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University of Oregon

The University of Oregon (UO, U of O or Oregon) is a public research university in Eugene, Oregon. Founded in 1876, the university also has two Portland locations; the Oregon Institute of Marine Biology in Charleston; and Pine Mountain Observatory in Central Oregon.

The University of Oregon is organized into nine colleges and schools and offers 420 undergraduate and graduate degree programs. Most academic programs follow the 10 week Quarter System. The university is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity" and is a member of the Association of American Universities. Since July 2014, UO has been governed by its own board of trustees.

UO's 295-acre campus is situated along the Willamette River. UO student athletes compete as the Ducks and are part of the Pac-12 Conference in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). With eighteen varsity teams, the Oregon Ducks are best known for their football team and track and field program. These two teams are even incorporated into the design of the school's "O" logo. In the summer of 2022, UO hosted the 2022 World Athletics Championships. It was the first time the event was held in the United States. UO will depart to the Big Ten Conference on August 2, 2024.

The university has a long and complex relationship with Nike, Inc., and the firm's co-founder Phil Knight. As a consequence of state higher-education disinvestment starting in the 1990s, UO has embraced a "University of Nike" image. Fueled by large investments in athletic infrastructure, this trend has accelerated in recent years. Knight, an alumnus, has advocated for both athletic prominence and increased privatisation of the university, and has donated over $1 billion to UO since the late-1980s, much of it going towards athletics. The school's "O" logo was designed by Nike in 1998 and sports facility projects on campus typically involve both Knight and Nike.

The land
The University of Oregon is located on Kalapuya ilihi, the traditional indigenous homeland of the Kalapuya people. Following treaties between 1851 and 1855, Kalapuya people were dispossessed of their indigenous homeland by the United States government and forcibly removed to the Coast Indian Reservation in Western Oregon. Today, Kalapuya descendants are primarily citizens of the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde and the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians.

Motto
The university's motto, mens agitat molem translates from Latin as "mind moves mass", or poetically as "minds move mountains." The line comes from the Aeneid by Virgil, Book VI, line 727.

The motto is now shared with the Eindhoven University of Technology, the Military Academy of the German Armed Forces, and the University of Warwick.

Early years
The Oregon State Legislature established the university in 1872 and named it Oregon State University. The residents of Eugene raised $27,500 to buy eighteen acres of land at a cost of $2,500. The doors opened in 1876 with the name of "Oregon State University" and University Hall as its sole building. The first year of enrollment contained 155 students taught by five faculty members. The first graduating class was in 1878, graduating five students. In 1881, the university was nearly closed; it was $8,000 in debt before Henry Villard donated $7,000 to help pay it. In 1913 and 1932, there were proposals to merge the university with what is now Oregon State University. Both proposals were defeated.

Maturity as a university
During Prince Lucien Campbell's tenure as president from 1902 to 1925, the university experienced tremendous growth. The budget, enrollment, facilities, and faculty members all grew several times its amount prior to his presidency. Numerous schools were also established during his tenure, including the School of Music in 1902, the School of Education in 1910, the School of Architecture, the College of Business in 1914, the School of Law in 1915, the School of Journalism in 1916, and the School of Health and Physical Education in 1920. However, the University of Oregon lost its School of Engineering to Oregon Agricultural College, now known as Oregon State University.

In 1917, a "three term" (quarter system) calendar was adopted by the university faculty as a war-time measure. This academic calendar has remained ever since then. However, it is now referred to as the Quarter System.

The Zorn-MacPherson Bill in 1932 proposed the University of Oregon and Oregon State College (now "University") merge. The bill lost in a landslide vote of over 6 to 1. The University of Oregon Medical School was founded in 1887 in Portland and merged with Willamette University's program in 1913. However, in 1974 it became an independent institution known as Oregon Health Sciences University.

The Institute of Molecular Biology was established at the university in 1959.

UO served as the filming location for the 1978 cult classic National Lampoon's Animal House.

Golden age
The 60s and 70s were somewhat of a golden age for the university. In 1964, the university ranked 25th nationally in National Science Foundation basic research grants, ahead of the University of Rochester, Northwestern University, the University of Colorado and the University of Pittsburgh.

In 1969, the UO was admitted into the Association of American Universities, along with Case Western Reserve University, the University of Maryland, and the University of Southern California.

Graduate enrollment peaked during the 1978-79 academic year at 4,568. From 1970 to 1979, 2,614 doctoral degrees were awarded at UO cumulatively.

From 1970 to 1979, 817 UO undergraduate students would go on to earn doctoral degrees at UO or another institution. Despite increases in total undergraduate enrollment since the 60s and 70s, fewer UO undergraduate students would go on to earn doctorates in the 80s, 90s, 2000s and 2010s. Prominent UO researchers of this era include Michael Posner, Frank Stahl, George Streisinger and Aaron Novick..

UO experienced state disinvestment in the 1980s during the tenure of president Paul Olum. Further state disinvestment occurred during the 1990s and during the Great Recession. Many programs have been scaled back or eliminated.

Recent history
In recent years UO's administration and Board of Trustees have approved hundreds of millions of dollars in construction projects. These facilities include Matthew Knight Arena, the Ford Alumni Center, the EMU renovation (student union building), and dormitories. This has occurred in tandem with state budget reductions, tuition increases, and increases in out-of-state enrollment.

In 2016, the university removed the name of Frederic Stanley Dunn, head of the Classics department in the 1920s and 30s, from the dormitory Dunn Hall, because of his leading role in the Ku Klux Klan.

Declining state support
Measure 5 established limits on property taxes in Oregon. This impacted the state budget, and led to budget and programmatic cuts at UO starting the 1990s. The College of Human Performance and Development was closed. Furthermore, many of the school's primary and secondary teacher training programs were eliminated. By 1997, more than 20 other programs were closed or significantly reduced in size.

UO has initiated three capital campaigns in the last 30 years. The first campaign of this era was launched with a goal of $150 million. It ended up raising a total of $255.3 million between 1992 and 1998.

With financial support from the state dwindling from 40% to 13% of the university budget, in January 2001, University President Dave Frohnmayer began Campaign Oregon with the goal of raising $600 million by December 2008, the most ambitious philanthropic fundraising campaign in the state's history at the time. With contributions exceeding $100 million from benefactors such as Phil Knight and Lorry I. Lokey, the campaign goal was exceeded by over $253 million.

In the fall of 2014, the institution announced that it would attempt to raise $2 billion from donors. In the fall of 2018, the campaign revised its goal to $3 billion. Substantial gifts were donated by Phil Knight and his wife. In October 2016, it was announced Phil Knight and his wife Penny will contribute $500 million to establish the Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact. At the time it was the largest donation to a public research university. Knight gave an additional $500 million to the Knight Campus in 2021.

In 2022, Steve Ballmer made a large gift of $425 million to fund a new institute for children's behavioral health.

Despite the recent influx in private gifts given by mega-donors, as of 2020, UO's state subsidy per resident student is one of the lowest in both the Association of American Universities and Pac-12 Conference.

"University of Nike"
The school's "O" logo was officially adopted by the university as a whole in 2002. Designed by Nike, it was first adopted by the athletic program in late-1998. The inside of the logo is said to depict Hayward Field, the institution's track and field venue. The outside of the logo is said to represent Autzen Stadium, which is UO's football stadium.

Phil Knight has financed hundreds of millions of dollars worth of construction projects on UO's campus going back to the late-1980s. Knight contributed to the renovation and expansion of the Main Library, now called the Knight Library, and the construction of the William W. Knight Law Center. Knight did not make a major contribution to academics between 1996 and 2016.

Knight is an athletic booster. He has contributed to, and managed, the construction of various athletic department facilities. Knight's involvement in said projects usually does not involve any university oversight, making them controversial. Knight also financed the majority of the Hayward Field renovation project.

Major publications including the New York Times and Wall Street Journal have described the university as the "University of Nike". A booked titled The University of Nike, written by Joshua Hunt, describes Nike and Phil Knight's influence on the university.

16.5% of UO's gross square footage is purpose-built for the university's sports programs.

Push for independence
In 2010, the newly installed UO president, Richard Lariviere, proposed establishing a new governance and funding model for UO. The New Partnership, as it became known, sought to establish an independent board and large endowment to fund the university into the future. Funding had become too low and unpredictable for UO officials, and the new model would provide the university with a consistent stream of funding and the legal freedom to borrow money for large capital projects. Lariviere's proposal called for $800 million in state bonds and "an equal amount" of private gifts. The new funds would provide a large boost to UO's then modest endowment.

In a 2010 interview, UO booster Phil Knight discussed the New Partnership. Knight explained that Lariviere's plan would allow UO greater control and possibly allow it to set its own tuition for in-state students.

"Oh, I talk to [Lariviere] on a regular basis. I spoke with him a couple of days ago. He was mostly talking about -- his view is the next step to upgrade the academic side of the university is to get the Legislature to go along with his plan, which is a little bit complicated, but it's to take a step -- I hate to use the word because it's an oversimplification -- but to take a step toward becoming more of a private university. I think the state provides about 7 percent of the funding now, so basically it is a private university that's hamstrung by public policy ... He's hamstrung in the sense he can't charge more tuition than the Legislature will let him do for in-state kids. So he loses money on every state kid that enrolls in the University of Oregon and he makes money on every kid that comes from out of state. So, increasingly, it's become the University of California at Eugene. That's the result of the current Legislature's policies."

On March 31, 2012, a Political Action Committee called Oregonians For Higher Education Excellence was formed by Columbia Sportswear CEO Tim Boyle. As of May 23, 2012, the organization has raised over $320,000. Notable contributors to the PAC include, Phil Knight, Patrick Kilkenny, and Tim Boyle. According to Boyle, the PAC's stated goal was to help facilitate an increase in autonomy at the University of Oregon.

In reaction to a growing movement to establish an independent university board, the Oregon Legislature in 2013 passed SB 270, requiring local governing boards for the state's three largest institutions. In 2014, the University of Oregon became an independent public body governed by the Board of Trustees of the University of Oregon. Proponents of local governing boards claimed that an independent board would give the university more autonomy and free it from inadequate state funding. This change of the board structure that eventually allowed the University of Oregon to leave the Pac12 and move to the Big10 without consideration for other state-funded universities in the state, i.e. Oregon State.

Michael H. Schill became the university's president in the summer of 2015. In June 2015, UO's endowment surpassed the $700 million mark. In 2022, Schill became president at Northwestern University. Karl Scholz has been president since July 1, 2023.

Academics
As of Winters 2024, UO offered 420 degree programs. The UO student body is composed of students from all 50 of the United States, the District of Columbia, four U.S. territories, and 91 countries around the world. As of Fall 2023, Pre-Business Administration was the most popular undergraduate major at UO (9.8% of all majors), followed by Psychology (9.3%), Pre-Business Administration (8.4%), Human Physiology (5.2%), Economics (4.8%) and Political Science (3.5%).

The University of Oregon is organized into nine colleges and schools. UO's College of Arts and Sciences (CAS) covers a large array of departments in the arts and sciences. The School of Global Studies and Languages is embedded within CAS. The Charles H. Lundquist College of Business (LCB) was founded in 1884 and offers courses in fields such as accounting, decision sciences, entrepreneurship, finance, management, and marketing. The School of Accounting was established in 2017 to oversee the accounting program. The College of Design (COD) was founded by Ellis F. Lawrence in 1914. The college offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in design and policy related fields. The college was known as the School of Allied Arts and Architecture and was renamed in 2017. The college is divided into three schools: School of Architecture & Environment, School of Art + Design, and the School of Planning, Public Policy and Management. The College of Education was established in 1910 as the School of Education. The Robert D. Clark Honors College is a small honors college intended to complement the majors in place at the university by joining select students and faculty for a low student to teacher ratio (25:1 maximum). The School of Journalism and Communication is one of the oldest journalism schools in the United States; it began as a department in 1912 and became a professional school in 1916. The SOJC is located in Allen Hall on the University of Oregon's Eugene campus. The School of Law was formed in 1884 in Portland and moved to Eugene in early 1915. The School of Music and Dance was initially just the Department of Music in 1886, and developed into the School of Music in 1900.

The University of Oregon Medical School was founded in 1887 in Portland and merged with Willamette University's program in 1913. However, in 1974 it became an independent institution. It is now known as Oregon Health & Science University.

Undergraduate admissions
The University of Oregon's undergraduate admissions process is "selective" according to U.S. News & World Report. For students entering Fall 2019, 22,329 freshmen were accepted out of 27,358 applicants, an 81.6% acceptance rate, and 4,525 enrolled for a yield of 20.3%.

Among freshman students who enrolled in fall 2019, SAT scores for the middle 50% ranged from 560 to 660 for evidence based reading and writing, and 540–650 for math. ACT composite scores for the middle 50% ranged from 22 to 28. The average high school GPA for incoming freshmen was 3.65. Of the 10% of entering freshmen who submitted high school class rank, 26% were in the top tenth of their graduating class, 57% in the top quarter, and 86% in the top half.

Faculty
As of May 2022, at least 19 UO faculty (living or deceased) have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences.

As of the fall of 2023, the university has 2,097 faculty members. Among this group there are 782 tenure and tenure-track (ladder) faculty members. Among US doctoral universities UO is ranked 80th when it come to full professor salaries. However, when other compensation measures are factored in, UO ranks 58th.

Research
The university is a member of the Association of American Universities. It is also classified as a "Very High Research Activity" university, according to the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. UO has comparatively small research spending totals for an AAU level university. According to the National Science Foundation, Oregon spent $111 million on research and development in 2018, ranking it 151st in the nation.

The university has 13 research centers and institutes. The university also maintains nine "research core facilities".

Accreditation
The university is accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities, which is recognized by the United States Department of Education.

University governance
The university's internal governance is conducted in accordance with The Constitution of the University of Oregon. The UO Constitution provides a collaborative process that ensures a strong voice for the faculty, acting through the University Senate. The representation of students, civil servants, and administrative employees in the senate ensures this predominantly faculty body operates in the best interests of the entire university community.

UO Board of Trustees assumed control in 2014. The trustees have the broad authority to supervise and manage the university and may exercise all the powers, rights, duties and privileges expressly granted by law or that are implied by law or are incident to the board's powers, rights, duties and privileges.

Former provost Scott Coltrane served as interim president, from August 6, 2014, through June 30, 2015, following the resignation of Michael Gottfredson. This resignation occurred with less than 24 hours notice amidst a number of controversies, including allegations of mishandling of sexual violence, a decline of $100 million in university donations, and the alienation of faculty members around unionization and academic freedom. Including one interim president, Gottfredson was the university's fourth president in six years, a situation that led Chronicle of Higher Education to label the position a "revolving door."

Michael H. Schill was president from 2015 to 2022. John Karl Scholz entered office as the 19th president in 2023.

Budget
UO's FY14 operating revenue total $905 million. , the estimated economic impact of the University of Oregon is $2.6 billion annually. Despite a large increase in undergraduate enrollment, state appropriations are less than what they were 10 years prior. The university also receives less state support than many of its peers. According to FY13-14 data from the AAU, UO ranks last in state funding and receives approximately $47.8 million from the state.

Campus safety and security
Campus security is enforced by the University of Oregon Police Department.

The University of Oregon appeared in the documentary The Hunting Ground after allowing three basketball players accused of sexual assault to play in an NCAA Tournament. The documentary focuses on campus rape in higher education institutions in the United States.

Sexual assaults
In 2018 there were 8 rapes reported on campus.

Drug and alcohol abuse
In 2018 there were 364 drug abuse violations and 894 liquor law violations on campus.

Campus

The campus is spread over 295 acre and includes eighty buildings. Additionally, the campus is an arboretum consisting of 500 species of trees. In total there are over 3,000 trees on campus. It is adjacent to the West University neighborhood and Pioneer Cemetery. Eugene is near many prominent geographic features such as the Willamette River, Cascade Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. Also within a two-hour drive is the Portland metropolitan area.

The campus is occupied by approximately 80 buildings. However, there are several ongoing construction projects, as well as plans to build new facilities. The campus is the home of the Oregon Bach Festival.

Based on Ellis F. Lawrence's vision, many of the university's buildings are planned around several major quadrangles, many of which abut the 13th Avenue pedestrian mall. The university is known for being the site of a pioneering participatory planning experiment known as the Oregon Experiment, which is also the subject of a book of the same name that evolved into the well known book A Pattern Language by Christopher Alexander. The project's two major principles are buildings should be designed, in part, by the people who will use them with the help of an "architect facilitator", and construction should occur over many small projects as opposed to a few large ones.

Although academic buildings are spread throughout the campus, most are along East 13th Avenue, with heavy pedestrian traffic at the intersection with Kincaid Street. Student recreation and union centers are toward the center of the campus, with residence halls on the east side. Sports facilities are grouped in the southern-central part of campus with the Autzen Stadium and PK Park complexes across the Willamette River. The university also owns and operates several satellite facilities, including a large facility in the White Stag Block of downtown Portland and the Oregon Institute of Marine Biology in Charleston, Oregon.

The campus has been smoke and tobacco free since 2012.

Old campus and memorial quad

The oldest section of campus is in the northwest area of the current campus. The university's first building, University Hall, opened on October 16, 1876, when the university had an enrollment of 177 students. It was known as "the building" before being named after Judge Matthew Deady in 1893. In June 2020, Deady's name was removed from the building in and it was temporarily renamed University Hall. The second building on campus is known as Villard Hall and is home to the Theater Arts and Comparative Literature Departments. Completed in 1886, the hall was named after railroad magnate Henry Villard, who provided financial aid to the university in 1881. Before its naming, it was known as "the new building." Both University and Villard Halls were designated National Historic Landmarks in 1977.

Just south of Old Campus is the Memorial Quad, which runs north and south along Kincaid Street, capped at both ends by the main campus library, Knight Library, on the south side, and the Lillis Business Complex on the north. It is flanked on the west by the tallest building on campus, Prince Lucien Campbell Hall, also known as "PLC", Condon Hall on the west, housing the Geography department, and the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art on the east, which was remodeled and reopened on January 23, 2005. Also adjacent to Memorial Quad is Chapman Hall, which houses the Robert D. Clark Honors College.

Central campus
The center of campus houses a mixture of academic buildings, an administration building, and student recreation buildings. Just to the east of Memorial Quad, facing 13th Avenue is Johnson Hall where offices for higher administration and trustee offices are found, including the offices of the university president. Directly across 13th Avenue, facing Johnson Hall is "The Pioneer" a statue of a bearded, buckskin-clad pioneer cast in bronze by sculptor Alexander Phimister Proctor in 1919. In 1932, Proctor's "Pioneer Mother" statue was dedicated in the Women's Memorial Quadrangle on the other side of Johnson Hall; the two statues are aligned so they can "see" one another through the large windows of the hall's main floor.

Lawrence Hall is at the end of hardscape walkway, directly north of the intersection of 13th Avenue and University Street. It houses the School of Architecture and Allied Arts and is named after its first dean, Ellis F. Lawrence, in 1957. Allen Hall, opened in 1954, is adjacent to Lawrence Hall and houses the School of Journalism and Communication.

Additionally, Erb Memorial Union and the recreation center are in this part of campus.

Lorry I. Lokey Science Complex and east campus
The Lorry I. Lokey Science Complex comprises multiple science buildings to the east of Lawrence Hall, on the north side of 13th Avenue. Willamette Hall's Paul Olum Atrium is the center of the university's hard sciences complex. The construction of Willamette Hall, home of the physics department; Cascade Hall, home of the geology department; Deschutes Hall, home of the Computer and Information Science Department; and Streisinger Hall to the complex were completed in 1989.

Within the Lokey Science Complex are two facilities focused on integrative science. One is the Lokey Laboratories, which is a shared-use facility with state-of-the-art characterization instrumentation. Lokey Laboratories is associated with the Oregon Nanoscience and Microtechnologies Institute (ONAMI) and was dedicated to Lorry I. Lokey in 2008, for his $25 million donation toward the project.

The Allan Price Science Commons and Research Library is also within the Lokey Science Complex. It underwent a major renovation and expansion with the new building reopening in 2016.

The northeast corner of campus is home to the Ford Alumni Center and Matthew Knight Arena. Most of the rest of the eastern part of campus is dedicated to residence halls. Carson Hall, near the Erb Memorial Union, provides dining services along with dormitories. Just south is the Living-Learning Center, opened in 2006. It is a collection of functions including dormitories, classrooms, study areas, dining rooms, and recreational rooms to provide a single location for many student activities. The newest residence hall, the Global Scholars Hall, opened in the fall of 2012. It primarily houses returning students and students enrolled in the Robert D. Clark Honors College, College Scholars, and the global scholars language programs.

South campus
The center of south campus is where much of the on-campus athletic facilities reside. Hayward Field, home to the Ducks track and field program, sits in the eastern area of the athletic facilities. It has hosted a number of prominent track and field events such as the US Track and Field Olympic Trials, the NCAA Track and Field Championships, and USATF Championships.

To the west of the athletic facilities lies Pioneer Cemetery and further west is where the current facilities for the College of Education exists, in the southwest corner of campus. The HEDCO Education building and the Frohnmayer Music Center are in the vicinity. The Knight Law Center is just opposite of Hayward Field in the southeast corner of campus. The Many Nations Longhouse and the Museum of Natural and Cultural History are East of Knight Law.

Knight Campus
The Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact is a billion dollar applied science campus. The campus is on the north side of Franklin Boulevard.

Phil and Penny Knight contributed two $500 million gifts to the campus. The rest of the funding is expected to come from state bonds and private support.

It is hoped that Knight Campus will help grow Oregon's biotechnology sector and generate economic growth for the state. However, professors at other institutions caution that nothing is guaranteed, and that creating a new economic hub from scratch is a tricky process.

Other areas and satellites
The controversial Riverfront Research Park is a small facility maintained by the university. It is used for creating new technologies, such as research about artificial intelligence at the Computational Intelligence Research Lab, and it is the home of the Zebrafish Information Network (ZFIN), the zebrafish model organism database. Controversy stems from the lack of citizen involvement in the planning process for the use of public lands, and the potential for multi-story office buildings and parking lots to replace open space, civic space, and wildlife habitat along the Willamette River. The university and student senates have each passed resolutions against construction on the banks of the Willamette River under the current development plan, yet plans for development persist. In March 2010, the issue of a conditional use permit extension for the Research Park was appealed to the Land Use Board of Appeals by a group of citizens, students, and faculty.

UO Portland
The university also leases space in Old Town Portland in the White Stag Block. UO-Portland provides an urban study environment for the School of Architecture and Allied Arts, the School of Journalism and Communication, the School of Law, and the Lundquist College of Business. Additionally, the Division of Continuing Education, the Labor Education Resource Center, and the Department of Athletics have active offices there. The Duck Store has a shop in the building.

In 2022, UO purchased the campus of the now closed Concordia University. In 2023, most of UO's academic programs located in Portland will be relocated to this campus.

Sustainability
The undergraduate architecture program is consistently ranked among the highest in the country, and is currently ranked as the #1 public program for "Sustainable Design Practice and Principles" by DesignIntelligence magazine.

The University of Oregon received a grade of "B+" from the Sustainable Endowments Institute on its last published College Sustainability Report Card in 2011.

There has also been a push for sustainable buildings on campus with a development plan that requires any new building or renovation to incorporate sustainable design. The Lillis Business Complex was the catalyst for the policy. The building, completed in 2003 has earned a LEED Silver rating, the highest rating of any college business building in the United States. , there were 15 different buildings on campus that have been awarded LEED Silver or above ratings.

Libraries and museums
The multi-branch University of Oregon Libraries serves the campus with library collections, instruction and reference, and a wide variety of educational technology and media services. The UO is Oregon's only member of the Association of Research Libraries. The main branch, the Knight Library, houses humanities and social sciences, Learning Commons, Music Services, Government Publications, Maps and Aerial Photos, Special Collections & University Archives, Media Services, the Center for Educational Technologies, and a Cinema Studies lab to be available in Winter 2010. Other branch locations are:
 * The Design Library in Lawrence Hall
 * The John E. Jaqua Law Library in the Knight Law Center
 * The Loyd & Dorothy Rippey Library at the Oregon Institute of Marine Biology in Charleston, Oregon.
 * The Mathematics Library in Fenton Hall
 * The Portland Library & Learning Commons in the White Stag Block in Portland, Oregon
 * The Science Library in the Price Science Commons

The UO Libraries hosts Scholars' Bank, an open access (OA) digital repository created to capture, distribute and preserve the intellectual output of the University of Oregon. Scholars' Bank uses open-source DSpace software developed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Hewlett-Packard.

The Special Collections & University Archives house a collection of Gardner Fox's literary manuscripts, comic books, and other materials, including over 200 letters from fans. It is also the home to a rare collection of thousands of Japanese senjafuda (votive slips), part of the Gertrude Bass Warner Collection.

The University of Oregon is home to the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art and the Museum of Natural and Cultural History.

Special events
UO is home to various special events. One of the most popular and well-known events held on campus is the Oregon Bach Festival. The festival is a donor-sponsored program of the university and the only major music festival affiliated with an American university. Founded in 1970 by German conductor Helmuth Rilling and UO professor (and past president of the American Choral Directors Association) Royce Saltzman, the festival has grown into an international program that draws hundreds of musicians and over 40,000 attendees annually.

The festival has presented such artists as Frederica von Stade, Bobby McFerrin, Garrison Keillor, and Thomas Quasthoff, who made his American debut in Eugene in 1995. The festival actively commissions and premieres new choral-orchestra works, including pieces by Arvo Pärt, Osvaldo Golijov, and Tan Dun. A Bach Festival recording of the world-premiere performance of Krzyztof Penderecki's Credo won the 2001 Grammy Award for best choral performance.

Clubs and groups
There are more than 250 student groups at the University of Oregon, most of which are headquartered in the Erb Memorial Union.

The University of Oregon is home to three student-run a cappella groups: Divisi, a treble ensemble; On the Rocks, a TTBB ensemble; and Mind the Gap, a mixed ensemble.

Media
The University of Oregon has a diverse array of student-run and student-created media, including the Daily Emerald, the Oregon Commentator, and Ethos Magazine, among others.

The university is also home of two radio stations: KWAX (classical music) and KWVA (campus radio).

Government
There are two major governing bodies at the University of Oregon. The largest is the Associated Students of the University of Oregon. Its purpose is to provide for the social, cultural, educational and physical development of its members, and for the advancement of their individual and collective interests both within and without the university.

Student participation in governance of the university extends to membership in the University Senate, which has five student members with full voting rights plus the ASUO president as a nonvoting member. Students are also represented on the university's board of trustees by a voting member appointed by the Governor of Oregon.

The total FY2014-15 ASUO budget was $15.24 million.

The second-largest governing body is the Residence Hall Association (RHA), who advocate for all students living on-campus. Its purpose is to relay ideas and feedback as a way of communication with University Housing. RHA advocates for residence hall students; stimulates an environment of growth, learning, and development for all students in the residence halls through programming; submits recommendations and ideas regarding policy to University Housing.

Graduate Teaching Fellows Federation
The University of Oregon Graduate Teaching Fellows Federation (GTFF) was established in 1976 to represent graduate student workers and it is one of the oldest graduate student unions in the U.S. The UO administration objected to the establishment of the union, citing that graduate workers were "students, not employees." The Oregon Employment Relations Board (ERB) ruled in favor of the graduate students and supported their right to organize. The GTFF began organizing its first contract in April 1977 and reached a negotiation with the university administration after two strike votes. In 1993, the GTFF successfully bargained for employer-paid health insurance.

In 2014, the GTFF went on strike for the first time. In October, GTFF members voted to authorize a strike over two issues not yet included in the GTF contract: a pay raise to the minimum GTF salary and a form of paid sick leave. The strike lasted a week and overlapped with the university's administration of final examinations. Although the union members accused the university administration of strike breaking activities, intimidation of international students, and unlawful demands, a compromise was reached and the strike ended.

Facilities and housing
The Erb Memorial Union (EMU) is the student union, which functions as a center for student life. It sits on the southeast corner of 13th and University St. The EMU underwent a major renovation and expansion project from 2013 to 2016. The wing, built in 1973 was demolished in 2014 to make way for a new wing. Opened in the fall of 2016, the new facility includes improved dining options, faculty and group offices, and meeting spaces.

South of the Erb Memorial Union across a small quad is the Student Recreational Center (SRC). The Lyllye Reynolds-Parker Black Cultural Center, named in honor of Lyllye-Reynolds Parker, opened in 2019.

There are several other residence halls. Kalapuya Ilihi opened next to Global Scholars Hall, and hosts 531 students, as well as includes an open-space for students and faculty on the ground floor. Unthank Hall completed construction in 2019 and opened to student use in 2021.

Athletics
The University of Oregon is a member of the Pac-12 Conference as of 2023 and the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision of the NCAA. The athletic programs have garnered 28 NCAA team championships, as well as 60 NCAA individual champions in various track and field events. The strength of the track program, as well as its connection to Nike, has made Eugene known as "Track Town, USA". The two primary rivals of the Oregon Ducks football team are the Washington Huskies and the Oregon State Beavers, though they also have a strong rivalry with the Washington State Cougars. The football rivalry with Oregon State University is one of the nation's oldest. Every year, the two teams face off in the last game of the regular season. The two teams have faced each other nearly every year since 1894 except for five years. Games were not held in 1900, 1901, 1911, 1943, and 1944.

The university competes in 14 sports: football, men's and women's basketball, cross country, track and field, baseball, softball, men's and women's tennis, men's and women's golf, women's soccer, women's lacrosse, women's volleyball, and acrobatics & tumbling. This does not include club sports which competes at the Division I level in Rugby, Soccer, Rowing, and Waterpolo. As well as women's Division I club athletics in Rowing, Rugby, and Waterpolo.

With 20 NCAA championships between them, cross country and track and field are the two programs at the university that have enjoyed the most success. The programs have produced many world-class athletes including Steve Prefontaine and Alberto Salazar, the latter of whom was also a coach until he was banned for life. Nike had been formed by the former track and field head coach Bill Bowerman and former University of Oregon track runner Phil Knight. The successes of the programs have given the name of Track Town, USA to Eugene.

Created in 1893, the football team played its first game in 1894 and won its first Rose Bowl in 1917 against the University of Pennsylvania. The 1938–39 men's basketball team, nicknamed the "Tall Firs", won the first-ever NCAA basketball tournament by defeating Ohio State in the March 28, 1939 championship game.

Originally recognized as an official sport at the university in 1908, baseball was disbanded in 1981 due to concerns with Title IX. In 2007, the athletic director Patrick Kilkenny announced plans to reinstate baseball and to drop wrestling while adding women's acrobatics & tumbling.

Joining the Big 10 Conference
On August 4, 2023 the Big Ten Conference voted to accept the University of Oregon along with the University of Washington into the Big 10 Conference. The decision will go into effect August 2, 2024 allowing for the University's Pac-12 Conference media rights to lapse. The University emphasized that this will not bring an end to the annual Oregon–Oregon State football rivalry game.

Relationship with Nike
The Athletic Department (AD) and university (UO) have a long and complex relationship with Nike Inc. The corporation has significant historical ties to UO. It was founded by two UO alumni. Nike founder Phil Knight is also one of the largest benefactors in the history of UO. In recent years he has invested heavily in developing and maintaining the athletic apparatus. The University emphasized that this would not mean an end to the annual Oregon–Oregon State football rivalry game.

Mascot
The mascot of the University of Oregon is the fighting duck. The popular Disney character Donald Duck has been the mascot for decades, thanks to an agreement between then-Athletic Director Leo Harris and Walt Disney in 1947. The mascot was challenged in 1966, when Disney died and the company realized there was no formal contract written for the use of Donald's image. A contract was written up in 1973. Potential heirs "Mallard Drake" and "Mandrake" challenged Donald's position in 1978 and 2003 respectively, but both were unpopular and discontinued.

Song
The fight song is "Mighty Oregon", written by professor Albert Perfect and student John DeWitt Gilbert in 1916. It has undergone several changes since its original performance.

Onscreen
The film National Lampoon's Animal House (1978) was filmed on the university campus and the surrounding area. The building used as the exterior of the Delta House (which belonged to the University of Oregon Pi Kappa Alpha chapter) was demolished in 1986, but the interior scenes were shot in the Sigma Nu house, which still stands. The Omega house belongs to the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity and still stands. The sorority house where Bluto climbs the ladder to peek in on the female students was actually the exterior of the Sigma Nu fraternity. Other buildings used during filming include Johnson Hall, Gerlinger Hall, Fenton Hall, Carson Hall, and the Erb Memorial Union (EMU). The EMU dining facility known as "The Fishbowl" was the site of the famous food-fight scene. The Knight Library and the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art can also be seen in the movie.

Other films shot at the university include
 * Ed's Co-Ed (1929)
 * Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1940)
 * Five Easy Pieces (1970)
 * Drive, He Said (1970)
 * How to Beat the High Cost of Living (1980)
 * Personal Best (1982)
 * Stand By Me (1986) (shot primarily in nearby Brownsville)
 * Without Limits (1998)
 * Zerophilia (2005)

Alumni
Alumni include at least two Nobel Laureates, five members of the National National Academy of Sciences, 16 Pulitzer Prize winners, who have won a combined 20 awards, 19 Rhodes Scholars and 5 Marshall Scholars.

There are more than 195,000 University of Oregon alumni around the world. The Ford Alumni Center, adjacent to Matthew Knight Arena, houses an interactive exhibit. The UO Alumni Association is also based out of this facility.

Prominent alumni include: academic leaders Lee Bollinger (president of Columbia University and former president of the University of Michigan), Gene Block (chancellor of UCLA), and Asher Cohen (president of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem), TV host Ann Curry, author and counter-culture figure Ken Kesey (One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest), businessman Phil Knight (founded Nike, Inc. in Eugene), NFL quarterbacks Marcus Mariota (2014 Heisman Trophy winner) and Justin Herbert (2019 William V. Campbell Trophy recipient and 2020 NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year), screenwriter Stephen J. Cannell, author Chuck Palahniuk (Fight Club), cognitive scientist and author Douglas Hofstadter (Gödel, Escher, Bach), biochemist Pamela Bjorkman, U.S. Senator Ron Wyden, American sportscaster and former professional football player Ahmad Rashad, professional basketball players Luke Ridnour, Luke Jackson and Sabrina Ionescu, former American football quarterback and current sportscaster Dan Fouts, actress Kaitlin Olson, Circuit Court Judge Hollie Pihl, A cappella vocalist and YouTuber Peter Hollens, trumpeter and musician Tony Glausi, Hilda Heine (president of the Marshall Islands), and Coach Mark Few (coach of Men's Basketball Gonzaga Bulldogs.)

Faculty and staff
Current University of Oregon faculty and researchers include 1 Nobel Prize laureate, and 11 members of the National Academy of Sciences Furthermore, two Oregon based researchers have been awarded the President's National Medal of Science.

Notable current and former faculty and staff includes: renowned Canadian architect Arthur Erikson, biochemist and biophysicist Brian Matthews (also known for Matthews correlation coefficient), neuroscientist Michael Posner, behavioral psychologist and risk researcher Paul Slovic, molecular biologist and geneticist Franklin Stahl (noted for Meselson–Stahl experiment) which he performed at Caltech, molecular biologist George Streisinger (pioneered the use of Zebrafish in biological research), and 2012 Nobel Prize in Physics winner Knight Research Professor David Wineland, formerly of NIST and the University of Colorado Boulder.

Notable former athletic department staff includes: track coach Bill Bowerman (known for co-founding Nike, Inc.) and football coach Chip Kelly (also known for coaching Philadelphia Eagles and San Francisco 49ers).

title: University of Oregon


text:
User talk:Snoopy81

Hi, welcome to Wikipedia!

Just a suggestion on year pages such as 494; we've generally been keeping the entries short, almost always a single sentence, and putting discussion of trends either into the articles or into the decades/centuries articles. Stan 13:26 10 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I created Xiaowen as a stub from what you wrote in 494 - in case you wanted to add to it... Martin

Hello there, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Cheers! --maveric149

Hi, I noticed you removed some entries from 1967 in film. Some of them were incorrect, others were not. I was wondering why you removed the ones that weren't. Koyaanis Qatsi 08:30 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Also, why are you unlinking years? Thanks, Koyaanis Qatsi 08:45 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Snoopy81


text:
Talk:List of home computers by category

Article's existence
This list was created to avoid duplication of several lists in various articles. On the whole it might be better if it was integrated into the List of home computers entry. -- Mic 13:34 10 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I think that both lists are worth having, since they provide useful, differently indexed entries into the world of home computers. So I suggest we update both articles as needed. --Wernher 14:17, 23 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Odd inclusions
Osborne 1? Kaypro? These are strange choices for "home" computers since they were really aimed at business and professinal users, at best for students doing word processing. No graphics or sound on these machines, so not really the tradional "games box that you can also write BASIC programs on". --Wtshymanski 18:33, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * You're completely right. Trimming of article done. --Wernher 23:58, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Since the DEC Rainbow has been taken off the list (justifiably...not the same sort of machine), perhaps we should also remove the PDP 11 clone and definitely remove the Radio Shack TRS 80 Model 11 - this 8-inch floppy drive system was never intended for household use. (Just because true geeks dragged VAXes back to the house doesn't make a VAX a home computer either - you've got to classify by intended market, not by the exceptions). --Wtshymanski 13:46, 22 May 2005 (UTC)

 * In the same vein, how is the TRS-80 Model II, III, or IV a home computer? (The Model I, sure.) And was the Apple III ever marketed at home users?

Headline text

 * In what sense is the Colecovision a home computer? At least the Atari 2600 had an optional Basic cartridge and keyboard attachment (actually, two--one from Atari, one from Spectravideo). Even worse: Nintendo Gameboy?

 * Can you really call the Aquarius 2 a home computer when they never even finished designing it?

 * Also, if the DEC Rainbow was taken off the list, someone added it back.Falcotron 14:47, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

Bit Wars
I thought the 32-bit category was a bit odd. The Motorola 68000 had 16-bit 32-bit internal registers and 16-bit wide memory. The whole point of the 68008 was that it had 16-bit 32-bit registers and 8-bit wide memory - narrower memory makes a machine cheaper to build. I'm not sure that any of the Amiga or ST machines lasted long enough for a full 32-bit-wide 68000 family processor. National Semiconductor called their chip 32016 because it had 32-bit registers and a 16-bit wide memory. The PC Jr used the 8088, with 16-bit registers and 8-bit wide memory (like the 68008). Classification of processor "bit" size is not something I feel passionately enough about any more to change in this article, but if I were doing the classification I'd do it on memory bandwidth and not marketing hype. I don't know that it's even useful to categorize by "bit width" since other factors completely dominate how the machine performs. --Wtshymanski 13:54, 22 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, the old categorization was not by data bus width, or the 8088 and 68008 should both be in the 8-bit section, etc. This is more useful. Mirror Vax 14:02, 22 May 2005 (UTC)
 * And yes, the ST and Amiga came with later 68K family chips (including the 68060, though that last one only via third parties). Mirror Vax 14:07, 22 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I am mistaken. The 68000 has 32- bit registers for data - I just looked at the programmer's model in "MC68000 16-Bit Microprocessor User's Manual, Second Edition", Motorola, (1980). But as evident from the title, Motorola thought of this as a 16-bit processor ( just ast Intel properly called the 8088 an "8-bit" processor in their old data books). I'll have to look at the ST article to see if any of them had a 68020 or better. The corrections aren't useful, I suppose; back when I cared about this sort of thing I think I would have argued that the memory bus size was as important as register size in an overall performance-determining way, but I'm no longer sure that is true.  --Wtshymanski 16:36, 22 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Data bus width is just an implementation detail, like clock frequency. The key thing is the programming model. The progression between CPU architectures is driven primarily by memory addressing limits. Mirror Vax 17:36, 22 May 2005 (UTC)

IBM PC a home computer?
I'm a little uneasy with the fact that the IBM PC its clones are now part of this list. Even though the borders between home computers and personal computers admittedly were a little fuzzy in those days (especially the late 70s and early-to-mid-80s), I'd argue that that was an effect primarily by marketing. The Apple II, for instance, was marketed from the start as a "personal computer" even though it was also very much being directed towards the (upper middle class) home market (evidenced by many colorful magazine ads). The IBM PC, on the other hand, was never sold in as a "home computer"; that was the "job" of the PCjr (in which it failed miserably, though). Hence, I say we should remove the PC as such from the list, as it doesn't fit in the company of 1980s home computers.

The only other "problem" now, IMO, is the Mac. Was it marketed as much as a home computer as a personal computer? The pricing might've been quite prohibitive for much of the 'home computing demographic', or what? Please comment. --Wernher 00:09, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, now I modified the list to make it clearer that some clones are marketed as a home computer. Yuhong 01:19, '19 December 2005 (UTC)':I took "Home computer" literally. -- Yuhong 03:12, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

I see. Anyway, according to the [[home computer article, "the home computer is a consumer-friendly word for the second generation of microcomputers (the technical term that was previously used), entering the market in 1977 and becoming common during the 1980s. [...]The home computer largely died out at the end]] of the decade (in the U.S.) or in the early 1990s (in Europe) due to the rise of the IBM PC compatible personal' computer (the IBM PC and its clones are not covered in this article)."

 * That's why we should perhaps restrict this list, as well, to home computers of the above definition, and clearly explain, in the intro text, that we're not covering PC clones (other than the PCjr and very similar offerings of the 80s), while still acknowledging the fact that modern PC's are also used to a large extent as personal computers in people's homes, and thus fulfill the needs served by the home computers of the 80s, and much, much more, of course). --Wernher 12:01, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

If modern PC clones don't count as home computers, then why does the Intel Mac Mini or iMac Core Duo qualify? In what sense is a Wintel budget or gamer box less of a home computer than a Mac? It's especially odd to see a 64-bit x86 heading that contains nothing but future Mac models. That's an 80s home computer category? Falcotron 14:47, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

 * IMO also, the new Macs and particularly the x86-64 boxes doesn't belong here at all. See my comment to the 'rant' below on this discussion page. I lean towards the opinion that we should let this article be a 'dedicated home computer' list; the generic PCs are today's home computers also, OK, but more to the point they are today's general purpose computers, used in everything from low- and high performance embedded systems, via medium power home PCs, to high performance CAD workstations, and also in grid supercomputer configurations. So to call PCs 'home computers' as such is much too restrictive! --Wernher 16:53, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

Apple II clones
I was a bit surprised to not see any mention of Apple clones besides the Franklins and Lasers. I especially remember the 6502/Z80-powered Orange + Two (see http://www.zock.com/8-Bit/D_Orange+2.HTML for a reference in German), but there were dozens of others. It might be worth adding a Miscellaneous heading with one entry for "Apple II clones." (We could get a list by scouring the Apple ][ clone sites, but that seems unnecessary.) Falcotron 14:47, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Please add any Apple II clones you know of; they were home computers, and, accordingly, they should be listed! :-) We must aim to let the list show what a plethora of home computers that existed over the years. --Wernher 17:02, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

Aftermarket Accelerators and Coprocessors
The BBC Micro is listed under Z80 because an aftermarket external processor module was available, and the C64/C128 is listed under 65C816 because an aftermarket accelerator was available. If these are going to be included, the Apple II, II+, and IIe should be listed under Z80, and the IIe under the 65C816, because similar products were available for the Apples. There were also x86 coprocessor boards for the Mac and Amiga (although the Mac is already listed under x86, as mentioned above). I don't think any of these should be listed. Falcotron 14:47, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

I had a Z80 co-processor module for the C64 as well, just to add to the list! --Phooto 13:40, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

16 bit Atari?
Didn't Atari have a line of 16-bit computers between the XL series and the ST? An XE with a 65C816 or something like that? Falcotron 14:47, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

 * No, no such thing existed. There are several third party extensions to XL/XE series providing 65C816, though: Turbo-816, Sweet 16, Hyperspeed XL/XE, Warp 4, PF7. Incidentally, "Sweet 16" was an early codename for Atari 1200XL, but it is pure accident, that a third party 65C816 board was later named so as well. 82.210.159.30 12:36, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

32-bit machines
The list doesn't appear to include NeXTStations (68K), Sun 3 series (68K), SGI IRIS (68K), Omron Luna (88K), or for that matter, entire lines of processors, like the intel i860 and the intel i960, which are not x86 based. --Anonymous

 * SGI IRIS home computers? Really. And who, if anyone, bought Sun 3 series workstations privately when they were contemporary (i.e., when they were high performance compared to home computers and also business PCs, for that matter) at their far-out-of-the-reach-for-ordinary-people price, as well as being made for local area networks in engineering and university lab settings? The same goes for NeXTStations, I think. --Wernher 16:58, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

Modern PCs and Macs on the list
On the topic of including PCs on this list. PC's are home computers, and always have been. PC was a trademark on IBM's first foray into the home computer market, and was later used as and alternate term for home computers. The only good reason I see to exclude today's PC's is that there are few standardized boxes, and most OEM companies have a large selection of machines combining a larger number of components with no (or very little) standardization. In this sense, only standardized machines like the Mac boxes really have a true identity among today’s home computers, making them more of a gimme for inclusion in this list. Perhaps the best idea for the x86 line of PCs and their successors is to link to a processor timeline/categorization. If anyone is aware of machines in this line that have solid identities (i.e., they didn't have 400 variants with differing capabilities) they should include them.

 * IIRC, the original IBM PC was introduced as a 'small business computer' much more than a home computer. But of course, the distinction is a little fuzzy, as many people used it as a 'home office' business computer, and as such, in their homes. However, I think very few people actually bought it to use only as a hobbyist's home computer, because the IBM PC (before clones appeared on the scene) cost quite a lot more than the 'dedicated home computers' at the time. But here again there are exceptions, such as the overly expensive Apple II line (which was marketed as a personal computer for the home, but was very much used in businesspeople's offices for running Visicalc spreadsheets...), compared with, say, the relatively inexpensive early TRS-80s and Commodore's 8-bit machines. To compete with those on their own terms, IBM created the IBM PCjr home computer (which flopped, however). I guess the thing is that the phrase 'home computer' as understood here, is the 1980s usage...

 * Today's home computers are nearly all PCs and Macs, and a separate home computer niche below those PCs in performance obviously does not exist, as you correctly state in your comment. Nowadays, as we all know, ironically many people's gaming PCs are more powerful than most* office PCs :-) (*all except CAD/professional graphics/workstation type PCs, that is) --Wernher 16:44, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

Home Computer vs. Personal Computer vs. Hobbyist Computer vs. NOT
I think that most of the distinctions being made here (Macs, PCs, TRS-80s, etc) are arbitrary. Yes, a VAX brought home is not a home computer, but just because some of these machines were only in the 'homes' of hobbyists, does not mean they don't belong on this list. Initially, it was only hobbyists who had home computers. For instance, while it can be argued that the TRS-80s are more businesslike machines, they were sold to the public at Radio Shack.

The statement about a "games box that you can also write BASIC programs on" is arbitrary beyond belief. These don't have to be games boxes at all (though I remember playing Adventure on a TRS-80 text only box with 8" drives as a kid). This is not a "game system with keyboard" article, these are low cost low power personal-use computers (relative to expensive powerful business-use  minicomputers / mainframes / servers / supercomputers) owned by regular people and used in the home.  Heck, even the TRS-80 Coco had Microware Systems Corporation's OS-9 for business users, but that did not make it a minicomputer.

There is a big difference between a machine that an engineer brings home, and one that was purchased for the home, and I feel that that is the difference that should be used as the guideline here. Arbitrarily removing machines based on vague distinctions, such as game-playing capability or floppy disk size, misses the point that these were machines that were in homes because it didn't take a business to afford one. They were affordable because there was a fairly big difference in performance between them and the (relative atom-smasher) minicomputers of the same timeframe.

This is not a particularly fuzzy distinction. These are not the machines that cost more then than some new cars today... not the machines that were more at home in NASA's mission control than in your basement. These were machines that ham radio operators, scifi fans, and burgeoning computer geeks could buy (sometimes piece by piece--a la the Altair) and use to (as one of my friends once said), “become part of the future today.” Continuing to insist on tying such a useful list to ambiguous nomenclature (i.e., personal-, home-, micro-, etc.) is a sure recipe for data to be dropped entirely (does everyone who pulls it from one list go looking to make sure that it is kept on a more appropriate one?). If people want to categorize these machines as microcomputers, home computers, personal computers, etc., then perhaps this article should be categorized that way and called List of computers used in the home. --John 11:05, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

>>>>END RANT HERE :-)<<<<

 * As I kind of hinted at above, perhaps an article in the line of "List of 1980s home computers" or "List of dedicated home computers" would be more fitting? Or a little easier (and perhaps better), keep the title but list the computers by decade? Also, specify for each machine, whether it was a dedicated home computer, a meant-for-business computer, or a mix? --Wernher 16:44, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

here it ends, M.B.I.C.

Video game consoles vs. home computers
If it didn't have a keyboard, you could not use it for word processing, BASIC programming, calling BBSes, etc.. If it didn't have a tape deck or floppy drive, you couldn't save anything you'd written on it. I've taken out the Colecovision and Nintendo NES entries, since their articles make it clear these are primarily game consoles and not home computers. I've also taken out some misclassified items - for example Ohio Scientific made small busines systems, not targeted at the 1980's home market, and PDP 11 clones were also not targeted at the K-mart shopper who wanted to bring home a computer for the kids. --Wtshymanski (talk) 15:36, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

Sortable lists
Where can I read about how to make those sortable lists I see in some articles? Then we could have only one list, and the user could click on a column heading and sort by manufacturer, name, year of introduction, processor word size, video chip, and possibly country of origin. See the table in Mains power systems for an example. --Wtshymanski (talk) 21:50, 23 July 2008 (UTC)
 * See Help:Table and Help:Sorting. Not sure if they are a good fit for this page though. --Stefan talk 00:27, 24 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I looked at the video hardware list and I agree a sortable table won't work well for that list, but it could merge this list "by category" ( strange name, should be "by processor", everything can be sorted "by category") and the other list of home computers. Won't have time to try it this week, but lazy August evenings might be the time. I'll do a prototype before touching the main article. --Wtshymanski (talk) 11:57, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Merging
I'm double-checking this list against List of home computers and if I find a machine here that's not listed there, I'll add it. I've only got the Z80 machines to check and then I'll make this article redirect to List of home computers which now has a sortable column for the CPU type. I've left out some of the very late Power PC machines, because they don't seem to be aimed at the retail mass market. --Wtshymanski (talk) 21:23, 24 March 2011 (UTC)
 * 2 1/2 years later...this should be merged to "List of home computers" with a "processor" field in a table. And now I know how to sort tables. Suggest merge. --Wtshymanski (talk) 22:21, 24 January 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of home computers by category


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Remanence

Remanence or remanent magnetization or residual magnetism is the magnetization left behind in a ferromagnetic material (such as iron) after an external magnetic field is removed. Colloquially, when a magnet is "magnetized", it has remanence. The remanence of magnetic materials provides the magnetic memory in magnetic storage devices, and is used as a source of information on the past Earth's magnetic field in paleomagnetism. The word remanence is from remanent + -ence, meaning "that which remains".

The equivalent term residual magnetization is generally used in engineering applications. In transformers, electric motors and generators a large residual magnetization is not desirable (see also electrical steel) as it is an unwanted contamination, for example, a magnetization remaining in an electromagnet after the current in the coil is turned off. Where it is unwanted, it can be removed by degaussing.

Sometimes the term retentivity is used for remanence measured in units of magnetic flux density.

Saturation remanence
The default definition of magnetic remanence is the magnetization remaining in zero field after a large magnetic field is applied (enough to achieve saturation). The effect of a magnetic hysteresis loop is measured using instruments such as a vibrating sample magnetometer; and the zero-field intercept is a measure of the remanence. In physics this measure is converted to an average magnetization (the total magnetic moment divided by the volume of the sample) and denoted in equations as Mr. If it must be distinguished from other kinds of remanence, then it is called the saturation remanence or saturation isothermal remanence (SIRM) and denoted by Mrs.

In engineering applications the residual magnetization is often measured using a B-H analyzer, which measures the response to an AC magnetic field (as in Fig. 1). This is represented by a flux density Br. This value of remanence is one of the most important parameters characterizing permanent magnets; it measures the strongest magnetic field they can produce. Neodymium magnets, for example, have a remanence approximately equal to 1.3 Tesla.

Isothermal remanence
Often a single measure of remanence does not provide adequate information on a magnet. For example, magnetic tapes contain a large number of small magnetic particles (see magnetic storage), and these particles are not identical. Magnetic minerals in rocks may have a wide range of magnetic properties (see rock magnetism). One way to look inside these materials is to add or subtract small increments of remanence. One way of doing this is first demagnetizing the magnet in an AC field, and then applying a field H and removing it. This remanence, denoted by Mr(H), depends on the field. It is called the initial remanence or the isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM).

Another kind of IRM can be obtained by first giving the magnet a saturation remanence in one direction and then applying and removing a magnetic field in the opposite direction. This is called demagnetization remanence or DC demagnetization remanence and is denoted by symbols like Md(H), where H is the magnitude of the field. Yet another kind of remanence can be obtained by demagnetizing the saturation remanence in an ac field. This is called AC demagnetization remanence or alternating field demagnetization remanence and is denoted by symbols like Maf(H).

If the particles are noninteracting single-domain particles with uniaxial anisotropy, there are simple linear relations between the remanences.

Anhysteretic remanence
Another kind of laboratory remanence is anhysteretic remanence or anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM). This is induced by exposing a magnet to a large alternating field plus a small DC bias field. The amplitude of the alternating field is gradually reduced to zero to get an anhysteretic magnetization, and then the bias field is removed to get the remanence. The anhysteretic magnetization curve is often close to an average of the two branches of the hysteresis loop, and is assumed in some models to represent the lowest-energy state for a given field. There are several ways for experimental measurement of the anhysteretic magnetization curve, based on fluxmeters and DC biased demagnetization. ARM has also been studied because of its similarity to the write process in some magnetic recording technology and to the acquisition of natural remanent magnetization in rocks.

title: Remanence


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Phosphine

Phosphine (IUPAC name: phosphane) is a colorless, flammable, highly toxic compound with the chemical formula PH3, classed as a pnictogen hydride. Pure phosphine is odorless, but technical grade samples have a highly unpleasant odor like rotting fish, due to the presence of substituted phosphine and diphosphane (P2H4). With traces of P2H4 present, PH3 is spontaneously flammable in air (pyrophoric), burning with a luminous flame. Phosphine is a highly toxic respiratory poison, and is immediately dangerous to life or health at 50 ppm. Phosphine has a trigonal pyramidal structure.

Phosphines are compounds that include PH3 and the organophosphines, which are derived from PH3 by substituting one or more hydrogen atoms with organic groups. They have the general formula PH_{3−n}R_{n}. Phosphanes are saturated phosphorus hydrides of the form P_{n}H_{n+2}, such as triphosphane. Phosphine, PH3, is the smallest of the phosphines and the smallest of the phosphanes.

History
Philippe Gengembre (1764–1838), a student of Lavoisier, first obtained phosphine in 1783 by heating white phosphorus in an aqueous solution of potash (potassium carbonate).

Perhaps because of its strong association with elemental phosphorus, phosphine was once regarded as a gaseous form of the element, but Lavoisier (1789) recognised it as a combination of phosphorus with hydrogen and described it as phosphure d'hydrogène (phosphide of hydrogen).Note:
 * On p. 222 of his Traité élémentaire de chimie, vol. 1, (Paris, France:  Cuchet, 1789), Lavoisier calls the compound of phosphorus and hydrogen "phosphure d'hydrogène" (hydrogen phosphide).  However, on p. 216, he calls the compound of hydrogen and phosphorus "Combinaison inconnue." (unknown combination), yet in a footnote, he says about the reactions of hydrogen with sulfur and with phosphorus:  "Ces combinaisons ont lieu dans l'état de gaz & il en résulte du gaz hydrogène sulfurisé & phosphorisé."  (These combinations occur in the gaseous state, and there results from them sulfurized and phosphorized hydrogen gas.)
 * In Robert Kerr's 1790 English translation of Lavoisier's Traité élémentaire de chimie ... — namely, Lavoisier with Robert Kerr, trans., Elements of Chemistry ... (Edinburgh, Scotland: William Creech, 1790) — Kerr translates Lavoisier's "phosphure d'hydrogène" as "phosphuret of hydrogen" (p. 204), and whereas Lavoisier — on p. 216 of his Traité élémentaire de chimie ... — gave no name to the combination of hydrogen and phosphorus, Kerr calls it "hydruret of phosphorus, or phosphuret of hydrogen" (p. 198).  Lavoisier's note about this compound — "Combinaison inconnue." — is translated:  "Hitherto unknown."  Lavoisier's footnote is translated as:  "These combinations take place in the state of gas, and form, respectively, sulphurated and phosphorated oxygen gas."  The word "oxygen" in the translation is an error because the original text clearly reads "hydrogène" (hydrogen).  (The error was corrected in subsequent editions.)

In 1844, Paul Thénard, son of the French chemist Louis Jacques Thénard, used a cold trap to separate diphosphine from phosphine that had been generated from calcium phosphide, thereby demonstrating that P2H4 is responsible for spontaneous flammability associated with PH3, and also for the characteristic orange/brown color that can form on surfaces, which is a polymerisation product. He considered diphosphine's formula to be PH2, and thus an intermediate between elemental phosphorus, the higher polymers, and phosphine. Calcium phosphide (nominally Ca3P2) produces more P2H4 than other phosphides because of the preponderance of P-P bonds in the starting material.

The name "phosphine" was first used for organophosphorus compounds in 1857, being analogous to organic amines (NR3). The gas PH3 was named "phosphine" by 1865 (or earlier).

Structure and reactions
PH3 is a trigonal pyramidal molecule with C3v molecular symmetry. The length of the P−H bond is 1.42 Å, the H−P−H bond angles are 93.5°. The dipole moment is 0.58 D, which increases with substitution of methyl groups in the series: CH3PH2, 1.10 D; (CH3)2PH, 1.23 D; (CH3)3P, 1.19 D. In contrast, the dipole moments of amines decrease with substitution, starting with ammonia, which has a dipole moment of 1.47 D. The low dipole moment and almost orthogonal bond angles lead to the conclusion that in PH3 the P−H bonds are almost entirely pσ(P) – sσ(H) and phosphorus 3s orbital contributes little to the P-H bonding. For this reason, the lone pair on phosphorus is predominantly formed by the 3s orbital of phosphorus. The upfield chemical shift of it 31P NMR signal accords with the conclusion that the lone pair electrons occupy the 3s orbital (Fluck, 1973). This electronic structure leads to a lack of nucleophilicity in general and lack of basicity in particular (pKaH = –14), as well as an ability to form only weak hydrogen bonds.

The aqueous solubility of PH3 is slight: 0.22 cm3 of gas dissolves in 1 cm3 of water. Phosphine dissolves more readily in non-polar solvents than in water because of the non-polar P−H bonds. It is technically amphoteric in water, but acid and base activity is poor. Proton exchange proceeds via a phosphonium (PH4+) ion in acidic solutions and via phosphanide (PH2−) at high pH, with equilibrium constants Kb = $0$ and Ka = $0$. Phosphine reacts with water only at high pressure and temperature, producing phosphoric acid and hydrogen:

Burning phosphine in the air produces phosphoric acid):

Preparation and occurrence
Phosphine may be prepared in a variety of ways. Industrially it can be made by the reaction of white phosphorus with sodium or potassium hydroxide, producing potassium or sodium hypophosphite as a by-product.

Alternatively, the acid-catalyzed disproportionation of white phosphorus yields phosphoric acid and phosphine. Both routes have industrial significance; the acid route is the preferred method if further reaction of the phosphine to substituted phosphines is needed. The acid route requires purification and pressurizing.

Laboratory routes
It is prepared in the laboratory by disproportionation of phosphorous acid:

Alternative methods are the hydrolysis zinc phosphide:

Some other metal phosphides could be used including aluminium phosphide, or calcium phosphide. Pure samples of phosphine, free from P2H4, may be prepared using the action of potassium hydroxide on phosphonium iodide:

Occurrence
Phosphine is a worldwide constituent of the Earth's atmosphere at very low and highly variable concentrations. It may contribute significantly to the global phosphorus biochemical cycle. The most likely source is reduction of phosphate in decaying organic matter, possibly via partial reductions and disproportionations, since environmental systems do not have known reducing agents of sufficient strength to directly convert phosphate to phosphine.

It is also found in Jupiter's atmosphere.

Possible extraterrestrial biosignature
In 2020 a spectroscopic analysis was reported to show signs of phosphine in the atmosphere of Venus in quantities that could not be explained by known abiotic processes. Later re-analysis of this work showed interpolation errors had been made, and re-analysis of data with the fixed algorithm do not result in the detection of phosphine. The authors of the original study then claimed to detect it with a much lower concentration of 1 ppb.

Organophosphorus chemistry
Phosphine is a precursor to many organophosphorus compounds. It reacts with formaldehyde in the presence of hydrogen chloride to give tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride, which is used in textiles. The hydrophosphination of alkenes is versatile route to a variety of phosphines. For example, in the presence of basic catalysts PH3 adds of Michael acceptors. Thus with acrylonitrile, it reacts to give tris(cyanoethyl)phosphine:

Acid catalysis is applicable to hydrophosphination with isobutylene and related analogues:

where R is CH3, alkyl, etc.

Microelectronics
Phosphine is used as a dopant in the semiconductor industry, and a precursor for the deposition of compound semiconductors. Commercially significant products include gallium phosphide and indium phosphide.

Fumigant (pest control)
Phosphine is an attractive fumigant because it is lethal to insects and rodents, but degrades to phosphoric acid, which is non-toxic. As sources of phosphine, for farm use, pellets of aluminium phosphide (AlP), calcium phosphide, or zinc phosphide are used. These phosphides release phosphine upon contact with atmospheric water or rodents' stomach acid. These pellets also contain reagents to reduce the potential for ignition or explosion of the released phosphine.

An alternative is the use of phosphine gas itself which requires dilution with either CO2 or N2 or even air to bring it below the flammability point. Use of the gas avoids the issues related with the solid residues left by metal phosphide and results in faster, more efficient control of the target pests.

One problem with phosphine fumigants is the increased resistance by insects.

Toxicity and safety
Deaths have resulted from accidental exposure to fumigation materials containing aluminium phosphide or phosphine. It can be absorbed either by inhalation or transdermally. As a respiratory poison, it affects the transport of oxygen or interferes with the utilization of oxygen by various cells in the body. Exposure results in pulmonary edema (the lungs fill with fluid). Phosphine gas is heavier than air so it stays near the floor.

Phosphine appears to be mainly a redox toxin, causing cell damage by inducing oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Resistance in insects is caused by a mutation in a mitochondrial metabolic gene.

Phosphine can be absorbed into the body by inhalation. The main target organ of phosphine gas is the respiratory tract. According to the 2009 U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) pocket guide, and U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulation, the 8 hour average respiratory exposure should not exceed 0.3 ppm. NIOSH recommends that the short term respiratory exposure to phosphine gas should not exceed 1 ppm. The Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health level is 50 ppm. Overexposure to phosphine gas causes nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, thirst, chest tightness, dyspnea (breathing difficulty), muscle pain, chills, stupor or syncope, and pulmonary edema. Phosphine has been reported to have the odor of decaying fish or garlic at concentrations below 0.3 ppm. The smell is normally restricted to laboratory areas or phosphine processing since the smell comes from the way the phosphine is extracted from the environment. However, it may occur elsewhere, such as in industrial waste landfills. Exposure to higher concentrations may cause olfactory fatigue.

Fumigation hazards
Phosphine is used for pest control, but its usage is strictly regulated due to high toxicity. Gas from phosphine has high mortality rate and has caused deaths in Sweden and other countries.

Because the previously popular fumigant methyl bromide has been phased out in some countries under the Montreal Protocol, phosphine is the only widely used, cost-effective, rapidly acting fumigant that does not leave residues on the stored product. Pests with high levels of resistance toward phosphine have become common in Asia, Australia and Brazil. High level resistance is also likely to occur in other regions, but has not been as closely monitored. Genetic variants that contribute to high level resistance to phosphine have been identified in the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase gene. Identification of this gene now allows rapid molecular identification of resistant insects.

Explosiveness
Phosphine gas is denser than air and hence may collect in low-lying areas. It can form explosive mixtures with air, and may also self-ignite.

In popular culture
In the 2008 pilot of the crime drama television series Breaking Bad, Walter White poisons two rival gangsters by adding red phosphorus to boiling water to produce phosphine gas. However, this reaction in reality would require white phosphorus instead, and for the water to contain sodium hydroxide. An episode of Homicide: Life on the Street depicted a murder suspect who adulterated beverages, including Sacramental wine, with a poison called "Phosphozine."

title: Phosphine


text:
Mircea the Elder

Mircea the Elder (Mircea cel Bătrân, ; c. 1355 – 31 January 1418) was the Voivode of Wallachia from 1386 until his death in 1418. He was the son of Radu I of Wallachia and brother of Dan I of Wallachia, after whose death he inherited the throne.

After the death of his step-brother Dan I, Mircea takes over the throne in 1386, as Wallachia, on one side, was going through a process of economic, administrative, religious development, but also of strengthening the army, and on the other side it was confronted with the expansion tendencies of the Hungarian Kingdom and Poland, which were aiming at controlling the mouths of the Danube, but also those of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans.

During the reign of Mircea the Elder, Wallachia controlled the largest area in its history, gaining Dobruja in 1388, the Banate of Severin in 1388/9 and Podunavia (which is suspected to be the Timok Valley, or the name of the Danube river valley in Slavonic as stated in Mircea's letter "both sides of Danube"). In addition, he was also granted the fiefdoms of Amlaș (Omlás) and Făgăraș (Fugurash) in Transylvania.

The byname "elder" was given to him after his death in order to distinguish him from his grandson Mircea II ("Mircea the Younger"), although some historians believe the epithet was given to him as a sign of respect by later generations. He is considered the most important Wallachian ruler during the Middle Ages and one of the great rulers of his era, and starting in the 19th century Romanian historiography has also referred to him as Mircea the Great (Mircea cel Mare).

Family
Mircea was the son of voivode Radu I of Wallachia and his wife, Doamna Calinichia, thus being a descendant of the House of Basarab. He was the father of Michael I of Wallachia, Radu II of Wallachia, Alexander I Aldea and Vlad II Dracul, and grandfather of Mircea II, Vlad Țepeș (Dracula), Vlad Călugărul and Radu cel Frumos, all of whom became rulers of Wallachia. Mircea II and Vlad Țepeș were both able military commanders (Vlad Țepeș became one of the most famous leaders in history, and is commonly believed to be the inspiration for the novel Dracula by Bram Stoker). His daughter Arina married the Ottoman prince Musa Çelebi in 1403.

Reign
Mircea's reign is often considered to have brought stability to Wallachia. Found in a volatile region of the world, this principality's borders constantly shifted, but during Mircea's rule, Wallachia controlled the largest area in its history: from the Southern Carpathians in the north to the Danube in the south, and from today's Iron Gates on the Danube in the west to the Black Sea in the east. Also Mircea's titles show his lands: "I, in Christ God, the faithful and charitable God and the loving and self-sacrificing Christ, Io Mircea, the great ruler and lord of God's mercy and the gift of God, ruling and reigning over all the land of Ungrovlahia [Wallachia] and the parts above the mountains, duke of the Tartar parts and of Amlaș and Făgăraș, and the ruler of the Banat of Severin, and on both sides throughout Podunavia, even to the great sea and ruler of Dârstor's fortress." Mircea strengthened the power of the state and organized the different high offices, promoted economic development, increased the state's revenue, and minted silver money that enjoyed wide circulation not only inside the country but also in neighboring countries. He gave the merchants of Poland and Lithuania trade privileges and renewed those his predecessors had given to the people of Brașov. As a result, Mircea was able to afford increasing his military power. He fortified the Danube citadels and strengthened "the great army" made up of townspeople and of free and dependent peasants. He also proved to be a great supporter for the Eastern Orthodox Church. Mircea the Elder is the first in the region to deal with slaves giving 300 gypsy dwellings to a monastery in 1388.

While organizing the country and its institutions, Mircea also formed a system of lasting alliances which enabled him to defend the independence of the country. Through the intermediary of Petru Mușat, the prince of Moldavia, he concluded a treaty of alliance with Władysław II Jagiełło, king of Poland in 1389. The treaty was renewed in 1404 and 1410. He maintained close relations with Sigismund of Luxembourg, the king of Hungary, relying on their common interest in the struggle against Ottoman expansion.

Conflicts with the Ottoman Empire
His interventions in support of the Bulgarians south of the Danube who were fighting against the Turks brought him into conflict with the Ottoman Empire. In 1394, Bayezid I crossed the Danube river, leading 40,000 men, an impressive force at the time. Mircea had only about 10,000 men so he could not survive an open fight. He chose to fight what would now be called a guerrilla war, by starving the opposing army and using small, localized attacks and retreats (a typical form of asymmetric warfare). On October 10, 1394, the two armies finally clashed at the Battle of Rovine, which featured a forested and swampy terrain, thus preventing the Ottomans from properly spreading their army; Mircea finally won the fierce battle and threw the Ottomans out of the country. This famous battle was later epically described by the poet Mihai Eminescu in his Third Epistle. However, Mircea had to retreat to Hungary, while the Turks installed Vlad Uzurpatorul on the throne of Wallachia.

In 1396, Mircea participated in an anti-Ottoman crusade started by Hungary's monarch. The crusade ended with the Ottoman victory at the Battle of Nicopolis on September 25. In the next year, 1397, Mircea, having defeated Vlad the Usurper with help from the Voivode of Transylvania, Stibor, stopped another Ottoman expedition that crossed the Danube, and in 1400 he defeated yet another expedition of Turks crossing the country.

The defeat of Sultan Beyazid I by Timur Lenk (Tamerlane) at Ankara in the summer of 1402 opened a period of anarchy in the Ottoman Empire and Mircea took advantage of it to organize together with the Hungarian king a campaign against the Turks. In 1404 Mircea was thus able to impose his rule on Dobruja again. Moreover, Mircea took part in the struggles for the throne of the Ottoman Empire and enabled Musa to ascend that throne (for a brief reign). It was at this time that the prince reached the height of his power.

Towards the end of his reign, Mircea signed a treaty with the Ottomans; in return for a tribute of 3,000 gold pieces per year, the Ottomans desisted from making Wallachia a province ("pashalik").

Legacy
The "bravest and ablest of the Christian princes", as he was described by German historian Leunclavius, ruled Wallachia for 32 years. Mircea was a ktetor, building among other monuments, the Cozia Monastery near Călimănești in ca. 1390. He had churches built after Serbian architectural styles, after the models of the Lazarica Church, Veluće, Naupara, and Kalenić monastery.

In popular culture
Mircea was played by Sergiu Nicolaescu in the 1989 film Mircea, which was also directed by Nicolaescu.

title: Mircea the Elder