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Jockey

A jockey is someone who rides horses in horse racing or steeplechase racing, primarily as a profession. The word also applies to camel riders in camel racing. The word "jockey" originated from England and was used to describe the individual who rode horses in racing. They must be light, typically around a weight of 100–120 lb. (45–55 kg), and physically fit. They are typically self-employed, and are paid a small fee from the horse trainer and a percentage of the horse's winnings. The job has a very high risk of debilitating or life-threatening injuries.

Originally, in most countries, the jockeys were all male. Over time, female jockeys have been allowed to ride; thus, now there are many successful and well-known female jockeys.

Etymology
The word is by origin a diminutive of jock, the Northern English or Scots colloquial equivalent of the first name John, which is also used generically for "boy" or "fellow" (compare Jack, Dick), at least since 1529. A familiar instance of the use of the word as a name is in "Jockey of Norfolk" in Shakespeare's Richard III. v. 3, 304.

In the 16th and 17th centuries the word was applied to horse-dealers, postilions, itinerant minstrels and vagabonds, and thus frequently bore the meaning of a cunning trickster, a "sharp", whence the verb to jockey, "to outwit", or "to do" a person out of something. The current meaning of a person who rides a horse in races was first seen in 1670.

Physical characteristics

Jockeys must be light to ride at the weights which are assigned to their mounts. There are horse carrying weight limits that are set by racing authorities. The Kentucky Derby, for example, has a weight limit of 126 lb including the jockey's equipment. The weight of a jockey racing on the flat usually ranges from 108 to 118 lb. Despite their light weight, they must be able to control a horse that is moving at 40 mph and weighs 1190.5 lb. Though there is no height limit for jockeys, they are usually fairly short due to the weight limits.

Jockeys racing on the flat typically stand around 4 ft to 5 ft. Jump jockeys are often taller, with multiple examples over 5 ft. Lester Piggott, considered one of the greatest flat jockeys, was nicknamed "Longfellow" for his height of 5 ft, and Jack Andrews, who is 6 ft, can ride at a weight of 142 lb. Bruce Hobbs was at 6 ft the tallest jockey ever to win the Grand National.

Role

Jockeys are normally self employed, nominated by horse trainers to ride their horses in races, for a fee (which is paid regardless of the prize money the horse earns for a race) and a percentage of the purse winnings. In Australia, employment of apprentice jockeys is in terms of indenture to a master (a trainer); and there is a clear employee-employer relationship. When an apprentice jockey finishes their apprenticeship and becomes a "fully fledged jockey", the nature of their employment and insurance requirements change because they are regarded as "freelance", like contractors. Jockeys often cease their riding careers to take up other employment in racing, usually as trainers. In this way the apprenticeship system serves to induct young people into racing employment.

Jockeys usually start out when they are young, riding work in the morning for trainers, and entering the riding profession as apprentice jockeys. It is normally necessary for an apprentice jockey to ride a minimum of about 20 barrier trials successfully before being permitted to ride in races. An apprentice jockey is known as a "bug boy" because the asterisk that follows the name in the program looks like a bug. All jockeys must be licensed and usually are not permitted to bet on a race. An apprentice jockey has a master, who is a horse trainer, and the apprentice is also allowed to "claim" weight off the horse's back: in handicapped races, more experienced riders will have their horses given an extra amount of weight to carry, whereas a jockey in their apprenticeship will have less weight on their horse, giving trainers an incentive to hire these less-experienced jockeys. This weight allowance is adjusted according to the number of winners that the apprentice has ridden. After a four-year indentured apprenticeship, the apprentice becomes a senior jockey and usually develops relationships with trainers and individual horses. Sometimes senior jockeys are paid a retainer by an owner which gives the owner the right to insist the jockey ride their horses in races.

Racing modeled on the English Jockey Club spread throughout the world with colonial expansion.

Racing colours
The colours worn by jockeys in races are the registered "colours" of the owner or trainer who employs them. The practice of riders wearing colours probably stems from medieval times when jousts were held between knights. However, the origins of racing colours of various patterns may have been influenced by racing held in Italian city communities since medieval times. Purple, gold and or yellow/nude, Such traditional events are still held on town streets and are known for furious riding and the colorful spectacle they offer.

While the term "silks" is used in the United States to refer to racing colours, technically "silks" are the white breeches and bib, stock or cravat. Obtaining them is a rite of passage when a jockey is first able to don silken pants and colors in their first race ride. At one time silks were invariably made of silk chosen for being a lightweight fabric, though now synthetics are used instead. Silks and their colours are important symbols of loyalty and festivity.

Many of the silks bear chequered patterns, polka dots, stripes or icons such as quatrefoils. The wearing of silks originated in the United Kingdom. They were first mentioned in 1515, and the current system was formally established in the 1700s. Horses are identified as they race by the colourful, traditional silk shirts and helmets their jockeys wear, these representing the horses' owners. The colours need to be significantly different to serve this purpose and are registered by each Australian state's Principal Racing Authority (PRA). The silks of famous jockeys, horses and owners can fetch high prices at auction, suggesting the esteem in which history and tradition are held in horse racing. Although Racing Australia requires that all jockeys wear approved helmets and safety vests, racegoers are unaware of this latter safety equipment as it is worn beneath the silks. Jockeys also wear a 'skivvy' under the silks. On race days the skivvy chosen is a lightweight mesh or microfibre bodysuit, sleeved or sleeveless, whereas, for track work, a more heavy-duty version may be worn. Summarising, during an Australian race day, jockeys must wear the following: the helmet (or skullcap), goggles, silks, vest, breeches, gloves, boots, saddle and girth and stirrups.

Awards
Various awards are given annually by organizations affiliated with the sport of thoroughbred racing in countries throughout the world. They include:

 * Australia
 * Scobie Breasley Medal
 * Canada
 * Avelino Gomez Memorial Award
 * United Kingdom
 * Lester Award
 * Champion Flat Jockey Award
 * Champion Jump Jockey Award
 * United States
 * George Woolf Memorial Jockey Award
 * Isaac Murphy Award

Risk factors

Horse racing is a sport where jockeys may incur permanent, debilitating, and even life-threatening injuries. Chief among them include concussion, bone fractures, arthritis, trampling, and paralysis. Jockey insurance premiums remain among the highest of all professional sports. Between 1993 and 1996, 6,545 injuries occurred during official races for an injury rate of 606 per 1,000 jockey years. In Australia race riding is regarded as being the second most deadly job, after offshore fishing. From 2002 to 2006 five deaths and 861 serious injuries were recorded.

Eating disorders (such as anorexia) are also very common among jockeys, as they face extreme pressure to maintain unusually low (and specific) weights for men, sometimes within a five-pound (2.3 kg) margin. The bestselling biography, Seabiscuit: An American Legend chronicled the eating disorders of jockeys living in the first half of the twentieth century. As in the cases of champion jockey Kieren Fallon and Robert Winston, the pressure to stay light has been blamed in part for jockeys suffering agonies of thirst from dehydration while racing. Sports Dietitians Australia warns: "Dehydration and energy depletion may compromise concentration and coordination." Indeed, recent research carried out in association with the Irish Turf Club measured the effects of rapid weight loss to make weight in professional and apprentice jockeys and found significant levels of dehydration; however, cognitive function was maintained, suggesting jockeys had become accustomed to performing in a dehydrated state and had potentially developed a preventative mechanism to enable them to perform under these conditions.

In January 2016 it was announced that the International Concussion and Head Injury Research Foundation (ICHIRF) will run a new study. Named 'Concussion in Sport' it will be the first study to take a detailed look at the effects of concussion on sports people, including around 200 retired jockeys.

Female jockeys
Based on American statistics, women comprise only 14 percent of working jockeys and ride only 10 percent of all race starts.

Australia
During the 1850s, women-only horse-racing events were held in Victoria, Australia; women were not permitted to ride as professional jockeys or on professional tracks with men.

Although women jockeys were barred from riding at registered race meetings, in the mid-1900s Wilhemena Smith rode as Bill Smith at north Queensland racecourses. She was nicknamed Bill Girlie Smith because she arrived on course with her riding gear on under her clothes and did not shower on course. It was only at the time of her death in 1975 that the racing world was officially told that Bill was really Wilhemena. Subsequent inquiries proved that William Smith was actually a woman who had been born Wilhemena Smith in a Sydney hospital in 1886. In an era when women were clearly denied equality, she had become known as a successful jockey in Queensland country districts as 'Bill Smith'. Elizabeth Williams Berry rode in Melbourne and internationally, disguised as a boy and using the name, Jack Williams.

During the late 1960s, restrictions against female trainers were lifted in Australia, but female jockeys were still confined to "ladies only" events, which were held on non-professional tracks. The Victoria Racing Club in 1974 permitted women jockeys to be registered for professional "ladies only" events. In 1978 racing rules in New Zealand were amended to permit women jockeys.

In the late 1970s, pioneers such as Pam O'Neill in Australia and Linda Jones from New Zealand forced jockey club officials to grant women the right to compete on an equal footing in registered races against men. They were unquestionably the first women jockeys to be licensed to ride in the metropolitan areas of Australia. Previously women had been riding against men in Australia at the unregistered "all-height" meetings. Pam created a world record for any jockey, male or female, when she rode a treble at Southport on her first day's riding. Australia's top woman jockey, Bev Buckingham, became the first woman in the Southern Hemisphere to win 1,000 races. In 1998, in a fall at the Elwick Racecourse (Hobart), she broke her neck. She used a wheelchair for some time afterward, but regained her strength and mobility and was able to walk again without assistance.

In 2004–05, Clare Lindop won the Adelaide jockeys' premiership and became the first woman to win a metropolitan jockeys' premiership in mainland Australia. In 2005, Andrea Leek became the first woman to ride the winner of the Grand National Hurdle (4,300 m) at Flemington when she won aboard Team Heritage. In 2009 it was reported women account for 17% of jockeys in Victoria. But, they receive only 10% of the rides, and are often overlooked in favour of male jockeys, especially in the cities. In some regions of Australia about half of the apprentice jockey intakes are women.

In January 2015 at Mount Gambier, South Australia, all eight races on the card were won by women jockeys: Emily Finnegan (3 wins), Clare Lindop (2), Holly McKechnie (2) and Chelsea Jokic (1).

Michelle Payne became the first female jockey to win the Melbourne Cup on 3 November 2015.

Great Britain and Ireland
Women were initially banned from racing under Jockey Club rules in Britain, though records indicate that women rode, disguised as men, as early as 1804. In the Victorian era, Elizabeth Williams Berry of Australia, noted above, came to England and rode disguised as a man, continuing to use the name Jack Williams. To help her disguise, she smoked cigars and wore a bowler hat. In the 20th century, after many years of debate, a series of a dozen races was approved for female jockeys in 1972. Meriel Patricia Tufnell overcame childhood disability to ride the novice Scorched Earth to victory in the first race, the Goya Stakes at Kempton Park on 6 May 1972.

The first decade of the 21st century saw the profile of women jockeys rise considerably in British Flat racing. In 2005 Hayley Turner became Champion Apprentice rider, before becoming the first woman to ride 100 winners in a British season in 2008. Also in 2008, Kirsty Milczarek became the first woman to ride three winners at a single British race meeting, at Kempton in February. Milczarek rode 71 winners that year. This period saw the total number of female jockeys in British Flat racing rise significantly. Two further female jockeys have won the apprentice championship since Turner – Amy Ryan in 2012 and Josephine Gordon in 2016. This change has not applied in National Hunt racing, though amateur riders Nina Carberry and Katie Walsh (sister of Ruby Walsh) have gained success in Ireland and ridden winners at the Cheltenham Festival. In the 2010 National Hunt Chase at the Cheltenham Festival the winner and runner-up were both ridden by female jockeys. Katie Walsh was on board Poker de Sivola finishing ahead of Becauseicouldntsee which was ridden by Nina Carberry.

On Boxing Day 2015 Lizzie Kelly became the first female jockey to win a grade one race in Britain, on Tea For Two in the Kauto Star Novices' Chase at Kempton Park. Lizzie Kelly won another grade 1 in 2017. It was the Betway Bowl at the Grand National Festival, on Tea For Two. In the 2016/17 season Rachael Blackmore became the first female jockey to win the Irish Conditional Jockeys title. In 2018 Lizzie Kelly became the first female professional jockey to ride a winner at the Cheltenham Festival. She rode Coo Star Sivola in the Ultima handicap chase. In 2019 Bryony Frost became the first female jockey to ride a grade 1 winner at the Cheltenham Festival. She rode Frodon in the Ryanair Chase. In 2021, Rachael Blackmore became the first female jockey to win the Grand National, the most valuable jump race in Europe.

New Zealand
In Thoroughbred racing in New Zealand women are over 40% of jockeys.

The first win by a woman in New Zealand was visiting Canadian jockey Joan Phipps, at Te Awamutu in November 1977.

Linda Jones is believed to be the first New Zealand woman to apply for an apprentice's licence, however she was turned down. She had ridden in a number of lady riders events over many years in New Zealand and overseas such as in Brazil, which highlighted that New Zealand and Australia were outliers in not allowing women to compete with male jockeys in professional races. She persevered and the New Zealand Racing Conference eventually accepted female jockeys. They became eligible to ride on 15 July 1978 with the first New Zealand woman to ride in a totalisator race in New Zealand being Joanne Hale (Giles) on that day at Waimate. Sue Day (Christchurch), Joanne Lamond (Oamaru) and Vivienne Kaye (Awapuni) also rode in later races on that same day.

Sue Day became the first New Zealand female jockey winner in a totalisator race against males on 22 July 1978 when she won with the Ned Thistoll-trained Jaws in the Waybrook Handicap at Timaru. Another female jockey riding then was Cherie Saxon (Hastings).

Linda Jones' first win was on Big Bickies at Te Rapa and soon after she won with Royal Petite, the first Open Handicap winner for a female jockey. Subsequent highlight wins for Jones were Lovaro in the Queen Elizabeth Handicap and Holy Toledo in the Wellington Derby on 22 January 1979 (possibly the first female jockey world-wide to win a Derby). Jones was also the first female jockey to win a professional race against males at a registered meeting in Australia, winning aboard Pay The Purple in the Labour Day Cup at Doomben Racecourse, Brisbane on May 7, 1979.

In 1982 Maree Lyndon was the first female jockey to win a Group I race in New Zealand when winning the New Zealand Cup on Sirtain.

In 1986 Trudy Thornton became the first woman jockey to ride in New Zealand's longest thoroughbred race, the Great Northern Steeplechase. In 1995, Tina Egan was the first woman to win the race.

In 1997 Catherine Hutchinson (nee Tremayne) was the first female jockey to ride six winners in a day, which she did at Ruakaka.

In 2005 and 2006 Lisa Cropp won the New Zealand jockeys' premierships. In recent years the New Zealand jockeys premiership has been won by Lisa Allpress (2012, 2016, 2019 and 2020), Samantha Collett (2018) and Danielle Johnson (2021).

In April 2017 at Timaru eight of the nine races on the card were won by women jockeys: Alysha Collett, Kylie Williams, Tina Comignaghi, Amanda Morgan and Samantha Wynne.

On 10 October 2019 at Tauherenikau Racecourse all eight races were won by women riders: Rosie Myers (4 races), Lisa Allpress (2), Charlotte O'Beirne (A) and Leah Mischewski.

United States and Canada
Eliza Carpenter (1851 – 1924) was an early African-American race horse owner. In Ponca City, Oklahoma, she trained horses for racing, becoming one of the few African-American stable owners in the West. When dissatisfied with the way a race was going, she sometimes would ride her own horses as a jockey, winning some races. Recorded names of her horses include "Irish Maid", "Blue Bird", "Jimmy Rain", "Sam Carpenter", and "Little Brown Jug", the last of which she reportedly raced at Tijuana, Baja California.

Anna Lee Aldred (1921 – 2006) was given a license at age 18 in 1939 at Agua Caliente Racetrack in Tijuana, Mexico, when officials were unable to find a rule that would bar women jockeys and she finished second by a nose in her first professional race. Hollywood stuntwoman Alice Van-Springsteen (1918 – 2008) also rode as a jockey and was one of the first women ever to receive a trainer's license for Thoroughbred horses.

Wantha Davis (1918 – 2012) was known to have won over 1,000 races in the 1930s, 40s and 50s, including a famous 1949, six furlong match-race against Johnny Longden at Agua Caliente. She rode at some state-sanctioned pari-mutuel tracks, but without a license, most events were of the dusty county fair and half-mile variety of the western circuit. Even though she was always in demand as a training jockey, her applications for a license were turned down in state after state.

Twelve years after Davis retired, the "modern era of female jockeys" began when Olympic equestrian and show jumping competitor Kathy Kusner, who had also ridden as a jockey, successfully sued the Maryland Racing Commission for a jockey's license in 1967 under the Civil Rights Act. She won her case in 1968 and became one of the earliest women to be licensed in the United States, though an injury prevented her from racing at the time. In late 1968, Penny Ann Early was the first woman to earn a mount as a licensed Thoroughbred jockey in the U.S., when she entered three races at Churchill Downs in November, but the male jockeys announced a boycott of those races, and so she could not ride. On 7 February 1969, Diane Crump was the first licensed woman rider to ride in a parimutuel Thoroughbred race in the United States at the Hialeah Park Race Track in Florida. She required a police escort to get to the paddock. Two weeks later, on 22 February at Charles Town in West Virginia, Barbara Jo Rubin became the first woman to win a race, and went on to win 11 of her first 22. Others soon followed suit and over the years American women jockeys have proven their ability. Julie Krone's 3,704 victories is the most by an American woman and, at least nineteen others have each ridden more than 1,000 winners.

For the most part Canada has generally followed the lead of the U.S. in opportunities for women riders. Canada has far fewer tracks than the U.S. and to date Canada has only two female jockeys with 1,000 wins. However, in both actual and relative numbers as well as overall success rate, Canada has surpassed its southern neighbor in opportunities for women at the highest level; their respective Triple Crown series: Starting with Joan Phipps in the 1973 Breeders' Stakes, 10 different women have competed in 30 Canadian Triple Crown races, with a combined 2 wins, 3 places, 4 shows. Moreover, while no US Triple Crown race has ever featured more than one female rider, that feat has occurred on 10 occasions in Canada, and 3 different women—Francine Villeneuve, Chantal Sutherland and Emma-Jayne Wilson—have raced in all three Canadian races. Sutherland has done it twice over and Wilson thrice over.

By comparison, since Diane Crump rode in the 1970 Kentucky Derby, six different women have competed in U.S. Triple Crown events, some multiple times: 10 times in the Derby, four times in the Preakness and nine times in the Belmont. with a combined record of one win, one place, one show. Julie Krone is the only woman to have won a US Triple Crown race, on Colonial Affair in the 1993 Belmont. With appearances in the 2011 Kentucky Derby, the 2012 Belmont Stakes and the 2013 Preakness Stakes, Rosie Napravnik became the first woman to ride in all three of the U.S. Triple Crown races. In 2013, Napravnik also became the first woman to ride in all three US Triple Crown races in the same year, and is the only woman to have won the Kentucky Oaks, which she has won twice.

Robot jockeys
To replace child jockeys whose use had been deplored by human rights organizations, a camel race in Doha, Qatar, for the first time featured robots at the reins. On 13 July 2005, workers fixed robotic jockeys on the backs of seven camels and raced the machine-mounted animals around a track. Operators controlled the jockeys remotely, signalling them to pull their reins and prod the camels with whips.

Early history of African American jockeys
In North America during the 1800s, horse racing was primarily performed by African American slaves. Plantation owners would bring their slaves and their horses to other plantations and organize and bet on races. When horse racing became more mainstream, slaves and free blacks were involved with horse racing though most were identified with precarious work of grooming, feeding, breaking, exercising, and other auxiliary chores connected with the sport. Then they would work their way up to trainers, and then to full time racers. By the end of the 1800s horse racing was almost exclusively ran by African American jockeys. The three most successful black racers being Isaac Murphy, Willie Simms, and Jimmy Winkfield, with Murphy winning the Kentucky Derby in 1884, 1887, and 1890. This dominance of the sport by African Americans came to an abrupt stop in 1896 when Plessy vs. Ferguson was decided basically legalizing segregation. This led to the eradication of African American jockeys.

title: Jockey


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Wikipedia talk:Main Page/Temp5

< Talk:Main Page/Layout design

The creation of temp page 5
Ha, I was going to start on this, per Talk:Main Page/Temp4, but you beat me to it. Don't you have got the browse section and the rest of the dynamic content backwards? It seems like the news should all stay together. I won't meddle for a while though, since you just started it. -- Merphant 23:34, 29 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Please feel free to meddle. I should be asleep anyway. Angela 23:42, 29 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Well, if you insist... :) Ok, I did what I suggested above. -- Merphant 07:07, 30 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I can't see the box which had "new?" and other languages in now. It's there in the source code though. I think the news section should be 1/3 of the page and the browse section 2/3s. Angela 07:47, 30 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Hmm, must be a browser thing. It looks fine to me on Mozilla/Linux. Which browser/OS are you using? Is the "New?" box off the right side of the page, or is it gone entirely? The way it is [supposed to be] now is news: 1/2 and browse: 1/2, with the image and sidebar part taking up the top of the right half. Does that make any sense? If you feel like it, see if you can get it to look right on your browser; it's my turn to sleep now :) -- Merphant 08:02, 30 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I'm using IE 6.0. Windows XP Pro. The "New?" box was completely invisible. How does it look to you now?

Angela 08:18, 30 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Excellent! :) Thanks for this - it was somewhat beyond my HTML skills.

I think it would look better if the "New" and "Browse" bits had less width, and the featured articles had slightly more width. We could trim down the browse section a little, perhaps reducing the amount of white space - but more importantly, reducing the number of links while increasing their quality.

However, that probably first requires some more good list articles to link to, so I guess I'll get to work doing that. :) Martin 10:48, 30 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * How about making the browse section look a bit like the one on Main Page/Temp3? Not with those categories - just that size etc. Angela 21:22, 30 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Well, I've cut the browse section down to two columns and put it entirely under the "new" box. Hopefully it displays ok, since I used some div tags to simplify the code. I think it looks ok. Ironically, it's very similar to the first revision of /Temp4. -- Merphant 06:37, 31 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I like it, but I think there should be a row going all alonmg the bottom for other langauge Wikipedias, and for the English versions of the Sister projects. - fonzy

 * How's this? -- Merphant 23:56, 1 Aug 2003 (UTC)

I tried something, and I've faffed the markup up, somehow, but I wonder if my intent is clear. It avoids cramping the bit on Mars, like this, by moving the picture over. I still think New? should be in yellow, btw. Martin 01:10, 2 Aug 2003 (UTC)

I'm not sure on this. The picture looks funny overlapping the box, and it makes it look like the picture is related to the "New" section when it's meant to be related to "Featured Articles". It is better less cramped though. Angela 01:21, 2 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Ok, the image and the "new" box are separate cells in a table now, and display fine on my browser; but now there is a space above and below that table that I can't seem to get rid of. Any ideas? -- Merphant 03:36, 2 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I think I fixed it. How does it look? -- Merphant 04:14, 2 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I like it, because it feels less cramped like that, but I'm interested whether Angela thinks it fixes the image association problem? Martin

It's definitely better. I'm not sure if the 'image association' is much of a problem. Perhaps with other pictures it would be more obvious that the picture is associated with the featured article. I think this should be the Main page now. Angela 13:31, 2 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Hmm, not yet - I think we can do better with the browse section. Also, I reckon we need to practice updating the dynamic content for a week or so, to make sure that it's a sensible amount of work, and iron out any issues with that.
 * I'm going to delete my version and redirect it here :) Martin 13:59, 2 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * What do you think the browse section needs? -- Merphant

 * Better links. Currently it's got links to specific articles, which is all well and good, but not very useful for browsing. As a comparison, list of countries would be better than Germany as a front page link.

 * But that can be done seperately, and what we've got is good. I'm with Angela now. Shall we ask other people what they think? Martin

 * I think people should have been given the chance to vote on this version before it went live on the main page. My comment above was just my vote - I was not saying it should just be put on immediately. Angela 17:30, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I've started a vote at Talk:Main Page/Layout design - I think we've got a winning proposal here. Martin 20:31, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Image association
I think we definitely need a better association of the image with the featured article before making this the live version.—Eloquence 22:59, Aug 4, 2003 (UTC)

 * What did you have in mind? This revision was changed because it squished the "featured articles" text. Would adding a caption to the image be helpful? -- Merphant

 * I'd suggest using the old format, and making the image smaller.—Eloquence 23:41, Aug 4, 2003 (UTC)

 * All right, how does this look? -- Merphant 00:27, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I like it. Any layout that has Mars in it gets my vote. ;-) I personally would like to wait with the switchover until we have a new logo, so we can announce the change in combination.—Eloquence

 * I like the new smaller image too. I don't object to waiting, but I don't think the change is that big that we actually need to wait. Angela 00:46, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Browser issues

 * The page does not validate. It contains "" in a few places. Perhaps if these and other things were sorted out it might be more cross-browser compatible. I've only checked it in IE6. Angela

 * This is an issue with the wiki software; it looks like it turns the wikilink into an, and then wraps it with an because it's a section heading. This isn't great, but I don't think it's the cause of the current display problems. Does the page look ok to you on IE6? People were having trouble on IE5 I believe.-- Merphant 02:28, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Apparently IE doesn't render this page the way we want it to; it extends off the right side of the page:

I've tried to fix this, but it would be helpful if people who are having this problem and who know HTML could look at it. -- Merphant 02:14, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * It's never been a problem for me (IE6) - something to do with IE5? Martin

 * <!--- comment here -->
 * <!--- comment here -->

 * The above wiki-code introduces a spurious <p> - I edited the page to fix this, so the only validation errors remaining are the </a></a> ones that we're stuck with. Martin 09:04, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * On the village pump, SimonP says this is now fixed... Martin

Other languages / Sister projects secion
I wrapped this section in tables. Mav was right, it was ugly. It's a bit longer now, and it clutters the source with even more HTML, but IMHO it looks better. For some reason, adding those tables also made a space appear at the bottom of the "New?" box, between the /div and the /td tag. I have absolutely no idea why, since I can't see anything in the wiki source or the generated HTML that would cause that. I think this is a bug with Mozilla, since it's not there in Konqueror. -- Merphant 22:30, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I don't like the "Wikipedia In Other Languages" being in two columns like that. It has too much space to the right of it. The way it was before, the bottom of the grey box aligned with the bottom of the purple box. Now the grey one extends too far. I don't see any difference in the space under the "new?" box using IE6. Angela 23:26, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * You're right, it was a bit long. Now it's in 3 columns. It still passes the purple box a little, but with the current structure it's not going to line up perfectly anyway. I like the columns because it's impossible to pick out any links with the letters so small like that. We could change the "browse" box so that it reaches to the bottom, but that would just put a bunch of empty purple space under the "other categories". -- Merphant 23:51, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks Merphant, that's much better. I made the grey box 100% and the columns 33% so it would stretch out to prevent the extra space on the right on a 1024 screen, but will squish back in for smaller screens. Angela 23:53, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)

The most recent version is illegibly small, at least to me. I have a good 19-inch monitor, and I'm already wearing my bifocals. So my conditions aren't perfect, but they're good. Vicki Rosenzweig 01:13, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Main Page Appearance - village pump
Does the main page look like this on other browsers?

Ксйп Cyp 18:46, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * Are you referring to the new layout? If you are, apparently there was a "vote" on it (which I was unaware of, myself). -- Notheruser 18:50, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry. I misinterperated the vote on dynamic content, thinking that the majority, which was in favor of adding dynamic content, wanted to use Temp5. The IE display bug for some reason doesn't affect me.LDan 16:30, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)

I was thinking of the text on the right, which isn't visible without scrolling to the right. Ксйп Cyp 18:54, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Seems to have been reverted. Perhaps the problem was it was too big for 800x600? Was that your resolution? Evercat 19:05, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Actually, slightly higher resolution, 1280x1024. (If I go higher than x1024, the refresh rate drops to 75Hz or worse, which looks horrible.) No matter how big or small I made the window, the main page scaled to be just the right amount too wide. (Extra width of page seemed to be the width of the wikipedia bar on the left.) Ксйп Cyp 20:24, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Having said that, Main Page/Temp5 seems OK even in smaller windows. What browser were you using? Evercat 19:07, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I had the same problem. I'm using IE with a resolution of 960x720 and the edge of the page is cut off for me on both the temp page and the main page. - SimonP 19:31, Aug 4, 2003 (UTC)

 * Using Internet Exploiter, too. (Version 5.00.3502.1000/SP3.) Ксйп Cyp 20:24, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * That's an IE bug. It can be fixed. -- Tarquin 20:26, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Hmm, it looks like the chopped-off part is about the width of the quickbar. How does it look if you turn off the quickbar in your preferences? -- Merphant 22:53, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * It looks fine, there is just a smidgen of scrolling room without the quickbar. But I also don't think abandoning the quick bar is a viable solution. - SimonP 01:25, Aug 5, 2003 (UTC)

 * No, of course not; I was trying to determine the problem, since it looks fine on Mozilla. I was thinking that the width of the table is "100%", and that IE might not include the width of the quickbar in that figure. The layout has changed a little, btw. Does it still go off the page? -- Merphant 01:48, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I'm afraid there's no change. - SimonP 02:01, Aug 5, 2003 (UTC)

 * How about now? Followup to Talk:Main Page/Temp5. -- Merphant 02:09, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Great job, it looks perfect now. - SimonP 12:05, Aug 5, 2003 (UTC)

Colored box
I put the dynamic content in a colored box. I'm not too crazy about the color, but I think it adds some more structure to the page. Now it's even closer to the the first revision of /Temp4. Funny that it took so long to get here...

Anyway, I think this might resolve some issues people have with the page being too cluttered; IMHO it's way less cluttered than the current main page. And there's still about 1 em of white space below the "new" box on Mozilla. What is that??

Oh, and I also removed temp4's talk form this page; the first sentence on this talk page links to it if anyone wants to read it. This talk page is getting big enough anyway. -- Merphant 09:07, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Mav/LDan - why have you added additional small tags to this? It looks way too small now, and the grey and purple boxes no longer line up. Using IE on a 1024 screen. Angela 01:21, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC) and 21:24, 8 Aug 2003.

 * Oh - I get it now. Only took me 7 weeks to understand. It is very ugly in Firebird. Angela 12:18, Sep 21, 2003 (UTC)

-

New?
I find the table heading "New?" confusing, because it first and foremost meant "New stuff here [in Wikipedia]?". We could plainly say "Are you new here?". If that's too long, just "You new?" :-} --Menchi 23:10, Aug 7, 2003 (UTC)

 * Or "New Users" Angela 23:25, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * "New to Wikipedia?". I don't find it very confusing Matthewmayer 23:43, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Changed it to "New to Wikipedia?" -- Merphant 23:48, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Discussion
I quite like the new layout, except on my browser (screen resolution 960x720) I cannot see the right hand side of it, without scrolling. It cuts out at about the end of the word 'political' in politcal science. - SimonP 17:30, Aug 4, 2003 (UTC)

 * Funny, that doesn't happen to me. I can narrow it down to 500 px on IE. LDan 01:09, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * It has happened to others as well see Talk:Main Page/Temp5 (originally on village pump) for a longer discussion of the issue. - SimonP 01:50, Aug 5, 2003 (UTC) (edited for links - Martin)

 * now fixed... Martin

Great new look! It really gives a good impression of a wide variety of content. I presume that that image of Mars was specially sized for this layout? If that is the case, instead of making a new mini image each week, why not just have "Main page thumbnail" and overwrite that which a new image each time we change the featured article? -- Tarquin 20:27, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Yep, that's a neat idea - save filling up image uploads with lots of 100 width images... Martin 20:33, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I agree. Unfortunately, in both cases, any logged in user can overwrite the image with goatse.cx ..—Eloquence

 * We can't protect images yet, can we? Martin

Balance of the sides
I think it looks alright, but for me (Netscape 7), the "Browse Wikipedia" section extends further down than the "Wikipedia in Other Languages" section. I don't know exactly how far - it's about two lengths of the mouse arrow, if that helps. It works in IE, but I rarely ever use IE, so I'll have to withhold my vote for now:) Adam Bishop 22:48, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)

The right hand side overlaps the left slightly, the very right of the Mars picture is a bit covered by about a half-mouse-arrow-width. Otherwise looks correct, I think. (IE 5.00.3502.1000/SP3) Ксип Cyp 23:00, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Dealing with objections
Here are the objections from the vote page. Please leave ideas for dealing with these below.

 * 1) Too stuffed and confusing.
 * 2) Too much detail.
 * 3) Should have a search box visible in the page not above it.
 * 4) Uses tables for layout.

Stuffed and confusing
IMO it is less stuffed and confuing than the current main page. That doesn't mean it can't get better, though. Perhaps we could revive Main Page/Temp4?? -- Merphant 23:45, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Stuffed... perhaps we just need more padding between the "table" cells? Martin

Too much detail
Does this mean the 'featured articles' part? I think that's the best part if it; it puts the links in context. -- Merphant 23:45, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Search box in the page
Is this possible with the current software? This would require Javascript and forms. The wiki parser won't pass those html tags. -- Merphant 23:45, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Tables
I have replaced the unnecessary tables with divs. I left the tables that clean up the 'other languages' and 'browse' sections, since I think tables are best suited for that...

Problems with this:
 * 1) The dynamic content is in the middle of the source now. This is hard to edit.
 * 2) The purple and gray boxes don't line up.

I am happy to report, however, that my annoying white space in Mozilla is gone :) Maybe someone with more CSS skills can fix the other problems. -- Merphant 23:37, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * This is bad. Please can someone who doesn't need to wake up in 3 hours revert it to tables. It doesn't work. I tried positioning the div so it would be at the top, not hovering down below the right-hand column, and it now overlaps the footer stuff. I'm not sure CSS is going to work when we are only manipulating part of the page, not the headers, footers and sidebar. Are tables really that bad? Angela 01:59, 8 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * Tables are fine, but there's a small crowd of people who support whatever the W3C says is the latest "standard" and insists that it be used for everything. I personally use tables for all my websites because they are still much more reliable than CSS-positioning. Oh, and three hours? Sheesh, that's harsh. Even I need more sleep than that.—Eloquence 02:01, Aug 8, 2003 (UTC)

Ok, it uses tables again now. And the dynamic content is back on the top where it should be. -- Merphant 04:37, 8 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * Thanks Merphant. Angela 06:41, 8 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Link to WikiMedia
Where would a link to WikiMedia go (when there is content at the WikiMedia website, anyway...) Matthewmayer 23:49, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * "Sister Projects" probably. But WikiMedia is more like a mother project, hierarchically. But how can a mother exist after the daughter? :o) --Menchi 23:52, Aug 7, 2003 (UTC)

Bugs
The 2 halves have split off in IE 5. It didn't a few minutes ago. --Menchi 23:54, Aug 7, 2003 (UTC)

 * Probably a result of replacing the tables with divs. The tables were there for a reason: compatibility. Hopefully someone will come along who can fix the problem using CSS. I'll work on it, but I don't have IE... -- Merphant 23:58, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Add a secondary cover page
If 'featured articles' is to stay, then I suggest moving 'Wikimedia' and 'Browse Wikipedia' section to a secondary main page. Like the index page of a magazine.

I prefer a clean, simple cover page. Not a page with tonnes of stuffs in it. - wshun 00:38, 8 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * This page used to be a lot cleaner; look at some earlier revisions of Main Page/Temp4, which eventually morphed into temp5. But people seem to want a lot of info on the main page. The question is, how do we do that while keeping it simple? -- Merphant

 * I think the amount of info on the page is just about right. If anything, I'd slaughter the category section and add some more whitespace instead.—Eloquence 00:55, Aug 8, 2003 (UTC)
 * Agree. But add a link (at the size bar or at the top, maybe) to a page of category section. wshun 01:40, 8 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Well, with slaughter I did not mean "get rid of entirely". I'd say keep about 10 meta-categories which point to lower levels. This should work fine with Magnus' category system, which will go live soon (already in the development version). I will help with the organization once that's up and running, but for design purposes I'd just suggest to remove most of the categories and to keep about 10 example links there until we move to the new system.—Eloquence 01:45, Aug 8, 2003 (UTC)

Anyway, keep it simple, keep it simple, keep it simple,..... wshun 02:54, 8 Aug 2003 (UTC)

A simplified category scheme is shown in Main Page/Temp3. Should this be used here instead? Angela 06:41, 8 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Let's wait for the software change, so we know more what we're dealing with. Martin

Small vs large
Isn't there some browser bug that causes <small> to sometimes get ignored? Is this the problem here? (I know that's vague...)Martin

 * But if their browsers were ignoring the small tags, why did they want extra small tags in? There was already a set of small tags around the whole table, and LDan and Mav both tried to put extra ones inside. On IE6, it made everything double-small. Angela 00:51, 9 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Maybe only sometimes, though. Eg, if <small> is on the outside of a table. Worth a try, anyway - see if they're happy with it now. Martin

Did you know...?
I take it the idea is to change this on a weekly basis or so? Sort of like the tips you get when you start some applications? Martin

 * I hope so. Or it becomes something of a nag on what we've known for 2 years. "Dija? Dija???" --

 * On a second thought, that section is probably just inappropriately named. "Login->better!" should probably stay there for at least several weeks, for we always have newcomers. --Menchi 01:10, Aug 9, 2003 (UTC)

 * I dunno - sites are always trying to beg people to register an account - I think it's rather refreshing that, by and large, we don't. You only really need an account if you're something of a power user. Martin

 * True. Being so beggy doesn't look attractive. --Menchi 01:32, Aug 9, 2003 (UTC)

 * Currently the majority seems to be against this layout (never start a vote before you have tried to accommodate people's concerns!), so the discussion may be moot, but I intended the section to be replaced regularly, in tip of the day fashion. Past tips could be archived on a special page.—Eloquence 01:30, Aug 9, 2003 (UTC)

 * I like this idea. Martin

 * Since we have a limited amount of did-you-know tips we can offer to newbies/Anons, maybe we can use a circulating automated thing, where if you press refresh/reload on your broswer, you get a different tip. --Menchi 01:32, Aug 9, 2003 (UTC)

 * Limited amount? Ha! Each new page in the Wikipedia: namespace that is created is a new tip of the day. Each completed mailing list discussion can be turned into a tip of the day. Each new feature can become a tip of the day. Every time you see something on Wikipedia and scratch your head and think "Huh! I didn't know it works like this", you have a tip of the day waiting to be written. We could probably have a tip every hour and still not run out of helpful advice anytime soon.—Eloquence 02:29, Aug 9, 2003 (UTC)

 * We could have a page like Tip of the day with a long list of tips and have it connected with software to a tag like that, when put on a page, displays a random tip from the Wikipedia:Tip of the day page. Even if there were 1000 tips, they would still all be displayed randomly, and we wouldn't have to change it every hour. This might be difficult to impliment, though. LDan 00:07, 12 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Heh, we did try to accommodate people's concerns... but in addressing some concerns, it seems we created others... ahh well. Martin

Main page as disambigulation
Part of the problem with the front page is that we are trying to do too many things on it. Why not use it as a more graphically intensive disambigulation page? In other words, it doesn't try to cram in everything but should contain links which a new user can follow explaining what wiki is and how it works. For example;

 * What is wikipedia? - a page telling the history of wiki, when it was founded, how many users it has had, how many articles it has, how the community works, the wiki-list, etc

 * Using wikipedia - how to find things, how to edit, use of usernics, links to naming conventions, an explanation of NPOV, what is OK and not OK on wiki.

 * So you want to start? - a graphic-orientated practical example of how a text is edited, with a sandbox which could be used by a first time user.

 * Category index - containing much of the stuff crammed onto the front page now.

The front page should contain

 * a strong corporate identity through use of font, layout, colour scheme and logo;

 * links to a small number of sample articles and categories;

 * the current top list of current events, deaths, anniversaries with more explanation;

 * links to the above pages or whatever number is suggested, answering the questions What is?, Where is? How do I? All too many users come onto wiki not knowing much about it or how to use it. That is their right, but if you do want to find out factual basics, where do you go right now to find them out? I'm still finding out about procedural pages (eg, on voting) that I never knew about, and I have been here 10 months! Most of the information I know I stumbled on or learned through mistakes or finding a link to something I never knew anything about. A more streamlined set of sources linked to one page (the main one), rather than found through a link to a link to a link etc., would make it easier for everyone.  FearÉIREANN 03:29, 10 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I have proposed a similar but not-so-detail idea on . So Wikipedia becomes a blend of encyclopedia and magazine. Interesting. But it is then a completely new design (killer of Temp5?). ^_^ wshun 03:40, 10 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Lists
I made most of the sections into a bunch of lists; this is an experiment. What works for me here is that:

 * The dynamic content section is wider.
 * Each news snippet is smaller and to the point like a little headline.
 * The categories have been cut way back.
 * Lots of redundant info is gone; pages link to it.

I tried to incorporate some suggestions from Talk:Main Page/Layout design and this page. If you don't like it, you know what to do... -- Merphant 11:45, 14 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * I like it. It looks good in IE6 and Mozilla 1.4. Angela

 * Much better, not so overcrowded as before. How about adding a link to other language versions at the very top of the main page?  wshun 23:41, 17 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * The first sentence links to Multilingual coordination, which has a list of languages. I guess it's not very clear that that's where the link goes. I added an explicit link under the "Other Category Schemes" at the bottom. -- Merphant

Main Page
Just a note: It is nice to see the large number of small improvements made to the Concorde article since it showed up on the Wikipedia front page. Goes to show the importance of rotating a lot of article links to the front page.

 * Hence my argument for more dynamic content at Talk:Main Page/Layout design and support for Main Page/Temp5. Ho hum. Martin 23:17, 24 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * It's been two months - perhaps time to revisit it? But only in terms of new ideas for the page -not another vote so soon after the logo vote. Angela

 * Seems to depend on the article. Articles on less sexy topics can spend a week on the main page with nary a change. -- Viajero 17:22, 25 Oct 2003 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikipedia talk:Main Page/Temp5


text:
RF probe

An RF probe is a device which allows electronic test equipment to measure radio frequency (RF) signal in an electronic circuit.

History
In 1980 Reed Gleason and Eric Strid invented the first high frequency wafer probe while working at Tektronix. They later went on to found Cascade Microtech in 1983.

RF energy may be challenging to measure for one or more reasons, depending on the nature of the circuit to be measured and the measuring equipment at hand.

The first kind of difficulty arises when the RF energy to be measured is at a frequency too high for available test equipment, such as a low-bandwidth oscilloscope, to process directly. In that case, the RF has to be converted to a DC or near-DC signal.

In this situation, a simple probe type sometimes called an RF detector can be used to convert the RF signal to DC. Such device will work as a RF rectifier and give a pulsed DC voltage.

The second kind of difficulty arises when RF energy has to be measured in a circuit which is sensitive to small changes in its electrical environment. For example, with some oscillator circuits, the presence of an ordinary wire within a few centimeters of the active components may change the amplitude or frequency of oscillations, or even prevent the circuit from oscillating at all. In that case, the signal has to be acquired by a measurement probe which extracts very little energy from the circuit. This can be achieved by employing very thin conductors, or tiny coils kept at some minimum separation from the active elements of the circuit.

In a situation, where circuit loading rather than high frequency is the real problem, a variety of small-geometry, high impedance probes can be used, sometimes including an amplifier to boost the tiny amount of energy extracted from the circuit to a level that allows it to be measured by available high-frequency test equipment.

Coaxial structures with spring-loaded inner and outer conductors can serve as an RF probe for modern communication electronics. Such probes are for instance being used in mass-production, in-line testing of communication electronics such as mobile phone industry. RF probes are especially relevant for switches and RF traces in printed circuit boards as well as terminations of RF components. In such systems, like many other RF circuits, there is a higher requirement of matching probe impedance with that of the DUT. Efficient matching avoids reflection which in turn leads to efficient power transfer. The second challenge to keep the power transfer efficient, is to keep the insertion loss as low as possible. Optimizing these parameters generally gets more challenging as the frequency increases.

title: RF probe


text:
Talk:1996 in music

No order
The list of albums released should have some sort of order, either alphabetical or by release date.
 * I started this now, but since I have to go, I had to leave half of it not finished. If someone have the time, PLEASE do this. It's not that much left. - Aki 15:19, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

Edit war
Hello little kids. Can you enlighten us as to why you're using this as the spot to stage your fighting?
 * It's not an edit war. It's a repeatedly banned user (User:Michael) attempting to add garbage to Wikipedia. He likes to use deceiving edit summaries ("Reverted to last edit..."). -- Notheruser 23:49, 29 Jul 2003 (UTC)

A Northern Soul
A Northern Soul'' - The Verve removed. Is a 1995 album.

Subsection headings - Awards and Charts
I've removed the subsection headings in the Awards and Charts sections. Most of these subsections simply point to main articles elsewhere; I feel they're unnecessary and making navigation of this article unwieldy. Alchemagenta (talk) 12:00, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.seattlepi.com/archives/1996/9601180034.asp
 * In 1996 in music on 2011-05-25 06:22:53, 404 Not Found
 * In 1996 in music on 2011-06-08 04:21:57, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 04:22, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 2
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.buffettworld.com/incidents/jamaicamistaica/
 * In 1996 in music on 2011-05-25 06:22:54, 404 Not Found
 * In 1996 in music on 2011-06-08 04:22:07, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 04:22, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 3
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.cbc.ca/arts/story/2006/10/19/genesis-reunion.html
 * In 1996 in music on 2011-05-25 06:22:53, 404 Not Found
 * In 1996 in music on 2011-06-08 04:22:16, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 04:22, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

Top 10 Albums?
I noticed that this year didn't have any top ten albums of the year. Why is that? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tha90s4life (talk • contribs) 19:55, 28 April 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Top Hits Section
This section needs a cleanup. There's no given criteria for what a "top hit" is so it has become bloated with songs that were minor hits at best. Even songs that don't seem to have charted at all, like P.O.D's Breathe Babylon"..or the album(?!) "Motel California" by Ugly Kid Joe that charted at #128 in the UK and no where else... Also quite a few songs by Mexican singer Lynda Thomas are included. I'm not familiar with her songs and can't find chart positions for any of them. Were all these song really big in Latin America? If they weren't please delete them. Thanks. Bennv3771 (talk) 05:20, 17 March 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:1996 in music