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Brattleboro, Vermont

Brattleboro, originally Brattleborough, is a town in Windham County, Vermont, United States, located about 10 mi north of the Massachusetts state line at the confluence of Vermont's West River and Connecticut. With a 2022 Census population of 12,106, it is the most populous municipality abutting Vermont's eastern border with New Hampshire, which is the Connecticut River.

The town has been important to the history of Vermont, acting as a gateway for trade on both the Connecticut River and subsequent road and train infrastructure. Moreover the Whetstone Brook allowed the development of several mill industries that relied on water power. The town rose to national and international recognition because of several major industries in the town during the 19th century: several bookbinding companies, including Brattleboro Typographic Company which produced bibles, and Estey Organ, one of the largest manufacturers of pipe organs in the world. Both industries shrank in the early 20th century, relying more on its role as a economic hub for more rural communities and Vermont's tourism industry.

There are satellite campuses of two colleges in Brattleboro: Community College of Vermont, and Vermont Technical College. Located in Brattleboro are the New England Center for Circus Arts, Vermont Jazz Center, and the Brattleboro Retreat, a mental health and addictions hospital. Notable annual events include Strolling of the Heifers and the Brattleboro Literary Festival.

Indigenous people
The location was called Wantastegok or "Wantastiquet" by the indigenous Sokoki band of Abenaki that resided in the area before settlement by Europeans.

Frontier fort

To defend the Massachusetts Bay Colony against Chief Gray Lock and others during Dummer's War, the Massachusetts General Court voted on December 27, 1723, to build a blockhouse and stockade on the Connecticut River near the site of what would later become known as Brattleboro. Lieutenant-governor William Dummer signed the measure, and construction of Fort Dummer began on February 3, 1724. It was completed before summer. On October 11 of that year, the French attacked the fort and killed some soldiers. In 1725, Dummer's War ended.

By 1728, and in subsequent peaceful periods, the fort served as a trading post for commerce among the colonial settlers and the Indians. But violence flared up from time to time throughout the first half of the 18th century. In 1744, what became known as King George's War broke out, lasting until 1748. During this period a small body of British colonial troops were posted at the fort, but after 1750 this was considered unnecessary.

Although the area was originally part of the Equivalent Lands, the township became one of the New Hampshire grants, and was chartered (founded) as such on December 26, 1753, by Governor Benning Wentworth. It was named Brattleborough, after Brigadier-General William Brattle, Jr. of Boston, a military officer, cleric, slaveholder as well as a principal proprietor. Ironically, there is no record that Brattle ever visited the locality, and settlement activities remained tentative until after the 1763 Treaty of Paris, when France abandoned their claims to Vermont, part of the region which they had called New France.

Hostilities having ceased, Brattleboro developed quickly in peacetime, and soon was second to no other settlement in the state for business and wealth. In 1771, Stephen Greenleaf opened Vermont's first store in the east village, and in 1784, a post office was established. A bridge was built across the Connecticut River to Hinsdale, New Hampshire, in 1804.

In 1834, the Brattleboro Retreat, then called the Vermont Asylum for the Insane, was established through a generous bequest by Anna Marsh of Hinsdale, New Hampshire. In 1844, the Brattleboro Hydropathic Establishment was opened by Robert Wesselhoeft; this was the third "water cure" establishment in the country, utilizing waters from a spring near the current downtown fire station. Until the water cure closed in 1871, the town was widely known as a curative health resort.

Other industries began to appear in the town under the initiation of the businessman John Holbrook, who initiated firms like the Brattleboro Typographic Company. These businesses initiated a decade of very successful printing industry in the town.

Mill town

Whetstone Falls, very close to where Brattleboro's Whetstone Brook flows into the Connecticut River, was a handy source of water power for watermills, initially a sawmill and a gristmill. By 1859, when the population had reached 3,816, Brattleboro had a woolen textile mill, a paper mill, a manufacturer of papermaking machinery, a factory making melodeons, two machine shops, a flour mill, a carriage factory, and four printing establishments. Connected by the Vermont & Massachusetts Railroad and the Vermont Valley Railroad, the town prospered as a regional center for trade in commodities including grain, lumber, turpentine, tallow and pork. In 1888, the spelling of the town's name was shortened to Brattleboro.

The Estey Organ company, the largest organ manufacturer in the United States, operated in Brattleboro for about a century beginning in 1852. The company's main factory was located southwest of downtown Brattleboro, on the south side of Whetstone Brook between Birge and Organ Streets. At its height, the complex had more than 20 buildings, many of which were interconnected by raised walkways and covered bridges. One of the buildings now houses the Estey Organ Museum. The entire surviving complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, both for its architecture, and for having been a major economic force in Brattleboro for many years.

In 1871, Thomas P. James, "The Spirit Pen of Dickens", a printer by trade, moved to Brattleboro, where he took a job at The Vermont Farmer and Record. James claimed that the departed spirit of Charles Dickens had given him a communication during at a seance on Oak Street. According to James, Dickens' spirit conveyed that he had chosen James to write down the end of "The Mystery of Edwin Drood", which Dickens had not completed before he died. Dickens' spirit also supposedly told James that it was fine if James made a profit from the book. The book was printed by the same company that owned the Springfield Union, which was the paper that published the first news about James' claims, as well as excerpts from the new chapters of the novel. Newspaper editors from papers around New England who had employed James denounced the entire affair as a well-planned advertising hoax. The book became a sensation, being reviewed in the New York Times and widely promoted in spiritualist magazines of the day. James published the novel on October 31, 1873, and reported that he sold 30,000 copies of it. James left Brattleboro in 1879, abandoning his third wife, and moving to Watertown, Massachusetts, with his fourth wife Lizzie Plummer, a member of the wealthy Salisbury family with ties to Brattleboro's printing and paper making industries.

British author Rudyard Kipling settled in Brattleboro after marrying a young Brattleboro woman, Carrie Balestier, in 1892. The couple built a home called Naulakha, just over the town line to the north in neighboring Dummerston. Kipling wrote The Jungle Book and other works there. He also wrote about local life in the early 1890s: heavy snowfalls, ox-teams drawing sledges, and people in the small towns beset with what he called a "terrifying intimacy" about each other's lives. He recorded the death of men who had left, going to seek their fortunes in the cities or out west, and the consequent loneliness and depression in the lives of local women; the long length of the workday for farmers, even in winter, often for lack of help; and the abandonment of farms.

The first person ever to receive a U.S. Social Security benefit check, issued on January 31, 1940, was Ida May Fuller from Brattleboro.

On May 12, 1950, auctioneer Emma Bailey held her first auction in Brattleboro, selling a rocking chair for $2.50. She was the first American woman auctioneer, and later became the first woman admitted to the National Auctioneers Association.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 32.5 square miles (84.0 km2), of which 32.0 square miles (82.9 km2) is land and 0.5 square mile (1.2 km2, 1.42%) is water. Brattleboro is drained by the West River, Ames Hill Brook and Whetstone Brook. The town is in the Connecticut River Valley, and its eastern boundary (and the Vermont state line) is the western bank of the Connecticut River. Hills and mountains surround the town.

Climate
Brattleboro experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa) with cold, snowy winters and hot, humid summers. The town can experience snowfall as early as November and as late as April, and in the adjacent mountains and high country as late as May. Nor'easters often come with the potential of dumping a foot or more of snow on Brattleboro when they move through; such storms are not uncommon during the winter months. Summers are warm to hot and generally humid, with abundant sunshine and heavy showers and thunderstorms associated with passing cold fronts. Tornadoes are rare.

The record high is 100 F, set in 1955, and the record low is -33 F, set in 1958. In terms of average annual precipitation, May is typically the wettest month, and February is the driest. Brattleboro averages 92.58 in of snow annually.

Brattleboro lies in USDA plant hardiness zone 5a.

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 12,046 people, 5,364 households, and 2,880 families residing in the town. Almost all of the population is concentrated in two census-designated places identified in the town: Brattleboro and West Brattleboro. The results of recent censuses indicate very little change in the overall number of people living in the town. Despite this, Brattleboro remains the most populous town along Vermont's eastern border.

The population density of the town was 375.3 people per square mile (144.9/km2). There were 5,686 housing units at an average density of 177.7 per square mile (68.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 92.1% White, 1.9% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 2.2% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.6% from other races, and 2.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.7% of the population.

There were 5,364 households, out of which 27.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.8% were married couples living together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.3% were non-families. 37.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.84.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.3% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 29.2% from 25 to 44, 25.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $31,997, and the median income for a family was $44,267. Males had a median income of $31,001 versus $25,329 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,554. About 9.2% of families and 13.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.0% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

Both a commercial and touristic gateway for the state of Vermont, Brattleboro is the first major town one encounters crossing northward by automobile from Massachusetts on Interstate 91, and is accessed via Vermont exits 1, 2, and 3 from that thoroughfare. It offers a mix of a rural atmosphere and urban amenities including a number of lodging establishments. Brattleboro also hosts art galleries, stores, and performance spaces, mostly located in the downtown area.

In 2007, after meeting qualifying criteria, the local Selectboard passed a resolution designating Brattleboro a Fair Trade Town, becoming the second Fair Trade certified town in the nation after Media, Pennsylvania.

C&S Wholesale Grocers, the northeast's largest regional food distributor, made its headquarters here until 2005, when they moved their administrative offices to Keene, New Hampshire; however, because of close proximity to Interstate 91, C&S still operates a large shipping and warehouse facility in Brattleboro near I-91's Exit 3.

Ehrmann Commonwealth Dairy is headquartered in Brattleboro and operates a dairy processing facility in the town that opened in 2011.

New Chapter, an organic vitamin and supplement maker is headquartered in Brattleboro.

Development
The town's densely populated center is located near Vermont's lowest elevation point in the Connecticut river valley. Because of the surrounding steep hills there is very little flat land, and many of its buildings and houses are situated on steep hillsides, necessarily closely bunched together. This concentrated topography and population density have helped to create a semi-urban, cosmopolitan atmosphere in the downtown.

Since the 1950s, additional construction and development have expanded outside the concentrated downtown area; in the west, south, and north of the township. The southeast quarter of the town, near to and abutting the riverbank, is where its population has historically been the densest, and is composed largely of one- or two-family houses, with apartment buildings such as "triple deckers" interspersed among them. Commercial and industrial operations are concentrated along the north-south Canal Street (Route 5) artery. The town's high school and the Regional Career Center are also located in this section, as is Fort Dummer State Park, which is named after the first European settlers' 1724 stockade. The original Fort's site, however, was flooded in the early 20th century by a flood-control and hydro-electric dam built just downstream in Vernon, Vermont. An historical marker is located near the Fort's now-underwater site, on the west bank of the Connecticut River on Vernon Road (VT Route 142), at the corner of Cotton Mill Hill.

The western section of town, built up around Vermont's east-west Route 9, was formally designated a village in 2005. It is mostly lower-density residential in character, and features the state's largest mobile home park and several planned housing developments and subdivisions. Away from the Route 9 conduit, other parts of western Brattleboro and some areas north of the West River have a decidedly rural character, with dirt roads, sparse housing, wooded Green Mountains foothills, and the last few farms left in the town following the 1970s' decline of the dairy industry. At its peak, the immediate Brattleboro area had over 170 farms; there are now less than a dozen remaining.

The section of Brattleboro north of the West River, formerly farmland, was mostly subdivided and developed during the 1960s and 1970s following the construction of Interstate 91, which runs north-south through the town. The area has little residential development and is dominated by larger commercial and industrial establishments and suburban-style shopping areas along Putney Road, including seven chain hotels and motels located within a short distance of each other.

Brattleboro is also the headquarters of the Holstein/Friesian Cattle Association, which houses and maintains the worldwide registries for those two breeds.

Arts and culture

Brooks Memorial Library houses a town historical archive, fine art paintings, and sculptures.

Brattleboro has a thriving arts community. It was listed in John Villani's book The 100 Best Small Art Towns in America, in which it was ranked #9 among 'arts towns' with a population of 30,000 or less.

On the first Friday of every month, an event known as "Gallery Walk" is held, during which galleries, artists, arts organizations, and stores display new art works or hold performances. Included in the organizations that participate are the Brattleboro Museum and Art Center, the Hooker-Dunham Theater and Gallery, the In-Sight Photography Project, River Gallery School, Through the Music, and the Windham Art Gallery. Gallery Walk is a mid-1990s creation of, and continues to be sponsored by, the Arts Council of Windham County.

Other arts organizations in Brattleboro include the Brattleboro Music Center, the Vermont Theatre Company, the New England Youth Theater, the Brattleboro Women's Chorus, the New England Center for Circus Arts (NECCA), the Vermont Performance Lab, and the Vermont Jazz Center.

Annual events

 * January's annual Northern Roots Festival at the Brattleboro Music Center
 * February's annual Winter Carnival
 * Alpine Ski Jumping's Fred Harris Memorial Tournament, each February at the Harris Hill Ski Jump
 * Brattleboro Women's Film Festival, each March
 * Maple Open House Weekend, each March
 * Annual Benefit Auction for River Gallery School each March
 * Winston Prouty Center's Taste of the Town fund raiser each May
 * Annual Slow Living Summit in May or June
 * Vermont Theatre Company's Shakespeare-in-the-Park in June and July
 * Brattleboro Free Folk Festival, founded in 2003
 * Brattleboro Literary Festival in October
 * Brattleboro Film Festival first two weeks of November

Parks and recreation

The town operates and maintains the Gibson-Aiken Center, a large recreation and community activities facility, located downtown on Main Street, along with a number of parks and outdoor recreation centers, including Living Memorial Park, whose features include an outdoor swimming pool and a municipal skiing facility. There are bicycle lanes on Putney Road in the northern portion of town, on Guilford Street near Living Memorial Park, and on a short segment of Western Avenue in West Brattleboro. Open during the summer months, Fort Dummer State Park is named for, and located near, the original site of a Dummer's War-era stockade. The state park consists of 218 acres of protected forest, featuring hiking trails and a State campground, just south of the population center on wooded hills overlooking the Connecticut River.

Brattleboro sees a substantial seasonal influx of recreational skiers and snowboarders, many of them bound for the resorts at nearby Mount Snow and Stratton, but it is also a winter sports destination in and of itself. The town played an important role in the development and popularization of the skiing industry as a winter sport, with pioneering Brattleboro native and Dartmouth College alumnus Fred Harris, founder of the Dartmouth Outing Club (1909–1910), also establishing the Brattleboro Outing Club (in 1922), contributing to the first North American use of motor-driven ski lifts, and building the Harris Hill olympic-scale ski jumping facility, the site of international competitions every February that still attract daring ski-jumping athletes from all over the world.

Government
Brattleboro employs a representative town meeting local government, wherein its citizens are represented at-large by a Selectboard of five members, and by several dozen town representatives elected from three municipal districts. The Selectboard, meeting on average every week or two, is considered part of the 'executive branch' of town government; its five members being elected to fill three one-year positions and two three-year positions. In turn, the Selectboard hires and supervises a full-time town manager. The town's three districts also each elect a representative to the Vermont State Legislature.

State and federal representation
Brattleboro is represented at the national level by U.S. senators Bernie Sanders and Peter Welch, and by Congresswoman Becca Balint, who also represents Vermont's entire at-large federal congressional district.

At the state level in Montpelier:

 * Sen. Wendy Harrison (D)
 * Sen. Nader Hashim (D)
 * Rep. Mollie Burke (P/D)
 * Rep. Emilie Kornheiser (D)
 * Rep. Tristan Toleno (D)

Ballot initiatives

 * Brattleboro voted in support of a measure calling on the town's police force to arrest and indict President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney in March 2008. The vote was 2012–1795.
 * In March 2017, Brattleboro voted in support of a ban on grocery store plastic bags by a 3 to 1 margin.

Education
Brattleboro has a diverse mix of public and private primary, secondary and post-secondary schools and career centers. Sub-campuses of the Community College of Vermont and Vermont Technical College are located in Brattleboro; in the downtown's newly renovated Brooks House. Brattleboro is also home to the New England Academic Center of Union Institute and University, housed in the Marlboro College Graduate Center building.

SIT Graduate Institute, formerly known as the School for International Training, is a private higher education institution in northern Brattleboro. An outgrowth of The Experiment in International Living, which was founded in 1932 in nearby Putney, Vermont, the Graduate Institute offers master's degrees in several internationally oriented concentrations. Its students and faculty hail from all regions of the globe, giving Brattleboro a decidedly eclectic and international flair, and its notable alumni include native Vermonter and 1997 Nobel Peace Prize laureate Jody Williams.

Brattleboro currently has three public K–6 elementary schools. They are:
 * Green Street School
 * Oak Grove School
 * Academy School

There is one public middle school, the Brattleboro Area Middle School (BAMS), and one public high school, the Brattleboro Union High School (BUHS). The Windham Southeast Supervisory Union, which oversees the public school system in the southeastern corner of Windham County, also administers a dedicated vocational education unit, the Windham Regional Career Center. Oak Meadow, a K–12 homeschool curriculum provider and distance learning school is also based out of downtown Brattleboro.

Print
The town is home to the Brattleboro Reformer (est. 1876 as the 'Windham County Democrat'), a daily newspaper with a weekday circulation of just over 10,000, and The Commons, a non-profit community weekly newspaper. The Parent Express, a community newspaper, circulates in Brattleboro; Keene, New Hampshire; and throughout Windham County, Vermont, and Cheshire County, New Hampshire. Local news is also carried in the Keene Sentinel and Rutland Herald.

Radio
There are several radio stations which broadcast from Brattleboro.

FM

 * WVBA 88.9 FM, Vermont Public Radio outlet
 * WKVT-FM 92.7 (classic hits)
 * WTSA-FM 96.7 (hot adult contemporary)
 * WVEW-LP 107.7 (community-supported low power station)

AM

 * WINQ 1490
 * WTSA 1450

Television
Brattleboro is not reached by terrestrial broadcast television due to the surrounding mountains, in addition to being just far enough away from major cities like Boston, Springfield, and Albany. However, as of October 2022, like the rest of Vermont except Bennington County, it is considered part of the Burlington / Plattsburgh television market. Comcast and Consolidated Communications are the major suppliers of cable television programming for Brattleboro. Local stations offered on Comcast include most major Burlington-area stations, as well as WMUR-TV (ABC) and WEKW-TV (NHPTV) from New Hampshire; and WGBY-TV from Springfield, Massachusetts.

Roads and highways
Brattleboro is crossed by six highways, including one Interstate highway. They are:

 * [[Image:I-91.svg|20px]] Interstate 91
 * [[Image:US 5.svg|20px]] U.S. Route 5 ("Connecticut River Byway")
 * [[Image:Vermont 9.svg|20px]] Vermont Route 9 ("Molly Stark Trail")
 * [[Image:Vermont 30.svg|20px]] Vermont Route 30
 * [[Image:Vermont 119.svg|20px]] Vermont Route 119
 * [[Image:Vermont 142.svg|20px]] Vermont Route 142

Vermont Route 9 runs from the New York border with Vermont, west of Bennington, traverses the southern backbone of the Green Mountains well west of Brattleboro, and eventually arrives in the heart of Brattleboro's downtown as High Street. Its other local names are The Molly Stark Trail, Marlboro Road, Western Avenue, Main Street, and Putney Road. It meets I-91 at a partial cloverleaf interchange (from where it is Exit 2 from the Interstate), then as it advances eastward into downtown, it overlaps U.S. Route 5 at the intersection of Main and High Streets. The road then runs north with Main Street into Putney Road then to the traffic circle at Interstate 91's Exit 3 (connected to that highway via a trumpet interchange westward from this roundabout), where it diverges from Route 5 and runs eastward into New Hampshire, becoming New Hampshire Route 9.

U.S. Route 5 enters Brattleboro at its border with the town of Guilford and runs north-south, through downtown, eventually exiting Brattleboro at its northern border with the town of Dummerston. Route 5's local names are Canal Street, Main Street, and Putney Road. Southbound, Route 5 detours along Park Place and part of Linden Street, as part of a one-way 'traffic triangle' at the north end of Main Street. Route 5, designated throughout Vermont as the Connecticut River Byway, is the only scenic byway in Vermont to receive national byway status.

Scenic Vermont Route 30 has its southern terminus in Brattleboro at the intersection of Park Place and Linden Street. From this point, it runs for about 12 miles on a very gently graded roadbed along the West River's southern bank, affording a stunning vista and connecting Brattleboro with picturesque New England towns and recreational areas elsewhere in Windham County and Vermont. Its wide riverside paved shoulder makes it a favorite cycling route. Route 30 exits Brattleboro at its border with Dummerston and continues northwest along the West River. Its local names within Brattleboro are Linden Street and West River Road.

Interstate 91, originating in Connecticut and terminating at the Canada–U.S. border, runs north-south through town, arcing westward around the town center. Its first three Vermont exits are in Brattleboro: Exit 1 serves the southern part of town, Exit 2 serves the western section of town connecting to local ski areas via Route 9, and Exit 3 serves the northern section of town and neighboring southwest New Hampshire. I-91's majestic twin-structure West River Bridge is, as of 2015, being rebuilt with a completely new design.

Vermont Route 119 begins at a 5-way intersection, four road directions and one parking lot entrance, with U.S. Route 5 and VT Route 142. Route 119's local name within Brattleboro is Bridge Street. It continues east with an at-grade crossing of the New England Central Railroad just before crossing into New Hampshire over the Connecticut River, whose border lies just 0.08 mi from the road's western end.

Vermont Route 142 begins at the same junction with Route 5 and Route 119 mentioned above, continuing southward, closely paralleling the New England Central Railroad for much of its length within town. Its local names are Vernon Street and Vernon Road, as it continues southward into the town of Vernon and eventually into Massachusetts.

Rail

Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, operates its Vermonter service daily through Brattleboro, connecting the town by rail with Washington, D.C., and St. Albans, Vermont, and many stations in between. Brattleboro was recently part of a $70 million re-alignment of the Vermonter's route to the old Montrealer route, restoring passenger rail service between Brattleboro and the western Massachusetts cities of Northampton and Greenfield. Recent upgrades to railroad tracks in Massachusetts and Connecticut, to the south, have significantly reduced rail travel time to New York and points south.

Bus
Southeast Vermont Transit, doing business as the MOOver and consisting of the former Current and Brattleboro BeeLine bus operations, operates 3 local bus routes around Brattleboro that also serve Guilford and Hinsdale, New Hampshire on weekdays and Saturday non-holidays. They also operated commuter bus routes between Brattleboro, Bellows Falls (weekdays) and Wilmington (everyday).

Greyhound also stops in Brattleboro.

Air
The closest small-craft airports to Brattleboro are the Deerfield Valley Regional Airport in West Dover to the west, and Dillant-Hopkins Airport in Keene, New Hampshire, to the east. The closest airports (both within 70 mi north of the town) offering regularly-scheduled domestic commercial flights include Lebanon Municipal Airport in West Lebanon, New Hampshire, and the Rutland – Southern Vermont Regional Airport, close to Rutland. Both airports feature daily Cape Air flights to and from Boston and White Plains, New York. The closest airports with regularly-scheduled domestic and international flights are Bradley International Airport to the south, Manchester-Boston Regional Airport to the east, and Albany International Airport to the west, all of them less than two hours' driving distance from the town.

Fire department
The town of Brattleboro is protected by the Brattleboro Fire Department, founded in 1831 and located on Elliot Street in the downtown business district. There is also a sub-station in West Brattleboro. The Department's current Chief is Michael Bucossi.

Police
Brattleboro and West Brattleboro are serviced by the Brattleboro Police Department.

The Windham County Sheriff's Department provides prisoner transport and serves civil documents across Brattleboro and the rest of Windham County.

The Vermont State Police have a substation in Westminster and also serve the town.

Health care

 * Brattleboro is home to the Brattleboro Memorial Hospital, a 61-bed community hospital serving southeastern Vermont since 1904. As of 2014, the hospital has 137 primary care and specialist physicians on its staff.
 * Golden Cross Ambulance provides EMT and ambulance service for Brattleboro, as well as Cheshire County, New Hampshire.
 * Brattleboro is also home to the Brattleboro Retreat, a large private, non-profit psychiatric hospital founded in 1834. The Retreat, as it is known locally, was one of the first acute mental health care facilities founded in the United States. It is the third largest employer in the town, and 45th largest in Vermont, with a workforce of about 400 as of 2013.
 * Health Care and Rehabilitation Services of Vermont (HCRS) provides Brattleboro, and the rest of Windham and Windsor counties in Vermont, with outpatient services for mental health, substance abuse and developmental disabilities. The agency is headquartered in Springfield and also has other satellite offices elsewhere in Vermont in Bellows Falls, Windsor and White River Junction.

Utilities
Brattleboro's electricity is supplied by Green Mountain Power. Brattleboro's surface water supply is the Pleasant Valley Reservoir, which the Pleasant Valley Water Plant siphons through Brattleboro at a daily average of 1.0 to 1.5 million gallons per day. Also, backup water pumps are adjacent to West River Road just north of the Brattleboro Retreat.

Cable television in Brattleboro is provided by Comcast. Comcast and Consolidated Communications also provide the town with landline phone and high speed Internet service.

title: Brattleboro, Vermont


text:
Newfane (village), Vermont

Newfane is an incorporated village in the town of Newfane in Windham County, Vermont, United States. The population was 87 at the 2020 census.

Most of the village was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 as the Newfane Village Historic District. It is centered on the village green. It includes over 60 buildings. Greek Revival is the dominant architectural style. The Windham County Courthouse, which was built in 1825, is included in the district. Also, the Historical Society of Windham County is headquartered in the town.

Geography
The village of Newfane is located in the eastern part of the town of Newfane, on the banks of Smith Creek, a tributary of the West River. It is set on a relatively flat terrace on the east side of the creek, bounded on the east by an old Boston & Maine Railroad branch-line right-of-way. Main Street (Vermont Route 30) runs north-northeast through the village, with West Street branching off northward at the village common.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.2 square mile (0.5 km2), all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 116 people, 61 households, and 32 families residing in the village. The population density was 654.4 people per square mile (248.8/km2). There were 68 housing units at an average density of 383.6/sq mi (145.9/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 97.41% White, 0.86% from other races, and 1.72% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.86% of the population.

There were 61 households, out of which 21.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.9% were married couples living together, 6.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.5% were non-families. 41.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.90 and the average family size was 2.56.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 15.5% under the age of 18, 2.6% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 32.8% from 45 to 64, and 21.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 73.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 71.9 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $33,250, and the median income for a family was $46,250. Males had a median income of $24,688 versus $48,000 for females. The per capita income for the village was $22,028. There were 5.9% of families and 8.2% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 14.7% of those over 64.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Newfane (village), Vermont


text:
Newfane, Vermont

Newfane is the shire town (county seat ) of Windham County, Vermont, United States. The population was 1,645 at the 2020 census. The town includes the villages of Newfane, Williamsville, and South Newfane.

History
One of the New Hampshire grants, the town was chartered on June 19, 1753, by Governor Benning Wentworth, who named it Fane after John Fane, the 7th Earl of Westmoreland. But hostilities during the French and Indian War prevented its settlement. Because a first town meeting was not held within the required five years, the charter was deemed null and void. So Wentworth issued an entirely new charter on November 3, 1761, as New Fane. The town was settled in 1766 by families from Worcester County, Massachusetts. Newfane became the shire town of the county before 1812. A village was built atop Newfane Hill, including the county buildings. But because of winter travel difficulties, it was relocated to the flatland below in 1825, until 1882 called Fayetteville after the Marquis de Lafayette.

The town has a diversified terrain, with both high hills and deep valleys. Farmers found good soil for cultivation on the intervales, and for grazing livestock on the uplands. Various streams provided water power for mills, and by 1859 industries included manufacturers of both leather and linseed oil, two flour mills, two lumber mills, and a large carriage factory. As a result, Newfane became prosperous during the 19th century, when it built the Federal, Greek Revival and Victorian architecture that today makes it a tourist destination.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 40.4 square miles (104.6 km2), of which 40.2 square miles (104.2 km2) is land and 0.1 square mile (0.4 km2) (0.35%) is water. The West and Rock rivers flow through the town.

Newfane is crossed by Vermont Route 30.

The West River in Newfane yielded the largest gold nugget ever found in New England, at 6.5oz.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,680 people, 693 households, and 464 families residing in the town. The population density was 41.7 people per square mile (16.1/km2). There were 977 housing units at an average density of 24.3 per square mile (9.4/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.10% White, 0.18% Black or African American, 0.30% Native American, 0.12% Asian, 0.12% Pacific Islander, 0.06% from other races, and 1.13% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.95% of the population.

There were 693 households, out of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.1% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were non-families. 24.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.88.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.9% under the age of 18, 4.6% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 32.4% from 45 to 64, and 11.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.8 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $45,735, and the median income for a family was $51,328. Males had a median income of $33,882 versus $27,426 for females. The per capita income for the town was $22,215. About 4.7% of families and 5.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.1% of those under age 18 and 7.9% of those age 65 or over.

Site of interest

 * Williamsville Covered Bridge, built in 1870

Notable people

 * Harrison G. O. Blake, US congressman
 * Paul A. Chase, Associate Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court
 * Ralph B. DeWitt, Brigadier general in the Marine Corps
 * Asa Belknap Foster, businessman and politician
 * Frank L. Fish, Associate Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court
 * Robert Fritz, author, composer and film-maker
 * John Kenneth Galbraith, economist
 * Arthur Otis Howe, Vermont state representative and senator
 * Marshall Otis Howe, Vermont state legislator
 * Luke Knowlton, founder of Newfane, Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court, member of the Vermont House of Representatives
 * Paul Holland Knowlton, businessman and politician
 * John H. Merrifield, politician
 * Archer Mayor, author of mystery novels
 * Henriette Mantel, Emmy Award-winning writer, actress, producer, director, and stand-up comic
 * Lee Stephen Tillotson, Adjutant General of the Vermont National Guard

Popular culture
In 2006, Newfane became one of the first American towns to pass a resolution endorsing the impeachment of President George W. Bush.

In H.P. Lovecraft's "The Whisperer in Darkness", the protagonist is driven through Newfane on his way to Townshend.

Newfane was featured in episode 8, season 4, of the TV series "Route 66" in 1963. A sign for The Village Store at Newfane, Vermont, 1876, appears in an early scene.

Newfane served as the visual inspiration for Peter Spier's illustrated children's book of "The Fox Went Out on a Chilly Night."

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Newfane has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

title: Newfane, Vermont


text:
Westminster (village), Vermont

Westminster is a village in Windham County, Vermont, United States. The population was 287 at the 2020 census. Most of the village is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 as the Westminster Village Historic District.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.3 sqmi, all land. The village is centered on the junction of U.S. Route 5 with School and Grout Streets, and extends mainly along US 5. Its western end is roughly Metcalf Drive and Cox Street, and its eastern end is the old cemetery. On School Street, the district extends north at least as far as Thompson Road.

History
Westminster, located in the southeastern part of Vermont, was the first town to be chartered, in 1736 by the Province of Massachusetts Bay. The layout of the village center took place in 1736–1737, and initially called for an unusually broad Main Street (now US 5). The basic plan for the village today still shows elements of this plan, with a still-broad main road layout (reduced in width in 1781 after the original plan was deemed too wide), and in the placement of municipal and civic buildings. The town hall, for example, is built on the foundation of the 18th century colonial meeting house, retaining its exterior dimensions.

Because Westminster was in an area disputed by several colonial governments, it had a second charter issued by the Province of New Hampshire in 1740, only to have that charter invalidated by a crown decision awarding the Vermont area to the Province of New York in 1764. This territorial dispute culminated in the formation of Vermont as a separate state, but not without bloodshed. Two men were fatally wounded in the Westminster massacre on March 13, 1775, in a dispute between supporters of the New York claim (led by the local New York-appointed sheriff), and a group of anti-New Yorkers occupying the courthouse. This event was significant in leading to the eventual declaration of the Vermont Republic in 1777, and its admission to the Union as a separate state in 1793. Westminster was one of the seats of the republic's legislature, and served as a county seat until 1787.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 276 people, 118 households, and 78 families residing in the village. The population density was 209.1 people per square mile (80.7/km2). There were 124 housing units at an average density of 93.9/sq mi (36.3/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 100.00% White.

There were 118 households, out of which 28.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.6% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.1% were non-families. 25.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.85.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 20.3% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 21.0% from 25 to 44, 33.3% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.4 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $47,969, and the median income for a family was $54,643. Males had a median income of $30,833 versus $26,375 for females. The per capita income for the village was $22,261. None of the families and 2.7% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 5.1% of those over 64.

title: Westminster (village), Vermont


text:
Westminster (town), Vermont

Westminster is a town in Windham County, Vermont, United States. The population was 3,016 at the 2020 census. It is also the first capital of the Republic of Vermont. It borders the state of New Hampshire.

History
Westminster is Vermont's oldest existing town and was chartered in 1735 by the Province of Massachusetts Bay and was called New Taunton or Township Number One. The town did not have any permanent settlers in the area until 1751. New Hampshire settlers came in and the town was later incorporated in the Province of New Hampshire on November 9, 1752, becoming the third chartered town for New Hampshire west of the Connecticut River. When the British government recognized the Province of New York's claims to what is now Vermont, New York moved its Court of Common Pleas for Cumberland County to Westminster in 1772. It was the site of the Westminster massacre in March 1775, in which two men were killed attempting to prevent New York provincial officials from exerting their authority over the area in the long-running dispute over the New Hampshire Grants. On January 15, 1777, a group of Vermonters met in the Westminster courthouse to declare the independence of the Republic of New Connecticut (later renamed the Republic of Vermont).

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 46.1 square miles (119.5 km2), of which 46.1 square miles (119.3 km2) is land and 0.04 square mile (0.1 km2) (0.06%) is water.

Transportation
Westminster is crossed by Interstate 91 (Exit 5 serves the town), U.S. Route 5, Vermont Route 121 and Vermont Route 123.

The New England Central Railroad has track rights through the town. Amtrak's Vermonter passenger rail line runs through Westminster but does not stop in town. The closest stations are Bellows Falls to the north and Brattleboro to the south.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,210 people, 1,246 households, and 843 families residing in the town. The population density was 69.7 people per square mile (26.9/km2). There were 1,412 housing units at an average density of 30.6 per square mile (11.8/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.73% White, 0.40% Black or African American, 0.28% Native American, 0.22% Asian, 0.34% from other races, and 1.03% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.69% of the population.

There were 1,246 households, out of which 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.5% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.3% were non-families. 24.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.06.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 27.3% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 27.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.1 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $44,263, and the median income for a family was $49,615. Males had a median income of $32,365 versus $26,303 for females. The per capita income for the town was $20,019. About 7.1% of families and 10.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.8% of those under age 18 and 8.1% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people

 * Fanny Allen, daughter of Ethan Allen, who converted to Catholicism and became a nun after a religious experience while living in Westminster
 * Jerome Allen, educator and author
 * Stephen R. Bradley, US Senator from Vermont
 * William Czar Bradley. US Representative from Vermont
 * Edmund Burke, US Representative from New Hampshire
 * Joseph Dorr Clapp, Wisconsin State Senator, farmer, and businessman, was born in Westminster
 * Lot Hall, Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court
 * Hiram Pratt, mayor of Buffalo, New York
 * Mark Richards, US Congressman and seventh Lieutenant Governor of Vermont

title: Westminster (town), Vermont


text:
CP

CP, cp. or its variants may refer to:

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Cariyapitaka (Cp), a canonical Buddhist story collection
 * The Canadian Press, a Canadian news agency
 * Child pornography
 * The Christian Post, an American newspaper
 * Competitive programming
 * Club Penguin, a now defunct online multiplayer game
 * Creepypasta, a form of internet horror story
 * Cyberpunk, a subgenre of science fiction

Transportation companies

 * Canadian Airlines (1987–2001) (IATA airline code CP)
 * Canadian Pacific Railway, reporting mark CP
 * Cebu Pacific, a Philippine airline company
 * Central Pacific Railroad, a network of lines between California and Utah, US
 * Chemins de Fer de Provence, a French public railway company
 * Comboios de Portugal, a Portuguese state-owned train company
 * CP Air or Canadian Pacific Air Lines (1942–1987), a Canadian airline
 * CP Ships, a Canadian shipping company, part of TUI Group
 * Cathay Pacific, a Hong Kong-based major airline

Other enterprises

 * C.P. Company, an Italian apparel brand
 * Cedar Point, an amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio, USA
 * Charoen Pokphand (C.P. Group), a Thai agribusiness conglomerate
 * Chicago Pneumatic, an American manufacturer of tools and equipment
 * Colgate-Palmolive, an American consumer goods company
 * Commercial Press, a Chinese publishing company
 * Connaught Place, New Delhi, a commercial centre in India
 * Curious Pastimes, a UK-based gaming company

Government, law, and military

 * Captain of the Parish, a (now mainly ceremonial) appointment in the Isle of Man (post-nominal letters CP)
 * Central Powers, a military alliance before and during World War I, led by the German Empire
 * Certified Paralegal, an American legal qualification
 * Civil parish, the lowest tier of government in England
 * Command Post, in military terminology
 * Commissioner of Police, the top-ranking officer of the Police Force
 * Consejo popular, an electoral ward of Cuba.

Biology and medicine

 * Cerebral palsy, a brain disorder
 * Certified Prosthetist, an American medical qualification
 * Ceruloplasmin, an enzyme encoded by the CP gene
 * Congenital prosopagnosia, a type of inability to recognize faces
 * Chronic pancreatitis

Chemistry

 * Capensinidin (Cp), a blue-red plant dye
 * Carbon monophosphide, a diatomic radical chemical compound
 * Cassiopium (Cp), a name formerly used for the chemical element Lutetium
 * Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), complex mixtures of polychlorinated n-alkanes
 * Cp, a proposed chemical symbol for the element Copernicium (Cn)
 * Counterpoise method, a way to correct for basis set superposition error in quantum chemistry
 * Cross-polarization
 * Cyclopentadienyl ligand (Cp), read as "C P", the cyclic fragment in a coordination complex
 * The similar symbol Cp* ("C P star") represents pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, the ligand

Drugs

 * Chlorphenamine, a first-generation alkylamine antihistamine
 * Creatine phosphate, a chemical used to store phosphates in the body
 * Cyclophosphamide, a medication to suppress the immune system

Computing

 * cp (Unix), a UNIX command for copying files and directories
 * Certificate policy, outlining (non)-intended uses of a digital certificate
 * Circuit Probe, a method of wafer testing
 * Code page, a table identifying the character set used to encode a set of glyphs
 * Constraint programming, a programming paradigm wherein relations between variables are stated in the form of constraints
 * Control Program, part of an operating system of the late 1960s; see CP/CMS
 * Connection pool, a cache of database connections
 * The 'Content Profile' in the NISO standard Content Profile/Linked Document, a data serialisation format

Mathematics

 * Cauchy problem, in partial differential equations
 * Complex projective space (CP$n$), the projective space with respect to the field of complex numbers
 * Mallows's Cp, a statistic used in model selection
 * Process capability index, (Cp), a statistical measure of process capability

Physics

 * Candlepower (cp), a measure of luminous intensity
 * Centipoise (cP), a unit of viscosity
 * CP symmetry, in particle physics, the product of charge conjugation and parity
 * Cp, the specific heat capacity at constant pressure
 * Pressure coefficient (Cp), a parameter for studying the flow of fluids
 * Center of pressure (fluid mechanics), the point where the total sum of a pressure field acts on a body

Other uses in science and technology

 * Cathodic protection, a technique used to control the corrosion of a metal surface
 * Cellphone, a portable telephone device
 * Clock pulse, a signal type in electronics
 * Complementizer phrase, in linguistics, the syntactic head of a full clause
 * Continental Polar (cP), in meteorology, a type of air mass
 * Control point, a section of track where switches and signals control trains within a centralized traffic control

Other uses

 * Adobe Captivate, an Adobe software
 * C. P. (name), shared by several notable individuals
 * Camp (disambiguation)
 * Central provinces (disambiguation) (C.P.)
 * Central Provinces (1861–1936), a former province of India, succeeded by
 * Central Provinces and Berar (1936–1950), corresponding to Madhya Pradesh in the post-partition republic
 * Central Provinces and Berar Circuit or C. P.-Berar Circuit, a Hindi film distribution circuit comprising parts of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra
 * Ceteris paribus (cp), a Latin phrase commonly rendered as "all other things being equal"
 * Colored people
 * see also colored people's time
 * Commercial paper, in global finance, a type of promissory note
 * Communist party, a political party that advocates communism through state policy
 * Customer profitability, the profit a firm makes from serving a customer
 * Member of the Passionists, a Roman Catholic religious order (post-nominal letters C.P.)
 * compare, a directive to the reader to compare to a cited source (used interchangeably with "cf."); see List of Latin abbreviations
 * Clipperton Island, a territory with exceptional country code CP
 * Montenegrin Party (Crnogorska partija), a political party in Serbia

title: CP


text:
Ludlow (village), Vermont

Ludlow is an incorporated village within the town of Ludlow, Windsor County, Vermont, United States. It is sometimes called Ludlow Village, to distinguish it from the surrounding town of the same name. The population was 773 at the 2020 census.

History
Ludlow Woolen Mills is a prominent feature of the village and its history. The mill was first built for woolen manufacture in 1834 and operated until 1837, when the business failed in the economic panic of that year. After sitting vacant for a time, it was sold and had resumed operation by 1853. The mill complex, by then including a machine shop, sawmill, and boardinghouse, changed hands again in 1856 and 1864. The original building, which was five stories tall, burned in 1865 and was rebuilt as the three-story brick building that remains today. By 1885 it was known as the "Ludlow Woolen Company" and included sections for spinning, carding, weaving, dressing, finishing and dyeing wool. In 1899, it employed 130 people and produced 150,000 yards of wool cloth annually. Early in the 20th century the mill took the name "Verd Mont Mills Company", but later it was called the "Gaymont Woolen Mill". General Electric acquired it in 1952 and retained ownership until 1976.

Black River Academy was chartered in Ludlow in 1835 and operated as a school, serving as the Town of Ludlow's public high school until 1938, when a new school was built. The original academy building burned early in the school's history, and the school operated in a church for 44 years until a new school building was built in 1888. Notable alumni of the Black River Academy include U.S. President Calvin Coolidge; Rotary founder Paul P. Harris; John Garibaldi Sargent, who was U.S. Attorney General during Coolidge's presidency; and Vermont governor William W. Stickney. After the school closed, the Richardsonian school building was used for a time and run by Harriet Fife Bostock as a convalescent home. Since 1972 it has housed the Black River Academy Museum and Historical Society, a museum of local history.

Part of the village was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007 as the Ludlow Village Historic District. The district includes 26 contributing properties over an area of 9 acre. The district is located along a section of Main Street (Vermont Route 103) and Depot Street and includes the former Ludlow Woolen Mills (now housing a condominium and several retail businesses), post office, meeting hall, Black River Academy, fire house, and several churches, businesses, and residences.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.4 square miles (3.5 km2), all land.

Demographics
At the census of 2000, there were 958 people, 437 households, and 221 families residing in the village. The population density was 707.2 people per square mile (274.0/km2). There were 731 housing units at an average density of 539.6/sq mi (209.1/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 97.70% White, 0.31% Black or African American, 0.10% Native American, 0.42% Asian, 0.52% from other races, and 0.94% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.31% of the population.

There were 437 households, out of which 20.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.7% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 49.4% were non-families. 40.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06 and the average family size was 2.79.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 19.3% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 29.4% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 23.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.3 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $29,698, and the median income for a family was $40,703. Males had a median income of $31,250 versus $20,455 for females. The per capita income for the village was $19,824. About 6.7% of families and 9.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.1% of those under age 18 and 7.9% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people

 * Paul A. Chase, Associate Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court
 * Ida May Fuller, first recipient of a Social Security check
 * Joseph F. Radigan, United States Attorney for Vermont
 * John G. Sargent, United States Attorney General
 * Hiland J. Spaulding, Wisconsin state legislator
 * William W. Stickney, Governor of Vermont
 * William H. Walker, Associate Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court
 * Julius A. Willcox, Associate Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court

title: Ludlow (village), Vermont


text:
Ludlow (town), Vermont

Ludlow is a town in Windsor County, Vermont, United States. The population was 2,172 at the 2020 census. Ludlow is the home of Okemo Mountain, a popular ski resort. Before becoming a ski destination, Ludlow was originally a mill town, and was the home of a General Electric plant until 1977. It was arguably the most impacted by the flooding and natural disaster which ravaged Vermont in July 2023. The town of Ludlow was named after Ludlow, Massachusetts which is less than 100 miles away. There is also, where the town started, a village of Ludlow located in the town.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 92.5 sqkm, of which 91.1 sqkm is land and 1.4 sqkm, or 1.46%, is water. Within the town are located the incorporated village of Ludlow and the small hamlets of Grahamville and Smithville. Lake Rescue, a popular lake for recreational activities, is located about three miles north of the town center along Vermont Route 100. Vermont Route 103 passes east–west through the center of town. Interstate 91 does not pass through Ludlow, with the closest access points being Exit 6 in Rockingham and Exit 8 in Weathersfield.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,449 people, 1,060 households, and 658 families residing in the town. The population density was 69.4 people per square mile (26.8/km2). There were 3,001 housing units at an average density of 85.1/sq mi (32.9/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.41% White, 0.20% Black or African American, 0.16% Native American, 0.41% Asian, 0.20% from other races, and 0.61% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.24% of the population.

There were 1,060 households, out of which 24.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.5% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.9% were non-families. 31.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.80.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 21.0% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 26.3% from 25 to 44, 27.6% from 45 to 64, and 18.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.3 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $36,969, and the median income for a family was $44,375. Males had a median income of $30,911 versus $22,179 for females. The per capita income for the town was $24,708. About 5.9% of families and 7.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.6% of those under age 18 and 8.4% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people

 * Calvin Coolidge, 30th president of the United States; attended Black River Academy
 * Abby Maria Hemenway, author and historian
 * John F. Murphy, Sr., longtime legislator and politician
 * Robert Newton Peck, children's author, most notably A Day No Pigs Would Die
 * Belle L. Pettigrew, teacher, missionary
 * Richard F. Pettigrew, lawyer, surveyor, land developer, and US senator from South Dakota
 * John G. Sargent, U.S. Attorney General
 * Edward Kirk Warren, businessman

title: Ludlow (town), Vermont


text:
Springfield (CDP), Vermont

Springfield is a census-designated place (CDP) comprising the main settlement within the town of Springfield, Windsor County, Vermont, United States. The population of the CDP was 3,979 at the 2010 census, compared with 9,373 for the town as a whole.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 6.1 sqkm, of which 5.9 sqkm is land and 0.2 sqkm, or 3.25%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,938 people, 1,778 households, and 1,038 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 644.3 /km2. There were 1,958 housing units at an average density of 320.3 /km2. The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.83% White, 0.38% Black or African American, 0.15% Native American, 1.19% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 0.23% from other races, and 1.14% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.17% of the population.

There were 1,778 households, out of which 28.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.6% were married couples living together, 12.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.6% were non-families. 37.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.89.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 24.6% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 26.0% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.8 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $28,566, and the median income for a family was $40,768. Males had a median income of $30,625 versus $21,335 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $17,690. About 7.2% of families and 10.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.0% of those under age 18 and 16.9% of those age 65 or over.

title: Springfield (CDP), Vermont


text:
Woodstock (village), Vermont

Woodstock is an incorporated village located within the town of Woodstock in Windsor County, Vermont, United States. As of the 2020 census, the village population was 900.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.0 square mile (2.7 km2), all land. The Ottauquechee River flows through the village.

History
The Woodstock Village Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. It includes the village center and additional properties along the Ottauquechee River. The district covers an area of 275 acre encompassing 95 buildings, sites, and structures that contribute to the historical significance of the area. The center of the district is an elliptical village green located at the junction of U.S. Route 4 and Vermont Route 106. Around the green and along the main road following the river are a number of residential, commercial, and public buildings showcasing architectural development from the late 18th to late 19th centuries. One of these buildings is The Norman Williams Public Library, built by Norman's son, Dr. Edward H. Williams, on the site where their home had stood previously. The district also includes the Billings Farm and Museum, and the George Perkins Marsh Boyhood Home, the architectural centerpiece of Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park, and F. H. Gillingham & Sons, the oldest, same-family operated general store in Vermont.

2011 Great Place in America
In 2011 the Downtown Woodstock Streetscape was listed by the American Planning Association (APA) as a "2011 Great Place in America" under the "Streets" category. The APA specifically focuses on streets that are complete, meaning that the street services all forms of use and not just vehicle use.

The area streets specifically recognized by APA are North and South Park Streets, one block of Elm Street between Pleasant and Central streets; and two blocks of Central Street between Pleasant, North Park, and South Park streets. Woodstock itself is built in early 19th century New England architecture. Near the center of Woodstock is "The Green", which is used for weekly farmer markets in the summer and autumn. Woodstock is a quaint New England town with a historic and lively atmosphere perfect for exploring on foot.

In 2006 the State of Vermont created a district for tax credits and other state provided incentives for smart growth along the downtown streets. Currently Downtown Woodstock boasts a free trolley during the summer months that is powered by electricity generated from cow manure from local farms.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 977 people, 434 households, and 220 families residing in the village. The population density was 944.4 people per square mile (366.2/km2). There were 558 housing units at an average density of 539.4/sq mi (209.2/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98.36% White, 0.20% Black or African American, 0.10% Native American, 0.72% Asian, 0.20% from other races, and 0.41% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.02% of the population.

There were 434 households, out of which 22.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.2% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 49.1% were non-families. 41.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.01 and the average family size was 2.73.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 18.4% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 27.1% from 45 to 64, and 21.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.6 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $95,577, and the median income for a family was $109,688. Males had a median income of $72,109 versus $26,917 for females. The per capita income for the village was $90,639. About 0.1% of families and 0.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.4% of those under age 18 and 0.1% of those age 65 or over.

Related

 * Woodstock, Vermont
 * Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park
 * National Register of Historic Places listings in Windsor County, Vermont
 * Frederick H. Billings
 * F. H. Gillingham & Sons
 * Woodstock Railway

title: Woodstock (village), Vermont


text:
Woodstock, Vermont

Woodstock is the shire town (county seat ) of Windsor County, Vermont, United States. As of the 2020 census, the town population was 3,005. It includes the villages of Woodstock, South Woodstock, Taftsville, and West Woodstock.

History
Chartered by New Hampshire Governor Benning Wentworth on July 10, 1761, the town was a New Hampshire grant to David Page and 61 others. It was named after Woodstock in Oxfordshire, England, as a homage to both Blenheim Palace and its owner, George Spencer, 4th Duke of Marlborough. The town was first settled in 1768 by James Sanderson and his family. In 1776, Joab Hoisington built a gristmill, followed by a sawmill, on the south branch of the Ottauquechee River. The town was incorporated in 1837.

Although the Revolution slowed settlement, Woodstock developed rapidly once the war ended in 1783. The Vermont General Assembly met here in 1807 before moving the next year to the new capital at Montpelier. Waterfalls in the Ottauquechee River provided water power to operate mills. Factories made scythes and axes, carding machines, and woolens. There was a machine shop and gunsmith shop. Manufacturers also produced furniture, wooden wares, window sashes and blinds. Carriages, horse harnesses, saddles, luggage trunks and leather goods were also manufactured. By 1859, the population was 3,041. The Woodstock Railroad opened to White River Junction on September 29, 1875, carrying freight and tourists. The Woodstock Inn opened in 1892.

The Industrial Revolution helped the town grow prosperous. The economy is now largely driven by tourism. Woodstock has the 20th highest per-capita income of Vermont towns as reported by the United States Census, and a high percentage of homes owned by non-residents. The town's central square, called the Green, is bordered by restored late Georgian, Federal Style, and Greek Revival houses. The cost of real estate in the district adjoining the Green is among the highest in the state. The seasonal presence of wealthy second-home owners from cities such as Boston and New York has contributed to the town's economic vitality and livelihood, while at the same time diminished its accessibility to native Vermonters.

The town maintains a free (paid for through taxation) community wi-fi internet service that covers most of the village of Woodstock, dubbed "Wireless Woodstock".

Layout and design
In his City Life: Urban Expectations in a New World, Canadian author and architect Witold Rybczynski extensively analyzes the layout of the town and the informal and unwritten rules which determined it. According to Rybczynski:

"The overall plan seems to have been dictated by the site: a narrow, flat valley hemmed in by the sweeping curve of the Ottauqueechee River on one side and a small creek on the other. The green was laid out lengthwise on the narrow peninsula between the river and the creek, allowing for many plots to have rear gardens running down to the riverbank. ...

The builders of Woodstock were aware that important buildings needed important sites. The Episcopalian church is at the head of the green, the Methodist farther down, and the Congregationalist church artfully closes the vista of Pleasant Street where it dead-ends into Elm Street. ... The pride of place, on the green, is shared by private homes on one side, and the courthouse and the Eagle Hotel on the other. Stores, banks, the post office and other businesses are located on two streets adjacent to but not actually on the green. This is a subtle sort of urban design, but it is design, design that proceeds not from a predetermined master plan, but from the process of building itself. A rough framework is established, with individual builders adapting as they come along. If Parisian planning in the grand manner can be likened to carefully scored symphonic music, the New England town is like ... very restrained jazz. ... [L]ike jazz, it involves improvisation, and as in jazz, this does not mean that the result is accidental or that there are no rules."

The author goes on to explicate some of the informal rules, such as that buildings stand close to the sidewalk, in the case of businesses, or ten to fourteen feet behind for homes; that plots are generally deep and narrow, keeping street frontages roughly equivalent; commercial buildings stand side by side, with only important buildings with a public function—the library or courthouse, for instance—being free-standing objects. Rybczynsk points out that there is no zoning in Woodstock, and "buildings with different functions sat—and still sit today—side by side on the same streets", with practical exceptions such as the slaughterhouse and the gasworks.

The Rockefellers have had an enormous impact on the overall character of the town as it exists today. They helped preserve the 19th century architecture and the rural feel. In the late 1960s they tore down the landmark Woodstock Inn, a Victorian treasure reconstructed in 1892 from the old Eagle Hotel, which served as a center point for the town, and built a charming neo-colonial edifice farther back from the street. Laurance and Mary French Rockefeller also had the village's power lines buried underground. To protect their ridgeline views, the town adopted an ordinance creating a Scenic Ridgeline District in order to protect the aesthetics and the views of the town. It was updated in 2007.

Woodstock was named "The Prettiest Small Town in America" by the Ladies Home Journal magazine, and in 2011, North and South Park Street and one block of Elm Street won an award for great streetscape by the American Planning Association's "Great Places in America" program. APA looks at street form and composition, street character and personality and the overall street environment and sustainable practices.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 115.6 sqkm, of which 114.9 sqkm is land and 0.7 sqkm, or 0.63%, is water. The Ottauquechee River flows through the town.

Woodstock is crossed by U.S. Route 4, Vermont Route 12 and Vermont Route 106. Interstate 89 does not pass through the town, it is served by exit 1 in nearby Quechee. It is bordered by the town of Pomfret to the north, Hartford to the northeast, Hartland to the east, Reading to the south, and Bridgewater to the west.

Woodstock is a three-hour drive from Boston and is 250 mi away from New York City. It is easily accessible via car or plane to Rutland or Lebanon Airports. Vermont Translines operates a daily intercity bus route between Rutland and Lebanon, stopping in Woodstock along the way. The closest regular public transportation hubs are in White River Junction (12 mi east) and Rutland (48 mi west).

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Woodstock has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 3,048 people, 1,388 households, and 877 families residing in the town. The population density was 72.6 people per square mile (28.0/km2). There were 1,775 housing units at an average density of 39.9 per square mile (15.4/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.08% White, 0.40% Black or African American, 0.22% Native American, 0.62% Asian, 0.25% from other races, and 0.43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.80% of the population.

There were 1,388 households, out of which 26.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.7% were couples living together and joined in either marriage or civil union, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.8% were non-families. 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.79.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 20.7% under the age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 31.7% from 45 to 64, and 18.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.6 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $47,143, and the median income for a family was $57,330. Males had a median income of $33,229 versus $26,769 for females. The per capita income for the town was $28,326. About 4.3% of families and 6.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.3% of those under age 18 and 3.7% of those age 65 or over.

Annual cultural events

 * The annual Bookstock literary festival is held in June on and around the central village green and features regional, national and international authors and poets. Past speakers include Julia Alvarez, Richard Blanco, Billy Collins, Ed Koren, Sy Montgomery, Valerie Plame, Richard Russo, Ocean Vuong.
 * The annual Harvest Weekend at the Billings Farm and Museum is held in October and includes a husking bee, barn dance, and 19th century harvest activities.
 * The annual Wassail Weekend is held in early December.

Tourism
The Billings Farm & Museum is a local tourist attraction. The land and farmhouse were owned by Laurance Rockefeller and his wife Mary French Rockefeller. The farm and museum include an operating dairy farm and a restored 1890 farm house.

F. H. Gillingham & Sons, a general store located in its original building at 16 Elm Street, is another local tourist attraction. The store was established in 1886 by Frank Henry Gillingham.

Parks and recreation
The Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park is located in Woodstock, and is the only unit of the United States National Park System in Vermont (except for the Appalachian Trail). The park preserves the site where Frederick Billings established a managed forest and a progressive dairy farm.

Education
Woodstock is served by Woodstock Elementary School, The Prosper Valley School, and Woodstock Union High School & Middle School. The schools are part of the Windsor Central Supervisory Union.

Notable people

 * Fred C. Ainsworth, U.S. Army surgeon and Adjutant General
 * Ivan Albright, artist
 * Benjamin Allen, politician
 * Nicholas Baylies, Associate Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court
 * Franklin S. Billings, 60th Governor of Vermont
 * Franklin S. Billings Jr., Chief Justice Vermont Supreme Court & United States District Court for the District of Vermont
 * Franklin Noble Billings, businessman and brother of Frederick H. Billings
 * Frederick H. Billings, lawyer, financier and President of the Northern Pacific Railway
 * Keegan Bradley, PGA Tour golfer
 * Richard M. Brett, conservationist and author
 * Isaac Bullard (Vermont religious leader)
 * Frank H. Chapman, US Marshal for Vermont
 * Sylvester Churchill, journalist
 * Jacob Collamer, politician
 * Philip Cummings, lecturer on world affairs
 * Thomas M. Debevoise, Vermont Attorney General, Dean of Vermont Law School
 * George Dewey, admiral
 * Maud Durbin, actress and wife of Otis Skinner
 * Harold "Duke" Eaton Jr., Supreme Court Justice, State of Vermont
 * Elon Farnsworth, Attorney General of Michigan
 * Marianne Gaillard Faulkner, philanthropist
 * Robert Hager, television journalist
 * Benjamin Tyler Henry, gunsmith and manufacturer
 * Rebecca Hammond Lard, poet from Indiana
 * Charles Marsh, U.S. congressman
 * George Perkins Marsh, environmentalist
 * Joseph A. Mower, general
 * Hiram Powers, sculptor
 * Origen D. Richardson, politician
 * Laurance Rockefeller, American businessman, financier, philanthropist and major conservationist. Financier of the Woodstock Inn & Resort
 * Otis Skinner, actor
 * Charles Stimets, First Town Manager of Woodstock
 * Benjamin Swan, longest serving Vermont State Treasurer
 * Andrew Tracy, U.S. congressman
 * Gwen Verdon, dancer and actress
 * Peter T. Washburn, 31st Governor of Vermont
 * Hezekiah Williams, U.S. congressman
 * Norman Williams, Vermont Auditor of Accounts and Secretary of State of Vermont
 * Paul Watson, Conservationist, author and television star
 * Daphne Zuniga, film and television actress

In popular culture

 * Several movies have been filmed in or around Woodstock, including Dr. Cook's Garden (1971), Ghost Story (1981) and Funny Farm (1988).

Sites of interest

 * Billings Farm & Museum
 * Lincoln Covered Bridge, built in 1877
 * Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park
 * F. H. Gillingham & Sons
 * Middle Covered Bridge, built in 1969
 * Taftsville Covered Bridge, built in 1836
 * First Congregational Church of Woodstock, Vermont
 * Town Hall Theatre
 * Woodstock Historical Society & Dana House Museum

Related

 * Woodstock Observer
 * Woodstock Railway
 * Billings Library, University of Vermont

title: Woodstock, Vermont


text:
Adams, Adams County, Wisconsin

Adams is a town in Adams County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 1,378 at the 2020 census. The city of Adams is located within the town. The ghost town of Adams Center was also located in the town.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 131.0 sqkm, of which 130.2 sqkm is land and 0.8 sqkm, or 0.62%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,267 people, 547 households, and 363 families residing in the town. The population density was 25.1 people per square mile (9.7/km$2$). There were 856 housing units at an average density of 16.9 per square mile (6.5/km$2$). The racial makeup of the town was 97.55% White, 0.32% Black or African American, 0.71% Native American, 0.32% Asian, 0.63% from other races, and 0.47% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.66% of the population.

There were 547 households, out of which 22.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.6% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.6% were non-families. 27.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.75.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 21.1% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 27.6% from 45 to 64, and 17.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.6 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $34,286, and the median income for a family was $38,482. Males had a median income of $32,171 versus $22,188 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,225. About 4.9% of families and 9.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.4% of those under age 18 and 14.4% of those age 65 or over.

title: Adams, Adams County, Wisconsin


text:
Adams, Wisconsin

Adams is a city in Adams County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 1,761 at the 2020 census. The city is located within the Town of Adams.

History
Adams was originally called South Friendship, but after a petition from residents who did not like the name, the Chicago and North Western Railway changed it to Adams due to its short nature. The town became a division point in 1911 for the lines of the Chicago and North Western Railway The Milwaukee, Sparta, and Northwestern Railroad, a subsidiary of the Chicago and North Western Railway, began the "Air Line" or "Adams Cutoff" from Adams towards Sparta, Wisconsin in 1910.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.96 sqmi, of which, 2.95 sqmi is land and 0.01 sqmi is water. Adams is located at 43.95528°N, -89.81694°W (43.955280, -89.816920).

Adams shares a common border with the Village of Friendship, leading to the common use of the name Adams-Friendship in news and weather reports as well as the name of the city's school district Adams Friendship Area School District.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,967 people, 886 households, and 479 families living in the city. The population density was 666.8 PD/sqmi. There were 990 housing units at an average density of 335.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 94.8% White, 1.3% African American, 0.9% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.7% from other races, and 1.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.3% of the population.

There were 886 households, of which 27.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 33.6% were married couples living together, 15.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 45.9% were non-families. 41.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.96.

The median age in the city was 42.2 years. 24% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.7% were from 25 to 44; 25.2% were from 45 to 64; and 21.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.0% male and 54.0% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,914 people, 769 households, and 470 families living in the city. The 2006 estimate for the city is 1,904. The population density was 650.1 people per square mile (251.4/km$2$). There were 847 housing units at an average density of 287.7 per square mile (111.2/km$2$). The racial makeup of the city was 97.75% White, 0.16% Black or African American, 0.37% Native American, 0.05% Asian, 0.47% from other races, and 1.20% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.93% of the population.

There were 769 households, out of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.1% were married couples living together, 15.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.8% were non-families. 35.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.1% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 25.6% from 25 to 44, 18.2% from 45 to 64, and 23.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $26,250, and the median income for a family was $32,981. Males had a median income of $32,039 versus $20,917 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,744. About 9.7% of families and 14.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.4% of those under age 18 and 15.9% of those age 65 or over.

Transportation
Adams County Airport (63C) serves Adams and the surrounding communities. The Union Pacific Railroad's Adams Subdivision, part of a main rail line between Milwaukee and the Twin Cities, passes through Adams. There has been no rail passenger service since the end of the Twin Cities 400 in 1963, which was operated by the Chicago and North Western Railway.

Notable people

 * Edwin W. Blomquist, Wisconsin State Representative, lived in Adams.

title: Adams, Wisconsin


text:
Ashland (town), Wisconsin

Ashland is a town in Ashland County, Wisconsin. The population was 594 at the time of the 2010 census. The city of Ashland, population 7,908, is located about 15 mi northwest of the town. The unincorporated communities of High Bridge, Minersville, North York, and part of Jolmaville are located in the town.

Geography
The town of Ashland is located north of the center of Ashland County. Wisconsin Highway 13 passes through the town, leading north 14 mi to the city of Ashland and south 2 mi to Mellen and 35 mi to Park Falls.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 107.0 sqkm, of which 106.8 sqkm is land and 0.2 sqkm, or 0.19%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 603 people, 227 households, and 182 families residing in the town. The population density was 14.6 people per square mile (5.6/km2). There were 277 housing units at an average density of 2.6 persons/km2 (6.7 persons/sq mi). The racial makeup of the town was 94.36% White, 0.17% African American, 3.32% Native American, 0.33% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 1.82% from two or more races. 0.33% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 227 households, out of which 31.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.1% were married couples living together, 8.8% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 19.4% were non-families. 17.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 2.96.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.0% under the age of 18, 11.3% from 18 to 24, 24.4% from 25 to 44, 27.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $34,063, and the median income for a family was $39,219. Males had a median income of $25,875 versus $19,327 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,390. 12.7% of the population and 10.5% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 21.6% are under the age of 18 and 4.8% are 65 or older.

title: Ashland (town), Wisconsin