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Carlos (given name)

Carlos is a masculine given name, and is the Maltese, Portuguese and Spanish variant of the English name Charles, from the Germanic Carl.

Notable people with the name include:

Royalty

 * Carlos I of Portugal (1863–1908), second to last King of Portugal
 * Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1500–1558), Holy Roman Emperor (Karl V) and King of Spain (Carlos I)
 * Carlos II of Spain, last Habsburg King in Spain
 * Carlos, Prince of Asturias (1545–1568), son of King Philip II
 * Carlos III (1716–1788), King of Spain from 10 August 1759 to 14 December 1788
 * Carlos IV (1748–1819), King of Spain from 14 December 1788, until his abdication on 19 March 1808
 * Infante Carlos, Count of Molina (1788–1855), first of the Carlist claimants to the throne of Spain
 * Carlos (Calusa) (died 1567), king of the Calusa people of Florida
 * Carlos Felipe de Schwarzenberg
 * Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma (1930–2010), Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain
 * Prince Carlos, Duke of Parma (born 1970), Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain
 * Prince Carlos Hugo Roderik Sybren de Bourbon de Parme (born 1997), son of Prince Carlos, Duke of Parma
 * Carlos, Prince of Piacenza (born 2016), son of Prince Carlos, Duke of Parma

People in media

 * Carlos Alazraqui (born 1962), American stand-up comedian and actor
 * Carlos Bernard (born 1962), American actor
 * Carlos Braithwaite, African-American actor who was a cast member on the Canadian sketch comedy TV series You Can't Do That on Television
 * Carlos Bustamante, Canadian television personality; former YTV host from 2002-2018 and current reporter of Entertainment Tonight Canada since 2017
 * Carlos (DJ) (born in Swindon, Wiltshire), UK Radio Presenter
 * Carlos Caridad-Montero (born 1967), Venezuelan film director
 * Carlos Castro (journalist) (1945–2011), Portuguese journalist & murder victim
 * Carlos Irwin Estévez (Charlie Sheen, born 1965), American actor
 * Carlos Gutierrez, U.S. Secretary of Commerce
 * Carlos Mencia (born 1967), comedian, host of Mind of Mencia on Comedy Central
 * Carlos Ray Norris (Chuck Norris, born 1940), American actor and martial artist
 * Carlos Pesquera, (born 1956), Puerto Rican civil engineer
 * Carlos Saldanha, Brazilian director
 * Carlos Watson (journalist) (born 1969), American television host, lawyer, and businessman

People in music

 * Carlos Alomar (born 1951), American guitarist, composer and arranger
 * Carlos do Carmo (1939–2021), Portuguese fado singer
 * Carlos Cavazo, guitarist in Quiet Riot
 * Carlos Chávez (1899–1978), Mexican composer, conductor, and educator
 * Carlos Dengler (born 1974), American actor, bassist, and founding member of the band Interpol
 * Carlos Gardel (1890–1935), prominent figure in the history of tango music
 * Carlos Montoya (1903–1993), prominent flamenco guitarist
 * Carlos PenaVega (born 1989), American singer, dancer and actor
 * Carlos Ponce (born 1972), Puerto Rican actor, singer, composer and television personality
 * Carlos Rivera (born 1986), Mexican actor and singer
 * Carlos Santana (born 1947), Mexican musician, leader of the band Santana
 * Carlos Vives (born 1961), Colombian singer
 * Carlos Ward (born 1940), jazz alto saxophonist and flautist

People in sport

 * Carlos Alcaraz (born 2003), Spanish tennis player
 * Carlos Basham Jr. (born 1997), American football player
 * Carlos Davis (American football) (born 1996), American football player
 * Carlos Garay (born 1972), American football player
 * Carlos Henderson (born 1994), American football player
 * Carlos Hendricks (born 1983), American football player
 * Carlos Huertas (born 1991) Colombian racing driver
 * Carlos Hyde (born 1990) American football player
 * Carlos James (American football) (born 1972), American football player
 * Carlos Joseph (1980–2021), American football player
 * Carlos Moyá (born 1976), Spanish tennis player
 * Carlos Muñoz (racing driver) (born 1992), Colombian racing driver
 * Carlos Nieto (born 1976), Italian-Argentine rugby union player
 * Carlos Sainz (born 1962), Spanish World Rally Championship driver, 1990 and 1992 champion.
 * Carlos Sainz Jr. (born 1994), Formula 1 driver for Scuderia Ferrari
 * Carlos Washington Jr. (born 1998), American football player
 * Carlos Watkins (born 1993), American football player

Baseball players

 * Carlos Almanzar, Dominican baseball player
 * Carlos Baerga, Puerto Rican baseball player
 * Carlos Beltrán (born 1977), Puerto Rican baseball player
 * Carlos Bernier, Puerto Rican baseball player
 * Carlos Carrasco (baseball), Venezuelan baseball player
 * Carlos Casimiro, Dominican baseball player
 * Carlos Castillo (baseball), American baseball player
 * Carlos Corporán, Puerto Rican baseball player
 * Carlos Correa, Puerto Rican baseball player
 * Carlos Crawford, American baseball player
 * Carlos Delgado (born 1972), Puerto Rican baseball player
 * Carlos Diaz (catcher), American baseball player
 * Carlos Diaz (pitcher), American baseball player
 * Carlos Estévez (baseball), Dominican baseball player
 * Carlos Febles, Dominican baseball player
 * Carlos Fisher, American baseball player
 * Carlos García (baseball), Venezuelan baseball player
 * Carlos Gómez, Dominican baseball player
 * Carlos González (baseball), Venezuelan baseball player
 * Carlos Guevara, American baseball player
 * Carlos Guillén, Venezuelan baseball player
 * Carlos Hernández (catcher), Venezuelan baseball player
 * Carlos Hernández (infielder), Venezuelan baseball player
 * Carlos Hernández (pitcher, born 1980), Venezuelan baseball player
 * Carlos Hernández (pitcher, born 1997), Venezuelan baseball player
 * Carlos Lee (born 1976), Panamanian baseball player
 * Carlos Lezcano, Puerto Rican baseball player
 * Carlos López (baseball), Mexican baseball player
 * Carlos Maldonado (catcher), Venezuelan baseball player
 * Carlos Maldonado (pitcher), Panamanian baseball player
 * Carlos Marmol, Dominican baseball player
 * Carlos Martínez (infielder), Venezuelan baseball player
 * Carlos Martínez (pitcher, born 1982), Dominican baseball player
 * Carlos Martínez (pitcher, born 1991), Dominican baseball player
 * Carlos May (born 1948), American baseball player
 * Carlos Méndez (baseball), Venezuelan baseball player
 * Carlos Mendoza (outfielder), Venezuelan baseball player
 * Carlos Monasterios, Venezuelan baseball player
 * Carlos Moore, American baseball player
 * Carlos Muñiz, American baseball player
 * Carlos Pascual (baseball), Cuban baseball player
 * Carlos Paula, Cuban baseball player
 * Carlos Peguero, Dominican baseball player
 * Carlos Peña, Dominican baseball player
 * Carlos Pérez (baseball), Dominican baseball player
 * Carlos Pérez (catcher, born 1996), Venezuelan baseball player
 * Carlos Ponce (baseball), Puerto Rican baseball player
 * Carlos Pulido, Venezuelan baseball player
 * Carlos Quentin, American baseball player
 * Carlos Quintana (baseball), Venezuelan baseball player
 * Carlos Reyes (baseball), American baseball player
 * Carlos Rivera (baseball), Puerto Rican baseball player
 * Carlos Rodón, American baseball player
 * Carlos Rodríguez (baseball), Mexican baseball player
 * Carlos Rosa, Dominican baseball player
 * Carlos Ruiz (baseball) (born 1979), Panamanian baseball player
 * Carlos Santana (baseball), Dominican baseball player
 * Carlos Silva (baseball), Venezuelan baseball player
 * Carlos Torres (pitcher), American baseball player
 * Carlos Triunfel, Dominican baseball player
 * Carlos Valderrama (baseball) (born 1977), Venezuelan baseball player
 * Carlos Valdez (baseball), Dominican baseball player
 * Carlos Velázquez (baseball), Puerto Rican baseball player
 * Carlos Villanueva (baseball), Dominican baseball player
 * Carlos Zambrano (born 1981), American baseball player
 * Carlos Guenard (born 2005), Guatemalan baseball player

Basketball players

 * Carlos Almeida (born 1976), Angolan basketball player
 * Carlos Arroyo (born 1979), Puerto Rican basketball player
 * Carlos Delfino, (born 1982), Argentine NBA basketball player
 * Carlos Boozer, (born 1981), American NBA basketball player

Cyclists

 * Carlos Jaramillo (born 1961), Colombian road cyclist
 * Carlos Alberto Contreras (born 1973), Colombian road cyclist
 * Carlos Humberto Cabrera (born 1973), Colombian road cyclist
 * Carlos Silva (cyclist) (born 1974), Colombian cyclist
 * Carlos Sastre (born 1975), Spanish cyclist
 * Carlos Alzate (born 1983), Colombian track and road cyclist

Fighters

 * Carlos Augusto Filho (born 1986), Brazilian mixed martial artist and kickboxer
 * Carlos Valcárcel (born 1981), Puerto Rican boxer
 * Carlos Varela (wrestler) (born 1966), Cuban wrestler
 * Carlos Julian Ortíz (born 1974), Cuban freestyle wrestler
 * Carlos Motta (judoka) (1955–2018), Brazilian judoka
 * Carlos Fonseca (boxer) (born 1955), Brazilian boxer
 * Carlos Luis Campos (born 1980), Venezuelan boxer
 * Carly Colón (born 1979), professional wrestler, WWE
 * Carlos Condit (born 1984), American mixed martial artist
 * Carlos Honorato (born 1974), Brazilian judoka

Footballers

 * Carlos Abad (born 1995), Spanish footballer
 * Carlos Baleba (born 2004), Cameroonian footballer
 * Carlos Bocanegra (born 1979), American soccer player
 * Carlos Alberto Carvalho da Silva Júnior (born 1995), Brazilian football forward
 * Carlos Chaínho (born 1974), Portuguese footballer
 * Carlos Diogo (born 1983), Uruguayan footballer
 * Carlos Edwards (born 1978), Trinidadian footballer
 * Carlos Fernandes (footballer, born 1978), Portuguese football defender
 * Carlos Fernandes (footballer, born 1979), Portuguese football goalkeeper
 * Carlos Fernández (footballer, born 1984), Peruvian footballer
 * Carlos Fernández (footballer, born 1996), Spanish footballer
 * Carlos Gruezo (footballer, born 1975), Ecuadorian footballer
 * Carlos Gruezo (footballer, born 1995), Ecuadorian footballer
 * Carlos Guirland (born 1968), Paraguayan football midfielder
 * Carlos Isaac (footballer) (born 1988), Spanish footballer
 * Carlos Martins (footballer) (born 1982), Portuguese footballer
 * Carlos Muñoz Cobo (born 1961), Spanish footballer, known as "Carlos"
 * Carlos Muñoz (Chilean footballer) (born 1989), Chilean footballer
 * Carlos Muñoz (Ecuadorian footballer) (1967–1993), Ecuadorian footballer
 * Carlos Muñoz (Mexican footballer) (born 1959), Mexican footballer
 * Carlos Ochoa (born 1978), Mexican footballer
 * Carlos Queiroz (born 1953), Portuguese football manager
 * Carlos Santos de Jesus (born 1985), Brazilian football defender
 * Carlos Pérez Salvachúa (born 1973), Spanish football manager
 * Carlos Soca (born 1969), Uruguayan footballer
 * Carlos Tevez (born 1984), Argentine footballer
 * Carlos Valderrama (born 1961), Colombian footballer player known as El Pibe

Gymnasts

 * Carlos Yulo (born 2000), Filipino artistic gymnast

Runners

 * Carlos Moreno (athlete) (born 1967), Chilean track and field sprinter
 * Carlos Patrício (born 1964), Portuguese long-distance runner
 * Carlos Retiz (born 1968), Mexican long-distance runner
 * Carlos Tarazona (born 1966), Venezuelan long-distance runner

Swimmers

 * Carlos Berrocal (born 1957), Puerto Rican swimmer
 * Carlos Ventosa (born 1971), Spanish backstroke swimmer

Volleyball players

 * Carlos Weber (born 1966), Argentine volleyball player
 * Carlos Carreño (born 1973), Spanish volleyball player
 * Carlos Teixeira (born 1976), Portuguese volleyball player
 * Carlos Tejeda (born 1980), Venezuelan volleyball player

Other people

 * Carlos Acosta (born 1973), Cuban ballet dancer
 * Carlos Agassi (born 1979), Filipino actor, rap artist, host, and model
 * Carlos Agostinho do Rosário (born 1954), Prime Minister of Mozambique
 * Carlos Julio Villar Aleman (born 1946), Cuban artist
 * Carlos Anwandter (1801–1889), German political exile who emigrated to Chile
 * Carlos Arroyo (architect), Spanish architect
 * Carlos Arruza (1920–1966), Mexican bullfighter
 * Carlos Bunga (born 1976), Portuguese artist
 * Carlos Camacho (1924–1979), first elected governor of Guam
 * Carlos Cardoen (born 1942), Chilean metallurgical engineer
 * Carlos Castaneda (1925–1998), American author
 * Carlos Cheppi (born 1955), Argentine diplomat
 * Carlos Cisneros (1948–2019), New Mexico state senator
 * Carlos Cisneros (1962-present), member of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies
 * Carlos Danger, 2013, alias used by New York City Mayoral candidate Anthony Weiner for sexting
 * Carlos Dominguez III (born 1945), Filipino businessman
 * Carlos Escudé (1948–2021), Argentine academic and writer
 * Carlos Fuentes (1928–2012), Mexican writer
 * Carlos P. Garcia (1896–1971), eighth Filipino president and poet
 * Carlos Ghosn (born 1954), former chairman and CEO of the Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance
 * Carlos Gustavo Moreira, Brazilian mathematician
 * Carlos Gutierrez (born 1953), Cuban American, 35th U.S. Secretary of Commerce and former Chairman of the Board and CEO of the Kellogg Company
 * Carlos Howard, Governor of West Florida between 1792 and 93
 * Carlos Marighella (1911–1969), Brazilian leading thinker on urban guerrilla warfare
 * Carlos Menchaca (born 1980), American politician, New York City Mayoral candidate
 * Carlos Pérez de Bricio (1927–2022), Spanish businessman and politician
 * Carlos P. Romulo (1898–1985), Filipino politician who was formerly a president of the UN General Assembly
 * Carlos Salinas de Gortari (born 1948), President of Mexico from 1988–1994
 * Carlos Simpson (born 1962), American mathematician
 * Carlos Slim (born 1940; full name Carlos Slim Helú), Mexican businessman
 * Carlos Slim Domit (born 1967), Mexican businessman and son of Carlos Slim Helú
 * Carlos Solchaga (born 1944), Spanish politician and businessman
 * Carlos the Jackal, the nom de guerre of Ilich Ramírez Sánchez (born 1949), a Venezuelan assassin and terrorist serving a life sentence for murder in France
 * Carlos Urbizo, Honduran politician and economist
 * Carlos Isagani Zarate (born 1967), Filipino politician

Multiple people

 * Carlos Imperial (disambiguation)
 * Sweet and Kind Soul

Fictional characters

 * Carlos, a character in the video game Saints Row 2
 * Carlos, a henchman to Le Chiffre in the 2006 James Bond film Casino Royale
 * Carlos, a meerkat in the 2005 to 2008 Animal Planet television series Meerkat Manor
 * Carlos, a character from the Subway Surfers
 * Carlos, Cecil's husband from Welcome to Nightvale
 * Carlos, a protagonist from the video game Zero Time Dilemma
 * Carlos De Vil, son of Cruella in Descendants
 * Carlos Casagrande, one of the main characters of the Nickelodeon animated television series The Casagrandes
 * Carlos Lopez, a character in the Transformers Unicron Trilogy, voiced by Matt Hill
 * Carlos Miyamoto, one of the player characters in the SNES game, Final Fight 2
 * Carlos Nieto, a paramedic in the television series Third Watch
 * Carlos Oliveira (Resident Evil), one of the two protagonists in Resident Evil 3: Nemesis
 * Carlos Rivera, a boxer from the manga and anime series Ashita no Joe
 * Carlos Solis, a character from Desperate Housewives
 * Carlos Vallerte, the character in two of the Power Rangers series
 * Carlos Molina, a character in Netflix's Julie and the Phantoms
 * Don Carlos, the main character of Schiller's eponymous play and the Verdi opera inspired by it, based on a fictional retelling of the Spanish infante's life.

title: Carlos (given name)


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Law of Canada

The legal system of Canada is pluralist: its foundations lie in the English common law system (inherited from its period as a colony of the British Empire), the French civil law system (inherited from its French Empire past), and Indigenous law systems developed by the various Indigenous Nations.

The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law of the country, and consists of written text and unwritten conventions. The Constitution Act, 1867 (known as the British North America Act prior to 1982), affirmed governance based on parliamentary precedent and divided powers between the federal and provincial governments. The Statute of Westminster 1931 granted full autonomy, and the Constitution Act, 1982 ended all legislative ties to Britain, as well as adding a constitutional amending formula and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Charter guarantees basic rights and freedoms that usually cannot be over-ridden by any government—though a notwithstanding clause allows Parliament and the provincial legislatures to override certain sections of the Charter for a period of five years.

Canada's judiciary plays an important role in interpreting laws and has the power to strike down Acts of Parliament that violate the constitution. The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court and final arbiter and has been led since December 18, 2017, by Richard Wagner, the Chief Justice of Canada. Its nine members are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister and minister of justice. All judges at the superior and appellate levels are appointed after consultation with non-governmental legal bodies. The federal Cabinet also appoints justices to superior courts in the provincial and territorial jurisdictions. Common law prevails everywhere except in Quebec, where civil law predominates. Criminal law is solely a federal responsibility and is uniform throughout Canada. Law enforcement, including criminal courts, is officially a provincial responsibility, conducted by provincial and municipal police forces. However, in most rural areas and some urban areas, policing responsibilities are contracted to the federal Royal Canadian Mounted Police.

Canadian Aboriginal law provides certain constitutionally recognized rights to land and traditional practices for Indigenous groups in Canada. Various treaties and case laws were established to mediate relations between Europeans and many Indigenous peoples. These treaties are agreements between the Canadian Crown-in-Council with the duty to consult and accommodate. Indigenous law in Canada refers to the legal traditions, customs, and practices of Indigenous Nations and communities.

Constitution of Canada
Pursuant to section 52 of the Constitution Act, 1982, Canada's constitution is its supreme law, and any law passed by any federal, provincial, or territorial government that is inconsistent with the constitution is invalid.

The Constitution Act, 1982 stipulates that Canada's constitution includes that act, a series of thirty Acts and orders referred to in a schedule to that Act (the most notable of which is the Constitution Act, 1867), and any amendment to any of those Acts. However, the Supreme Court of Canada has found that this list is not intended to be exhaustive, and in 1998's Reference re Secession of Quebec identified four "supporting principles and rules" that are included as unwritten elements of the constitution: federalism, democracy, constitutionalism and the rule of law, and respect for minorities. While these principles are an enforceable part of Canada's constitution, Canadian courts have not used them to override the written text of the constitution, instead confining their role to "filling gaps".

Because the Constitution Act, 1867 provides that Canada's constitution is "similar in Principle to that of the United Kingdom", which is considered to be an uncodified constitution, the Supreme Court has also recognized the existence of constitutional conventions. In 1981's Reference re a Resolution to amend the Constitution, the Court provided three factors necessary for the existence of a constitutional convention: a practice or agreement developed by political actors, a recognition that they are bound to follow that practice or agreement, and a purpose for that practice or agreement. It also found that, while these conventions are not law and are therefore unenforceable by the courts, courts may recognize conventions in their rulings.

The Constitution Act, 1867 assigns powers to the provincial and federal governments. Matters under federal jurisdiction include criminal law, trade and commerce, banking, and immigration. The federal government also has the residual power to make laws necessary for Canada's "peace, order and good government". One of the major areas of provincial jurisdiction is property and civil rights, which includes broad power to enact laws of a civil nature, such as property law, contract law and family law. Provincial jurisdiction includes other matters, such as natural resources, hospitals, municipalities, education (except education on First Nation reserves).

The Constitution Act, 1867 also provides that, while provinces establish their own superior courts, the federal government appoints their judges. It also gives the federal Parliament the right to establish a court system responsible for federal law and a general court of appeal to hear appeals of decisions of both federal and provincial courts. This last power resulted in the federal Parliament's creation of the Supreme Court of Canada.

The Constitution Act, 1982 created a mechanism by which Canada's constitution could be amended by joint action of federal and provincial legislatures; prior to 1982, most of it could be amended only by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It also contains the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which grants individual rights that may not be contravened by any provincial or federal law.

Legislation
Acts passed by the Parliament of Canada and by provincial legislatures are the primary sources of law in Canada. Sections 91 and 94A of the Constitution Act, 1867 set out the subject matters for exclusive federal jurisdiction. Sections 92, 92A, and 94 set out the areas of exclusive provincial legislation. Section 95 sets out areas of concurrent federal and provincial jurisdiction.

Laws passed by the federal Parliament are initially published in the Canada Gazette, a federal government newspaper published regularly and which includes new statutes and regulations. Federal statutes are subsequently published in the annual Statutes of Canada. From time to time, the federal government will prepare a consolidation of federal statutes, known as the Revised Statutes of Canada. The most recent federal consolidation was in 1985.

Laws passed by the provinces follow a similar practice. The Acts are pronounced in a provincial gazette, published annually and consolidated from time to time.

The Revised Statutes of Canada is the federal statutory consolidation of statutes enacted by the Parliament of Canada. In each Canadian province, there is a similar consolidation of the statute law of the province. The Revised Statutes of British Columbia, Revised Statutes of Alberta, Statutes of Manitoba, Revised Statutes of Saskatchewan, 1978, Revised Statutes of New Brunswick, Revised Statutes of Nova Scotia, Statutes of Prince Edward Island, Consolidated Statutes of Newfoundland and Labrador, Revised Statutes of Ontario, and Revised Statutes of Quebec are the statutory consolidations of each Canadian province. They contain all of the major topic areas and most of the statutes enacted by the governments in each province. These statutes in these provinces do not include criminal law, as the criminal law in Canada is an exclusive jurisdiction of the federal Parliament, which has enacted the Criminal Code, which is included in the Revised Statutes of Canada.

Common law
Nine of the provinces, other than Quebec, and the federal territories, follow the common law legal tradition. While the federal territories use common law, Indigenous nations and their associated territories do not (see below). Equally, courts have power under the provincial Judicature Acts to apply equity.

As with all common law countries, Canadian law adheres to the doctrine of stare decisis. Lower courts must follow the decisions of higher courts by which they are bound. For instance, all Ontario lower courts are bound by the decisions of the Ontario Court of Appeal and all British Columbia lower courts are bound by the decisions of the British Columbia Court of Appeal. However, no Ontario court is bound by decisions of any British Columbia court and no British Columbia court is bound by decisions of any Ontario court. Nonetheless, decisions made by a province's highest court (provincial Courts of Appeal) are often considered as "persuasive" even though they are not binding on other provinces.

Only the Supreme Court of Canada has authority to bind all lower courts in the country with a single ruling, but the Supreme Court cannot bind itself. The busier courts, such as the Court of Appeal for Ontario, for example, are often looked to for guidance on many local matters of law outside the province, especially in matters such as evidence and criminal law.

When there is little or no existing Canadian decision on a particular legal issue and it becomes necessary to look to a non-Canadian legal authority for reference, decisions of English courts and American courts are often utilized. In light of the long-standing history between English law and Canadian law, the English Court of Appeal and the House of Lords are often cited as and considered persuasive authority, and are often followed.

Decisions from Commonwealth nations, aside from England, are also often treated as persuasive sources of law in Canada.

Due to Canada's historical connection with the United Kingdom, decisions of the House of Lords before 1867 are technically still binding on Canada unless they have been overturned by the Supreme Court of Canada, and Canada is still bound by the decisions of the Privy Council before the abolishment of appeals to that entity in 1949. In practice, however, no court in Canada has declared itself bound by any English court decision for decades, and it is highly unlikely that any Canadian court would do so in the future.

Criminal offences are found only within the Criminal Code and other federal statutes; an exception is that contempt of court is the only remaining common law offence in Canada.

Civil law
For historical reasons, Quebec has a hybrid legal system. Private law follows the civil law tradition, originally expressed in the Coutume de Paris as it applied in what was then New France. Today, the jus commune of Quebec is codified in the Civil Code of Quebec. As for public law, it was made that of the conquering British nation after the fall of New France in 1760, that is, the common law. It is important to note that the distinction between civil law and common law is not based on the division of powers set out in the Constitution Act, 1867. Therefore, legislation enacted by the provincial legislature in matters of public law, such as the Code of Penal Procedure, should be interpreted following the common law tradition. Likewise, legislation enacted by the federal Parliament in matters of private law, such as the Divorce Act, is to be interpreted following the civil law tradition and in harmony with the Civil Code of Quebec.

Indigenous legal traditions
Canada was founded on the original territories of over 900 different Indigenous groups, each using different Indigenous legal traditions. Cree, Blackfoot, Mi'kmaq and numerous other First Nations; Inuit; and Métis will apply their own legal traditions in daily life, creating contracts, working with governmental and corporate entities, ecological management and criminal proceedings and family law. Most maintain their laws through traditional governance alongside the elected officials and federal laws. The legal precedents set millennia ago are known through stories and derived from the actions and past responses as well as through continuous interpretation by elders and law-keepers—the same process by which nearly all legal traditions, from common laws and civil codes, are formed.

While the many legal traditions appear similar in that none were codified, each has quite different sets of laws. Many laws stem from stories which in turn may stem from writings or markings, such as geographic features, petroglyphs, pictographs, wiigwaasabakoon and more. Inuit Nunangat's governance differs quite markedly from its many-nationed neighbour Denendeh, as Denendeh's diverse Dene Laws differ quite markedly from laws governing Lingít Aaní, Gitx̱san Lax̱yip or Wet'suwet'en Yin'tah; and, as those differ from Haudenosaunee's, Eeyou-Istchee's or Mi'kma'ki's. One thing most Indigenous legal and governance traditions have in common is their use of clans such as Anishinaabek's doodeman (though most are matrilineal like Gitx̱san's Wilps).

Aboriginal law
Aboriginal law is the area of law related to the Canadian Government's relationship with its Indigenous peoples (First Nations, Métis and Inuit). Section 91(24) of the Constitution Act, 1867 gives the federal parliament exclusive power to legislate in matters related to Aboriginals, which includes groups governed by the Indian Act, different Numbered Treaties and outside of those Acts.

Administrative law
Canadian administrative law is the body of law that addresses the actions and operations of governments and governmental agencies.

Contract law
Individual provinces have codified some principles of contract law in a Sale of Goods Act, which was modeled on early English versions. Outside of Quebec, most contract law is still common law, based on the rulings of judges in contract litigation over the years. Quebec, being a civil law jurisdiction, does not have contract law, but rather has its own law of obligations.

Constitutional law
Constitutional law is the area of Canadian law relating to the interpretation and application of the Constitution of Canada by the Courts. This is represented in the Constitution Act, 1867, Constitution Act, 1982 and Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

Copyright law
Copyright law of Canada governs the legally enforceable rights to creative and artistic works under the laws of Canada.

Criminal law
Criminal law in Canada falls under the exclusive legislative jurisdiction of the federal government. The power to enact criminal law is derived from section 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867. Most criminal laws have been codified in the Criminal Code, as well as the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, Youth Criminal Justice Act, and several other peripheral Acts.

The provinces are responsible for the administration of justice, including criminal trials within their respective provinces, despite their inability to enact criminal laws. Provinces do have the power to promulgate quasi-criminal or regulatory offences in a variety of administrative and other areas, and every province has done so with myriad rules and regulations across a broad spectrum.

Evidence law
The Canada Evidence Act is an Act of the Parliament of Canada, first passed in 1893, that regulates the rules of evidence in court proceedings under federal law. Each province also has its own evidence statute, governing the law of evidence in civil proceedings in the province.

Family law
Family law in Canada concerns the body of Canadian law dealing with family relationship, marriage, and divorce. The federal government has exclusive jurisdiction over the substance of marriage and divorce. Provinces have exclusive jurisdiction over the procedures surrounding marriage. Provinces also have laws dealing with marital property and with family maintenance (including spousal support).

Human rights law
Human rights are constitutionally protected by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which applies to the federal and provincial governments and protects the rights of individuals in relation to government action. The Charter protects fundamental freedoms such as freedom of religion, freedom of association, and freedom of expression, as well as prohibiting discrimination on personal characteristics.

Human rights are also protected by federal and provincial statutes, which apply to governments as well as to the private sector. Human rights laws generally prohibit discrimination on personal characteristics in housing, employment, and services to the public. The Canadian Human Rights Act applies to the federal government and to industries under federal jurisdiction, such as aviation and banking. Provincial human rights laws apply to the provincial governments and to industries and businesses under provincial jurisdiction.

Immigration and refugee law
Canadian immigration and refugee law concerns the area of law related to the admission of foreign nationals into Canada, their rights and responsibilities once admitted, and the conditions of their removal. The primary law on these matters is in the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act.

Inheritance law
Inheritance law in Canada is constitutionally a provincial matter. Therefore, the laws governing inheritance in Canada are legislated by each individual province.

Insolvency law
The Parliament of Canada has exclusive jurisdiction to regulate matters relating to bankruptcy and insolvency, by virtue of s.91 of the Constitution Act, 1867. It has passed some statutes as a result, i.e., The Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act ("BIA") and the Winding-Up and Restructuring Act (which essentially applies only to financial institutions under federal jurisdiction). In applying these statutes, provincial law has important consequences. Section 67(1)(b) of the BIA provides that "any property that as against the bankrupt is exempt from execution or seizure under any laws applicable in the province within which the property is situated and within which the bankrupt resides" is not divisible among their creditors. Provincial legislation under the property and civil rights power of the Constitution Act, 1867 regulates the resolution of financial difficulties that occur before the onset of insolvency.

Labour and employment law
Canadian labour law is that body of law which regulates the rights, restrictions obligations of trade unions, workers and employers in Canada. Canadian employment law is that body of law which regulates the rights, restrictions obligations of non-unionised workers and employers in Canada. Most labour regulation in Canada is conducted at the provincial level by government agencies and boards. However, certain industries under federal regulation are subject solely to federal labour legislation and standards.

Patent law
Canadian patent law is the legal system regulating the granting of patents for inventions within Canada, and the enforcement of these rights in Canada.

Procedural law
The functioning of the Courts is regulated by the laws of civil procedure which are codified in each province's civil procedures rules.

Property law
Property law in Canada is the body of law concerning the rights of individuals over land, objects, and expression within Canada. It encompasses personal property, real property, and intellectual property.

Tort law
Tort law in Canada concerns the treatment of the law of torts within the Canadian jurisdiction excluding Quebec, which is covered by the law of obligations.

Trademark law
Canada's trademark law provides protection for distinctive marks, certification marks, distinguishing guises, and proposed marks against those who appropriate the goodwill of the mark or create confusion between different vendors' goods or services.

Judicial system
Under the Constitution Act, 1867, the federal Parliament and the provincial legislatures both have the constitutional authority to create courts: Parliament under s. 101, and the Provinces under s. 92(14). However, the federal power to create courts is much more limited than the provincial power. The provincial courts have a much more extensive jurisdiction, including the constitutionally entrenched power to determine constitutional issues.

Through Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982, Indigenous nations retain significant rights and title. It, however, remains unclear the degree to which Indigenous nations have authority over judicial matters. Especially since 1995, the Government of Canada has maintained a policy of recognizing the inherent right of self-governance under section 35. The evolution through cases such as Delgamuukw-Gisday'wa and the Tsilhqot'in Nation v British Columbia has affirmed the Euro-Canadian courts' needs to meaningfully engage with Indigenous legal systems, including through Indigenous structures of dispute resolution.

The Supreme Court of Canada (Cour suprême du Canada) is the highest court of Canada and is the final court of appeal in the Canadian justice system. Parliament created it by Act of Parliament in 1875, as a "general court of appeal for Canada". Prior to 1949, cases could be appealed to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the United Kingdom, and some cases bypassed the Supreme Court of Canada entirely.

Other than the Supreme Court, the Canadian court system is divided into two classes of courts: superior courts of general jurisdiction, and courts of limited jurisdiction, sometimes referred to as inferior courts. The superior courts, created and maintained by the provinces, are divided into superior courts of original jurisdiction and superior courts of appeal. These courts are sometimes also referred to as "Section 96" courts, in reference to s. 96 of the Constitution Act, 1867, which grants the federal government the power to appoint the judges of these courts. As courts of general jurisdiction, the provincial superior courts of original jurisdiction have jurisdiction over all matters, under both federal and provincial law, unless the matter has been assigned to some other court or administrative agency by a statute passed by the appropriate legislative body. The superior courts of original jurisdiction have an extensive civil jurisdiction, under both federal and provincial laws. Under the Criminal Code, a federal statute, they have jurisdiction over the most serious criminal offences, such as murder. They also hear appeals from the Provincial Courts in criminal matters and some civil matters. A further appeal normally lies to superior court of appeal, the highest court in each province.

The provinces also can establish courts of limited jurisdiction, whose jurisdiction is limited solely to what is included in the statutory grant of jurisdiction. These courts are often called "Provincial Courts", even though the superior courts established by the provinces are also provincial courts. The Provincial Courts have an extensive criminal jurisdiction under the Criminal Code, a federal statute, and also typically have a limited civil jurisdiction in matters under provincial jurisdiction, such as small claims and some family matters. The judges of the Provincial Courts are appointed by the provincial governments.

There are also additional federal courts established by Parliament, which have a specialised jurisdiction in certain areas of federal law. These courts are the Federal Court of Appeal, the Federal Court, the Tax Court of Canada, and the Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Law of Canada


text:
Nephelometer

A nephelometer or aerosol photometer is an instrument for measuring the concentration of suspended particulates in a liquid or gas colloid. A nephelometer measures suspended particulates by employing a light beam (source beam) and a light detector set to one side (often 90°) of the source beam. Particle density is then a function of the light reflected into the detector from the particles. To some extent, how much light reflects for a given density of particles is dependent upon properties of the particles such as their shape, color, and reflectivity. Nephelometers are calibrated to a known particulate, then use environmental factors (k-factors) to compensate lighter or darker colored dusts accordingly. K-factor is determined by the user by running the nephelometer next to an air sampling pump and comparing results. There are a wide variety of research-grade nephelometers on the market as well as open source varieties.

Nephelometer uses
The main uses of nephelometers relate to air quality measurement for pollution monitoring, climate monitoring, and visibility. Airborne particles are commonly either biological contaminants, particulate contaminants, gaseous contaminants, or dust.

The accompanying chart shows the types and sizes of various particulate contaminants. This information helps understand the character of particulate pollution inside a building or in the ambient air, as well as the cleanliness level in a controlled environment.

Biological contaminants include mold, fungus, bacteria, viruses, animal dander, dust mites, pollen, human skin cells, cockroach parts, or anything alive or living at one time. They are the biggest enemy of indoor air quality specialists because they are contaminants that cause health problems. Levels of biological contamination depend on humidity and temperature that supports the livelihood of micro-organisms. The presence of pets, plants, rodents, and insects will raise the level of biological contamination.

Sheath air
Sheath air is clean filtered air that surrounds the aerosol stream to prevent particulates from circulating or depositing within the optic chamber. Sheath air prevents contamination caused by build-up and deposits, improves response time by containing the sample, and improves maintenance by keeping the optic chamber clean. The nephelometer creates the sheath air by passing air through a zero filter before beginning the sample.

Global radiation balance
Nephelometers are also used in global warming studies, specifically measuring the global radiation balance. Three wavelength nephelometers fitted with a backscatter shutter can determine the amount of solar radiation that is reflected back into space by dust and particulate matter. This reflected light influences the amount of radiation reaching the earth's lower atmosphere and warming the planet.

Visibility
Nephelometers are also used for measurement of visibility with simple one-wavelength nephelometers used throughout the world by many EPAs. Nephelometers, through the measurement of light scattering, can determine visibility in distance through the application of a conversion factor called Koschmieder's formula.

Medicine
In medicine, nephelometry is used to measure immune function. It is also used in clinical microbiology, for preparation of a standardized inoculum (McFarland suspension) for antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

Fire detection
Gas-phase nephelometers are also used in the detection of smoke and other particles of combustion. In such use, the apparatus is referred to as an aspirated smoke detector. These have the capability to detect extremely low particle concentrations (to 0.005%) and are therefore highly suitable to protecting sensitive or valuable electronic equipment, such as mainframe computers and telephone switches.

Turbidity units

 * Because optical properties depend on suspended particle size, a stable synthetic material called "Formazin" with uniform particle size is often used as a standard for calibration and reproducibility. The unit is called Formazin Turbidity Unit (FTU).
 * Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) specified by United States Environmental Protection Agency is a special case of FTU, where a white light source and certain geometrical properties of the measurement apparatus are specified. (Sometimes the alternate form "nephelos turbidity units" is used )
 * Formazin Nephelometric Units (FNU), prescribed for 9 measurements of turbidity in water treatment by ISO 7027, another special case of FTU with near infrared light (NIR) and 90° scatter.
 * Formazin Attenuation Units (FAU) specified by ISO 7027 for water treatment standards for turbidity measurements at 0°, also a special case of FTU.
 * Formazin Backscatter Units (FBU), not part of a standard, is the unit of optical backscatter detectors (OBS), measured at c. 180°, also a special case of FTU.
 * European Brewery Convention (EBC) turbidity units
 * Concentration Units (C.U.)
 * Optical Density (O.D.)
 * Jackson "Candle" Turbidity Units (JTU; an early measure)
 * Helms Units
 * American Society of Brewing Chemists (ASBC-FTU) turbidity units
 * Brantner Haze Scale (BHS) and Brantner Haze Units (BHU) for purposefully hazy beer
 * Parts Per Million of standard substance, such as PPM/DE (Kieselguhr)
 * "Trübungseinheit/Formazin" (TE/F) a German standard, now replaced by the FNU unit.
 * diatomaceous earth ("ppm SiO2") an older standard, now obsolete

A more popular term for this instrument in water quality testing is a turbidimeter. However, there can be differences between models of turbidimeters, depending upon the arrangement (geometry) of the source beam and the detector. A nephelometric turbidimeter always monitors light reflected off the particles and not attenuation due to cloudiness. In the United States environmental monitoring the turbidity standard unit is called Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU), while the international standard unit is called Formazin Nephelometric Unit (FNU). The most generally applicable unit is Formazin Turbidity Unit (FTU), although different measurement methods can give quite different values as reported in FTU (see below).

Gas-phase nephelometers are also used to study the atmosphere. These can provide information on visibility and atmospheric albedo.

title: Nephelometer


text:
Talk:Kure (disambiguation)

Very good
I spent some time in Kure, Japan and knew this disambiguation would be needed eventually. Marshman 00:33, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kure (disambiguation)


text:
User:Professor water

Brief Selected Scope of Interests

 * Environmental engineering
 * Water purification
 * Philadelphia
 * Chicago
 * New York City
 * Philadelphia
 * Microbiology
 * Statistics

plus related topics

title: User:Professor water


text:
Jill Kelly (actress)

Jill Kelly (born February 1, 1971) is an American pornographic actress, director and producer. Kelly is an AVN Hall of Fame inductee.

Career
Kelly's stage name was derived from the names of the Charlie's Angels characters portrayed by Farrah Fawcett and Jaclyn Smith. She started out as a stripper at the Babydolls adult entertainment theater in her hometown, first performing at the age of 15 with false identification. After she broke up with her then-boyfriend, he informed the club of her true age, which caused them to fire her. When Kelly turned 18 she returned to the club, commenting that "they didn't even recognize me."

She later did live sex shows with Tiffany Million at the O'Farrell Theatre in San Francisco.

Mainstream appearances
Kelly has appeared in over 50 B movies, including The Legend of the Roller Blade Seven, Toad Warriors, and Big Sister 2000. In the spring of 1998, she appeared in Spike Lee's He Got Game.

Other ventures
Kelly started her own company, Jill Kelly Productions (JKP), in October 1998. In April 2005, following the company's bankruptcy filing, Penthouse magazine paid $1.765 million to acquire its assets, which included the entire JKP back catalogue and nearly 60 unreleased features.

Personal life
A native of Southern California, Kelly was born in the Los Angeles suburb of Pomona. She "married" porn actor Cal Jammer, whom she met at a CES convention in Las Vegas in 1993. They were married a month later. Jammer introduced her to the world of adult movies and her career was launched. However, she separated from him due to his infidelities off-camera, which she called "the deal breaker". Jammer died by suicide, shooting himself.

On May 6, 2000, she married adult star Julian Andretti, but the couple were divorced by the end of 2001. She then was married for a third time, to porn actor/producer/director Corey Jordan on September 20, 2003. This marriage would not last, either, and the couple parted ways a year later only to finalize their divorce in October 2004.

Kelly also had an off-screen relationship with her fellow female colleague P.J. Sparxx in the mid-'90s. The pair would tour together and dance on stage as part of a dance duo act called "Fire & Ice". They also released a porn feature film of the dance act called Fire & Ice: Caught In The Act. Kelly and Sparxx elucidated on their relationship in the "Behind the Scenes" documentary series Sex Under Hot Lights. Sparxx posited that she and Kelly had similar sexual personalities. Kelly stated that Sparxx had supported her following her husband's suicide in January 1995. Sparxx and Kelly claimed to be exclusively involved in terms of women, but were in an open relationship in regards to other men, with Kelly claiming she was also involved with a boyfriend at the time.

Kelly identifies as bisexual.

Awards

 * 1996 AVN Award – Best All-Girl Sex Scene (Video) – Takin' It To The Limit 6 (with Felecia, Misty Rain, Careena Collins & Traci Allen)
 * 1996 XRCO Award – Best Girl-Girl Sex Scene – Takin' It To The Limit 6 (with Traci Allen, Careena Collins, Felecia & Misty Rain)
 * 1997 AVN Award – Best All-Girl Sex Scene (Film) – Dreams of Desire (with Melissa Hill)
 * 1998 XRCO Award – Female Performer of the Year
 * 1999 AVN Award – Best Couples Sex Scene (Video) – Dream Catcher (with Eric Price)
 * 1999 Hot d'Or Award – Best American Actress – Exile
 * 1999 NightMoves Award – Best Actress (Editor's Choice)
 * 2001 FOXE Award – Female Fan Favorite
 * 2002 FOXE Award – Female Fan Favorite
 * 2003 AVN Hall of Fame
 * 2003 FOXE Award – Female Performer of the Year
 * 2007 NightMoves Hall of Fame

title: Jill Kelly (actress)


text:
Low-frequency effects

The low-frequency effects (LFE) channel is a band-limited audio track that is used for reproducing deep and intense low-frequency sounds in the 3–120 Hz frequency range.

This track is normally sent to a subwoofer—a loudspeaker designed to reproduce very low frequencies. LFE channels originated in Dolby Stereo 70 mm film, but in the 1990s and 2000s they became common in home theater systems in order to reproduce film soundtracks found on DVDs and Blu-ray discs.

Low-pitched musical arts
LFEs include both low-pitched musical notes and low-pitched sound effects. The musical soundtrack for many films includes bass instruments that produce very low notes. Until the 1970s, most of the low-pitched instruments were natural, acoustic instruments, such as the double bass or the pipe organ's pedal keyboard. After the 1980s, film scores increasingly used synthesized instruments, including synth bass keyboards, which incorporated very low-pitched notes.

Sound effects
The most challenging sounds to reproduce from a sound engineering standpoint are usually the extremely low-pitched sound effects in the 20 Hz range, such as those used to simulate the sound of an explosion, earthquake, a rocket launch, or submarine depth charges. The human ear is not very sensitive to sounds at these low frequencies, so it takes a tremendous amount of amplification for the human ear to hear them. Further, sounds at these frequencies are more felt in the body, rather than heard. As well, since they are sound effects, they may have a longer duration or sustain than many low-pitched musical notes, which makes them harder to reproduce accurately.

It is a formidable challenge for an amplifier, subwoofer speakers, and cabinet to reproduce these sound effects at a high volume without encountering problems such as power amplifier clipping (distortion), unwanted rattle or resonance in the wooden cabinet, or excessive "chuffing" sounds from the bass reflex vent (if a vent or port is used in the cabinet). Sound recording magazines sometimes use the loud, rumbling sound effects simulating the sound of the submarine depth charges which were used in the World War II film U-571 (2000) to test the accuracy of subwoofer systems.

Development
The LFE channel originated in Dolby Stereo 70 mm Six Track film prints, as a way of providing louder bass and sub-bass effects, without detracting from the quality of the standard audio channels. The LFE channel is conventionally played back 10 dB louder than the main channels, giving significantly more recording headroom. Also, the separate recording allowed a straightforward installation of extra dedicated subwoofers, and removed the need to upgrade the main speakers.

Later formats such as Dolby Digital retained the LFE channel, although this is more through convention and backwards compatibility than necessity, as digital formats have greater dynamic range than the magnetic analogue recordings on 70 mm prints, and modern sound processors have a bass management system to redirect bass from all channels to a subwoofer.

Home theater systems
In the 1990s surround sound home theater systems became available to enhance the experience of viewing DVD and Blu-ray films. Prior to the advent of home theater systems, when VCRs were used, the enhanced sound option was stereo high-fidelity sound or Dolby Pro Logic for Dolby Surround-encoded tapes. With home theater systems, a multichannel audio system was used to deliver different sounds to six or more different speakers. The widely used 5.1-channel audio system consists of five full-range main (Left, Center, Right, Left rear Surround, and Right rear Surround) plus a Low-Frequency Effects (LFE) channel. Many typical home theater systems, especially home theater in a box systems, are incapable of accurately reproducing LFE in the 20 Hz range.

The LFE channel delivers bass-only information to supplement the overall bass content. The LFE channel content is not the same as the content of a subwoofer-out jack. The LFE channel is used to carry additional bass information in the surround sound programming, while the subwoofer output is bass information from up to all six channels that has been selected to be reproduced by the subwoofer via a bass management system.

The bass management in surround sound replay systems is that bass content in the incoming signal, irrespective of channel, should be directed only to loudspeakers capable of handling it. The bass management system may direct bass to one or more subwoofers (if present) from any channel, not simply the content of the LFE channel.

Bass Shaker
The LFE channel can be output to one or more tactile transducers, also known as "bass shakers". When connected to the subwoofer output, the bass shaker will vibrate at the frequency of the bass, usually between 20 and 200 Hz, without producing much audible sound. Tactile transducers are frequently mounted directly to the frame of a chair or sofa. A listener's body can feel the vibrations from the LFE, enhancing the overall sensation of the bass.

title: Low-frequency effects


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Tony Croatto

Hermes Davide Fastino Croatto Martinis (2 March 1940 – 3 April 2005), better known as Tony Croatto, was an Italian singer and composer best known for his interpretations of Spanish folkloric songs and music from Puerto Rico. His musical career began as part of the sibling musical group, Los TNT, with his siblings Nelly and Tim. He was also a television presenter.

Early life and career
Hermes Davide Fastino Croatto Martinis was born on 2 March 1940 in Attimis, a comune in the province of Udine, Italy. His family moved to the border town of La Paz, Uruguay, when he was nine years old. While being raised as a carpenter, lumberjack and farmer, music was very much a part of his household. In 1959, at 19, he and his siblings Edelweiss ("Tim") and Argentina ("Nelly") formed the pop group Los TNT. The group came about at Nelly's insistence, who adamantly wanted to become a singer. Their mother, who frowned upon the idea of Nelly touring solo at the age of 15, would only allow her to sing in public with her brothers in a group, as a back-up plan. The group eventually developed a very strong following, first in Uruguay, then Argentina and Spain, where Los TNT moved as their popularity soared.

The TNT Years
Los TNT were renowned for their vocal harmonies, their onstage chemistry and Nelly's voice and magnetic personality. At the time, Tony stated once, he was happy with just singing background and playing guitar, claiming he was rather shy. Eventually, he developed a strong stage presence, which allowed him to occasionally take over vocal duties.

In 1960, Los TNT recorded the song "Eso, eso, eso", written by tango composers Virgilio and Homero Expósito, for RCA Records, which sold more than 100,000 copies in Argentina alone. They were part of the first broadcast of the country's television station, Canal 9; their personal appearances were solidly attended, and their popularity ensured the success of a media campaign they did for the Argentinian brewer, Cerveza Quilmes. The group was also popular in Venezuela, Colombia, Perú, Chile and Mexico, where they eventually toured. Their LP records for RCA-Victor were fast-sellers all over Latin America. They even appeared in the 1962 film, Fiebre de Juventud, along Mexican pop idol, Enrique Guzmán.

After attaining some success in Spain, Los TNT moved there in 1963. They went as far as representing the country in the Eurovision Song Contest 1964 in Copenhagen, billed as "Nelly, Tim and Tony". Tony stated once that the group was handpicked by the powers behind the Spanish state television TVE to substitute that year's winners in the Spanish classification round, Michel and Teresa María, who were popular Spanish singers of the time. TVE toned down their normally dynamic act for the contest, in which they sang what was originally a slow ballad, "Caracola" (written by Spanish songwriter Fina de Calderón). Tony and his siblings suspected that this was a disaster waiting to happen. Disappointed by their twelfth-place finish in the competition, and the subsequent reaction in Spain, their willingness to tour and record there diminished with time. They moved back to Argentina in 1965, only for Tim to eventually leave the group the following year; he returned to his native Italy to become a concert promoter.

Move to Puerto Rico
After Tim's departure from Los TNT, Nelly and Tony became a duo. In 1968, after travelling across South America and spending two years in Venezuela, Tony moved to what would eventually become his adoptive homeland, Puerto Rico, when "Nelly y Tony" were hired by Puerto Rican promoter Alfred D. Herger to appear on his popular youth television shows. "Nelly y Tony" would perform together until 1974, when Nelly married a Puerto Rican surgeon. She retired from pop music and eventually moved to the United States.

While performing with his sister Nelly in New York City's Teatro Puerto Rico in 1973, Tony was introduced to New York-bred and Puerto Rico-born vocalist Roberto Tirado who suggested that he compose a hit song for the latter's idol Lucecita Benítez, who was going through hard times in her career. Tony obliged, and with poet David Ortiz, wrote her number one career-refreshing hit, "Soy De Una Raza Pura" which would be the only song that Lucecita Benítez would claim as her opening song for many years later on.

While he was almost as successful in Puerto Rico singing pop tunes with his sister as he was in other countries, Tony Croatto was very much impressed by Puerto Rican jíbaro singers, who could improvise décimas on the spot, something that reminded him of the payadores of Uruguay and Argentina he used to listen to when he was growing up. He also found a richness in musical traditions in Puerto Rico that, he claimed, was extremely rare elsewhere in Latin America. He started singing Puerto Rican folk songs with Nelly, and noticed that their pop treatment of these songs was far more in demand that the pop material they would normally sing together. He was also well impressed by the Puerto Rican people, who — he claimed — treated him better on his first night on the island than what he had experienced touring extensively in a country or two. That, and various personal reasons, persuaded him to stay in Puerto Rico for good; he even went as far as saying he was a "born-again Puerto Rican."

Haciendo Punto en Otro Son
Croatto formed the nueva trova musical group, Haciendo Punto en Otro Son, particularly famous for its protest songs. He recruited Puerto Rican singers Silverio Pérez, Josy Latorre, Irvin García, and Nano Cabrera. Pérez's strength was in jíbaro music, Latorre was a classically trained singer, Cabrera was a rocker and García was also a strong salsa percussionist and singer, but Croatto's vast experience with pop music made all the difference in the group's success. Croatto was instrumental in both the musical and technical aspects of the group, not only as singer, guitarist and keyboardist, but also as arranger, producer and studio technician. He founded a record label at the time, named Artomax, which was financed by Chucho Avellanet and producer Tomás Figueroa.

Desde Mi Pueblo
Parallel to his singing career, Croatto also became a television presenter on Desde Mi Pueblo, a weekly documentary/variety show that aired weekly on WIPR-TV. His co-hosts were comedian Luis Antonio Rivera "Yoyo Boing", Miss Universe 1985 Deborah Carthy Deu and María Falcón. The program's concept involved traveling to a different municipality of Puerto Rico every week and highlighting all cultural aspects found in each town. Given the fact that Puerto Rico has 78 municipalities, there was enough material to showcase and research over the program's six-year run. Carthy has stated that Croatto was genuinely interested in researching each program carefully, and became far more knowledgeable about Puerto Rican culture than most of the program's producers, co-hosts and film crew.

Because of his background as a farmer, Croatto was very much interested in local agricultural issues; he jumped at trying local folklore, particularly jíbaro music, bomba and plena variations that were unique to each town or region, "sometimes fearlessly", said Rivera once. In 1983, Croatto had also a similar show on Telemundo called Tony Croatto y Tu Pueblo.

Solo career
His first solo record, featuring both synthesizers and Puerto Rican folk instruments, was well received by the public at large. Since then, he was well regarded for his interpretations of Puerto Rican folk music, which spanned over thirty albums.

Croatto worked in Puerto Rico by remaking old Puerto Rican standards such as the plena standard "La Máquina" and a medley of plenas by César Concepción, both rearranged as pop songs. He made also an adaptation of "El Cocuy Que Alumbra" from the Venezuelan parranda band Un Solo Pueblo, which was renamed "A Correr Sabana" once set to new lyrics written by salsa composer Tite Curet Alonso. Curet and Croatto wrote an original song named "Cucubano", which was covered by the Puerto Rican boy band, Menudo.

In 1985, Croatto recorded "El Niñito Jesús" (also known as "Se Llama Jesús"), released during the Christmas season, which told about a poor and hungry child, named Jesús (a thinly-veiled reference to the Christ child), with wornout pants and no shoes, who walked into a house of well-doers begging for attention, while the people in the household rejected him, first euphemistically, then rather openly.

Croatto recorded musical versions of poems and lullabies written by Georgina Lázaro, a Puerto Rican poet whose works were mostly intended for children.

Personal life
Tony Croatto was married three times. His first marriage was to Argentine-born telenovela actress Raquel Montero; he had two children with her, telenovela actress Mara and musician Alejandro Croatto, both born in Venezuela; the four moved to Puerto Rico when Croatto's career took off. After Croatto divorced Montero, his second marriage was to married former singer and actress Gloria Esther Viera Pantojas ("Glorivee") in 1979; the couple had a son, musician and singer, Hermes Gabriel Croatto Viera. Croatto eventually divorced Glorivee and his third marriage was to Lillian Arroyo; they both moved to Carolina, Puerto Rico where they spent his later years.

Croatto identified himself as a Roman Catholic, although he could not fully participate in church given his status as a divorced man. In part, as a way to compensate for this and contribute to his faith, he wrote a jíbaro mass, which gave him one of his latter hits, "Creo en Dios".

In 2000, then-San Juan Mayor Sila María Calderón proclaimed him as San Juan's adoptive son.

Illness and death
Tony Croatto, a lifelong smoker, was diagnosed with lung and brain cancer in March 2005. He initially refused medical treatment, opting for natural treatments instead, expecting his health to eventually improve. Croatto dictated a letter that was published in local papers to publicly notify his illness and expressing gratitude to the people of Puerto Rico who adopted him as son and patriot.

After requesting to be released from the hospital to spend his last days with his family, Croatto died on 3 April 2005, three weeks after his public letter. His fellow former Haciendo Punto bandmates had staged a benefit concert for him the night prior, which was filmed for home video release. As a gift from the band to Croatto, the concert's production provided Croatto a live audio feed to what would become his deathbed; it's been stated that Croatto smiled when the band requested a standing ovation from the audience for him, just before losing consciousness for the last time. He was given a state funeral, held at the Institute of Puerto Rican Culture, where thousands paid their respects and later accompanied the funeral procession to his final resting place in the Santa María Magdalena de Pazzis Cemetery in the Old San Juan.

Legacy
A biographical documentary of the life of Tony Croatto titled Croatto: La Huella de un Emigrante was released on 10 November 2016, written by Silverio Pérez and directed by Mariem Pérez Riera. It features archival footage of Croatto and interviews with his children, Hermes, Mara and Alejandro, Chucho Avellanet, Alfred D. Herger and Silverio Pérez.

title: Tony Croatto


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Professional

A professional is a member of a profession or any person who works in a specified professional activity. The term also describes the standards of education and training that prepare members of the profession with the particular knowledge and skills necessary to perform their specific role within that profession. In addition, most professionals are subject to strict codes of conduct, enshrining rigorous ethical and moral obligations. Professional standards of practice and ethics for a particular field are typically agreed upon and maintained through widely recognized professional associations, such as the IEEE. Some definitions of "professional" limit this term to those professions that serve some important aspect of public interest and the general good of society.

In some cultures, the term is used as shorthand to describe a particular social stratum of well-educated workers who enjoy considerable work autonomy and who are commonly engaged in creative and intellectually challenging work.

Trades
In narrow usage, not all expertise is considered a profession. Occupations such as skilled construction and maintenance work are more generally thought of as trades or crafts. The completion of an apprenticeship is generally associated with skilled labour, or trades such as carpenter, electrician, mason, painter, plumber and other similar occupations.

Theory
In his study The Rise of Professional Society historian Harold Perkin characterizes professional society; "Where pre-industrial society was based on passive property in land and industrial society on actively managed capital, professional society is based on human capital created by education and enhanced by strategies of closure, that is, the exclusion of the unqualified." Specifically, it is the management of human capital, and not just specialized skill which Perkin argues is a mark of the professional classes, at one point going so far as to compare it to a modern form of feudalism.

Although professional training appears to be ideologically neutral, it may be biased towards those with higher class backgrounds and a formal education. In his 2000 book, Disciplined Minds: A Critical Look at Salaried Professionals and the Soul-Battering System that Shapes Their Lives, Jeff Schmidt observes that qualified professionals are less creative and diverse in their opinions and habits than non-professionals, which he attributes to the subtle indoctrination and filtering which accompanies the process of professional training. His evidence is both qualitative and quantitative, including professional examinations, industry statistics and personal accounts of trainees and professionals.

A key theoretical dispute arises from the observation that established professions (e.g. lawyers, medical doctors, accountants, architects, civil engineers, surveyors) are subject to strict codes of conduct. Some have thus argued that these codes of conduct, agreed upon and maintained through widely recognized professional associations, are a key element of what constitutes any profession. Others have argued that strict codes of conduct and the professional associations that maintain them are merely a consequence of 'successful' professionalization, rather than an intrinsic element of the definition of professional (ism); this implies that a profession arises from the alignment between a shared purpose (connected to a 'greater good'), a body of knowledge, actual behavior in terms of actions and decisions, and expectations held by societal stakeholders.

Etymology
The etymology and historical meaning of the term professional is from Middle English, from profes, adjective, having professed one's vows, from Anglo-French, from Late Latin professus, from Latin, past participle of profitēri to profess, confess, from pro- before + fatēri to acknowledge; in other senses, from Latin professus, past participle. Thus, as people became more and more specialized in their trade, they began to 'profess' their skill to others, and 'vow' to perform their trade to the highest known standard. With a reputation to uphold, trusted workers of a society who have a specific trade are considered professionals. Ironically, the usage of the word 'profess' declined from the late 1800s to the 1950s, just as the term 'professional' was gaining popularity from 1900 to 2010. Notably, in American English the rise in popularity of the term 'professional' started at the beginning of the 20th century whereas in British English it started in the 1930s and grew fastest in the 1960s and 1970s.

Guilds and licensing practices
The notion of a professional can be traced to medieval European guilds, most of which died off by the middle of the nineteenth century, the exception being the scholars guild, or university.

With most guilds formally abolished outside of the realm of academia, establishing exclusivity and standards in a trade (i.e. the successful professionalization of a trade) had to be achieved via other means such as licensing practices, of which might begin as an informal process established by voluntary professional associations, but then eventually become law due to lobbying efforts. Paralleling or soon after the fall of guilds professional associations began to form in Britain and the US. In the US a number of interested parties sought to emulate the model of apprenticeship which European guilds of the Middle Ages had honed to achieve their ends of establishing exclusivity in trades as well as the English concept of a gentleman which had come to be associated with higher income and craftsmanship. Examples are the Lazzaroni who lobbied to create the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and professional associations who lobbied to create the American Medical Association (AMA). According to Miller et al., "Lazzaroni opposed reforms for no apparent reason other than that they were proposed by scientists outside of their tight knit group.". In his seminal work The Transformation of American Medicine (1982) Paul Starr argues that a significant motivation in the development of the AMA was to gain authority over unlicensed practitioners so as to minimize competition among medical practitioners, thereby enhancing the earning power and prestige of medical professionals. The licensing process Starr argues, was unnecessarily prolonged and the costs were artificially enhanced with the specific aim of deterring potential practitioners from entering the field. In his book, The Early Development of Medical Licensing Laws in the United States, 1875–1900, Ronald Hamowy wrote: "The American Medical Association (AMA) was established as a permanent national organization at Philadelphia in 1847 at a convention attended by some 230 delegates representing more than forty medical societies and twenty-eight schools. From its inception, one of its primary aims was the  upgrading of medical education and a concomitant reduction in the number of physicians. Its committee on raising medical standards reported at its first meeting that "the large number of Medical Colleges throughout the country, and the facility with which the degree is obtained, have exerted a most pernicious influence" on the profession. With the object of ameliorating this situation, recommendations were carried calling for a specified minimum preliminary education as a prerequisite for admission to a medical college, a lengthening of the period of study for graduation from a medical school, including compulsory clinical instruction at a hospital prior to the issuance of a diploma, and professional participation in some licensing scheme for physicians. Indeed, so important was the issue of education considered by the AMA that one of its first acts was the establishment of a Committee on Medical Education..."

As technology progressed throughout the twentieth century, the successful professionalization of a given field was increasingly made possible through the idea of specialization.

As was the case with guilds who claimed to establish exclusivity in a trade in the name of serving the public good, there are often subtle dichotomies present in the idea professionalizing a field, whether in the name of serving some notion of the public good or as a result of specialization. For example, while defenders of guilds have argued that they allowed markets to function by ensuring quality standards, Sheilagh Ogilvie has instead argued that markets of the Middle Ages flourished when guilds were abolished and that there is much evidence to support the notion that individuals prefer a wide variety of products of varying quality and price to being granted protections which they did not ask for, and which artificially constrain consumer options. With regard to modern forms of professional specialization, does specialization which accompanies advances in technology naturally result in exclusivity, or have our licensing systems and laws been artificially engineered with the intention of limiting the number of individuals who reach the point of specialization?

In certain cases the want to specialize can have adverse and bias effects on an industry. In his seminal work From Poor Law to Welfare State: A History of Social Welfare in America (1994) Walter Trattner argues that social workers began to emphasize individualized casework at the expense of alternative methods which utilize holistic methods to address social issues.

The granting of degrees through universities in many cases serves as one major component of licensing practices, but there are numerous legal stipulations and in some cases even informal social norms which also act in this capacity. Nevertheless, the university system constitutes one of the last remaining widely spread guild (or quasi-guild) and continues to serve as an indispensable means for the professionalization of fields of work. While it is true that most guilds disappeared by the middle of the nineteenth century, the scholars guild persisted due to its peripheral standing in an industrialized economy. In the words of Elliot Krause, "The university and scholars' guilds held onto their power over membership, training, and workplace because early capitalism was not interested in it...".

title: Professional


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User talk:Dan Mazurowski

Hello Dan, welcome to Wikipedia. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. You can learn more on the how to edit page. The naming conventions and style guide pages are also useful. There is a sandbox which you can use to experiment in. If you have any questions, see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. Angela 01:07, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Ugh. Is it consistantly "Yars'"? RickK 23:16, 22 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Let's put the discussion on Talk: Yar's Revenge and let a consensus develop. RickK 01:29, 24 Sep 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dan Mazurowski


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User talk:Djw

Comments Please
I'm interested in others experience in using Wikipedia or other Wiki collaborative editing environments.

In particular, where can you see useful applications of this technology and why will it add value in that application?

I have successfully used a wiki in the context of knowledge capture in a large Australian steel company. The wiki used was Confluence and all research staff placed information onto the system as a Technology Encyclopedia. I ran a pilot project before gaining acceptance by the rest of the Research Management team to make the wiki part of the knowledge capture infrastructure (alongside Research Reports and Technical Reports etc). I also championed a University study to assess reactions to the use of a wiki in this context.

title: User talk:Djw


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Washington-Liberty High School

Washington-Liberty High School, formerly known as Washington-Lee High School, is a public high school in the Arlington Public Schools district in Arlington, Virginia, covering grades 9–12. Its attendance area serves the central third of Arlington, and it also offers the International Baccalaureate program countywide.

History
The former name of Washington-Liberty High School, Washington-Lee High School was taken from the Washington and Lee University, but the "and" was omitted and replaced with a hyphen to distinguish its name from the university's.

Construction on Washington-Liberty began in 1924, with the school opening in 1925 and graduating its first class in 1927. The architectural firm Upman & Adams designed the building in a simplified version of the Colonial Revival style. The school fronted on 13th St. N, which separated the school from its athletic field, eventually dedicated as Arlington County's War Memorial Stadium. In 1932, 41 classrooms, new offices, and another gym were added to the original building. A new wing and a large library with Palladian windows and two reading rooms were built in 1942 with WPA funds. The rifle range was also constructed in the shop area. In 1951, noted architect Rhees Burkett designed an addition that fronted on N. Quincy Street in the International Style. Along with the new Stratford Junior High School, it helped usher in a wave of contemporary commercial and school architecture that defined much of Arlington until the 1980s.

In 1960, some sophomores and juniors were sent to form the core of the then new Yorktown High School, to relieve overcrowding resulting from the baby boomer generation reaching high school age.

In 1975, the school board made the controversial decision to demolish the original sections of the school and construct a new facility with an open space instructional environment. The new school opened in 1977, and a new auditorium was constructed a few years later. In 1984, with the introduction of a new "closed campus" policy for underclassmen, a cafeteria was constructed in the school's commons.

Beginning in 2006, the school underwent a complete reconstruction; none of the older buildings remain. The theater and nearby classrooms were demolished to allow for the construction of the new classroom building, which opened in January 2008. An axial orientation to War Memorial Stadium and the primary parking areas is the defining characteristic of the new school. A ten-lane regulation NCAA short course swimming pool (with optional 25 meter lanes), gym and other indoor athletic facilities, and an 800-seat auditorium opened to the public in July 2009. The demolition of the 1951 building and the construction of auxiliary athletic fields and additional landscaping was completed in December 2009. The renovation cost Arlington County nearly $100 million and making it one of the most expensive high school construction projects in the United States.

In the wake of the August 2017 Charlottesville, Virginia, deadly white supremacist rally protesting the removal of a statue of Robert E. Lee, the Arlington County School Board voted unanimously in June 2018 to rename Washington-Lee High School to remove Lee's name, sparking a community discussion on whether this was wanted. This included debates on the process in which the school board took to change the name of the school. In the months prior to the name change, an appointed committee considered several options before narrowing them to "Washington-Loving High School", in honor of the Loving v. Virginia court case, and "Washington-Liberty High School". On January 10, 2019, the school board voted unanimously for the latter name. The name change took effect with the 2019–2020 school year.

In 2018 the Arlington School Board voted to integrate the former Arlington Education Center building into the Washington-Liberty campus. The building was completely renovated at the cost of 38 million dollars and opened for the 2022-2023 school year. The building was renamed the Washington-Liberty Annex building and functions as a regular part of the school, containing classrooms, administrative and counseling offices, student lounging areas and a weight room.

Campus
The new four-story building frames the northern end of War Memorial Stadium, referencing the orientation of the original three story 1924 building. A stepped terrace leads to the field from the school's student commons and outdoor eating areas. The school's primary corridor on the ground floor is the focal point for the more public spaces, which include the performing arts center, student commons, alumni conference room, cyber cafe, and journalism suite. It spans the distance between the commons and a primary entrance with access to a multistory parking structure and bus lanes. A public entrance is located on N Stafford St, and a separate public entrance serves the pool.

The compact massing of the new building allowed for the construction of additional athletic fields on land previously occupied by the former school. The orientation of the new school within the surrounding open space and the abundant pedestrian connections across the site that connect neighborhoods adhere to Arlington County's urban design guidelines, which follow smart growth planning principles. The new building was certified LEED gold by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) rating system, the second high school in Virginia to achieve that benchmark.

On the east side of the building near the indoor pool but not directly attached to the main building is the so-called Annex Building which became a part of Washington-Liberties campus in 2022 after three years of renovations.

Academics
In 1985, Washington-Liberty was named a National Blue Ribbon School of Excellence by the US Department of Education. In 2007, Newsweek magazine ranked Washington-Liberty 33rd among the nation's top high schools.

Washington-Liberty is the only school in Arlington that offers both the Advanced Placement program and the International Baccalaureate program. The vast majority of its students take advantage of these advanced courses or diploma programs.

Fine arts
The school offers fine arts courses and electives. Within the music department, electives include the marching and symphonic bands, madrigals, women's chorale, choir, orchestra, music theory, and guitar. In 2007, the music department received the Blue Ribbon Award, the highest award given by the Virginia Music Educators Association. The school was also a blue ribbon school for 2010–11.

Demographics
The gender breakdown of the 2,549 students enrolled in 2021–2022 was:
 * Male – 49.5%
 * Female – 50.5%

The ethnic breakdown of those same 2,549 students was:
 * Native American/Alaskan Native – 0.12%
 * Asian – 8.7%
 * Black – 7.3%
 * Hispanic – 31.7%
 * Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander – 0%
 * White – 45.5%
 * Multiracial – 6.8%

The number of students were eligible for free or reduced-price lunch in 2021–2022 was 24.8%.

Test scores
Washington-Liberty High School is a fully accredited with the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. W-L's average SAT score in 2016 was a 1703 (575 in Reading; 576 in Math; 552 in Writing).

As of 2011, Washington-Liberty High School met or exceeded the Virginia average passing rate for the majority of Virginia Standards of Learning exam categories

Notable alumni

 * Eric G. Adelberger, physicist and winner of the 2021 Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics, 1956
 * Warren Beatty, actor and Academy Award-winning director, 1955
 * Brian Blados, nine-year NFL player, first-round draft choice and Pro Bowler for the Cincinnati Bengals, 1980
 * Sandra Bullock, Academy Award-winning actress, 1982
 * George Lee Butler, Commander in Chief, USSC, 1957
 * Betty Jane Diener, Virginia Secretary of Commerce (1982–1986), 1958
 * Nancy Dussault, actress and Broadway singer and dancer, ABC's Good Morning America co-anchor, 1953
 * Mohamed Hadid, real estate developer
 * John T. "Til" Hazel, attorney, developer, 1954
 * John Hummer, retired NBA player, entrepreneur
 * Concha Jerez, Spanish artist, 1959
 * Tony Johnson, Olympic Teams, rowing. Head Coach, Yale, and Georgetown University Crews, 1958
 * Clay Kirby, former Major League Baseball pitcher, 1966
 * Shirley MacLaine, Academy Award-winning actress, 1952
 * George McQuinn, 12-year MLB first baseman, 1928
 * Lucas Mendes, soccer player, 2016
 * Brittany O'Grady, actress, 2013
 * Pat Priest, actress on The Munsters, 1954
 * Gail Renshaw, 1969 Miss USA World, 1965
 * Robert Richardson, Nobel Prize-winning physicist, 1955
 * Jake Scott, two-time Super Bowl champion w/ Miami Dolphins: Super Bowl VII and VIII, 1963
 * Eric Sievers, 10-year NFL player, 1981–90, 1976
 * Scott Sowers, actor, 1982
 * Carl Tanner, opera tenor, 1980
 * Forrest Tucker, actor, 1938
 * Ron Weber, former radio announcer for NHL's Washington Capitals
 * Stan Winston, film director, visual effects supervisor, 1964

title: Washington-Liberty High School


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User talk:Jtvisona

Chaos DAB Fix on your page
I apologize for being so bold as to modify your page, but you were using a link to a DAB (it was not previously) and we are cleaning up the articles which point directly to it. I presume I selected the correct disambiguation article for your page. Please adjust it if I was wrong. § Music Sorter §  (talk) 08:29, 26 June 2011 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of BICSI

The article BICSI has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Article subject doesn't meet WP:GNG. There isn't a significant coverage about the article subject on reliable sources. Organization also doesn't meet WP:ORGCRITE SNG."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. The Antediluvian (talk) 06:02, 30 March 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jtvisona


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Talk:Joan Blondell

Untitled
Come on, how many casual browsers will understand "pre-Code" in the first line? The rest is good and informative now. --KF 01:21, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I have expanded on this topic briefly. Carsinmotion 06:38, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Link removed
The link was Spam as it is to a commercial site selling the book noting the ISBN would be reasonable. --Nate1481(t/c) 15:09, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

Nude Modelling
What's the source for blondell doing nude modelling ? Its not mentioned in the Matthew kennedy biography.

jeffreyneave  11 march 2008  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.85.28.67 (talk) 19:41, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I wondered about that myself. I think it should come out, and if someone's got a cite for it, they can put it back with the ref. Ed Fitzgerald (unfutz)  (talk / cont)  20:09, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Looking at it again, I see that I took out the reference to "nude" earlier, and left in "posed for camera clubs." Perhaps that implies nudity?  Probably so, so I'll remove it. Ed Fitzgerald (unfutz)  (talk / cont)  20:13, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

I was on ebay about a year ago and searched "Joan Blondell". There was someone selling a picture that he claimed was Joan Blondell topless. From what I saw of the picture, it didn't look like her. Maybe vahuely but I wasn't convinced. But anyway, someone is definitely out there trying to sell supposedly "nude Joan Blondell" pictures. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Supertrav77 (talk • contribs) 03:16, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

Need a Better Headshot
The opening photograph is not only blurry but doesn't even look like her; she was a gorgeous woman. We need to fix this. Upsmiler (talk) 02:57, 2 October 2011 (UTC)

Dates
First paragraph under "Early Life" states that Joan Blondell's father was born in Indiana in 1906, which is the year in which Joan was born.

name change
There was a name change edit from Rose Joan to Joan Rose. The reason for the change wasn't explained, and there are no sources that suggest that was her name. While there are some that suggest the original arrangement was correct http://www.ibdb.com/person.php?id=32322. Reverting the change. -Xcuref1endx (talk) 05:16, 22 October 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Joan Blondell


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The Magic School Bus Lost in the Solar System

The Magic School Bus Lost in the Solar System is the fourth book in Joanna Cole and Bruce Degen's The Magic School Bus classic series books. Published in 1990, the book depicts arguably the most well-known adventure of the series and introduces the character of Janet.

Synopsis
Ms. Frizzle's class is learning about the Solar System and Arnold's unpleasant cousin Janet, who constantly raves about herself, has joined them. The Friz decides to take the kids on a field trip to the planetarium. But once they get there, they find the planetarium is closed for repairs. However, on the way back to school, Ms. Frizzle pushes a button that makes the bus transform into a rocket and blast off into outer space.

Once in outer space, the bus flies to Earth's Moon, where the kids make the most of the lesser gravity. Ms. Frizzle then takes them to the Sun and then Mercury, Venus and Mars before flying into the asteroid belt. However, while in the belt, one of the bus's tail lights is damaged by an asteroid and the Friz flies out to fix the tail light with a tether line connecting her to the bus. However, the bus's autopilot malfunctions, causing the bus to fly off, breaking Ms. Frizzle's tether line and leaving her stranded in the asteroid belt.

Janet looks through the Friz's things and finds Ms. Frizzle's lesson book, which documents the information she is supposed to tell the kids during the field trip (complete with "Arnold, are you listening?" written into it.) Janet reads through the book as they pass the outer planets and until they pass Pluto, leaving the solar system. When the class got to Pluto, the Sun (because Pluto is far away from the Sun) didn't look big anymore but it was a small yellow star. Janet then flips through the book and finds the instructions for the autopilot, so they can fly back to the asteroid belt and rescue Ms. Frizzle.

After they rescue the Friz, they return to Earth. The children tell various adults about their trips, but unfortunately they don't believe them, thinking that instead it was all their imagination - perhaps some kind of game they played with their friends.

Reception
Michele Landsberg of Entertainment Weekly gave a very positive review of the book, saying that, "The fun is irresistible and the information substantial [...]".

Television adaptation
The book was adapted into the first episode of the Magic School Bus television series to be broadcast. It is likely not the first episode produced (i.e. the pilot episode) since Arnold at one point mentions that the class went on a field trip inside a rotten log, probably referring to the events of the episode The Magic School Bus Meets The Rot Squad. (He also mentions that they've gone to the bottom of the ocean, but they never did that until the 4th episode of the first season The Magic School Bus Gets Eaten and the second-season episode The Magic School Bus Blows Its Top.) The episode is infamous for its third act in which it unintentionally teaches that one could survive without a helmet in the vacuum of space if brought back into an oxygen-filled environment quickly.

For the most part, the episode remains faithful to the book. Most notably, in the episode, Janet's bragging about herself does not appear to be empty bragging and she constantly raves about how "proof" is needed for all extraordinary claims, prompting her to force Arnold to collect "proof" from every planet in the solar system, so she can prove to the students in her class that she actually traveled to all the planets. Also in this one Arnold surprisingly suggests going to outer space himself to prove to Janet the truth.

Also, instead of remaining in the asteroid belt, Ms. Frizzle uses her jet pack to fly off to another planet and provides the kids with clues as to her location via the radio on the bus. She, of course, turns out to be on Pluto. The ending is changed too, with all of Janet's possessions ("proof") falling out of the bus on Pluto and her refusing to leave without it. Janet refuses to go home without her possessions, while Arnold refuses to go home without her. Arnold (in protest against her desire for proof) demonstrates to Janet what would happen to her if she remains on Pluto by removing his space helmet. When he removes his helmet, it freezes him (despite Janet's pleads of Arnold not to do it) and forces Janet to leave Pluto immediately. As the kids get back on the bus, Janet (as she and the class are holding Arnold) says, "BACK TO EARTH!", and to Ms. Frizzle, she says, "AND STEP ON IT!". This ending, of course, makes Arnold the hero instead of Janet. Among arriving back to Earth, all Arnold got from the freeze-over was a cold, and then the alien-obsessed Ralphie fakes a news announcement about aliens (Plutonian aliens) discovered on Pluto, complaining about the big pile of litter that was dumped on their planet.

In the "Producer Says" segment, after the male producer and the Plutonian alien (from the phone call) talk about the field trip to outer space, the Plutonian alien reveals that she is "waiting for someone to get the pile of litter off of her planet".

Despite the producer segment indicating otherwise, it is not implausible that Arnold could survive exposure to the thin atmosphere of Pluto after removing his helmet for long enough to be rescued. The show does, however, repeat the urban legend that one could catch a cold from the cold. The common cold is a viral infectious disease and one particularly could not catch it in the virtually airless atmosphere of Pluto as Arnold does in the episode.

This episode also marks the introduction of Janet in the TV series, and it is also the first time the bus is driven by the kids or someone other than Ms. Frizzle (the bus does not appear to have autopilot in the episode).

Software adaptation
The Magic School Bus Explores the Solar System is the first software game developed based on the Magic School Bus series (The Magic School Bus Explores the Human Body was released the same year.) In the game, Ms. Frizzle is lost as soon as the bus flies off into space and got hit by a meteor in a meteor shower and the goal of the game is to locate her using the clues she provides. The Friz's hiding place varies throughout the game.

As would become the standard for the remainder of the games in the original software series, the main screen consists of the bus's dashboard, where the user can "drive" the bus to any of the nine planets or Earth's moon. Since Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune lack solid surfaces, the Bus (unlike in the book and TV adaptations) in this version instead lands on one of their moons (Io for Jupiter, Mimas for Saturn, Miranda for Uranus and Triton for Neptune).

Once on a planet, the user can exit the bus, where a strange satellite called the "whatsit" must be clicked on to bring up an arcade-styled game in which the user, controlling one of the students, must collect one of Ms. Frizzle's tokens (giant coins with Ms. Frizzle's face on them) which provide the user with a clue as to the Friz's whereabouts and activate the "Friz-finder." There are only three clues available, but tokens will still need to be collected to activate the "Friz-finder" after all the clues have been exhausted. Clicking on the "Friz-finder" will determine whether Ms. Frizzle is anywhere on the current planet. If she is, then the game is completed, but if she is not then the user will have to collect another token to activate the "Friz-finder" to try again.


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User:Jtvisona

You can email me at jtvisona at acm dott org.

=Syntactical Notes= Extended Cheat Sheet Full Watch List

title: User:Jtvisona