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Puerto Rican Renewal Party

The Puerto Rican Renewal Party — or Partido Renovación Puertorriqueña (PRP) in Spanish — was a short-lived Puerto Rican political party founded on August 28, 1983, in Ponce, Puerto Rico. The party was disbanded in 1987.

The party's main leader was then-mayor of San Juan Hernán Padilla, a pro-statehood leader and founder of the Partido Nuevo Progresista, PNP.

Prelude
The PRP traces its origins to the 1980 election in Puerto Rico, when the pro-statehood party (in favor of making Puerto Rico the 51st state of the United States), barely retained the governorship and the Resident Commissioner position, while losing control of the Puerto Rico Senate and the Puerto Rico House of representatives, as well as a majority of the island's 78 municipalities.

After what many statehood supporters perceived as a defeat in the 1980 election, a movement started to get the New Progressive Party to nominate a new candidate for the 1984 election. Dr. Hernán Padilla's name was the favorite to substitute governor Carlos Romero Barceló at the top of the NPP's ticket in 1984.

However, Governor Romero saw the threat from Padilla and at a party assembly held in Ponce on November 14, 1982, he asked the assembled delegates if there was anyone who dared to challenge him (Romero) for the gubernatorial nomination. He did so three times, looking straight at Padilla, who was sitting at the podium. See "El Nuevo Dia," "El Mundo," "The San Juan Star," "El Reportero," and "El Vocero" (the main newspapers in Puerto Rico at the time), November 15, 1982. Padilla did not answer immediately but some time later announced that he would seek the NPP nomination for governor for the 1984 election. The escalating feud between Padilla and Romero-Barcelo for the NPP nomination can be followed through the newspapers of the time.

Founding
After numerous controversies between Padilla and Romero on how and when to conduct primaries to settle the dispute, and convinced that a fair primary was not possible, Padilla and his followers created the Puerto Rican Renewal Party. Some of the pro-statehood leaders who followed Padilla were:

 * Ángel Viera-Martínez (at-large representative in the Puerto Rico House of Representatives and vice president of the NPP, who ran for Resident Commissioner in 1984);
 * Luis Batista-Salas (vice-mayor of San Juan, ran for San Juan mayor in 1984);
 * Ángel Rivera-Salas (interagency coordinator)
 * Danny López Soto (State Senator from the Carolina District, ran for an at-large seat in the Puerto Rico Senate)
 * Luis Gonzalo-de Jesús
 * Héctor Martínez-Colón

Although most PRP leaders supported statehood for Puerto Rico, they decided that their new party would seek to include people who supported other status options.

The Puerto Rican Renewal Party was formally founded on August 28, 1983, in Ponce, Puerto Rico, just a few meters from where the NPP assembly of Nov. 14, 1982 had taken place.

Despite the fact that Padilla was widely respected by the voters, in the end he received just over 4.05% of the vote, below the 5% threshold to keep the party registered.

The gubernatorial vote in 1984 was: Rafael Hernández Colón PDP (PPD) 822,709 (47.754%) Carlos Romero Barceló NPP (PNP) 768,959 (44.634%) Hernán Padilla        PRP (PRP)  69,807 ( 4.051%) Fernando Martin       PIP (PIP)  61,312 ( 3.558%)

(Source: State Elections Commission of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Comision Estatal de Elecciones del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico); Estadisticas de las Elecciones de 1984 (Statistics of the 1984 election [in Spanish]) The Puerto Rican Renewal Party attempted to register again for the 1988 election but the effort failed for lack of support, and Padilla returned to the NPP in the Summer of 1988.  The Puerto Rican Renewal Party formally dissolved in the Summer of 1987.  See "El Reportero", 28 August 1987.

After the 1984 election, Padilla moved to Maryland with his family, and served in several hospitals there, reaching high positions in the medical field. He currently lives in the state of Florida.

The PRP was known as the multi-color party, because its logo was a rainbow.

title: Puerto Rican Renewal Party


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Talk:Zero divisor

Product of two left zero divisors
I am translating math articles from the english Wikipedia into the german one, and I think the last example of this article is not correct, and that the given definition is only applicable to commutative rings.

In a noncommutative ring, a can be a left zero divisor (ab=0), right zero devisor (ba=0) or (both sided) zero divisor (ab=ca=0).

The given infinite matrix A is a left zero divisor, as A * (1&0&0&...\\ 0&0&0...\\...) = 0, but it is not a right zero divisor, because C*A=0 implies C=0. In contrast to that, B is not a left zero divisor, but a right zero divisor (using the same matrix as for A as the left factor).

Also it is only proven there that a left zero divisor cannot have a left inverse (a'a=1), but it may still have a right inverse (aa'=1). (As the example shows, the matrix A has such an inverse B.)

Can the product of two left zero divisors be not a left zero divisor? -- SirJective 10:38, 12 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * The multiplication operator of a ring is by definition associative. Hence, the product of any x with a left zero divisor a (in that order) y = xa will always be a left zero divisor (here b is a right zero divisor):
 * $$ab = 0 \Rightarrow yb = (xa)b = x(ab) = x0 = 0$$
 * — Quondum☏ 16:21, 10 August 2012 (UTC)

Is zero a zero divisor?

 * The ring Z of integers does not have any zero divisors,

What about... zero?

 * By definition, zero divisors are non-zero.

 * Opinion differs as to whether zero is in fact a zero divisor. I would contend that it is simpler to make zero a zero divisor, otherwise one has to say that the zero divisors together with zero is a prime ideal of a ring, rather than just saying that the set of zero divisors of a ring is a prime ideal. I have made the necessary change. Xantharius 20:53, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

 * In his famous algebra book, vanderWaerden considers zero as a zero divisor. This is useful, because then the complement of the set of all zero divisors is multiplicatively closed and does not contain zero. By using this set, one can easily form the total ring of fractions. The claim, that the set of zero divisors is a prime ideal, is wrong. See my talk section below, in particular the counterexample. ASlateff 128.131.37.74 17:12, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

The correct definition of zero divisor is the one given on page 98 of Bourbaki, Algebra 1-3. Namely, a is a left zero divisor if there exists a nonzero b such that ab=0. This applies even when a=0! It follows that 0 is a zero divisor in every ring except for the zero ring (the ring in which 0=1). It has to be this way if you want the set of non-zero-divisors in a commutative ring to form a submonoid of the multiplicative monoid of the ring, and this in turn is essential if you want to be able to define the total quotient ring of any commutative ring by localizing at the set of non-zero-divisors. If there are no objections, I will fix the article. Ebony Jackson (talk) 06:54, 15 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Having such a notable reference means that this definition must be included in the article. If the other definition (that excludes zero as a zero divisor) is sufficiently notable, you'll have objections to excluding it. So, as in Divisor, a clear statement of two competing definitions may be appropriate. You may also be interested in Divisibility (ring theory), which not only gives only one definition, but is internally inconsistent as noted in Talk:Divisibility (ring theory). —Quondum 09:25, 15 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Bourbaki discusses this too, explaining that the usual definition of "a is a divisor of b" should not be specialized to the case b=0 to give a definition of "zero divisor" since it would make every element a zero divisor (I know you understand this already). Another advantage of Bourbaki's definition of zero divisor is that it makes the set of zero divisors equal to the union of the associated primes in any commutative ring.  It is true that there are other textbooks that use different conventions for 0 being a zero divisor, but I have not seen any such books that argue convincingly why their convention is better, and I suspect that the authors in most cases have simply not thought things through.  If someone knows an advantage of a different convention (in terms of elegant theorems that become true with it but false with Bourbaki's definition, say), then it would be good to know what they are. Ebony Jackson (talk) 14:12, 15 November 2013 (UTC)

 * I don't fully follow you, when you say "Bourbaki discusses this too" (my emphasis), as Bourbaki is merely saying that "zero divisor" and "divisor of zero" are not synonymous, and does not relate the constraint a≠0, which is what has been mentioned and is hence what I'd think you meant by "this".
 * I too am of the opinion that the exclusion of zero as a candidate as a divisor and as a zero divisor is simply not thought through, and may originate from a desire to avoid dealing with slightly confusing trivial cases. Or worse, it may come from the argument that you cannot divide by zero, hence zero cannot be a divisor of any type (which argument, when applied to the definition of zero divisors, would result in there being no zero divisors).  However, as one will see from Talk:Divisor, this kind of question tends to be hotly debated.  I suspect that of a term such as "factor" had been used instead of "divisor", fewer people (including textbook authors) would become confused about what is being defined. However, here we should be steered by notable sources, preferably Bourbaki and equivalent rather than the average textbook.  —Quondum 16:03, 15 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Sorry, my fault, when I wrote "Bourbaki discusses this too", I was confused about what we were talking about; in that sentence, I meant to be referring to the standard abuse of terminology in which one uses "zero divisor" to mean something different from what one gets by taking b=0 in the definition of "divisor of b". In any case, thank you for the advice to look at Divisibility (ring theory) and the Talk:Divisor page. Ebony Jackson (talk) 05:44, 16 November 2013 (UTC)

In general, zero divisors do not form a prime ideal!
The article claims that the set of zero divisors of a commutative ring is a prime ideal. This is wrong. Neither the product nor the sum of zero divisors need be zero divisors. In fact, if a,b are zero divisors different from zero, then there are r,s different from zero such that ar=0 and bs=0. Maybe the author meant that (ab)(rs)=0 and hence ab should be a zero divisor. However, it may happen that rs=0. Therefore the conclusion, that ab is a zero divisor, does not follow from this.

Anyway, it is true that the set Z of zero divisors is a union of prime ideals, and it contains every minimal prime ideal. This is due to the fact that the complement of Z is a saturated multiplicatively closed set (and contains all units). ASlateff 128.131.37.74 16:24, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

A counterexample is Z/6Z, where Z denotes the integers. 2 x 3 = 4 x 3 = 0 (mod 6), the zero divisors are 2,3, and 4. But 2+3=5, which is not a zero divisor. Therefore the set of zero divisors is not closed under addition and in particular is not an ideal, let alone a prime ideal. ASlateff 128.131.37.74 16:58, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

 * If we use the definition of zero divisor that allows 0 to be a zero divisor, then any multiple of a zero divisor in a commutative ring is also a zero divisor. The obvious non-commutative counter-example are zero divisors x and y such that xy = 1. Albmont (talk) 18:22, 22 January 2008 (UTC)
 * But if xy = 1, then x and y are units, and hence not zero divisors. (The proof in the article that zero divisors cannot be units did not rely on commutativity, so it should hold for non-commutative rings as well.)  Your counter-example cannot exist.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.147.104.77 (talk) 14:01, 20 March 2011 (UTC)

 * The author says "Set of zero divisors is a union of prime ideals." I guess there should be "minimal prime ideals" instead of "prime ideals". Minimal prime (commutative algebra) --94.54.14.47 (talk) 14:22, 7 March 2010 (UTC)

 * That guess is incorrect: for example, in $$k[x,y]/(x^2,xy)$$, the unique minimal prime is (x), but y is a zero divisor not in this minimal prime. Rschwieb (talk) 14:58, 14 November 2013 (UTC)

Cross product in R2
the first example:

$$(1,0)\times(0,1)=(0,0)$$

Seems to overlook a small detail that there is no cross product in R2, in fact the "cross product" as we know it is only defined in R3, being a particular case of the wedge product. I took the liberty of changing the cross product to a dot product, either way, in the current example the wedge product would yield one (scalar). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Carvasf (talk • contribs) 23:18, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

 * The cited example doesn't involve cross products or dot products. Rather, it involves componentwise multiplication, which is the standard product in the ring Z×Z.  I've edited the example a bit in an attempt to clarify this. Michael Slone (talk) 01:35, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

Bug on the definition of "zero divisor" from the definition of lateral zero divisors
In its present version, the article reads: "An element that is both a left and a right zero divisor is simply called a zero divisor". This is indeed coherent with _some_ sources (since we are Saturday, I have no library at hand but Google Books is my friends), e.g. (A course in algebra by Yun Fan, Q. Y. Xiong, Y. L. Zheng) but certainly not all e.g. Concepts in abstract algebra by Charles Lanski  which defines a zero divisor as an element which is either a right zero divisor or a left zero divisor, and uses two-sided zero divisor for elements which are both.

The present version seems odd to me, and it seems to have propagated to most if not all Wikipedias in major languages. I have enough to do to correct the numerous mistakes in Wikipedia in French, so I just post the problem here on the discussion page, ready to have a look at the replies - but I don't believe things are rightly done in the current version. French Tourist (talk) 13:24, 5 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I have added the Lanski reference and changed the article according as per this reference. — Quondum☏ 16:01, 10 August 2012 (UTC)

Why Is It Called "Zero Divisor"?
I'm curious to know why they're called "zero divisors"; since the term seems to define the case where two non-zero numbers multiply to produce zero, shouldn't they be called "zero factors" instead? The Grand Rascal (talk) 06:08, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Zero divisor


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Torugart Pass

Torugart Pass ( (Торугарт ашуусу; Перевал Торугарт) is a mountain pass in the Tian Shan mountain range near the border between the Naryn Region of Kyrgyzstan and the Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China. It is one of two border crossings between Kyrgyzstan and China, the other being Erkeshtam, some 165 km (103 mi) to the southwest.

The scenic lake Chatyr-Köl lies near the pass on the Kyrgyz side. The road to Naryn and then to Balykchy and Bishkek—stretching for some 400 km—is narrow and in winter often impassable due to heavy snowfall and frequent avalanches. On the Chinese side, the Torugart Port of Entry (吐尔尕特口岸), where travelers must clear for customs, is located about 110 km from the pass itself in Ulugqat County of the Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture. Distances from the pass to major cities are: 110 km to Ulugqat, 165 km to Kashgar, 170 km to Artux and some 1630 km to Ürümqi.

The pass is also terminus of European route E125 and, under the new National Highway plans, the China National Highway 315, but neither are signed in this area by 2020.

History
The pass has been used since antiquity. During the Han dynasty it was under the jurisdiction of a micro-state called Juandu (捐毒国). During the Tang dynasty, the region came under Tang control as part of Anxi Protectorate.

The pass is open to all nationalities but clearance requires careful arrangement of transportation.

A China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan Railway going through Torugart Pass has been in the works that would connect Kashgar and the Ferghana Valley since 2012. However, the Kyrgyz section of the rail has been stalled due to financial and technical issues. In 2023 the project development received new push from the governments of the tree countries involved. A tripartite agreement was signed on 17 September 2022 during the  Shanghai Cooperation Organization summit,  however the funding is yet to be secured.

title: Torugart Pass


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User:SirJective

Hello, my name is Christian.

I am writing mathematical articles in the german Wikipedia. Please leave messages there!

I also used to create maintenance lists for en-WP, but these are out of date...
 * User:SirJective/Image problems, some technical oddities with images
 * User:SirJective/Double entries, duplicated database entries, see also Multiple titles
 * User:SirJective/Unreachable pages, pages that are unreachable by the software
 * User:SirJective/Parenthesis, parenthesis articles without disambiguation ("name (topic)" without "name")

de:Benutzer:SirJective fr:Utilisateur:SirJective nl:Gebruiker:SirJective ja:利用者:SirJective

title: User:SirJective


text:
Swissair Flight 111

Swissair Flight 111 (SR111/SWR111) was a scheduled international passenger flight from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City, United States, to Cointrin Airport in Geneva, Switzerland. The flight was also a codeshare flight with Delta Air Lines. On 2 September 1998, the McDonnell Douglas MD-11 performing this flight, registration HB-IWF, crashed into the Atlantic Ocean southwest of Halifax Stanfield International Airport at the entrance to St. Margarets Bay, Nova Scotia. The crash site was 8 km from shore, roughly equidistant from the small fishing and tourist communities of Peggy's Cove and Bayswater, killing all 229 passengers and crew on board the MD-11, making the crash the deadliest accident in the history of Swissair and the deadliest accident involving the McDonnell Douglas MD-11. It is also the second-deadliest aviation accident to occur in Canada, behind Arrow Air Flight 1285R.

The search and rescue response, crash recovery operation, and investigation by the Government of Canada took more than four years and cost CA$57 million. The investigation carried out by the Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSB) concluded that flammable material used in the aircraft's structure allowed a fire to spread beyond the control of the crew, resulting in the crash of the aircraft. Several wide-ranging recommendations were made which were incorporated into newer US Federal Aviation Administration standards.

Aircraft and crew
The aircraft, a seven-year-old McDonnell Douglas MD-11, serial number 48448, registration HB-IWF, was manufactured in 1991, and Swissair was its only operator. It bore the title of Vaud, in honor of the Swiss canton of the same name. The cabin was configured with 241 passenger seats. First and business class seats were equipped with in-seat in-flight entertainment (IFE) systems from Interactive Flight Technologies. The aircraft was powered by three Pratt & Whitney PW4462 turbofan engines and had logged over 36,000 hours before the crash.

The in-flight entertainment system was the first of its kind equipped on the plane. It allowed the first and business class passengers to browse the World Wide Web, select their own movies and games, and gamble. The system was installed in business class one year before the incident, between 21 August and 9 September 1997. It was installed in first class five months later, in February 1998, due to delivery delays.

The pilot-in-command was 49-year-old Urs Zimmermann. At the time of the accident, he had approximately 10,800 hours of total flying time, of which 900 hours were in an MD-11. He was also an instructor pilot for the MD-11. Before his career with Swissair, he was a fighter pilot in the Swiss Air Force from 1966 to 1970. Zimmermann was described as a friendly person with professional skills, who always worked with exactness and precision. Zimmermann was due to turn 50 the day after the accident.

The first officer, 36-year-old Stefan Löw, had approximately 4,800 hours of total flying time, including 230 hours on the MD-11. He was an instructor on the MD-80 and A320. From 1982 to 1990, he had been a pilot in the Swiss Air Force. The cabin crew comprised a maître de cabine (purser) and eleven flight attendants. All crew members on board Swissair Flight 111 were qualified, certified, and trained in accordance with Swiss regulations under the Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA).

Flight timeline

The flight took off from New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport at 20:18 EDT (00:18 UTC) on 2 September. From 20:33 – 20:47 EDT (00:33 to 00:47 UTC), the aircraft experienced a radio blackout for approximately thirteen minutes, which was later found to be caused by communication radio tuning errors.

At 22:10 ADT (01:10 UTC, 52 minutes after takeoff), while flying over Yarmouth, the flight crew detected an odour in the cockpit and determined it to be smoke from the air conditioning system. Four minutes later, the odour returned and smoke became visible, prompting the pilots to make a "pan-pan" radio call to Moncton air traffic control, the area control center (ACC) station in charge of air traffic over the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. The pan-pan call indicated that there was an urgency due to smoke in the cockpit but did not declare an emergency as denoted by a "mayday" call. The crew requested a diversion to Boston (234 nmi away) before accepting Moncton ATC's offer of radar vectors to the closer Halifax International Airport in Enfield, Nova Scotia, 66 nmi away.

At 22:18 ADT (01:18 UTC), Moncton Centre handed over traffic control of the plane to Halifax terminal air traffic control, the ATC station in charge of controlling traffic in and out of Halifax International Airport. Upon being advised by Halifax ATC that they were 30 nmi from the airport, the crew requested more flight distance to allow the aircraft to descend safely from its altitude of 21000 ft at the time. The crew then requested to dump fuel to reduce their weight for landing. Halifax thus vectored the plane south toward St. Margaret's Bay where it was safe for the aircraft to dump fuel while remaining within 40 nmi of the airport. In accordance with the Swissair checklist "Smoke/fumes of unknown origin", the crew shut off power to the cabin using the "CABIN BUS" switch, which also turned off the recirculating fans in the cabin's ceiling. This allowed the fire to spread to the cockpit, eventually shutting off power to the aircraft's autopilot. At 22:24:28 ADT (01:24:28 UTC), the crew informed Halifax that "we now must fly manually", followed by an emergency declaration. Ten seconds later, the crew declared an emergency again, saying "...and we are declaring emergency now, Swissair one eleven"; this was the last transmission received from Flight 111.

The aircraft flight data recorder stopped operating at 22:25:40 ADT (01:25:40 UTC), followed one second later by the cockpit voice recorder. The aircraft's transponder briefly resumed transmission of secondary radar returns from 22:25:50 to 22:26:04 ADT (01:25:50 to 01:26:04 UTC), at which time the aircraft's altitude was 9,700 ft. After this, the aircraft could only be tracked through primary radar, which does not provide altitude information.

Engine 2 was shut down by the co-pilot approximately one minute prior to the time of impact. The shutdown of Engine 2 would have had little or no adverse effect on aircraft controllability. With the Captain likely dead or incapacitated by fire and smoke, in a smoke-filled cockpit, and with almost no flight instruments and little to no view outside, it is possible that the first officer became spatially disorientated and as a result, flew into the sea. Another possibility is that while attempting to see outside the cockpit windows, the first officer inadvertently pushed the control column forward, thus resulting in a descent and eventual impact with the water.

At 22:31:18 ADT (01:31:18 UTC), the aircraft struck the ocean at an estimated speed of 345 mph. The impact time also coincides with seismographic recorders at Halifax and Moncton which detected a seismic event at the time. The collision with the water decelerated the aircraft with approximately 350 g, causing it to disintegrate instantly. The location of the crash was identified as approximately 44°24′33″N 63°58′25″W.

Victims
There were 132 Americans (including one employee each from Delta Air Lines and United Airlines), 41 Swiss (including the 13 crew members), 30 French, three British, four Canadian, three Italian, two Greek, two Lebanese, one each from Afghanistan, China, Germany, India, Iran, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Spain, St. Kitts and Nevis, Mexico, Sweden, and Yugoslavia, and four other passengers on board. Epidemiologists Jonathan Mann and Mary Lou Clements-Mann, both prominent researchers of HIV/AIDS and a married couple, died in the crash. Joseph LaMotta, son of boxing legend Jake LaMotta, also died. The LaMotta family later sued the airline for his death. Thomas Kreis, internationally known scientist in cell biology, was also amongst the victims.

Search and rescue operation
The search and rescue (SAR) operation was code-named Operation Persistence and was launched immediately by Joint Rescue Coordination Centre Halifax (JRCC Halifax), which tasked the Air Command, Maritime Command and Land Force Command of the Canadian Forces (CF), Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) and Canadian Coast Guard Auxiliary (CCGA) resources.

The first rescue resources to approach the crash site were CCGA volunteer units, which were mostly privately owned fishing boats operating from Peggy's Cove and Bayswater, as well as other harbours on St. Margaret's Bay and the Aspotogan Peninsula. They were soon joined by the dedicated CCG SAR vessel, CCGS Sambro; CH-124 Sea King helicopters, flown from CFB Shearwater by crews from 423 Maritime Helicopter Squadron (MHS) and 406 Maritime Operational Training Squadron (MOTS); and CH-113 Labrador SAR helicopters flown from CFB Greenwood by the 413 Transport and Rescue Squadron (TRS). and CP-140 Aurora aircraft from CFB Greenwood from 405 Long Range Patrol Squadron.

The crash site's proximity to Halifax placed it within one hour's sailing time of ships docked at Canada's largest naval base, CFB Halifax, and one of the largest CCG bases in Canada, the CCG Regional Headquarters in Dartmouth. Calls went out immediately and ships sailed directly to St. Margaret's Bay.

The provincial ambulance service, Emergency Health Services (EHS), received word of the crash at 22:39 AT, and ordered 21 emergency units from Halifax, the South Shore, and the Annapolis Valley to respond. An EHS helicopter was also sent to the crash site, and the Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre in Halifax was put on emergency alert. The emergency health services were stood down around 3:30 AT the next morning, as expectations of finding survivors diminished.

The land search, including shoreline searching, was the responsibility of Halifax Regional Search and Rescue. The organization was responsible for all ground operations including military operations and other ground search and rescue teams.

Search and recovery operation
By the afternoon of 3 September, it was apparent that there were no survivors from the crash and JRCC Halifax de-tasked dedicated SAR assets (CCGS Sambro and the CH-113 Labrador helicopters). The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) were given overall command of the recovery operation, with HMCS Preserver remaining on-scene commander.

The aircraft broke up on impact with the water and most of the debris sank to the ocean floor (a depth of 55 m). Some debris was found floating in the crash area and over the following weeks debris washed up on the nearby shorelines.

The initial focus of the recovery was on finding and identifying human remains and on recovering the flight recorders. As the force of impact was "in the order of at least 350 g", the aircraft was fragmented and the environmental conditions only allowed the recovery of human remains along with the aircraft wreckage. Only one of the victims was visually identifiable. Eventually, 147 were identified by fingerprint, dental records, and X-ray comparisons. The remaining 81 were identified through DNA tests.

With CAF divers (navy clearance divers, port inspection divers, ship's team divers, and Army combat divers) working on the recovery, a request was made by the Government of Canada to the Government of the United States for a larger dedicated salvage recovery vessel. USS Grapple (ARS-53) was tasked to the recovery effort, arriving from Philadelphia on 9 September. Among Grapple's crew were 32 salvage divers. Additionally, the USS Grapple welcomed two teams of Canadian Navy Clearance Divers that flew across Canada from Fleet Diving Unit (FDU) Pacific.

The cockpit voice recorder (CVR) and flight data recorder (FDR) were found by the submarine HMCS Okanagan using sonar to detect the underwater locator beacon signals and were quickly retrieved by Canadian Navy divers (the FDR on 6 September and the CVR on 11 September 1998). Both had stopped recording when the aircraft lost electrical power at approximately 10000 ft, 5 minutes and 37 seconds before impact.

The recovery operation was guided by the TSB with resources from the Canadian Forces, Canadian Coast Guard, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, and other agencies. The area was surveyed using route survey sonar, laser line scanners, and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) to locate items. After being located, the debris was then recovered (initially by divers and ROVs, later by dredging and trawling).

On 2 October 1998, the TSB initiated a heavy lift operation to retrieve the major portion of the wreckage from the deep water before the expected winter storms began. By 21 October, an estimated 27% of the wreckage was recovered. At that point in the investigation, the crash was generally believed to have been caused by faulty wiring in the cockpit after the IFE system started to overheat. The TSB released its preliminary report on 30 August 2000 and the final report in 2003.

The final phase of wreckage recovery employed the ship Queen of the Netherlands to dredge the remaining aircraft debris. It concluded in December 1999 with 98% of the aircraft retrieved: approximately 279000 lb of aircraft debris and 40000 lb of cargo.

Response to victims' families and friends
JFK Airport used the JFK Ramada Plaza Hotel to house relatives and friends of the victims of the crash, due to the hotel's central location relative to the airport. Jerome Hauer, the head of the emergency management task force of New York City, praised the swift actions of Swissair and codeshare partner Delta Air Lines in responding to the accident; he had criticized Trans World Airlines in its response to the TWA Flight 800 crash in 1996.

Identification of victims
The RCMP medical examiners positively identified most of the bodies within ten weeks of the accident. Due to extreme impact forces, only one body was identifiable by sight. DNA profiling was used to identify approximately one hundred bodies, in what has been referred to as "the largest DNA identification project ever undertaken in Canada". The RCMP contacted relatives of victims to request medical histories and dental records. They were also asked to provide blood samples for genetic matching in the DNA identification of the victims. About 90 bodies were identified by the medical examiners using dental records; owing to the large number of ante-mortem (before death) dental X-rays available to the examiners, these bodies were identified by late October 1998. Fingerprints and ante-mortem X-rays were used to identify around 30 bodies.

Examination of wreckage
An estimated 2 million pieces of debris were recovered and brought ashore for inspection at a secure handling facility in a marine industrial park at Sheet Harbour, where small material was hand inspected by teams of RCMP officers looking for human remains, personal effects, and valuables from the aircraft's cargo hold. The material was then transported to CFB Shearwater, where it was sorted and inspected by over 350 investigators from multiple organizations and companies, including the Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSB), the US National Transportation Safety Board, the US Federal Aviation Administration, the Swiss Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau, Boeing, Pratt & Whitney, Air Line Pilots Association, and Swissair.

As each piece of wreckage was brought in, it was carefully cleaned with fresh water, sorted, and weighed. The item was then placed in a specific area of a hangar at CFB Shearwater, based on a grid system representing the various sections of the plane. All items not considered significant to the crash were stored with similar items in large boxes. When a box was full, it was weighed and moved to a custom-built temporary structure (J-Hangar) on a discontinued runway for long-term storage. If deemed significant to the investigation, the item was documented, photographed, and kept in the active examination hangar. Particular attention was paid to any item showing heat damage, burns, or other unusual marks. The front 33 ft of the aircraft, from the front of the cockpit to near the front of the first-class passenger cabin, was reconstructed. Information gained by this allowed investigators to determine the severity and limits of the fire damage, its possible origins, and progression.

The lack of flight recorder data for the last six minutes of the flight added significant complexity to the investigation and was a major factor in its lengthy duration. The TSB team had to reconstruct the final six minutes entirely from the physical evidence. The investigation became the largest and most expensive transport accident investigation in Canadian history, costing CA$57 million (US$48.5 million) over five years.

Cockpit recordings
The cockpit voice recorder used a 1/4 in recording tape that operated on a 30-minute loop. It therefore retained only that half-hour of the flight before the recorders failed, six minutes before the crash. The CVR recording and transcript were covered by a strict privilege under section 28 of the Canadian Transportation Accident Investigation and Safety Board Act and thus were not publicly disclosed, although the air traffic control recordings are less strictly privileged: section 29 of the same act provides only that they may not be used in certain legal proceedings. The air traffic control transcripts were released within days of the crash in 1998 and the air traffic control audio was released in May 2007,  following a ruling by the Federal Court of Appeal. Several key minutes of the air traffic control audio can be found on the Toronto Star web site.

In 1999, an article in The Wall Street Journal alleged that the pilots disagreed about whether to dump fuel or descend straight to Halifax. Based on internal TSB summaries of the CVR recording, the Journal claimed that co-pilot Löw suggested steps aimed at a quick landing, which were ignored or rejected by Captain Zimmermann. Swissair and Canadian investigators would not comment on the accuracy of the reporting, with a TSB spokesman deeming it "a reporter's interpretation of a summary document of what might have been" on the CVR.

Probable cause
The Transportation Safety Board of Canada investigation identified eleven causes and contributing factors of the crash in its final report. The first and most prominent was:

"Aircraft certification standards for material flammability were inadequate in that they allowed the use of materials that could be ignited and sustain or propagate fire. Consequently, flammable material propagated a fire that started above the ceiling on the right side of the cockpit near the cockpit rear wall. The fire spread and intensified rapidly to the extent that it degraded aircraft systems and the cockpit environment, and ultimately led to the loss of control of the aircraft."

Investigators identified evidence of arcing in wiring of the in-flight entertainment network (IFEN), but this did not trip the circuit breakers, which were not designed to trip on arcing. The investigation was unable to determine whether this arc was the "lead event" that was assumed to have ignited the flammable covering on MPET insulation blankets that quickly spread across other flammable materials. After the crew cut power to "non-essential" cabin systems, a reverse flow in the cockpit ventilation ducts increased the amount of smoke reaching the flight deck. By the time the crew became aware of the severity of the fire, it had become so extensive that it was impossible to address as it happened.

The rapid spread of electrical power failures led to the breakdown of key avionics systems, and the crew was soon rendered unable to control the aircraft. The pilot-in-command was forced to fly manually because he had no light by which to see his controls after the instrument lighting failed. The fuel-laden plane was above maximum landing weight so the flight crew activated dumping of fuel. The pilots lost all control and the doomed plane flew into the ocean uncommanded. Recovered fragments of the plane show that the temperature inside the cockpit became so great that aluminium parts in the flight deck ceiling had melted. The recovered standby attitude indicator and airspeed indicators showed that the aircraft struck the water at 300 kn in a 20 degrees nose down and 110-degree bank attitude; the impact force of the aircraft crashing into the Atlantic Ocean was calculated to be 350 times the force of gravity (G-force). Death was instantaneous for all passengers and crew due to the impact forces and deceleration.

In-flight entertainment network
Both first and business class seats were equipped with a Windows NT 4.0 based In-Flight Entertainment Network (IFEN) system with touchscreen in-seat video displays and magnetic card readers. In the galley, a cabin file server served as a central hub for managing content, which facilitated movie downloads, stored flight and casino information, and collected credit card data transmitted from each seat.

The original system design provided IFEN to all 257 seats. Originally, the IFEN was to be powered from the cabin power distribution, but it couldn't deliver enough power for the complete IFEN setup intended for the 257-seat configuration. As a result, 115-volt three-phase 400 Hz AC Bus 2, located in the cockpit area (the origin of the fire), was used to provide most of the IFEN power requirements. In April 1997 IFEN configuration was reduced only to 61 first and business class seats.

By design, AC Bus 2 remained active even when the "CABIN BUS" switch was turned off. The purpose of using the "CABIN BUS" switch, which was the first step in Swissair's "Smoke/Fumes of Unknown Origin" checklist during the incident, was to cut off most electrical power to the aircraft cabin, which was not helpful in the system design where IFEN was connected to AC Bus 2.

Former employees of Interactive Flight Technologies, the company that manufactured the IFEN, conceded that each entertainment system box which processed all information for the passenger interface was positioned under each passenger seat and emitted excessive heat. Others raised concerns that extended to the high power consumption and overall heat generation of the system.

Installation of IFEN at Swissair was rushed and violated various FAA certification procedures. According to Swissair Operational Engineering, IFEN added more than 1000 kg of weight to the plane.

Safety recommendations
The TSB made nine recommendations relating to changes in aircraft materials (testing, certification, inspection, and maintenance), electrical systems, and flight data capture, as both flight recorders had stopped when they lost power six minutes before impact. General recommendations were also made regarding improvements in checklists and in fire-detection and fire-fighting equipment and training. These recommendations have led to widespread changes in Federal Aviation Administration standards, principally affecting wiring and fire hardening.

Conspiracy and alternative theories
On October 16, 1998, the involvement of British intelligence, through the planting of a magnesium sulfate-based incendiary device in the cockpit, was posited in an article by Executive Intelligence Review in Volume 25 of the magazine. The author, Dean Andromidas, based his assertion on the fact that former MI6 agent Richard Tomlinson had been scheduled to fly on Swissair 111, which was also reported in the British tabloid News of the World and confirmed by Tomlinson himself. However, Tomlinson was detained on arrival at JFK after disembarking Swissair Flight 110 from Geneva, thereby preventing him from flying back days later on the ill-fated flight. Tomlinson had revealed British state secrets and in the months preceding the crash had threatened to reveal more. Andromidas further alleged that a key Swissair safety official involved in the investigation, upon returning to Switzerland, was banned from speaking to the press and even his superiors. Executive Intelligence Review followed up with a separate article by Andromidas on November 13th, mentioning that Swiss daily Neue Zürcher Zeitung had reported on a burglary at Swissair headquarters in Zürich occurring about a month after the crash. The intruders were reportedly not interested in valuables but documents. Local police began investigating the possibility of a link between Swissair 111 and the break-in.

Unrelated to Andromidas, former RCMP sergeant Tom Juby, who had been part of the Swissair 111 investigation, published a book in 2017 titled "Twice as Far" where he alleged that the TSB suppressed strong evidence for the existence of an incendiary device aboard Swissair 111, such as high levels of magnesium, iron and other elements in the part of the cockpit that burned the strongest. Juby also states that a mechanic who serviced the airplane before the flight had provided fake credentials and had disappeared. Further, Juby claims he was asked by senior RCMP officials to retroactively edit his notes for the public record of the investigation so as to omit any mention of his views on the plausibility of an incendiary device having brought down the flight. Reaction to Juby's book was mostly negative. The TSB would not comment explicitly on Juby's claims, saying that it stood by the findings of its investigation. Juby's allegations were initially featured in an episode of the CBC's The Fifth Estate on September 16, 2011. Swiss television co-produced the episode, but withdrew it from being broadcast in Switzerland citing the speculative nature of Juby's conclusions.

Other alternative theories pertain to whether the pilots could have landed at Halifax had they not attempted a fuel dump procedure. In a 2023 interview with Swiss daily newspaper Tages-Anzeiger, German aviation journalist and commentator Jens Flottau believes it would have been advantageous had the pilots decided to land directly without dumping upon smelling smoke. However, he does not fault them for abiding by the guidelines and checklists at the time, which involved a fuel dump and systematically checking for sources of smoke. He also believes a possible runway overshoot or partial breakup of the heavy aircraft would have been a "lesser evil" versus what ended up happening.

It has emerged that the Swiss Federal Archives holds records, still in the 50-year statutory protection period, dating from 1998 to 1999 suggesting Swiss Federal Prosecutors had pursued a criminal investigation of possible involuntary homicide (manslaughter) related to the Swissair 111 crash, though it remains unclear who the exact target of the probe was.

Valuables
The plane 's manifest indicated the presence of significant amount of valuables, including 2 pounds of diamonds from Nature of Diamonds exhibition at the American Museum of Natural History, 4 pounds of watches, 10 pounds of jewelry, 49 kilograms of cash intended for a U.S. bank in Geneva.

Insurer Lloyd's of London reportedly paid out an estimated $300 million for the lost diamonds and jewels. The company applied for a treasure-trove license from the Nova Scotia government to search the crash site but faced opposition from victims' relatives, leading to the withdrawal of the application.

Following the crash, a two-kilometer-square exclusion zone was established around the site and maintained for over a year to secure the scene. Despite restrictions, concerns arose regarding potential unauthorized attempts to search for valuables. Halifax-based TV documentary producer John Wesley Chisholm suggested that treasure hunters might have covertly explored the area in the years following the crash.

Lost works
Two paintings, including Le Peintre (The Painter) by Pablo Picasso, were on board the aircraft and were destroyed in the accident. At the time, The Painter painting's value was estimated at $1.5 million.

Lawsuit
In September 1999, Swissair, Delta Air Lines, and Boeing (who had acquired McDonnell Douglas through a merger in 1997) agreed to share liability for the accident and offered the families of the passengers financial compensation. The offer was rejected in favour of a $19.8 billion suit against Swissair and DuPont, the supplier of the Mylar insulation sheathing. A US federal court ruled against punitive damages in February 2002. The resulting compensations for one group of plaintiffs totaled over $13 million.

Memorials and tributes

A non-denominational memorial service was held on the grounds of East St. Margaret's Elementary School in Indian Harbour on 9 September 1998. Among those in attendance were 175 relatives of the crash victims, Swiss president Flavio Cotti, Canadian prime minister Jean Chrétien, and Nova Scotia premier Russell MacLellan. A memorial service was also held in Zürich on 11 September 1998. The following year, another memorial was held in Nova Scotia.

Two memorials to those who died in the crash were established by the Government of Nova Scotia. One is to the east of the crash site at The Whalesback, a promontory 1 km north of Peggy's Cove. The second is a more private, but much larger commemoration located west of the crash site near Bayswater Beach Provincial Park on the Aspotogan Peninsula in Bayswater. Here, the unidentified remains of the victims are interred. A fund was established to maintain the memorials and the government passed an act to recognize the memorials. Various other charitable funds were also created, including one in the name of a young victim from Louisiana, Robert Martin Maillet, which provided money for children in need, and one in the name of Robert's mother, Karen E. Maillet-Domingue (also a victim), which granted scholarships.

A further permanent memorial, albeit not publicly accessible, was created inside the operations centre at Zürich Airport where a simple plaque on the ground floor in the centre opening of a spiral staircase pays tribute to the victims.

Aftermath and effects on the industry
After the crash of Flight 111, the flight designator for Swissair's New York–Geneva route was changed to SR139, although the route was still operated by MD-11 aircraft. The crash of Flight 111 was a severe blow to Swissair and the airline suffered even more loss following the crash, particularly as the in-flight entertainment system that was blamed for causing the accident had been installed on the aircraft to attract more passengers. It was disconnected following the Transportation Safety Board discovery on 29 October 1998 and eventually removed on both Swissair fleets of 15 MD-11 and 3 Boeing 747. Swissair later went bankrupt shortly after the September 11 attacks in 2001, an event that caused a significant and widespread disruption to the aviation transportation industry.

Following the bankruptcy of Swissair in 2001, their international traffic rights were passed to Crossair who took over Swissair's route network and fleet and began operating flights as the newly renamed Swiss International Air Lines, changing the flight designator for the New York–Geneva route to LX023. The MD-11 was retired from the Swiss fleet in 2004, and the flight today is operated by an Airbus A330-300.

title: Swissair Flight 111


text:
Magnus Uggla

Per Allan Magnus Claësson Uggla (pronounced ; born 18 June 1954) is a Swedish artist, composer, actor, and occasional radio host. He is known for his satirical lyrics.

Uggla was born in Stockholm. He was the lead singer of the hard rock band JUSO (later renamed Alexander Lucas) before going solo in the early 1970s. Their influences were Black Sabbath, The Groundhogs and Alice Cooper, among others. Uggla's first two glam- and art rock-inspired albums Om Bobbo Viking and Livets teaterˈ did not sell well, the first only about 500 copies in Sweden and Livets teater even less. But his departure from glam rock with the punk and hard rock inspired Va ska man ta livet av sig för när man ändå inte får höra snacket efteråt gained him much popularity and the album sold about 150,000 copies. In the 1970s, several music magazines gave Magnus the name "The Swedish Ian Hunter". In 1979, he was one of the members in Magnus Uggla Band. Povel Ramel awarded him the Karamelodiktstipendiet in 1991.

Uggla's solo influences includes Karl Gerhard, David Bowie, The Clash, Marc Bolan, Wendy Carlos and Mott the Hoople. In an interview with Aftonbladet, Uggla said that the Clash "was a really good band" and also created the song "Du ska va' glad" after he saw them perform at Gröna Lund.

Personal life
Uggla is married to Louise Uggla since 1990, with whom he has one son and a daughter. He also has a daughter from an earlier relationship.

Uggla is diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). He decided to do a psychiatric assessment for ADHD as an adult after one of his children had been diagnosed.

In popular culture

 * Uggla participated in the fourth semi-final of Melodifestivalen 2007 with the song "För kung och fosterland", competing for the opportunity to represent Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest in Helsinki, Finland. On February 24, 2007, Uggla performed his song, and advanced to the Second Chance round the following Saturday, where he lost to Sonja Aldén in the last round of voting. Earlier that week, he had received complaints about the lyrics of the song which contain a line that could be interpreted as degrading to Polish people, but the Swedish Chancellor of Justice decided not to try this as a violation of the hate speech act.
 * Plastic Bertrand has recorded a French version of Uggla's song "Vittring". It's called "Rock'n'Roll je te hais" and is found on Bertrand's LP L'Album.

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * 1975: Om Bobbo Viking
 * 1976: Livets teater
 * 1977: Va ska man ta livet av sig för när man ändå inte får höra snacket efteråt
 * 1978: Vittring
 * 1980: Den ljusnande framtid är vår
 * 1983: Välkommen till folkhemmet
 * 1986: Den döende dandyn
 * 1987: Allting som ni gör kan jag göra bättre
 * 1989: 35-åringen
 * 1993: Alla får påsar
 * 1997: Karaoke
 * 2000: Där jag är e're alltid bäst
 * 2004: Den tatuerade generationen
 * 2006: Ett bedårande barn av sin tid (Karl Gerhard covers)
 * 2007: Pärlor åt svinen
 * 2010: Karl Gerhard passerar i revy
 * 2011: Innan filmen tagit slut

 * Collections
 * 1985: Retrospektivt collage
 * 1986: Collection (only released in Finland)
 * 1994: 100% Uggla
 * 2002: Klassiska mästerverk
 * 2008: Magnus Uggla 1975-2008

 * Live albums
 * 1981: Godkänd pirat – Live
 * 2013: Magnus den store – Live

 * Maxi EP
 * 1979: Magnus Uggla band sjunger schlagers

International singles
Singles released in France, Spain, United Kingdom and Germany.
 * 1979: Everything You Do/Concrete Kid
 * 1981: Ain't About To Go Back/Scandal Beauties
 * 1981: Body Love/The Other Side (also released in Sweden)

International covers
Magnus Uggla has recorded several covers. These are the international ones, for which Uggla wrote new Swedish lyrics: Recorded with original lyrics:
 * The Rolling Stones' "Star Star" became Uggla's "Stjärn…r" (or actually "Stjärnluder")
 * The Crystals' "Then He Kissed Me" became Uggla's "Å, han kysste mej"
 * Nick Gilder's "Metro Jets" became Uggla's "Centrumhets"
 * Bruce Woolley's "Blue Blue (Victoria)" became Uggla's "IQ"
 * Nick Gilder's "Worlds Collide" became Uggla's "Herr servitör"
 * David Bowie's "Rebel Rebel"
 * Steppenwolf's "Born to Be Wild"
 * Ramones' "Sheena Is a Punk Rocker"

Swedish covers
Uggla has covered the following Swedish songs by other artists on officially released studio records (the artists mentioned are those who first recorded the songs, not the songwriters/composers):
 * "Jazzgossen" by Karl Gerhard
 * "Leva livet" by Lill-Babs (originally "It's My Party" by Lesley Gore)
 * "Ring ring" (Swedish version) by ABBA
 * "Mälarö kyrka" by Sven Lindahl
 * "Livet är en fest" by Nationalteatern
 * "Påtalåten" by Ola Magnell
 * "Vem kan man lita på?" by Hoola Bandoola Band
 * "Häng med på party" by Ulf Neidemar
 * "I natt är jag din" by Tomas Ledin
 * "Hög standard" by Peps Persson
 * "Vi måste höja våra röster" by Margareta Garpe, Suzanne Osten and Gunnar Edander (since nobody seems to know exactly who recorded it first, these are the composers and songwriters)
 * "Tusen systrar" by Jösses Flickor
 * "In kommer Gösta" by Philemon Arthur & the Dung
 * "Speedy Gonzales" by Nationalteatern
 * "Hog farm" by Pugh Rogefeldt
 * "Ska vi gå hem till dig" by Lasse Tennander

 * Others
 * "Jag och min far" (from EP Så mycket bättre (Säsong 3 – Olles dag – Program 2))
 * "Har hört om en tjej (I Heard of a Girl)" (from EP Säsong 3 – Miss Lis dag – Program 3)

title: Magnus Uggla


text:
LPC

LPC may refer to:

Science and technology

 * Linear predictive coding, a method used in audio signal processing and speech processing
 * Leaf protein concentrate, a concentrated form of the proteins found in the leaves of plants
 * Long period comet, a comet classification
 * Lysophosphatidylcholine, chemical compounds
 * Late positive component, a brain potential
 * Liquor picis carbonis (Latin for coal tar solution)

Computing

 * LPC (programming language), the programming language of LPMuds
 * Local Procedure Call, in Microsoft's Windows NT operating systems
 * Low Pin Count, a computer bus technology
 * Lync Persistent Chat, a Microsoft Lync feature
 * NXP LPC, a family of 32-bit microcontroller integrated circuits

Organizations

 * Lahore Press Club, a press association in Pakistan
 * Lambda Pi Chi, a U.S. sorority
 * Las Piñas College, Philippines
 * Liberal Party of Canada, a Canadian political party
 * Li Po Chun United World College, a Hong Kong college
 * Little People of Canada, for people of small stature
 * London Philharmonic Choir, a British choir
 * Lucky People Center, a Swedish electronic music collective
 * Luethi-Peterson Camps, an international summer camp program
 * New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, the agency administering the city's Landmarks Preservation Law

Other uses

 * Lompoc Airport (FAA LID), US
 * Legal Practice Course, the vocational stage for becoming a solicitor in England and Wales
 * Liable to become a Public Charge (LPC), in US immigration
 * Longmont Potion Castle (born 1972), surrealist prank call artist
 * Licensed professional counselor, a professional credential

title: LPC


text:
Talk:Chin na

Will this always be just a dictionary definition? If so, VfD. --Menchi 11:05, Aug 12, 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chin na


text:
User:Andres

I live in Estonia and work on the Estonian Wikipedia (Vikipeedia). 213.35.166.157 is my IP-address.

The articles I started:
 * Lielupe
 * Pekka Himanen
 * Cave of Altamira
 * Ali Kelmendi
 * Mehmet Shehu
 * Burrel, Albania
 * Shefqet Verlaci
 * Fejzi Alizoti
 * Xhafer Ypi
 * Kavajë
 * Andon Beça
 * District of Sarandë
 * Naim Frashëri
 * Marin Barleti
 * Gjon Buzuku
 * Pal Engjëlli
 * Rrok Mirdita
 * Norbert Jokl
 * Estonia (disambiguation)
 * Hiiu County
 * Jõgeva County
 * ISO 3166-2:EE
 * Estonia (province)
 * Aa, Estonia
 * Maria Tomson
 * Juhan Kallaste
 * Masoala (disambiguation)
 * Krista Kilvet

de:Benutzer:Andres et:Kasutaja:Andres it:Utente:Andres nl:Gebruiker:Andres

title: User:Andres


text:
Data strobe encoding

Data strobe encoding (or D/S encoding) is an encoding scheme for transmitting data in digital circuits. It uses two signal lines (e.g. wires in a cable or traces on a printed circuit board), Data and Strobe. These have the property that either Data or Strobe changes its logical value in one clock cycle, but never both. More precisely data is transmitted as-is and strobe changes its state if and only if data stays constant between two data bits. This allows for easy clock recovery with a good jitter tolerance by XORing the two signal line values.

There is an equivalent way to specify the relationship between Data and Strobe. For even-numbered Data bits, Strobe is the opposite of Data. For odd-numbered Data bits, Strobe is the same as Data. From this definition it is more obvious that the XOR of Data and Strobe will yield a clock signal. Also, it specifies the simplest means of generating the Strobe signal for a given Data stream.

Data strobe encoding originated in IEEE 1355 Standard and is used on the signal lines in SpaceWire and the IEEE 1394 (also known as FireWire 400) system.

Gray code is another code that always changes one logical value, but never more than one.

title: Data strobe encoding


text:
1999 Scottish Parliament election

The first election to the devolved Scottish Parliament, to fill 129 seats, took place on 6 May 1999. Following the election, the Labour Party and the Liberal Democrats formed the Scottish Executive, with Labour Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) Donald Dewar becoming First Minister.

The Scottish Parliament was created after a referendum on devolution took place on 11 September 1997 in which 74.3% of those who voted approved the idea. The Scotland Act (1998) was then passed by the UK Parliament which established the devolved Scottish Parliament and Scottish Executive. The parliament was elected using Mixed-member proportional representation, combining 73 (First-past-the-post) constituencies and proportional representation with the 73 constituencies being grouped together to make eight regions each electing seven additional members to make a total of 129. This meant that it would be unlikely for any party to gain a majority of seats in the new parliament and either minority or coalition Scottish Executives would have to be formed.

The first general election to the Scottish Parliament overall produced few surprises with the Labour Party still enjoying high popularity following their landslide victory in the 1997 UK general election as widely expected was the largest party winning 56 seats, mostly in their traditional Central Belt heartlands, which was nine seats short of an overall majority. Labour formed a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats, who won 17 seats.

The Scottish National Party (SNP) had done well in opinion polls running up to the election, gaining 40% in some approval ratings, but this level of support was not maintained. The SNP were the second largest party with 35 seats, which still represented their best performance since the October 1974 general election. The Conservative Party, still recovering from their wipeout in the 1997 general election across Scotland, failed to win a single constituency seat but did manage to win 18 seats through the Additional Member System.

The Scottish Socialist Party (SSP) and the Greens picked up unexpected additional member seats. Robin Harper became the first ever elected Green parliamentarian in the history of the United Kingdom. Dennis Canavan, who had failed to become an approved Labour candidate, won the Falkirk West constituency as an independent candidate.

Following the election the new parliament met in the General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland in Edinburgh for the first time on Wednesday 12 May 1999, although the actual devolution of powers from Westminster to the Scottish Parliament did not take place until midnight on Thursday 1 July 1999, almost two months later.

For a full list of MSPs elected, see 1st Scottish Parliament. For lists of constituencies and regions, see Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions.

Results

! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Party ! colspan=5 | Constituencies ! colspan=5 | Regional additional members ! colspan=5 | Total seats ! Votes !! % !! ± !! Seats !! ± !! Votes !! % !! ± !! Seats !! ± !! Total !! ± !! %
 * style="background-color:white" colspan=15 | Scottish Parliament elected members, 1999.svg
 * style="background-color:white" colspan=15 | Scottish Parliament elected members, 1999.svg

!style="text-align:left"; colspan="2" | Total || 2,350,327 || 100 ||  || 73 || – || 2,346,182 || 100 ||   || 56 || – || 129 || – || 100
 * style="text-align:left"; colspan="2" | Valid votes || 2,342,488 || 99.7 || – || colspan="2"|  || 2,338,914 || 99.7 || – || colspan="5"|
 * style="text-align:left"; colspan="2" | Spoilt votes || 7,839 || 0.3 || – || colspan="2"|  || 7,268 || 0.3 || – || colspan="5"|
 * style="text-align:left"; colspan="2" | Spoilt votes || 7,839 || 0.3 || – || colspan="2"|  || 7,268 || 0.3 || – || colspan="5"|
 * style="text-align:left"; colspan="2" | Spoilt votes || 7,839 || 0.3 || – || colspan="2"|  || 7,268 || 0.3 || – || colspan="5"|
 * style="text-align:left"; colspan="2" | Electorate/turnout || 4,027,433 || 58.4 || – || colspan="2"|  || 4,027,433 || 58.3 || – || colspan="5"|
 * }
 * }

Central Scotland
! colspan=2 style="width: 200px"|Constituency ! style="width: 150px"|Elected member ! style="width: 300px"|Result

! colspan="2" style="width: 150px"|Party ! Elected candidates ! style="width: 40px"|Seats ! style="width: 40px"|+/− ! style="width: 50px"|Votes ! style="width: 40px"|% ! style="width: 40px"|+/−%

Glasgow
! colspan=2 style="width: 200px"|Constituency ! style="width: 150px"|Elected member ! style="width: 300px"|Result

! colspan="2" style="width: 150px"|Party ! Elected candidates ! style="width: 40px"|Seats ! style="width: 40px"|+/− ! style="width: 50px"|Votes ! style="width: 40px"|% ! style="width: 40px"|+/−%

Highlands and Islands
! colspan=2 style="width: 200px"|Constituency ! style="width: 150px"|Elected member ! style="width: 300px"|Result

! colspan="2" style="width: 150px"|Party ! Elected candidates ! style="width: 40px"|Seats ! style="width: 40px"|+/− ! style="width: 50px"|Votes ! style="width: 40px"|% ! style="width: 40px"|+/−%

Lothians
! colspan=2 style="width: 200px"|Constituency ! style="width: 150px"|Elected member ! style="width: 300px"|Result

! colspan="2" style="width: 150px"|Party ! Elected candidates ! style="width: 40px"|Seats ! style="width: 40px"|+/− ! style="width: 50px"|Votes ! style="width: 40px"|% ! style="width: 40px"|+/−%

Mid Scotland and Fife
! colspan=2 style="width: 200px"|Constituency ! style="width: 150px"|Elected member ! style="width: 300px"|Result

! colspan="2" style="width: 150px"|Party ! Elected candidates ! style="width: 40px"|Seats ! style="width: 40px"|+/− ! style="width: 50px"|Votes ! style="width: 40px"|% ! style="width: 40px"|+/−%

North East Scotland
! colspan=2 style="width: 200px"|Constituency ! style="width: 150px"|Elected member ! style="width: 300px"|Result

! colspan="2" style="width: 150px"|Party ! Elected candidates ! style="width: 40px"|Seats ! style="width: 40px"|+/− ! style="width: 50px"|Votes ! style="width: 40px"|% ! style="width: 40px"|+/−%

South of Scotland
! colspan=2 style="width: 200px"|Constituency ! style="width: 150px"|Elected member ! style="width: 300px"|Result

! colspan="2" style="width: 150px"|Party ! Elected candidates ! style="width: 40px"|Seats ! style="width: 40px"|+/− ! style="width: 50px"|Votes ! style="width: 40px"|% ! style="width: 40px"|+/−%

West of Scotland
! colspan=2 style="width: 200px"|Constituency ! style="width: 150px"|Elected member ! style="width: 300px"|Result

! colspan="2" style="width: 150px"|Party ! Elected candidates ! style="width: 40px"|Seats ! style="width: 40px"|+/− ! style="width: 50px"|Votes ! style="width: 40px"|% ! style="width: 40px"|+/−%

Party representation

 * Labour – 56 Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs)
 * SNP – 35 MSPs
 * Conservative – 18 MSPs
 * Liberal Democrats – 17 MSPs
 * Green – 1 MSP
 * SSP – 1 MSP
 * Others (Dennis Canavan, Falkirk West) – 1 MSP

Party leaders in 1999

 * Labour – Donald Dewar
 * SNP – Alex Salmond
 * Conservative – David McLetchie
 * Liberal Democrat – Jim Wallace
 * SSP – Tommy Sheridan
 * Green – Robin Harper

Manifestos

 * Scotland First, Scottish Conservatives
 * Caring for Scotland, Scottish Greens
 * Raising the Standard, Scottish Liberal Democrats
 * Scotland's Party, Scottish National Party

title: 1999 Scottish Parliament election


text:
User talk:194.113.59.80

binomio de oro osito dormilón
Un 🐻 dormilón le regale 200.68.159.127 (talk) 16:30, 9 August 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:194.113.59.80


text:
Sagittariidae

Sagittariidae is a family of raptor with one living species—the secretarybird (Sagittarius serpentarius) native to Africa—and a few fossil taxa.

This single extant species has affected the fossil record of the group by ‘pulling’ the temporal range of the family to the present, an artifact called the Pull of the recent.

German naturalists Otto Finsch and Gustav Hartlaub established the taxon name as a subfamily—Sagittariinae—in 1870. Although their term postdated Gypogeranidae of Vigors (1825) and Serpentariidae of Selys Longchamps (1842), the genus name Sagittarius (described in 1783) had priority over Gypogeranus Illiger, 1811 and Serpentarius Cuvier, 1798.

Genera
There are at least four genera:
 * †Amanuensis Mourer-Chauviré, 2003
 * †Amphiserpentarius Gaillard, 1908
 * †Pelargopappus Stejneger, 1885
 * Sagittarius Hermann,1783

The genus Pelargopappus is known from Miocene deposits in France. The genus Amanuensis is known from Miocene deposits in Africa.

title: Sagittariidae


text:
Talk:Metro (newspaper)

Hm... there's a free newspaper in London called Metro, but I'm pretty sure it's not part of the same group. I think it's published by Associated newspapers. Mintguy 11:44, 12 Aug 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Metro (newspaper)


text:
ROX Desktop

The ROX Desktop is a discontinued graphical desktop environment for the X Window System. It is based on the ROX-Filer which is a drag and drop spatial file manager. It is free software released under the GNU General Public License. The environment was inspired by the user interface of RISC OS (not to be confused with RISC/os). The name "ROX" comes from "RISC OS on X". Programs can be installed or removed easily using Zero Install, a decentralized software installation system.

The project was started by Thomas Leonard as a student at University of Southampton in 1999 and was still led by him in 2012.

Software components
The ROX Desktop is a desktop environment based on the ROX-Filer file manager. Files are loaded by applications by using drag and drop from the filer to the application, and saved by dragging back to the filer. Applications are executable directories, and are thus also installed (copied), uninstalled (deleted), and run through the filer interface. ROX has a strong link with Zero Install, a method of identifying and executing programs via a URL, to make software installation completely automatic.

The desktop uses the GTK toolkit, like the GNOME and Xfce desktops. The design focuses on small, simple programs using drag-and-drop to move data between them. For example, a user might load a compressed file into a spreadsheet from the web by dragging the data from the web browser to the archiver, and from there into the spreadsheet. A program would be installed in the same way, by dragging the archive from the web to the archiver, and from there to the applications directory in the filer.

Drag-and-drop saving allows the user to save the text file to any directory they please, or directly to another application, such as the archiver on the panel.

ROX Filer
ROX-Filer is a graphical spatial file manager for the X Window System. It can be used on its own as a file manager, or can be used as part of ROX Desktop. It is the file manager provided by default in certain Linux distributions such as Puppy Linux and Dyne:bolic, and was used in Xubuntu until Thunar became stable.

ROX-Filer is built using the GTK+ toolkit. Available under the terms of the GPL-2.0-or-later license, ROX-Filer is free software.

Zero Install
Zero Install (or 0install) is a multi-platform (Windows, Linux, macOS) system for running applications that allows publishing applications in a decentralized way (without using central repositories, directly on the project websites). Unlike the xcopy mechanism, 0install retains the advantages of repositories: shared libraries, automatic updates, validation of digital signatures.

Zero Install uses the metadata (sometimes called the feed format) written in XML. Like with xcopy deployment, each application gets its own directory and there are no side effects inflicted upon the OS, so no administrative rights are needed and different versions of the same application can be run side-by-side without special modifications.

To run an application, the user needs to use a launcher in ROX-Filer, that will ask the system to run an application with the given URL in the script inside the launcher. At the first time launching it, the URL will be used to download the program and save it in the system. The next times the program is launched, the system will not download it again. This is the reason why it is called Zero Install: the launcher tries to run the program, and not install it.

title: ROX Desktop


text:
Musketeer

A musketeer (mousquetaire) was a type of soldier equipped with a musket. Musketeers were an important part of early modern warfare, particularly in Europe, as they normally comprised the majority of their infantry. The musketeer was a precursor to the rifleman. Muskets were replaced by breech loading rifles as the almost universal firearm for modern armies during the period 1850 to 1870. The traditional designation of "musketeer" for an infantry private survived in the Imperial German Army until World War I.

Han East Asia
The hand cannon was invented in Song Dynasty China in the 12th century and was in widespread use there in the 13th century. It spread westward across Asia during the 14th century. Arquebus iers and musketeers were employed in the armies of the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing dynasties (1644–1911). Zhao Shizhen's book of 1598 AD, the Shenqipu, contains illustrations of Ottoman Turkish and European musketeers together with detailed diagrams of their muskets. There was also an illustration and description of how the Han people had adopted the Ottoman kneeling position when firing, while favoring the use of European-made muskets. The Han people also built the first repeating firearm: several barrels behind a small wooden shield. The gunman would turn these barrels lighting each barrel with a slow match one by one. These weapons were most effective when fired from walls or high positions. Needham considered this weapon to be a "primitive machine-gun".

Indian Sub-continent
Muskets were first introduced in Central-Asia under the Timurid dynasty, being used by the first Mughal emperor Babur in the first Battle of Panipat 1526 CE. The weapon became an integral part of Indian warfare from the 16th century onward, mainly from the reign of the Mughal emperor Akbar. It was used as an effective defense against war elephants. The Mughals, Marathas, Rajputs, Sikhs and Ahoms made use of musketeers, firing from cover, to ambush opposing infantry, cavalry and elephants. Many Indian gunsmiths created matchlock muskets for the Mughal infantry plus some combination weapons.

Spain
In the Spanish army, the tercio or the Spanish square was a mixed infantry formation that theoretically could number up to 3,000 pikemen, swordsmen and musketeers; although it was usually much smaller on the battlefield. It was effective in its era, capitalizing on the close-quarter impact of the pike combined with the long-range projectile capabilities of the musket. It resembled a loosely formed phalanx in function, but was far more flexible and deadly. Musketeers were developed by the Spanish during the Italian Wars so as to deal with the heavily armored French Gendarmes. An arquebus was not powerful enough to take down an armored knight, but a wall gun was. Spanish field commanders wanted to bring the firepower of a small wall gun onto the battlefield yet have it be as maneuverable as an arquebus. The solution was a bigger arquebus, but the additional weight made it extremely difficult to support the barrel during aiming and firing; hence, the musket rest, the precursor to the monopod. Furthermore, musketeers were the first infantry to give up armor entirely. Other than the musket rest, the musketeer's equipage was upgraded from a powder flask to a bandolier. Due to the difficulty in manipulating the musket rest and the strength needed to handle the heavier gun, musketeers were stronger men and paid more than the rest of the infantry.

France
The Musketeers of the Guard were a junior unit, initially of roughly company strength, of the military branch of the Royal Household. They were created in 1622 when Louis XIII furnished a company of light cavalry (the "carabiniers", created by Louis' father Henry IV) with muskets. Musketeers fought in battle both on foot as infantry and on horseback as dragoons. At the Battle of Fontenoy in 1745 the King's Musketeers served as regular cavalry, charging British infantry with drawn swords.

As one of the junior units in the Royal Guard, the Musketeers were not closely linked to the royal family. Traditional bodyguard duties were in fact performed by the Garde du Corps and the Cent-suisses. Because of its later establishment, the Musketeers were open to the lower classes of French nobility or younger sons from noble families whose oldest sons served in the more prestigious Garde du Corps and Chevau-legers (Light Horse). The Musketeers, many of them still teenagers, soon gained a reputation for fighting spirit and unruly behaviour.

Their high esprit de corps gained royal favor for the Musketeers, and they were frequently seen at court and in Paris. Shortly after their creation, Cardinal Richelieu created a bodyguard unit for himself. So as not to offend the king with a perceived sense of self-importance, Richelieu did not name them Garde du Corps like the king's personal guards, but rather Musketeers after the Kings' junior guard cavalry. This was the start of a bitter rivalry between the two corps of Musketeers. At the cardinal's death in 1642, the company passed to his successor Cardinal Mazarin. At Mazarin's death in 1661, the cardinal's Musketeers passed to Louis XIV, to the disgust of both the King's Musketeers and the Cardinal's Musketeers. The Musketeers were subsequently reorganized as a guard cavalry regiment of two companies. The King's Musketeers became the first company, popularly known as "Grey Musketeers" (mousquetaires gris), while the Cardinal's Musketeers became the second company, known as "Black Musketeers" (mousquetaires noirs) for riding grey and black horses, respectively. From their establishment, the musketeers wore blue cloak-like cassocks, lined with red and edged with silver embroidery. From 1688, the cassock was replaced by smaller soubrevestes or sleeveless coats in the same colours. In the early decades of the corps, the musketeers had worn civilian dress under their cassocks, according to personal taste and means, but in 1677 a scarlet uniform was adopted.

In terms of recruitment, entry into the Musketeers was much sought after by those sons of the aristocracy who did not possess the quarterings of nobility required for the Garde du Corps and Chevau-legers. These two senior guard units were closed to all but the highest ranking and wealthy noble families. Accordingly for lesser gentry, or ambitious commoners, service in the Musketeers was the only way to join a mounted unit in the royal household and perhaps catch the King's eye. However, enlistment did require both letters of recommendation and evidence that a recruit had the family means to support the costs of service. These included the provision of horses, swords, clothing, a servant and equipment. Only the musket, the sleeveless soubreveste and the distinctive blue cassock were provided by the monarch.

In 1776, the Musketeers were disbanded by Louis XVI for budgetary reasons. Following the first Bourbon Restoration, the Musketeers were reestablished on 6 July 1814 along with the other military units of the former royal household. These expensive and aristocratic regiments proved ineffective when Napoleon returned from Elba, mostly dispersing, though some accompanied Louis XVIII into brief exile. Following the second restoration of the monarchy, the Musketeers were finally disbanded on 31 December 1815.

Decades later, starting in 1844, this group was the subject of the now-famous serial publication The Three Musketeers, first published in the magazine Le Siècle between March and July 1844. The author, Alexandre Dumas, père, based his work on the book Mémoires de Monsieur d'Artagnan, capitaine lieutenant de la première compagnie des Mousquetaires du Roi (Memoirs of Mister d'Artagnan, lieutenant captain of the first company of the King's Musketeers) by Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras (Cologne, 1700), a fictionalized account of the life of Charles de Batz de Castelmore d'Artagnan (c. 1611–1673). Other musketeers served as inspirations for some of the other characters. Isaac de Porthau (1617–1712) was the inspiration for Dumas's character Porthos. Jean-Armand du Peyrer, Comte de Troisville (1598–1672), was fictionalized as Monsieur de Tréville.

Other Musketeers include:
 * Bénigne Dauvergne de Saint-Mars (died 1708), better known as the jailor of the Man in the Iron Mask
 * Pierre de Montesquiou d'Artagnan (1640–1725), later a Marshal of France
 * Jean-François Leriget de La Faye (1674–1731)
 * Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon (1675–1755)
 * Germain-François Poullain de Saint-Foix (1698–1776), later a writer and playwright
 * Thomas de Treil de Pardailhan (1754–1822)
 * François-Henri de Franquetot de Coigny (1737–1821), later a Marshal of France
 * Alexandre de Beauharnais (1760–1794), first husband of the future Empress Josephine
 * Charles Sevin de Quincy (1660-1738), sous-brigadier des mousquetaires noirs (1689), later lieutenant-general and historian

Sweden
Thanks to the reforms of Gustav II Adolf, the Swedish Army brought to maturity the new style of fighting that made Sweden into a great power in the 17th century. This style of fighting became the new standard throughout Europe and its colonies in the latter stages of musket dominated warfare. Manuals based on Gustav's own revolutionised the training and tactics of western armies.

Britain
The iconic musket carrying "redcoat" of the British Empire was the staple unit in the British armies that created the largest empire in history. The British infantryman was equipped with the .75 calibre Land Pattern Musket, or Brown Bess. He was well trained by the standards of the time, training with live ammunition. A fully trained redcoat could fire four times a minute. This, combined with the technique of firing by companies (a method wherein blocks of men fired smaller volleys in succession, creating a wave of fire down the front of the regiment), made it possible for the British musketeer to win pitched battles, often against superior numbers.

The term "musketeer" was rarely used in the titles of regiments. Examples include the 106th Regiment of Foot (Black Musqueteers), the 110th Regiment of Foot (Queen's Royal Musqueteers) and the 112th Regiment of Foot (King's Royal Musqueteers), all raised and disbanded in the 1760s.

The musket was withdrawn from service with the British Army in 1854, replaced by the muzzle-loading Minié rifle, which had an accurate range of over three times that of the Brown Bess which it replaced.

Ottoman Empire
The Janissary corps of the Ottoman army were using matchlock muskets as early as the 1440s. The Ottoman Empire, centering on Turkey and extending into Balkans, Arabia and North Africa used muskets to conquer Constantinople (modern Istanbul) and were one of the earliest users of muskets in a military conflict. It also utilized large cannons, including the Great Turkish Bombard.

Russia
Streltsy (Стрельцы, sing. strelets, стрелец, literally "shooter"; often translated as "musketeer", but more properly "harquebusier") were the units of Russian guardsmen l from the 16th to the early 18th centuries, armed with firearms and bardiches. They are also collectively known as Strelets Troops (Стрелецкое Войско).

The first streltsy units were created by Ivan the Terrible sometime between 1545 and 1550 and armed with the arquebus. They first saw combat at the Siege of Kazan in 1552. Military service in this unit became lifelong and hereditary. The bearded strelsty were organized into regiments, each with a long coat (kaftan) and pointed cloth hat of a distinctive colour. By 1680, there were 20 regiments of Moscow streltsy totaling 20,048 men and comprising about 12 per cent of the total army (along with Cossacks, militia and an increasing number of regular soldiers). In addition, there were significant numbers of frontier and garrison streltsy serving outside Moscow, although these were less formally drilled and equipped.

The Muscovite government was chronically short of cash so that the streltsy were often not paid well. While "entitled" to something like four rubles a year in the 1550s, they were often allowed to farm or trade in order to supplement their incomes. Textiles for clothing and foodstuffs were sometimes issued as part of their pay. A commander of one hundred musketeers (sotnik) received up to 20 roubles a year and a regimental head (streletski golova) between 30 and 60.

In the late 17th century, the Streltsy of Moscow began to actively participate in a struggle for power between different government groups, supporting dissidents and showing hostility towards any foreign innovations.

After the fall of Sophia Alekseyevna in 1689, the government of Peter the Great engaged in a process of gradual limitation of the streltsy's military and political influence. In order to counter their power, Peter began to raise a new regular army, still armed with muskets but disciplined, uniformed and organised along West European lines. In spite of these measures, the streltsy revolted yet again while Peter was on his Great Embassy in Europe. The four regiments involved were disbanded and 1,200 of the mutineers were executed. The remainder were exiled, had their property confiscated and were banned from future military employment. The entire corps was technically abolished in 1689; however, after having suffered a defeat at Narva in 1700, the government retained some streltsy units in service.

Gradually, the streltsy were incorporated into the regular army. At the same time, the Tsarist government started to disband the Municipal Streltsy. Liquidation of the last streltsy units (by then social rather than military groups) was finally completed by 1728.

The Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments of the Imperial Guard replaced the streltsy as the political and military force closest to the tsar.

Africa
A small musketeer force was authorized in Kongo mostly made up of the mestiço, who were mixed race Congolese with Portuguese ancestry. Over 300 musketeers served in the Congo army against the Portuguese at the Battle of Mbwila in 1665. Musketeers were employed into the Wydah army from 1680 AD but they did not completely replace the spearmen, swordsmen and archers. In war, the Musketeers were first to go into action as they fought in the front ranks of the army.

title: Musketeer


text:
Louis Alphonse de Bourbon

Louis Alphonse de Bourbon (Luis Alfonso Gonzalo Víctor Manuel Marco de Borbón y Martínez-Bordiú;  born 25 April 1974) is the head of the House of Bourbon. Members of the family formerly ruled France and other countries. According to the Legitimists, Louis Alphonse is heir to the defunct throne of France. Since the death of his father in 1989, he has used the courtesy title of Duke of Anjou.

Louis Alphonse considers himself the senior heir of Hugh Capet, King of the Franks (reigned 987–996). His claim to the defunct French throne is based on his descent from Louis XIV (r. 1643–1715) through his grandson Philip V of Spain. Philip renounced his claim to the French throne under the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. The rival Orleanist pretenders argue that this, as well as being born a Spanish citizen, makes Louis Alphonse ineligible for the throne. They also question whether he truly is the heir-male of Louis XIV, given the rumors of illegitimacy surrounding Alfonso XII (his great-great-grandfather).

Louis Alphonse is patrilineally the senior great-grandson of Alfonso XIII, King of Spain. However, his grandfather Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia, renounced his rights to the Spanish throne for himself and his descendants owing to his deafness. The crown of Spain has descended to his second cousin, King Felipe VI of Spain. Through his mother, he is also a great-grandson of Spain's caudillo (dictator) General Francisco Franco; and through his father, a great-great-great-grandson of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.

Birth
Louis Alphonse was born in Madrid, the second son of Alfonso de Borbón, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz, and of his wife María del Carmen Martínez-Bordiú y Franco, eldest granddaughter of Francisco Franco. Alfonso was at that time the dauphin (using "Duke of Bourbon" as title of pretence) according to those who supported the claim of his father, Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia to the French throne. On 20 March 1975, Jaime died, and Alfonso then asserted his claim to be Head of the House of Bourbon and Legitimist claimant to the throne of France. As such, he took the title "Duke of Anjou".

Childhood
Louis Alphonse's parents separated in 1982, and their Catholic marriage was annulled in 1986. His mother has since remarried civilly twice; he had two stepsisters Mathilda (deceased) and Marella, and a stepbrother Frederick, all born before his mother's marriage to Jean-Marie Rossi and a half-sister, Cynthia Rossi, born afterwards. On 7 February 1984, Louis Alphonse's older brother Francisco died as the result of a car crash in which Louis Alphonse was also injured, although less so than their father, who was driving the automobile. From that date Louis Alphonse was recognised as the heir apparent to his father by the Legitimists. As such, he was given the additional title Duke of Bourbon on 27 September 1984 by his father. In 1987, the Spanish government declared that titles traditionally attached to the dynasty (such as the Dukedom of Cádiz) would henceforth be borne by its members on a lifetime only basis, forestalling Louis Alphonse from inheriting that grandeeship.

Education
Louis Alphonse took his primary studies at College Molière, a bilingual school, where he earned his baccalaureate. In 1991, he was admitted to CUNEF University, where he earned a master's degree in international finance. Louis is multilingual, speaking English, Spanish, and French (in addition to some Italian and German).

Succession
On 30 January 1989, his father died in a skiing accident near Vail, Colorado. In 1994, Louis Alphonse received 150 million pesetas from a lawsuit against Vail Associated, which owned the ski resort where the accident occurred. Louis Alphonse was recognised by some members of the Capetian dynasty as Chef de la Maison de Bourbon (Head of the House of Bourbon) and took the title Duke of Anjou, but not his father's Spanish dukedom. He is considered the rightful pretender to the defunct French throne by adherents of the Legitimist movement.

Louis Alphonse was the heir apparent to his mother’s Spanish Dukedom of Franco and Grandeeship until the abolition of the titles by the Democratic Memory Law

Louis Alphonse was elected by the French Society of the Cincinnati as the representative of Louis XVI.

In addition to his Spanish citizenship, Louis Alphonse acquired French nationality through his paternal grandmother, Emmanuelle de Dampierre, also a French citizen. He attended the Lycée Français de Madrid, obtaining his COU in June 1992. He studied economics at the IESE Business School. He worked several years for BNP Paribas, a French bank in Madrid.

In 2017, Louis Alphonse stated that he wishes for the remains of his ancestors, including King Charles X, to remain at the Kostanjevica Monastery, after a movement reportedly began to have the King's remains moved to be buried along with other French monarchs in Basilica of St Denis.

In 2021, Louis Alphonse attended the wedding of Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia.

Politics
Louis Alphonse describes himself as a monarchist, “but not anti-republican”. He argues for a constitutional monarchy, with a king who acts as moral authority, foreign ambassador, unifying figure, and reminder of a nation's history. He holds ties to the conservative Spanish political party Vox and is a close friend of its leader, Santiago Abascal.

He has spoken out against same-sex marriage and same-sex adoption.

In March 2018, Louis Alphonse was named honorary president of the Francisco Franco National Foundation, a position held by his grandmother, Carmen Franco, 1st Duchess of Franco, until her death in December 2017. On 15 July, later that year, he headed a Movement-for-Spain demonstration at the Valley of the Fallen monument, leading supporters of the late Spanish dictator, his great-grandfather Francisco Franco. They opposed the Spanish socialist government's plan to remove Franco's remains from a basilica near Madrid. He also launched a change.org petition, calling for the resignation of the Socialist Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez.

In 2019, he expressed public support for the Yellow vests movement in France, and later spoke at the World Congress of Families XIII, where he called for return to "Christian society".

Marriage and children
Louis Alphonse's engagement to marry Venezuelan María Margarita Vargas Santaella, the daughter of the businessman Victor Vargas, was announced in November 2003. They were married civilly in Caracas on 5 November 2004 and religiously on 6 November 2004 in La Romana, Dominican Republic. None of the members of the Spanish royal family attended the wedding. Although no official reason was given, it was no secret that the then king of Spain, Juan Carlos I, did not approve his cousin's claim to the French throne, nor the fact that Louis Alphonse issued the wedding invitations styled as "Duke of Anjou".

Louis Alphonse and María Margarita had their first child, Eugénie, on 5 March 2007, at Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami. She was baptised at the papal nunciature in Paris in June 2007. Her godparents are Prince Charles-Emmanuel of Bourbon-Parma and his wife Constance. French Legitimists recognize her as Eugénie, Madame Royale, the style commonly attributed to the eldest unmarried daughter of a king of France (in Spain her name is Eugenia de Borbón Vargas).

The couple had twin sons, Louis and Alphonse, on 28 May 2010 in New York City. Their father has conferred upon them the historic French titles of, respectively, Duke of Burgundy (duc de Bourgogne), and Duke of Berry (duc de Berry). In Spain, the twins are Don Luis and Don Alfonso de Borbón Vargas.

Their fourth child, Henri, was born on 1 February 2019 in New York and was granted the title Duke of Touraine (duc de Touraine) by his father.

title: Louis Alphonse de Bourbon


text:
Hauptmann

Hauptmann is an officer rank in the armies of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. It is usually translated as captain.

Background
While Haupt in contemporary German means 'main', it also has, and originally had, the meaning of 'head', i.e. Hauptmann literally translates to 'head-man', which is also the etymological root of captain (from Latin caput, 'head').

This rank is equivalent to the rank of captain in the British and US Armies, and is rated OF-2 in NATO.

Currently, there is no female form within the German military (such as Hauptfrau): the correct form of address is "Frau Hauptmann."

More generally, a Hauptmann can be the head of any hierarchically structured group of people, often as a compound word. For example, a Feuerwehrhauptmann is the captain of a fire brigade, while Räuberhauptmann refers to the leader of a gang of robbers.

Official Austrian and German titles incorporating the word include Landeshauptmann, Bezirkshauptmann, Burghauptmann, and Berghauptmann.

In Saxony during the Weimar Republic, the titles of Kreishauptmann, and Amtshauptmann were held by senior civil servants.

Hauptmann (from Early Modern High German Heubtmann) is cognate with the Swedish hövitsman, which also has the root meaning 'head-man' or 'the man at the head', and is closely related to hövding, meaning 'chieftain'. Since medieval times, both titles have been used for state administrators rather than military personnel. Heubtmann may also be the origin of the title hetman, used in Central and Eastern Europe.

Rank insignia
On the shoulder straps (Heer, Luftwaffe) there are three silver pips (stars).

title: Hauptmann


text:
Oberstleutnant

Oberstleutnant (lit. Lieutenant Superior or Superior Lieutenant) is a senior field officer rank in several German-speaking and Scandinavian countries, equivalent to lieutenant colonel. It is currently used by both the ground and air forces of Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Denmark, and Norway. The Swedish rank överstelöjtnant is a direct translation, as is the Finnish rank everstiluutnantti.

Austria
Austria's armed forces, the Bundesheer, uses the rank Oberstleutnant as its sixth-highest officer rank. Like in Germany and Switzerland, Oberstleutnants are above Majors and below Obersts. The term also finds usage with the Austrian Bundespolizei (federal police force) and Justizwache (prison guards corps). These two organizations are civilian in nature, but their ranks are nonetheless structured in a military fashion.

Denmark
The Danish rank of oberstløjtnant is based around the German term. Ranked OF-4 within NATO and having the paygrade of M401, it is used in the Royal Danish Army and the Royal Danish Air Force.

Germany
Typically, suffixes can be applied to the word Oberstleutnant to specify the individual type of officer. Retired officers that are not incapacitated (i.e. theoretically available for reactivation) from service continue to use their title with the suffix a.D. (Germany) or aD (Switzerland), an abbreviation of außer Dienst, 'out of service'. Suffixes that specify military specialization in active service include Oberstleutnant i.G. ('im Generalstabsdienst') for general staff officers or Oberstleutnant d.R. ('der Reserve') for reservists. The suffix i.R. ('im Ruhestand'), implying retirement without the legal specification of a.D., is unofficial.

Bundeswehr
The armed forces of West Germany and unified Germany since 1955, the Bundeswehr uses the Oberstleutnant rank in the German Army and German Air Force. Equivalents in the other branches are Fregattenkapitän for the German Navy, Oberfeldarzt for medical staff, Flottillenarzt for naval medical staff, Oberfeldapotheker for apothecary staff, Flottillenapotheker for naval apothecary staff, and Oberfeldveterinär for veterinary medical staff.

Within the German state employee paygrade system, the Oberstleutnant is placed within Besoldungsgruppe A and receives either the A14 or A15 paygrades, depending on individual seniority. Thus, the Oberstleutnant is paid an equivalent wage to that of first-class consuls and legates in the foreign service (A14) or state-employed school directors, ambassadors and general consuls (A15).

The age limit for Oberstleutnant-rank officers is 61.

The Oberstleutnant's shoulder straps in Army and Air Force are marked by two vertically aligned stars above oak leaves.

Bundesgrenzschutz
The Bundesgrenzschutz police force used the rank Oberstleutnant until 1976, and was subsequently replaced by the terms Polizeioberrat and Polizeidirektor during the government's effort to differentiate between West Germany's police and armed forces.

Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS
The Wehrmacht (1935-1945) of Nazi Germany used the rank of Oberstleutnant for Army and Air Force, much in the same style the Bundeswehr does. The Waffen-SS (1933-1945) used the rank Obersturmbannführer as an equivalent.

Nationale Volksarmee (NVA)
The National People's Army (1956-1990) of East Germany used the rank Oberstleutnant (abbr. OSL) for its army and air force, whereas the Volksmarine used the term Fregattenkapitän.

Norway
The rank of Oberstløytnant was introduced around the same time as Denmark, as Norway at the time was part of Denmark–Norway.

Sweden
The Swedish variant överstelöjtnant, is a senior field grade military officer rank in the Swedish Army and the Swedish Air Force, immediately below the rank of colonel and just above the rank of major. It is equivalent to the naval rank of Commodore captain in the Swedish Navy.

title: Oberstleutnant