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Goldschmidt classification

The Goldschmidt classification, developed by Victor Goldschmidt (1888–1947), is a geochemical classification which groups the chemical elements within the Earth according to their preferred host phases into lithophile (rock-loving), siderophile (iron-loving), chalcophile (sulfide ore-loving or chalcogen-loving), and atmophile (gas-loving) or volatile (the element, or a compound in which it occurs, is liquid or gaseous at ambient surface conditions).

Some elements have affinities to more than one phase. The main affinity is given in the table below and a discussion of each group follows that table.

Lithophile elements
Lithophile elements are those that remain on or close to the surface because they combine readily with oxygen, forming compounds that do not sink into the Earth's core. The lithophile elements include Al, B, Ba, Be, Br, Ca, Cl, Cr, Cs, F, I, Hf, K, Li, Mg, Na, Nb, O, P, Rb, Sc, Si, Sr, Ta, Th, Ti, U, V, Y, Zr, W and the lanthanides or rare earth elements (REE).

Lithophile elements mainly consist of the highly reactive metals of the s- and f-blocks. They also include a small number of reactive nonmetals, and the more reactive metals of the d-block such as titanium, zirconium and vanadium. Lithophile derives from "lithos" which means "rock", and "phileo" which means "love".

Most lithophile elements form very stable ions with an electron configuration of a noble gas (sometimes with additional f-electrons). The few that do not, such as silicon, phosphorus and boron, form extremely strong covalent bonds with oxygen – often involving pi bonding. Their strong affinity for oxygen causes lithophile elements to associate very strongly with silica, forming relatively low-density minerals that thus float to the Earth's crust. The more soluble minerals formed by the alkali metals tend to concentrate in seawater or extremely arid regions where they can crystallise. The less soluble lithophile elements are concentrated on ancient continental shields where all soluble minerals have been weathered.

Because of their strong affinity for oxygen, most lithophile elements are enriched in the Earth's crust relative to their abundance in the solar system. The most reactive s- and f-block metals, which form either saline or metallic hydrides, are known to be extraordinarily enriched on Earth as a whole relative to their solar abundances. This is because during the earliest stages of the Earth's formation the reaction that controlled the stable form of each chemical element was its ability to form compounds with hydrogen. Under these conditions, the s- and f-block metals were strongly enriched during the formation of the Earth. The most enriched elements are rubidium, strontium and barium, which between them account for over 50 percent by mass of all elements heavier than iron in the Earth's crust.

The nonmetallic lithophiles – phosphorus and the halogens – exist on Earth as ionic salts with s-block metals in pegmatites and seawater. With the exception of fluorine, whose hydride forms hydrogen bonds and is therefore of relatively low volatility, these elements have had their concentrations on Earth significantly reduced through escape of volatile hydrides during the Earth's formation. Although they are present in the Earth's crust in concentrations quite close to their solar abundances, phosphorus and the heavier halogens are probably significantly depleted on Earth as a whole relative to their solar abundances.

Several transition metals, including chromium, molybdenum, iron and manganese, show both lithophile and siderophile characteristics and can be found in both these two layers. Although these metals form strong bonds with oxygen and are never found in the Earth's crust in the free state, metallic forms of these elements are thought very likely to exist in the core of the earth as relics from when the atmosphere did not contain oxygen. Like the "pure" siderophiles, these elements (except iron) are considerably depleted in the crust relative to their solar abundances.

Owing to their strong affinity for oxygen, lithophile metals, although they form the great bulk of the metallic elements in Earth's crust, were never available as free metals before the development of electrolysis. With this development, many lithophile metals are of considerable value as structural metals (magnesium, aluminium, titanium, vanadium) or as reducing agents (sodium, magnesium, calcium).

The non-metals phosphorus and the halogens were also not known to early chemists, though production of these elements is less difficult than of metallic lithophiles since electrolysis is required only with fluorine. Elemental chlorine is particularly important as an oxidizing agent – usually being made by electrolysis of sodium chloride.

Siderophile elements

Siderophile (from sideron, "iron", and phileo, "love") elements are the transition metals which tend to sink into the core because they dissolve readily in iron either as solid solutions or in the molten state, although some sources include elements which are not transition metals in their list of siderophiles, such as germanium. Other sources may also differ in their list based on the temperature being discussed – niobium, vanadium, chromium, and manganese may be considered siderophiles or not, depending on the assumed temperature and pressure. Also confusing the issue is that some elements, such as the aforementioned manganese, as well as molybdenum, form strong bonds with oxygen, but in the free state (as they existed on the primitive Earth when free oxygen did not exist) can mix so easily with iron that they do not concentrate in the siliceous crust, as do true lithophile elements. Iron, meanwhile, is simply everywhere.

The siderophile elements include the highly siderophilic ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, and gold, the moderately siderophilic cobalt and nickel, in addition to the "disputed" elements mentioned earlier – some sources even include tungsten and silver.

Most siderophile elements have practically no affinity whatsoever for oxygen: indeed oxides of gold are thermodynamically unstable with respect to the elements. They form stronger bonds with carbon or sulfur, but even these are not strong enough to separate out with the chalcophile elements. Thus, siderophile elements are bound through metallic bonds with iron in the dense layer of the Earth's core, where pressures may be high enough to keep the iron solid. Manganese, iron, and molybdenum do form strong bonds with oxygen, but in the free state (as they existed on the primitive Earth when free oxygen did not exist) can mix so easily with iron that they do not concentrate in the siliceous crust, as do true lithophile elements. However, ores of manganese are found in much the same sites as are those of aluminium and titanium, owing to manganese's great reactivity towards oxygen.

Because they are so concentrated in the dense core, siderophile elements are known for their rarity in the Earth's crust. Most of them have always been known as precious metals because of this. Iridium is the rarest transition metal occurring within the Earth's crust, with an abundance by mass of less than one part per billion. Mineable deposits of precious metals usually form as a result of the erosion of ultramafic rocks, but are not highly concentrated even compared to their crustal abundances, which are typically several orders of magnitude below their solar abundances. However, because they are concentrated in the Earth's mantle and core, siderophile elements are believed to be present in the Earth as a whole (including the core) in something approaching their solar abundances.

Chalcophile elements
The chalcophile elements include Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Ga, Ge, Hg, In, Pb, S, Sb, Se, Sn, Te, Tl and Zn.

Chalcophile elements are those that remain on or close to the surface because they combine readily with sulfur and some other chalcogen other than oxygen, forming compounds which do not sink into the Earth's core.

Chalcophile elements are those metals and heavier nonmetals that have a low affinity for oxygen and prefer to bond with sulfur as highly insoluble sulfides. Chalcophile derives from Greek khalkós (χαλκός), meaning "ore" (it also meant "bronze" or "copper", but in this case "ore" is the relevant meaning), and is taken to mean "chalcogen-loving" by various sources.

Because these sulfides are much denser than the silicate minerals formed by lithophile elements, chalcophile elements separated below the lithophiles at the time of the first crystallization of the Earth's crust. This has led to their depletion in the Earth's crust relative to their solar abundances, though because the minerals they form are nonmetallic, this depletion has not reached the levels found with siderophile elements.

However, because they formed volatile hydrides on the primitive Earth when the controlling redox reaction was the oxidation or reduction of hydrogen, the less metallic chalcophile elements are strongly depleted on Earth as a whole relative to cosmic abundances. This is most especially true of the chalcogens selenium and tellurium (which formed volatile hydrogen selenide and hydrogen telluride, respectively), which for this reason are among the rarest elements found in the Earth's crust (to illustrate, tellurium is only about as abundant as platinum).

The most metallic chalcophile elements (of the copper, zinc and boron groups) may mix to some degree with iron in the Earth's core. They are not likely to be depleted on Earth as a whole relative to their solar abundances since they do not form volatile hydrides. Zinc and gallium are somewhat "lithophile" in nature because they often occur in silicate or related minerals and form quite strong bonds with oxygen. Gallium, notably, is sourced mainly from bauxite, an aluminum hydroxide ore in which gallium ion substitutes for chemically similar aluminum.

Although no chalcophile element is of high abundance in the Earth's crust, chalcophile elements constitute the bulk of commercially important metals. This is because, whereas lithophile elements require energy-intensive electrolysis for extraction, chalcophiles can be easily extracted by reduction with coke, and chalcophiles' geochemical concentration – which in extreme cases can exceed 100,000 times average crustal abundance. These greatest enrichments occur in high plateaux like the Tibetan Plateau and the Bolivian Altiplano where large quantities of chalcophile elements have been uplifted through plate collisions. A side-effect of this in modern times is that the rarest chalcophiles (like mercury) are so completely exploited that their value as minerals has almost completely disappeared.

Atmophile elements
The atmophile elements are H, C, N and the noble gases.

Atmophile elements (also called "volatile elements") are defined as those that remain mostly on or above the surface because they are, or occur in, liquids and/or gases at temperatures and pressures found on the surface. The noble gases do not form stable compounds and occur as monatomic gases, while nitrogen, although it does not have a stable configuration for its individual atoms, forms a diatomic molecule so strong that all oxides of nitrogen are thermodynamically unstable with respect to nitrogen and oxygen. Consequently, with the development of free oxygen through photosynthesis, ammonia was oxidised to molecular nitrogen which has come to form four-fifths of the Earth's atmosphere. Carbon is also classed as an atmophile because it forms very strong multiple bonds with oxygen in carbon monoxide (slowly oxidised in the atmosphere) and carbon dioxide. The latter is the fourth-largest constituent of the Earth's atmosphere, while carbon monoxide occurs naturally in volcanoes and has a residence time in the atmosphere of a few months.

Hydrogen, which occurs in the compound water, is also classed as an atmophile. Water is classified as a volatile, because most of it is liquid or gas, even though it does exist as a solid compound on the surface. Water can also be incorporated into other minerals as water of crystallization (e.g. gypsum) or as hydroxyl groups (e.g. talc), giving hydrogen some lithophile character.

Because all atmophile elements are either gases or form volatile hydrides, atmophile elements are strongly depleted on earth as a whole relative to their solar abundances owing to losses from the atmosphere during the formation of the Earth. The heavier noble gases (krypton, xenon) are the rarest stable elements on Earth.

Trace and synthetic elements
Synthetic elements are excluded from the classification, as they do not occur naturally.

Trace radioactive elements (namely Tc, Pm, Po, At, Rn, Fr, Ra, Ac, Pa, Np, Pu) are also treated as synthetic. Although these do occur in nature, their occurrence is entirely dependent on their long-lived parents Th and U, and they are not very mobile. For instance, polonium's chemistry would predict it to be a chalcophile, but it tends to occur instead as a lithophile along with its parent uranium. Even radon, which is a gas, does not usually have time to travel very far from the original uranium source before decaying. When needed, these elements are typically produced synthetically in nuclear reactors instead of using the tedious and laborious process of extraction from uranium ores.

title: Goldschmidt classification


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Goethals Bridge

The Goethals Bridge is the name of a pair of cable-stayed bridge spans connecting Elizabeth, New Jersey, to Staten Island, New York, in the United States. The spans cross a strait known as Arthur Kill, and replaced a cantilever bridge span built in 1928. The bridge is operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.

The New Jersey side is about 2.5 mi south of Newark Liberty International Airport. The bridge and its predecessor are named for Major General George Washington Goethals, who supervised construction of the Panama Canal and was the first consulting engineer of the Port Authority.

The eastbound span opened on June 10, 2017, at which time the original span was closed. The old cantilever span was dismantled in January 2018 and the new westbound span opened on May 21, 2018.

Original bridge

The original Goethals bridge was a four lane steel truss cantilever design by John Alexander Low Waddell, who also designed the nearby Outerbridge Crossing. It had a 672 ft long central span, was 7,109 ft long, 62 ft wide, and had a vertical clearance of 135 ft.

Planning for a new bridge
Starting in 1985, the Port Authority looked at 27 different alternatives to add capacity between Staten Island and New Jersey. By 1990, senior executives decided that the best way to accommodate growth was to build a new span, parallel to the existing Goethals Bridge. In October 1997, the Port Authority issued a final environmental impact statement, but by that time Staten Island officials had lined up against the project, citing the potential for increased traffic through their borough.

A Port Authority study initiated in 2001 suggested that the optimal solution was an entirely new span. The choosing of a full replacement option was followed by the submittal of several design alternatives, alongside a "no build" option. The new bridge design, upon the completion of the westbound span, also included additional lanes of traffic, high-speed E-ZPass lanes, and a reconstruction and widening of Interstate 278 from exit 4 in New York (NY 440 south) to Route 439 in New Jersey. The span was demolished starting in January 2018, after the opening of the replacement bridges.

New bridge
The initial alternatives put forth in mid-2006 included the option of twin three-lane replacement bridges north and south of the original alignment, which was eliminated; and twin three-lane replacement bridges (one south, and one along the original alignment), with the latter being built after the demolition of the original bridge, which was refined to be a single-span bridge instead of twin bridges. The twin-bridge alternative was dropped because of a height restriction set up by the FAA to prevent interferences with flights at Newark Liberty International Airport. The Goethals Bridge towers were not to exceed 272 feet in height and required to slant outwards because of aircraft flight patterns. This would also prevent ice from falling onto the roadway during winter months. Public open houses were held in Staten Island and Elizabeth, and the Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) was issued. Formal public hearings on the DEIS were held in July 2009.

All alternatives proposed that the bridge be single level, cable-stayed, double spans, separated by towers with a height of 135 ft above the high-water mark of the Arthur Kill shipping channel. The 900 ft main span of each bridge holds three 12 ft lanes with a 12 ft outer shoulder and 5 ft inner shoulder. The westbound span features a new 10 ft walkway for pedestrians and cyclists. In addition, permanent access roads would be built under the bridge on land for maintenance, security, and construction purposes. Lastly, space would be left in between the two bridges to accommodate potential mass-transit services. For mass transit, studies indicated that a bus-only lane was not economically viable but that a high-occupancy vehicle lane open to buses as well as high-occupancy autos would be appropriate during rush hours if traffic supported it. Provision for rail transit was rejected; however, planners decided that whatever alternative was constructed, the design and structural integrity should ideally be able to be retrofitted for such at a later date. The suggestion for a freight rail connection was dismissed as uneconomical.

Also as part of the construction, improvements to approaches and nearby interchanges were made. These include the New Jersey Turnpike exit 13 toll plaza, the Staten Island toll plaza, and the Interstate 278/NY 440 interchange. In addition, while separate from the bridge replacement project, the New Jersey Department of Transportation may construct full movements at the Interstate 278/U.S. Route 1/9 junction to coincide with the bridge's replacement.

On April 24, 2013, the Port Authority approved the $1.5-billion Goethals Bridge Project for preliminary funding, and broke ground in May 2014. The old bridge was closed on June 9, 2017, with eastbound traffic using the new eastbound bridge starting on June 10 and westbound traffic opening the next day. Initially, the new eastbound span carried 2 lanes of traffic in each direction, with each lane 11 feet wide until the new westbound span is complete. Once completed, the new westbound span would restore pedestrian and bicycle access. Westbound traffic was shifted from the new eastbound span to the newly opened westbound span on May 21, 2018. The bikeway and pedestrian walkway was set to open by mid-2018 but was then pushed back to an undetermined date. The bike path and pedestrian walkway finally opened on March 4, 2020.

The Goethals Bridge Replacement Project was given several prestigious awards upon its completion. In the highway/bridge category, the project won an ENR New York Best Projects and the Excellence in safety award, and it received the ENR New York's Project of the Year for 2018.

Tolls
Tolls are only collected for eastbound traffic. , the tolls-by-mail rate going from New Jersey to New York City is $17.63 for cars and motorcycles. New Jersey and New York–issued E-ZPass users are charged $13.38 for cars and $12.38 for motorcycles during off-peak hours, and $15.38 for cars and $14.38 for motorcycles during peak hours. Frequent users traveling more than three trips per month can receive discounts under the "Staten Island Bridges Plan" ($7.69 per trip for cars at all times). Users with E-ZPass issued from agencies outside of New Jersey and New York are charged the tolls-by-mail rate.

Originally, tolls were collected in both directions. In August 1970, the toll was abolished for westbound drivers, and at the same time, eastbound drivers saw their tolls doubled. The tolls of eleven other New York–New Jersey and Hudson River crossings along a 130 mi stretch, from the Outerbridge Crossing in the south to the Rip Van Winkle Bridge in the north, were also changed to south- or eastbound-only at that time.

Open-road cashless tolling began on September 4, 2019. The tollbooths were dismantled, and drivers are no longer able to pay cash at the bridge. Instead, there are cameras mounted onto new overhead gantries located on the Staten Island side. A vehicle without E-ZPass has a picture taken of its license plate and a bill for the toll is mailed to its owner. For E-ZPass users, sensors detect their transponders wirelessly.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Goethals Bridge


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MF

MF or mf may refer to:

Biology

 * Mossy fiber (disambiguation), in neuroscience
 * Mycosis fungoides, a type of skin disease
 * Myelofibrosis, a chronic clonal malignant disease
 * Microfibril rosettes, the sites of cellulose microfibril synthesis in plants

Companies, organizations, and politics

 * MF Dow Jones News, an Italian financial news agency
 * MF Milano Finanza, an Italian business newspaper
 * MF Global (also Man Financial), a former finance company NYSE listed as MF
 * MF Norwegian School of Theology
 * Massey Ferguson, an agricultural equipment company
 * Methuselah Foundation, a non-profit volunteer organization devoted to anti-aging research
 * Micro Focus, a software company
 * Minority Front, a South African political party
 * Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of trucks and buses
 * Mitsubishi Fuso Truck of America, Inc., a North American subsidiary
 * Mladá fronta DNES, a Czech newspaper
 * Musical Fidelity, a British high-end audio equipment manufacturer
 * Xiamen Airlines (IATA airline designator MF)
 * Muslims of France, a religious organization in France

Computing

 * MF and .mf, the country code and Internet top level domain for Saint Martin
 * Mainframe computer
 * MediaFire, a file hosting, file synchronization, and cloud storage service
 * Metafont, a font-definition programming language
 * Mozilla Firefox, a web browser
 * Multi-frequency, in telephony

Music

 * Mezzo forte (musical notation), a dynamic marking
 * Maynard Ferguson (1928–2006), trumpeter and bandleader
 * Melodifestivalen, the Swedish preselection for the Eurovision Song Contest
 * MF Doom (Daniel Dumile, born 1974), British-born hip hop recording artist
 * MF Grimm (born 1970), hip-hop artist
 * Mylène Farmer (born 1961), Canadian-born French singer and songwriter

Television

 * Making Fiends (TV series), an American animated horror comedy
 * Modern Family, an American sitcom
 * Monster Force, a 1994 animated television series
 * "Murder Family", the 2020 premiere episode of Helluva Boss

Video games

 * Metroid Fusion

Other uses

 * M/F, a novel by Anthony Burgess
 * m/f: a feminist journal, a British feminist magazine
 * MF or M/F, ship prefix for a motor ferry
 * Megafarad (MF), an SI unit of electric capacitance
 * Millifarad (mF), an SI unit of electric capacitance
 * The prefix for steel-wheel rolling stock on the Paris Métro
 * Monday–Friday (M–F), abbreviation for the American workweek
 * Mandatory frequency airport, a non-towered airport that requires aircraft to communicate on a published frequency
 * Manual focus
 * Master of forestry
 * Mayotte, France (FIPS PUB 10-4 territory code MF)
 * Medium format (film), a size of camera
 * Medium frequency, radio transmissions between the frequencies of 300 kHz and 3000 kHz
 * Membership function, in control engineering, in fuzzy sets
 * Midfielder, a playing position in association football
 * Milk fat, on dairy product labels in Canada
 * Motherfucker, an insult
 * Mutual fund, in finance
 * Member of the Folketing

title: MF


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Freezing Point (magazine)

Freezing Point (Chinese: 冰点, Bīngdiǎn) was a news journal in the People's Republic of China which was the subject of controversy over its criticism of Communist Party officials and the sympathetic ear it lent to a Chinese historian who had criticized official history textbooks.

History and profile
Freezing Point was started in 1995 as a one-page publication and was expanded into a weekly magazine in 2004. A weekly supplement to China Youth Daily, it was temporarily closed down by officials 24 January 2006, but was allowed to reopen in March that year, though without its former editor Li Datong and without Taiwan-based columnist Lung Yingtai.

The official reason for the January 2006 shutdown of Freezing Point was an article by history professor Yuan Weishi of Sun Yat-sen University. The article dissented from the official view of the Boxer Rebellion.

title: Freezing Point (magazine)


text:
Talk:Prince

Icelandic titles
The Icelandic titles have been listed here as: Ruling prince/ss: Fursti / Furstynja Blood prince/ss: Prins / Prinsessa

I have never encountered the word "Furstynja" in Icelandic, but I have came across a "Furstinna", so which is the actual title?

I removed the following sentence, since I belive Prince-Bishops were relatively usual on the European Continent (or at least in the Holy Roman Empire), and hence it is not too representative to give a rare English example. Maybe an article on Prince-Bishops would do better, but...
 * In England historically there was a Prince-Bishop of Durham.

-- Ruhrjung 10:24 24 Jul 2003 (UTC)

There should be a Princess diambiguation, as there is the obvious term, plus future pages Princess (cruise line), Princess Princess (movie, 1969), Princess (movie, 1999), Princess (movie, 2003), as well as the English names of many foreign movies that could easily deserve a page, and Japanese movie score composer Princess Princess. Do I note this on the prince page? -- user:zanimum

What is the minimum Size for a Realm to be called a King?
I don't think so. This is a UAE comment test.

MW.

Prince of the Blood
This term properly refers to a rank, rather than a title, just as "peer" or "grandee" refers to a person holding a relatively high place in a particular monarchy's legal and/or social hierarchy. Yet the term was not used as a title or form of address, but as a descriptor. The French prince du sang royal was a member of a class of dynasts ranking below the King's agnatic grandsons, but above the so-called princes légitimés or, in the Parlement of Paris, above ducal peers. Those who possessed that rank were usually known and addressed by a unique territorial title, in post-medieval Latin Europe and Scandinavia, most often a dukedom (e.g. Duke de Berry, Duke av Sodermanland, Duke di Taranto, Duke de Beja). See http://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/frprince.htm#intro

In Germany, all males of a reigning family had an equal right to the dynastic title (below the titles of emperor, king and elector, which were offices that, even when hereditary, could only be held by one individual at a time). Only gradually, towards the 19th century, did German cadets exchange their dynasty's traditional title (duke, margrave, landgrave, or Fürst) for that of prince (Prinz) -- when they did so at all. Until 1918 all or some junior members of the royal houses of Bavaria, Saxony and Wurttemberg, and of the grand ducal houses of Mecklenburg and Oldenburg, used duke as their titular prefix. Nonetheless, they ranked as princes of the blood in their respective monarchies and were treated as such internationally. Although "Prince of the Blood Royal" and "Prince of the Blood Imperial" are examples of the most common descriptors added to this rank, no rule is violated in referring to members of reigning houses that are below kingly rank as "Princes of the Blood", though a descriptor is less commonly appended to the term. Lethiere 07:34, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

Modification of inaccurate and useless parenthesis in Romanian titles
I have edited the page because in Romanian, "cneaz" and "crai", words with Slavic etymology, have a different meaning than prince(maybe "crai" is very close to that meaning). "Cneaz" was a title taken by a few local rulers sometimes near the X century A.D. There was also the title of "Jupan" similar to that. These titles are never used outside that scope and don't have the meaning of "prince" although the word in Slavic languages has that meaning. "Crai" is an archaism used only in old folklore fairy tales with the meaning of "king" or "emperor". A diminutive of "crai", "craisor", is used with the meaning of "prince". I found the parenthesis useless and inaccurate in the context.

Cyrilic?
The section about Prince in various languages uses Greek alphabet for Greek, but leaves out cyrilic completely. I added it for Serbian, I hope people with more knowledge about other languages using cyrilic will add it, too. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dzigor (talk • contribs) 22:42, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

Prince of the Blood redirect
Currently "Prince of the Blood" redirects here, i plan on making an article for the novel Prince of the Blood and i was wondering if it is ok to use the redirect and change it to the novel and then link the topic of prince of blood here from the page:

eg :''For the courtesy title, see Prince, or something like that.

Thanks, Salavat (talk) 04:08, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

 * If anything changes, I think it should be disambiguation, but I would prefer to keep it as a redirect here. Prince of the blood has been used for centuries to describe royal princes by birth. Charles 05:16, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

We could always do a thing like Prince of Blood redirects here, for the novel by Raymond E. Feist see Prince of the Blood. Whats the template for that, or do you think a disambiguation would be easier? Salavat (talk) 00:17, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

--- Charles 03:21, 11 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I prefer the template, this is it:
 * Ok, ill use that when i create the page, thanks for your input. Salavat (talk) 01:16, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

What is this process called...
Basically, my question is what is the process called when titles were reassessed from the more grandiose titles to what they are today? For example... when the kings of Early Middle Ages Wales went from using the king title to that of prince in the 12th century, for instance. Or when the rank of earl was subjected to that of Duke. I know the reasons for such reassessments, but not the actual term. Or when the Dukes of Aquitaine began using the king title in the late dark ages, then refered to as count in some sources in later centuries, then promoted again to that of Ducal rankings. Simularly for that of the Breton title, it went from King to Prince to Duke, while some French sources for the same periode called them Count of Brittany. I hope I did not thoroughly confuse anyone! hehe. ♦Drachenfyre♦ · Talk 08:52, 6 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I found it, the process is called Mediatization ♦Drachenfyre♦ · Talk 06:14, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

non-ruling Princes
This article could use more information on non-ruling princes who aren't the heir apparent. While it does mention prince consorts, and the Hispanic infante, and a little bit on the French Prince du Sang. which do have their own articles. however, I have trouble finding info on royal children in Germanic and Scandinavian families. Also, it should be noted that prince is also used for the children of dukes(ie. Prince Albert) Also, the title sometimes extends to grandchildren and their children. Additionally some Germanic nations use titles other than prince (Duke in Bavaria, Archduke of Austria). 98.206.155.53 (talk) 19:52, 27 April 2011 (UTC)

Prince of the blood
This article has a section titled Prince of the blood, but nowhere in that section is the term "prince of the blood" even used, let alone defined or explained. The section title is unrelated to the topic of the section. Michael Hardy (talk) 02:38, 9 June 2011 (UTC)

Prince's prince?
What is prince's son? The first one can be crown prince or something like that, but what is the second one? Is it the same than head of state, prince? 82.141.127.112 (talk) 00:30, 23 December 2011 (UTC)
 * A prince's son is usually a prince. --Tataral (talk) 20:25, 21 April 2016 (UTC)

Hatnote
I don't think we need the musician in the hatnote; a link to the disambiguation page with other uses is sufficient. This article is the main article on a very common term with an enormous amount of uses, many of them far more prominent than the musician, who is only of interest to a select audience. That means the treshold for being included individually in the hatnote is very high. We don't even include The Prince in the hatnote! --Tataral (talk) 20:24, 21 April 2016 (UTC)
 * I couldn't agree more. Removed that. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 14:13, 22 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Tataral started the discussion here as a result of a WP:BRD situation: The musician had been in the hatnote for a while (a few years, I think), Tataral removed it, and I added it back. Every revision of the page up until late 2014 that I have seen so far has Prince (musician) in the hatnote. Since it has been present in the hatnote for so long, consensus will need to be established to remove it. I'll post a note on Talk:Prince (disambiguation) and Talk:Prince (musician) in a moment to help establish consensus for this change. Steel1943  (talk) 14:39, 22 April 2016 (UTC)
 * How will it help neutral consensus to consult his fans? He was a great man of music, yes, but this hatnote is ostentatious and, as such, I find it embarrassing to his legacy. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 15:23, 22 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Respective pages should be informed of this discussion, regardless of the implications of who may participate in the discussion as a result of the notification. Your concern is akin to a preemptive full protection of the article for the letter "A" because it could be a vandalism target without any vandalism actually happening yet just because some examples of profanity start with that letter. Luckily, Wikipedia is not a vote, and most regular editors here can easily identify single-purpose accounts so that their "votes" do not affect closing consensus. Steel1943  (talk) 15:33, 22 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Delete it. The musician doesn't overshadow all other meanings. One link to the dab page is fine. Clarityfiend (talk) 14:49, 22 April 2016 (UTC)

 * It should stay in. The musician is a significant, but not primary, usage. Readers who are looking for information on the singer are likely to come here and type "prince" in the search box, more likely than most other uses; we should help them get where they want to go, rather than sending them to another list where their intended target is the 13th item down the page. This is what hatnotes are for. Ivanvector 🍁 (talk) 16:02, 22 April 2016 (UTC)
 * +1 to Ivan. We're not trying to make it harder for readers, especially at a time like this. Ed [talk] [majestic titan] 19:24, 22 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Keep hatnote as legitimate prominent homonym. This is not Prince Charles or Prince Edward, just Prince. — JFG talk 21:36, 23 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Keep, at least temporarily. People new to Wikipedia need a way to navigate to the correct article if they are looking for the musician, which 99.9% of searchers will be doing for the next few weeks, and end up on this page instead. For instance, Madonna is actually a disambiguation page to solve that problem for the entertainer. Softlavender (talk) 01:12, 24 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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"Prince français" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Prince français and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 May 6 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 23:42, 6 May 2022 (UTC)

Removal of content
I have reverted the removal of large sections of this article. However, the IP editor is acting in good faith and does make some good points about unsourced material. Can a subject expert improve, source or selectively remove the questionable content? Certes (talk) 10:51, 7 June 2022 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Princes (disambiguation) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 14:17, 21 October 2022 (UTC)
 * For the record, the above move request affects Princes, a redirect towards Prince. Steel1943  (talk) 20:35, 21 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Prince


text:
Talk:Groundwave

This is currently oversimplified. Perhaps this should discuss the differences between the surface wave and the space wave?

title: Talk:Groundwave


text:
Bethel, Pennsylvania

Bethel, Pennsylvania may refer to:

 * Bethel Park, Pennsylvania
 * Bethel, Berks County, Pennsylvania
 * Bethel, Cambria County, Pennsylvania
 * Bethel, Mercer County, Pennsylvania
 * Bethel, Sullivan County, Pennsylvania
 * Bethel, Wayne County, Pennsylvania

title: Bethel, Pennsylvania


text:
Ardea

Ardea may refer to:
 * Ardea, Lazio, a town in Lazio, Italy
 * Ardea (bird), a genus of large herons and some egrets
 * Ardea (journal), an ornithological journal published by the Netherlands Ornithologists' Union
 * The Ardea, a condominium high-rise building in Portland, Oregon, USA
 * Lancia Ardea, a small car produced by the Turin firm between 1939 and 1953
 * Aridaia, a small town in Pella, Macedonia, Greece

title: Ardea


text: Talk:Freezing Point (magazine)

title: Talk:Freezing Point (magazine)


text:
Old Norse orthography

The orthography of the Old Norse language was diverse, being written in both Runic and Latin alphabets, with many spelling conventions, variant letterforms, and unique letters and signs. In modern times, scholars established a standardized spelling for the language. When Old Norse names are used in texts in other languages, modifications to this spelling are often made. In particular, the names of Old Norse mythological figures often have several different spellings.

The first appearance of an ancestral stage of Old Norse in a written runic form dates back to c. AD 200–300 (with the Øvre Stabu spearhead traditionally dated to the late 2nd century), at this time still showing an archaic language form (similar to reconstructed Proto-Germanic) termed Proto-Norse. Old Norse proper appears by c. AD 800. While there are remains of Viking runestones from the Viking Age, today they are rare, and vary in use of orthography depending on when they were created. Rune stones created near the end of the Viking Age tend to have a greater influence from Old English runes.

An understanding of the writing system of Old Norse is crucial for fully understanding the Old Norse language. Studies of remaining rune stones from the Viking Age reveal many nuances about the spoken language, such as the constant use of alliteration. A comparison of various whetstones from this time period with the works of Snorri Sturluson reveals that alliteration was common in many Old Norse writings, and were not only present in skaldic works. This would then suggest that the Vikings closely tied their language to their auditory sense, which in turn would have helped with the continual transfer of their cultural memory, which was also closely tied to their language.

Latin alphabet orthography
The following table gives various attested spellings of sounds and their IPA transcription. In general usage, an orthographic distinction of phones or phonemes is not necessarily held by every writer. For example, an author may only distinguish some vowels by length, and orthographic devices could be mixed and matched. Where the table lists a long-or-short phoneme, a specifically short or long  phoneme represents additional spellings not covered by length marking rules. Likewise, a phonetic entry only lists spellings not used by the equivalent phoneme(s). N/A is used when no specific spelling is used, e.g. where all long vowel spellings are found using the rules for deriving long vowel spellings from the short vowel, or no general spelling is used, e.g. when short and long vowels are always spelled differently.

Legend:
 * U: Unstressed
 * E: Chiefly eastern
 * : Long or short. See columns for length and gemination marking.

The low/low-mid vowels may be indicated differently:

Dialect-specific sounds:
 * : Icelandic; a, aa, á, o, ó, ǫ́; Normalized: á
 * : Danish; e, æ

When dialectal mergers such as OEN monophthongization took place, regional spelling often changed to reflect this. Sometimes, both phonemes' spellings would be used, but confused.

The epenthetic vowel had different regional spellings. In East Norse it was commonly spelled as $⟨e⟩$ or $⟨a⟩$, while in West Norse it was often spelled $⟨u⟩$, almost always so in Iceland.

Manuscript spelling
The original Icelandic manuscripts, which are the main source of knowledge of Norse mythology, did not employ a unified system of spelling. During the Viking Age, many dialects of Old Norse were spoken. While they appear to have been mutually intelligible, the slight variances resulted in various spelling. Thus the same name might be spelled several different ways even in the original manuscripts. Letters unique to the language existed, such as a modified version of the letter Wynn called Vend that was used briefly for the sounds, , and. In particular, the length of vowels was only sporadically marked in many manuscripts and various umlauted vowels were often not distinguished from others. Another complication is that several shortcut forms for common words, syllables, and grammatical endings developed. One example is the use of the rune named maðr (man) for the word maðr. Another is the use of a special glyph for the various r-endings so common in Old Norse. These scribal abbreviations are categorized as follows:

 * Suspension, truncation, or curtailment: Certain letters of the word are omitted, with the abbreviation indicated by a superscript stroke (esp. dropping a nasal), dot(s) beside the letter, or occasionally a colon. Examples: Ꝥ for þat (etc.), ū for um, hō for hón, þan̅ for þann; .kgr. for konungr, .s. for sonr.
 * Contraction: The first and last letters are written, and the abbreviation is indicated by a dot or superscript stroke.
 * Special signs or brevigraphs: Symbols replacing words or syllables. Examples: Tironian et (⁊) for ok, ᛘ for maðr, syllabic et (Ꝫꝫ) in mꝫ (með) for.
 * Superscript letters: Regular letters contained in the word or letters specifically for abbreviation purposes. Often with syllabic content. Examples: sᵏ (sik), a zig-zag shaped symbol mainly for er and ir in u͛a (vera).

These abbreviation conventions and a majority of the signs are inherited from the Latin language itself, and were common to the Latin alphabet in other languages. However, other signs or conventions are specifically Norse, such as the er zig-zag.

Normalized spelling
"Normalized spelling" can be used to refer to normalization in general or the standard normalization in particular. With normalized spelling, the manuscript spelling is altered to adhere to be more strict and regular. These respellings are designed to be phonemically precise rather than representative of the manuscripts. The degree of normalization may vary, but in general the text is at the end reduced to limited deviation from a regularized system, perhaps at the expense of some dialectal character.

For various reasons 19th century scholars came up with a standardized normalization of Old Norse which remains in use. It is primarily based on the so-called First Grammatical Treatise. Vowel length is marked and umlauted vowels are unambiguously represented. The standardized spelling employs a few characters that were not available in early electronic character sets, so replacements were often used. The most consequential was the use of ö instead of ǫ; the latter being present in Unicode v1.0 (1991) as U+01EA.

Runic orthography and transcription
The following table associates the phonemes of the language to its orthographic representations. Vowel nasalization and length are not distinguished in the table when distinguished in neither orthography, nor is distinguished from.

 * U: Unstressed

Transcription of Danish and Swedish runestones
When transcribing Old Norse texts from Danish and Swedish runestones, many scholars, but not all, use an orthography that is adapted to represent Old East Norse, the dialect of Old Norse in Denmark and Sweden. The main differences are the diphthong æi instead of ei as in stæinn ("stone") and i instead of the glide j as in giald ("payment"). In this standard, the u-umlauted a represented by ǫ is not usually considered, but rendered as the underlying a, as in the name Anundʀ. Another difference is the representation of the phoneme ʀ, instead of simply r as in West Norse, where the ʀ phoneme merged with r earlier. However, even if they render the transcription according to the local pronunciation, the Rundata project presents personal names according to the previously mentioned standardized spelling in English translations. Here follows an example from the Orkesta Runestone (U 344):

Standardized spelling:
 * En Ulfr hefir á Englandi þrjú gjǫld tekit. Þat var fyrsta þat's Tosti ga[l]t. Þá [galt] Þorketill. Þá galt Knútr.

The rendering of Old East Norse:
 * En Ulfʀ hafiʀ a Ænglandi þry giald takit. Þet was fyrsta þet's Tosti ga[l]t. Þa [galt] Þorkætill. Þa galt Knutʀ.

But when translating into English, the standardized spelling is used:
 * But Ulfr has taken three payments in England. That was the first that Tosti paid. Then Þorketill paid. Then Knútr paid.

Modernized Icelandic spelling
In many modern Icelandic publications of Old Norse works, the modern Icelandic spelling is used. The orthography is essentially the same (since it was intentionally modelled after the aforementioned normalized Old Norse in the 19th century), but changes from Old Norse phonology to Icelandic phonology are incorporated in the translation that may not have been in the source text. One such difference is the insertion of u before r, when it is preceded by a consonant at the end of the word. Thus the Old Norse name Baldr comes out as Baldur in modern Icelandic. Other differences include vowel-shifts, whereby Old Norse ǫ became Icelandic ö, and Old Norse œ (oe ligature) became Icelandic æ (ae ligature). Old Norse ø corresponds in modern Icelandic to ö, as in sökkva, or to e, as in gera. There is also consonant lenition of final k and t to g and ð, e.g. mig for earlier mik and það for earlier þat. These distinct features are summarized in the table below:

Anglicized spelling
For the convenience of English writers and readers the Old Norse characters not used in English are commonly replaced with English ones. This can lead to ambiguity and confusion. Diacritics may be removed (á → a, ö → o). The following character conversions also take place:

 * ø → o
 * œ → o, oe
 * æ → ae
 * þ → th
 * ð → th, d, dh

Another common convention in English is to drop consonant nominative endings:

 * Egill → Egil
 * Yggdrasill → Yggdrasil
 * Gunnarr → Gunnar
 * Sveinn → Svein
 * Freyr → Frey
 * Hildr → Hild

Sometimes a j is dropped after ey.

 * Freyja → Freya

Other quirks sometimes seen include adding a Latin -a suffix to the names of goddesses.

 * Frigg → Frigga
 * Iðunn → Iduna

Obviously the various permutations allow for many possible spellings for a given name.

Some authors, for example, replace þ with th and ð with th, dh or d but keep the accents; others may not replace ǫ with ö but prefer o.

Thus, in addition to the various versions below, the name of Hǫðr could come out as:

 * Hod, Hoðr, Hödhr, Hödr, Höd, Höð, Hoð, etcetera

List of names
A list of some commonly encountered Old Norse names with variant spellings. * marks anglicizations.

Gods (Æsir)

 * Ása-Þórr, Asa-Thor*
 * Bragi, Brage
 * Baldr, Balder, Baldur. See Old Norse epenthetic vowel.
 * Hǫðr, Hoth,* Hod,* Hothr,* Hodr, Hoder, Hodhr*
 * Forseti, Forsete
 * Heimdallr, Heimdalr, Heimdall,* Heimdal*
 * Hœnir, Honir, Hoenir*
 * Óðinn, Odin, Odhin,* Othin,* Odinn
 * Ǫku-Þórr, Oku-Thor*
 * Þórr, Thor,* Thorr* Tor
 * Týr, Tyr, Ty*
 * Vili, Vilji, Vile
 * Vé, Ve
 * Magni
 * Modi
 * Frey
 * Freya
 * Njord

Goddesses

 * Frigg, Frigga
 * Hlín, Hlin
 * Iðunn, Idun,* Idunn, Iduna

Jotuns (commonly mistranslated as Giants)

 * Ægir, Aegir*
 * Býleistr, Byleist
 * Loki, Loke
 * Bölþorn, Bolthorn

Jotunnesses

 * Hel, Hela
 * Gerðr, Gerd, Gerth,* Gerthr*
 * Rindr, Rind
 * Angrboða, Angrboda
 * Skaði

Animals

 * Freki, Freke
 * Geri, Gere
 * Huginn, Hugin*
 * Jǫrmungandr, Jormungand, Iormungand (The Sea Serpent)
 * Miðgarðsormr, Midgardsorm
 * Muninn, Munin*
 * Ratatoskr, Ratatusk, Ratatosk (The Squirrel on Yggdrasil)
 * Garm (wolf)
 * Fenrir (worg)
 * Nidhogg

Places

 * Ásgarðr, Asgard*
 * Miðgarðr, Midgard*
 * Niflheimr, Niflheim
 * Útgarðr, Utgard*

Other

 * Æsir, Aesir*
 * Hávamál, Havamal
 * Ragnarǫk, Ragnarok
 * Vǫluspá, Völuspá, Voluspa
 * Yggdrasill, Yggdrasil*

title: Old Norse orthography


text:
Aaron Spelling

Aaron Spelling (April 22, 1923 – June 23, 2006) was an American film and television producer and occasional actor. His productions included the TV series Family (1976–1980), Charlie's Angels (1976–1981), The Love Boat (1977–1986), Hart to Hart (1979–1984), Dynasty (1981–1989), Beverly Hills, 90210 (1990–2000), Melrose Place (1992–1999), 7th Heaven (1996–2007), and Charmed (1998–2006). He also served as producer of The Mod Squad (1968–1973), The Rookies (1972–1976), and Sunset Beach (1997–1999).

Through his production company Spelling Television, Spelling holds the record as the most prolific television producer in US television history, with 218 producer and executive producer credits. Forbes ranked him the 11th-highest-earning deceased celebrity in 2009.

Early life
Spelling was born in Dallas, Texas. He was the son of Pearl (née Wald) and David Spelling, Russian Jewish immigrants. His father worked as a tailor and changed his surname from Spurling to Spelling after emigrating to the United States. Spelling was the youngest of five children. He had three older brothers: Maxwell "Max" Seltzer (circa 1909–?), Sam Spelling (1916–2001) and Daniel Spelling (1921–2009) and an older half-sister, Becky Seltzer Giller (1910–1978).

At the age of eight, Spelling psychosomatically lost the use of his legs due to trauma caused by constant anti-semitic bullying from his schoolmates, and was confined to bed for a year. He made a full recovery.

After attending Forest Avenue High School in Dallas, he served in the United States Army Air Corps as a pilot during World War II.

Spelling later graduated from Southern Methodist University in 1949, where he was a cheerleader.

Career
Spelling made his first appearance as an actor in a film as Harry Williams in Vicki, directed by Harry Horner, in 1953. That same year, he appeared in the TV series I Led Three Lives and Dragnet (six episodes, 1953–55). Spelling appeared in episode 112 of I Love Lucy ("Tennessee Bound", season 4, 1955); in Alfred Hitchcock Presents ("Breakdown", 1955); and as Weed Pindle in Gunsmoke's season one, episode 35, "The Guitar" (1956). He continued to appear in films and TV (often uncredited) over 25 times by 1957, appearing briefly as an actor in 1963, 1995, and 1998 (all uncredited.)

He guest-starred in 1954 as a dogcatcher in the premiere episode of the CBS situation comedy, Willy, starring June Havoc as a young lawyer in New Hampshire, who later relocates to New York City to represent a vaudeville troupe.

Spelling sold his first script "Twenty Dollar Bride" to The Jane Wyman Show in 1956. He gained experience as a producer and additional credits as a script writer working for Four Star Television on the series Zane Grey Theater, which aired between 1956 and 1961. Of the 149 episodes in that series, he wrote 20 of the teleplays and produced many others. Spelling produced Burke's Law while at Four Star. The show was the first success for Spelling and pioneered the multiple guest star format, later seen on The Love Boat and Fantasy Island. In 1965, he quit Four Star to set up his own production company with a two-year agreement with United Artists Television to produce television shows and movies.

Thomas-Spelling Productions was a television production company formed by comedian Danny Thomas and producer Aaron Spelling on April 15, 1966, as a partnership with 24 properties. Thomas continued his existing partnership, T&L Productions, with Sheldon Leonard. The company adapted its name by July 18, 1966, when it announced the financial involvement of ABC with its first show, Range (later Rango), a half-hour comedy western starring Tim Conway and its rented space on Desilu Productions' Gower lot. ABC also picked up another show for a pilot, just in an outline treatment, in The Guns of Will Sonnett. Thomas-Spelling Productions' active operations ended with the last season of The Mod Squad in 1972. Spelling formed a new partnership with Leonard Goldberg, Spelling-Goldberg Productions.

Beginning in 1965, Spelling began producing successful television shows including The Mod Squad, The Rookies, Family, Charlie's Angels, Fantasy Island, The Love Boat, Dynasty, Beverly Hills, 90210 (which starred his daughter Tori), Melrose Place, 7th Heaven, Charmed, Jane's House and Sunset Beach. Spelling founded Spelling Entertainment in 1965, alongside partnerships with comedian/actor Danny Thomas (Thomas-Spelling Productions, 1966–1972), and television/film producer Leonard Goldberg (Spelling-Goldberg Productions, 1972–1986) He produced the unsuccessful situation comedy The San Pedro Beach Bums in 1977.

In 2004, Spelling was portrayed in two television movies: Dan Castellaneta portrayed Spelling in Behind the Camera: The Unauthorized Story of Charlie's Angels, and Nicholas Hammond portrayed Spelling in television movie Dynasty: The Making of a Guilty Pleasure.

Personal life
Spelling married actress Carolyn Jones in 1953, in California, when he was 30 and she was 23. They divorced in 1964. He briefly dated actress Jill Haworth when he was 42 and she was 19. Spelling married Candy Gene (née Marer) in 1968 when he was 45 and she was 23. The couple had daughter Tori in 1973 and son Randy in 1978.

In 1988, Spelling bought the 6 acre property of Bing Crosby's former Los Angeles house. He demolished the property and built a 123-room home on the lot in 1991. Known as "The Manor", it has 56500 sqft of floor space and as of 2006 was the largest single-family home in Los Angeles. Spelling's widow Candy listed the home for sale in 2008 for $150 million. Heiress Petra Ecclestone ultimately purchased the property for $85 million in 2011 through a brokered agreement that was developed by Brandon Davis, the brother of Jason Davis and grandson of wealthy industrialist Marvin Davis.

In 1992, Candy, Spelling's second wife, commissioned pinball manufacturer Data East to produce a personalized table as a gift to Spelling. The game, a modified version of Data East's Lethal Weapon 3 table, has since appeared publicly at collector's expos.

Legacy and death
On September 15, 1978, Spelling was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 6667 Hollywood Blvd. In 1996, he was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame.

In 1983, he was accorded the NAACP Humanitarian Award for his monetary donation that permitted a 21-year-old's heart transplant operation.

In 2001, Spelling was diagnosed with oral cancer.

On June 23, 2006, Spelling died at The Manor, his estate in Holmby Hills, Los Angeles, from complications of a stroke he suffered five days prior. He also suffered from Alzheimer's disease. A private funeral was held several days later, and Spelling was entombed in a mausoleum in Culver City's Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery.

On August 27, 2006, Spelling was posthumously honored at the 58th Annual Primetime Emmy Awards by former employees Joan Collins, Stephen Collins, Heather Locklear, Farrah Fawcett, Kate Jackson and Jaclyn Smith.

7th Heaven's May 13, 2007, episode, the last before the series finale, was dedicated to Spelling. When 7th Heaven ended its run, it was touted by the network as being Spelling's longest-running series and the longest-running "family drama" in American television history.

Filmography
Spelling was a producer in all films unless otherwise noted.

Film

 * As writer

 * As an actor

Television

 * As writer

 * As an actor

 * Miscellaneous crew

 * Soundtrack

 * As director

 * Thanks

title: Aaron Spelling


text:
Woolston, Cheshire

Woolston is a settlement and civil parish in the Borough of Warrington in the county of Cheshire, England. Formerly a township called 'Woolston with Martinscroft' within the parish of Warrington, there are two main settlements: Woolston to the west and Martinscroft to the east. Formerly within the historic county of Lancashire, the parish is on the north bank of the River Mersey and takes in Paddington to the south-west. It is bounded by the River Mersey to the south, Bruche and Padgate to the west, Longbarn and Birchwood to the north and Rixton to the east.

The township remained an agricultural community on the furthest outskirts of Warrington until the 1970s, when the development of Warrington New Town radically transformed its rural character. The parish is generally known as just Woolston.

Geography
A 1907 Victoria County History description reads:

"The flat country is divided into fields with rather meagre hedgerows and scanty trees. The alluvial and sandy soil appears fertile, yielding good crops of potatoes and turnips, oats, wheat, and clover, whilst many a marshy corner is devoted to the cultivation of osiers for the manufacture of potato hampers and 'skips'. In the north of the district, there is a considerable patch of moss land and here too there is a good deal of clay in the surface soil.  By the river, there are moist pastures.  The inhabitants are entirely employed in agricultural labour and basket making."

The area has two main natural areas: Woolston Linear Park and the Woolston Eyes Nature Reserve, a Site of Special Scientific Interest.

Woolston is in the Mersey Valley and so there is a very slight lowering in height between it and the surrounding areas. The highest point is on the Woolston Eyes, formerly Thelwall Eyes, (four-man-made areas formed by large embankments for the dispersement of dredging waste). The lowest point is the marshland formed by the dereliction of the Woolston New Cut Canal and Woolston Old Canal. The Manchester Ship Canal denotes the southerly boundary of the Eyes reserve and can be crossed either via nearby Latchford locks or by the unique penny ferry crossing (11p each way as of October 2009). Woolston has plenty of waterways including the aforementioned canals; the new cut of the River Mersey; and the Manchester Ship Canal.

History
Woolston is part of the historic county of Lancashire, but after local government reforms of 1974, administratively it became part of Cheshire. Up to the last decade of the nineteenth century, Woolston and its immediate area was a township called "Woolston with Martinscroft" in Warrington ancient parish, which was itself part of West Derby Hundred. Towards the middle to end of the nineteenth century, it was part of Warrington rural sanitary district and Warrington poor law union.

In 1894, Woolston with Martinscroft joined the newly formed Warrington Rural District as a civil parish, where it remained until 1933. There was a boundary change to the civil parish in 1885 when the county boundary between Lancashire and Cheshire was adjusted: it gained part of Thelwall civil parish from Cheshire. A complex set of boundary changes occurred in 1933, involving the county boundary with Cheshire: the civil parish gained part of Lymm ancient parish; exchanged areas of land with Grappenhall ancient parish; and exchanged areas of land with Thelwall civil parish, all in Cheshire. Finally, and again in 1933, the civil parish of Woolston with Martinscroft was abolished and parts used to create the civil parishes of Croft and the modern day civil parish of Woolston, both in Lancashire. This new civil parish of Woolston was formed from parts of the old Woolston with Martinscroft civil parish, as explained above, and also part of Culcheth civil parish. It remained in Warrington rural district until the local government reforms of 1974 which created the borough of Warrington which was located in Cheshire. In 1998, when Warrington borough became a unitary authority, it remained in the ceremonial county of Cheshire, and continued to be served by Cheshire Police and Cheshire Fire and Rescue Service.

Throughout time its name has changed often. At time of the Vikings it was called Wulfiges Town (probably because of the wolves that occupied the land).

It is a civil parish which grew in the 20th century: the population in 1901 was just 484.

Economy
A large area of the district is covered by warehousing districts. The largest by far is the "Grange" which is an area of modern warehousing and light manufacturing built next to the M6 motorway. This area was home to a large Safeway distribution depot that was taken over by Morrisons in January 2006, and subsequently taken over by Iceland in mid-2006. In 2007, this was outsourced to DHL, while still continuing to serve Iceland.

Woolston is home to a number of smaller businesses including Big Storage on the main A57 and Paragon Framing. There is also an industrial estate to the south called the "New Cut industrial estate", this features a large pipework fabrication business (WH Capper) and several small offices and small holdings. The estate gets its name from the canal which borders it and the "new cut" of the River Mersey.

Education
Education is provided by Woolston Church of England Primary School, St. Peters' Catholic Primary School and Woolston Community Primary School. Woolston Community Primary School has 238 pupils. The original school building was demolished in 2014 after a new school was built on the same site. There is a designated provision for children aged 7 to 11 with autism. The headteacher, Mr Toyne won the Warrington Guardian Teacher of the month in March 2015.

St. Peter's Catholic Primary School is in connection with one of many local Roman Catholic churches in the adjacent Martinscroft area, the highly rated St Peters & St Michaels Church. Despite the school being one of the newer schools in the area, they still boast the best results from both Keystage 1 and Keystage 2 in the Woolston area.

Secondary Education was provided by Woolston Community High School which closed in 2012.

King's Leadership Academy Warrington (Warrington's first Free School) opened its doors to its first year 7 in 2012. The school is the brainchild of Sir Iain Hall (previous career in working with failing schools in the USA and the emergence of the Charter School system in the USA). Based on Seymour Drive at present, the school is set to move to its new purpose build school building soon which is set close to Woolston Park

Places of worship
Woolston remained a Catholic stronghold after the Reformation, with Benedictine services being held in the chapel at Woolston Hall, until its demolition in the early 1800s. St Peter's Church, served by secular clergy, was built on Weir Lane, Martinscroft, in 1835 and is now a Grade II listed building. It is part of the Arch-diocese of Liverpool.

A Wesleyan Methodist chapel was built on Manchester Road, Martinscroft, in 1827 and demolished by the New Town Corporation in 1977. A modern replacement, St Martin's Church, was built on Gig Lane, Woolston in 1975.

The Church of the Ascension (Church of England) on Warren Lane, Woolston, was built in 1968, from plans drawn up in 1959. It is part of the Diocese of Liverpool.

Leisure and community
A Leisure Centre was built in Hall Road in 1972, as part of the New Town Development, and refurbished in 2010 and 2011 to become Woolston Neighbourhood Hub. It has good disabled access.

Swimming

There are two pools at the Leisure Centre, both open seven days a week. The Main Pool is 25 m by 12 m with a depth of 1 m to 1,7m. The Teaching Pool is 13 m by 9 m with a depth of 0.8 m to 0.9 m.

There is a swimming club, Warriors of Warrington, which caters to Juniors, Beginners, Seniors, Veterans and Disabled.

Squash

There are three squash courts at the Leisure Centre, with glass fronts for viewing.

Gym

There is a Future Fitness gym at the Leisure Centre, with sauna and steam rooms.

Cycling

A linear footpath following the old tow path of the New Cut Canal completed in 1821 to bypass a large bend in the River Mersey and part of the Irwell and Mersey Navigation. The path starts at Paddington Bank and runs for 3 kilometres to Weir Lane, Woolston. Along the way passing Paddington Locks, Paddington Meadows Nature Reserve, Larkfield Park, The Ecology Park, Woolston Park South, Grey Mist Mere, Nottingham Close Play area, the site of Woolston Locks and ends at Woolston Weir Pool.

A number of groups have meetings at the Mission Hall (the C of E church hall) on Warren Lane:

Pre-school Playgroup

Youth Club

WRVS affiliated Over-sixties Club

Woolston Slimming Club

Woolston Ladies' Group

Woolston WI

Sport
A greyhound racing track was opened on 12 September 1934. The racing was independent (not affiliated to the sports governing body the National Greyhound Racing Club) and was known as a flapping track, which was the nickname given to independent tracks. The track was directly north of the Grey Mist Mere Lake and the Woolston New Cut Canal. The track described as being horseshoe shaped closed in 1937.

Demography
Woolston has a population of 7,156.

At the 2001 Census:
 * Woolston had an average housing density of 2.66 residents per household.

Housing
Of 1783 households
 * 1574 (88.3%) were owner occupied
 * 203 (11.4%) were rented
 * 5 (0.3%) were of unknown status

Employment

 * 19.3% of 16- to 74-year-old residents had no qualifications
 * 2.1% are unemployed

Race and gender

 * 48.3% of residents are Male
 * 51.7% of residents are Female

of which

 * 98% are of white (all origins) race
 * 0.34% are of mixed race
 * 0.92% are of Asian or Asian British origin
 * 0.62% are of Chinese origin
 * 0.12% are of Black race

Source:Office for National Statistics Neighbourhood profiles for areas Warrington 014A,014B,014B

Transport
Woolston has no railway station of its own, the nearest ones are at the nineteenth-century Padgate station and at the 1980s Birchwood station, formerly Risley Halt. There are direct trains from these stations to Liverpool Lime Street, Warrington Central, Manchester Piccadilly, Sheffield, York, and Newcastle Passengers change at Warrington Central for Warrington Bank Quay, for West Coast Main Line services to London Euston and Scotland.

Junction 21 of the M6 motorway lies to the east of Martinscroft.

The A57 to Manchester and Liverpool runs directly through the district. There is also a road running from the motorway past the Grange to Birchwood and Longbarn, two areas built in the 1970s during the New Town development.

Warrington's Own Buses (3, 4, 4A) and Warrington Coachways (104) provide local bus services to Warrington Town Centre, whilst First Greater Manchester operate an inter-urban service (100) to Manchester via Irlam and the Trafford Centre.

The Penny Ferry (now 11p) can be used to cross the Manchester Ship Canal to Thelwall. This is a part-time service. If not available a detour can be made over the Latchford Locks.

Manchester Airport is the closest major airport to Woolston.

Public services
The area is served by an ante-natal clinic on Holes Lane and a GP doctors surgery located close by. There is also a new chiropractic clinic at Woolston Neighbourhood Hub.

Warrington's Direct Services are based in Woolston and provide services to the local community.

There are no local fire and police services. The nearest providers are at Risley Police Station and Birchwood Fire Station. Although there is a community police office located on the site of Dam lane shops.

Notable people

 * It was the birthplace of Old Billy, the oldest horse that ever lived (1760–1822).
 * Michael Adrian Hankinson O.S.B, Bishop of Port Louis, Mauritius - born in Warrington 1817, of a Woolston family.

title: Woolston, Cheshire


text:
Black-fronted dotterel

The black-fronted dotterel (Charadrius melanops) is a small plover in the family Charadriidae that is found throughout much of Australia and New Zealand.

Taxonomy
The black-fronted dotterel was formally described in 1818 by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot under the binomial name Charadrius melanops. The type locality was subsequently designated as New South Wales. The specific epithet combines the Ancient Greek melops meaning "black" with ōps meaning "face". This species was previously placed in the monotypic genus Elseyornis but a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2022 found that it was embedded in a clade containing members of the genus Charadrius. The black-fronted dotterel was therefore moved back to Charadrius. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.

Description
As an adult, this small shorebird has an overall length of 16 - 18 cm, a wingspan of 33 - 35 cm and a weight of 30 - 35 g. The sexes are similar in appearance. It has a distinct black face mask, forehead and v-shaped band across the chest. Dorsally it is a mottled brown colour with the wings and crown of the head the same colour. This colouration is particularly useful for camouflage against aerial predators. Orbital eye rings and the first section of the bill are red, with the latter being black at the tip. The legs are pale orange. Unlike many other wading birds, black-fronted dotterels retain the same plumage all year round.

Juveniles are duller in colour with a greyish beak and lacking the black breast band and forehead.

Distribution and habitat
The black-fronted dotterel is widespread throughout Australia including in Tasmania and self-introduced in New Zealand where it is now also common.

It inhabits the edges of freshwater sources including wetlands, lakes, swamps, dams and billabongs, and in shallow, temporary claypan pools. Occasionally, it can also be found occupying saline mudflats and estuaries. It will avoid water more than a few mm deep and heavy vegetation. Black-fronted dotterels are typically sedentary, with a single bird, a pair, or a family group occupying a stretch of habitat on a more or less permanent basis. However, some individuals appear to travel considerable distances, and flocks will sometimes congregate in food-rich areas.

Food and feeding
Their diet consists of crustaceans, insects and seeds. They forage in a series of short running motions, holding the body horizontal, stopping to peck from time to time with a rapid bobbing motion.

Breeding
The black-fronted dotterel breeds between August and February, although is known to breed anytime conditions are right e.g. after suitable rains in Northern Australia. During courtship, both species will call and participate in aerial displays.

The nest is a small depression that can consist of twigs, shells and pebbles. The eggs are a greyish-yellow colour with brown and lavender markings. Incubation of the 2-3 eggs is shared between both parents. When one parent is not incubating, they still rest and feed close to the nest. During incubation, if the eggs get too hot the adults will stand over the eggs to shade them from the harsh sun or wet the feathers on their stomach to wet and cool the eggs. The egg gestation period is 4–5 weeks. Twenty-four hours after they hatch the chicks leave the nest to hide in less exposed areas, while at the same time both parents look after them. Both parents will call loudly and feign injury to lure predators away from the nest.

title: Black-fronted dotterel


text:
Martinscroft

Martinscroft is a part of the civil parish of Woolston in Warrington, Cheshire, England.

It is rumoured that Battery Lane in the village got its name from where Oliver Cromwell stored his weapons during his visit in the civil war.

Martinscroft Green is the village green and is also a popular place for recreational activities.

It recently has been enlarged by new housing estates and the building of a hotel, although it has a few old cottages still along the village green.

Hidden in the trees at the back of the village green is a school gate post which  is from when there was a school on the village green and also horse mounting steps which are from when there was a pub on the village green.

title: Martinscroft