text:
User talk:Imc

 * /Archive 1
 * /Archive 2

Hamsa (bird)
Hello, just wondering why the other languages were moved into another section, rather than keep them at the beginning which is somewhat standard practice. Also the removal of the migratory information of the bar-headed goose seems to lose information. I am referring to these three edits. Thanks for your help. --Jeffmcneill (talk) 08:47, 12 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Well, it is only 'somewhat' standard practice, which exists primarily because many users want to see their native language at the top. It contradicts the other standard practice of only listing the term in the original source language (Sanskrit in this case) so as to give a source for the term. It is not appropriate to list all the other languages, since this goes against WP:LEAD, and even having them later in the article is questionable. The appropriate way is to have interlang links to the subject in other languages. Examples of how it should be are numerous; e.g. Christ; Democracy; et.c. Thanks, Imc (talk) 13:38, 12 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Have to say though that having the other languages, especially Thai, makes sense. I originally created a new article altogether a while ago then realized we are dealing with the same thing, though the English transcription from the Thai is different. I think it is much more valuable to have all of the languages there. Interlang would do something different than tell the English speaker that this word (in English) has the same referent as other language words. Would still like your comments on removing the bar-headed goose reference information. Thanks, --Jeffmcneill (talk) 12:20, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

 * I understand what you say about the Thai term, but such matters do belong later in the article, not the lead. 'Names and etymology' paragraphs are probably more suitable for such. With regard to the migratory content, I believe I removed some information because it was based on unreliable sources and conjecture (e.g. stopping over in lake Manosarovara), and because the reliable information belongs in the corresponding goose article. Of course this is to some extent a matter of judgment, and other's judgments may differ. Imc (talk) 20:02, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

Dnyaneshwar Udyan
Hey! why was Dnyaneshwar Udyan moved to Jnaneshwar Udyan? -Animeshkulkarni (talk) 14:11, 26 September 2011 (UTC)
 * It was at Dnyneshwar Udyan previously, not Dnyaneshwar Udyan. I could not find any English references to it under that spelling. I therefore transliterated ज्ञानेश्वर to the standard simplified format, which gives Jnaneshwar. (See Naming_conventions_(Indic) for the meaning of simplified transliteration.) Your question implies it should be Dnyaneshwar Udyan, if you have reliable references to this name, that would be useful I only found travel promotion websites which cannot be considered reliable. Incidentally, I would appreciate knowing if 'dny' is a better rendition of the Marathi ज्ञ than 'jn', or if it is just convention. Thanks. Imc (talk) 16:58, 26 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Oh i see! No probs. This site is Govt Of Maharashtra's tourism site. It uses Dnyaneshwar. Also Dnyaneshwar uses the same spelling. The Garden is named after him. Opposed to whatever the Naming convention sayes, Indian boards on roads & everywhere will have this very spelling. There has been a lot of discussion on validity of this convention. After all its a dumb software. For fun, & as we are here, you would like this article. Ghoti. Enjoy! & do change it to a much proper spelling. You can also discuss it on a suitable forum for more views if needed. -Animeshkulkarni (talk) 15:16, 27 September 2011 (UTC)

Mahabharata
I have changed it as per sanskrit wikipedia. Please see the title in sa:महाभारतम्. --Vssun (talk) 09:12, 25 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Interesting. I believe that sa:महाभारतम् is incorrect and uses the Hindi name, even ending the name with a virama which is not present in महाभारत to ensure the Hindi pronunciation, and uses the Malayalam name Mahabharatam. In addition it then also incorrectly gives the Hindi pronunciation Mahabharat in Latin script. Imc (talk) 10:39, 25 December 2011 (UTC)

On a note unrelated to the above - thanks for the change on this page in regard to just war. Many thanks. 71.173.163.252 (talk) 16:08, 18 March 2012 (UTC)

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Epicenter
Be careful with your edits on things like "Epicenter"; at least one of your edits was to quoted material, turning it into a misquotation. Please confirm the edits you've made are appropriate. TJRC (talk) 17:31, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

Indic honorifics
Please compare wp:PBUH. LeadSongDog come howl!  13:20, 2 May 2012 (UTC)

Digitalis
I appreciate your changes to the foxglove article, and I think your changes are well taken. I guess I am a little older than many of the Wikipedians, and digitalis (or maybe it was digitalin) is pretty well known as an important heart drug. I was rather surprised that there was no separate article on it; I set up Digitalis (medicine) pointing to the Medicine section of Digitalis, but maybe it should point instead to digoxin? Shocking Blue (talk) 17:25, 21 October 2012 (UTC)

 * I'll reply on your talk page. Imc (talk) 20:02, 21 October 2012 (UTC)

 * I agree; that is the way to go. By the way, "digitalis" is apparently also a reference to the drug; see Digitalis Drugs. Shocking Blue (talk) 07:14, 22 October 2012 (UTC)

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1971 Bangladesh atrocities
You recently comment on a RM on the article 1971 Bangladesh atrocities. The discussion was closed and the article moved to the previous title by another editor per WP:RM/TR. A new RM has been initiated and can be found here Darkness Shines (talk) 16:25, 9 March 2013 (UTC)

Page Moves
Can you please check my page moves let me know if they are appropriate. Nagarjuna198 (talk)
 * Yes, those are inappropriate! More details at WT:INB. Follow WP:RM --Tito Dutta (contact) 11:11, 19 May 2013 (UTC)

Moving "Sagara, Karnataka" to "Sagar, Karnataka"
Hello lmc,

I have responded to your comments on Talk page of Sagara, Karnataka. Do have a look at the response. What is mentioned on the websites of town councils is incorrect. The staff at town councils themselves do not know how to edit the spelling mistakes committed by NIC Bangalore.

Regards,PuttuHegde 03:27, 6 February 2014 (UTC)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by PuttuHegde (talk • contribs)

Birdsfoot trefoil listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Birdsfoot trefoil. Since you had some involvement with the Birdsfoot trefoil redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. BDD (talk) 23:02, 13 February 2014 (UTC)

Renaming places
Hello imc, Saying that Government of India spellings are not official is a part of schizophrenic propaganda. If you do not agree with the spellings used by Govt of India for places, then start a movement to get them changed with the Govt instead of spreading an alternate spelling on Wikipedia. Also noticed that you had changed spellings of a few places on Wikipedia on your own. You will have to make such changes only after the Government officially approves the new spelling, otherwise that will be treated as vandalism. PuttuHegde 15:23, 19 February 2014 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by PuttuHegde (talk • contribs)
 * Hi. After failing in his attempt to rename the article Sagara, Karnataka to Sagar, Karnataka, user PuttuHegde has started renaming other articles on the same lines. Seems like he did not understand that what applied to Sagara also applies to Bankapura, Kirshnapura and so on, because the renaming is for the same reason. Please stop him from continuing this before he hits hundreds of articles.

Hello imc, I reversed your changes to Bankapur and Sankeshwar. Please do not replace "pur" with "pura" for towns in Karnataka. You cannot stereotype all names alike because a particular town near your native uses similar spelling. PuttuHegde pdh 22:57, 7 March 2014 (UTC)

Re: Mass renaming of places in Karnataka without discussion
<div style="background-color: #BBDDFF; border: #4169E1 1px solid; margin: 2em 0 1em; padding: 0.5em 1em; font-weight: bold; overflow: auto; vertical-align: middle; background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(left, #ED7A32, white, white, green); background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(left, #ED7A32, white, white, green); background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, #ED7A32, white, white, green); background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, #ED7A32, white, white, green); background-image: linear-gradient(left, #ED7A32, white, white, green); border: 2px solid blue; textstyle = color: #6D7184;">'Namaste'', Imc. You have got at least one new message at the Wikipedia talk:Noticeboard for India-related topics. Please continue the discussion there!''' Message added by Tito ☸ Dutta 00:42, 12 March 2014 (UTC). You can [ remove this notice] at any time.

Recent reversions to article names
Imc, I am writing this in response to the message you left on my talk page. I agree that discussions were not initiated while moving some articles to the names used by the Government. You and a few other editors have declined to consider Government agencies as the authentic agencies for names of places. Whether somebody agrees or not India Post is the only Government Agency in India for the authenticity of spelling of a town. People without this information end up using their own spelling as per their understanding. It looks like you have decided to disagree with me on all accounts. If you carefully notice my edits, I have moved only those pages that do not have the right spelling as per India Post. Moreover, I belong to the region and have spent considerable time in each of those places in the past to know those places for sure. You and Mayasandra want to name places as they are pronounced in Kannada, which is hard to get acceptance from the majority of editors unless a few editors with excessive obsession of the local language try to achieve this by teaming up. We need to discuss this in an appropriate forum to decide the authenticity of a subject when a team of editors is determined to disagree and disregard official information published on their websites. After looking at the way things are moving in Wikipedia, I am of the opinion that majority opinion may not be the right opinion always, especially when a coordinated team of editors is working to push an agenda. Thanks. Pdheg (talk) 05:20, 4 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Came across this user User:Dattaputra doing edits similar to the ones Puttuhegde was doing. BTW, what happened to that discussion on "notice board"? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.42.208.179 (talk) 18:40, 18 April 2014 (UTC)

 * The discussion on the Indian noticeboard is [here] Although it reached a consensus to revert his undiscussed moves pending a discussion, Puttuhegde / Pdheg showed that he was not prepared to abide by this discussion and consensus, by reverting the attempts to go back to the original position. This noticeboard discussion cannot be considered binding however, it is just one of the preferred means of reaching consensus. I raised a following discussion about his attitude at [ANI]. This brought a string of reasons for him for his changes. As I suggested at the beginning, the admins felt it was a content dispute and each side’s position has to be justified for each article.

 * So the situation is that each case has to be justified with reliable references, and those interested have to seek these references and make a case and then have them accepted or otherwise, e.g. as happened at Sagara. The name changes by Dattatreya at Sagara, given the context of the binding discussion on that page, are now wrong and incorrect and should be reverted. For the other cases, each one should be decided in its own context.

 * Incidentally, any linguist’s discussions on this practice of writing names in the Hindi form would be of interest. Is this is a form of Sanskritization in language? i.e. in this case the low status of the Kannada language among many of its speakers causing them to use Hindi forms when speaking to outsiders, as people seek to move up the social scale? I have an impression that in the old state of Hyderabad this has been historically so, but of course there the direction would have historically been toward Urdu forms.
 * Imc (talk) 09:04, 20 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Looks like user PuttuHegde (a.k.a.Pdheg, Anand.Hedge) is venting his frustration on indic scripts appearing in Karnataka articles. You are right, the indic scripts rule applies only to the lead sentence of an article, not the info box. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.113.115.98 (talk) 12:24, 10 May 2014 (UTC)

Talk:Chhatraratna
Changed the proposal. -- Redtigerxyz Talk 05:55, 24 April 2014 (UTC)

== An observation ==

Hello Imc, I always wonder how users Gsingh and Mayasandra always reach discussion boards in supporting your views. It is enigmatic and I cannot make out how they know that you need support in discussions and they need to be there to express their views in your support. The power of internet and speed of electronic messaging cannot be neglected in today's world. Pdheg Talk 22:02, 26 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Please come back with a reasoned argument about a clear issue. Thanks. Imc (talk) 20:14, 27 April 2014 (UTC)

 * I will for sure...in an appropriate forum and at the right time. Pdheg  Talk 18:44, 28 April 2014 (UTC)

Concerns with Arjunkrishna90
Hello Imc,

Thanks for writing to me. I have concerns with reverts, and additions of only one editor on the Arjuna page. I raised my concerns with this individual in a polite and civil manner with this individual on his/her talk page. This individual responded by accusing me of stupidity and vandalism. Arjunkrishna90 appears to adding content to this page that are not in the compiled versions of the Mahabharata (between 400 BCE and 4 CE) that are generally accepted by scholars of the epic and taught in universities. Instead Arjunkrishna90 is adding information that he/she found on TV shows, folklore, comics, and recent fictional renditions of the Mahabharata. As a student of this great epic I find it very disturbing that this individual is allowed to add erroneous and misinterpreted content. I read through other editors comments on Arjunkrishna90 talk page and they have the same issues with this individual. As I stated earlier, I tried discussing my concerns with Arjunkrishna90 but he/she does not seem receptive to my concerns.

Thanks again, Thamaragirl (talk) 23:18, 2 May 2014 (UTC)

Concerns with Arjunkrishna90
Hello Imc,

Arjunkrishna90 states that "all datas removed by thamaragirl is provided with references by other authors." To clarify, Arjunkrishna90's erroneous information is the only information I edited. This person has been accusing me of things I'm not guilty of. I suspect his/her intent is not to describe the character of Arjuna found in the Mahabharata but a version that suits this individual's preference of making Arjuna less important than he actually is in the great epic. For example, this individual added the following section: "Blasting of Arjuna's Chariot" on the page and as reference is citing this source: Philip Lutgendorf. "Hanuman's Tale: The Messages of a Divine Monkey". January 2007 ,ISBN 9780195309225, which is not part of the Mahabharata text. There is consensus among scholars and academics that the Critical Edition of the Mahabharata (Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune), which is a compilation of the various manuscripts of the epic by scholars at the Pune School, to be the most comprehensive an reliable of sources for the Mahabharata. This is what editors of this page should be referring to. I tried addressing this with Arjunkrishna90 but he/she became combative and started calling me names. If you and other editors of this website are concerned with the integrity and veracity of the information posted on this website, please address this issue. As for me, I feel a bit discouraged and disenchanted and will perhaps not concern myself with this issue anymore.

Thanks for your time.

Thamaragirl (talk) 23:42, 2 May 2014 (UTC)

Hello Imc and to the other editors on this page:

Thanks for your advice/input on this discussion. I’m sorry I couldn’t respond earlier as my work schedule didn’t allow me the time to sit down and write a proper response. I see above the editor Arjunkrishna90’s comments. Once again, he/she is rambling in a very unintelligible manner. This individual appears to be clumping his/her views with every other author’s/editor’s views in stating that “May be He/she is saying the truth or may be all other authors contributed on Arjuna article are telling lies???” Does this individual know the view point of every other author on this discussion page?

Let me preface my response to Arjunkrishna90’s comments by stating that I can’t really understand this individual’s writing. It isn’t coherent and seems more like rambling/random thoughts. Please excuse me, I don’t mean to be insulting and I understand everyone has different writing styles and command of the English language but it’s hard to have a purposeful discussion in this case. I’ll try my best to respond to this individual’s comments:

1.	ArjunKrishna90 stated: “He/She is continuously deleting data in the Arjuna article claiming that all data provided with references by other authors are comics/folk-fare. She persistently argue that she read a version of Mahabharata book - "the Pune school's compilation of the Sanskrit Mahabharata" and only that version is correct and all other data contributed by other authors all these yeas with references are comics/folk-fare.” My response: Firstly, I didn’t continuously delete all data provided with references by other authors. I edited, what in my opinion, was erroneous information – some un-sourced and others using sources such as regional folklore/interpretations of this great epic, or recent fictionalized versions, or TV shows. And I strongly suspect that these additions were made by Arjunkrishna90. For example, I deleted a section that stated during the deciding battle Arjuna was saved from certain death by Karna because the sun set and Karna chose not to fire his arrows. This is a complete made up scene from the BR Chopra’s TV show on the great epic and is not to be found in the Sanskrit version of the epic. When I tried to clarify this point with Arjunkrishna90, this individual instead of discussing the matter, began accusing me of stupidity and vandalism. I referenced the Pune school’s compilation of the epic because there is a consensus among scholars, academics and theologians of the epic that this compilation of the SANSKRIT Mahabharata is the most comprehensive and truest to the original version (if there is one to found). This is an immense an ongoing undertaking. There are several translations of this version and I recommended that Arjunkrishna90 read it.

2.	ArjunKrishna90 stated: “The other point i particularly like to point out that there are many versions of Mahabharata, its like many schools of Buddhism. it tells the same story in different way by different authors.How can ANYONE ARGUE that only their version is correct??" The most popular reference in this page is provided by sacred-texts website by which a version written of mahabaratha by A K Ganguly. You may be aware of it, but Ganguli's translation itself is only of one version of the Mahabhartha. That too, not even the stone tablets discovered (originated in 900 BC) or the ones originated in 300 BC. There are multiple, multiple versions ranging from 2000 to 4000 years old, and Ganguli translated one of them. He called it "Vyasa's Mahabhartha" but it isn't like Vyasa actually wrote it.” My response: I am well aware of the many version of the Mahabharata. I studied the great epic in University and I know that over the centuries, different regional translations and interpretations of the epic has been written or become part of folklore and that is why I recommended that the authors in Wikipedia stick to the Sanskrit version or translations of this version in discussing this topic. I have also read Ganguly’s translation and have no problem whatsoever with the author quoting from this text and DID NOT edit it because the information was from this source. Arjunkrishna90’s SELECTIVE ADDITIONS from the Ganguly version is what I had an issue with and I discussed this matter with this individual. He/she was adamant on stating that Krishna tells Arjuna that Karna is his superior. But the exact statement of Krishna from the Ganguly version is thus:

”'Vasudeva said, "O wielder of Gandiva, save thee there exists no other man that could vanquish those whom thou hast vanquished with this bow of thine. We have seen many heroes, who, endued with prowess like that Sakra, have attained to the highest regions, encountering thy heroic self in battle! Who else, O puissant one, that is not equal to thee, would be safe and sound after encountering Drona and Bhishma and Bhagadatta, O sire, and Vinda and Anuvinda of Avanti and Sudakshina, the chief of the Kambojas and Srutayudha of mighty energy and Acyutayudha as well? Thou hast celestial weapons, and lightness of hand and might, and thou art never stupefied in battle! Thou hast also that humility which is due to knowledge! Thou canst strike with effect! Thou hast sureness of aim, and presence of mind as regards the selection of means, O Arjuna! Thou art competent to destroy all mobile and immobile creatures including the very gods with the Gandharvas! On earth, O Partha, there is no human warrior who is equal to thee in battle. Amongst all Kshatriyas, invincible in battle, that wield the bow, amongst the very gods, I have not seen or heard of even one that is equal to thee. The Creator of all beings, viz., Brahma himself created the great bow Gandiva with which thou fightest, O Partha! For this reason there is no one that is equal to thee. I must, however, O son of Pandu, say that which is beneficial to thee. Do not. O mighty-armed one, disregard Karna, that ornament of battle! Karna is possessed of might. He is proud and accomplished in weapons. He is a maharatha. He is accomplished (in the ways of battle) and conversant with all modes of warfare. He is also well-acquainted with all that suits place and time. What need is there of saying much? Hear in brief, O son of Pandu! I regard the mighty car-warrior Karna as thy equal, or perhaps, thy superior! With the greatest care and resolution shouldst thou slay him in great battle.”

This is Ganguly’s interpretation of the text. Now Arjunkrishna90 is using this one statement from the entire epic to make his/her point and state on the Wikipedia page that Karna is a superior warrior than Arjuna and could defeat Arjuna. Krishna DOES NOT state that Karna is superior but instead states clearly PERHAPS THY SUPERIOR which is vastly different from SUPERIOR. AND NO WHERE IN THE EPIC DOES HE STATE THAT KARNA IS ABLE TO DEFEAT ARJUNA which is what Arjunkrishna90 added to the Wikipedia page which is a complete misinterpretation/fabrication of the text. Additionally, Arjuna is called the best of warriors and undefeatable in battle on several occasions not only by Krishna but by Bhishma, Drona, and the Lord Brahma himself states:

“In consequence of his greatness, Partha [Arjuna] transgresses destiny itself, whether favourable or unfavourable, and when he does so, a great destruction of creatures takes place. When the two Krishnas [Krishna and Arjuna] are excited with wrath, they show regard for nothing. These two bulls among beings are the Creators of all real and unreal things. These two are Nara and Narayana, the two ancient and best of Rishis. There is none to rule over them. They are rulers over all, perfectly fearless, they are scorchers of all foes. In heaven or among human beings, there is none equal to either of them. The three worlds with the celestial Rishis and the Charanas are behind these two. All the gods and all creatures walk behind them. The entire universe exists in consequence of the power of these two.”

I can give several instances by several individuals in the Mahabharata where Arjuna is named the greatest warrior of the time. By the same token, others like Bhishma, Drona, etc are also given that honorific. We must remember that this was written as poetry in that age and glorifying the past and present heroes was part of the motive. So to conclude, to take one instance and misinterpret it to serve your purpose, legitimate or not, goes completely against literary integrity.

3.	“I believe all these problems now happening now,bcoz in India a popular TV channel is airing a version of Mahabarath, which is widely criticized for massively diluting the story from original.So people who are not aware of the original story line as available in popular books or versions," MAKE A CONTRIBUTION TO WIKIPEDIA AFTER WATCHING FALSE STORIES IN TV SERIAL". If you notice the wikipedia, one can see massive edits are coming in almost all characters of hindu epic Mahabaratha in recent few months. The reason is the on i told above. One can see terrible edit or edit wars are going on certain pages like Karna ,Arjuna etc... Several times many editors pointed out these factors. In popular social media like Facebook severe edit wars or whatever you call it is going on over this version of serial. Its between people who read the original acceptable versions of Mahabaratha and the new gen people who watch stupid TV serials and fight over it.” My response: To this point, I’d like to say that I have seen the recent TV version of the Mahabharata and I am NOT influenced by it. Arjunkrishna90 has an issue with people being influenced by this show when this individual himself/herself was citing information from the pervious TV version of the epic. Arjunkrishna90, judging by his/her remarks, appears to take the issue of KARNA’S OR ARJUNA’s SUPERIORITY PERSONALLY AND SEEMS TO VISIT SOCIAL MEDIA AND OTHER SUCH VENUES TO MAKE HIS/HER VIEW CENTRAL AND CARES LITTLE FOR DEBATE AND THE INTEGRITY OF THIS PAGE.

4.	“I believe if we can maintain a " moderate stand" keep the page" as it is now", bcoz most editors are satisfied with it except few. As we know we cannot satisfy everyone, but we can try to satisfy the majority.” My response: In asking to keep the page as is, you can clearly see Arjunkrishna90 has no intent in providing facts but his/her views and interpretation. And might I ask how Arjunakrishna90 knows what the other editors/authors of this page feel. This individual seems to very arrogantly believe, without any proof, that the contributors on this page subscribe to her/his views.

I wrote a longer post than I intended. As a person who often visits Wikipedia’s website to glean information on topics, I strongly believe and subscribe to the integrity of the information provided on this website. I understand and appreciate that people’s views are biased (myself included) but that must not prevent us from being able to state facts objectively. This page is dedicated to Arjuna, a mythical hero and will be widely open to interpretations. There are countless interpretations and versions of the Mahabharata but I myself prefer to go by the Sanskrit version or its translations. This page I assume is meant to describe the hero Arjuna and not to vilify him or make him seem less superior to Karna. And in my opinion, Arjunkrishna90 is attempting to do just that. He/she appears motivated by a misplaced need to show Karna as the superior warrior and is using misinterpretations and unrecognized sources to get his/her view across. I myself have stopped editing the page because I do not have the time or energy to be arguing/discussing (whatever you wish to call it) with people like Arjunkrishna90 whose motives are not to maintain the integrity of the information posted on this website but to spread some distorted views they hold.

Note: I posted this on the Arjuna page's Talk section as well

Thamaragirl (talk) 21:15, 24 May 2014 (UTC)

Thank you Imc. And yes, I fully agree with you that The Critical Edition of the Mahabharata (Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, a/k/a the Pune School) is what should be sourced on this page. But I also understand and appreciate that there aren't very many proper English translations of this text, perhaps the University of Chicago's (J.A.B. van Buitenen) translation being the most widely known. People source the Ganguly version I suppose because it is easily accessible on the internet. That being said, the Critical Edition is the most authoritative source, in my opinion, on the Mahabharata. And I completely agree with you as to this page being a concise summary/source on Arjuna and that is why I took issue with the editor, Arjunkrishna90 when this individual attempted to add his/her views on the whole juvenile argument of Arjuna/Karna superiority. As I mentioned earlier I tried reasoning and discussing these issues with Arjunkrishna90 is a civil manner but was unsuccessful. I hope this page's information will be maintained by all concerned in the manner that you described above.

Thamaragirl (talk) 23:42, 25 May 2014 (UTC)

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Quack?
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RfD discussion of Islamic State

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Help Akshardham Environment Violation Section
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If you have time would you please take a look at this article: and this discussion  and provide your input. There is a content dispute occurring and I feel fresh eyes would help because of your experience. .

Thank you

Swamiblue (talk) 22:58, 28 September 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Murdeshwar
Respected Sir, I saw on Wikipedia Murudeshwara page that you had earlier participated in a discussion about my hometown Murdeshwar. I request you to revisit the page and provide your expert comments about my new posting on the talk page of Murdeshwar. I am new to Wikipedia and do not know how to contact members for getting help. It is my earnest request to all experienced members of Wikipedia to help me in getting back the correct spelling of my home town. In my humble opinion, a mistake made by the first author should not be allowed to carry forward. Please take some time out of your busy schedule and help us.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Murudeshwara

 * Respected Sir/Madam, I have replied to your query on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Murudeshwara

Please have a look and provide your guidance. Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.171.207.20 (talk) 16:28, 25 January 2017 (UTC)

Mahabharata draft
It looks like you have a draft of some content on Mahabharata stored at User:Imc/sandbox that you haven't edited in a while. I thought perhaps you might have forgotten it, and want to encourage you to incorporate it into Wikipedia articles so it can be appreciated by everyone. Happy editing! Daask (talk) 06:56, 29 March 2018 (UTC)

WikiProject Hinduism
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title: User talk:Imc


text:
User:Amntony

Dear ladies and gents,

I am the portfolio of the English department at 163.com! In other words, if I say Ok to any suitable webpages, it will be seen by the whole China as well as the whole world!

I am very lucky to have the say on this matter! And I am looking for friends that can give me more advices on English!

I am also one of the topmost chessplayers at 263.net!

Yours,

Anthony.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Amntony


text:
Talk:Vanuatu

Exports tree map
The Exports Tree Map, showing predominantly fishing exports, contradicts the text. Suggest this be fixed or clarified. Bellagio99 (talk) 14:35, 14 March 2015 (UTC)

 * OEC figures show fish and ships as the main exports. https://oec.world/en/profile/country/vut
 * "The top exports of Vanuatu are Non-fillet Frozen Fish ($114M), Special Purpose Ships ($82.6M), Passenger and Cargo Ships ($22.6M), Perfume Plants ($13.1M), and Molluscs ($8.25M), exporting mostly to Thailand ($145M), Japan ($48.2M), South Korea ($15.8M), Cyprus ($14.7M), and China ($11.2M)." (Excerpted 12 May 2023) 121.99.156.245 (talk) 23:03, 11 May 2023 (UTC)

Football Vanuatu
Who is from Vanuatu, can improve please VFF National Super League and Port Vila Football League ? Thanks !--Alexiulian25 (talk) 00:04, 11 November 2015 (UTC)

Cyclone Pam
Can anyone see any reason why there should not be a "Tropical storm" (or alternate name) section heading about Cyclone Pam with a hatnote linking to Cyclone Pam? Most of the effects of the cyclone should likely remain on that page, with major details here. 220  of  Borg 05:06, 18 March 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Vanuatu. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090429004619/http://www.vanuatustatistics.gov.vu:80/About%20VNSO/Data/Social/Tour&Mig.htm to http://www.vanuatustatistics.gov.vu/About%20VNSO/Data/Social/Tour&Mig.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070810090904/http://earthquake.usgs.gov:80/eqcenter/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2007fmba.php to http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2007fmba.php

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Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 21:37, 27 August 2015 (UTC)

Colonization
The original human inhabitants of many Pacific islands are really unknown. It is unknown if the Lapitas were polynesian or melanesian, or asians. PNG is the center of melanesia and fired pottery is unknown.27.33.243.74 (talk) 01:14, 25 December 2015 (UTC)

A new paper determines the oldest skulls to be Lapitas: Frédérique Valentin et al. Early Lapita skeletons from Vanuatu show Polynesian craniofacial shape: Implications for Remote Oceanic settlement and Lapita origins, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2015). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516186113 "The researchers focused on skulls dug from the bottom of a cemetery on Efate Island, which has been dated back to approximately 3,000 years ago, making it the oldest in the South Pacific. The skulls, the team reports, belong to a people known as the Lapita, who are believed to have been the earliest settlers of the islands. The team compared the skulls with those of people currently living on the island and also other parts of Polynesia and Melanesia and concluded that the ancient skulls were closest in structure to modern Asians and Polynesians. " Rjsdotorg (talk) 20:46, 29 December 2015 (UTC)

 * I had a good look at all the prehistory info I could find. They are all unanimous that Vanuatu was empty until Lapita peoples arrived circa 1000 BC. That these people would have been 'Asian-looking' presents an obvious problem seeing how most ni-Vans look Melanesian. Owing to lack of sources it appears some sort of later migration(s) occurred from PNG/Solomons, and that these mixed with the Lapita, forming modern ni-Van peoples.WisDom-UK (talk) 20:59, 28 August 2020 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 4 external links on Vanuatu. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080910005909/http://www.peacecorps.gov/welcomebooks/vuwb461.pdf to http://www.peacecorps.gov/welcomebooks/vuwb461.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.vanuatustatistics.gov.vu/About%20VNSO/Data/Social/Tour%26Mig.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100718210353/http://www.itfglobal.org/flags-convenience/flags-convenien-183.cfm to http://www.itfglobal.org/flags-convenience/flags-convenien-183.cfm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130317064043/http://www.phtpacific.org/content/vut-agriculture-census-2007 to http://www.phtpacific.org/content/vut-agriculture-census-2007

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Flag of New Hebrides
The flag of the New Hebrides condominium flag differs from that shown on the New Hebrides page and must be wrong as it shows the Union Jack upside down! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.11.72.220 (talk) 04:35, 22 September 2018 (UTC)

When did Melanesians first arrive?
This article should state when Melanesians first arrived in Vanuatu. 173.88.241.33 (talk) 04:19, 19 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Hello, yes I agree - I have added Prehistory section to cover this.WisDom-UK (talk) 20:55, 28 August 2020 (UTC)

Tug boats
A graphic in the Vanuatu section shows "Tug Boats" as forming around a third of Vanuatu's exports. This seems extremely unlikely – fishing boats might just about be credible, but not tug boats. There is no mention of tug boats in the article.

Economy of Vanuatu also has no mention of tug boats. But it does say "passport sales may now account for more than 30% of the country's revenue." Could "tug boats" be a weird euphemism, or maybe mistranslation, for "sales of citizenship"? Maproom (talk) 08:19, 24 July 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:28, 23 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Vanuatu Product Exports (2019).svg

Political Science
Vanuatu and it's difference of Papua New Guinea 43.245.57.136 (talk) 06:40, 1 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Not sure what your point is. Ex nihil (talk) 13:23, 1 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vanuatu


text:
Crystallization (disambiguation)

Crystallization is the (natural or artificial) formation of highly organized, solid crystals.

Crystallization or Crystallize may also refer to:
 * Crystallization (love), a concept defined by Stendhal
 * "Crystallize" (Kylie Minogue song)
 * "Crystallize" (Lindsey Stirling song)
 * "Crystallized" (song), a song by Young the Giant
 * "Crystalised", a song by The xx
 * "Crystallised", a song by Haken from the EP Restoration
 * Ninjago: Crystalized, the fifteenth season of Ninjago

title: Crystallization (disambiguation)


text:
Jacques Futrelle

Jacques Heath Futrelle (April 9, 1875 – April 15, 1912) was an American journalist and mystery writer. He is best known for writing short detective stories featuring Professor Augustus S. F. X. Van Dusen, also known as "The Thinking Machine" for his use of logic. He died in the sinking of the RMS Titanic.

Career
Futrelle was born in Pike County, Georgia. He worked for the Atlanta Journal, where he began their sports section, the New York Herald, the Boston Post and the Boston American, where, in 1905, his Thinking Machine character appeared in a serialized version of the short story, "The Problem of Cell 13".

Futrelle left the Boston American in 1906 to write novels. He had a harbor-view house built in Scituate, Massachusetts, which he called "Stepping Stones" and spent most of his time there until his death in 1912. His last work, My Lady's Garter, was published posthumously in 1912. His widow inscribed in the book, "To the heroes of the Titanic, I dedicate this my husband's book", under a photo of him.

Personal life
In 1895, he married fellow writer Lily May Peel with whom he had two children, Virginia and Jacques "John" Jr. His great-grandson is writer David Futrelle.

Death
Returning from Europe aboard the RMS Titanic, Futrelle, a first-class passenger, refused to board a lifeboat, insisting Lily do so instead, to the point of forcing her in. She remembered the last she saw of him: he was smoking a cigarette on deck with John Jacob Astor IV. He perished in the Atlantic and his body was never found. On July 29, 1912, Futrelle's mother, Linnie Futrelle, died in her Georgia home; her death was attributed to grief over her son.

In popular culture
Futrelle is used as the protagonist in Max Allan Collins' disaster series novel The Titanic Murders (1999), about two murders aboard the Titanic.

Novels

 * The Chase of the Golden Plate (1906)
 * The Simple Case of Susan (1908)
 * The Diamond Master (1909) – adapted as a "three-reel photoplay by the Eclair Co." in 1914 and as silent film serials The Diamond Queen (1921) and The Diamond Master (1929)
 * Elusive Isabel (1909)
 * The High Hand (1911)
 * My Lady's Garter (1912)
 * Blind Man's Buff (1914)

Short story collections

 * The Thinking Machine (1907)
 * "The Flaming Phantom"
 * "The Great Auto Mystery"
 * "The Man Who Was Lost"
 * "The Mystery of a Studio"
 * "The Problem of Cell 13" (1905)
 * "The Ralston Bank Burglary"
 * "The Scarlet Thread"
 * The Thinking Machine on the Case (1908), UK title The Professor on the Case
 * "The Stolen Rubens"

Short stories
See Augustus S. F. X. Van Dusen and JacquesFutrelle.com for more stories. In this literary experiment, The Thinking Machine provides a rational solution to the seemingly impossible and supernatural events of a ghost story written by Mrs. Futrelle.
 * "The Problem of Cell 13" (1905)
 * The Gray Ghost (Perth Daily News, 30 September 1905)
 * The Man Who Found Kansas (Metropolitan Magazine, April 1906)
 * "The Phantom Motor"
 * "The Grinning God" (The Sunday Magazine)
 * I. "Wraiths of the Storm", by May Futrelle
 * II. "The House That Was", by Jacques Futrelle

title: Jacques Futrelle


text:
Policy Analysis Market

The Policy Analysis Market (PAM), part of the FutureMAP project, was a proposed futures exchange developed, beginning in May 2001, by the Information Awareness Office (IAO) of the United States Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), and based on an idea first proposed by Net Exchange, a San Diego, California, research firm specializing in the development of online prediction markets. PAM was shut down in August 2003 after multiple US senators condemned it as an assassination and terrorism market, a characterization criticized in turn by futures-exchange expert Robin Hanson of George Mason University, and several journalists. Since PAM's closure, several private-sector variations on the idea have been launched.

Proposal
PAM was to be "a market in the future of the Middle East", and would have allowed trading of futures contracts based on possible political developments in several Middle Eastern countries. The theory behind such a market is that the monetary value of a futures contract on an event reflects the probability that that event will actually occur, since a market's actors rationally bid a contract either up or down based on reliable information. One of the models for PAM was a political futures market run by the University of Iowa, which had predicted US election outcomes more accurately than either opinion polls or political pundits. PAM was also inspired by the work of George Mason University economist Robin Hanson.

Opposition
At a July 28, 2003, press conference, US Senators Byron L. Dorgan (D-ND) and Ron Wyden (D-OR) claimed that PAM would allow trading in such events as coups d'états, assassinations, and terrorist attacks, due to such events appearing on interface pictures on the project website. "On the web site, as a backdrop to bold text, were faint background sample screens. In a small (less than 2 percent) section of two such screens, Polk had included as colorful examples of possible miscellaneous items an assassination of Yasser Arafat, a missile attack by North Korea, and the overthrow of the king of Jordan."

They denounced the idea, with Wyden stating, "The idea of a federal betting parlor on atrocities and terrorism is ridiculous and it's grotesque", while Dorgan called it "useless, offensive and unbelievably stupid". Other critics offered similar outrage. Within less than a day, the Pentagon announced the cancellation of PAM, and by the end of the week John Poindexter, head of the DARPA unit responsible for developing it, had offered his resignation.

PAM had first been proposed and funded in 2001, Poindexter joined DARPA in December 2002, and Hanson claimed that Poindexter "actually had little involvement with PAM".

Further developments
CNN reported the program would be relaunched by the private firm, Net Exchange, that helped create it, but that the newer version "will not include any securities based on forecasts of violent events such as assassinations or terror attacks".

On June 11, 2007, Popular Science launched a similar program, known as the PopSci Predictions Exchange. Another project was the American Action Market announced by Tad Hirsh of the MIT Media Lab in 2003, which would permit for-profit betting on major events.

There are now commercial policy-analysis markets that perform such functions. One, Intrade, had previously offered futures on events such as the capture of Osama bin Laden, the US Presidential Election, and the bombing of Iran. As of March 10, 2013, all trading had been suspended on Intrade's website due to undisclosed financial irregularities.

title: Policy Analysis Market


text:
Black & White Records

Black & White Records was an American record company and label founded by Les Schreiber in 1943. It specialized in jazz and blues. When the label was sold to Paul and Lillian Reiner, it moved from New York City to Los Angeles. The catalog included music by Art Hodes, Cliff Jackson, Lil Armstrong, Barney Bigard, Wilbert Baranco, Erroll Garner, Jack McVea, and Willie "The Lion" Smith.

Ralph Bass was the recording director. The name was chosen to indicate that black and white musicians were signed to the label.

Early days
Black & White Records was founded in 1943 by Les Schreiber (1901–1965), and was located at 2117 Foster Avenue, Brooklyn, New York. The company initially issued recordings by Art Hodes and Cliff Jackson.

In 1945, Paul Reiner (6 December 1905, Hungary–1 February 1982, Los Angeles) and his wife, Lillian (née Drosd; 28 April 1908, Massachusetts–4 September 1982, Los Angeles), purchased the company, moved it to Los Angeles, and hired Ralph Bass to be recording director. Soon after that, Schreiber worked for Swan Records but left Swan around October 1946. Paul Reiner was president, his wife was vice president, Samuel Madiman was treasurer, and Larry Newton was sales manager.

Bass oversaw two of the most important records in the early evolution of rock and roll: "Stormy Monday" by T-Bone Walker (1946) and a rare crossover hit, "Open the Door, Richard" by Jack McVea (1947). In 1948, Bass left Black & White to start Bop Records.

Sales and agreements
Comet Records, owned by Les Schreiber, was sold to Black & White Records not long after their third recording session (with Red Norvo and Charlie Parker).

On August 11, 1947, B&W Records and Jewel Records (not to be confused with Je–Wel) entered a distribution agreement that gave B&W an option to acquire Jewel. Reiner retained his post as president of B&W while Ben Pollack, Jewel's president, entered as general manager of B&W's West Coast operations, overseeing the A&R department. Reiner moved his headquarters east and centered his operations on Chicago to strengthen the label's Midwestern distribution. The catalogues of B&W and Jewel were merged as a result of the deal. Pollack brought 10 unreleased masters and Martha Davis and Marion Morgan. Pollack also had a contract with Boyd Raeburn stipulating that the orchestra could record for a major label, but Jewel held an exclusive on all independent releases. The deal also increased the number of race records, i.e. records made by blacks that were marketed to blacks.

The first recording of "Open the Door, Richard" by Jack McVea was recorded on this label. Lena Horne recorded for this label in 1946 and 1947. Although they were novices in the business and were not specializing in rhythm and blues (R&B), they made a significant contribution, largely through the efforts of Bass, who recorded Roosevelt Sykes and T-Bone Walker.

In March 1949, Newton left B&W as sales manager to become general manager of Peak Records. Moses Asch replaced him as sales manager at B&W. Around that same time in 1949, Newton, while operating Derby, started Central Records with Lee Magid, and Treat Records in New York City; worked with Impulse! Records, became president of ABC-Paramount Records in 1965, and ran Crossover Records (founded in 1973 by Ray Charles).

Masters
On October 8, 1949, after shutting down B&W Records, Paul Reiner offered several hundred masters for sale, some released, some not. He appointed Al Katz (Katzenberger) to negotiate sales on his behalf. The sale was offered in units, ordered by artists. Katz gave first right of refusal to the artists.

Reiner had sold the masters from sessions by Art Tatum, Cyril Nathaniel Haynes, and Red Norvo/Charlie Parker to Ross Russell, the owner of Dial Records. The deal was closed via telephone on June 21, 1949.

Capitol Records bought the Black & White masters of T-Bone Walker in 1949 and gave the titles new matrix numbers. Capitol then issued 16 tracks on 8 individual 78rpm shellac disks (10 previously unreleased masters and 6 reissued masters) in 1949 through 1950. Capitol also put out a 10" LP consisting of 8 of these 16 tracks in 1953, titled T-Bone Walker: Classics in Jazz (Capitol H-370).

Black & White was one of the first companies to issue 12-inch 78 rpm discs in unbreakable material.

Cover version controversy
In 1948, Supreme Records recorded in Los Angeles and released "A Little Bird Told Me," written by Harvey Oliver Brooks (1899–1968), sung by Paula Watson (1927–2003), who is African American, accompanied by guitarist Mitchell "Tiny" Webb, and others. Her version spent 14 weeks on Billboard's R&B charts in 1948 and 1949, reaching number 2 on the R&B charts and number 6 on the pop charts. In 1948, Decca released a cover version, sung by Evelyn Knight (1917–2007), who was white. Knight copied Watson's singing to the degree that it fooled musical experts brought into court as witnesses. Knight was accompanied by a band that included Walter Page on bass, the Stardusters (vocal group), and Johnny Parker (vocal and hand-clapping). Supreme claimed that Decca had stolen aspects of its original recording, including its arrangement, texture, and vocal style. Race was not an issue in the case, but the case served as an example of white performers covering the work of black artists in the 1950s.

The court ruled in favor of the defense, upholding a ruling that musical arrangements are not copyrightable property – individual interpretations or arrangements of a given style could not be protested under the law. This case opened the door for cover versions. In the 1950 ruling Supreme Records, Incorporated, a small label owned by Al Patrick (Albert T. Patrick; 1910–1973), who was African American, lost the case in United States District Court for the Central District of California, Southern Division, against Decca Records, Inc., a large record label.

Black & White Record Distributors, Inc. had been one of the two original plaintiffs but withdrew on a motion by the defendant, leaving Supreme as the sole plaintiff. Black & White participated in the case because it had been the manufacturer and distributor of Supreme's line.

Separately from the "Little Bird" case, Supreme had sued Black & White, contending that B&W had no right to turn over its line to two Canadian firms, Monogram and Dominion, who had been pressing and distributing in Canada. On April 2, 1949, Supreme & B&W settled their dispute out of court.

Supreme was soon out of business, and by December 1949, Paula Watson was working for Decca.

Black & White Records had a publishing subsidiary, Paul Reiner Publishing Company.

Employees

 * Ralph Bass (1911–1997), producer
 * Bruce Altman, formerly of American Recording Artists (A.R.A.) Records
 * John Blackburn
 * Mack (aka Mac or Max) Green (né Mordecai Green; 1901–1979), manager (replaced John Blackburn, February 1949)

Artist roster

 * Eduardo Abreu
 * Buzz Adlam
 * Ernestine Allen
 * Ivie Anderson
 * Lil Armstrong
 * Wilbert Baranco
 * Barney Bigard
 * June Brewer
 * Ramon Bruce
 * Red Callender
 * Gaylord Carter
 * Dick Cary
 * Buck Clayton
 * Zeke Clements
 * Rod Cless
 * Clover Leaf Jubilee Quartet
 * Vic Corwin
 * Maxwell Davis
 * Nick De Lano
 * Phil De Vorn
 * Hank Duncan
 * Estelle Edson
 * Jo Evans
 * Four Aces
 * Sammy Franklin
 * Jan Garber
 * Erroll Garner
 * Al Gayle
 * Maggie Hathaway & Her Bluesmen
 * Cyril Haynes
 * Bob Hayward
 * Shifty Henry (aka John Willie Henry)
 * Bennie Hess (with The Texas Dandies aka Tex Williams' Western Caravan)
 * Hip Chicks †
 * Art Hodes
 * Lena Horne
 * Helen Humes
 * The Original Hurtado Brothers & Their Royal Marimba Band
 * Cliff Jackson
 * Nat Jaffe
 * Cee Pee Johnson
 * Etta Jones
 * Ralph Bass' Junior Jazz at the Auditorium ‡
 * Linda Keene
 * Al Killian
 * Henry King
 * Dick Lane
 * Al Lerner
 * Ella Logan
 * Mike Loscalzo
 * Joe Marsala
 * Jeannie McKeon
 * McNeil Choir
 * Jack McVea
 * Oklahoma Ed Moody
 * Sister Etta Mooney
 * Phil Moore
 * Buck Nation (with The Six Westernaires)
 * Chino Oritz
 * Will Osborne
 * Oscar Pettiford
 * Alton Redd
 * Lucius "Mushmouth" Robinson
 * Al Sack
 * St. Paul Choir Of Chicago
 * Allen Schrader
 * Gene Schroeder
 * John Sellers
 * Charlie Shavers
 * Fiddlin' Arthur Smith
 * Willie "The Lion" Smith
 * Cactus Andy (aka Andrew Soldi from Tex Williams' Western Caravan)
 * Rudy Sooter
 * Earle Spencer
 * Tim Spinosa
 * Spirits of Rhythm
 * Ray Stokes
 * Roosevelt Sykes
 * Rabon Tarrant
 * Kay Thomas
 * Tommy Todd
 * T. Texas Tyler (with The Six Westernaires)
 * Charlie Ventura
 * T-Bone Walker
 * Annette Warren
 * Artie Wayne
 * George Wettling
 * Lariese Williams
 * Eileen Wilson
 * Gawdalike
 * Gerald Wilson

 * Maggie Hathaway & Her Bluesmen
 * Ramon LaRue, piano
 * Teddy Bunn (Theodore Leroy Bunn), guitar
 * Julius Gilmore, bass
 * Samuel E. Joshua, drums

† Hip Chicks (all female band)
 * Marjorie Hyams (vibraphone)
 * L'Ana Hyams (tenor sax; née Alleman; 1912–1997), bandleader married to Marjorie's brother: jazz pianist Mark Hyams (1914–2007), was formerly married to jazz guitarist Jimmy Webster (1908–1978).
 * Jean Starr (trumpet)
 * Vicki Zimmer (piano)
 * Marian Gange (guitar)
 * Cecilia Zirl (bass)
 * Rose Gottesman (drums)
 * ... plus special guest:

 * Vivien Garry (vocal)
 * Ralph Bass' Junior Jazz at the Auditorium were recordings of jam sessions held by Bass in Compton, California, at teenage/college functions with name jazz musicians brought in as guests. The first live recording session was on August 26, 1946, and included Howard McGhee (tp), Les Robinson (as), Jack McVea (ts), Lucky Thompson (ts), Jimmy Bunn (p), Irving Ashby (g), Red Callender (b), and Jackie Mills (d). Also participating were Slim Gaillard, Les Paul, Nick Fatool, and Ivie Anderson. Bass hosted these sessions, in part, to help fight juvenile delinquency.

title: Black & White Records


text:
Richard D. James Album

Richard D. James Album is an eponymous studio album by the electronic music artist and producer Aphex Twin (real name Richard James). It was released on 4November 1996 through Warp Records. It was composed by James on his Macintosh computer, and took longer to complete than his previous albums. It features fast breakbeats and intricate drum programming which draw from jungle and drum and bass. James' drum loops are paired with lush string arrangements, intricate time signatures, and ambient melodies reminiscent of his earlier work, as well as modulated vocals from James.

Richard D. James Album was less successful in the United Kingdom than James' two previous albums Selected Ambient Works Volume II (1994) and ...I Care Because You Do (1995). The album charted in the UK, peaking at number 62 on the UK Albums Chart for one week. It peaked at number 20 in the US Top Heatseekers list, becoming James' first to do so. The album received acclaim from music critics, and NME listed it as the 20th best album of the year.

Background and production
In 1995 Richard James released the two Hangable Auto Bulb EPs under his AFX moniker, experimenting with exaggerated rhythms inspired by drum and bass in a style that came to be called "drill 'n' bass". In the following year, James released the Aphex Twin EP Girl/Boy. This faster style of drum programming was inspired by James' friend Luke Vibert, also known as Plug. James stated that while he worked with triplets and complicated beats in the past, that Vibert "got me into doing it a faster pace. He gave me the spark to do it faster, but now I'm trying to take it to all extremes". James also noted the influence of his friend Tom Jenkinson (a.k.a. Squarepusher). He had said Jenkinson and Vibert were the "only two people around who are [musically] consistent enough for me".

James has stated that most of the album was composed on his Macintosh computer and that the album took longer to create than any of his previous albums. Describing his approach to drum programming, he stated that "sometimes I just hit the keyboard in a way I'd like the rhythm of the tracks to sound. Then I'll spend four hours moving all the notes where I want them to go." Some tracks on the album include James' vocals modulated on a computer; in "To Cure a Weakling Child", James manipulated his voice to sound like a child giving a lecture about their arms and legs. For the orchestral arrangements on the album, James bought a violin at a car boot sale. He taught himself to play a note from the instrument by placing it on a table, playing a note and sampling the note. Two of the tracks, "Fingerbib" and "Logan Rock Witch", had previously been for another album James was working on around the same period, titled Melodies from Mars, which remains officially unreleased.

The cover art for Richard D. James Album is credited to both James and Johnny Clayton. Clayton did not accept credit for the album's cover, stating that he taught James how to use Photoshop and "he started playing around with his own self-image. That's what led to that cover."

Composition
Richard D. James Album is a work of electronica that has been characterised as James's "swan dive into jungle and drill'n'bass" by Vice, and labeled as a work of IDM by Pitchfork, working with jungle, drum and bass and ambient and acid techno in some tracks. PopMatters noted that '[w]hat makes Richard D. James Album stand out among James’ previous works is the synthesis of delicate, symphonic sounds and hard, jackhammering beats," noting that the album consolidated his 1995 entry into the short-lived drill 'n' bass subgenre. James has claimed the influence of jungle music came from "any of the drum 'n' bass and breakbeat artists" and that he has "always been into nicking other things [...] and making something different". Stereogum noted the album heavily relies on drum programming, sampling, and "other digital intricacies that would've been otherwise unthinkable without computers". It also features lush string arrangements and simple keyboard textures built over quadruple time breakbeats and unstable time signatures. Steve Taylor found the record Aphex Twin's "most terrifying" one, with "weird stop-start beats, white noise and tough melodies."

John Bush of AllMusic noted that the album continued James's "forays into acid-jungle and experimental music," noting that the album was "more extreme than virtually all jungle being made at the time", with beats layered over slower melodies that characterised James' earlier ambient works. Pitchfork opined that the album was one of the "aggressive combinations of disparate electronic forms", with "almost-brutal contrast between its elements". Exclaim! commented that tracks such as "Girl/Boy Song", "Yellow Calx", and "Peek 824545201" were "loosely based on jungle". Spin linked the album's use of vocals, both sung and sampled, its cover artwork and title, stating that "Richard D. James might be the first electronica LP that not only gropes for narrative but also aspired to an abstract sort of autobiography."

Release
Richard D. James Album was released through Warp on 4 November 1996. The album charted on the UK Albums Chart in the week ending 16 November 1996 for one week, where it peaked at number 62. In the UK, it was less successful than his two previous albums. The American version included the Girl/Boy EP as bonus tracks. It was released on 28 January 1997 by Sire Records. The album was released on compact disc, cassette and gramophone record; early copies of the album were distributed with a plastic sachet containing James' hair. Along with ...I Care Because You Do (1995), Richard D. James Album was reissued on vinyl on 18 September 2012 by record label 1972. Warp announced their own re-issue of the album on 180-gram vinyl for 8 October 2012.

Critical reception
In the United Kingdom, The Independent gave the album a positive review, stating that "The intuitive sense of melody [James] has been striving so hard to suppress over the last few years has come to the fore too, and the result is the most magical pop record of the year: the year in question being AD 2001". In North America, Pitchfork gave the album an 8.4 out of ten rating, stating that "The Richard D. James Album is 43.5 minutes of pure electronic genius" and "just when your brain starts to comprehend a rhythmic pattern, the beat shifts, turns left and crushes your torso under the steering wheel." Rolling Stone gave the album three-and-a-half stars out of five, commenting that "Aphex Twin coaxes great emotional resonance from his machines" and combines "jolting beats, pristine melodic fragments and random noises into elegant – if at times unnerving – futuristic pop". However, he also commented that "not all of Richard D. James goes down easy". Marc Widenbaum of The Pulse called the album, "quite simply, the strongest art-pop record to appear since Laurie Anderson's Mr. Heartbreak", defined by a "series of lovely tunes atop a decisive, rhythmically fascinating girding of rapid-fire, turn-on-a-dime percussion." Entertainment Weekly writer David Browne awarded the album an A−, calling it James' "quirkiest, most personal work" and said that "4" and "Girl/Boy Song" revealed "a new warmth and wistfulness." The Washington Post gave the album a negative review, referring to the music as "sloppy offhand", "a noisy mess" and sounding "like a private joke".

Richard D. James Album was placed in numerous best-of lists. NME placed the album at number 20 on their list of the best albums of 1996. The Wire also listed the album among their top 50 albums of the year for 1996. In 2003 Pitchfork listed their top albums of the 1990s, with Richard D. James Album ranking at 40. Pitchfork stated that RDJ is not "easily dated by [its] technology", and doesn't "sound stale compared to modern variations." Also in 2003, NME ranked it 55th in their list of the top 100 albums of all time. Slant Magazine placed the album at number 91 on their list of the top 100 albums of the 1990s, describing it as "more fascinated by textures than almost any other electronic album ever crafted". In 2015 Spin placed the album at number 71 on their list of the best albums of the past 30 years. In the same year, Exclaim! listed Richard D. James Album on their list of Essential Richard D. James albums. The review opined that the album was "not necessarily a release that you immediately fall in love with", but that it was "endlessly rewarding". Evening Standard named it among "the most influential electronica albums of the past 20 years." In 2019, Reverb called the album "perhaps the best-known IDM release of all time" and a "highwater mark" for the genre.

Usage in media
Songs from the album were used on several different television ads. "To Cure a Weakling Child" was used in a high-profile UK TV advertising campaign for mobile phone company Orange. The song "4" (which samples Kate Bush song "Experiment IV" ) was used in a US government anti-drug advertisement spot, as well as an advertisement in the United States for the Special Olympics. "Girl/Boy Song" was used in a Bank of America commercial.

Track listing
All tracks are credited as being written and produced by "Me" (Richard D. James).

Personnel
Credits from the back cover of the album.
 * Aphex Twin (credited as "Me") – writer, producer, sleeve
 * Johnny Clayton – sleeve

title: Richard D. James Album


text:
Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Chinese)/Name list example

Many Chinese, especially high-class ones, had a great number of names. And any of these names may appear in literature without reference to another. There have been several methods currently employed on Wikipedia already. The following examples used are based on Kangxi Emperor of China. Please consider which of the following format is most easy-to-read for both editors and readers.

List
Easy to see where a new name begins

 * Given name: Hiowan Yei in Manchu; Xuan Ye (玄燁 xuan2 ye4) in Chinese
 * Era name: Elhe Taifin in Manchu; Kangxi (康熙 kang1 xi1) in Chinese
 * Temple name: Sheng Zu (聖祖 sheng4 zu3)
 * Posthumous name: Emperor Hetian-hongyuan-wenhuruizhe-hongjiankuan-yuxiaojing-chengxin-gongderen (合天弘運文武睿哲恭儉寬裕孝敬誠信功德大成仁皇帝)
 * Posthumous name (short): Emperor Ren (仁皇帝 ren2 huang2 di4)
 * Lived: 1654-1722
 * Reigned: 1661-1722

-

Table
It's easy-to-read for non-editors, but very hard-to-read for editors (Wikipedians)

Hard to see when a newline begins.

Given Name: Hiowan Yei in Manchu; Xuan Ye (玄燁 xuan2 ye4) in Chinese Era name: Elhe Taifin in Manchu; Kangxi (康熙 kang1 xi1) in Chinese Temple name: Sheng Zu (聖祖 sheng4 zu3) Posthumous name: Emperor Hetian-hongyuan-wenhuruizhe-hongjiankuan-yuxiaojing-chengxin-gongderen (合天弘運文武睿哲恭儉寬裕孝敬誠信功德大成仁皇帝) Posthumous name (short): Emperor Ren (仁皇帝 ren2 huang2 di4) Lived: 1654-1722 Reigned: 1661-1722

Indent
As hard as
 to see where a newline begins.

 * Given name: Hiowan Yei in Manchu; Xuan Ye (玄燁 xuan2 ye4) in Chinese
 * Era name: Elhe Taifin in Manchu; Kangxi (康熙 kang1 xi1) in Chinese
 * Temple name: Sheng Zu (聖祖 sheng4 zu3)
 * Posthumous name: Emperor Hetian-hongyuan-wenhuruizhe-hongjiankuan-yuxiaojing-chengxin-gongderen (合天弘運文武睿哲恭儉寬裕孝敬誠信功德大成仁皇帝)
 * Posthumous name (short): Emperor Ren (仁皇帝 ren2 huang2 di4)
 * Lived: 1654-1722
 * Reigned: 1661-1722

Discussion
Please leave comments at Talk.


text:
Sodium silicate

Sodium silicate is a generic name for chemical compounds with the formula or ·, such as sodium metasilicate, sodium orthosilicate , and sodium pyrosilicate. The anions are often polymeric. These compounds are generally colorless transparent solids or white powders, and soluble in water in various amounts.

Sodium silicate is also the technical and common name for a mixture of such compounds, chiefly the metasilicate, also called waterglass, water glass, or liquid glass. The product has a wide variety of uses, including the formulation of cements, coatings, passive fire protection, textile and lumber processing, manufacture of refractory ceramics, as adhesives, and in the production of silica gel. The commercial product, available in water solution or in solid form, is often greenish or blue owing to the presence of iron-containing impurities.

In industry, the various grades of sodium silicate are characterized by their SiO2:Na2O weight ratio (which can be converted to molar ratio by multiplication with 1.032). The ratio can vary between 1:2 and 3.75:1. Grades with ratio below 2.85:1 are termed alkaline. Those with a higher SiO2:Na2O ratio are described as neutral.

History
Soluble silicates of alkali metals (sodium or potassium) were observed by European alchemists already in the 1500s. Giambattista della Porta observed in 1567 that tartari salis (cream of tartar, potassium hydrogen tartrate) caused powdered crystallum (quartz) to melt at a lower temperature. Other possible early references to alkali silicates were made by Basil Valentine in 1520, and by Agricola in 1550. Around 1640, Jean Baptist van Helmont reported the formation of alkali silicates as a soluble substance made by melting sand with excess alkali, and observed that the silica could be precipitated quantitatively by adding acid to the solution.

In 1646, Glauber made potassium silicate, which he called liquor silicum, by melting potassium carbonate (obtained by calcinating cream of tartar) and sand in a crucible, and keeping it molten until it ceased to bubble (due to the release of carbon dioxide). The mixture was allowed to cool and then was ground to a fine powder. When the powder was exposed to moist air, it gradually formed a viscous liquid, which Glauber called "Oleum oder Liquor Silicum, Arenæ, vel Crystallorum" (i.e., oil or solution of silica, sand or quartz crystal).

However, it was later claimed that the substances prepared by those alchemists were not waterglass as it is understood today. That would have been prepared in 1818 by Johann Nepomuk von Fuchs, by treating silicic acid with an alkali; the result being soluble in water, "but not affected by atmospheric changes".

The terms "water glass" and "soluble glass" were used by Leopold Wolff in 1846, by Émile Kopp in 1857, and by Hermann Krätzer in 1887.

In 1892, Rudolf Von Wagner distinguished soda, potash, double (soda and potash), and fixing (i.e., stabilizing) as types of water glass. The fixing type was "a mixture of silica well saturated with potash water glass and a sodium silicate" used to stabilize inorganic water color pigments on cement work for outdoor signs and murals.

Properties
Sodium silicates are colorless glassy or crystalline solids, or white powders. Except for the most silicon-rich ones, they are readily soluble in water, producing alkaline solutions. When dried up it still can be rehydrated back in water.

Sodium silicates are stable in neutral and alkaline solutions. In acidic solutions, the silicate ions react with hydrogen ions to form silicic acids, which tend to decompose into hydrated silicon dioxide gel. Heated to drive off the water, the result is a hard translucent substance called silica gel, widely used as a desiccant. It can withstand temperatures up to 1100 °C.

Production
Solutions of sodium silicates can be produced by treating a mixture of silica (usually as quartz sand), caustic soda, and water, with hot steam in a reactor. The overall reaction is
 * 2x NaOH + → · + x

Sodium silicates can also be obtained by dissolving silica (whose melting point is 1713 °C) in molten sodium carbonate (that melts with decomposition at 851 °C):
 * x +  → · +

The material can be obtained also from sodium sulfate (melting point 884 °C) with carbon as a reducing agent:
 * 2x + C + 2  → 2 · + 2  +

In 1990, 4 million tons of alkali metal silicates were produced.

Ferrosilicon
Sodium silicate may be produced as a part of hydrogen production by dissolving ferrosilicon in an aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH • H2O) solution:

 * 2NaOH + Si + H2O → 2Na2SiO3 + 2H2

Bayer process
Though unprofitable, Na2SiO3 is a byproduct of Bayer process which is often converted to calcium silicate (Ca2SiO4).

Uses
The main applications of sodium silicates are in detergents, paper industry (as deinking agent), water treatment, and construction materials.

Adhesive
The adhesive properties of sodium silicate have been known since the First World War. The largest application of sodium silicate solutions is a cement for producing cardboard. When used as a paper cement, the sodium silicate joint tends to crack within a few years, at which point it no longer holds the paper surfaces cemented together.

Sodium silicate solutions can also be used as a spin-on adhesive layer to bond glass to glass or silicon oxide covered silicon wafers to one another. Sodium silicate glass-to-glass bonding has the advantage that it is a low temperature bonding technique, as opposed to fusion bonding. It is also less processing intensive than glass-to-glass anodic bonding, which requires an intermediate layer such as SiN to act as a diffusion barrier for sodium ions. The deposition of such a layer requires a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition step. A disadvantage of sodium silicate bonding, however, is that it is very difficult to eliminate air bubbles. This is in part because the technique does not require a vacuum and also does not use field assistance as in anodic bonding. This lack of field assistance can sometimes be beneficial, because field assistance can provide such high attraction between wafers as to bend a thinner wafer and collapse onto nanofluidic cavity or MEMS elements.

Coatings
Sodium silicate may be used for various paints and coatings (e.g. for welding rods). They may be cured in different ways. In first approach, thin layer of sodium silicate may be slowly gelated by drying up and then turned into a hard film by heating. Before heating such layers aren't water resistant. In order to make them water-resistant high temperatures of 100 C is needed. It should be slowly raised to dehydrate film and avoid steaming (and blistering) and then it should be "fired" above 150 C. The process must be relatively slow, infra-red lamps may be used at first.

The other approach, when high-temperature is not practical, the water resistance may be achieved by chemicals (or esters), such as boric acid (B(OH)3), phosphoric acid (PO(OH)3), sodium fluorosilicate, aluminium phosphate etc. Before application water solution of sodium silicate is mixed with curing agent.

Drilling fluids
Sodium silicate is frequently used in drilling fluids to stabilize borehole walls and to avoid the collapse of bore walls. It is particularly useful when drill holes pass through argillaceous formations containing swelling clay minerals such as smectite or montmorillonite.

Concrete and general masonry treatment
Concrete treated with a sodium silicate solution helps to reduce porosity in most masonry products such as concrete, stucco, and plasters. This effect aids in reducing water penetration, but has no known effect on reducing water vapor transmission and emission. A chemical reaction occurs with the excess Ca(OH)2 (portlandite) present in the concrete that permanently binds the silicates with the surface, making them far more durable and water repellent. This treatment generally is applied only after the initial cure has taken place (7 days or so depending on conditions). These coatings are known as silicate mineral paint. An example of the reaction of sodium silicate with the calcium hydroxide found in concrete to form calcium silicate hydrate (or C-S-H) gel, the main product in hydrated Portland cement, follows.

Detergent auxiliaries
It is used in detergent auxiliaries such as complex sodium disilicate and modified sodium disilicate. The detergent granules gain their ruggedness from a coating of silicates.

Water treatment
Sodium silicate is used as an alum coagulant and an iron flocculant in wastewater treatment plants. Sodium silicate binds to colloidal molecules, creating larger aggregates that sink to the bottom of the water column. The microscopic negatively charged particles suspended in water interact with sodium silicate. Their electrical double layer collapses due to the increase of ionic strength caused by the addition of sodium silicate (doubly negatively charged anion accompanied by two sodium cations) and they subsequently aggregate. This process is called coagulation.

Refractory use
Water glass is a useful binder for solids, such as vermiculite and perlite. When blended with the latter lightweight fraction, water glass can be used to make hard, high-temperature insulation boards used for refractories, passive fire protection and high temperature insulations, such as moulded pipe insulation applications. When mixed with finely divided mineral powders, such as vermiculite dust (which is common scrap from the exfoliation process), one can produce high temperature adhesives. The intumescence disappears in the presence of finely divided mineral dust, whereby the waterglass becomes a mere matrix. Waterglass is inexpensive and abundantly available, which makes its use popular in many refractory applications.

Foundry
It is used as a binder of the sand when doing sand casting of all common metals. It allows for the rapid production of a strong mold or core by three main methods.

 * Method 1 requires passing carbon dioxide gas through the mixture of sand and sodium silicate in the sand molding box or core box. The carbon dioxide gas reacts with the sodium silicate to form solid silica gel and sodium carbonate. This provides adequate strength to remove the now hardened sand shape from the forming tool. Additional strength occurs as any unreacted sodium silicate in the sand shape dehydrates.
 * Method 2 requires adding an ester (reaction product of an acid and an alcohol) to the mixture of sand and sodium silicate before it is placed into the molding box or core box. As the ester hydrolyzes from the water in the liquid sodium silicate, an acid is released which causes the liquid sodium silicate to gel. Once the gel has formed, it will dehydrate to a glassy phase due to syneresis. Commonly used esters include acetate esters of glycerol and ethylene glycol as well as carbonate esters of propylene and ethylene glycol. The higher the water solubility of the ester, the faster the hardening of the sand.
 * Method 3 requires microwave energy to heat and dehydrate the mixture of sand and sodium silicate in the sand molding box or core box. The forming tools must be microwave transparent for this to work well. Because sodium silicate has a high dielectric constant, it absorbs microwave energy very rapidly. Fully dehydrated sand shapes can be produced in less than 1 minute of exposure to microwaves. This method produces the highest strength of sand shapes bonded with sodium silicate.

Since the sodium silicate does not burn during casting (it can actually melt at pouring temperatures above 1800 degrees F.) it is common to add organic materials to provide for enhanced sand breakdown after casting. The additives include sugar, starch, carbons, wood flour and phenolic resins.

Dye auxiliary
Sodium silicate solution is used as a fixative for hand dyeing with reactive dyes that require a high pH to react with the textile fiber. After the dye is applied to a cellulose-based fabric, such as cotton or rayon, or onto silk, it is allowed to dry, after which the sodium silicate is painted on to the dyed fabric, covered with plastic to retain moisture, and left to react for an hour at room temperature.

Metal repair
Sodium silicate is used, along with magnesium silicate, in muffler repair and fitting paste. When dissolved in water, both sodium silicate and magnesium silicate form a thick paste that is easy to apply. When the exhaust system of an internal combustion engine heats up to its operating temperature, the heat drives out all of the excess water from the paste. The silicate compounds that are left over have glass-like properties, making a temporary, brittle repair.

Automotive repair
Sodium silicate is also used currently as an exhaust system joint and crack sealer for repairing mufflers, resonators, tailpipes, and other exhaust components, with and without fiberglass reinforcing tapes. In this application, the sodium silicate (60–70%) is typically mixed with kaolin (40-30%), an aluminium silicate mineral, to make the sodium silicate "glued" joint opaque. The sodium silicate, however, is the high-temperature adhesive; the kaolin serves simply as a compatible high-temperature coloring agent. Some of these repair compounds also contain glass fibres to enhance their gap-filling abilities and reduce brittleness.

Sodium silicate can be used to fill gaps within the head gasket. Commonly used on aluminum alloy cylinder heads, which are sensitive to thermally induced surface deflection. This can be caused by many things including head-bolt stretching, deficient coolant delivery, high cylinder head pressure, overheating, etc.

"Liquid glass" (sodium silicate) is added to the system through the radiator, and allowed to circulate. Sodium silicate is suspended in the coolant until it reaches the cylinder head. At 100 –, sodium silicate loses water molecules to form a glass seal with a remelt temperature above 810 °C.

A sodium silicate repair can last two years or longer. The repair occurs rapidly, and symptoms disappear instantly. This repair works only when the sodium silicate reaches its "conversion" temperature at 100–105 °C. Contamination of engine oil is a serious possibility in situations in which a coolant-to-oil leak is present. Sodium silicate (glass particulate) contamination of lubricants is detrimental to their function.

Sodium silicate solution is used to inexpensively, quickly, and permanently disable automobile engines. Running an engine with about 2 liters of a sodium silicate solution instead of motor oil causes the solution to precipitate, catastrophically damaging the engine's bearings and pistons within a few minutes. In the United States, this procedure was used to comply with requirements of the Car Allowance Rebate System (CARS) program.

Safe construction
A mixture of sodium silicate and sawdust has been used in between the double skin of certain safes. This not only makes them more fire resistant, but also makes cutting them open with an oxyacetylene torch extremely difficult due to the smoke emitted.

Crystal gardens
When crystals of a number of metallic salts are dropped into a solution of water glass, simple or branching stalagmites of coloured metal silicates are formed. This phenomenon has been used by manufacturers of toys and chemistry sets to provide instructive enjoyment to many generations of children from the early 20th century until the present. An early mention of crystals of metallic salts forming a "chemical garden" in sodium silicate is found in the 1946 Modern Mechanix magazine. Metal salts used included the sulfates and/or chlorides of copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, and manganese.

Pottery
Sodium silicate is used as a deflocculant in casting slips helping reduce viscosity and the need for large amounts of water to liquidize the clay body. It is also used to create a crackle effect in pottery, usually wheel-thrown. A vase or bottle is thrown on the wheel, fairly narrow and with thick walls. Sodium silicate is brushed on a section of the piece. After 5 minutes, the wall of the piece is stretched outward with a rib or hand. The result is a wrinkled or cracked look.

It is also the main agent in "magic water", which is used when joining clay pieces, especially if the moisture level of the two differs.

Sealing of leaking water-containing structures
Sodium silicate with additives was injected into the ground to harden it and thereby to prevent further leakage of highly radioactive water from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan in April, 2011. The residual heat carried by the water used for cooling the damaged reactors accelerated the setting of the injected mixture.

On June 3, 1958, the USS Nautilus, the world's first nuclear submarine, visited Everett and Seattle. In Seattle, crewmen dressed in civilian clothing were sent in to secretly buy 140 quarts (160 liters) of an automotive product containing sodium silicate (originally identified as Stop Leak) to repair a leaking condenser system. The Nautilus was en route to the North Pole on a top secret mission to cross the North Pole submerged.

Firearm cartridges
A historical use of the adhesive properties of sodium silicates is the production of paper cartridges for black powder revolvers produced by Colt's Manufacturing Company during the period from 1851 until 1873, especially during the American Civil War. Sodium silicate was used to seal combustible nitrated paper together to form a conical paper cartridge to hold the black powder, as well as to cement the lead ball or conical bullet into the open end of the paper cartridge. Such sodium silicate cemented paper cartridges were inserted into the cylinders of revolvers, thereby speeding the reloading of cap-and-ball black powder revolvers. This use largely ended with the introduction of Colt revolvers employing brass-cased cartridges starting in 1873. Similarly, sodium silicate was also used to cement the top wad into brass shotgun shells, thereby eliminating any need for a crimp at the top of the brass shotgun shell to hold a shotgun shell together. Reloading brass shotgun shells was widely practiced by self-reliant American farmers during the 1870s, using the same waterglass material that was also used to preserve eggs. The cementing of the top wad on a shotgun shell consisted of applying from three to five drops of waterglass on the top wad to secure it to the brass hull. Brass hulls for shotgun shells were superseded by paper hulls starting around 1877. The newer paper-hulled shotgun shells used a roll crimp in place of a waterglass-cemented joint to hold the top wad in the shell. However, whereas brass shotshells with top wads cemented with waterglass could be reloaded nearly indefinitely (given powder, wad, and shot, of course), the paper hulls that replaced the brass hulls could be reloaded only a few times.

Cosmetics
Sodium silicate and other silicates are the primary components in "instant" wrinkle remover creams, which temporarily tighten the skin to minimize the appearance of wrinkles & under-eye bags. These creams, when applied as a thin film and allowed to dry for a few minutes, can present dramatic results. This effect is not permanent, lasting from a few minutes up to a couple of hours. It works like water cement, once the muscle starts to move, it cracks and leaves white residues on the skin.

Food preservation
Waterglass has been used as an egg preservative with large success, primarily when refrigeration is not available. Fresh-laid eggs are immersed in a solution of sodium silicate (waterglass). After being immersed in the solution they were removed and allowed to dry. A permanent air tight coating remains on the eggs. If they are then stored in appropriate environment, the majority of bacteria which would otherwise cause them to spoil are kept out and their moisture is kept in. According to the cited source, treated eggs can be kept fresh using this method for up to five months. When boiling eggs so preserved, the shell is no longer permeable to air, and the egg will tend to crack unless a hole in the shell is made (e.g. with a pin) in order to allow steam to escape.

Brewing
Sodium silicate flocculant properties are also used to clarify wine and beer by precipitating colloidal particles. As a clearing agent, though, sodium silicate is sometimes confused with isinglass which is prepared from collagen extracted from the dried swim bladders of sturgeon and other fishes. Eggs preserved in a bucket of waterglass gel, and their shells are sometimes also used (baked and crushed) to clear wine.

Aquaculture
Sodium silicate gel is also used as a substrate for algal growth in aquaculture hatcheries.

title: Sodium silicate


text:
Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (Chinese)/Name list example

Either list or table; the others are too hard to read. --Jiang

List seems to be best, table is harder to fit the article (not flexible enough). Plus we need a standard way to put it in the article. --wshun 00:44, 2 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * With the creation of Infobox Chinese, which supports multiple names, this page is not necessary. Shrigley (talk) 21:29, 17 February 2012 (UTC)


text:
SŽ series 310

SŽ series 310 is a high-speed tilting EMU used on the InterCitySlovenija premium train service in Slovenia, operated by Slovenske železnice since September 24, 2000. It is based on the Italian ETR 460 commonly known as Pendolino. The train is capable of reaching a maximum speed of 200 km/h. The train is electric single system - 3 kV DC.

InterCitySlovenija links the major cities of Slovenia in one line: Ljubljana, Celje and Maribor, with frequent service that acts as a high-speed shuttle. Tilting trains can reach a maximum speed of 160 km/h on the sections Maribor - Pragersko, Pragersko - Slovenska Bistrica and Grobelno - Sentjur. The train is made up of three cars: two 2nd class cars and one 1st class car. The trains provide disabled access, as well as an onboard Wi-Fi and a snack bar.

Slovenske železnice bought in the year 2000 three trainsets, which currently operate on the Ljubljana - Maribor route.

One SŽ series 310 trainset was also used on international services, connecting Venice Santa Lucia to Ljubljana as Eurocity 50/51 Casanova from December 14, 2003, to April 1, 2008. From December 12, 2004, to December 10, 2005, this service was extended to Maribor, with Intercity connections from and to Graz in Austria.

Technical Data - EMU 310/316
Manufacturer: Fiat Ferroviaria, Italy

Year of production: 2000

Trainset formation: MU 310 + COACH 316 + MU 310

Wheel arrangement: (1Ao)(Ao1)+ 2'2'+ (1Ao)(Ao1)

Voltage: 3 kV DC

Auxiliary voltage: 380 V 50 Hz

Battery voltage: 72 V DC

Aux. light: 24 V DC

Power: 2 x 2 x 500 kW = 2000 kW

Heating power: 108 kW

Max speed / 200 km/h

Max speed (hauled with locomotive): 80 km/h

Weight: MU 310 51 t, Coach 316 50 t , Trainset 152 t

Service weight: MU 310 55 t + 56 t, Coach 316 53 t , Trainset 164 t

Length over couplers: MU 310 27.2 m, Coach 316 25.0 m , Trainset 81.2 m

Width: 2,800mm

Height: 3,730mm

Axle load t/axle: MU 310 14.0 ,Coach 316 13.3

Linear load t/m: MU 310 2.0, Coach 316 2.0 , Trainset 2.0

Wheel diameter: 890mm

Brakes: Pneum. SAB - WABCO

EP

ED

MG(3x)

man.(3x)

Braking mass: Pneumatic + EM brake: MU 310 118 t + 120 t, Coach 316 113 t , Trainset 351 t

Braking mass: Pneumatic: MU 310 95 t + 97 t, Coach 316 92 t , Trainset 284 t

Braking mass: Manual: MU 310 17 t, Coach 316 14 t , Trainset 48 t

Braking percentage: Pneumatic + EM brake: MU 310 215% + 214%, Coach 316 213% , Trainset 214%

Braking percentage: Pneumatic: MU 310 173% + 173%, Coach 316 174% , Trainset 173%

Dead man: Parizzi

Speedometer: Deuta

PZB: Indusi I 60 R

Radio: AEG

Minimum turning radius: open railroad 250 m, workshop 110 m

Number of coupled trains: 3

Tilting: hydraulic 8°

Air conditioning, Bar , Telephone. Number of 1st class seats: MU 310: 30

Number of 2nd class seats: MU 310: 30 + 62 + 2 (inv)

Coach 316: 42

Trainset: 134 + 2 (inv.)

Total Number of seats: 164 + 2 additional (inv.) = 166

Crew: one man crew

Purpose: for IC trains

Source: Slovenske železnice Group

title: SŽ series 310


text:
User talk:81.203.98.109

I have replied to your question on Joule. -- Tarquin 19:12, 20 Aug 2003 (UTC) Thank you a lot, Tarquin ;)

Hi :) Please don't create redirects because of a misspelling in an article... Thank you! :) Dysprosia 12:45, 30 Aug 2003 (UTC)

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While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Jrtayloriv (talk) 08:32, 8 January 2011 (UTC)

Nomination of Public for deletion
The article Public is being discussed concerning whether it is suitable for inclusion as an article according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Public until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on good quality evidence, and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. Jrtayloriv (talk) 06:47, 9 January 2011 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Bluechat

The article Bluechat has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Unreferenced since 2007; multiple different products by this name, and no identifying content."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. power~enwiki ( π, ν ) 06:08, 21 December 2017 (UTC)

Ms listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Ms. Since you had some involvement with the Ms redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. feminist (talk) 11:17, 30 January 2019 (UTC)

"1911 Encylopedia" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect 1911 Encylopedia. Since you had some involvement with the 1911 Encylopedia redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Regards, SONIC  678  15:15, 15 April 2020 (UTC)

"1911 Encylopedia" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect 1911 Encylopedia. Since you had some involvement with the 1911 Encylopedia redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. 1234qwer1234qwer4 (talk) 21:36, 22 April 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:81.203.98.109