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Talk:Def Leppard

Lead vs. rhythm guitarists
All four of the articles about the band's guitarists characterize their subject as either a lead (Collen and Willis) or rhythm (Campbell and Clark) guitarist. This article and every other source I've read does not make the distinction. Is that an actual distinction worth making? - Immigrant laborer (talk) 00:54, 21 February 2019 (UTC)

 * I think that's a good point, and a distinction worth making in the article. As someone who cares a lot about who does what in what bands, the difference between lead and rhythm guitar roles is meaningful to me. -- Cloud atlas (talk) 01:41, 21 February 2019 (UTC)

 * I was actually thinking the other way (removing the distinctions from the individual articles), but I posted here because it seemed a more central place. - Immigrant laborer (talk) 02:10, 21 February 2019 (UTC)

 * interesting. I guess to clarify, I think that distinguishing between whether someone is a lead or rhythm guitarist is a distinction worth making in Wikipedia, if the distinction exists in reality.  For instance, Izzy Stradlin  and Malcolm Young are identified as rhythm guitarists in their articles, and in the articles about Guns N' Roses and AC/DC (their respective bands).  That said, I don't know whether those members of Def Leppard that you mentioned are, in fact, lead or rhythm guitarists.  Not every band has the distinction.  For instance, Judas Priest had two lead guitarists. -- Cloud atlas (talk) 02:26, 21 February 2019 (UTC)

 * As credited on all their albums, Def Leppard does not have a "lead guitarist" and "Rhythm guitarist". Both are guitarists that share rhythm and lead parts. DLManiac (talk) 20:21, 3 March 2020 (UTC)

Def Leppard Discography
I do not see the Album "Retro Active" on the list. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Angelfeathers1 (talk • contribs) 04:09, 3 March 2020 (UTC)

 * It is in the discography article. Compilation albums are not typically listed in the main article for an artist. electrics Bahiagrass everywhere  16:28, 3 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Correct, as a compilation album, it is not listed under the studio albums. DLManiac (talk) 20:19, 3 March 2020 (UTC)

Merger discussion
I propose that Hysteria – The Def Leppard Story be merged into this page. It's been tagged as unsourced for over a decade, and if the WP:OR were removed there would be virtually nothing left. ~dom Kaos~ (talk) 10:33, 9 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Support in general, but omit [most of] the unsourced details in the transfer. -Fnlayson (talk) 14:51, 9 October 2020 (UTC)

 * No dissent so I've been bold: if anyone has any subsequent objections, they can revisit the issue here. ~dom Kaos~ (talk) 18:13, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Lead overly detailed
The lead dwells too much on the chart performance without describing the overall impact of the albums. Some of these details are relevant but should be moved to the main body under each respective album. Objections? Leoseliv (talk) 13:02, 9 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Makes complete sense to me, if you're still around and willing to do it. The lede should be a concise intro to the article, nothing more. – AndyFielding (talk) 09:55, 25 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Yes, the Lead needs shortening including chart position details that you mention. FYI, I just tagged the Lead as being too long. -Fnlayson (talk) 01:51, 26 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Soft Disagree. The article overall is very long, and the length and detail in the lead are warranted. The kind of detail may indeed be debatable. JackTheSecond (talk) 14:36, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

Original lineup
According to Brittanica the original lineup was Pete Willis, Rick Savage, Joe Elliott, and Tony Kenning. (source: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Def-Leppard)

In his book My Time With Def Leppard and Other Bands (Ranmoor Park, 2021, ISBN 978-1999695415) Kennings affirms that he was one of the founding members. In an interview with Howard Pressmann broadcast on BBC Radio Sheffield on 7 July 2022 he recounted how he reluctantly left the band, due to family circumstances, sixteen months after it was formed. 88.142.204.148 (talk) 14:47, 7 July 2022 (UTC)

Does this make sense?
"As one of the world's best-selling music artists, Def Leppard have sold more than 100 million records worldwide"

I'm not sure putting it like that really makes sense. It almost sounds as if they were best-selling artists before they sold 100 million records. I changed it to "sold more than 100 million records worldwide, making them one of the world's best-selling music artists", but it got reverted.

Does anybody agree/disagree with me on this? Dornwald (talk) 17:19, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Disagree, the quoted text listed at the top is fine and does not have to be 'corrected' imo. -Fnlayson (talk) 17:33, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

Rick Savage article missing
Apparently, Rick Savage’s article is completely missing and always redirects to the main Def Leppard article. Anyone know how to fix this? 66.56.173.11 (talk) 01:18, 20 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Someone redirected it to the Def Leppard page. I restored it. They can put it through AfD if they want the article deleted. Angryapathy (talk) 14:24, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Def Leppard


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Perry Como

Pierino Ronald "Perry" Como (May 18, 1912 – May 12, 2001) was an American singer, actor, and television personality. During a career spanning more than half a century, he recorded exclusively for RCA Victor for 44 years, from 1943 until 1987. "Mr. C.", as he was nicknamed, reportedly sold over 100 million records worldwide  and pioneered a weekly musical variety television show. His weekly television shows and seasonal specials were broadcast throughout the world. He recorded primarily vocal pop and was renowned for recordings in the intimate, easy-listening genre pioneered by multimedia star Bing Crosby. In the official RCA Records Billboard magazine memorial, his life was summed up in these few words: "50 years of music and a life well lived. An example to all."

Como received five Emmys from 1955 to 1959, and a Christopher Award in 1956. He also shared a Peabody Award with good friend Jackie Gleason in 1956. He received a Kennedy Center Honor in 1987 and was inducted into the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Hall of Fame in 1990. Posthumously, Como received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2002 and was inducted into the Long Island Music Hall of Fame in 2006. He has the distinction of having three stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work in radio, television, and music.

Early years
Como was born in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, about 20 mi southwest of Pittsburgh. He was the seventh of 13 children and the first American-born child of Pietro Como (1877–1945) and Lucia Travaglini (1883–1961), who both emigrated to the US in 1910 from the Abruzzese town of Palena, Italy. He did not begin speaking English until he entered school, since the Comos spoke Italian at home. The family had a second-hand organ his father had bought for $3; as soon as Como was able to toddle, he would head to the instrument, pump the bellows, and play music he had heard.

Pietro, a mill hand and an amateur baritone, had all his children take music lessons even if he could barely afford them. In a rare 1957 interview, Como's mother, Lucia, described how her young son also took on other jobs to pay for more music lessons; Como learned to play many different instruments, but never had a voice lesson. He showed more musical talent in his teenaged years as a trombone player in the town's brass band, playing guitar, singing at weddings, and as an organist at church. Como was a member of the Canonsburg Italian Band along with bandleader Stan Vinton, father of singer Bobby Vinton and often a customer at Como's barber shop.

Como started helping his family at age 10, working before and after school in Steve Fragapane's barber shop for 50¢ a week. By age 13, he had graduated to having his own chair in the Fragapane barber shop, although he stood on a box to tend to his customers. Also around this time, Como lost his week's wages in a dice game. Filled with shame, he locked himself in his room and did not come out until hunger got the better of him. He managed to tell his father what had happened to the money his family depended on. His father told him he was entitled to make a mistake and that he hoped his son would never do anything worse than this.

When Como was 14, his father became unable to work because of a severe heart condition. Como and his brothers became the support of the household.

Despite his musical ability, Como's primary ambition was to become the best barber in Canonsburg. Practicing on his father, he mastered the skills well enough to have his own shop at age 14. One of Como's regular customers at the barber shop owned a Greek coffeehouse that included a barber shop area, and asked Como whether he would like to take over that portion of his shop. Como had so much work after moving to the coffeehouse, he had to hire two barbers to help. His customers worked mainly at the nearby steel mills. They were well-paid, did not mind spending money on themselves, and enjoyed Como's song renditions. He did especially well when one of his customers would marry. The groom and his men would avail themselves of every treatment Como and his assistants had to offer. Como sang romantic songs while busying himself with the groom as the other two barbers worked with the rest of the groom's party. During the wedding preparation, the groom's friends and relatives would come into the shop with gifts of money for Como. He became so popular as a "wedding barber" in the Greek community that he was asked to provide his services in Pittsburgh and throughout Ohio.

Freddy Carlone and Ted Weems
In 1932, Como left Canonsburg, moving about 100 miles away to Meadville, Pennsylvania, where his uncle had a barber shop in the Hotel Conneaut. About 80 miles from Cleveland, it was a popular stop on the itinerary for dance bands who worked up and down the Ohio Valley. Como, his girlfriend Roselle, and their friends had gone to nearby Cleveland; their good times took them to the Silver Slipper Ballroom, where Freddy Carlone and his orchestra were playing. Carlone invited anyone who thought he might have talent to come up and sing with his band. Como was terrified, but his friends urged him and pushed him onto the stage. Carlone was so impressed with Como's performance that he immediately offered him a job.

Como was not certain if he should accept Carlone's offer, so he returned to Canonsburg to talk the matter over with his father. Como expected his father would tell him to stay in the barber business, but to his surprise, his father said if he did not take the opportunity, he might never know whether or not he could be a professional singer. The decision was also made with an eye on finances; at this time, Como was earning around $125 per week from his barber shop, while the job with Carlone paid $28 per week. Roselle was willing to travel with her fiancé and the band, but the salary was not enough to support two people on the road. Perry and Roselle were married in Meadville on July 31, 1933; four days later, Como joined Carlone's band and began working with them. Roselle returned home to Canonsburg; Como would be on the road for the next 18 months. Three years after joining Carlone, Como moved to Ted Weems's Orchestra and his first recording dates. Como and Weems met in 1936 while the Carlone orchestra was playing in Warren, Ohio. Como initially did not take the offer to join Weems's orchestra. Apparently realizing it was the best move for Como, Carlone selflessly urged him to sign with Weems. Art Jarrett had just left the Weems organization to start his own band. Weems was in need of a vocalist; Como got a raise. Weems paid him $50 per week, his first chance for nationwide exposure. Weems and his orchestra were based in Chicago and were regulars on The Jack Benny Program and Fibber McGee and Molly. The Weems band also had its own weekly radio program on the Mutual Broadcasting System during 1936–1937.

From the show, Como acquired polish and his own style with Weems's help. Mutual's Chicago affiliate, WGN radio, threatened to stop carrying the Weems broadcasts from Chicago's Palmer House if his new singer did not improve. Weems had recordings of some of his previous radio programs; one evening he and Como listened to them, and Como was shocked to realize no one could understand the lyrics when he sang. Weems told Como there was no need for him to resort to vocal tricks; what was necessary was to sing from the heart.

Como's first recording with the Weems band was a novelty tune called "You Can't Pull the Wool Over My Eyes", recorded for the Decca Records label in May 1936. During one of Como's early Decca recording sessions with the Weems orchestra, Weems was told to get rid of "that kid" (Como) because he sounded too much like Bing Crosby, who also recorded for Decca. Before Como could reply, Weems spoke up, saying Como was part of the session or it was over. By the time Como had been with Weems about a year, he was mentioned in a 1937 Life magazine NBC Radio ad for Fibber McGee and Molly as "causing cardiac flutters with his crooning". The weekly radio show, Beat the Band, which ran on NBC from 1940-1944, was a "stump the band"-type musical quiz show on which Weems and his orchestra were featured from 1940 to 1941.

RCA Victor and radio

The Comos' first child, Ronnie, was born in 1940, while the Weems band was working in Chicago. Como left to be at his wife's side, though he was threatened with dismissal if he did so. Though Como was now making $250 a week and travel expenses for the family were no problem, Ronnie could not become used to a normal routine when they were unable to stay in one place for a period of time. The radio program Beat the Band did not always originate from Chicago, but was often broadcast from other cities such as Milwaukee, Denver, and St. Louis. The band continued to play road engagements while part of the program was broadcast. Como decided life on the road was no place to raise a child, and Roselle and the baby went back to Canonsburg.

In late 1942, Como decided to quit the Weems band, even if it meant giving up singing. Weary of life on the road and missing his wife and son, he returned to Canonsburg, his family, and his trade. Como received an offer to become a Frank Sinatra imitator, but chose to keep his own style. While Como was negotiating for a store lease to reopen a barber shop, he received a call from Tommy Rockwell at General Artists Corporation, who also represented Weems. Como fielded many other calls that also brought offers, but he liked and trusted Rockwell, who was offering him his own sustaining (unsponsored) Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) radio show and promising to get him a recording contract. The offers were also appealing because it meant staying put in New York with no more road tours. As Como pondered the job offer, Roselle told him, "You can always get another barber shop if it doesn't work out!" Until the radio show and recording contract offers, he did not view singing as his true career, believing the years with Carlone and Weems had been enjoyable but now it was time to get back to work. Como said in a 1983 interview, "I thought I'd have my fun and I'd go home to work."

Perry made his debut radio broadcast for CBS on March 12, 1943. Rockwell's next move was to book Como into the renowned Copacabana nightclub for two weeks beginning on June 10, 1943. At this same time, RCA Victor was looking for a crooner to compete with Sinatra and Crosby; Como signed his first recording contract with RCA Victor and three days after that, cut his first record for the company, "Goodbye, Sue". It was the beginning of a professional relationship that lasted for 44 years. He became a very successful performer in theater and nightclub engagements; Como's initial two weeks at the Copacabana in June stretched into August. Sinatra would sometimes call Como and ask him to fill in for him at his Paramount Theater performances.

The crooning craze was at its height during this time, and the "bobby soxer" and "swooner" teenaged girls who were wild about Sinatra added Como to their list. A "swooners" club voted Perry "Crooner of the Year" in 1943. The line for a Perry Como Paramount performance was three deep and wound around the city block. Como's popularity also extended to a more mature audience when he played the Versailles and returned to the Copacabana, where the management placed "SRO-Swooning Ruled Out" cards on their tables.

Doug Storer, who was an advertising manager with the Blackman Company at the time, became convinced of Como's abilities after hearing him on his unsponsored CBS Radio show. Storer produced a demonstration radio program recording with Como and the Mitchell Ayres Orchestra, which he brought to the advertising agency that handled the Chesterfield Cigarettes account. Initially, the agency liked the format of the show, but wanted someone else as the star, asking Storer to obtain the release of the singer they preferred, so he would be free for their new program. Storer decided to do nothing about getting the singer released from his contract. When he was contacted by the agency some weeks later, saying they were ready to put the program on the air on NBC, Storer bluntly told them the man for their show was the man they had heard on the demo recording. The program was scheduled to make its debut in a week; the only option was to hire Como for the show. Storer then arranged for Como's release from his CBS contract. On December 11, 1944, he moved from CBS to NBC for a new radio program, Chesterfield Supper Club.

The April 5, 1946, broadcasts of the Chesterfield Supper Club took place 20,000 feet in the air; these were the first known instances of a complete radio show being presented from an airplane. Como, Jo Stafford, the Lloyd Shaffer Orchestra, and the entire "Supper Club" crew made the flights for the shows. Two "Supper Club" broadcast flights were made that evening: at 6 pm and again at 10 pm for the West Coast broadcast of the show. Three flights were made; an earlier rehearsal flight was made for reception purposes. In addition to the band instruments, the plane also carried a small piano. Because the stand-held microphones were not very useful on the plane, hand-held mikes were used, but they became extremely heavy to hold after a few minutes. This mid-air performance caused the American Federation of Musicians to consider this a new type of engagement and issue a special set of rates for it.

From 1989 until his death in 2001, Como co-hosted a weekly syndicated radio show with John Knox called Weekend With Perry.

Como in concert
Como had not made a nightclub appearance in 26 years when he accepted an engagement at the International Hotel in Las Vegas in June 1970, which also resulted in his first "live" album, Perry Como in Person at the International Hotel, Las Vegas. Ray Charles, whose Ray Charles Singers were heard with Como for over 35 years, formed a special edition of the vocal group for Como's Vegas opening. Como had last appeared at New York's Copacabana in 1944. Como continued to do periodic engagements in Las Vegas and Lake Tahoe, limiting his nightclub appearances to Nevada.

Performing live again brought Como a new sense of enjoyment. In May 1974, he embarked on his first concert appearance outside the U.S., a show at the London Palladium for the Variety Club of Great Britain to aid children's charities. It was here where he discovered what he had been missing when the audience cheered for ten minutes after he walked onstage. At the show's end, Como sat in a chair, delightedly chatting back and forth with his equally delighted fans. Perry returned to the United Kingdom in November for a Royal Variety Performance to benefit the Entertainment Artistes' Benevolent Fund with Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother in attendance. Como was invited to visit Buckingham Palace the day after the show. At first, the invitation did not extend to his associates traveling and working with him, and Como politely declined. When word reached the Palace regarding the reason for Perry's turning down the invitation, it was then extended to include the entire Como party and Como accepted. Soon after, he announced his first concert tour that began in the UK in the spring of 1975.

In 1982, Como and Frank Sinatra were invited to entertain Italian President Sandro Pertini at a White House state dinner when he made an official visit. President Pertini enjoyed their performance enough to join them in singing "Santa Lucia". The pair reprised this routine the next year in California as part of the entertainment for Queen Elizabeth's Royal visit. Perry was on the program by special request of the Queen.

In 1984, Como traveled the US with his 50th Anniversary tour. Having spent most of his professional life in radio or recording studios and on television soundstages, he was enjoying doing live performances. Even after his 80th birthday, Como continued the concert tours. Gone, however, were the cardigan sweaters which had been a staple of his weekly television shows, and which he had actually hated wearing. Como now performed in a tuxedo, saying, "It shows respect for the audience."

The return to live appearances also provided Como with an opportunity to have a little fun with his "Mister Nice Guy" image in a song Ray Charles and Nick Perito, his closest collaborator since 1963, wrote and composed for him: "It doesn't take a guy equipped with ESP To see what's cookin' with your curiosity! Is 'Mister Nice Guy' just a press agent's pitch? His dearest friends say he's a ... You never thought you'd see me in Las Vegas 'live' I haven't played a 'club' since 1885! It's spelled out in dollar signs (you better believe it!) I can almost read your minds!"

Vocal characteristics
Como credited Bing Crosby for influencing his voice and style. Como's voice is known for its good-natured vocal acrobatics as portrayed in his novelty songs such as "Hot Diggity (Dog Ziggity Boom)", but there was another side to Como. Music critic Gene Lees describes it in his sleeve note to Como's 1968 album Look To Your Heart: Despite his immense popularity, Como is rarely given credit for what, once you stop and think of it, he so clearly is: one of the great singers and one of the great artists of our time.

Perhaps the reason people rarely talk about his formidable attributes as a singer is that he makes so little fuss about them. That celebrated ease of his has been too little understood. Ease in any art is the result of mastery over the details of the craft. You get them together to the point where you can forget about how you do things and concentrate on what you are doing. Como got them together so completely that the muscles don't even show. It seems effortless, but a good deal of effort has gone into making it seem so. Como is known to be meticulous about rehearsal of the material for an album. He tries things out in different keys, gives the song thought, makes suggestions, tries it again, and again, until he is satisfied. The hidden work makes him look like Mr. Casual, and too many people are taken in by it—but happily so.

—Gene Lees, sleeve note, Look To Your Heart

Film career
Como's Hollywood-type good looks earned him a seven-year contract with 20th Century-Fox in 1943. He made four films for Fox, Something for the Boys (1944), March of Time (1945), Doll Face (1945), and If I'm Lucky (1946). He also appeared in a single film for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Words and Music (1948). Como never appeared to be truly comfortable in films, feeling the roles assigned him did not match his personality.

A Hollywood press agent sought to alter Como's life story by changing his previous occupation from barber to coal miner, claiming it would make for better press. Fred Othman, a Hollywood columnist, publicly stated that he believed Como the barber was just a publicity gimmick. Como gave him a shave and haircut at the Fox Studios barber shop to prove him wrong. In 1985, Como related the story of his first film role experience in Something for the Boys. He sat ready to work in his dressing room for two weeks without being called. Como spent the next two weeks playing golf, still not missed by the studio. It was five weeks before he was actually called to the set, despite the studio's initial urgent report for work notice. When Como finally appeared, the director had no idea who he was.

At the time Como was signed, musical films were on the wane and he became a studio contract player, where the actors or actresses worked only when the studio needed to fill out a schedule. Though his last film, Words and Music, was made for prestigious Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Como fared no better. Less than two weeks before the film's release, Walter Winchell wrote in his syndicated column, "Someone at MGM must have been dozing when they wrote the script for Words and Music. In most of the film Perry Como is called Eddie Anders and toward the end (for no reason) they start calling him Perry Como." Como asked for and received a release from the remainder of his MGM contract later the same year. Quoting Como, "I was wasting their time and they were wasting mine."

Como's comments during a 1949 interview were prophetic, as far as his success was concerned. At the time he was doing the Chesterfield Supper Club on radio and TV, "Television is going to do me a lot more personal good than the movies ever have ... The reason should be obvious. On television, I'm allowed to be myself; in pictures, I was always some other guy. I come over like just another bum in a tuxedo." After he began appearing regularly on television, Como was offered some film roles that interested him, but there was never enough time to pursue any film work.

Early years: 1948–1955
Como made the move to television when NBC initially televised the Chesterfield Supper Club radio program on December 24, 1948. A guest on that first show was Como's eight-year-old son, Ronnie, as part of a boys' choir singing "Silent Night" with his father. The show was the usual Friday night Chesterfield Supper Club with an important exception—it was also being broadcast on television. The experimental simulcast was to continue for three Friday "Supper Club" shows, but had gone so well, NBC decided to extend the televised version through August 1949. Years later, Como admitted to being scared and feeling awkward initially but somehow managed to just be himself. Said Como, "You can't act on TV. With me, what you see is what you get." While still in its experimental phase, Como and the television show survived an on location broadcast in Durham, North Carolina, on April 15, 1949.

On September 8, 1949, it became a weekly half-hour offering on Sunday nights, directly opposite Ed Sullivan's Toast of the Town. In 1950, Como moved to CBS and the show's title was changed to The Perry Como Chesterfield Show, again sponsored by Liggett & Myers' Chesterfield cigarettes. Como hosted this informal 15-minute musical variety series on Monday, Wednesday and Friday, following the CBS Television News. The Faye Emerson Show was initially broadcast in the same time slot on Tuesday and Thursday. By 1952, it was evident that television would replace radio as the major entertainment medium. Gary Giddins, the biographer of Bing Crosby, said in 2001, "He (Como) came from this whole generation of crooners—Crosby and Sinatra, but he was the only one of them who figured out TV." Como's 15-minute TV show was simulcast on radio via the Mutual Broadcasting System beginning August 24, 1953; while the Chesterfield Supper Club broadcasts were simulcast on radio and television, this was the first instance of a simulcast between two networks.

Como's CBS contract was to expire on July 1, 1955. The year before, he had been asked to be the master of ceremonies and narrator of the NBC Radio 35th anniversary special. That April, Perry Como signed a 12-year "unbreakable" contract with NBC. On his last CBS show, June 24, 1955, Como was in high spirits, bringing all those who worked off camera on the air for introductions. Como tried his hand at camera work, getting a picture on the air but one that was upside-down. In appreciation for the 11-year association, his sponsor, Chesterfield, presented him with all the musical arrangements used during this time as a parting gift.

Sing to me, Mr. C.: 1955–1959
He moved back to NBC with The Perry Como Show, a weekly hour-long variety show featuring additional musical and production numbers, comedy sketches and guest stars premiering September 17, 1955. This version of his show was also so popular that, in the 1956–1957 television season, it reached ninth in the Nielsen ratings: the only show on NBC that season to land in the top ten. Como's "Dream Along With Me" became the show's opening theme song, "Mr. C." received the first of many "stacks and stacks of letters" requesting him to sing a specific song. It was also here where he began wearing his trademark cardigan sweaters. The "Sing to me, Mr. C." segment with Como seated on a stool singing viewer requested songs had its roots in the first television broadcasts of Chesterfield Supper Club. When cameras entered the "Supper Club" radio studio, they found Como and his guests sitting on stools behind music stands. The show's closing theme was, "You Are Never Far Away From Me".

Perry's announcer on the broadcasts, Frank Gallop, became a foil for Como's jokes. When the television show began, there was not enough room for Gallop to appear on stage; he was an invisible "voice from the clouds" until the show's 1958–1959 season. There was as much fun at rehearsals as on the show itself. Como's relaxed and fun-loving manner at rehearsals put many nervous guests at ease. It was common for Como to leave the Saturday-afternoon rehearsal for about a half-hour to go to confession. He managed to save some time by asking his music publisher, Mickey Glass, to wait in line for him at the confessional. Glass, who was Jewish, was most agreeable to this but wondered what to do if his turn came before Como arrived. Como thoroughly enjoyed his years working in television, saying in a 1989 interview, "I got a kick out of live television. The spontaneity was the fun of it." Spontaneity and the ability to be himself came in handy for swimmer/actress Esther Williams's guest appearance of March 16, 1957. A wardrobe malfunction meant that viewers were seeing more of Esther than 1950s television considered to be in good taste; more live show mishaps followed. At the show's end, Williams was swimming in a pool specially constructed on the set for her appearance. Como simply said, "Goodnight, folks," and leaped, fully clothed, into the swimming pool.

On December 17, 1955, viewers were able to see first-hand what Como did for a living before he was a professional singer. Actor Kirk Douglas was one of Como's television guests; Douglas had grown a beard for his Vincent van Gogh role in , which finished filming that week. Como shaved Douglas's beard live on national television. On September 15, 1956, the season premiere of The Perry Como Show was broadcast from NBC's new color television studio at the New York Ziegfeld Theatre, making it one of the first weekly color TV shows. In addition to this season premiere as a color television show, there was also a royal visit from Prince Rainier of Monaco and his bride of six months, Grace Kelly. Como competed with Jackie Gleason in what was billed as the "Battle of the Giants" and won. This is rarely mentioned, in part because Como commonly downplayed his achievements and because the two men were friends. The weekly ratings winner would phone the loser for some mock gloating. At the height of this television competition, Como asked Gleason a favor: to visit his home when his mother-in-law, a big Gleason fan, was there. Though Mrs. Belline spoke no English and Gleason no Italian, Roselle's mother was thrilled. Como's words to Gleason after the visit, "Anything you want, you got it. In fact, I'll even do one of your shows so the ratings will be better." Como was among those who filled in for Gleason on The Jackie Gleason Show in 1954 when the entertainer suffered a broken ankle and leg in an on-air fall.

An example of Como's popularity came in 1956, when Life conducted a poll of young women, asking them which man in public life most fit the concept of their ideal husband: it was Perry Como. A 1958 nationwide poll of U.S. teenagers found Como to be the most popular male singer, beating Elvis Presley, who was the winner of the previous year's poll. At one point, his television show was broadcast in at least 12 other countries.

Another way to judge the value of the Como show to the network can be found in the following: during sound checks at rehearsals, it was often difficult to hear Como's soft voice without having a large microphone ruin a camera shot. NBC had RCA design a microphone for the show—the RCA Type BK-10A—which was known as the "Como mic"; it was able to pick up Como's voice properly and was small enough not to interfere with camera shots.

Kraft Music Hall: 1959–1967
In 1959, Como signed a $25 million deal with Kraft Foods and moved to Wednesday nights, hosting Perry Como's Kraft Music Hall weekly for the next four years. Over the next four seasons, from 1963 to 1967, the series was presented as monthly specials alternating with Kraft Suspense Theatre, The Andy Williams Show, and finally The Road West. Como became the highest-paid performer in the history of television to that date, earning mention in the Guinness Book of World Records. Como himself took part in none of this; his production company, Roncom, named for son Ronald Como, handled the transaction along with all other Como business matters. Como also had control of the show which would replace his during the summer television hiatus. While "Mr. C." was having a holiday, viewers would see Perry Presents, beginning in 1959.

In late 1962, after the Cuban Missile Crisis had settled well enough to permit the evacuated servicemen's families to return to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara was eager to do more for morale there. He asked Como to bring his television show to the Naval base. Como and his cast and crew were at Guantanamo when the families of the armed forces began their return. The first entertainers to visit the base since the crisis, the Como show filmed there for eight days. Some highlights of the program, which was seen in the US on December 12, 1962, included Como's shaving a serviceman with a Castro-like beard and the enthusiastic participation when Perry asked for volunteers to come on stage to do the Twist with the lovely ladies who were part of the visiting dance troupe.

Filming for the Kraft Music Hall Christmas show that was aired on December 17, 1964, began at the Vatican November 7. By special permission of Pope Paul VI, Como and his crew were able to shoot segments in the Vatican gardens and other areas where cameras had never been permitted previously. The show featured the first television appearance of the Sistine Chapel Choir, and also the first time a non-choir member (Como) sang with them. The choir performed a Christmas hymn in Latin written by their director, Domenico Bartolucci, called "Christ Is Born", as part of their presentation. Como asked his associate, Ray Charles, to write English lyrics for the song, using it many times on both television shows and his Christmas albums. The Carpenters also recorded the song on their first Christmas album, Christmas Portrait.

Specials
Beginning in 1967, Como began reducing his TV appearances, gradually becoming limited to seasonal and holiday specials with the emphasis being on Christmas. Como had numerous Christmas television specials, beginning on Christmas Eve 1948, and continuing to 1994, when his final Christmas special was recorded in Ireland. They were recorded in many countries, including Israel, Mexico, and Canada, as well as many locations throughout the United States, including a Colonial America Christmas in Williamsburg, Virginia. The 1987 Christmas special was cancelled at the behest of an angry Como; the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) was willing to offer him only a Saturday 10 PM time slot for it three weeks before the holiday. Como filled the yearly gap for his fans with live Christmas concerts in various locations.

Como's final Christmas special was filmed in January 1994 in Dublin's Point Theatre before an audience of 4,500, including Irish President Mary Robinson and Como's friend, the actress Maureen O'Hara. Perry Como's Irish Christmas was a Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) production, made by an Irish independent production company in association with RTÉ. Como, appearing aged and unwell, had the flu during the show, which took four hours to record. At the show's conclusion, Como apologized to his Dublin audience for a performance he felt was not up to his usual standards. During his visit to Dublin, Como visited a barber shop called "The Como" on Thomas Street. The owners, lifelong fans who named their business in his honor, had sent photographs of the shop and letters to Como inviting him to visit. Photos of Como with the barbers were framed in the shop. "The Como" closed in 2002, but it remains a household name in The Liberties.

Marriage and family

In 1929, the 17-year-old Como met Roselle Belline at a picnic on Chartiers Creek that attracted many young people from the Canonsburg area. Como, who attended the cookout with another girl, did not spot Roselle until everyone was around the campfire singing and the gathering was coming to a close. When it came Como's turn to sing, he chose "More Than You Know", with his eyes on Roselle for the entire song. They were married July 31, 1933. They raised three children, Ronnie, David, and Terri. Because Como believed his professional life and his personal life should be kept separate, he declined repeated interview requests from Edward R. Murrow's Person to Person.

In 1946, Como moved to Flower Hill, New York.

In 1958, the Comos celebrated their silver wedding anniversary with a family trip to Italy. On the itinerary was an audience with Pope Pius XII. Como, who sat in a side wing of the Long Island church where he attended Sunday Mass in an effort to avoid attracting attention, was both puzzled and upset on returning home that photos from the visit made the newspapers throughout the world. A thorough check of the Como and NBC publicity offices found neither was responsible; the photos had been released by the Vatican's press department. When Perry and Roselle became Knight Commander and Lady Commander of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre in 1952, it was a news item only after Archbishop Fulton J. Sheen, who had been honored at the same ceremony, mentioned it some time later.

In 1971 while taping Perry Como's Winter Show in Hollywood, Como suffered a debilitating fall from a stage platform. X-rays showed no serious injury to his knee, but by the next morning it was swollen to twice its normal size. Como chartered a jet to his home and doctors in Florida, where a second exam showed the knee was seriously broken. His knee was re-set and placed in a cast; recuperation took eight months. In 1993, he was successfully treated for bladder cancer.

After 65 years of marriage, Roselle died August 12, 1998, at age 84. Como was devastated by her death.

Public persona
One of the many factors in his success was Como's insistence on his principles of good taste; if he considered something to be in bad or questionable taste, it was not in the show or broadcast. When a line written for Julius La Rosa about television personality Arthur Godfrey on The Perry Como Show was misconstrued, Como offered an on-air apology at the beginning of his next show, against the advice of his staff. While his performance of "Ave Maria" was a tradition of his holiday television programs, Como refused to sing it at live performances, saying, "It's not the time or place to do it", even though it was the number-one request of his audiences.

Another factor was his naturalness; the man on TV every week was the same person who could be encountered behind a supermarket shopping cart, at a bowling alley, or in a kitchen making breakfast. From his first Chesterfield Supper Club TV show, if scripts were written at all, they were based on Como's everyday manner of speaking. Though Como was widely known for his amiability, laid-back and easygoing style, he was not devoid of a temper, and it could be seen at times as a result of the frustrations of daily life. Mitchell Ayres, his musical director from 1948 - 1963, said, "Perry has a temper like everyone else. And he loses his temper at the normal things everyone else does. When we're driving, for instance, and somebody cuts him off, he really lets the offender have it."

Bing Crosby once described Como as "the man who invented casual". His preference for casual clothing did not keep him from being named one of the Best Dressed Men beginning in 1946, and continuing long after Como stopped appearing on weekly television. Como also had his own line of sports/casual men's clothing made by Bucknell c. early 1950s.

Hobbies
Perry was an avid and accomplished golfer; there was always time to try getting in a golf game. "Perry Como Putters" were sold by MacGregor, each stamped with a Como facsimile autograph. His colleagues held an annual Perry Como Golf Tournament to honor him and his love for the game. Como's guests on the October 3, 1962, broadcast were Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer, and Gary Player. The four golfers played 18 holes for the cameras at Sands Point, New York, where the Comos made their home in the television years. Como also enjoyed fishing and he could be found out on his boat almost daily after the family moved to Florida. Perry's catches would usually turn out to be the Como family's dinners. Como also used his boat as a rehearsal hall with pre-recorded instrumental tapes sent to him by RCA Victor. Como would work on material while he was waiting for the fish to bite. Having enjoyed golfing and fishing in the North Carolina mountains for several years, Como built a vacation home in Saluda, North Carolina, in 1980. He discouraged photos of his home, as it was his private place to get away from celebrity life.

Death
Como died in his sleep on May 12, 2001, at his home in Jupiter Inlet Colony, Florida, six days before his 89th birthday. He was reported to have suffered from symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Como's older son, Ronnie, and his daughter, Terri, could not agree on their interpretations of Como's 1999 living will and it became a matter for the courts in the year before his death. His funeral Mass took place at St. Edward's Catholic Church in Palm Beach, Florida. Como and his wife, Roselle, are buried at Riverside Memorial Park, Tequesta, Palm Beach County, Florida.

Discography
Studio albums

 * Perry Como Sings Merry Christmas Music (1946)
 * A Sentimental Date With Perry (1949)
 * TV Favorites (1952)
 * Hits from Broadway Shows (1953)
 * Around the Christmas Tree (1953)
 * I Believe ~ Songs of All Faiths Sung by Perry Como (1953)
 * So Smooth (1955)
 * We Get Letters (1957)
 * Saturday Night with Mr. C (1958)
 * When You Come to the End of the Day (1958)
 * Como Swings (1959)
 * Seasons Greetings from Perry Como (1959)
 * For The Young At Heart (1961)
 * Sing to Me Mr. C (1961)
 * By Request (1962)
 * The Best of Irving Berlin's Songs from Mr. President (1962)
 * The Songs I Love (1963)
 * The Scene Changes (1965)
 * Lightly Latin (1966)
 * Perry Como In Italy (1966)
 * The Perry Como Christmas Album (1968)
 * Look to Your Heart (1968)
 * Seattle (1969)
 * It's Impossible (1970)
 * I Think of You (1971)
 * And I Love You So (1973)
 * Perry (1974)
 * Just Out of Reach (1975)
 * The Best of British (1977)
 * Where You're Concerned (1978)
 * Perry Como (1980)
 * So It Goes / Goodbye for Now (1983)
 * Today (1987)

Awards
Como received the 1959 Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance, Male; five Emmys from 1955 to 1959; a Christopher Award (1956) and shared a Peabody Award with good friend Jackie Gleason in 1956. He was inducted into the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Hall of Fame in 1990  and received a Kennedy Center Honor in 1987. Posthumously, Como received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2002; he was inducted into the Long Island Music Hall of Fame in 2006. Como has the distinction of having three stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work in radio, television, and music.

Tributes
In the official RCA Records Billboard memorial, his life was summed up in these words: "50 years of music and a life well lived. An example to all." Composer Ervin Drake said of him, "... [o]ccasionally someone like Perry comes along and won't 'go with the flow' and still prevails in spite of all the bankrupt others who surround him and importune him to yield to their values. Only occasionally."

Hometown honors
Canonsburg has always been very proud to be the birthplace of Perry Como; the local newspaper of the time, Canonsburg Daily Notes, seems to have been the first to write an article about him. Their edition of July 19, 1934, featured a photo and the following: "A young Canonsburg boy threatens to snatch the crown from Bing Crosby's head. Perry Como, son of Mr. and Mrs. Pietro Como of 530 Franklin Ave. is said to have one of the grandest baritone voices in the country." The borough honored him three times over the course of his life. The first of these events took place September 14, 1946, when Third Street, where Perry worked in the barber shop of Steve Fragapane, was renamed "Perry Como Avenue". Perry, Roselle, and Como's mother, Lucy, attended the ceremonies and banquet held at the State Armory.

A second ceremony marking Perry Como Day took place August 24, 1977, but the most ambitious project began in 1997 – a statue of the singer. The planned statue had the blessing of Como's wife, Roselle, who died the year before it was unveiled on May 15, 1999. As part of the festivities, Como's stool and music stand from The Perry Como Show and the equipment he used at Steve Fragapane's barber shop were donated to the borough. Como was not present at the unveiling because of poor health. The inscription on the base, "To This Place God Has Brought Me", was a favorite saying of Como's; the musical feature was added in 2002.

The Como celebration crossed the Atlantic in August 2002. Palena, Italy, the birthplace of Como's parents, had a long-standing week-long festival in honor of the singer. A smaller version of the statue was taken to Palena by the mayor of Canonsburg, Anthony Colaizzo. Perry's son, David, and his wife were also in attendance when the town of Palena renamed a street for Como. Dating from these ceremonies, there is a marble plaque on a Palena town wall stating that Pietro and Lucia Como, parents of Perry Como, emigrated from this village to the United States.

Perry Como never forgot Canonsburg. One of the things he did to give a helping hand to his home town was to convince RCA to open a record-pressing plant there. Those who needed to raise funds for local projects like Boys' and Girls' Clubs found him always ready to do whatever was needed.

In 2007, the local McDonald's was rebuilt. The building includes memorabilia of Como and another Canonsburg native, Bobby Vinton. A children's playground in Canonsburg on Giffin Avenue is also named for Como. In downtown Canonsburg, all of the tree grates are marked with information about the records that sold a million copies and the town clock hourly plays one of the hits of Como (141), Vinton (44), or the Four Coins (7), also from Canonsburg.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Perry Como


text:
Talk:1 E21

Could a mathematician take a look at 1 E21. Doesn't the number actually belong at 1 E22? Or maybe Order of magnitude (numbers)? Evercat 21:06 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I'm almost certain that 7*1022 is bigger than 1022, I'll change the range to from 1021 to 1024... כסיף Cyp 21:47 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)~

title: Talk:1 E21


text:
Daniel Howard (rugby league)

Daniel Howard (born December 13, 1984) is a rugby league player who plays for the Wentworthville Magpies in the Intrust Super Premiership. He also plays for the United States national rugby league team, where he was named in the 2013 Rugby League World Cup qualifying squad.

Daniel Howard's position of choice is a or a.

Background
Howard was born in Los Angeles, California, United States. He is the brother of fellow U.S. international Steve Howard. In 2015, Daniel played for the United States in their 2017 Rugby League World Cup qualifiers.

title: Daniel Howard (rugby league)


text:
UIC

UIC may refer to:

Computing

 * Uranium Information Centre, a defunct website sponsored by uranium mining companies
 * User identification code, the user number of the Files-11 file system in the RSX-11 operating system

Education

 * University of Illinois Chicago, a public four-year university in Chicago, Illinois, United States
 * UIC Flames, the intercollegiate athletic program of the University of Illinois Chicago
 * Underwood International College, an affiliated department of Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
 * United International College, a public liberal arts college in Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
 * University of the Immaculate Conception, a private Catholic institution in Davao City, Philippines

Government

 * Uganda Insurance Commission, a government agency
 * Unit Identification Code, an alphanumeric code used by the United States Department of Defense
 * Underground Injection Control Program, a U.S. environmental regulatory program

Organisations

 * International Union of Railways (Union Internationale des Chemins de fer), an international rail transport industry body
 * UEFA Intertoto Cup, an association football tournament for member clubs of UEFA
 * Union of Islamic Courts, an armed group in Somalia, now called the "Supreme Islamic Courts Council"
 * United Industrial Corporation Ltd, a Singapore real estate holding company owned by JG Summit Holdings
 * Uttarakhand Information Commission, a state government organisation of Uttarakhand, India

title: UIC


text:
User talk:JohnCastle

By the way, according to, the tracks are in a slightly different order than mentioned in the Black Sabbath (album) article you created, and it doesn't mention the harmonica on that site, I can't tell if it's just the site that's inaccurate.

Also, all the sources I can find list slightly different lengths for the tracks in your article, High N' Dry. What is your source for the information, by the way? כסיף Cyp 17:01 26 Jul 2003 (UTC)

High 'N' Dry times comes from the cassette album notes (I bought this album a long time ago)

Sabbath is going to need updating coz my copy (NEMS NEK 6002) is different from all of their listings (The list I've given is definately correct and not like any of theirs. Open a can of worms.... The harmonica reference was pure cut 'n' paste 62.30.238.102 20:21 26 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Ok, thanks, just checking, suppose you have the fourth version the site mentioned, but didn't give details about. כסיף Cyp 22:17 26 Jul 2003 (UTC)

(19308) 1996 TO66
Your article uses the wrong link to degree, when it should use degree. Ian Cairns 00:18, 2 August 2005 (UTC) Cheers - fixed JohnCastle 00:30, August 2, 2005 (UTC)

Hummingbirds
I classify hummingbirds into Trochilinae (child of Trochiliformes), because there is only a family in Trochiliformes, and it is easier to jump it. It'd be a bit odd to have families listed in category:Birds by classificationCirceus 22:45, August 17, 2005 (UTC)

Apodiformes etc.
While I appreciate your help with Apodiformes (and taxo-categorization in general), you have slightly overstepped by stating the you followed CFD: There have not been any decisions taken so far, and I hadn't even posted a request related to it yet. Aditionnally, since we follow different scheme to categorize articles (and find those who need to be recategorized), we generate differing organizations and edit conflicts. If you really want to assist me, I'll be more than happy to explain my mode of working and we can debate the nest way to organize bird species, but for the time being, please refrain from doing such editing. Circeus 23:50, August 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Right now I can't be online too long, so I'll have to postpone a detailed explanation to another occasion. Circeus 00:43, August 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, and if you could refrain from moving more things into category:Birds by classification, I'd appreciate it. I wait 'till i've done a whole section before moving it in order to make yet-to-do orders and families easier to spot... Circeus 05:22, August 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * Podicipediformes and Trochiliformes are already done. My system is to work through articles, rather than categories, that way you're sure not to miss anything.

lists into bulleted lists.
 * Make sure that genus, family and order articles are classified with "|*]]" after the category name.
 * It is unnecessary to repeat the notice from category:Birds by classification.
 * I create categories as long as there is at least 2 articles to move in the category, if not, I leave articles to the next level.
 * I also take the advantage to correct taxoboxes, if there are errors (notably bolded or unliked genera names for genera that are not monospecific, or incorrect use of Taxobox section subdivision for Taxobox genus entry+Taxobox authority new, I also create it where it's misssing).
 * I also turn the Taxobox section subdivision
 * You'll frequently find overly long lists in genera and family articles showing the "relationship with other families as follow", these should be reduced to the appropriate part, see for example new world quails
 * While you're at it, add bird-stub whenever appropriate.
 * Most of the time, the edits should only be minor, I use "Taxo-categorization" to encompass the classification, adding notes for other aditionnal edits.
 * English names. English names may be appropriate for genera (category:coots), but only if
 * The name cover all, or almost all species of the genus
 * the name is not used for species of other genera
 * An exception is category:Auks
 * In the same veins, sometimes it can be simpler to break up a family according to vernacular names, such as in category:rallidae
 * English names might still be kept (category:Herons), as since this handling is a bit unwieldy, I'm considering a later category:birds by names, with listings like Herons, Auks and so on, rather than orders.

 * I think that covers most of it now. In case of doubts, do not refrain from asking! Circeus 13:53, August 18, 2005 (UTC)

Oh yeah, one last thing: Most taxo-categorization can be safely labelled as minor edits. People like when edits are properly labelled XD.Circeus 20:28, August 18, 2005 (UTC)

I've posted at WP:TOL about Sapayoa. For the purpose of sorting, I think just Passeriformes looks good. A few more things about taxoboxes:
 * Single species genera are bold, for details, see WP:TX.
 * If a family contains only a genus, the genus is not linked in species articles. (though whether the genus or family should be linked is uncertain, at any rates, only one is needed, since they likely redirect to a single article)
 * The species entry should be in the form "X. yyyy" (aka capital abbreviated genus and small species epithet, though I think you've noticed it)

I'll continue monitoring for a while, if only because I have a hunch we're not through problem with Passeriformes (it IS the large bird order, after all XD)Circeus 22:53, August 18, 2005 (UTC)

woodcreepers
I'm not sure the move from Woodcreepers to Dendrocolaptidae was really necessary. I try to keep these moves to a minimum. Circeus 23:54, August 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * I mean that the term seems to be already applied only to birds of that family (with the exception of scythebills, which are limited to genus Campylorhamphus )Circeus 00:00, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

Important
Before performing any more taxo-categorization, could you have a look at this extremely relevant TOL discussion. Circeus 23:43, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

Grallina
such redirects can be listed at User_talk:Gdr. Circeus 00:24, August 22, 2005 (UTC)

CfD
Hi, just wanted to let you know that if you want to nominate a category for deletion, you need to list it at WP:CFD in addition to adding the tag. Thanks! --Kbdank71 14:20, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Pitta (bird)
I'm sorry. We use "| ]]" at nl:. Ucucha|... 20:06, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Spandau Ballet - True.jpg
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cm
In a recent copyedit of Forest Elaenia you closed up 12.7 cm to 12.7cm. Most editors put the space in. I don't mind personally, but its irritating when the spaces come and go like yoyos. jimfbleak 16:43, 22 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I thought "12.7 cm long and weighs 12.2g" looked as if there was no standard for spaces between measurements, so I made them the same within the article. JohnCastle 16:47, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

Re: Speedy delete
Hi - I've deleted it now, based on your reason given on my talk page - thanks M a rtinp23 07:54, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

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38083 Rhadamanthus
I notice that when you created the page 38083 Rhadamanthus on 2 August 2005, you commented out your external link to The IAU circular announcing the discovery of the companion. You wrote, "I can't find an appropriate link!" Why did you leave in (and comment out) a link to the companion of 1998 WW31? I have removed the link since it does not seem to refer to the trans-Neptunian object in the article. -- Kheider 05:46, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

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Wikipedia Mobile Feedback
My name is Kenan. I am the product manager for Wikipedia Mobile. I'd love to ask you some questions and get your feedback on Wikipedia on mobile. This would be a great chance to affect the way that we build our website and apps. Let me know if you're interested: kwang@wikimedia.org

KWang (WMF) (talk) 23:33, 16 October 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

JavaScript RegExp problem
I noticed you have experience in JavaScript. I'm hoping you can help me with a problem I've run into writing a userscript.

Please see my post at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject JavaScript.

Thank you. The Transhumanist 12:21, 5 May 2017 (UTC)

Category:Icterus has been nominated for renaming
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Mygalomorphae

The Mygalomorphae, or mygalomorphs, are an infraorder of spiders, and comprise one of three major groups of living spiders with over 3,000 species, found on all continents except Antarctica. Many members are known as trapdoor spiders due to their creation of trapdoors over their burrows. Other prominent groups include Australian funnel web spiders and tarantulas, with the latter accounting for around one third of all mygalomorphs.

Description
This group of spiders comprises mostly heavy-bodied, stout-legged spiders including tarantulas, Australian funnel-web spiders, mouse spiders, and various families of spiders commonly called trapdoor spiders.

Like the "primitive" suborder of spiders Mesothelae, they have two pairs of book lungs, and downward-pointing chelicerae. Because of this, the two groups were once believed to be closely related. Later it was realised that the common ancestors of all spiders had these features (a state known as symplesiomorphy). Following the branching into the suborders of Mesothelae and Opisthothelae, the mygalomorphs retained them, while their fellow Opisthothelae members, the araneomorphs, evolved new "modern" features, including a cribellum and cross-acting fangs. Mesotheles retain the external abdominal segmentation of ancestral arachnids and have at least vestiges of four pairs of spinnerets, whereas mygalomorphs lack abdominal segmentation (like other opistotheles) and have a reduced number of spinnerets, often only two pairs.

Like spiders in general, most species of Mygalomorphae have eight eyes, one pair of principal and three pairs of secondary eyes.

Their chelicerae and fangs are large and powerful and have ample venom glands that lie entirely within their chelicerae. These weapons, combined with their size and strength, make Mygalomorph spiders powerful predators. Many of these spiders are well adapted to killing other large arthropods and will also sometimes kill small mammals, birds, and reptiles. Despite their fearsome appearance and reputation, most mygalomorph spiders are not harmful to humans, with the exception of the Australian funnel-web spiders, especially those of the genus Atrax.

While the world's biggest spiders are mygalomorphs – Theraphosa blondi has a body length of 10 cm and a leg span of 28 cm – some species are less than 1 mm long. Mygalomorphs are capable of spinning at least slightly adhesive silk, and some build elaborate capture webs that approach a metre in diameter.

Unlike Araneomorphae, which die after about a year, Mygalomorphae can live for up to 25 years, and some do not reach maturity until they are about six years old. Some flies in the family Acroceridae that are endoparasites of mygalomorphs may remain dormant in their book lungs for as long as 20 years before beginning their development and consuming the spider.

One female trapdoor spider, first recorded in a survey in 1974 in Western Australia, is known to have lived for 43 years.

Taxonomy
The name is derived from the Greek mygalē, meaning "shrew", plus morphē meaning form or shape. An older name for the group is Orthognatha, derived from the orientation of the fangs which point straight down and do not cross each other (as they do in the araneomorphs).

Evolution

Megarachne servinei was thought to be a giant mygalomorph from the Upper Carboniferous (about 350 million years ago), but was later found to be a eurypterid. The oldest known mygalomorph is Rosamygale grauvogeli, an avicularoid from the Triassic of northeastern France. No mygalomorphs from the Jurassic have yet been found.

The number of families and their relationships have both been undergoing substantial changes since a cladogram showing family relationships was published in 2005, with two significant studies in 2018. The division of Mygalomorphae into two superfamilies, Atypoidea and Avicularioidea, has been established in many studies. The Atypoidea retain some vestiges of abdominal segmentation in the form of dorsal tergites; the Avicularioidea lack these. Molecular phylogenetic studies undertaken between 2012 and 2017 have found somewhat different relationships within the Avicularioidea. Some families appear not to be monophyletic and further changes are possible in the future. Rosamygale belongs to Avicularioidea, based on the absence of an abdominal scutum and well-separated posterior lateral spinnerets.

Mygalomorphae tend to be highly morphologically conserved, which makes it difficult to find reliable morphological features to use for taxonomy. It has been hypothesized that because Mygalomorphae all tend to be fossorial and live in tubular webs, they are subjected to similar selective pressures, so most species should evolve in similar ways. Additionally, this may also mean that homoplasies are more likely to occur, further complicating taxonomy based on morphology.

Phylogeny
The relationships of taxa in the Mygalomorphae were restructured based on a comprehensive phylogenetic study by Opatova et al. (2020) The generic composition of the families Ctenizidae, Cyrtaucheniidae, Dipluridae, and Nemesiidae were relimited. Five subfamilies were raised to the rank of family: Anamidae, Euagridae, Ischnothelidae, Pycnothelidae, and Bemmeridae. Three new families were created: Entypesidae, Microhexuridae, and Stasimopidae. Lastly, a new subfamily, Australothelinae, was generated and placed in the family Euagridae.

The preferred cladogram from Optova et al. (2020) is:

Historical classification
In 1802, C. A. Walckenaer separated mygalomorph spiders into a separate genus, Mygale, leaving all other spiders in Aranea

In 1985, Robert Raven published a monograph of the Mygalomorphae in which he proposed an internal classification for the Mygalomorphae, based on morphological features. Opatova et al. (2020) commented "In short, much of today's classification scheme dates back to Raven (1985)". Raven used various compound ranks, such as "gigapicoorder" and "hyperpicoorder". Ignoring these unusual rank names, his classification can be shown diagrammatically:

Subsequent research, largely based on molecular phylogenetic studies, has not upheld some of Raven's groupings. In particular his primary division between Tuberculotae and Fornicephalae has been replaced by a very different division between Atypoidea (expanded from Raven's Atypoidina) and Avicularioidea, which has no counterpart in his system. As another example, the families Mecicobothriidae and Microstigmatidae, which Raven placed in Mecicobothrioidina (a "gigapicoorder"), are now placed very far apart in the Atypoidea and Avicularioidea respectively. Other groups, such as Crassitarsae and Domiothelina, are more recognizable, allowing for some changes in family circumscriptions.

Distribution
Most members of this infraorder occur in the tropics and subtropics, but their range can extend farther north, e.g. into the southern and western regions of the United States. Only a few occur in Europe: 12 species from the families Atypidae, Nemesiidae, Ctenizidae, Macrothelidae, Theraphosidae, and Cyrtaucheniidae.

Despite their limited current range, it is suggested that the Mygalomorphae were distributed worldwide before the breakup of Pangaea.

title: Mygalomorphae


text:
UIS

UIS may refer to:

 * Uis, a village in Erongo Region, Namibia
 * Underwater Inspection System, a component of the Underwater Port Security System developed for the United States Coast Guard
 * Universal Interactive Studios (now Vivendi Games)
 * University of Illinois Springfield, a public four-year university in the United States
 * Universidad Industrial de Santander, Colombia
 * University of Stavanger, a public research university in Norway
 * Union Internationale de Spéléologie, an international umbrella organization for caving and speleology
 * Unisys Corporation NYSE stock symbol
 * UIs, plural abbreviation of user interface
 * Uisai language, ISO 639-3 code
 * Umpire Information System, made by QuesTec and used for providing feedback and evaluation of Major League umpires
 * UNESCO Institute for Statistics

title: UIS


text:
Chelicerae

The chelicerae are the mouthparts of the subphylum Chelicerata, an arthropod group that includes arachnids, horseshoe crabs, and  sea spiders. Commonly referred to as "jaws", chelicerae may be shaped as either articulated fangs, or as a type of pincers. Some chelicerae, such as those found on nearly all spiders, are hollow and contain (or are connected to) venom glands, used to inject venom into prey or a perceived threat. Both pseudoscorpions and harvestmen have additional structures on their chelicerae that are used for grooming (papillae in pseudoscorpions, cheliceral teeth in Opiliones). In Paratrechalea, males and females have shown to have a chelicerae dimorphism, because the chelicerae is used as a mating signal for females.

Types
Chelicerae can be divided into three kinds: jackknife chelicerae, scissor chelicerae, and 3-segmented chelate chelicerae.

Jackknife chelicerae
The jackknife chelicera is subchelate (with fixed finger much reduced or absent) and is composed of two segments. This type of chelicera occurs exclusively in the Tetrapulmonata.

Jackknife chelicera are described in two different forms: orthognathous and labidognathous. Orthognathous chelicerae are articulated in a manner that enables movements of the appendages parallel to the body axis. This kind of chelicera occurs in the Liphistiomorphae and Mygalomorphae spiders and in the related orders Amblypygi, Schizomida and Uropygi. Labidognathous chelicerae move at right angles to the body axis. This kind of chelicera is rotated and occurs exclusively in the Araneomorphae spiders.

Spider chelicerae
The chelicerae consist of a base segment, sometimes called the "paturon", that articulates with the cephalothorax (or prosoma) and a fang portion that articulates with the base segment. Almost all spiders have venom glands and can inject the venom through openings near the tips of their fangs when biting prey. The glands that produce this venom are located in the two segments of the chelicerae, and, in most spiders, extend beyond the chelicerae and into the cephalothorax. The fang, the organic functional equivalent to a hypodermic needle is what penetrates the skin, fur, or exoskeleton of the spider's target—spider mouthparts are primarily intended for envenoming a spider's prey in most species, typically insects and other small arthropods. The basal portion includes all or part of the spider's venom glands, which can be squeezed to control the amount of venom forced out of the glands. Such control permits a spider to administer either a dry bite, a dose appropriate to the nature of the prey or enemy, or a maximal dose. The control is also necessary for actions such as the spitting of venomous silk by members of the family Scytodidae; they depend on that mechanism both in hunting and defence.

When a spider bites, the two parts of the chelicerae come together like a folding knife, and when making a threat display or actually preparing to bite, the spider will open the angle of the fangs with the basal portion of the chelicerae and also open the angle of the basal portion with the cephalothorax. In the tarantulas and other Mygalomorphae, the horizontal separation of the tips of the fangs does not change much, but in the other spiders the tips of the fangs move apart from each other as well as elevating. Even the tips of the fangs of the rather large spider shown above are quite sharp, and the spider's body is well adapted to driving the fangs into flesh. Some spider bites, such as those of the Sydney funnel-web spider, are reported to have penetrated toenails and soft leather shoes.

Uncate chelicerae
The uncate chelicera is chelate and composed of two segments and occurs in the orders Pseudoscorpiones, Solifugae, Ricinulei, and Araneae (e.g., brown recluse, cellar spider, and crevice weaving spider).

3-segmented chelate chelicerae
This is the primitive condition and occurs in arachnids such as the Scorpiones and the Opiliones, as well as in non-arachnid Chelicerata such as the Xiphosura and Eurypterida. The chelifores of the Pycnogonida may be homologous to chelicerae.

title: Chelicerae


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Lanark

Lanark (Lannraig ; Lanrik ) is a town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, located 20 kilometres to the south-east of Hamilton. The town lies on the River Clyde, at its confluence with Mouse Water. In 2016, the town had a population of 9,050.

Lanark has been a royal burgh since 1140, and was historically the county town of Lanarkshire, though in modern times this title belongs to Hamilton. Notable landmarks nearby include New Lanark, the Corra Linn and the site of Lanark Castle.

Lanark railway station and bus interchange have frequent services to Glasgow. There is little industry in Lanark and some residents commute to work in Glasgow and Edinburgh. Its shops serve the local agricultural community and surrounding villages. There is a large modern livestock auction market on the outskirts of the town.

History
The town's name is believed to come from the Cumbric Lanerc meaning "clear space, glade".

Lanark has served as an important market town since medieval times, and King David I made it a royal burgh in 1140, giving it certain mercantile privileges relating to government and taxation. David I realised that greater prosperity could result from encouraging trade. He decided to create a chain of new towns across Scotland. These would be centres of Norman civilisation in a largely Celtic country, and would be established in such a way as to encourage the development of trade within their area. These new towns were to be known as Burghs. Bastides were established in France for much the same reason.

When a site had been selected for a new town the King's surveyors would lay out an area for the town's market. Each merchant who came to the town was granted a plot of land (usually rent free for the first few years) bordering on the marketplace. These plots were known as feus or in royal burghs such as Lanark as burgages. Each burgage in a burgh was the same size, though the size varied between burghs. In Forres in the north of Scotland each feu was 24 ft wide and 429 ft deep. The layout of the burgages in Lanark can still be easily seen between the north side of Lanark High Street (the former market place) and North Vennel, a lane which runs behind the burgages. A motte and bailey castle was also constructed at the bottom of Castlegate.

Lanark had four town gates, West Port, East port, Wellgate and Castlegate. West Port gate was demolished in the 1770s.

The first aviation meeting to be held in Scotland was held at Lanark Racecourse between 6 and 13 August 1910. This location was chosen because the land was relatively flat, the racecourse already had facilities for a paying public, there were stables to act as hangars for the aeroplanes and the racecourse was accessible by both road and by rail, especially as The Caledonian Railway Company were prepared to construct a new station near the main entrance. The aeroplanes were transported to the meeting by rail, as aviation technology at the time was not advanced enough to safely fly there. The Lanark meeting took place shortly after a similar event in Bournemouth at which Charles Rolls died. Influenced by this, it was decided that no aircraft would fly closer than 300 yd away from the spectators. For the first time, aeroplanes were accurately timed over a straight measured distance, allowing the first world records to be set, covering flights over 1 mi. The meeting was described by The Aero magazine as 'the most successful yet held in Britain'.

A permanent military presence was established in the town with the completion of Winston Barracks in the 1930s.

Governance

The citizens of Lanark form part of various different constituencies. In local elections, they are the main component of the Clydesdale North ward which elects three representatives to South Lanarkshire Council. In elections to the Scottish Parliament, Lanark elects its representatives as part of the Clydesdale constituency, and also contributes to the election of seven additional list members as part of the South of Scotland region. The current Clydesdale MSP is Aileen Campbell of the SNP, who defeated the Labour incumbent Karen Gillon in the 2011 election after Gillon had held the seat since 1999. In Westminster elections, Lanark is part of the Lanark and Hamilton East constituency. Labour's Jimmy Hood represented the area in Parliament from 1987 until 2015; since then the MP has been Angela Crawley. Prior to Brexit in 2020, the town was part of the Scotland constituency which elected six MEPs to the European Parliament.

Landmarks
There are 14 historical closes or vennels in the town - alleyways allowing access to the High street. Some are named after an original shop owner, one is named Wallace close as it depicts key moments of William Wallace's life in Lanark

Visitors to the town can visit the nearby World Heritage Site of New Lanark, close to the Falls of Clyde, the Corehouse estate and the Scottish Wildlife Trust's Corehouse Nature Reserve.

The Lanark Museum is located in West Port, inside the YMCA building.

A large boating lake, Lanark Loch, adjoins Lanark Golf Club which has a lovely and historic 18 hole course for more experienced golf players and a 9-hole golf course. The former racecourse now offers pony-trekking activities.

The town's Castlebank Park lies near the former site of Lanark Castle, and allows access to the River Clyde and the Clyde Walkway.

An ornate gas lamp, known as the provost's lamp stands at the bottom of the High Street. After the burgh council was abolished in 1975, the provost's lamp, which had historically been placed outside the house of the provost as one of their marks of office, was relocated to the pavement just to the east of Lanark Tolbooth on a permanent basis.

One of the churches in the town bears the name of The Old Church of St Kentigern (perhaps better known as St Mungo), who set up many medieval churches in the Scottish Lowlands, including Glasgow, and died c.612 AD. The town's cemetery stands on the site of The Old Church of St Kentigern, and includes many Covenanter graves.

St. Nicholas Parish Church stands at the bottom of the high street. The church bell is believed to date from 1110, and may be one of the oldest church bells in the world. It was moved from The Old Church of St Kentigern when St. Nicholas Church was built in 1774. It has been recast four times, including 1659 and 1983. There is an 8-foot (2.45 m) statue of William Wallace in the steeple. This was sculpted by Robert Forrest, from an ancient drawing in the possession of the Society of Antiquaries.

Lanimers
This historic background forms the basis for the Lanark Lanimers, which take place each year for one week in June. Local primary schoolchildren elect a Lanimers queen and court; and a Lord Cornet is chosen from local businessmen. On the Monday night the Perambulation of the Marches takes place, when townspeople turn out to walk around half the town boundary, following the Lord Cornets past and present as they inspect the border-stones. Traditionally, the townspeople carry "birks" (Scots for "sticks of birch"), which are small branches of birch trees cut from the woods at the Glenburnie estate. This tradition was started in 1948 by Joseph Doolan, whose family owned the land. The other half of the boundary is inspected on the Wednesday night, again led by the Lord Cornet accompanied by many local riders who participate in the Riding of the Marches, locally referred to as the Rideout. On the Thursday morning, schools and other organisations parade before the Lanimer Queen in themed dress, accompanied by pipe bands. The best Lanimer Lorries win prizes, and after the parade the crowning of the Queen takes place on a temporary stand erected in front of St Nicholas' Church, under the statue of William Wallace. The Queen holds a reception party in the town's Memorial Hall on the Friday night, where children perform songs and dances.

Notable people
William Wallace is one of the most notable people in Lanark's history. A key leader in the Scottish Wars of Independence, he is known to have first "drawn his sword to free his native land" at Lanark in 1297, killing the English sheriff Haselrig. An 8-foot statue of Wallace sits on St Nicholas Church at the town cross dating back to 1817 which was sculpted by Carluke-born Robert Forrest.

Other notable figures from Lanark include:

 * William Smellie (1697–1763), obstetrician
 * Robert McQueen, Lord Braxfield (1722–1799), senior Scottish judge known as the "hanging judge"
 * Margaret Agnes Bunn (1799–1883), actress
 * William Budge (1828–1919), prominent member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
 * Walter Elliot (1888–1958), Scottish Unionist party politician who served in various cabinet roles
 * Judith Hart, Labour party politician who was the Minister for Overseas Development and later elevated to the House of Lords
 * Colin Cameron (b. 1933), lawyer and Malawian politician
 * Jimmy McRae (b. 1943), five time British Rally Champion in 1981, 1982, 1984, 1987 and 1988, father of Colin and Alister McRae
 * Colin McRae (1968–2007), rally driver who was the British Rally Champion in 1991 and 1992 and World Rally Champion in 1995, son of Jimmy McRae and brother of Alister McRae
 * Alister McRae (b. 1970), British Rally Champion in 1995, son of Jimmy McRae and brother of Colin McRae

title: Lanark


text:
William Rowley

William Rowley (c. 1585 – February 1626) was an English Jacobean dramatist, best known for works written in collaboration with more successful writers. His date of birth is estimated to have been c. 1585; he was buried on 11 February 1626 in the graveyard of St James's, Clerkenwell in north London. (An unambiguous record of Rowley's death was discovered in 1928, but some authorities persist in listing his year of death as 1642.)

Life and work
Rowley was an actor-playwright who specialised in playing clown characters (that is, characters whose function is to provide low comedy). He must also have been a large man, since his forte lay specifically in fat-clown roles. He played the Fat Bishop in Thomas Middleton's A Game at Chess, and Plumporridge in the same author's Inner Temple Masque. He also wrote fat-clown parts for himself to play: Jaques in All's Lost by Lust (a role "personated by the Poet", the 1633 quarto states), and Bustopha in The Maid in the Mill, his collaboration with John Fletcher. He certainly played Simplicity in The World Tossed at Tennis, and probably Chough in A Fair Quarrel – and since these are Middleton/Rowley collaborations, they qualify as two more parts that Rowley wrote for himself. (Internal evidence shows that in collaborations, Rowley normally handled the comic subplot – though he was not restricted solely to comic material: in The Changeling, A Fair Quarrel, and The Maid in the Mill he wrote substantial portions of the main plots as well.) The part of the otherwise unnamed Clown in The Birth of Merlin shows signs of being another role that Rowley the playwright wrote with Rowley the actor in mind.

As a writer, Rowley was almost exclusively a dramatist; the pamphlet A Search for Money (1609) is his only sustained work of non-dramatic prose. Two plays are generally accepted as Rowley's solo works: A Shoemaker a Gentleman (c. 1607–09) and All's Lost by Lust (1619). Three other works that may have been Rowley solo plays have not survived: Hymen's Holidays or Cupid's Vagaries (1612), A Knave in Print (1613) and The Fool Without Book (also 1613).

Rowley appears to have begun his career working for Queen Anne's Men at the Red Bull Theatre. In 1609 he was part of a group of actors who set up a new playing company, the Duke of York's Men, which became known as Prince Charles's Men after 1612. Most of Rowley's career was spent writing and clowning for this company, which was based at a series of different playhouses, including the Curtain, the Hope and the Red Bull. Rowley was the troupe's payee for their Court performances in the 1610–15 era.

In 1623, Rowley left his company and joined the highly successful King's Men at the Globe, until his death in 1626. Though relatively brief, his stay with the troupe was eventful: in 1624 he was embroiled in both the Game at Chess controversy in August and the Spanish Viceroy affair in December. The roles he took with the company probably included Cacafogo in Rule a Wife and Have a Wife, the Cook in Rollo Duke of Normandy and Tony in A Wife for a Month.

Notably, Rowley did not necessarily restrict his playwriting efforts to the company to which he was committed as an actor. In 1624 he was a member of the King's Men, Shakespeare's famous company, and in August of that year played in their notorious production of A Game at Chess – yet in the same year he worked on the now-lost play Keep the Widow Waking with Dekker, Ford and Webster, which was intended for the Red Bull Theatre.

Plays by Rowley
Rowley's canon is plagued by uncertainty and by the complexities of collaboration: the following is only an approximate guide.
 * All's Lost by Lust (performed 1618–19; printed 1633)
 * The Birth of Merlin; or, The Child Hath Found its Father (performed 1622; printed 1662). The title page claims William Shakespeare as Rowley's co-writer, but this claim is disputed.
 * The Changeling (performed 1622; printed 1653). Co-written with Thomas Middleton.
 * A Cure for a Cuckold (performed 1624; printed 1661). Co-written with John Webster.
 * A Fair Quarrel (performed 1614–17; printed 1617). Co-written with Thomas Middleton.
 * Fortune by Land and Sea (performed c. 1607; printed 1655). Co-written with Thomas Heywood.
 * The Maid in the Mill (performed 1623; printed 1647). Co-written with John Fletcher.
 * A Match at Midnight (performed c. 1622; printed 1633). Attributed only to 'W. R.', and stylistic analysis suggests that it may not be by Rowley.
 * A New Wonder, a Woman Never Vexed (performed 1610–14; printed 1632). Possibly a collaboration; George Wilkins and Thomas Heywood have been suggested as co-writers.
 * The Old Law, or A New Way to Please You (performed 1618; printed 1656). Co-written with Thomas Middleton, and, possibly, a third collaborator who may have been Philip Massinger or Thomas Heywood.
 * A Shoemaker a Gentleman (date of composition unknown; printed 1638)
 * The Spanish Gypsy (performed 1623; printed 1653). Although the title page attributes this play to Rowley and Thomas Middleton, stylistic analysis favours a different playwriting team: John Ford and Thomas Dekker.
 * The Thracian Wonder (date of composition unknown; printed 1661). The title page attributes this play to Rowley and John Webster although few readers accept Webster's presence.
 * The Travels of the Three English Brothers (performed and printed 1607). Co-written with George Wilkins and John Day.
 * Wit at Several Weapons (performed c. 1615; printed 1647). Although it was first printed as part of the Beaumont and Fletcher folio, stylistic analysis suggests that this play was heavily revised by Rowley and Thomas Middleton.
 * The Witch of Edmonton (performed 1621; published 1658). Co-written with John Ford and Thomas Dekker.
 * The World Tossed at Tennis (performed and printed 1620). Co-written with Thomas Middleton.

title: William Rowley