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Read-copy-update

In computer science, read-copy-update (RCU) is a synchronization mechanism that avoids the use of lock primitives while multiple threads concurrently read and update elements that are linked through pointers and that belong to shared data structures (e.g., linked lists, trees, hash tables).

Whenever a thread is inserting or deleting elements of data structures in shared memory, all readers are guaranteed to see and traverse either the older or the new structure, therefore avoiding inconsistencies (e.g., dereferencing null pointers).

It is used when performance of reads is crucial and is an example of space–time tradeoff, enabling fast operations at the cost of more space. This makes all readers proceed as if there were no synchronization involved, hence they will be fast, but also making updates more difficult.

Name and overview
The name comes from the way that RCU is used to update a linked structure in place. A thread wishing to do this uses the following steps:
 * create a new structure,
 * copy the data from the old structure into the new one, and save a pointer to the old structure,
 * modify the new, copied, structure,
 * update the global pointer to refer to the new structure,
 * sleep until the operating system kernel determines that there are no readers left using the old structure, for example, in the Linux kernel, by using synchronize_rcu,
 * once awakened by the kernel, deallocate the old structure.

So the structure is read concurrently with a thread copying in order to do an update, hence the name "read-copy update". The abbreviation "RCU" was one of many contributions by the Linux community. Other names for similar techniques include passive serialization and MP defer by VM/XA programmers and generations by K42 and Tornado programmers.

Detailed description

A key property of RCU is that readers can access a data structure even when it is in the process of being updated: RCU updaters cannot block readers or force them to retry their accesses. This overview starts by showing how data can be safely inserted into and deleted from linked structures despite concurrent readers. The first diagram on the right depicts a four-state insertion procedure, with time advancing from left to right.

The first state shows a global pointer named gptr that is initially NULL, colored red to indicate that it might be accessed by a reader at any time, thus requiring updaters to take care. Allocating memory for a new structure transitions to the second state. This structure has indeterminate state (indicated by the question marks) but is inaccessible to readers (indicated by the green color). Because the structure is inaccessible to readers, the updater may carry out any desired operation without fear of disrupting concurrent readers. Initializing this new structure transitions to the third state, which shows the initialized values of the structure's fields. Assigning a reference to this new structure to gptr transitions to the fourth and final state. In this state, the structure is accessible to readers, and is therefore colored red. The rcu_assign_pointer primitive is used to carry out this assignment and ensures that the assignment is atomic in the sense that concurrent readers will either see a NULL pointer or a valid pointer to the new structure, but not some mash-up of the two values. Additional properties of rcu_assign_pointer are described later in this article.

This procedure demonstrates how new data may be inserted into a linked data structure even though readers are concurrently traversing the data structure before, during, and after the insertion. The second diagram on the right depicts a four-state deletion procedure, again with time advancing from left to right.

The first state shows a linked list containing elements $A$, $B$, and $C$. All three elements are colored red to indicate that an RCU reader might reference any of them at any time. Using list_del_rcu to remove element $B$ from this list transitions to the second state. Note that the link from element B to C is left intact in order to allow readers currently referencing element $B$ to traverse the remainder of the list. Readers accessing the link from element $A$ will either obtain a reference to element $B$ or element $C$, but either way, each reader will see a valid and correctly formatted linked list. Element $B$ is now colored yellow to indicate that while pre-existing readers might still have a reference to element $B$, new readers have no way to obtain a reference. A wait-for-readers operation transitions to the third state. Note that this wait-for-readers operation need only wait for pre-existing readers, but not new readers. Element $B$ is now colored green to indicate that readers can no longer be referencing it. Therefore, it is now safe for the updater to free element $B$, thus transitioning to the fourth and final state.

It is important to reiterate that in the second state different readers can see two different versions of the list, either with or without element $B$. In other words, RCU provides coordination in space (different versions of the list) as well as in time (different states in the deletion procedures). This is in stark contrast with more traditional synchronization primitives such as locking or transactions that coordinate in time, but not in space.

This procedure demonstrates how old data may be removed from a linked data structure even though readers are concurrently traversing the data structure before, during, and after the deletion. Given insertion and deletion, a wide variety of data structures can be implemented using RCU.

RCU's readers execute within read-side critical sections, which are normally delimited by rcu_read_lock and rcu_read_unlock. Any statement that is not within an RCU read-side critical section is said to be in a quiescent state, and such statements are not permitted to hold references to RCU-protected data structures, nor is the wait-for-readers operation required to wait for threads in quiescent states. Any time period during which each thread resides at least once in a quiescent state is called a grace period. By definition, any RCU read-side critical section in existence at the beginning of a given grace period must complete before the end of that grace period, which constitutes the fundamental guarantee provided by RCU. In addition, the wait-for-readers operation must wait for at least one grace period to elapse. It turns out that this guarantee can be provided with extremely small read-side overheads, in fact, in the limiting case that is actually realized by server-class Linux-kernel builds, the read-side overhead is exactly zero.

RCU's fundamental guarantee may be used by splitting updates into removal and reclamation phases. The removal phase removes references to data items within a data structure (possibly by replacing them with references to new versions of these data items) and can run concurrently with RCU read-side critical sections. The reason that it is safe to run the removal phase concurrently with RCU readers is the semantics of modern CPUs guarantee that readers will see either the old or the new version of the data structure rather than a partially updated reference. Once a grace period has elapsed, there can no longer be any readers referencing the old version, so it is then safe for the reclamation phase to free (reclaim) the data items that made up that old version.

Splitting an update into removal and reclamation phases allows the updater to perform the removal phase immediately, and to defer the reclamation phase until all readers active during the removal phase have completed, in other words, until a grace period has elapsed.

So, the typical RCU update sequence goes something like the following:

 * 1) Ensure that all readers accessing RCU-protected data structures carry out their references from within an RCU read-side critical section.
 * 2) Remove pointers to a data structure, so that subsequent readers cannot gain a reference to it.
 * 3) Wait for a grace period to elapse, so that all previous readers (which might still have pointers to the data structure removed in the prior step) will have completed their RCU read-side critical sections.
 * 4) At this point, there cannot be any readers still holding references to the data structure, so it now may safely be reclaimed (e.g., freed).

In the above procedure (which matches the earlier diagram), the updater is performing both the removal and the reclamation step, but it is often helpful for an entirely different thread to do the reclamation. Reference counting can be used to let the reader perform removal so, even if the same thread performs both the update step (step (2) above) and the reclamation step (step (4) above), it is often helpful to think of them separately.

RCU is perhaps the most common non-blocking algorithm for a shared data structure. RCU is completely wait-free for any number of readers. Single-writer implementations RCU are also lock-free for the writer. Some multi-writer implementations of RCU are lock-free. Other multi-writer implementations of RCU serialize writers with a lock.

Uses
By early 2008, there were almost 2,000 uses of the RCU API within the Linux kernel including the networking protocol stacks and the memory-management system. , there were more than 9,000 uses. Since 2006, researchers have applied RCU and similar techniques to a number of problems, including management of metadata used in dynamic analysis, managing the lifetime of clustered objects, managing object lifetime in the K42 research operating system, and optimizing software transactional memory implementations. Dragonfly BSD uses a technique similar to RCU that most closely resembles Linux's Sleepable RCU (SRCU) implementation.

Advantages and disadvantages
The ability to wait until all readers are done allows RCU readers to use much lighter-weight synchronization—in some cases, absolutely no synchronization at all. In contrast, in more conventional lock-based schemes, readers must use heavy-weight synchronization in order to prevent an updater from deleting the data structure out from under them. The reason is that lock-based updaters typically update data in place and must therefore exclude readers. In contrast, RCU-based updaters typically take advantage of the fact that writes to single aligned pointers are atomic on modern CPUs, allowing atomic insertion, removal, and replacement of data in a linked structure without disrupting readers. Concurrent RCU readers can then continue accessing the old versions and can dispense with the atomic read-modify-write instructions, memory barriers, and cache misses that are so expensive on modern SMP computer systems, even in absence of lock contention. The lightweight nature of RCU's read-side primitives provides additional advantages beyond excellent performance, scalability, and real-time response. For example, they provide immunity to most deadlock and livelock conditions.

Of course, RCU also has disadvantages. For example, RCU is a specialized technique that works best in situations with mostly reads and few updates but is often less applicable to update-only workloads. For another example, although the fact that RCU readers and updaters may execute concurrently is what enables the lightweight nature of RCU's read-side primitives, some algorithms may not be amenable to read/update concurrency.

Despite well over a decade of experience with RCU, the exact extent of its applicability is still a research topic.

Patents
The technique is covered by U.S. software patent, issued August 15, 1995, and assigned to Sequent Computer Systems, as well as by (expired 2009-03-30),  (expired 2010-04-05),  (expired 2009-05-18), and  (expired 2009-05-25). The now-expired US Patent covers a closely related technique. RCU is also the topic of one claim in the SCO v. IBM lawsuit.

Sample RCU interface
RCU is available in a number of operating systems and was added to the Linux kernel in October 2002. User-level implementations such as liburcu are also available.

The implementation of RCU in version 2.6 of the Linux kernel is among the better-known RCU implementations and will be used as an inspiration for the RCU API in the remainder of this article. The core API (Application Programming Interface) is quite small:

CPU 0                 CPU 1                 CPU 2 - - ---	 1. rcu_read_lock 2.                   enters synchronize_rcu 3.                                              rcu_read_lock 4. rcu_read_unlock 5.                    exits synchronize_rcu 6.                                             rcu_read_unlock
 * rcu_read_lock: Marks an RCU-protected data structure so that it won't be reclaimed for the full duration of that critical section.
 * rcu_read_unlock: Used by a reader to inform the reclaimer that the reader is exiting an RCU read-side critical section. Note that RCU read-side critical sections may be nested and/or overlapping.
 * synchronize_rcu: Blocks until all pre-existing RCU read-side critical sections on all CPUs have completed. Note that  will not necessarily wait for any subsequent RCU read-side critical sections to complete. For example, consider the following sequence of events:

 * Since  is the API that must figure out when readers are done, its implementation is key to RCU. For RCU to be useful in all but the most read-intensive situations,  's overhead must also be quite small.

 * Alternatively, instead of blocking, synchronize_rcu may register a callback to be invoked after all ongoing RCU read-side critical sections have completed. This callback variant is called  in the Linux kernel.

 * rcu_assign_pointer: The updater uses this function to assign a new value to an RCU-protected pointer, in order to safely communicate the change in value from the updater to the reader. This function returns the new value, and also executes any memory barrier instructions required for a given CPU architecture. Perhaps more importantly, it serves to document which pointers are protected by RCU.
 * rcu_dereference: The reader uses  to fetch an RCU-protected pointer, which returns a value that may then be safely dereferenced. It also executes any directives required by the compiler or the CPU, for example, a volatile cast for gcc, a memory_order_consume load for C/C++11 or the memory-barrier instruction required by the old DEC Alpha CPU.  The value returned by   is valid only within the enclosing RCU read-side critical section.  As with , an important function of   is to document which pointers are protected by RCU.

The diagram on the right shows how each API communicates among the reader, updater, and reclaimer.

The RCU infrastructure observes the time sequence of,  ,  , and   invocations in order to determine when (1)   invocations may return to their callers and (2)   callbacks may be invoked. Efficient implementations of the RCU infrastructure make heavy use of batching in order to amortize their overhead over many uses of the corresponding APIs.

Simple implementation
RCU has extremely simple "toy" implementations that can aid understanding of RCU. This section presents one such "toy" implementation that works in a non-preemptive environment.

In the code sample,  and   can be ignored without missing much. However, they are needed in order to suppress harmful compiler optimization and to prevent CPUs from reordering accesses.

Note that  and   do nothing. This is the great strength of classic RCU in a non-preemptive kernel: read-side overhead is precisely zero, as  is an empty macro on all but DEC Alpha CPUs;  such memory barriers are not needed on modern CPUs. The  macro is a volatile cast that generates no additional code in most cases. And there is no way that  can participate in a deadlock cycle, cause a realtime process to miss its scheduling deadline, precipitate priority inversion, or result in high lock contention. However, in this toy RCU implementation, blocking within an RCU read-side critical section is illegal, just as is blocking while holding a pure spinlock.

The implementation of  moves the caller of synchronize_cpu to each CPU, thus blocking until all CPUs have been able to perform the context switch. Recall that this is a non-preemptive environment and that blocking within an RCU read-side critical section is illegal, which imply that there can be no preemption points within an RCU read-side critical section. Therefore, if a given CPU executes a context switch (to schedule another process), we know that this CPU must have completed all preceding RCU read-side critical sections. Once all CPUs have executed a context switch, then all preceding RCU read-side critical sections will have completed.

Analogy with reader–writer locking
Although RCU can be used in many different ways, a very common use of RCU is analogous to reader–writer locking. The following side-by-side code display shows how closely related reader–writer locking and RCU can be. The differences between the two approaches are quite small. Read-side locking moves to  and , update-side locking moves from a reader-writer lock to a simple spinlock, and a   precedes the.

However, there is one potential catch: the read-side and update-side critical sections can now run concurrently. In many cases, this will not be a problem, but it is necessary to check carefully regardless. For example, if multiple independent list updates must be seen as a single atomic update, converting to RCU will require special care.

Also, the presence of  means that the RCU version of   can now block. If this is a problem,  could be used like   in place of. This is especially useful in combination with reference counting.

History
Techniques and mechanisms resembling RCU have been independently invented multiple times:
 * 1) H. T. Kung and Q. Lehman described use of garbage collectors to implement RCU-like access to a binary search tree.
 * 2) Udi Manber and Richard Ladner extended Kung's and Lehman's work to non-garbage-collected environments by deferring reclamation until all threads running at removal time have terminated, which works in environments that do not have long-lived threads.
 * 3) Richard Rashid et al. described a lazy translation lookaside buffer (TLB) implementation that deferred reclaiming virtual-address space until all CPUs flushed their TLB, which is similar in spirit to some RCU implementations.
 * 4) James P. Hennessy, Damian L. Osisek, and Joseph W. Seigh, II were granted US Patent 4,809,168 in 1989 (since lapsed).  This patent describes an RCU-like mechanism that was apparently used in VM/XA on IBM mainframes.
 * 5) William Pugh described an RCU-like mechanism that relied on explicit flag-setting by readers.
 * 6) Aju John proposed an RCU-like implementation where updaters simply wait for a fixed period of time, under the assumption that readers would all complete within that fixed time, as might be appropriate in a hard real-time system.  Van Jacobson proposed a similar scheme in 1993 (verbal communication).
 * 7) J. Slingwine and P. E. McKenney received US Patent 5,442,758 in August 1995, which describes RCU as implemented in DYNIX/ptx and later in the Linux kernel.
 * 8) B. Gamsa, O. Krieger, J. Appavoo, and M. Stumm described an RCU-like mechanism used in the University of Toronto Tornado research operating system and the closely related IBM Research K42 research operating systems.
 * 9) Rusty Russell and Phil Rumpf described RCU-like techniques for handling unloading of Linux kernel modules.
 * 10) D. Sarma added RCU to version 2.5.43 of the Linux kernel in October 2002.
 * 11) Robert Colvin et al. formally verified a lazy concurrent list-based set algorithm that resembles RCU.
 * 12) M. Desnoyers et al. published a description of user-space RCU.
 * 13) A. Gotsman et al. derived formal semantics for RCU based on separation logic.
 * 14) Ilan Frenkel, Roman Geller, Yoram Ramberg, and Yoram Snir were granted US Patent 7,099,932 in 2006.  This patent describes an RCU-like mechanism for retrieving and storing quality of service policy management information using a directory service in a manner that enforces read/write consistency and enables read/write concurrency.

title: Read-copy-update


text:
Talk:Edgar Degas

Early Anti-Semitism
I'm concerned with this part: "...his anti-Semitism became apparent by the mid-1870s. His 1879 painting Portraits at the Stock Exchange is widely regarded as anti-Semitic, with the facial features of the banker taken directly from the anti-Semitic cartoons rampant in Paris at the time.[49]"

My objections are these: 1) The work cannot be widely regarded as anti-Semitic because it isn't widely regarded at all. Its claim to fame is being a minor work by a famous artist. 2) The connection between anti-Semitic caricatures and this work of art are not established, they're speculated.

The link is essentially a blogpost. The critical source by Paula Hymen, "The French Jewish Community from Emancipation to the Dreyfus Affair," isn't even properly cited therein. I think this short section needs to be re-written with proper citations, heavily pruned, or removed altogether. — Preceding unsigned comment added by MusselParty (talk • contribs) 02:30, 17 February 2017 (UTC)

comments
The last line could be correctly written in more than one way.

"Today, paintings by Degas can sell for more than US$16 million."

"Today, prices for paintings by Degas can exceed US$16 million."

"Today, prices for paintings by Degas reach no less than US$16 million."

However, prices do not sell. Paintings sell.

--E.C.

I removed this part because I am unsure if it is correct:

In Montmartre, he had an affair with one of his models, Suzanne Valadon. Degas would encourage her efforts to paint and she would eventually become one of the best known female artists of the day.

While this paper gives much information, I am not sure who wrote it, when it was copyrighted, and if it has a special "volume" numer. I'm sorry, but I just need all of this for a bibliography project. :)

Personal life of Degas
Isn't possible to add in a more personal section of the life of Degas. About the time and culture of the Paris, in combination of the impressionist movement, for example. Especially his view of women is very important for his work and the time period, there is absolutely no reference to that.

I find the amouth of sculptures, found back on wiki, pour. Also the links sculpture and painting in the last section does not forward to those of his, maybe someone knows how to correct this. --Grim Reaper2 15:39, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Lot of cites
To my mind a great many of the citations in this article are superfluous. Anybody wanting to confirm that Degas' family was fairly wealthy, or that he once met Ingres, or helped organize the 1st Impressionist exhibit, could check the index of any one of the books listed as references & find the right passage instantly. When facts are neither recondite nor disputed, an excess of cites just disrupts the flow of text. If nobody objects I propose to do some pruning. Ewulp 06:27, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

Did it Ewulp 03:21, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Names?
It says on these sites that he has middle names Germain and Hilaire. But some sites like this one use it as an address or as his first name. Alus 22:01, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Good eye! You're right about this--the edit history shows that his full name used to be in the article but was inexplicably removed sometime last spring & nobody has noticed til now. Most sources checked have it as Hilaire-Germain-Edgar Degas, so that's what we'll go with. Ewulp 23:48, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Cites
Lots of excellent research, elaboration, and clarification have been accomplished recently, but it seems to me that the observation made here on November 7 may be relevant again. JNW 04:15, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Can't argue with that, they've been piling up...I'll trim some of the less needed ones & try to consolidate a few of the remainders. Ewulp 04:46, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

 * As part of this effort I've cut a line left here by a previous contributor which has always bothered me a bit:
 * All of these techniques were used with Degas's self-expressed goal of "'bewitching the truth'".(Hartt, p.365)
 * If there's any sentiment in favor of putting it back in, back in it goes-- I don't like to cut a sourced quote, but it never seemed to me that this one adds much...maybe it's a so-so translation or maybe it's too shorn of context, but it doesn't seem meaningful enough to be included. Ewulp 03:29, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

 * For what it's worth, I agree. It sounds uncharacteristically pretentious for Degas. JNW 04:32, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

House in New Orleans
I've removed the section on the New Orleans house where Degas stayed with family for five months, not two years as the link stated. What might be useful here, folded into the career section, would be mention of the New Orleans stay, and the work resulting from it. The house itself, apparently now a bed and breakfast, might merit a footnote if it is not attached to a spam site, but not a separate heading with several paragraphs of content. Shall we have a distinct heading for each building he lived and created in? JNW 13:12, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

Please stop removing legitimate links, JNW
See the discussion over here. I'd like to keep it in one place. ··· 日本穣 ? · Talk to Nihon joe 21:14, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Pronunciation of surname
How is his last name pronounced? --John (talk) 23:45, 22 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I have a source that claims the 's' is pronounced. --John (talk) 01:58, 23 November 2007 (UTC)

What's the source? I can't find one that favors the audible "s", e.g. Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary (2nd edition) gives "de-gä" (with tilde over the e); Kaltenbach, 1972, in Dictionary of Pronunciation of Artists' Names says "dug-ah (absolutely not day-gass!)"; Oxford American Dictionaries has "dāˈgä". Ewulp (talk) 03:32, 24 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Reading a biography on Degas in Swedish I've noted that the author claims the "s" to be pronounced for the following reason: Degas earlier family name is said to have been "De Gas". Our Degas started to omit the space but, according to this biography, always pronounced the 's' and used to correct people saying his name without doing so. Since a persons own preferences on how to pronounce their name usually is what is considered "the last word" in these issues this is very interesting.

 * [ilɛʀ ʒɛʁmɛ̃ ɛdɡɑʀ dœˈɡɑ]), was a French artist famous for his work in

 * Okay, so when I clipped that, I could read it, and that was a surprize. Now I can't: It is all squares. So someone finally applied the right font name to articles, and forgot about talk pages. Daygaw might be useful. I hav heard it that way, "aw" being a short or soft oh. I can still read the oe-digraph, though I no longer hav a clue what it reprezents. It is definitely *not* doygaw or daigaw. 216.234.170.76 (talk) 19:46, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Does anyone else have a source saying this?--Bjornwireen (talk) 15:02, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

 * There are these,, and which may not be the last word, but confirm what I have always heard. The mystery deepen(s). JNW (talk) 15:50, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

Sickert wrote in 1929: "Degas is now, beyond remedy, pronounced in England by some peers, all professors of Art, neo-curators, and even some picture dealers, as if the name were Des Gas, like Desboutin, Desmarolles, Desanges, etc., instead of like De La Calprenede, De Musset, De Neuville, De Ste Croix, etc", adding: "Degas ran the two syllables of his name together on his canvases because he did not wish to emphasise the particle in his trade signature, just as Henry Irving did not print the 'Sir' in his programmes." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.142.27.153 (talk) 15:37, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

Edgar Degas used the name Degas, his family however used the name de Gas, suggesting some sort of nobility. The family tomb in Montmartre Cemetery in Paris carries the name de Gas. They were none the less proud of Edgar as is shown by the plaque on the door.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by JHvW (talk • contribs) 09:20, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

My art master in 1959 Wilfrid Puddephat was a stickler for accuracy and not accepting commonly held opinions, even of the established art world. He insisted that everyone was wrong and that Degas came from an area of France with an unusual and pronounced local dialect that pronounced the name 'Duh-gass'. 86.187.170.194 (talk) 11:02, 14 January 2018 (UTC)

Gallery
A rather oversized gallery of images has grown on the article. I believe that's what Commons if for. -- Infrogmation (talk) 18:29, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

head of a criminal
is there anyway we can ad something on this painting to the article? this is all the info i currently have on it, maybe you can tell me if its appropriate and where? http://discovermagazine.com/photos/12-darwins-dystopias-ghastly-visions-inspired-by-the-theory-of-evolution Killemall22 (talk) 15:56, 23 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks for finding this--I found a place in the article to add the link. Ewulp (talk) 22:12, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

257 Artworks of Edgar Degas
There are 257 Artworks of Edgar Degas on ArtGalleryEnc.com with information about the year, material, dimensions, museums added for each Artwork. Vv.Grecu
 * Stop adding spamlinks to this encyclopedia, thank you...Modernist (talk) 21:33, 9 April 2013 (UTC)
 * I am sorry, what kind of spam is that? What other information do you want me to write? Or how it should be written? Reply please.

Vv.Grecu —Preceding undated comment added 21:37, 9 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Anything that you add to articles should be directly relevant to the text in the article - as a reference...Modernist (talk) 21:40, 9 April 2013 (UTC)

Degas sculpture controversy
The recent Degas sculpture controversy came up at Yank Barry, but it's really a Degas issue. Some references: If anyone wants to update the article, go for it. I don't have the art expertise. John Nagle (talk) 05:15, 13 August 2014 (UTC)
 * The whole area of Degas bronzes is confusing, because Degas never made any bronzes. All "Degas bronzes" were made after his death, from wax models that weren't intended to be masters for bronzes at all. So there's much disagreement over what an "authentic" Degas bronze is. Degas' work is now out of copyright, so anybody can make copies.
 * The Jerusalem Post mentions that the Degas Sculpture Project plan was to manufacture 29 sets of the 73 bronzes, using the newly discovered plaster masters..
 * Bloomberg reports that art experts are now afraid to speak out on this subject due to fear of litigation.
 * Yank Barry, as a potential buyer, was in litigation with the Degas Sculpture Project. The Degas Sculpture Project was cranking out bronzes from a set of plaster masters supposedly discovered recently. Both sides settled their lawsuit before the issue of authenticity got to court.
 * There's a 3D model of the Little Dancer and another Degas sculpture is on Thingiverse, so now anybody with access to a 3D printer can make one.
 * Thanks—those are some good links. The Yank Barry angle is probably extraneous here but the William Cohan articles will be helpful in sharpening the prose. Ewulp (talk) 03:14, 14 August 2014 (UTC)
 * The Valsuni Foundry, which was cranking out those questionable bronzes, went bust last month. John Nagle (talk) 22:16, 11 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks once again! The article has been updated. Ewulp (talk) 10:08, 12 June 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Edgar Degas


text:
Tim Lander

Tim Lander (26 February 1938 – 20 August 2023) was a Canadian poet.

Born in Surrey, England, he studied at the University of London. In 1964, Lander emigrated to Canada. He lived primarily in Vancouver, where he began publishing chapbooks of his poetry.

Lander lived in Nanaimo, British Columbia. Lander used to be seen regularly playing a penny-whistle in front of the Regional Library branch at the Krall space (downtown Nanaimo) until his accident in 2021 where he moved to an assisted living facility. He used to survive by selling his poetry and enjoyed the generosity of verbal exchange with passers-by.

Tim Lander died on 20 August 2023, at the age of 85.

title: Tim Lander


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SWAPO

The South West Africa People's Organisation (, SWAPO; Suidwes-Afrikaanse Volks Organisasie, SWAVO; Südwestafrikanische Volksorganisation, SWAVO), officially known as the SWAPO Party of Namibia, is a political party and former independence movement in Namibia (formerly South West Africa). Founded in 1960, it has been the governing party in Namibia since the country achieved independence in 1990. The party continues to be dominated in number and influence by the Ovambo ethnic group.

SWAPO held a two-thirds majority in parliament from 1994 to 2019. In the general election held in November 2019, the party won 65.5% of the popular vote and 63 out of the 104 seats in the National Assembly. It also holds 28 out of the 42 seats in the National Council. From November 2017 until his death in February 2024, Namibian President Hage Geingob remained the president of SWAPO after being elected to the position at the party's electoral congress.

Background and foundation
German South West Africa was established in 1884. After World War I, the League of Nations gave South West Africa, formerly a German colony, to the United Kingdom as a mandate under the administration of South Africa. When the National Party won the 1948 election in South Africa and subsequently introduced apartheid legislation, these laws were applied as well to South West Africa. It was considered the de facto fifth province of South Africa.

SWAPO was founded on 19 April 1960 as the successor of the Ovamboland People's Organization. Leaders renamed the party to show that it represented all Namibians. But, the organisation had its base among the Ovambo people of northern Namibia, who constituted nearly half the total population.

Struggle for independence
During 1962, SWAPO had emerged as the dominant nationalist organisation for the Namibian people. It co-opted other groups such as the South West Africa National Union (SWANU), and later in 1976 the Namibia African People's Democratic Organisation. SWAPO used guerrilla tactics to fight the South African Defence Force. On 26 August 1966, the first major clash of the conflict took place, when a unit of the South African Police, supported by the South African Air Force, exchanged fire with SWAPO forces. This date is generally regarded as the start of what became known in South Africa as the Border War.

One important factor in the fight for independence was the 1971-72 Namibian contract workers strike, which fought for the elimination of the contract labor system and independence from South Africa. An underlying goal was the promotion of independence under SWAPO leadership.

In 1972, the United Nations General Assembly recognised SWAPO as the 'sole legitimate representative' of Namibia's people. The Norwegian government began giving aid directly to SWAPO in 1974.

The country of Angola gained its independence on 11 November 1975 following its war for independence. The leftist Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), supported by Cuba and the Soviet Union, came to power. In March 1976, the MPLA offered SWAPO bases in Angola for launching attacks against the South African military.

Independent Namibia
When Namibia gained its independence in 1990, SWAPO became the dominant political party. Though the organisation rejected the term South West Africa and preferred to use Namibia, the organisation's original name—derived from the territory's old name—was too deeply rooted in the independence movement to be changed. However, the original full name is no longer used; only the acronym remains. SWAPO, and with it much of Namibia's government and administration, continues to be dominated by the Ovambo ethnic group, despite "considerable efforts to counter [that] perception".

SWAPO president Sam Nujoma was declared Namibia's first President after SWAPO won the inaugural election in 1989. A decade later, Nujoma had the constitution changed so he could run for a third term in 1999, as it limits the presidency to two terms.

In 2004, the SWAPO presidential candidate was Hifikepunye Pohamba, described as Nujoma's hand-picked successor. In 2014, the SWAPO presidential candidate was Hage Geingob, who was the vice-president of SWAPO. In 2019 presidential election, president Geingob won his second five-year term as Namibian president.

Ideology
SWAPO was founded with the aim of attaining the independence of Namibia and therefore is part of the African nationalist movement. Pre-independence it harboured a socialist, Marxist–Leninist ideology, a thinking that was not immediately abandoned when independence was achieved in 1990 and SWAPO became the ruling party. Officially, however, it adopted a social democratic ideology, until the electoral congress in 2017 approved the official change to socialism with a "Namibian character", although some Namibians have labeled the change as lacking a "grass-roots" nature.

Various commentators have characterised the politics of SWAPO in different ways. Gerhard Tötemeyer, himself a party member, considers its post-independence politics neoliberal and social democratic. Henny Seibeb, an opposition politician from the Landless People's Movement, describes the current party ideology as liberal nationalism with traces of "dogmatism, authoritarianism, and statism".

Structure
The party president is the top position of SWAPO; in 2012 this was held by Namibia's former president Pohamba. The vice-president was Namibia's former president Hage Geingob, who was elected to that position in 2007 and reconfirmed at the SWAPO congress in December 2012, until his death on 4 February 2024. The third highest position in SWAPO is the secretary-general, a position held in December 2012 by Nangolo Mbumba. Number four is the deputy secretary-general, Omaheke governor Laura McLeod-Katjirua.

Like many socialist and communist parties, SWAPO is governed by a politburo and a central committee. The party leadership is advised by a youth league, a women's council, and an elders' council.

Politburo
The politburo of SWAPO is a body that consists of:
 * The party president: vacant
 * The former party president: Hifikepunye Pohamba
 * The secretary-general: Sophia Shaningwa
 * The deputy secretary-general: Marco Hausiku
 * 2 members appointed by the party president
 * 18 members elected by the SWAPO central committee:

 * Nangolo Mbumba
 * Saara Kuugongelwa-Amadhila
 * Laura McLeod-Katjirua
 * Pohamba Shifeta
 * Peter Katjavivi
 * Doreen Sioka
 * Katrina Hanse-Himarwa
 * Margaret Mensah-Williams
 * Sirkka Ausiku
 * Lucia Witbooi
 * Hilma Nikanor
 * Bernard Esau
 * Alpheus ǃNaruseb
 * Calle Schlettwein
 * John Mutorwa
 * Albert Kawana
 * Lucia Iipumbu
 * Tobie Aupindi

Central Committee
SWAPO's Central Committee consists of:
 * The president
 * The vice-president
 * The secretary-general
 * The deputy secretary-general
 * The founding president of SWAPO as a permanent member
 * 13 SWAPO Party regional coordinators
 * 54 members elected at the party congress
 * 10 members appointed by the party president

The members are:
 * Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah (ex officio, SWAPO Vice-president)
 * Sophia Shaningwa (ex officio, SWAPO Secretary-General)
 * Marco Hausiku (ex officio, SWAPO Deputy Secretary-General)
 * Sam Nujoma (ex officio SWAPO founding President)
 * Hifikepunye Pohamba (ex officio SWAPO former president)

Elected members:

 * Nahas Angula
 * Abraham Iyambo
 * Ben Amathila
 * Marco Hausiku
 * Nickey Iyambo
 * Jerry Ekandjo
 * John Mutorwa
 * Utoni Nujoma
 * Saara Kuugongelwa-Amadhila
 * Theo-Ben Gurirab
 * Libertine Amathila
 * Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah
 * Pendukeni Iivula-Ithana
 * Bernard Esau
 * Pohamba Shifeta
 * Richard Kamwi
 * Petrus Iilonga
 * Joel Kaapanda
 * Albert Kawana
 * David Namwandi
 * Isak Katali
 * Katrina Hanse-Himarwa
 * Erkki Nghimtina
 * Tjekero Tweya
 * Erastus Uutoni
 * Samuel Ankama
 * Margaret Mensah-Williams
 * Mandume Pohamba
 * Doreen Sioka
 * Kazenambo Kazenambo
 * Helmut Angula
 * Peya Mushelenga
 * Loide Kasingo
 * Alpheus ǃNaruseb
 * Peter Katjavivi
 * Leon Jooste
 * Asser Kapere
 * Charles Namoloh
 * Lempy Lucas
 * Veikko Nekundi
 * Hilma Nikanor
 * Lucia Witbooi
 * Penda Ya Ndakolo
 * Usko Nghaamwa
 * Immanuel Ngatjizeko
 * Eunice Iipinge
 * Elia Kaiyamo
 * Moses Amweelo
 * Sophia Shaningwa
 * Samuel Nuuyoma
 * Martha Namundjebo-Tilahun
 * Rosalia Nghidinwa
 * Clemens Kashuupulwa
 * Henock Ya Kasita
 * Uahekua Herunga
 * Willem Konjore

President-appointed members (2017):

 * Calle Schlettwein
 * Erkki Nghimtina
 * Penda Ya Ndokolo
 * Christina Hoebes
 * Jennely Matundu
 * Collien van Wyk

List of presidents

 * Sam Nujoma (1960–2007)
 * Hifikepunye Pohamba (2007–2015)
 * Hage Geingob (2015–2024)

Finances and business interests
Although SWAPO receives finances from government for its operations, the party also holds extensive business interests. Through Kalahari Holdings, it entered into joint ventures with several companies, most prominently the Namibian branch of MultiChoice, a private satellite TV provider, of which it owns 51%. Kalahari Holdings has further joint ventures with Radio Energy, Africa Online, and businesses in the tourism, farming, security services and health insurance sectors. It owns Namib Contract Haulage, Namprint, Kudu Investments and the Ndilimani Cultural Troupe.

Namibia Today was the mouthpiece of the SWAPO, and Asser Ntinda was its editor. The paper does not appear to have been active since 7 April 2011 and closed down in 2015.

Human rights abuses
Various groups have claimed that SWAPO committed serious human rights abuses against suspected spies during the independence struggle. Since the early 21st century, they have pressed the government more strongly on this issue. Breaking the Wall of Silence (BWS) is one of the groups founded by people who were detained by SWAPO during the war and abused during interrogations. In 2004, BWS alleged that "In exile, hundreds of SWAPO dependants and members were detained, tortured and killed without trial." SWAPO denies serious infractions and claims anything that did happen was in the name of liberation. Because of a series of successful South African raids, the SWAPO leadership believed that spies existed in the movement. Hundreds of SWAPO cadres were imprisoned, tortured and interrogated.

In 2005, the P.E.A.C.E. Centre (People's Education, Assistance and Counselling for Empowerment) conducted an extensive study on the lives of Namibian ex-fighters and their families fifteen years after Independence. Their published ebook investigates the post-independence lives of those who fought on both sides of the Namibian War of Independence. Data from this research indicate that ex-fighters exhibit symptoms of long-term post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The findings indicate there is a correlation between the life circumstances of ex-fighters and their lack of resilience to traumatic war experiences. Resiliency has been linked to a number of protective factors, such as the socio-economic situation of the survivors, their socio-political environment, their social support networks, and their cognitive processes.

The study says that, in the case of Namibian ex-fighters, long-term psychological distress is different from a simple PTSD diagnosis. The survivors have almost invariably gone for nearly two decades without seeking treatment, adding to their burdens. During this time, the ex-fighters have been exposed to additional social and psychological stressors through life events. For a person without PTSD, such stressors may have fleeting effects, but for a sufferer of long-term psychological distress, each life incident could reduce the survivor's resilience to trauma, as well as triggering "flashbacks" to events during the war.

Memberships
SWAPO is a full member of Socialist International. It was a member of the Non-Aligned Movement before the independence of Namibia in 1990.

title: SWAPO


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List of Slovaks

The Slovak people are an ethnic group predominantly residing in the modern-day nation of Slovakia and its surrounding areas. Slovaks have played an active role in European history, including politically, militarily, scientifically, culturally, and religiously. Ethnic Slovaks have inhabited Central Europe since the Middle Ages. Slovaks were minority citizens of Hungary, and subsequently Austria-Hungary, from the 7th Century until the formation of Czechoslovakia in 1918 by the Treaty of Versailles. After Slovak calls for greater autonomy dissolved the Czechoslovak parliament, the Slovak Republic was formed in 1993. The major language among Slovaks is Slovak.

The page lists notable people who are citizens of Slovakia, Czechoslovakia, or are of Slovak identity, ancestry or ethnicity.

Politicians (contemporary)
Prime Ministers of the Slovak Republic: Presidents:
 * Vladimír Mečiar (1942) – First and Third Prime Minister
 * Jozef Moravčík (1945) – Second Prime Minister
 * Mikuláš Dzurinda (1955) – Fourth Prime Minister
 * Robert Fico (1964) – Fifth, Seventh and Twelfth Prime Minister
 * Iveta Radičová (1956) – Sixth and First Female Prime Minister
 * Peter Pellegrini (1975) – Eighth Prime Minister
 * Igor Matovič (1973) – Ninth Prime Minister
 * Eduard Heger (1976) – Tenth Prime Minister
 * Ľudovít Ódor (1976) – Eleventh and First Ethnic Hungarian Prime Minister

 * Michal Kováč (1930–2016) – First President
 * Rudolf Schuster (1934) – Second President (Schuster is of German and Hungarian ancestry.)
 * Ivan Gašparovič (1941) – Third President (Previously Chairman of the National Council of the Slovak Republic)
 * Andrej Kiska (1963) – Fourth President (Co-founder of a non-profit charitable organization called Dobrý anjel.)
 * Zuzana Čaputová (1973) – Fifth President and First Female President

Speakers of National Council of the Slovak Republic:

 * Pavol Hrušovský (1952) – Third and Sixth Speaker of Parliament
 * Richard Sulík (1968) – Fifth Speaker of Parliament

Other:
 * Augustín Čisár – Diplomat and the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Slovak Republic to the Russian Federation.
 * Jesse Ventura (1951) – 38th Governor of the U.S. state of Minnesota from 1999 to 2003, as well as an actor, author, and former professional wrestler. His parents were from Slovakia, and his legal name is James George Janos.

Politicians (19th and 20th century)

 * Alexander Dubček (1921–1992) – First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and architect of the Prague Spring, later after Velvet Rovolution Chairman of Federal Assembly of Czechoslovakia
 * Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (1850–1937) – First President of Czechoslovakia; son of a Slovak father and Moravian mother
 * Milan Rastislav Štefánik (1880–1919) – Astronomer, scientist, politician, and general; one of the founders of Czechoslovakia
 * Gustáv Husák (1913–1991) –First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and President of Czechoslovakia in the 1970s and 1980s
 * Štefan Marko Daxner (1822–1892) – Slovak lower nobleman of Swiss descent, politician, lawyer, and poet who of outlined a program unifying the requests for national (Slovak), cultural, political and social liberties
 * Andrej Hlinka (1864–1938) – Priest and founders of the Slovak People's Party
 * Milan Hodža (1878–1944) – Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia, politician and journalist
 * Fedor Hodža (1912–1968) – Politician and lawyer; the son of Milan Hodža.
 * Vojtech Tuka (1880–1946) – Slovak People's Party politician, teacher
 * Alexander Mach (1902–1980) – Slovak People's Party politician, journalist
 * Martin Rázus (1888–1937) – Politician, priest
 * Vavro Šrobár (1867-1950) – Slovak doctor and politician who was a major figure in Slovak politics in the interwar period.
 * Jozef Miloslav Hurban (1817–1886) – priest, politician and Speaker of Slovak National Council
 * Michal Miloslav Hodža (1811–1870) – one of the leaders of a Slovak national movement and member of Slovak National Council, Lutheran priest, poet, linguist
 * Vladimír Clementis (1902–1952) – Communist politician
 * Ľudovít Štúr (1815–1856) – the leader of Slovak national movement, the creator of standard Slovak, politician, poet, journalist, publisher, teacher, philosopher and member of the Hungarian Parliament

Fighters, Warriors, Soldiers and Revolutionaries

 * Jozef Gabčík (1912–1942) – soldier who assassinated Reinhard Heydrich, architect of the Holocaust, under Operation Anthropoid.
 * Jozef Miloslav Hurban (1817–1886) – freedom fighter and leader of the 1848 Slovak National Uprising against the Hungarians.
 * Rudolf Viest (1890–1945?) – Anti-Fascist military leader, member of the Czechoslovak government in exile, member of the Slovak National Council and the commander of the 1st Czechoslovak army during the Slovak National Uprising. First and only Slovak to reach the position of General in the interwar Czechoslovak Army.
 * Ján Golian (1906–1945?) – Supreme Military Leader of the Slovak National Uprising against the Nazis. Golian was murdered by the Nazis in a concentration camp.
 * Michael Strank – U.S. Marine during World War II; the leader of the group of U.S. marines who photographed in Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima.
 * Augustín Malár (1894–1946) – WWII General who commanded the East Slovak units of the First Slovak Republic, a Nazi protectorate state. Died in a concentration camp.
 * Jozef Turanec (1892–1957) – Slovak General and Nazi sympathizer during World War II.
 * Matej Kocak (1882–1918) – United States Marine Corps sergeant during World War I, posthumously awarded both the U.S. Army and Navy Medals of Honor for action against the enemy on July 18, 1918. He was born in the town of Gbely, in Western Slovakia, and emigrated to the U.S. in 1906.

First Ladies

 * Livia Klausová – first lady of the Czech Republic
 * Silvia Gašparovičová – first lady of Slovakia

Notable religious figures

 * Blessed Pavol Peter Gojdič (Pavol Gojdič) (1888–1960) – martyr and Righteous among the nations
 * Zdenka Schelingová (1916–1955)
 * Basil Hopko (1904–1976)
 * Andrej Hlinka (1864–1938)

Religious Leaders

 * Štefan Moyses (1797–1869) – Bishop, patriot and the first president of the Matica Slovenská, the first Slovak cultural institution.
 * Jozef Roháček (1877–1962) – Protestant activist and scholar who translated the first Slovak Bible from the original languages
 * Alexander Rudnay (1760–1831)(hung.: Rudnay Sándor) – Parish priest who became Archbishop of Esztergom, Prince Primate of the Kingdom of Hungary and a Cardinal.
 * Ján Sokol (1933) – Priest and former archbishop of the Archdiocese of Trnava
 * Juraj Haulik (1788–1869) – Croatian Cardinal of Slovak ethnicity and the first archbishop of Zagrab. Acting Ban of Croatia for two separate terms.
 * Jozef Tomko (1924) – Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and former Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
 * Róbert Bezák (1960) – former Archbishop of Trnava

Philosophers, Polyhistors, Teachers

 * Pavol Jozef Šafárik (Paul Joseph Schaffarik, Pavel Josef Safarik) (1795–1861) – poet, professor, polyhistor
 * Jakob Jakobeus (1591–1645) – poet, historian, priest, and writer

Linguists, Humanists and Historians

 * Anton Bernolák (1762–1813) – Lower nobleman, Jesuit, creator of the first standard version of Slovak (in the 1780s), which was based on western Slovak dialects.
 * Ľudovít Štúr (Ludevít Štúr) (1815–1856) – Best known for his role in the development of modern Slovak. In 1844 he suggested that the central Slovak dialect be used as the standard language of the Slovaks, and in 1846 he codified the new language standard in his Nauka reči Slovenskej (Theory of the Slovak Language)
 * Adam František Kollár (Adam Franz Kollar) (1718–1783) – Lower nobleman, historian and jurist who rose to the ranks of Imperial-Royal Court Councilor and Chief Imperial-Royal Librarian of Empress Maria Theresa. Coined the term ethnology.
 * Janko Matúška (1821–1877) – author of the Slovak national anthem
 * Martin Hattala (1821–1903) – linguist

Inventors and Engineers

 * Jozef Murgaš (1864–1929) – inventor of the wireless telegraph (forerunner of the radio), and holder of other patents include the spinning reel (for fishing), the wave meter, the electric transformer, the magnetic detector, and an engine producing electromagnetic waves.
 * Aurel Stodola (1859–1942) – engineer and professor, enabled the construction of steam and gas turbines (around 1900), constructor of a movable artificial arm (the Stodola arm) in 1915
 * John Dopyera (Ján Dopjera) (1893–1988) – inventor of music instruments, invented the Dobro resonator guitar

Aviation
 * Ján Bahýľ (1865–1916) – military engineer, inventor of a motor-driven helicopter (four years before Bréguet and Cornu). Bahýľ was granted 7 patents in all, including the invention of the tank pump, air balloons combined with an air turbine, the first petrol engine car in Slovakia (with Anton Marschall) and a lift up to Bratislava castle.
 * Štefan Banič (1870–1941) – inventor of the military parachute and of the first actively used parachute
 * Ivan Alexander Getting (1912–2003) – American physicist and electrical engineer, credited (along with Bradford Parkinson) with the development of the Global Positioning System (GPS).

Natural Sciences and Medicine

 * Vojtech Alexander (1857–1916) – revolutionary radiologist
 * Daniel Carleton Gajdusek (1923–2008) – American physician and Nobel Prize winner of Slovak descent
 * Andreas Jaszlinszky (18th century) – Jesuit physics professor
 * Ján Jesenský (Johann Jessenius) (1566–1621) – physician, surgeon, anatomist, rector of Charles University, Protestant activist and politician
 * Ján Vilček (1933) – biomedical scientist, educator, inventor and philanthropist

Geology, Mineralogy

 * Dimitrij Andrusov (1897–1976) – geologist and paleontologist, founder of modern Slovak geology
 * Jan Veizer (1941) – geochemist and paleoclimatologist

Archeology

 * Andrej Kmeť (1841–1908) – botanist, archaeologist
 * Ján Kollár – pastor, writer, archaeologist, academic

Physics

 * Dionýz Ilkovič (1907–1980) – physicist
 * Stefan Janos (1943) – low temperature physicist living in Switzerland
 * Joseph Klafter (1945) – Israeli chemical physics professor of Slovak descent; the eighth President of Tel Aviv University
 * Ivan Wilhelm cs:Ivan Wilhelm (1942) – nuclear physicist, former rector of Charles University in Prague

Mathematics

 * Jur Hronec – mathematician
 * Igor Kluvánek – mathematician
 * Samuel Mikovíny – Hungarian mathematician, engineer and map maker
 * Tibor Šalát – mathematician, author of many mathematical textbooks in Slovak
 * Peter Štefan – mathematician
 * Štefan Znám – mathematician

Computer Science

 * Juraj Hromkovič – Slovak computer scientist living in Switzerland

Astronomy

 * Matthias Bel – 17th century astronomer. He made first relatively precise measurement of distance from Earth to Sun.

Astronomers (20th century)

 * Milan Rastislav Štefánik
 * Milan Antal
 * Antonín Bečvář
 * Ladislav Brožek
 * Ľubor Kresák
 * Dušan Kalmančok
 * Ľudmila Pajdušáková
 * Vladimír Porubčan
 * Juraj Tóth

Astronauts / Cosmonauts

 * Ivan Bella (1964) – the first cosmonaut of Slovakia (in 1998)
 * Eugene Cernan (1934) – U.S. astronaut, last man to set foot on the Moon, son of the Slovak immigrant Ondrej Čerňan.
 * Michael Fincke (1967) – U.S. astronaut, current American record holder for time in space, grandson of Margaret Hornyak Fincke

Economists

 * Lubos Pastor (1974) – Slovakian-American financial economist, currently the Charles P. McQuaid Professor of Finance at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business.

Literature

 * See list of Slovak prose and drama authors.
 * See list of Slovak poets.

Composers

 * Alexander Albrecht (1885–1958) – composer, conductor, teacher
 * Ján Levoslav Bella (1843–1936) – composer, author of the first Slovak opera "Kováč Wieland"
 * Juraj Beneš (1940–2004) – composer
 * Ján Cikker (1911–1989) – composer, teacher
 * Ernő Dohnányi (aka Ernst von Dohnányi) (July 27, 1877 – February 9, 1960) – Hungarian conductor, composer, and pianist.
 * Viliam Figuš-Bystrý (1875–1937) – composer, teacher
 * Tibor Frešo (1918–1987) – composer, conductor
 * Vladimír Godár (1956) – composer
 * Frico Kafenda (1883–1963) – composer, teacher, pianist, conductor
 * Dezider Kardoš (1914–1991) – composer, teacher
 * Ladislav Kupkovič (1936–2016) – composer, conductor
 * Peter Machajdik (1961) – composer, organizer
 * Ján Móry (Johann Mory) (1892–1978) – composer
 * Alexander Moyzes (1906–1984) – composer
 * Mikuláš Schneider-Trnavský (1881–1958) – composer
 * Eugen Suchoň (1908–1993) – the most important Slovak composer, author of the first Slovak national opera "Krútňava", teacher
 * Iris Szeghy (1956) – female composer

Conductors

 * Peter Breiner (1957) – conductor, composer, pianist
 * Ondrej Lenárd (1942) – conductor
 * Ľudovít Rajter (1906–2000) – conductor, teacher, composer
 * Bystrík Režucha (1935–2012) – conductor
 * Ladislav Slovák (1919–1999) – conductor

Instrumentalists

 * Peter Michalica (1945) – violinist

Opera Singers

 * Peter Dvorský (1951) – tenor
 * Edita Gruberová (1946–2021) – soprano
 * Jozef Kundlák (1956) – tenor
 * Lucia Popp (1939–1993) – soprano
 * Luba Orgonasova (1961) – soprano

Jazz

 * Peter Lipa (1943) – important current jazz singer, composer
 * Laco Deczi (1938) – jazz musician, trumpet player, composer
 * Martin Valihora (1976) – jazz musician, drummer

Popular Music (20th century)

 * Jaroslav Filip (1949–2000) – musician, composer, vocalist, actor, playwright
 * Marika Gombitová (1956) – singer, composer, musician since the second half of the 1970s
 * Dave Grohl (1969) – drummer of Nirvana, singer of Foo Fighters
 * Dara Rolins (1972) – singer, entrepreneur
 * Tina (1984) – singer, musician since the 2000s
 * Pavol Hammel (1948) – singer, composer, musician (reached his height the 1970s and 1980s)
 * Jana Kirschner – musician, composer, vocalist
 * Jana Kocianová (1947–2018) – singer, musician, jazzman, gospels singer reached her height the 1970s
 * Ján Lehotský (1947) – composer, musician, singer of Modus (a band having reached its height in the late 1970s)
 * Rytmus (1977) – rapper, singer, actor, member and co-founder of the hip-hop group Kontrafakt, musician since the 1990s
 * Ivan Tásler (1979) – singer, guitarist, composer, producer, musician since the 1990s
 * Peter Lipa – musician, composer, vocalist, scatman, jazzman, co-organizer of BJD (Bratislava Jazz Days) festival
 * Laco Lučenič (1952) – musician, producer, member of Modus
 * Richard Müller (1961) – the best-known current Slovak pop-rock singer
 * Vašo Patejdl (1954) – the most important Slovak pop composer in the 1980s and 1990s, singer, musician
 * Jozef Ráž (1954) – current singer of Elán (a band having reached its height in the 1980s)
 * Dežo Ursiny (1947–1995) – composer, rock singer, musician in the 1960s and 1970s
 * Marián Varga (1947–2017) – rock composer, musician in the 1960s and 1970s
 * Sui Vesan – folk musician
 * Miroslav Žbirka (1952–2021) – singer, composer from the 1970s to the 1990s

Painters, Graphic Artists

 * Janko Alexy (1894–1970) – painter
 * Blažej Baláž (1958) – painter, graphic artist
 * Mária Balážová (1956) – painter, graphic artist
 * Miloš Alexander Bazovský (1899–1968) – painter, graphic artist
 * Martin Benka (1888–1971) – painter, illustrator
 * Albín Brunovský (1935–1997) – graphic artist, painter, illustrator
 * Lajos Csordák (1864–1937) – painter
 * Ľudovít Fulla (1902–1980) – painter, graphic artist, illustrator
 * Mikuláš Galanda (1895–1938) – painter, graphic artist, illustrator
 * Ian Hornak (1944–2002) – draughtsman, painter, printmaker
 * Július Jakoby (1903–1985) – painter
 * Ján Kupecký (Johann Kupecky) (1667–1740) – painter
 * Anton Lehmden (1929–2018) – Austrian painter; born in Slovakia
 * Palo Macho (1965) – painter
 * Jozef Teodor Mousson (1887–1946) – painter
 * Koloman Sokol (1902–2003) – painter
 * Karl Sovanka (1883–1961) – painter, sculptor
 * Martin Vargic – graphic artist, illustrator
 * Andy Warhol

Sculptors

 * Fraňo Štefunko (1903–1974) – sculptor

Photographers

 * Dezo Hoffmann (1912–1986) – photoreporter and photographer
 * Tono Stano (1960) – photographer; his photograph Sense inspired the poster for the film Showgirls.

Architects

 * Bohuslav Fuchs (1895–1972) – architect; a Czech also active in Slovakia
 * Dušan Jurkovič (1868–1947) – architect

Actors

 * Andrej Bagar (1900–1966) – actor, director
 * Barbora Bobuľová (1974) – actress
 * Milan Kňažko (1945) – actor, former Slovak Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Minister of Culture
 * Jozef Kroner (1924–1998) – actor, starred in the first Czechoslovak, Czech and Slovak film awarded by Oscar: The Shop on Main Street (Obchod na korze, 1965)
 * Juraj Kukura (1947) – well-known Slovak actor (theater, film), who has also been working in Germany.
 * Barbara Nedeljáková (1979) – actress, starred in the Hollywood horror film Hostel
 * Paul Newman (1925–2008) – US actor, director, entrepreneur, philanthropist, of ethnic Slovak mother
 * Emília Vášáryová (1942) – actress
 * Jon Voight (1938) – American actor with Slovak ancestry
 * Karol L. Zachar (1918–2003) – actor, director
 * Tomáš Raček (1947) – Slovak actor (theater, film, TV), who has also been working in Canada
 * Michael Stroka (1938–1997) – US TV actor

Filmmakers

 * Paľo Bielik (1910–1983) – director, actor
 * Dušan Hanák (1938) – director
 * Juraj Herz (1934–2018) – Slovak director and actor born in Kežmarok
 * Juraj Jakubisko (1938–2023) – director (sometimes nicknamed Slovak Fellini)
 * Ján Kadár (1918–1979) – director
 * Dušan Rapoš (1953) – Slovak director
 * Ivan Reitman (1946) – probably the most prominent film director and producer born in Slovakia
 * Martin Šulík (1963) – director
 * Pavol Barabáš (1959) – documentarist, noted for filming people living in extreme conditions

Law

 * William T. Dzurilla (1953) – international attorney and law clerk to Justice Byron White of the United States Supreme Court (1982–1983).
 * Peter Tomka (1956) – Vice-President of the International Court of Justice

Sports

 * Ivan Bátory (1975) – cross-country skiing
 * Imre Bugár (1955) – ethnic Hungarian athlete
 * Karol Divín (1936–2022) – figure-skating
 * Paulína Fialková (1992) - biathlete
 * Bohumil Golián (1931–2012) – volleyball-player
 * Jozef Gönci (1974) – sport shooter
 * Jozef Krnáč (1977) – judo
 * Anastasiya Kuzmina (Anastasia Kuzminová) (1984) – Russian born biathlete
 * Martina Moravcová (1976) – swimmer, twice Olympic silver medalist
 * Ondrej Nepela (1951–1989) – figure-skating
 * Jozef Plachý (1949) – athlete
 * Jozef Pribilinec (1960) – race walker, Olympic gold medalist
 * Jack Quinn (1883–1946) – baseball player
 * Richard Réti – Austrian-Hungarian, later Czechoslovak chess grandmaster
 * Jozef Sabovčík – figure-skating
 * Peter Sagan (1990) – cyclist, 3 times UCI World Champion (2015, 2016, 2017)
 * Alojz Sokol (Aloisius Szokol) (1871–1932) – athlete, pioneer of the Olympic movement in historic Hungary
 * Anton Tkáč (1951) – cyclist
 * Yvonne Tobis (born 1948) – Israeli Olympic swimmer, born in Bratislava
 * Július Torma (1922–1991) – boxer
 * Elmer Valo (1921–1998) – baseball player
 * Veronika Velez-Zuzulová (1984) – alpine ski racer
 * Petra Vlhová (1995) – alpine ski racer; World Cup winner 2021, gold on the Winter Olympics 2022
 * Ján Zachara (1928) – boxer
 * Radoslav Židek (1981) – snowboarder, first Slovak medallist from independent Slovakia at the Winter Olympics

Football

 * Jozef Adamec (1942–2018) – former footballer
 * Peter Dubovský (1972–2000) – footballer
 * Ľudovít Dubovský (1918-1998) – footballer
 * Marek Hamšík (1987) – midfielder, currently playing for Chinese side Dalian Professional
 * Peter Jakubech (1971) – footballer
 * Karol Jokl (1945–1996) – footballer
 * Peter Kostolanský (1985) – footballer
 * Tomáš Lovásik (1974) – footballer
 * Marek Mintál (1977) – footballer
 * Ľubomír Moravčík (1965) – footballer
 * Ján Popluhár (1935) – footballer
 * Viliam Schrojf (1931–2007) – footballer
 * Martin Škrtel (1985) – footballer, currently playing for FC Spartak Trnava
 * Marián Timm (1990) – footballer
 * Jozef Vengloš (1936–2021) – football manager and former footballer, managed Aston Villa, Celtic FC (Glasgow), the Czechoslovak and the Slovak national teams, current director of FIFA's Technical Study Group.
 * Vladimír Weiss senior (1964) – Head coach of Slovakia national football team
 * Vladimír Weiss junior (1989) – winger

Ice hockey

 * Ľuboš Bartečko – (1976)
 * Igor Bobček – (1983)
 * Lukáš Bokroš – (1982)
 * Peter Bondra – (1968)
 * Martin Chovan – (1986)
 * Zdeno Cíger – (1969)
 * Pavol Demitra – (1974–2011)
 * Vladimír Dzurilla – (1942–1995)
 * Marián Gáborík – (1982)
 * Jozef Golonka – (1938)
 * Jaroslav Halák – (1985)
 * Michal Handzuš – (1977)
 * Marcel Hossa – (1981)
 * Marián Hossa – (1979)
 * Zdeno Chára – (1977)
 * Igor Liba – (1960)
 * Vincent Lukáč – (1954)
 * Stan Mikita – (1940)
 * Ladislav Nagy – (1979)
 * Žigmund Pálffy – (1972)
 * Dárius Rusnák – (1959)
 * Jozef Stümpel – (1972)
 * Miroslav Šatan – (1974)
 * Anton Šťastný – (1959)
 * Marián Šťastný – (1953)
 * Peter Šťastný – (1956)
 * Róbert Švehla – (1969)
 * Ladislav Troják – (1914–1948)
 * Ľubomír Višňovský – (1976)
 * Ľubomír Vaškovič – (1986)

Tennis

 * Karol Beck (1982)
 * Dominika Cibulková (1989)
 * Karina Habšudová (1973)
 * Daniela Hantuchová (1983) – Slovakia's most successful female player
 * Dominik Hrbatý (1978)
 * Martin Kližan (1989)
 * Karol Kučera (1974)
 * Miloslav Mečíř (1964)
 * Magdaléna Rybáriková (1988)
 * Marián Vajda (1965) – coach of a world top tennis-player Novak Djokovic

Water sports

 * Juraj Bača (1977) – speed canoeing
 * Zuzana Čunderlíková – rafting
 * Jana Dukátová (1983) – water slalom
 * Peter and Pavol Hochschorner (1979) – water slalom
 * Elena Kaliská (1972) – water slalom
 * Slavomír Kňazovický (1967) – speed canoeing
 * Michal Martikán (1979) – water slalom, Olympic gold medalist, Atlanta 1996, Beijing 2008
 * Juraj Minčík (1977) – water slalom
 * Martina Moravcová (1976) – swimmer
 * Michal Riszdorfer (1977) – speed canoeing
 * Richard Riszdorfer (1981) – speed canoeing
 * Erik Vlček (1981) – speed canoeing

Figure Skating

 * Karol Divín (1936)
 * Ondrej Nepela (1951–1989)
 * Jozef Sabovčík (1963)

Modelsports

 * Jozef Gábriš (Joseph Gabris) – born in Bratislava. Most popular and successful Control Line aerobatics pilot (F2B) of former Czechoslovakia.

Historical personalities

 * Móric Beňovský (1746–1786) – Hungarian globetrotter, explorer, soldier, writer, and the King of Madagascar of Slovak ethnicity.
 * Juraj Jánošík (1688–1713) – the Slovak equivalent of Robin Hood, the topic of many Slovak legends, books and films
 * Matúš Čák Trenčianský (1260–1321) – Oligarch of Upper Hungary known as Lord of the Váh and Tatras, he is considered a Folk hero by some Slovaks for not accepting foreign kings as rulers of the Kingdom of Hungary.
 * Štefan Parmenius Štítnický (1555–1583) – Hungarian Navigator and chronicler of Slovak origin, member of Humphrey Gilbert's expedition.
 * Ádam Jávorka (1663–1747) Kuruc insurgent of Slovak ethnicity later became General of the Polish hussars
 * Juraj Šucha (1504–1550) – Hungarian soldier of Slovak ethnicity fought against the Turkish invaders
 * Pribina (9th century) – first Slavic prince

Models

 * Kamila Filipcikova – high fashion Slovak model
 * Viera Schottertova – model
 * Adriana Sklenaříková – model, face of "Wonderbra" advertisements
 * Michaela Hlaváčková

Miscellaneous

 * Shlomo Breznitz (born 1936) – Israeli author, psychologist, and president of the University of Haifa
 * Ľudovít Lačný (1926–2019) – chess composer, FIDE master
 * Sándor Petőfi (1823–1849) – Hungarian national poet, born to a Slovak mother
 * Rudolf Vrba (1924–2006) – Auschwitz survivor, author of the Vrba-Wetzler report
 * Miriam Roth (1910–2005) – Israeli writer and scholar of children's books, kindergarten teacher, and educator
 * Vladimír Valach (1937–2006) – diplomat and banker

title: List of Slovaks