to read petrogenetic grids (among other basic things that frustratingly aren't yet explained here, like compatibility diagrams.) If you're a geologist, you should easily make sense of this diagram. When I first posted this nice image, I didn't think there would be any problems, especially since a much more complicated image is the first thing on the geology article.

 * This diagram matches all criteria for new encyclopedic content. It is notable, verifiable (While the author didn't cite his sources, I've already found and cited articles that match the content and verify it to be true.), and  "aims to convey the important accumulated knowledge for its subject domain." The fact that a layman cannot figure out what a certain diagram (or any subject matter) means on Wikipedia is no reason to delete it, but it is a perfect reason to explain it and expand the article. In fact, that is what I am currently doing. I welcome and encourage you to help me find simpler petrogenetic grids and explain how and why they are used in metamorphic petrology. I'm wanting to create a small section in this article, and I've already created an article on them: Petrogenetic grid. (I'm not the best geo-writer, after all).

 * That said, I will refrain from posting this amazing image until a sufficient explanation for petrogenetic grids has been created. Deal? RockingGeo (talk) 21:10, 28 February 2019 (UTC)

I think the average Wikipedia reader not understanding the diagram when it had no explanation was a very good reason for removing the image. This situation no longer exists because you subsequently created the petrogenetic grid article on 28 February. Thanks for creating this new article, which provides an explanation of petrogenetic grids that allows readers to at least begin to understand the diagram and concepts. The explanation changes the suitability of the diagram for inclusion in Wikipedia articles. Although I would still prefer that a simpler diagram should be used if created or found in the future, the explanation in the petrogenetic grid article is enough to persuade me to now withdraw my objections about the use of this diagram. — GeoWriter (talk) 16:49, 1 March 2019 (UTC)

Metamorphism versus metamorphic rock
I got looking at these two articles, which overlap quite a lot, and briefly flirted with the idea of proposing a merge. However, I think the topics are sufficiently different to warrant two articles, as long as each article does not try to comprehensively cover both topics.

It seems to me that the typical reader searching for Metamorphic rock wants to know about gneisses, schists, marbles, and so on, and where they are found and what they are good for. A reader searching for Metamorphism -- this is about three or four times less common than a visit to Metamorphic rock -- is probably more technically oriented, wanting to know about regional versus contact metamorphism, metasomatism, and other interesting bits of physics, chemistry and petrology. This doesn't mean that Metamorphic rock doesn't mention these things, but that they are covered briefly, with suitable links. Likewise, Metamorphism will mention metamorphic rock types and their tectonic settings, but briefly, with suitable links.

I'm thinking aloud here. But would appreciate observations on how to better distinguish and define the scopes of the two related articles. --Kent G. Budge (talk) 21:57, 23 February 2021 (UTC)

 * I agree with your assessment of how the two articles should be differentiated. I'll think about details. GeoWriter (talk) 17:18, 26 February 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Metamorphism


text:
AirAsia

Capital A Berhad (myx: 5099), operating as AirAsia (stylized as airasia), is a Malaysian multinational low-cost airline headquartered near Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It is the largest airline in Malaysia by fleet size and destinations. AirAsia operates scheduled domestic and international flights to more than 166 destinations spanning 25 countries. Its main base is KLIA Terminal 2, the low-cost carrier terminal at Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) in Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia. Its affiliate airlines AirAsia Cambodia, Thai AirAsia, Indonesia AirAsia, and Philippines AirAsia have bases in Phnom Penh, Bangkok–Don Mueang, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, and Manila–Ninoy Aquino airports respectively, while its sister airline, AirAsia X, focuses on long-haul routes. AirAsia's registered office and head office is at Kuala Lumpur International Airport.

In 2007, The New York Times described the airline as a "pioneer" of low-cost travel in Asia. It has also consistently been named as the world's best low-cost carrier for 15 years by Skytrax in a row in international travel and airline awards, including the latest award for 2024.

AirAsia is the sponsor of Malaysia national football team, Singapore national football team, Jamshedpur FC and Queens Park Rangers. AirAsia is also a former sponsor of Manchester United and the Asia leg of Taylor Swift's Red Tour.

Foundation (1993–2005)
AirAsia was established as a full-service airline in 1993 and began operations on 18 November 1996. It was founded by a government-owned conglomerate, DRB-HICOM. On 5 September 2001, the heavily indebted airline was bought by former Time Warner (now known as Warner Bros. Discovery) executive Tony Fernandes and Kamarudin Meranun's company Tune Air Sdn Bhd for the token sum of one ringgit (about US$ at the time) with MYR 40 million (US$) worth of debts. Tune Air officially took over AirAsia on 8 December 2001. The partners turned the company around, and AirAsia subsequently announced a rebrand and relaunch on 15 January 2002 as a low-cost airline. It produced a profit in 2002 and launched new routes from its hub in Kuala Lumpur, undercutting former monopoly operator Malaysia Airlines with promotional fares as low as MYR 10 (US$). In 2003, AirAsia opened a second hub at Senai International Airport in Johor Bahru. International flights to Phuket and Bangkok were launched in December 2003 and February 2004, respectively.

AirAsia subsequently started its Thai AirAsia affiliate and began flights to Singapore and Indonesia. Flights to Macau started in June 2004, and flights to mainland China (Xiamen) and the Philippines (Manila) in April 2005. Flights to Vietnam and Cambodia followed in 2005 and to Brunei and Myanmar in 2006, the latter by Thai AirAsia. AirAsia launched its Indonesian affiliate Indonesia AirAsia, formerly known as Awair, in 2005. In August 2006, AirAsia took over Malaysia Airlines's Rural Air Service routes in Sabah and Sarawak, operating under the FlyAsianXpress brand. The routes were returned to MASwings a year later, citing commercial reasons.

Expansion (2006–2023)
At the end of 2006, Fernandes unveiled a five-year plan to further enhance AirAsia's presence in Asia. Under the plan, AirAsia proposed enhancing its route network by connecting all of its existing destinations throughout the region and expanding further into Vietnam, Indonesia, Southern China (Kunming, Xiamen, Shenzhen) and India. Through its sister companies, Thai AirAsia and Indonesia AirAsia, the plan called for a focus on developing its hubs in Bangkok and Jakarta. With increased frequency and the addition of new routes, AirAsia carried 13.9 million passengers in 2007, an improvement over the 5.7 million passengers it carried in 2006.

In August 2011, AirAsia agreed to form an alliance with Malaysia Airlines by means of a share swap. This would have reduced competition and help the Malaysian flag carrier return to profitability. However, the deal was terminated in 2012.

AirAsia would continue its regional expansion in Asia, launching its affiliates Philippines AirAsia in 2012 and AirAsia India in 2014. In 2017, it planned to set up a new affiliate in China but failed. Plans were also made since 2005 to enter the Vietnam market by establishing an affiliate airline of its own there; however, after four attempts, AirAsia terminated its plan to set up its own airline in Vietnam.

AirAsia suspended its operations in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It later resumed domestic operations in April 2020, followed by its affiliates soon after. In October 2021, AirAsia restarted international flights after the Malaysian government lifted travel restrictions.

On 3 January 2022, AirAsia proposed its corporate name change to Capital A, which was subject to shareholders' approval. The proposed name has been approved by the Companies Commission of Malaysia (SSM) and reserved by the company on 28 December 2021. On 28 January 2022, the company changed its corporate name from AirAsia Group Bhd to Capital A Bhd to reflect the expansion of its business portfolio beyond the core budget airline. However, its airline business continued to use the AirAsia brand.

Restructuring (2024–present)
On 8 January 2024, AirAsia X entered into a non-binding letter of acceptance with Capital A to fully acquire AirAsia Bhd and AirAsia Aviation Group (AAAGL), which operates the other AirAsia affiliates outside Malaysia. Under the terms of agreement, AirAsia Malaysia, Indonesia AirAsia, Philippines AirAsia, and AirAsia Cambodia would merge into the AirAsia X brand.

Corporate affairs
The head office is the Red Quarters (RedQ) at Kuala Lumpur International Airport in Sepang, Selangor. This facility also serves as the company's registered office.

The airline has moved its head office to a new 613383 sqft, RM140mil facility constructed at klia2 on 7 November 2016. Until the new head office opened, the airline's head office was located in the KLIA LCCT. The new klia2 head office has been scheduled to open at the end of 2015. The former registered office was on level 13 of the Menara Prima Tower B in Petaling Jaya.

RedQ is scheduled to hold about 2,000 AirAsia and AirAsia X employees. Aireen Omar, the AirAsia Country CEO of Malaysia, stated that the headquarters needed to be redesigned because in the klia2 plans the location of the control tower had been changed. Construction on the facility was scheduled to begin in July 2014. Malaysia Airports Holdings is leasing the land that will be occupied by the headquarters. An AirAsia X flight attendant gave the building the name "RedQuarters" or "RedQ", and its groundbreaking ceremony was held in November 2014.

Business highlights

 * Notes
 * Data before 2008 were excluded from the table as figures from 2000 to 2007 were compounded using a different fiscal year period.
 * The financial highlights table only includes figures from the Capital A Consolidated Airlines Group consisting of its main affiliate in Malaysia, and sub-affiliates Indonesia AirAsia and Philippines AirAsia.

AirAsia Cambodia
In May 2017, AirAsia planned to open a subsidiary company in Cambodia to handle an increase of tourists from Malaysia visiting to the Cambodian cities of Phnom Penh, Siem Reap and Sihanoukville. On 9 December 2022, AirAsia and Sivilai Asia signed a joint venture agreement to establish AirAsia Cambodia, with AirAsia owning majority of the airline. The airline commenced operations on 2 May 2024.

AirAsia India
AirAsia India was the Indian affiliate of AirAsia. The airline was announced as a joint venture between AirAsia, Arun Bhatia, and Tata Sons on 19 February 2013. It commenced operations on 12 June 2014. The airline is headquartered in Chennai, with its primary hub at Kempegowda International Airport, Bangalore.

In November 2020, AirAsia reviewing its India operations run in partnership with Tata Sons signalling a possible exit from the country. The airline was later sold to Tata Sons in 2022, making it a wholly-owned subsidiary of Air India Limited. The airline is set to be merged into Air India Express by 2023.

AirAsia Japan
AirAsia Japan was the Japanese low-cost airline affiliate of AirAsia based in Nagoya and formerly in Narita. The airline was first announced as a joint venture between AirAsia and All Nippon Airways in 2011. It flew its first flight in August 2012. The joint venture was terminated in June 2013, which led to the airline ceasing operations on 27 October 2013.

A relaunch of AirAsia Japan was announced in 2014. It recommenced operations on 29 October 2017, but due to low passenger demand caused by COVID-19 pandemic, it ceased operations on 5 October 2020.

AirAsia X
AirAsia X is the long-haul operation of AirAsia. The franchise is able to keep costs down by using a. AirAsia X is also affiliated with Virgin Group and Air Canada. On 17 May 2007, Tony Fernandes announced plans to commence flights from Malaysia to Australia. Fernandes said he would be avoiding Sydney Airport due to its high fees. Instead, the airline would concentrate on cheaper alternatives such as Melbourne's Avalon Airport, Newcastle and Adelaide Airport. Sustained fares were predicted to be around MYR 800 (A$285) for a return fare, plus taxes. Interest was also expressed in using Gold Coast Airport as another Australian destination. AirAsia X began operations on 2 November 2007, with its first flight from Kuala Lumpur to Gold Coast.

Indonesia AirAsia & Indonesia AirAsia X
Indonesia AirAsia serves as the Indonesian affiliate of AirAsia, It operates scheduled domestic and international flights from Indonesia, with its main base at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, Jakarta. The airline was established as Awair in 1999 by Abdurrahman Wahid, former chairman of the Nahdlatul Ulama Muslim organisation. He had a 40% stake in the airline which he relinquished after being elected president of Indonesia in October 1999. On 1 December 2005, Awair changed its name to Indonesia AirAsia in line with the other AirAsia branded airlines in the region. AirAsia Berhad has a 49% share in the airline with Fersindo Nusaperkasa owning 51%. Indonesia's laws disallow a foreign-majority ownership on domestic civil aviation operations.

Indonesia AirAsia X is a joint venture of AirAsia X. It serves Indonesia AirAsia's regularly scheduled long haul international flights from Bali's Ngurah Rai International Airport. Indonesia AirAsia X launched its first flight to Taipei on 29 January 2015. It ceased scheduled operations in January 2019.

Philippines AirAsia
Philippines AirAsia is a joint venture between Filipino investors and AirAsia. The Filipino group include Antonio Cojuangco, Jr., Yancy Mckhel Mejia, former owner of Associated Broadcasting Company with flagship television station TV5, Michael Romero, a real estate developer and port operator, and Marianne Hontiveros. The airline is 60% owned by the Filipino investors and the remaining 40% is owned by AirAsia. The airline was launched on 16 December 2010 and commenced operations on 28 March 2012.

In 2013, it partnered with Zest Airways, a Philippine low-cost airline. It operates scheduled domestic and international tourist services, mainly feeder services linking Manila and Cebu with 24 domestic destinations in support of the trunk route operations of other airlines. Less than a year after AirAsia and Zest Air's strategic alliance, Zest Airways was rebranded as AirAsia Zest on 21 September 2013. It merged with Philippines AirAsia in 2015.

Thai AirAsia & Thai AirAsia X
Thai AirAsia is a joint venture between AirAsia and Thailand's Asia Aviation. It serves AirAsia's regularly scheduled domestic and international flights from Bangkok and other cities in Thailand. Prior to 2016, Thai AirAsia was 55% owned by Asia Aviation and 45% owned by AirAsia International. King Power acquired 39% of Asia Aviation in 2016. The airline sponsors the Thai football teams Buriram United, SCG Muangthong United, Chonburi, Osotspa Saraburi, BEC Tero Sasana, Chiangrai UTD, Esan United, Chainat, Samut Prakan CUTD, Bangkok United, FC Phuket, Krabi, Air Force United, Nakhon Phanom, Loei City, Trang and the referee of Football Association of Thailand.

Thai AirAsia X is Thailand's first long-haul low-cost airline. It was scheduled to begin operations in June 2014. After putting off the launch that had been planned for the first quarter, Thai AirAsia X was to launch its maiden service from Bangkok to Incheon, South Korea on 17 June and then begin regular flights to Japan's Narita Airport in Tokyo and Osaka around July.

In May 2022, AirAsia announced the introduction of its ride-hailing service in Thailand, AirAsia Ride. Thailand is the second country AirAsia is expanding the e-hailing services in, directly competing with the dominant player, Grab.

Destinations
The AirAsia Group operates flights to 165 destinations in 25 countries worldwide. 24 of its destinations are its bases, with Kuala Lumpur International Airport being the largest base of the group.

Current fleet
, AirAsia Malaysia operates the following aircraft:

Fleet renewal and development
Previously operating the Boeing 737-300, AirAsia has now completely converted to the Airbus A320 family.

In June 2011, AirAsia ordered 200 Airbus A320neos at the Paris Air Show. The planes were originally due to become available in 2015, and the deal was one of the largest ever for commercial aircraft in a single order. The deal was worth US$18 billion at list prices, although AirAsia will have obtained a substantial discount from those prices. The deal makes AirAsia Airbus' single biggest customer. On 13 December 2012, AirAsia placed an order for an additional 100 Airbus A320 jets, splitting it between 64 A320neo and 36 A320ceo.

At the Farnborough International Air Show in 2016, AirAsia ordered 100 A321neos at an estimated cost of US$12.6 Billion dollars at list prices. AirAsia planned to fly these larger aircraft to airports that had infrastructure constraints. AirAsia received its first A320neo in September 2016.

At the 2019 Farnborough Air Show, AirAsia further increased its orders for A320 aircraft, in the process also becoming Airbus' largest customer for the A321neo variant. With this order, the total number of orders that AirAsia had placed for the Airbus A320 family climbed to 592, reaffirming the carrier's position also as the largest airline customer for the Airbus single aisle product line. However, as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation, the orders for the new A320 family of aircraft were reworked by mutual agreement between AirAsia and Airbus in October 2021, with deliveries now scheduled to extend to 2035, among other undisclosed changes in purchase terms.

Former fleet
AirAsia formerly operated the following aircraft:

On board
AirAsia offers "Santan" menu, with options to buy on board offering food, drinks, merchandise and duty free for purchase. Pre-purchase of "Santan" meals is available at a lower price than on board, and with additional options AirAsia is accredited by the KL Syariah Index of Bursa Malaysia, and in accordance with Shariah principles, it does not serve alcohol or pork. However, this applies only to the regional AirAsia group flights, and not to the AirAsia X flights, which do sell wine and beer on board.

Frequent-flyer program
AirAsia is taking the first steps towards starting its own frequent-flyer programme. The airline has signed an agreement to start a joint venture with financial services firm Tune Money to launch a programme called "BIG". Under this programme, it will issue loyalty points to AirAsia customers and third-party merchants. Points can then be used to redeem AirAsia flights.

Awards and recognitions

 * Skytrax
 * World's Best Low-Cost Airline (2009–present)
 * World Travel Awards
 * World's Leading Low-Cost Airline (2013–present)
 * World's Leading Low-Cost Airline Cabin Crew (2017–present)
 * Asia's Leading Low-Cost Airline (2016–present)

Barisan Nasional-themed flight
Before the 2018 Malaysian general election, AirAsia received criticism for seemingly backing Najib Razak and his Barisan Nasional coalition, a move seen as politically incorrect by some political commentators. Najib was seen returning from Sabah to Kuala Lumpur after a campaign trip on an AirAsia flight together with AirAsia CEO Tony Fernandes. The aeroplane that Najib flew was draped in the blue of BN with the air stewardesses dressed in that same blue, instead of the typical AirAsia red. The words "Hebatkan Negaraku" (English: "Make my country greater") can also be seen across the fuselage of the aeroplane. After Najib was defeated in the general election, Tony Fernandes issued an apology, claiming that he had buckled under the intense pressure from Najib's government.

Other controversies and issues
In 2007, passengers from "The Barrier-Free Environment and Accessible Transport Group" protested against the airline over its refusal to fly passengers who were completely immobile. They claimed that people with disabilities were discriminated against when booking tickets online; the CEO of the airline said it did not turn away passengers in wheelchairs.

Incidents and accidents

 * 10 January 2011: Flight 5218, an Airbus A320-200 (9M-AHH), skidded to the right and went off the side of the runway at Kuching Airport, Malaysia. It came to rest in the grass with the nose gear dug in and collapsed. All 123 passengers and six crew members survived. The plane received heavy damage but was eventually repaired.
 * 7 July 2014: Flight 278, an Airbus A320-200 (9M-AQA), Brunei suffered a runway excursion on landing. The airplane touched down on runway 03 and went off the side, coming to rest in the grass. An emergency evacuation was carried out.
 * 14 February 2022: Flight 5748, an Airbus A320-200 (9M-RAN), Kuala Lumpur International Airport to Tawau Airport diverted to Kuching International Airport. After the captain found out about the snake, he took "appropriate action" and landed in the city of Kuching -- 900 kilometres (560 miles) west of Tawau -- so the plane could be fumigated, AirAsia said.

title: AirAsia


text:
Marcus Porcius Cato

Marcus Porcius Cato can refer to:

 * Cato the Elder (consul 195 BC; called "Censorinus"), politician renowned for austerity and author
 * Cato the Younger (praetor 54 BC; called "Uticensis"), opponent of Caesar
 * Marcus Porcius Cato (consul 118 BC)
 * Marcus Porcius Cato (consul 36)
 * Marcus Porcius Cato (father of Cato the Younger)
 * Marcus Porcius Cato (son of Cato the Younger)
 * Marcus Porcius Cato Licinianus (praetor 152 BC)
 * Marcus Porcius Cato Salonianus (praetor c. 113 BC)

title: Marcus Porcius Cato


text:
Hindu reform movements

Contemporary groups, collectively termed Hindu reform movements, reform Hinduism, neo-Hinduism, or Hindu revivalism, strive to introduce regeneration and reform to Hinduism, both in a religious or spiritual and in a societal sense. The movements started appearing during the Bengali Renaissance.

History
From the 18th century onward India was being colonialised by the British. This colonialisation had a huge impact on Indian society, where social and religious leaders tried to assimilate the western culture and modernise Hindu culture.

Social reform movements
In social work, Swami Vivekananda, Dayananda Saraswati, Mahatma Gandhi, Vinoba Bhave, Baba Amte and Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar have been most important. Sunderlal Bahuguna created the chipko movement for the preservation of forestlands according to the Hindu ecological ideas. The less accessible Vedas were rejected and parallel Vachanas were compiled.

Brahmo Samaj
The Brahmo Samaj is a social and religious movement founded in Kolkata in 1828 by Raja Ram Mohan Roy. The Brahmo Samaj movement thereafter resulted in the Brahmo religion in 1850 founded by Debendranath Tagore, better known as the father of Rabindranath Tagore.

Brahmo Samaj of South India
The faith and Principles of Brahmo Samaj had spread to South Indian states like Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Kerala with many followers.

In Kerala the faith and principles of Brahmosamaj and Raja Ram Mohun Roy had been propagated by Ayyathan Gopalan, and reform activities had been led by establishing Brahmosamaj in 1898 in the Calicut (now Kozhikode) region. Gopalan was a doctor by profession, but dedicated his life to Brahmosamaj, and was an active executive member of the Calcutta Sadharan Brahmosamaj until his death.

Arya Samaj
The Arya Samaj is a monotheistic Hindu reform movement founded in India by Maharshi Dayananda in 1875 at Bombay. He was an ascetic who believed in the infallible authority of the Vedas.

It aimed to be a universal structure based on the authority of the Vedas. Dayananda stated that he wanted 'to make the world noble', i.e., to return Hinduism to its universality of the Vedas. To this end, the Arya Samaj started Shuddhi movement in early 20th century to bring back Hinduism to people converted to Islam and Christianity, set up schools and missionary organisations, and extended its activities outside India. Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India in his book, The Discovery of India credits Arya Samaj in introducing proselytization in Hinduism.

Ramakrishna Movement
Swami Vivekananda was a central personality in the development of another stream of Hinduism in late 19th century and the early 20th century that reconciled the devotional (bhakti-märga) path of his guru Sri Ramakrishna (of the Puri dashanami sampradäya) with the gnana märga (path of knowledge). His ideals and sayings have inspired numerous Indians as well as non-Indians, Hindus as well as non-Hindus. Among the prominent figures whose ideals were very much influenced by them were Rabindranath Tagore, Gandhi, Subhas Bose, Satyendranath Bose, Megh Nad Saha, Sister Nivedita, and Sri Aurobindo.

title: Hindu reform movements


text:
Orval Faubus

Orval Eugene Faubus (January 7, 1910 – December 14, 1994) was an American politician who served as the 36th Governor of Arkansas from 1955 to 1967, as a member of the Democratic Party. In 1957, he refused to comply with a decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in the 1954 case Brown v. Board of Education, and ordered the Arkansas National Guard to prevent black students from attending Little Rock Central High School. This event became known as the Little Rock Crisis. He was elected to six two-year terms as governor.

Early life and career
Orval Eugene Faubus was born in the northwest corner of Arkansas near the village of Combs to John Samuel and Addie (née Joslen) Faubus. Although Sam Faubus was a socialist, and enrolled Orval at the socialist Commonwealth College, the latter went on to pursue a very different political path from that of his father.

Faubus's first political race was in 1936 when he contested a seat in the Arkansas House of Representatives, which he lost. He was urged to challenge the result but declined, which earned him the gratitude of the Democratic Party. As a result, he was elected circuit clerk and recorder of Madison County, a post he held for two terms.

His book, In This Faraway Land, documents the military period of his life. He was active in veterans' causes for the remainder of his life. When Faubus returned from the war, he cultivated ties with leaders of Arkansas' Democratic Party, particularly with progressive reform Governor Sid McMath, leader of the post-war "GI Revolt" against corruption, under whom he served as director of the state's highway commission. Meanwhile, conservative Francis Cherry defeated McMath's bid for a third term in the 1952 Democratic primary. Cherry became unpopular with voters, and Faubus challenged him in the 1954 primary.

1954 gubernatorial election
In the 1954 campaign, Faubus was compelled to defend his attendance at the defunct Commonwealth College in Mena, as well as his early political upbringing. Commonwealth College had been formed by leftist academic and social activists, some of whom later were revealed to have had close ties with the Communist Party USA. Most of those who attended and taught there were idealistic young people who sought an education or, in the case of the faculty, a job which came with room and board.

Democratic primary
During the runoff, Cherry and his surrogates accused Faubus of having attended a "communist" school and implied that his sympathies remained leftist. Faubus at first denied attending, and then admitted enrolling "for only a few weeks". Later, it was shown that he had remained at the school for more than a year, earned good grades, and was elected student body president. Faubus led a group of students who testified on behalf of the college's accreditation before the state legislature. Nevertheless, efforts to paint the candidate as a communist sympathizer backfired in a climate of growing resentment against such allegations. Faubus narrowly defeated Cherry to win the Democratic gubernatorial nomination. Relations were cool between the two men for years, but when Cherry died in 1965, Faubus put politics aside and was magnanimous in praising his predecessor.

General election
In the 1954 general election campaign against Little Rock Mayor Pratt Remmel, Faubus secured the endorsement of the previous 1950 and 1952 Republican gubernatorial nominee, Jefferson W. Speck, a planter from Mississippi County in eastern Arkansas. Faubus defeated Remmel by a 63% to 37% percent margin. Faubus rejected his father's radicalism for the more mainline New Deal, a pragmatic move. He was elected governor as a liberal Democrat. A moderate on racial issues, he adopted racial policies that were palatable to influential white voters in the Delta region as part of a strategy to effect key social reforms and economic growth in Arkansas.

Governor of Arkansas, 1955–1967
The 1954 election made Faubus sensitive to attacks from the political right. It has been suggested that this sensitivity contributed to his later stance against integration when he was challenged by segregationist elements within his own party. Faubus’ challenger in the 1956 gubernatorial primary, Jim Johnson, called Faubus "a traitor to the Southern way of life," spurring Faubus to add a line to his standard speech: "No school district will be forced to mix the races as long as I am governor of Arkansas."

Little Rock crisis

Faubus's name became internationally known during the Little Rock Crisis of 1957, when he used the Arkansas National Guard to stop African Americans from attending Little Rock Central High School as part of federally ordered racial desegregation.

Critics have long charged that Faubus's fight in Little Rock against the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision by the U.S. Supreme Court that separate schools were inherently unequal was politically motivated. The ensuing battle helped to shield him from the political fallout from a tax increase. Journalist Harry Ashmore (who won a Pulitzer Prize for his columns on the subject) portrayed the fight over Central High as a crisis manufactured by Faubus. Ashmore said that Faubus used the Guard to keep blacks out of Central High School because he was frustrated by the success his political opponents were having in using segregationist rhetoric to arouse white voters.

Faubus's decision led to a showdown with President Dwight D. Eisenhower and former Governor Sid McMath. On September 5, 1957, Eisenhower sent a telegram to Faubus in which he wrote "The only assurance I can give you is that the Federal Constitution will be upheld by me by every legal means at my command." This was a response to Faubus's concerns about being taken into custody and his telephones being wired. Eisenhower did say in his telegram that the Department of Justice was collecting facts as to why there was a failure to comply with the courts. This led to the September 14 conference where Faubus and Eisenhower discussed the Court order in Newport, Rhode Island. The quoted "friendly and constructive discussion" led to Faubus claiming his desire to comply with his duty to the Constitution, personal opinions aside. Faubus did express his hope that the Department of Justice would be patient. He did stay true to his word and on September 21, President Eisenhower released a statement which announced that Faubus had withdrawn his troops, the Little Rock School Board was carrying out desegregation plans, and local law was ready to keep order.

On September 23, however, Little Rock Mayor Woodrow W. Mann sent a telegram to Eisenhower stating a mob had formed at Central High School. State police made efforts to control the mob, but for the safety of the newly enrolled children, they were sent home. The mayor stressed how this was a planned act and that the principal agitator, Jimmy Karam, was an associate of Governor Faubus. The mayor further stated his belief that there was no way the governor could not have been aware of this planned attack. In October 1957, Eisenhower federalized the Arkansas National Guard and ordered them to return to their armories which effectively removed them from Faubus's control. Eisenhower then sent elements of the 101st Airborne Division to Arkansas to protect the black students and enforce the federal court order. The Arkansas National Guard later took over protection duties from the 101st Airborne Division. In retaliation, Faubus shut down Little Rock high schools for the 1958–1959 school year. This is often referred to as "The Lost Year" in Little Rock.

In a 1985 interview with a Huntsville, Arkansas, student, Faubus stated that the crisis was due to an "usurpation of power" by the federal government. The State knew forced integration by the federal government was going to meet with unfavorable results from the Little Rock public. In his opinion, Faubus was acting in the State's best interest at the time.

Though Faubus later lost general popularity as a result of his support for segregation, at the time he was included among the "Ten Men in the World Most Admired by Americans", according to Gallup's most admired man and woman poll for 1958. This dichotomy was later summed up as follows: Faubus was both the "best loved" and "most hated" of Arkansas politicians of the second half of the twentieth century.

The Little Rock Crisis inspired the song "Fables of Faubus" by jazz artist Charles Mingus.

Faubus-style politics
Faubus was elected governor to six two-year terms and hence served for twelve years. He maintained a defiant, populist image, while he shifted toward a less confrontational stance with the federal government, particularly during the administrations of Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, with each of whom he remained cordial, and both of whom carried Arkansas. In the 1956 general election, Faubus, having already beaten Jim Johnson, overwhelmed GOP candidate Roy Mitchell, later the GOP state chairman from Hot Springs, 321,797 (80.7%) to 77,215 (19.4%). In 1958, he defeated Republican George W. Johnson of Greenwood in Sebastian County by drawing 82.5% of the votes.

In 1962, Faubus broke with the White Citizens' Councils and other groups, who preferred, but did not officially endorse, U.S. Representative Dale Alford in that year's gubernatorial primary. Faubus cast himself as a moderate, he completely ignored the race issue during the 1962 election campaign, and barely secured a majority over Alford, McMath, and three other candidates. He then handily defeated the Republican Willis Ricketts, a then 37-year-old pharmacist from Fayetteville in the general election.

While Faubus was still shunned by black leaders, he nevertheless won a large percent of the black vote. In 1964, when he defeated the Republican Winthrop Rockefeller by a 57–43 percent margin, Faubus won 81 percent of the black vote. He even collected a share of the base Republican vote from the conservative party members who had sided with former Republican state chairman William L. Spicer of Fort Smith, an intraparty rival of Rockefeller.

1960 presidential election
During the 1960 presidential election, at a secret meeting held in a rural lodge near Dayton, Ohio, the National States Rights Party (NSRP) nominated Faubus for President and retired U.S. Navy Rear Admiral John G. Crommelin of Alabama for Vice President. Faubus, however, did not campaign on this ticket actively, and won only 0.07% of the vote (best in his native Arkansas: 6.76%), losing to the John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson ticket.

Later life and death
Faubus chose not to run for re-election to a seventh term in what would likely have been a difficult race in 1966. Former gubernatorial candidate James D. Johnson, by then an elected Arkansas Supreme Court Justice, narrowly won the Democratic nomination over another justice, the moderate Frank Holt. Johnson was then defeated in the general election by Winthrop Rockefeller, who became the state's first GOP governor since Reconstruction. Years later, Johnson himself became a Republican and supported Governor Frank D. White, later a benefactor of Faubus.

In the 1968 United States presidential election, Faubus was among five people considered for the vice-presidential slot of third-party presidential candidate George Wallace. However, in light of the public perception of both as segregationists, Wallace selected retired General Curtis LeMay. During the 1969 season, Faubus was hired by new owner Jess Odom to be general manager of his Li'l Abner theme park in the Ozark Mountains, Dogpatch USA. According to newspaper articles, Faubus was said to have commented that managing the park was similar to running state government because some of the same tricks applied to both.

Faubus sought the governorship again in 1970, 1974, and 1986 but was defeated in the Democratic primaries by Dale Bumpers, David Pryor, and Bill Clinton, respectively, each of whom defeated Republican opponents. In the 1970 race, two other Democratic candidates in the running, Joe Purcell and Hayes McClerkin, failed to make the runoff, and Bumpers barely edged Purcell for the chance to face Faubus directly. In his last race, 1986, he polled 174,402 votes (33.5 percent) to Clinton's 315,397 (60.6 percent).

In 1984, Faubus was one of the few white politicians to support civil rights activist Jesse Jackson for President of the United States. He supported Jackson again in the 1988 Democratic primaries. Faubus, a life-long Southern Baptist, died of prostate cancer on December 14, 1994, and is interred at the Combs Cemetery in Combs, Arkansas.

Electoral history
1954 Democratic Primary for Governor Francis Cherry (inc.) 47% Orval Faubus 34% Guy H. "Mutt" Jones 13% Gus McMillan 6%

1954 Democratic Primary Runoff for Governor Orval Faubus 51% Francis Cherry 49%

1954 General Election for Governor Orval Faubus (D) 62% Pratt Remmel (R) 38%

1956 Democratic Primary for Governor Orval Faubus (inc.) 58% James D. Johnson 26% Jim Snoddy 14% Stewart K. Prosser 1% Ben Pippin 1%

1956 General Election for Governor Orval Faubus (D) 81% Roy Mitchell (R) 19%

1958 Democratic Primary for Governor Orval Faubus (inc.) 69% Chris Finkbeiner 16% Lee Ward 15%

1958 General Election for Governor Orval Faubus (D) 82% George W. Johnson (R) 18%

1960 Democratic Primary for Governor Orval Faubus (inc.) 59% Joe Hardin 16% Bruce Bennett 14% H.E. Williams 8% Hal Millsap 2%

1960 General Election for Governor Orval Faubus (D) 69% Henry Britt (R) 31%

1962 Democratic Primary for Governor Orval Faubus (inc.) 52% Sid McMath 21% Dale Alford 19% Vernon H. Whitten 5% Kenneth Coffelt 2% David A. Cox 1%

1962 General Election for Governor Orval Faubus (D) 73% Willis "Bubs" Ricketts (R) 27%

1964 Democratic Primary for Governor Orval Faubus (inc.) 66% Odell Dorsey 19% Joe Hubbard 10% R.D. Burrow 4%

1964 General Election for Governor Orval Faubus (D) 57% Winthrop Rockefeller (R) 43%

1970 Democratic Primary for Governor Orval Faubus 36% Dale Bumpers 20% Joe Purcell 19% Hayes C. McClerkin 10% Bill Wells 8% Bob Compton 4% J. M. Malone 2% W.S. Cheek 1%

1970 Democratic Primary Runoff for Governor Dale Bumpers 58% Orval Faubus 42%

1974 Democratic Primary for Governor David Pryor 51% Orval Faubus 33% Bob C. Riley 16%

1986 Democratic Primary for Governor Bill Clinton (inc.) 61% Orval Faubus 34% W. Dean Goldsby 5%

title: Orval Faubus


text:
Gerlinde Obermeir

Gerlinde Obermeir (1942–1984) was an Austrian feminist writer known for her critiques on mental health care.

She wrote I Will Not and San Francisco, of Course (or Positively San Francisco as she herself translated the title).

Obermeir has been credited by some critics with mystical insights in her writing. This perhaps makes too much of a visit to India. In 1976 she spent three weeks in India with Swami Paramananda Saraswati. This visit is detailed in Malachi O'Doherty's memoir, I Was A Teenage Catholic. It seems more appropriate to read her explorations of madness as relating to a celebration of anarchic thinking than as grounded in Eastern religion.

She died by suicide in her early forties in Vienna in 1984.

title: Gerlinde Obermeir


text:
User talk:Donnauk

Hello, Donnauk, and welcome to Wikipedia!

Please remember that all your contributions here need to be all your own work, or taken from public domain sources.

Regards, The Anome 15:55, 1 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Dear Donna,

When you submitted the List of psychiatric medications page, you stated:
 * Written by myself Donna Oliver all of the research i have done and written in my notepad online for the use for this site to help others get the corrcet medication.

and yet the page appears to be identical to the page at http://www.psycom.net/depression.central.drugnames.html

Could you please explain this?

Sincerely,

The Anome 16:39, 1 Aug 2003 (UTC)

--

Dear Donna,

You are continuing to post cut-and-pasted copyrighted material from other websites here. Please do not do this; it causes other users problems, and wastes time deleting your contributions. We don't like to delete other people's contributions, but we cannot take other people's copyrighted work unless it is theirs to give.

This policy exists to keep Wikipedia free for everyone, something we cannot do if we accept material we cannot redistribute freely. That's why every time you click "save page", there's a licensing notice under the button: please read it.

I can see that you have read one of our copyright warning notices, because you have replaced it by an empty page.

If you want to add your own useful original content, we will welcome your contributions. However, if you continue to post other people's copyrighted material here, we will have to ban your user account.

If you would like to respond, please just edit this page.

Regards,

The Anome 23:54, 1 Aug 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Donnauk


text:
Talk:Latvian Gambit

Old talk
Ok, so my questions is where do you go from here? What are black's goals from this point on, and how does he take advantage of this position?

Is the Latvian seriously used?
I've removed the bit that said that while it wasn't played in major tournaments, it "appears to be a favorite of postal chess players." It's true there are a lot of postal games with the Latvian, but that's because there have been a lot of thematic tournaments where all participants had to play the opening - I don't think any of the top players play the opening by choice. --Camembert

 * I agree. This opening is terrible. At superhuman levels- Lc0 or Stockfish on strong hardware- it is unplayable, as black loses basically every time. I find it hard to believe that changes significantly when used in correspondence games. Maybe some weak CC players use it... but so do weak OTB players. "Some correspondence chess players are devoted to it" seems misleading at best. What's the rule for just taking out that claim and reference? Alas, it's beautifully sourced. Mack Robot (talk) 00:01, 13 April 2019 (UTC)

The Luzhin Defence
The article on The Luzhin Defence says, "For the chess opening associated with the movie see Latvian Gambit." But there's no info about the Luzhin Defense in this article. What's the link between the two? -Phoenixrod 18:11, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

Beats me. I saw the movie and don't remember anything about the Latvian Gambit. Unless someone comes up with some substantiation for this, it should go. Krakatoa 21:00, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

I think there is a mistake.
In the main line - ...3.Nxe5, the last moves mentioned: Bxh3 11.Bxb7 cannot be played because Black hasn't moved the d7 pawn. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 217.132.169.142 (talk) 01:32, 20 March 2007 (UTC).

 * I've changed it to 9...Qg6 as this is the only safe square the queen can go to. 91.105.28.251 13:21, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

Other mistake? In White's 3rd move 3.Bc4 how does black's knight go from f7 to c3?? "13.Nf7+ Ke7 14.Nc3!" — Preceding unsigned comment added by Patogracho (talk • contribs) 16:00, 22 January 2021 (UTC)

Mention Why
You should really point out that 3. Nxe5 fxe4 can't be played because of a forced mate after 4. Qh5. You think people would know but it's been played against me in tournaments. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.67.249.74 (talk) 03:50, 6 December 2007 (UTC) NO after Qf5 f3 is plaed not Ke7?? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Chessjoe (talk • contribs) 01:39, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

3. Nxe5-Qe2!
This is one of three the most popular answers for black and this is exactly what Gioachino Greco played! (Greco Variation),not Qf6 or Nf6. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Shuhister (talk • contribs) 09:50, 27 May 2013 (UTC)

 * You must mean 3…Qe7, which is a legal move. HughieGRex (talk) 22:55, 3 April 2024 (UTC)

"Official" name
I removed the claim that FIDE "officially" renamed the opening to the Latvian Gambit in 1937 because no source was given and I'd never heard of FIDE giving "official" names to openings before. After further research I find that FIDE did make an attempt to standardise opening names in the 1930's but it never had much influence. They published a short book in 1934 entitled "Débuts du jeu d’échecs - Leur désignation uniforme", which included the term "Gambit letton", a mildly controversial name at the time. Of course, people just kept on calling openings by whatever name they always had; naming of chess openings is and always has been an informal process. See http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter13.html#CN_3902 for more details. Unfortunately, the claim that FIDE "officially" renamed the opening has been in the article right from the first version in 2002, and has been repeated all over the net in blogs, forums etc so it's become something of an internet myth. To restore the claim, a source published before 2002 would be necessary. MaxBrowne (talk) 00:13, 26 January 2016 (UTC)

Was going to add the name "Mayet Attack" to 3.Bc4....
... but I can't find any reliable source for the name. I can't get any hits for it on google books, hathitrust or archive.org. So is it just a recent internet name? MaxBrowne2 (talk) 01:38, 23 January 2021 (UTC)

"Internet names" again - Bilguer Variation
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 f5 3.Nxe5 Qf6 4.d4 d6 5.Nc4 fxe4 is simply a main line Latvian Gambit, though it is true that 4.Nc4 (Leonhardt Variation) is increasingly regarded as superior. I get a bit fed up with "internet names" that were never part of chess terminology before the rise of chess.com, chessgames, lichess etc. You'd think one of the standard references on the Latvian Gambit, Tony Kosten's The Latvian Gambit Lives! (2001) would include the term if it had any currency; but no, even though the line is covered in the very first chapter of the book, there is no mention of anything called the "Bilguer Variation". Similarly I could find no references to the "Bilguer Variation" in the entire Chess Life archive, or in any pre-internet source. Google book search similarly turns up only recent mostly self-published works. MaxBrowne2 (talk) 00:01, 18 October 2023 (UTC)

Source for Game
Under "History", it says: The Austrian International Master (IM) Albert Becker once published an article that Bētiņš judged to be dismissive about the Latvian Gambit. In response, Bētiņš published and analysed one of his own games in order to defend the gambit: Ilyin-Zhenevsky vs K Bētiņ, 1921. But it gives no source! I can't find it in chessgames.com. Can anyone find this game? (And the spelling of Bētiņš' name should be consistent.) HughieGRex (talk) 22:59, 3 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Like many Latvians Kārlis Bētiņš was of German ancestry; the German form of his name is Karl Behting, and this is the name used by chessgames and other sources instead of Bētiņš. Latvian, uniquely, actually changes people's surnames to conform to the grammar of the language, so Mikhail Tal was known as Mihails Tāls in Latvia, the -s suffix indicating masculine. I presume this is the game being referred to, but the caveat here is that chessgames is not considered a reliable source, just a convenient way to link to games for playing through. MaxBrowne2 (talk) 23:10, 3 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Latvian Gambit


text:
LBS

LBS or lbs may refer to:

Science and technology

 * Plural abbreviation for the pound unit of mass
 * Location-based service, software service using geographical location

Organisations

 * Landesbausparkasse, member banks of the Sparkassen-Finanzgruppe
 * Lauder Business School, Vienna, Austria
 * Lease Buyback Scheme, Singapore
 * Lekki British School, Nigeria
 * Lexington Broadcast Services Company, a former television production and syndication company
 * Liberia Broadcasting System, a state-owned radio and television network
 * Liverpool Business School, England
 * London Business School, of the University of London, England
 * Louise Brooks Society, a film star fan club

Other uses

 * Lal Bahadur Shastri, (1904–1966), former prime minister of India
 * Legendary Banked Slalom, a snowboard race, Washington State, US
 * Local bike shop, a small business
 * London Borough of Southwark, UK
 * London Borough of Sutton, UK

title: LBS


text:
Terentius Maximus

Terentius Maximus, also known as the Pseudo-Nero, was a Roman who rebelled during the reign of Titus, but was suppressed. He resembled Nero in appearance and in action, as he was known to perform singing with the accompaniment of the lyre.

He gained his followers first in Asia, and then gained many more during his march to the Euphrates. He later fled to Parthia and tried to gain support there by claiming (supposedly in the person of Nero) that the people there owed him some requital for the return of Armenia. Artabanus III, a Parthian leader, out of anger towards Titus, both received him and made preparations to reinstate him to Rome. He was executed when his true identity was revealed.

title: Terentius Maximus


text:
Modular form

In mathematics, a modular form is a (complex) analytic function on the upper half-plane, $$\,\mathcal{H}\,$$, that satisfies:

 * a kind of functional equation with respect to the group action of the modular group,
 * and a growth condition.

The theory of modular forms therefore belongs to complex analysis. The main importance of the theory is its connections with number theory. Modular forms appear in other areas, such as algebraic topology, sphere packing, and string theory.

Modular form theory is a special case of the more general theory of automorphic forms, which are functions defined on Lie groups that transform nicely with respect to the action of certain discrete subgroups, generalizing the example of the modular group $$\mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbb Z) \subset \mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbb R)$$.

The term "modular form", as a systematic description, is usually attributed to Hecke.

Each modular form is attached to a Galois representation.

Definition
In general, given a subgroup $$\Gamma \subset \text{SL}_2(\mathbb{Z})$$ of finite index, called an arithmetic group, a modular form of level $$\Gamma$$ and weight $$k$$ is a holomorphic function $$f:\mathcal{H} \to \mathbb{C}$$ from the upper half-plane such that two conditions are satisfied:

 * Automorphy condition: For any $$\gamma \in \Gamma$$ there is the equality $$f(\gamma(z)) = (cz + d)^k f(z)$$
 * Growth condition: For any $$\gamma \in \text{SL}_2(\mathbb{Z})$$ the function $$(cz + d)^{-k} f(\gamma(z))$$ is bounded for $$\text{im}(z) \to \infty$$

where $ \gamma(z) = \frac{az+b}{cz+d} $ and the function $ \gamma $  is identified with the matrix $\gamma = \begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{pmatrix} \in \text{SL}_2(\mathbb{Z}).\,$ The identification of such functions with such matrices causes composition of such functions to correspond to matrix multiplication. In addition, it is called a cusp form if it satisfies the following growth condition:

 * Cuspidal condition: For any $$\gamma \in \text{SL}_2(\mathbb{Z})$$ the function $$(cz + d)^{-k}f(\gamma(z)) \to 0$$ as $$\text{im}(z) \to \infty$$

As sections of a line bundle
Modular forms can also be interpreted as sections of a specific line bundle on modular varieties. For $$\Gamma \subset \text{SL}_2(\mathbb{Z})$$ a modular form of level $$\Gamma$$ and weight $$k$$ can be defined as an element of"$f \in H^0(X_\Gamma,\omega^{\otimes k}) = M_k(\Gamma)$"where $$\omega$$ is a canonical line bundle on the modular curve"$X_\Gamma = \Gamma \backslash (\mathcal{H} \cup \mathbb{P}^1(\mathbb{Q}))$"The dimensions of these spaces of modular forms can be computed using the Riemann–Roch theorem. The classical modular forms for $$\Gamma = \text{SL}_2(\mathbb{Z})$$ are sections of a line bundle on the moduli stack of elliptic curves.

Modular function
A modular function is a function that is invariant with respect to the modular group, but without the condition that $f (z)$ be holomorphic in the upper half-plane (among other requirements). Instead, modular functions are meromorphic: they are holomorphic on the complement of a set of isolated points, which are poles of the function.

Standard definition
A modular form of weight $k$ for the modular group
 * $$\text{SL}(2, \mathbf Z) = \left \{ \left. \begin{pmatrix}a & b \\ c & d \end{pmatrix} \right| a, b, c, d \in \mathbf Z,\ ad-bc = 1 \right \}$$

is a complex-valued function $ f $ on the upper half-plane $H = {z ∈ C, Im(z) > 0},$ satisfying the following three conditions:
 * 1) $ f $ is a holomorphic function on $H$.
 * 2) For any $z ∈ H$ and any matrix in $SL(2, Z)$ as above, we have:
 * $$ f\left(\frac{az+b}{cz+d}\right) = (cz+d)^k f(z)$$
 * 1) $ f $ is required to be bounded as $z → i∞$.

Remarks:
 * The weight $k$ is typically a positive integer.
 * For odd $k$, only the zero function can satisfy the second condition.
 * The third condition is also phrased by saying that $ f $ is "holomorphic at the cusp", a terminology that is explained below. Explicitly, the condition means that there exist some $$ M, D > 0 $$ such that $$ \operatorname{Im}(z) > M \implies |f(z)| < D $$, meaning $$f$$ is bounded above some horizontal line.
 * The second condition for
 * $$S = \begin{pmatrix}0 & -1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix}, \qquad T = \begin{pmatrix}1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}$$
 * reads
 * $$f\left(-\frac{1}{z}\right) = z^k f(z), \qquad f(z + 1) = f(z)$$
 * respectively. Since $S$ and $T$ generate the modular group $SL(2, Z)$, the second condition above is equivalent to these two equations.

 * Since $ f (z + 1) =  f (z)$, modular forms are periodic functions, with period $1$, and thus have a Fourier series.

Definition in terms of lattices or elliptic curves
A modular form can equivalently be defined as a function F from the set of lattices in $C$ to the set of complex numbers which satisfies certain conditions:

 * 1) If we consider the lattice $Λ = Zα + Zz$ generated by a constant $α$ and a variable $z$, then $F(Λ)$ is an analytic function of $z$.
 * 2) If $α$ is a non-zero complex number and $αΛ$ is the lattice obtained by multiplying each element of $Λ$ by $α$, then $F(αΛ) = α^{−k}F(Λ)$ where $k$ is a constant (typically a positive integer) called the weight of the form.
 * 3) The absolute value of $F(Λ)$ remains bounded above as long as the absolute value of the smallest non-zero element in $Λ$ is bounded away from 0.

The key idea in proving the equivalence of the two definitions is that such a function $F$ is determined, because of the second condition, by its values on lattices of the form $Z + Zτ$, where $τ ∈ H$.

Examples
I. Eisenstein series

The simplest examples from this point of view are the Eisenstein series. For each even integer $k > 2$, we define $G_{k}(Λ)$ to be the sum of $λ^{−k}$ over all non-zero vectors $λ$ of $Λ$:

 * $$G_k(\Lambda) = \sum_{0 \neq\lambda\in\Lambda}\lambda^{-k}.$$

Then $G_{k}$ is a modular form of weight $k$. For $Λ = Z + Zτ$ we have

 * $$G_k(\Lambda) = G_k(\tau) = \sum_{ (0,0) \neq (m,n)\in\mathbf{Z}^2} \frac{1}{(m + n \tau)^k},$$

and

 * $$\begin{align}

G_k\left(-\frac{1}{\tau}\right) &= \tau^k G_k(\tau), \\ G_k(\tau + 1) &= G_k(\tau). \end{align}$$

The condition $k > 2$ is needed for convergence; for odd $k$ there is cancellation between $λ^{−k}$ and $(−λ)^{−k}$, so that such series are identically zero.

'''II. Theta functions of even unimodular lattices'''

An even unimodular lattice $L$ in $R^{n}$ is a lattice generated by $n$ vectors forming the columns of a matrix of determinant 1 and satisfying the condition that the square of the length of each vector in $L$ is an even integer. The so-called theta function

 * $$\vartheta_L(z) = \sum_{\lambda\in L}e^{\pi i \Vert\lambda\Vert^2 z} $$

converges when Im(z) > 0, and as a consequence of the Poisson summation formula can be shown to be a modular form of weight $n/2$. It is not so easy to construct even unimodular lattices, but here is one way: Let $n$ be an integer divisible by 8 and consider all vectors $v$ in $R^{n}$ such that $2v$ has integer coordinates, either all even or all odd, and such that the sum of the coordinates of $v$ is an even integer. We call this lattice $L_{n}$. When $n = 8$, this is the lattice generated by the roots in the root system called E8. Because there is only one modular form of weight 8 up to scalar multiplication,

 * $$\vartheta_{L_8\times L_8}(z) = \vartheta_{L_{16}}(z),$$

even though the lattices $L_{8} × L_{8}$ and $L_{16}$ are not similar. John Milnor observed that the 16-dimensional tori obtained by dividing $R^{16}$ by these two lattices are consequently examples of compact Riemannian manifolds which are isospectral but not isometric (see Hearing the shape of a drum.)

'''III. The modular discriminant'''

The Dedekind eta function is defined as

 * $$\eta(z) = q^{1/24}\prod_{n=1}^\infty (1-q^n), \qquad q = e^{2\pi i z}.$$

where q is the square of the nome. Then the modular discriminant $Δ(z) = (2π)^{12} η(z)^{24}$ is a modular form of weight 12. The presence of 24 is related to the fact that the Leech lattice has 24 dimensions. A celebrated conjecture of Ramanujan asserted that when $Δ(z)$ is expanded as a power series in q, the coefficient of $q^{p}$ for any prime $p$ has absolute value $≤ 2p^{11/2}$. This was confirmed by the work of Eichler, Shimura, Kuga, Ihara, and Pierre Deligne as a result of Deligne's proof of the Weil conjectures, which were shown to imply Ramanujan's conjecture.

The second and third examples give some hint of the connection between modular forms and classical questions in number theory, such as representation of integers by quadratic forms and the partition function. The crucial conceptual link between modular forms and number theory is furnished by the theory of Hecke operators, which also gives the link between the theory of modular forms and representation theory.

Modular functions
When the weight k is zero, it can be shown using Liouville's theorem that the only modular forms are constant functions. However, relaxing the requirement that f be holomorphic leads to the notion of modular functions. A function f : H → C is called modular if it satisfies the following properties:

 * f is meromorphic in the open upper half-plane H
 * For every integer matrix $$\begin{pmatrix}a & b \\ c & d \end{pmatrix}$$ in the modular group $Γ$, $$ f\left(\frac{az+b}{cz+d}\right) = f(z)$$.
 * The second condition implies that f is periodic, and therefore has a Fourier series. The third condition is that this series is of the form
 * $$f(z) = \sum_{n=-m}^\infty a_n e^{2i\pi nz}.$$

It is often written in terms of $$q=\exp(2\pi i z)$$ (the square of the nome), as:
 * $$f(z)=\sum_{n=-m}^\infty a_n q^n.$$

This is also referred to as the q-expansion of f (q-expansion principle). The coefficients $$a_n$$ are known as the Fourier coefficients of f, and the number m is called the order of the pole of f at i∞. This condition is called "meromorphic at the cusp", meaning that only finitely many negative-n coefficients are non-zero, so the q-expansion is bounded below, guaranteeing that it is meromorphic at q = 0.

Sometimes a weaker definition of modular functions is used – under the alternative definition, it is sufficient that f be meromorphic in the open upper half-plane and that f be invariant with respect to a sub-group of the modular group of finite index. This is not adhered to in this article.

Another way to phrase the definition of modular functions is to use elliptic curves: every lattice Λ determines an elliptic curve C/Λ over C; two lattices determine isomorphic elliptic curves if and only if one is obtained from the other by multiplying by some non-zero complex number $α$. Thus, a modular function can also be regarded as a meromorphic function on the set of isomorphism classes of elliptic curves. For example, the j-invariant j(z) of an elliptic curve, regarded as a function on the set of all elliptic curves, is a modular function. More conceptually, modular functions can be thought of as functions on the moduli space of isomorphism classes of complex elliptic curves.

A modular form f that vanishes at $q = 0$ (equivalently, $a_{0} = 0$, also paraphrased as $z = i∞$) is called a cusp form (Spitzenform in German). The smallest n such that $a_{n} ≠ 0$ is the order of the zero of f at $i∞$.

A modular unit is a modular function whose poles and zeroes are confined to the cusps.

Modular forms for more general groups
The functional equation, i.e., the behavior of f with respect to $$z \mapsto \frac{az+b}{cz+d} $$ can be relaxed by requiring it only for matrices in smaller groups.

The Riemann surface G\H∗
Let $G$ be a subgroup of $SL(2, Z)$ that is of finite index. Such a group $G$ acts on H in the same way as $SL(2, Z)$. The quotient topological space G\H can be shown to be a Hausdorff space. Typically it is not compact, but can be compactified by adding a finite number of points called cusps. These are points at the boundary of H, i.e. in Q∪{∞}, such that there is a parabolic element of $G$ (a matrix with trace ±2) fixing the point. This yields a compact topological space G\H∗. What is more, it can be endowed with the structure of a Riemann surface, which allows one to speak of holo- and meromorphic functions.

Important examples are, for any positive integer N, either one of the congruence subgroups
 * $$\begin{align}

\Gamma_0(N) &= \left\{ \begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{pmatrix} \in \text{SL}(2, \mathbf{Z}): c \equiv 0 \pmod{N} \right\} \\ \Gamma(N) &= \left\{ \begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{pmatrix} \in \text{SL}(2, \mathbf{Z}) : c \equiv b \equiv 0, a \equiv d \equiv 1 \pmod{N} \right\}. \end{align}$$

For G = Γ0(N) or $Γ(N)$, the spaces G\H and G\H∗ are denoted Y0(N) and X0(N) and Y(N), X(N), respectively.

The geometry of G\H∗ can be understood by studying fundamental domains for G, i.e. subsets D ⊂ H such that D intersects each orbit of the $G$-action on H exactly once and such that the closure of D meets all orbits. For example, the genus of G\H∗ can be computed.

Definition
A modular form for $G$ of weight k is a function on H satisfying the above functional equation for all matrices in $G$, that is holomorphic on H and at all cusps of $G$. Again, modular forms that vanish at all cusps are called cusp forms for $G$. The C-vector spaces of modular and cusp forms of weight k are denoted $M_{k}(G)$ and $S_{k}(G)$, respectively. Similarly, a meromorphic function on G\H∗ is called a modular function for $G$. In case G = Γ0(N), they are also referred to as modular/cusp forms and functions of level N. For $G = Γ(1) = SL(2, Z)$, this gives back the afore-mentioned definitions.

Consequences
The theory of Riemann surfaces can be applied to G\H∗ to obtain further information about modular forms and functions. For example, the spaces $M_{k}(G)$ and $S_{k}(G)$ are finite-dimensional, and their dimensions can be computed thanks to the Riemann–Roch theorem in terms of the geometry of the $G$-action on H. For example,

 * $$\dim_\mathbf{C} M_k\left(\text{SL}(2, \mathbf{Z})\right) = \begin{cases}

\left\lfloor k/12 \right\rfloor    & k \equiv 2 \pmod{12} \\ \left\lfloor k/12 \right\rfloor + 1 & \text{otherwise} \end{cases}$$

where $$\lfloor \cdot \rfloor$$ denotes the floor function and $$k$$ is even.

The modular functions constitute the field of functions of the Riemann surface, and hence form a field of transcendence degree one (over C). If a modular function f is not identically 0, then it can be shown that the number of zeroes of f is equal to the number of poles of f in the closure of the fundamental region RΓ.It can be shown that the field of modular function of level N (N ≥ 1) is generated by the functions j(z) and j(Nz).

Line bundles
The situation can be profitably compared to that which arises in the search for functions on the projective space P(V): in that setting, one would ideally like functions F on the vector space V which are polynomial in the coordinates of v ≠ 0 in V and satisfy the equation F(cv) = F(v) for all non-zero c. Unfortunately, the only such functions are constants. If we allow denominators (rational functions instead of polynomials), we can let F be the ratio of two homogeneous polynomials of the same degree. Alternatively, we can stick with polynomials and loosen the dependence on c, letting F(cv) = ckF(v). The solutions are then the homogeneous polynomials of degree $k$. On the one hand, these form a finite dimensional vector space for each k, and on the other, if we let k vary, we can find the numerators and denominators for constructing all the rational functions which are really functions on the underlying projective space P(V).

One might ask, since the homogeneous polynomials are not really functions on P(V), what are they, geometrically speaking? The algebro-geometric answer is that they are sections of a sheaf (one could also say a line bundle in this case). The situation with modular forms is precisely analogous.

Modular forms can also be profitably approached from this geometric direction, as sections of line bundles on the moduli space of elliptic curves.

Rings of modular forms
For a subgroup $Γ$ of the $SL(2, Z)$, the ring of modular forms is the graded ring generated by the modular forms of $Γ$. In other words, if $M_{k}(Γ)$ be the ring of modular forms of weight $k$, then the ring of modular forms of $Γ$ is the graded ring $$M(\Gamma) = \bigoplus_{k > 0} M_k(\Gamma)$$.

Rings of modular forms of congruence subgroups of $SL(2, Z)$ are finitely generated due to a result of Pierre Deligne and Michael Rapoport. Such rings of modular forms are generated in weight at most 6 and the relations are generated in weight at most 12 when the congruence subgroup has nonzero odd weight modular forms, and the corresponding bounds are 5 and 10 when there are no nonzero odd weight modular forms.

More generally, there are formulas for bounds on the weights of generators of the ring of modular forms and its relations for arbitrary Fuchsian groups.

Entire forms
If f is holomorphic at the cusp (has no pole at q = 0), it is called an entire modular form.

If f is meromorphic but not holomorphic at the cusp, it is called a non-entire modular form. For example, the j-invariant is a non-entire modular form of weight 0, and has a simple pole at i∞.

New forms
New forms are a subspace of modular forms of a fixed level $$N$$ which cannot be constructed from modular forms of lower levels $$M$$ dividing $$N$$. The other forms are called old forms. These old forms can be constructed using the following observations: if $$M \mid N$$ then $$\Gamma_1(N) \subseteq \Gamma_1(M)$$ giving a reverse inclusion of modular forms $$M_k(\Gamma_1(M)) \subseteq M_k(\Gamma_1(N))$$.

Cusp forms
A cusp form is a modular form with a zero constant coefficient in its Fourier series. It is called a cusp form because the form vanishes at all cusps.

Generalizations
There are a number of other usages of the term "modular function", apart from this classical one; for example, in the theory of Haar measures, it is a function $Δ(g)$ determined by the conjugation action.

Maass forms are real-analytic eigenfunctions of the Laplacian but need not be holomorphic. The holomorphic parts of certain weak Maass wave forms turn out to be essentially Ramanujan's mock theta functions. Groups which are not subgroups of $SL(2, Z)$ can be considered.

Hilbert modular forms are functions in n variables, each a complex number in the upper half-plane, satisfying a modular relation for 2×2 matrices with entries in a totally real number field.

Siegel modular forms are associated to larger symplectic groups in the same way in which classical modular forms are associated to $SL(2, R)$; in other words, they are related to abelian varieties in the same sense that classical modular forms (which are sometimes called elliptic modular forms to emphasize the point) are related to elliptic curves.

Jacobi forms are a mixture of modular forms and elliptic functions. Examples of such functions are very classical - the Jacobi theta functions and the Fourier coefficients of Siegel modular forms of genus two - but it is a relatively recent observation that the Jacobi forms have an arithmetic theory very analogous to the usual theory of modular forms.

Automorphic forms extend the notion of modular forms to general Lie groups.

Modular integrals of weight $k$ are meromorphic functions on the upper half plane of moderate growth at infinity which fail to be modular of weight $k$ by a rational function.

Automorphic factors are functions of the form $$\varepsilon(a,b,c,d) (cz+d)^k$$ which are used to generalise the modularity relation defining modular forms, so that
 * $$f\left(\frac{az+b}{cz+d}\right) = \varepsilon(a,b,c,d) (cz+d)^k f(z).$$

The function $$\varepsilon(a,b,c,d)$$ is called the nebentypus of the modular form. Functions such as the Dedekind eta function, a modular form of weight 1/2, may be encompassed by the theory by allowing automorphic factors.

History
The theory of modular forms was developed in four periods:

 * In connection with the theory of elliptic functions, in the early nineteenth century
 * By Felix Klein and others towards the end of the nineteenth century as the automorphic form concept became understood (for one variable)
 * By Erich Hecke from about 1925
 * In the 1960s, as the needs of number theory and the formulation of the modularity theorem in particular made it clear that modular forms are deeply implicated.

Taniyama and Shimura identified a 1-to-1 matching between certain modular forms and elliptic curves. Robert Langlands built on this idea in the construction of his expansive Langlands program, which has become one of the most far-reaching and consequential research programs in math.

In 1994 Andrew Wiles used modular forms to prove Fermat’s Last Theorem. In 2001 all elliptic curves were proven to be modular over the rational numbers. In 2013 elliptic curves were proven to be modular over real quadratic fields. In 2023 elliptic curves were proven to be modular over about half of imaginary quadratic fields, including fields formed by combining the rational numbers with the square root of integers down to −5.

title: Modular form


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Lipolysis

Lipolysis is the metabolic pathway through which lipid triglycerides are hydrolyzed into a glycerol and free fatty acids. It is used to mobilize stored energy during fasting or exercise, and usually occurs in fat adipocytes. The most important regulatory hormone in lipolysis is insulin; lipolysis can only occur when insulin action falls to low levels, as occurs during fasting. Other hormones that affect lipolysis include leptin, glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide, and cortisol.

Mechanisms
In the body, stores of fat are referred to as adipose tissue. In these areas, intracellular triglycerides are stored in cytoplasmic lipid droplets. When lipase enzymes are phosphorylated, they can access lipid droplets and through multiple steps of hydrolysis, breakdown triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol. Each step of hydrolysis leads to the removal of one fatty acid. The first step and the rate-limiting step of lipolysis is carried out by adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). This enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol to diacylglycerol. Subsequently, hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) catalyzes the hydrolysis of diacylglycerol to monoacylglycerol and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) catalyzes the hydrolysis of monoacylglycerol to glycerol.

Perilipin 1A is a key protein regulator of lipolysis in adipose tissue. This lipid droplet-associated protein, when deactivated, will prevent the interaction of lipases with triglycerides in the lipid droplet and grasp the ATGL co-activator, comparative gene identification 58 (CGI-58) (a.k.a. ABHD5). When perilipin 1A is phosphorylated by PKA, it releases CGI-58 and it expedites the docking of phosphorylated lipases to the lipid droplet. CGI-58 can be further phosphorylated by PKA to assist in its dispersal to the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, CGI-58 can co-activate ATGL. ATGL activity is also impacted by the negative regulator of lipolysis, G0/G1 switch gene 2 (G0S2). When expressed, G0S2 acts as a competitive inhibitor in the binding of CGI-58. Fat-specific protein 27 (FSP-27) (a.k.a. CIDEC) is also a negative regulator of lipolysis. FSP-27 expression is negatively correlated with ATGL mRNA levels.

Regulation
Lipolysis can be regulated through cAMP's binding and activation of protein kinase A (PKA). PKA can phosphorylate lipases, perilipin 1A, and CGI-58 to increase the rate of lipolysis. Catecholamines bind to 7TM receptors (G protein-coupled receptors) on the adipocyte cell membrane, which activate adenylate cyclase. This results in increased production of cAMP, which activates PKA and leads to an increased rate of lipolysis. Despite glucagon's lipolytic activity (which stimulates PKA as well) in vitro, the role of glucagon in lipolysis in vivo is disputed.

Insulin counter-regulates this increase in lipolysis when it binds to insulin receptors on the adipocyte cell membrane. Insulin receptors activate insulin-like receptor substrates. These substrates activate phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI-3K) which then phosphorylate protein kinase B (PKB) (a.k.a. Akt). PKB subsequently phosphorylates phosphodiesterase 3B (PD3B), which then converts the cAMP produced by adenylate cyclase into 5'AMP. The resulting insulin induced reduction in cAMP levels decreases the lipolysis rate.

Insulin also acts in the brain at the mediobasal hypothalamus. There, it suppresses lipolysis and decreases sympathetic nervous outflow to the fatty part of the brain matter. The regulation of this process involves interactions between insulin receptors and gangliosides present in the neuronal cell membrane.

In blood
Triglycerides are transported through the blood to appropriate tissues (adipose, muscle, etc.) by lipoproteins such as Very-Low-Density-Lipoproteins (VLDL). Triglycerides present on the VLDL undergo lipolysis by the cellular lipases of target tissues, which yields glycerol and free fatty acids. Free fatty acids released into the blood are then available for cellular uptake. Free fatty acids not immediately taken up by cells may bind to albumin for transport to surrounding tissues that require energy. Serum albumin is the major carrier of free fatty acids in the blood.

The glycerol also enters the bloodstream and is absorbed by the liver or kidney where it is converted to glycerol 3-phosphate by the enzyme glycerol kinase. Hepatic glycerol 3-phosphate is converted mostly into dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP) and then glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GA3P) to rejoin the glycolysis and gluconeogenesis pathway.

Lipogenesis
While lipolysis is triglyceride hydrolysis (the process by which triglycerides are broken down), esterification is the process by which triglycerides are formed. Esterification and lipolysis are, in essence, reversals of one another.

Medical procedures
Physical lipolysis involves destruction of fat cells containing the fat droplets and can be used as part of cosmetic body contouring procedures. Currently there are four main non-invasive body contouring techniques in aesthetic medicine for reducing localized subcutaneous adipose tissue in addition to the standard minimally invasive liposuction: low-level laser therapy (LLLT), cryolipolysis, radio frequency (RF) and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). However, they are less effective with shorter lasting benefits and can remove significantly smaller amounts of fat compared to traditional surgical liposuction or lipectomy. However, future drug developments can be potentially combined with smaller procedures to augment the result.

title: Lipolysis


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Kevin Major

Kevin Major (born September 12, 1949) is a Canadian author who lives in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador with his wife. He writes for both young people and adults, including fiction, literary non-fiction, poetry, and plays.

Major was born and raised in Stephenville, Newfoundland. He later moved to St. John's where he attended Memorial University of Newfoundland. Before becoming a writer, he taught school in several parts of the province, including the Eastport Peninsula in Bonavista Bay. His early novels are known for exploring issues such as adolescence and family. The novels were usually set on the island of Newfoundland. In 1992, he was awarded the Vicky Metcalf Award for his body of work. His more recent books are mostly adult fiction, including the Sebastian Synard murder mystery series.

Selected Literary Awards

 * 1978 - Hold Fast - Governor General's Children's Literature Award
 * 1979 - Hold Fast - Canadian Library Association's Book of the Year Award
 * 1979 - Hold Fast - Ruth Schwartz Award
 * 1980 - Hold Fast - IBBY Honour List
 * 1980 - Far from Shore - Young Adult Caucus, Canadian Young Adult Book Award
 * 1990 - Blood Red Ochre - Geoffery Bilson Award Finalist
 * 1992 - Eating Between the Lines - Ann Connor Brimer Award
 * 1992 - Eating Between the Lines - Canadian Library Association Book of the Year for Children Award
 * 1997 - The House of the Wooden Santas - Mr. Christie's Book Award
 * 1998 - The House of the Wooden Santas - Ann Connor Brimer Award
 * 2001 - As Near to Heaven by Sea - Hilary Weston Writers' Trust Prize for Nonfiction Finalist
 * 2004 - Ann and Seamus - Geoffery Bilson Award Finalist
 * 2006 - Aunt Olga's Christmas Postcards - Ann Connor Brimer Award
 * 2017 - Found Far and Wide - Independent Publisher Book Awards Silver Medalist - Canada East - Best regional fiction
 * 2019 - One for the Rock - Independent Publisher Book Awards Silver Medalist - Canada East - Best regional fiction
 * 2020 - Land Beyond the Sea - Next Generation Indie Book Award Finalist, Historical Fiction; Best Atlantic-Published Book Award Finalist; Canada Book Award Winner
 * 2021 - Two for the Tablelands - Shortlisted - Howard Engel Award for Best Crime Novel Set in Canada
 * 2022 - Three for Trinity - Shortlisted - Howard Engel Award for Best Crime Novel Set in Canada

title: Kevin Major


text:
Lee Maracle

Bobbi Lee Maracle (born Marguerite Aline Carter; July 2, 1950 – November 11, 2021) was an Indigenous Canadian writer and academic of the Stó꞉lō nation. Born in North Vancouver, British Columbia, she left formal education after grade 8 to travel across North America, attending Simon Fraser University on her return to Canada. Her first book, an autobiography called Bobbi Lee: Indian Rebel, was published in 1975. She wrote fiction, non-fiction, and criticism and held various academic positions. Maracle's work focused on the lives of Indigenous people, particularly women, in contemporary North America. As an influential writer and speaker, Maracle fought for those oppressed by sexism, racism, and capitalist exploitation.

Early life and education
The granddaughter of Tsleil-Waututh Chief Dan George, Marguerite Aline Carter was born on July 2, 1950, in North Vancouver, British Columbia. "Lee" was a nickname for "Aline". She grew up in North Vancouver, raised mainly by her mother, Jean (Croutze) Carter.

Maracle dropped out of school after grade 8 and went from California, where she did various jobs that included producing films and doing stand-up comedy, to Toronto. After returning to Canada, she attended Simon Fraser University. In the 1970s, she became involved with the Red Power movement in Vancouver.

Writing
Maracle's writing explores the experience of Indigenous women, critiquing patriarchy and white supremacy. Her first book was an autobiography: Bobbi Lee: Indian Rebel, published in 1975. The book began as an assignment in a course about writing life histories. Critic Harmut Lutz describes Indian Rebel as "a celebration of Native survival", comparing it to the works of Maria Campbell and Howard Adams. Indian Rebel was "one of the first Indigenous works published in Canada".

I Am Woman (1988) applies feminist theory to the situation of Indigenous women, describing women's sexual victimization at the hands of Indigenous and white men alike while reflecting on her own struggle for liberation. Sojourner's Truth (1990), a collection of short stories, describes the everyday lives of Indigenous people dealing with a "Eurocentric culture". Her poetry book, Hope Matters, was written in conjunction with her daughters Columpa Bobb and Tania Carter, and was published in 2019.

Sundogs, 1992, Maracle's first novel, touches on remembering Native heritage and recollecting cultural roots.

Ravensong, (1993), speaks of blending oral tradition and holistic oneness with living while tackling the barriers of racism, sexism, and class.

Academic positions
Maracle was one of the founders of the En'owkin International School of Writing in Penticton, British Columbia. She was the cultural director of the Centre for Indigenous Theatre in Toronto, Ontario, from 1998 to 2000.

Maracle taught at the University of Toronto, University of Waterloo, and Southern Oregon University, and was a professor of Canadian culture at Western Washington University. She lived in Toronto, teaching at the University of Toronto First Nations House. She was the writer-in-residence at the University of Guelph.

Personal life
Maracle belonged to the Stó꞉lō nation and had Salish and Cree ancestry. She has been described as Métis. She was married to Raymond Bobb and later to Aiyyana Maracle. She and Raymond had two daughters, including Columpa Bobb, and one son, actor Sid Bobb.

She died on November 11, 2021, at Surrey Memorial Hospital in Surrey, British Columbia.

Awards and honours
Maracle was named an officer of the Order of Canada in 2018. In 2017, Maracle was presented with the Bonham Centre Award from the Mark S. Bonham Centre for Sexual Diversity Studies, University of Toronto, for her contributions to the advancement and education of issues around sexual identification. She delivered the 2021 Margaret Laurence Lecture on "A Writing Life". In 2020, she was named finalist for the Neustadt International Prize for "Celia's Song".

Fiction

 * Sojourner's Truth and Other Stories (1990)
 * Sundogs – 1992
 * Ravensong – (Press Gang Publishers, 1993)
 * Daughters Are Forever (2002)
 * Will's Garden (2002)
 * First Wives Club: Coast Salish Style (Theytus Books Publishing, 2010)

Non-fiction

 * Bobbi Lee: Indian Rebel (1975, reissued 1990)
 * I Am Woman: A Native Perspective on Sociology and Feminism (1988; Press Gang Publishers, 1996)
 * Oratory: Coming to Theory (1990)
 * Memory Serves: Oratories (2015) ISBN 9781926455440
 * My Conversations with Canadians (2017)

Poetry

 * Bent Box (2000)
 * Talking to the Diaspora (2015) ISBN 9781894037655
 * (with Columpa Bobb and Tania Carter)

Collaborations

 * My Home as I Remember (2000)
 * We Get Our Living Like Milk from the Land (1993)
 * Telling It: Women and Language Across Cultures (with Betsy Warland, Sky Lee and Daphne Marlatt) (Press Gang Publishers, 1990)

title: Lee Maracle