text:
Talk:Sexual attraction

Pheromones
Pheromones are controversial, actually modern scientific community tend to go in the "humans no longer use pheromone" category. Also physical attractiveness or the way you intake somebody through your senses is not the only way to have sexual attraction, culture have shown us that Social Status(and thus the understanding of behaviors) plays a big role too. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.23.69.115 (talk) 15:32, 13 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Do you wanna have fun at min 92.23.248.90 (talk) 00:33, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

Reproduction
Regarding the assertion "Although in many species it serves no immediate reproductive goal" - I'll suggest that it does not serve any reproductive "goal" in most species. For example, oysters do not set "goals", although they do have sex. My guess is that oysters and other animals have sex because they enjoy doing so. Sexual activity is a step in sexual reproduction, but I think it's safe to say that oysters, birds, cats etc. (and for that matter, a substantial number of humans) do not know this, much less set it as a "goal." -- Gyrofrog (talk) 20:15, 23 November 2007 (UTC)

Serious NPOV issue: sexual attraction in humans is not distinct from other forms of attraction
Is Wikipedia seriously attempting to say that sexual attraction is an attribute *only* of humans? Not even of primates or other mammals but only humans? This article needs to be named human sexual attraction and even more correctly modern human sexual attraction. A more correct factoring of articles would be:
 * sexual attraction covering the subject the way, say National Geographic Wild Sex would, each species being treated as interesting in its own right - part of biology not specific to humans
 * primate sexual attraction covering what is known about monkeys, Great Apes especially bonobos (nearest human relative) and any theories of early human sexuality that predate our involvement in tame civilized modern societies - part of primatology not specific to humans
 * modern human sexual attraction acknowledging that we know absolutely nothing about pre-modern or pre-state-society humans because we didn't test them before we wiped them out, and have inexorably altered sexual attraction in all human societies we have encountered - evidence suggests that we'd have to make this part of sociology as well as sexuality because we can't separate social from other influences given we are the products of many generations of domestication.

Also there is human sexual behavior and physical attractiveness (another bad name as "physical" implies even less human specificity than "sexual" and could bloody well mean gravity) which need a total refactoring in this process. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.177.109.103 (talk) 23:15, 27 November 2010 (UTC)

Sexy
Remove at the beginning of the article, as sexy is now a disambiguation page. 199.125.109.102 (talk) 03:07, 10 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Done —EqualRights (talk) 03:16, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Should also mention sexy son hypothesis and rewilding (anarchism) as the latter is a movement in which primitive skills are elevated in social desirability.

Definition issue
Quote: ''For example, a gay or lesbian would typically find a person of the same-sex to be more attractive then one of the other gender. A bisexual person would typically find both sexes to be equally attractive.''

A bisexual person does not necessarily find both sexes equally attractive. Bisexuals are sexually attracted to both sexes, but may have a greater preference towards one sex than the other. The preferences may also fluctuate in intensity. Homosexuality and heterosexuality in a clinical sense is an exclusive attraction to one sex (either your own or of the opposite sex). 121.73.7.84 (talk) 12:22, 10 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Agreed this is nonsense, Kinsey had at least a scale of 1 to 6, and that should probably be referenced in this context.

Pending changes
This article is one of a small number (about 100) selected for the first week of the trial of the Pending Changes system on the English language Wikipedia. All the articles listed at Pending changes/Queue  are being considered for level 1 pending changes protection.

The following request appears on that page:

However with only a few hours to go, comments have only been made on two of the pages.

Please update the Queue page as appropriate.

Note that I am not involved in this project any more than any other editor, just posting these notes since it is quite a big change, potentially.

Regards, Rich Farmbrough, 20:29, 15 June 2010 (UTC).

Photos
The text and the photos in the introduction are ridiculous... I would change change them replacing them in one. --Catalaalatac (talk) 03:41, 1 July 2011 (UTC)

Edit request on 3 December 2011
Scents have an important role in sexual behaviour of primates whith vertebrates. The scent of either male of females is used for recognizing the opposite sex and it can also attract opposite sex which inceases potential mating. Usually females are more attracted towards male scents which is an important interaction between the main and accessory olfactory systems.

Jane L., Hurst. "Female recognition and assessment of males through scent." Behavioural Brain Research 2 (2009): 295-303. Scholars portal Journals. Web. 1 June 2009.

999212150.utsc (talk) 18:44, 3 December 2011 (UTC)

Not done: please be more specific about what needs to be changed. I am unable to discern whereabouts to insert the above text.--Hazel77 talk 17:55, 12 December 2011 (UTC)

Edit request April 13, 2012
If you could add this section below 'Enhancement' I feel the page could be expanded a bit to include some research on sexuality/sexual orientation differences in sexual attraction. If you feel there is somewhere better this belongs, feel free to inform me.

Sex and sexuality differences in sexual attraction
Men have been found to have a greater interest in uncommitted sex  compared to women as well as a greater interest in visual sexual stimuli. Additional trends have been found with a greater sensitivity to partner status in women choosing a sexual partner and men placing a greater emphasis on physical attractiveness in a potential mate, as well as a significantly greater tendency toward sexual jealousy in men and emotional jealousy in women.

Bailey, Gaulin, Agyei, and Gladue (1994) analyzed whether these results would vary according to sexual orientation. In general, they found biological sex played a bigger role in the psychology of sexual attraction than orientation. However, there were some differences between homosexual and heterosexual women and men on these factors. While gay men and straight men showed similar psychological interest in casual sex on markers of sociosexuality, gay men showed a larger number of partners in behaviour expressing this interest (proposed to be due to a difference in opportunity). Self-identified lesbian women showed a significantly greater interest in visual sexual stimuli than heterosexual women and judged partner status to be less important in romantic partnerships. Heterosexual men also had a significantly greater preference for younger partners than homosexual men.

Request fulfilled
Page no longer protected, included section within body of the page. DrLight12 (talk) 03:41, 11 May 2012 (UTC)

Describing sexual attraction
I think this page could potentially be improved with a description of what sexual attraction feels like, or at least more description of the physiological symptoms associated with sexual attraction. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Galingy (talk • contribs) 06:00, 27 July 2012 (UTC)

I agree completely. The book "Sexual Attraction: The Psychology of Allure" says the essence of sexual attraction is what it feels like. It describes this feeling as the experience of a magnetic "allure". It says that allure is felt differently in different sorts of sexual attractions (to friends, strangers, or lovers)with different sorts of helplessness and sexual fantasies. Allure sounds like it is a description of what sexual attraction feels like. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gouldboxx (talk • contribs) 08:33, 21 August 2015 (UTC)

Discrimination
Sexy girls redirects here, but not sexy boys. Seems to discriminate against blokes 129.180.175.45 (talk) 08:40, 15 October 2013 (UTC)

Physical attraction without sexual arousal
Let's say a male finds other males physically attractive, to the point where he may be more inclined to check out men than women, but is not sexually aroused by men, and he only has sex with women. Do you think physical and sexual attraction could easily be confused by some people (particularly those who don't experience [significant] physical attraction for those they aren't sexually attracted to), and that explicitly differentiating the two might be worth a few sentences in this article?--Xagg (talk) 16:29, 14 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I don't see why that needs to be in this article. We have the Physical attractiveness and Sexual attraction articles because these topics are distinct, though they do significantly overlap. That stated, if what you propose is WP:Reliably sourced, it can be added to this article and/or to the Physical attractiveness article. It is not WP:Lead material, however. And, per MOS:Paragraphs, a few sentences generally do not warrant a heading. Flyer22 (talk) 16:37, 14 February 2015 (UTC)

Laughter is an aphrodisiac?
The most common thing women say that they want in a lover is that he must make her laugh. Some women say that he must make her laugh until she wets herself or cries. Millions of women are 'laughed into bed' by men. However, the reverse doesn't happen - women don't laugh men into bed. The article should state this and say why that is the case. If laughter is an extremely effective aphrodisiac, why does it only work on women? Jim Michael (talk) 14:15, 12 May 2015 (UTC)

Wikipedia is so re
from the edit screen : : ''"This article is specifically about nonphysical attraction. If you would like to contribute to aspects of human attraction that are physical and visual, please use physical attractiveness."

what does that even mean? 'the aspects of human attraction that are physical and visual' are a separate topic from sexual attraction? this is why such articles are so weirdly broad or full of disparate smaller points that they have trouble saying anything of value. Tangy 303 Mamet Sauce (talk) 02:30, 11 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Tango303 (Tangy 303 Mamet Sauce), by that note, I see that you mean the "General edit notice" when you click the "Edit" option. I don't know who added that edit notice, but the person is trying to state that physical attractiveness is not the same thing as sexual attraction (though they do overlap), which is why we have two different articles for them. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 02:54, 11 November 2015 (UTC)

 * alright. who can change the wording of that notice? all it needs to do is not imply is that the topic, and therefore the WP article 'sexual attraction' is:
 * --not "specifically about nonphysical" attraction.
 * --separate from a 'visual aspect' of attraction.

These are goofy things to say or imply, if you just examine them for a second. someone please clarify what the intent of the notice was & re-word it. or remove it. thanks. Tangy 303 Mamet Sauce (talk) 21:15, 11 November 2015 (UTC)

Human Sexuality Wikipedia Assignment
As part of our wikipedia assignment for Human Sexuality we will be adding a section titled 'Sexual preferences and hormones.' Swifty1995 (talk) 10:34, 14 March 2016 (UTC)

Sexual Preferences and Hormones Copy-Edit and Review
You've really thoroughly addressed the topic of hormones in relation to sexual attraction here. However I have made a few copy-edits to some of your paragraphs; I found some of the sentences a little long-winded, so I have just cut a few words. For example, I adapted "are seeking" to "seek". There might be a few other areas you might like to cut, just to address your research as concisely as possible.

As Wikipedia entries are supposed to be as objective as possible, try to make sure your writing doesn't sound like you're writing an essay to argue for or against one theory or another. It reads beautifully, but maybe words like "furthermore" could be dropped. Your point would still be just as relevant and clear without them!

 * Good note -- hopefully touching up on these areas will add clarity BigPapa1995 (talk) 14:37, 21 April 2016 (UTC)

There are couple of technical terms such as "E3G levels" which could be explained or made into a link to another Wiki page.

You've done a really great job, though! Interesting to read and good research used!

Tinaballerina02 (talk) 22:52, 14 March 2016 (UTC)

 * Thank you very much for these comments, they are really helpful Swifty1995 (talk) 11:19, 16 March 2016 (UTC)

Peer review comment
You have obviously covered a lot of research to justify the points when explaining the evolutionary perspective which provides a very interesting read. However, from reading your contribution I would suggest that where possible, you should avoid discussing the research as if it is your own interpretation. For example, it may be better to avoid using the phrase "research shows" and make more of a definitive statement backed up with a citation.

I understand how difficult this is because research is not always "correct", but that is my only suggestion. Apart from that, nice work!

I also made a small copy edit with punctuation :)

Taylahurlock (talk) 17:19, 15 March 2016 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your comment, we will re-word some of our contribution in order to make it clear that our statements are based on scientific research. Swifty1995 (talk) 11:23, 16 March 2016 (UTC)

 * yeah that's a fair point - having more research will also probably help us objectively display the findings instead of creating arguments for either side BigPapa1995 (talk) 11:38, 16 March 2016 (UTC)

Peer review comment
'Sexual preferences and hormones' is a well researched and quite multi-faceted contribution to the page at hand. Well done! There are a couple of things I'd like mention in terms of constructive criticism:

1. Phrasing: a)'These findings are explained through the evolutionary hypothesis; during ovulation, women seek a partner with high levels of reproductive fitness.' Talking about 'the evolutionary hypothesis' might be a little confusing to readers (especially if the term is not hyperlinked to another page). Just saying that there is an evolutionary explanation would be much clearer. Also the use of a semi-colon, even though grammatically correct, disrupts the reading flow.

 * Fair point - we'll make sure the page links to the evolutionary page to save us from offering an unnecessary explanation. BigPapa1995 (talk) 11:41, 16 March 2016 (UTC)

b) 'Whilst long-term mate preference is fairly consistent, short-term preferences varied across cycle shifts.' 'Consistent' in what regard? 'Varied' how?

2. Additional Explanations needed: a) 'E3G levels' need explaining, either through a hyperlink to the appropriate wiki page or simply with a sentence stating what they are. A reference (or clearer referencing) in regard to E3G is also needed.

 * Yeah somebody else raised this issue as well so it's something we definitely need to address in more detail - cheers BigPapa1995 (talk) 11:41, 16 March 2016 (UTC)

b) Special terms like Ovulatory Shift Hypothesis should be referenced directly. Maybe some background information about the hypothesis could be useful? I would start a new paragraph at that point, given that it does not seem related to women's temporal ambiguity mentioned in the previous sentence.

These are just minor things really. All in all great article contribution!Roja123 (talk) 23:08, 15 March 2016 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your comments, we will edit our contribution based on your suggestions. Swifty1995 (talk) 11:26, 16 March 2016 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 21 March 2016
Add Pp-semi template.

--186.84.46.227 (talk) 22:52, 21 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done — JJMC89  (T·C) 04:39, 13 April 2016 (UTC)

NPOV violation? "other animals"
"For sexual attraction among other animals, see Animal sexual behaviour" at the top of the page implies that humans are animals. Seeing as that isn't universally agreed on, can someone please remove "other" from that sentence? I can't, as the page is locked. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.99.154.74 (talk) 10:02, 10 November 2016 (UTC)

 * Isn't universally agreed on? Regardless of popular language separating humans from the animal category, humans are animals. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 05:52, 15 November 2016 (UTC)

You disagree that Primates are animals? On what basis? Dimadick (talk) 08:19, 1 December 2016 (UTC)

Error in last paragraph, heading "Sexual preferences and hormones", subheading "Ovulation and Female Sexual Preferences"
There is an error in the last paragraph under the heading "Sexual preferences and hormones", subheading "Ovulation and Female Sexual Preferences".

In this sentence: "Women whose partners have high developmental stability have greater attraction to men other than their partners when fertile", the word "stability" should be "instability".

Here is the relevant sentence in the abstract of the cited research: "In a sample of 54 couples, we found that women whose partners had high developmental instability (high fluctuating asymmetry) had greater attraction to men other than their partners, and less attraction to their own partners, when fertile." I copied this sentence from researchgate.net

Also, I think the words "and less attraction to their own parterns" should be added. Adding these words will better reflect the researchers' discovery.

Macbruins (talk) 18:32, 7 December 2016 (UTC)

Typo/spelling error?
Ovulation and ornamentation

"It is possible that women's are sensitive to the changes in their physical attractiveness"

shouldn't that be women not women's?

Women are most attracted to the smell of men who are most genetically different from them
That means a woman won't be sexually attracted to the smell of a man that's her brother because he would be genetically similar. That gives a reproductive advantage because parents that are genetically different from each other will have healthier children than parents that are genetically similar to each other. Why isn't that in the article? Parents that are genetically close to each other will likely have children with birth defects. See also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cousin_marriage#Genetics - WorldQuestioneer (talk) 02:13, 21 January 2020 (UTC)

not necessarily, it depends on the degree of kinship, for example if a couple of first cousins has children only increases the probability of gene failure by 2% and only a 4% increase in mortality Hastengeims (talk) 04:25, 16 April 2022 (UTC)

Scope of article needs to be articulated to readers
The edit notice says that this article is about non-physical aspects of attraction, and that those should be at physical attractiveness. This doesn't seem to be articulated in the article itself, though. Can we add a hatnote or other pointers (such as an empty section that redirects)? I think a lot of readers will come here expecting to read about physical attractiveness. Sdkb (talk) 07:10, 30 January 2020 (UTC)

"Sexy girls" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Sexy girls. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 13:07, 23 February 2020 (UTC)

"Sexy women" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Sexy women. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 13:09, 23 February 2020 (UTC)

In evolutionary terms, the ovulatory shift hypothesis posits that female humans exhibit different sexual behaviours and desires at points in their menstrual cycle, as a means to ensure that they attract a high quality mate to copulate with during their most fertile time. Hormone levels throughout the menstrual cycle affect a woman's overt behaviours, influencing the way a woman presents herself to others during stages of her menstrual cycle, in attempt to attract high quality mates the closer the woman is to ovulation.[4]

Please don't equal female humans with being a woman. To address everyone that goes through period, one could write people with menstrual cycles and use they/them as pronouns instead of she/her

Removed Section 4 of Sexual attraction: Sex and sexuality differences
...because it has relied on only one citation to a study from the 1970s for the entire section since December 2012. Here is the abstract:

"Male passersby were contacted either on a fear-arousing suspension bridge or a non-fear-arousing bridge by an attractive female interviewer who asked them to fill out questionnaires containing Thematic Apperception Test pictures. Sexual content of stories written by subjects on the fear-arousing bridge and tendency of these subjects to attempt postexperimental contact with the interviewer were both significantly greater. No significant differences between bridges were obtained on either measure for subjects contacted by a male interviewer. A third study manipulated anticipated shock to male subjects and an attractive female confederate independently. Anticipation of own shock but not anticipation of shock to confederate increased sexual imagery scores on the Thematic Apperception Test and attraction to the confederate. Some theoretical implications of these findings are discussed."

Rationale: WP:PRIMARY, "Availability of secondary sources covering the subject is a good test for notability." WP:GNG, "'Sources' should be secondary sources, as those provide the most objective evidence of notability."

Talib1101 (talk) 07:30, 28 June 2021 (UTC)

The Ovulatory shift hypothesis is considered outdated
This article was quite dated, considering the amount of weight it gave to the now outdated ovulatory shift hypothesis. To summarize, the studies from two decades ago showing that women want to cheat on their partners when fertile have, to put it mildly, a replication crisis, and newer studies show that, while women are more sexual when fertile, they do not have an increased desire to commit adultery. That in mind, as with ovulatory shift hypothesis, I have removed a lot of proposals presented as fact in the Wikipedia which have not been replicated in recent studies. See Talk:Ovulatory shift hypothesis for full discussion and consensus building process. Samboy (talk) 02:24, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

New topic
I think it is relevant and a good idea to add a section or a complete article on sensuality and its distinction with this article. Hastengeims (talk) 04:15, 16 April 2022 (UTC)

“High Anxiety”
Has there been a sex/gender swapped version of the test been administered? ChecksMix (talk) 14:09, 8 March 2024 (UTC)

Sex 188.146.110.233 (talk) 23:28, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 10 June 2024
Arissa. 186.45.132.100 (talk) 16:32, 10 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: this is not an edit request. M.Bitton (talk) 17:03, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sexual attraction


text:
Rabbit-Proof Fence

Rabbit-Proof Fence is a 2002 Australian drama film directed and produced by Phillip Noyce based on the 1996 book Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence by Doris Pilkington Garimara. It is loosely based on a true story concerning the author's mother Molly Craig, aunt Daisy Kadibil and cousin Gracie, who escaped from the Moore River Native Settlement, north of Perth, Western Australia, to return to their Aboriginal families, after being placed there in 1931. The film follows the Aboriginal girls as they walk for nine weeks along 1500 mi of the Australian rabbit-proof fence to return to their community at Jigalong, while being pursued by white law enforcement authorities and an Aboriginal tracker. The film illustrates the official child removal policy that existed in Australia between approximately 1905 and 1967. Its victims now are called the "Stolen Generations".

The soundtrack to the film, called Long Walk Home: Music from the Rabbit-Proof Fence, is by Peter Gabriel. British producer Jeremy Thomas, who has a long connection with Australia, was executive producer of the film, selling it internationally through his sales arm, HanWay Films. In 2005 the British Film Institute included it in the BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14.

Plot
In 1931, two sisters – 14-year-old Molly and 8-year-old Daisy – and their 10-year-old cousin Gracie live in the Western Australian town of Jigalong. The town lies along the northern part of one of the fences making up Australia's rabbit-proof fence (called Number One Fence), which runs for over one thousand miles.

Over a thousand miles away in Perth, the official Protector of Western Australian Aborigines, A. O. Neville (called Mr. Devil by them), signs an order to relocate the three girls to the Moore River Native Settlement. The children are referred to by Neville as "half-castes", because they have one white and one Aboriginal parent. Neville's reasoning is portrayed as: the Aboriginal people of Australia are a danger to themselves, and the "half-castes" must be bred out of existence. He plans to place the girls in a camp where they, along with all half-castes of that age range, both boys and girls, will grow up. They will then presumably become labourers and servants to white families, regarded as a "good" situation for them in life. Eventually if they marry, it will be to white people and thus the Aboriginal "blood" will diminish. As such, the three girls are forcibly taken from their families at Jigalong by a local constable, Riggs, and sent to the camp at the Moore River Native Settlement, in the south west, about 90 km (55 miles) north of Perth.

While at the camp, the girls are housed in a large dormitory with dozens of other children where they are strictly regimented by nuns. They are prohibited from speaking their native language, forced to pray, and subject to corporal punishment for any infractions of the camp's rules. Attempts at escape are also harshly punished. During an impending thunderstorm that will help cover their tracks, Molly convinces the girls to escape and return to their home.

During their flight, the girls are relentlessly pursued by Moodoo, a tracker from the camp. They eventually find their way back to the rabbit-proof fence, which will lead them toward their home. They follow the fence for months, just barely escaping capture several times. Neville spreads word that Gracie's mother is waiting for her in the town of Wiluna. The information finds its way to an Aboriginal traveller who "helps" the girls. He tells Gracie about her mother and says they can get to Wiluna by train, causing her to leave the other two girls in an attempt to catch a train to Wiluna. Molly and Daisy soon walk after her and find her at a train station. They are not reunited, however, as Riggs appears and Gracie is recaptured. The betrayal is revealed by Riggs, who tells the man he will receive a shilling for his help. Knowing they are powerless to aid her, Molly and Daisy continue their journey. In the end, after a nine-week journey through the harsh Australian outback, having walked the 2,400 km (1,500 miles) route along the fence, the two sisters return home and go into hiding in the desert with their mother and grandmother. Meanwhile, Neville realizes he can no longer afford the search for Molly and Daisy and decides to end it.

Epilogue
The film's epilogue shows recent footage of Molly and Daisy. Molly explains that Gracie has died and she never returned to Jigalong. Molly also tells us of her own two daughters; she and they were taken from Jigalong back to Moore River. She managed to escape with one daughter, Annabelle, and once again, she walked the length of the fence back home. However, when Annabelle was three years old, she was taken away once more, and Molly never saw her again. In closing, Molly says that she and Daisy "... are never going back to that place".

Cast

 * Everlyn Sampi as Molly Craig
 * Tianna Sansbury as Daisy Craig Kadibil
 * Laura Monaghan as Gracie Fields
 * David Gulpilil as Moodoo the Tracker
 * Jason Clarke as Constable Riggs
 * Kenneth Branagh as A. O. Neville
 * Ningali Lawford as Maude, Molly's mother
 * Myarn Lawford as Molly's grandmother
 * Deborah Mailman as Mavis
 * Garry McDonald as Mr. Neal
 * Roberta Lynch as The Teacher
 * Roy Billing as Police Inspector
 * Natasha Wanganeen as Nina, Dormitory Boss
 * Lorna Lesley as Miss Thomas

Production
The film is adapted from the book Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence, by Doris Pilkington Garimara, which is the second book of her trilogy documenting her family's stories. The other two books are Caprice: A Stockman’s Daughter (1991) and Under the Wintamarra Tree (2002).

Stills photography in the film was created by well-known Aboriginal Australian photographer Mervyn Bishop.

Public reception
The film stirred controversy in Australia relating to the government's historical policy of removing part-Aboriginal children, who became known as the Stolen Generations, from Aboriginal communities and placing them in state institutions. Eric Abetz, a government minister, announced the publishing of a leaflet criticising the film's portrayal of the treatment of Indigenous Australians, and demanded an apology from the filmmakers. Director Phillip Noyce suggested instead that the government apologise to the Indigenous people affected by the removal policy.

Conservative commentators such as Andrew Bolt also attacked the historical accuracy of the film. Bolt criticised the numerous disparities between the film and Pilkington Garimara's novel, a fact that angered Pilkington Garimara, who said that Bolt had misquoted her. The academic Robert Manne in turn accused Bolt of historical denialism, and scriptwriter Christine Olsen wrote a detailed response to Bolt's claims.

Olsen attributed the angry response among some of the public to the fact that it was based in events that were "demonstrably true" and well-documented. However, the filmmaker said that the film was meant primarily as a drama rather than a political or historical statement. Noyce stated, "If drama comes from conflict, there's no greater conflict in Australian history than the conflict between Indigenous Australians and white settlers."

The historian Keith Windschuttle also disputed the film's depiction of events, stating in his work The Fabrication of Aboriginal History that Molly and the two other girls had been removed for their own welfare, and that the two older girls had been sexually involved with white men. Noyce and Olsen rejected these criticisms, stating that Windschuttle's research was incomplete. Pilkington Garimara denied Windschuttle's claims of sexual activity between her mother and local whites, stating that the claims were a distortion of history.

Critical response
The film received positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gave it a rating of 87% based on 142 reviews, with an average rating of 7.6/10. The site's consensus states, "Visually beautiful and well-acted, Rabbit-Proof Fence tells a compelling true-life story." On Metacritic the film has a score of 80 out of 100, indicating "generally favorable reviews". David Stratton of SBS awarded the film four stars out of five, commenting that Rabbit-Proof Fence is a "bold and timely film about the stolen generations."

Box office
Rabbit-Proof Fence grossed $16.2 million worldwide, including $3.8 million in Australia.

Wins

 * 2001 – Queensland Premier's Literary Awards.
 * Film Script—the Pacific Film and Television Commission Award (Christine Olsen)

 * 2002 – Australian Film Institute Awards
 * Best Film (Phillip Noyce, Christine Olsen, John Winter)
 * Best Original Music Score (Peter Gabriel)
 * Best Sound (Bronwyn Murphy, Craig Carter, Ricky Edwards, John Penders)

 * 2002 – Film Critics Circle of Australia Awards
 * Best Director (Phillip Noyce)
 * Best Screenplay—Adapted (Christine Olsen)

 * 2002 – Inside Film Awards
 * Best Actress (Everlyn Sampi)
 * Best Production Design (Roger Ford)

 * 2002 – New South Wales Premier's History Awards
 * shortlisted for The Premier's Young People's History Prize (Christine Olsen and Phillip Noyce)

 * 2002 (United States) – Aspen Filmfest
 * Audience Award, Audience Favourite Feature (Phillip Noyce)

 * 2002 (Switzerland) – Castellinaria International Festival of Young Cinema,
 * ASPI Award (Phillip Noyce)
 * Golden Castle (Phillip Noyce)

 * 2002 (United States) – The 2002 Starz Encore Denver International Film Festival
 * People's Choice Award: Best Feature-Length Fiction Film (Phillip Noyce)

 * 2002 (South Africa) – Durban International Film Festival
 * Audience Award (Phillip Noyce)

 * 2002 (United Kingdom) – Edinburgh International Film Festival
 * Audience Award (Phillip Noyce)

 * 2002 (United Kingdom) – Leeds International Film Festival
 * Audience Award (Phillip Noyce)

 * 2002 (United States) – National Board of Review Awards 2002
 * Freedom of Expression Award
 * Best Director (Phillip Noyce)

 * 2002 (United States) – San Francisco Film Critics Circle
 * Special Citation (Phillip Noyce, also for The Quiet American (2002))
 * Audience Award: Best Foreign Film (Phillip Noyce)

 * 2002 (Spain) – Valladolid International Film Festival
 * Audience Award: Feature Film (Phillip Noyce)

 * 2003 (United Kingdom) – London Critics Circle Film Awards (ALFS)
 * Director of the Year (Phillip Noyce, also for The Quiet American (2002))

 * 2003 (Brazil) – São Paulo International Film Festival
 * Audience Award: Best Foreign Film (Phillip Noyce)

Nominations

 * 2002 (Australia): Australian Film Institute Nominations
 * Best Actor in a Supporting Role (David Gulpilil)
 * Best Cinematography (Christopher Doyle)
 * Best Costume Design (Roger Ford)
 * Best Direction (Phillip Noyce)
 * Best Editing (Veronika Jenet, John Scott)
 * Best Production Design (Roger Ford)
 * Best Screenplay Adapted from Another Source (Christine Olsen)

 * 2002 (Australia): Film Critics Circle of Australia Nominations Australia
 * Best Actor—Female (Everlyn Sampi)
 * Best Cinematography (Christopher Doyle)
 * Best Film
 * Best Music Score (Peter Gabriel)

 * 2002 (Poland): Camerimage—2002 International Film Festival of the Art of Cinematography
 * Golden Frog (Christopher Doyle)

 * 2002 (United States): Golden Trailer Award Nominations
 * Golden Trailer: Best Independent

 * 2003 (United States): Golden Globe Nominations
 * Golden Globe: Best Original Score—Motion Picture (Peter Gabriel)

 * 2003 (United States): Motion Picture Sound Editors Nomination
 * Golden Reel Award: Best Sound Editing in Foreign Features (Juhn Penders, Craig Carter, Steve Burgess, Ricky Edwards, Andrew Plain)

 * 2003 (United States): Political Film Society Awards
 * Exposé
 * Human Rights

 * 2003 (United States): Young Artist Awards
 * Best Performance in a Feature Film—Supporting Young Actress (Everlyn Sampi)
 * Best Performance in a Feature Film—Young Actress Age Ten or Under (Tianna Sansbury)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rabbit-Proof Fence


text:
Kassaman

"Kassaman", or "Qassaman" (قَسَمًا, "we pledge",  "the oath" or "we swear" ), is the national anthem of Algeria. Moufdi Zakaria authored the lyrics, while the music was composed by Egyptian composer Mohamed Fawzi. The song was adopted as the national anthem in 1962, when the country gained independence from France.

History
The French invaded Ottoman Algeria in 1830 and made it an integral part of Metropolitan France within its colonial empire. For the next century, the native population were given very few political rights. Consequently, a nationalist movement began in the 1920s and gained traction after World War II, when a commitment by the government to grant French Algeria autonomy failed to materialize. A prominent member of this movement was Moufdi Zakaria, a Mozabite Berber poet affiliated with the Algerian People's Party (PPA). He was jailed and tortured on several occasions between the 1920s and 1962. It was during one of these experiences, in April 1955, that he penned the words to "Kassaman". Since he did not have access to paper or writing instruments while incarcerated in Barberousse Prison, Zakaria reportedly wrote the lyrics with his own blood on the walls of his jail cell. The musical portion of the anthem was subsequently composed by Mohamed Fawzi, who was asked to undertake this effort after two earlier submissions by other composers – one of which was by – were rejected.

Both the lyrics and music were officially adopted in 1962; in that same year, the Évian Accords were signed, paving the way for a referendum in which Algerians overwhelmingly voted in favour of independence, which was duly granted. Although "Kassaman" was only intended to be a provisional national anthem, it has endured to this day.

Lyrics
The lyrics of "Kassaman" are reflective of a war song, This is because it promotes nationalistic ideals and principles on the front line, glorifies the actions of the National Liberation Front (FLN), as well as espousing armed uprising and how it is the sole route to attaining independence. It is also noteworthy in that it alludes to another country – France – specifically concerning the violent struggle against them for independence. The song foreshadows how "the day of reckoning" will befall Algeria's former colonial ruler.

Usually only the first verse of the anthem is performed for brevity, such as during sporting events.

Legal protection
Even though "Kassaman" was adopted in 1962, it was not until November of 2008 that an amendment to Article 5 of the Constitution of Algeria was made declaring it as "immutable", given its association with the country's revolution. It also confirmed that the national anthem comprises all of the song's verses, thus ending the deliberation over whether it was still appropriate to include the unfavourable reference to France in the present day.

title: Kassaman


text:
Immunosuppressive drug

Immunosuppressive drugs, also known as immunosuppressive agents, immunosuppressants and antirejection medications, are drugs that inhibit or prevent the activity of the immune system.

Classification
Immunosuppressive drugs can be classified into five groups:
 * glucocorticoids
 * cytostatics
 * antibodies
 * drugs acting on immunophilins
 * other drugs

Glucocorticoids
In pharmacologic (supraphysiologic) doses, glucocorticoids, such as prednisone, dexamethasone, and hydrocortisone are used to suppress various allergic, inflammatory, and autoimmune disorders. They are also administered as posttransplantory immunosuppressants to prevent the acute transplant rejection and graft-versus-host disease. Nevertheless, they do not prevent an infection and also inhibit later reparative processes.

Immunosuppressive mechanism
Glucocorticoids suppress cell-mediated immunity. They act by inhibiting gene expression of cytokines including Interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha by binding to corticosteroid response elements on DNA. This decrease in cytokine production reduces T cell proliferation. With decreased T cell proliferation there is decreased production of IL-2. This further decreases the proliferation of T cells.

Glucocorticoids also suppress the humoral immunity, causing B cells to express smaller amounts of IL-2 and IL-2 receptors. This diminishes both B cell clone expansion and antibody synthesis.

Anti-inflammatory effects
Glucocorticoids influence all types of inflammatory events, no matter their cause. They induce the lipocortin-1 (annexin-1) synthesis, which then binds to cell membranes preventing the phospholipase A2 from coming into contact with its substrate arachidonic acid. This leads to diminished eicosanoid production. The cyclooxygenase (both COX-1 and COX-2) expression is also suppressed, potentiating the effect.

Glucocorticoids also stimulate the lipocortin-1 escaping to the extracellular space, where it binds to the leukocyte membrane receptors and inhibits various inflammatory events: epithelial adhesion, emigration, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, respiratory burst, and the release of various inflammatory mediators (lysosomal enzymes, cytokines, tissue plasminogen activator, chemokines, etc.) from neutrophils, macrophages, and mastocytes.

Cytostatics
Cytostatics inhibit cell division. In immunotherapy, they are used in smaller doses than in the treatment of malignant diseases. They affect the proliferation of both T cells and B cells. Due to their highest effectiveness, purine analogs are most frequently administered.

Alkylating agents
The alkylating agents used in immunotherapy are nitrogen mustards (cyclophosphamide), nitrosoureas, platinum compounds, and others. Cyclophosphamide (Baxter's Cytoxan) is probably the most potent immunosuppressive compound. In small doses, it is very efficient in the therapy of systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune hemolytic anemias, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and other immune diseases. High doses cause pancytopenia and hemorrhagic cystitis.

Antimetabolites
Antimetabolites interfere with the synthesis of nucleic acids. These include:
 * folic acid analogues, such as methotrexate
 * purine analogues, such as azathioprine and mercaptopurine
 * pyrimidine analogues, such as fluorouracil
 * protein synthesis inhibitors.

Methotrexate
Methotrexate is a folic acid analogue. It binds dihydrofolate reductase and prevents synthesis of tetrahydrofolate. It is used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases (for example rheumatoid arthritis or Behcet's Disease) and in transplantations.

Azathioprine and mercaptopurine
Azathioprine (Prometheus' Imuran), is the main immunosuppressive cytotoxic substance. It is extensively used to control transplant rejection reactions. It is nonenzymatically cleaved to mercaptopurine, that acts as a purine analogue and an inhibitor of DNA synthesis. Mercaptopurine itself can also be administered directly.

By preventing the clonal expansion of lymphocytes in the induction phase of the immune response, it affects both the cell and the humoral immunity. It is also efficient in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.

Cytotoxic antibiotics
Among these, dactinomycin is the most important. It is used in kidney transplantations. Other cytotoxic antibiotics are anthracyclines, mitomycin C, bleomycin, mithramycin.

Antibodies
Antibodies are sometimes used as a quick and potent immunosuppressive therapy to prevent the acute rejection reactions as well as a targeted treatment of lymphoproliferative or autoimmune disorders (e.g., anti-CD20 monoclonals).

Polyclonal antibodies
Heterologous polyclonal antibodies are obtained from the serum of animals (e.g., rabbit, horse), and injected with the patient's thymocytes or lymphocytes. The antilymphocyte (ALG) and antithymocyte antigens (ATG) are being used. They are part of the steroid-resistant acute rejection reaction and grave aplastic anemia treatment. However, they are added primarily to other immunosuppressives to diminish their dosage and toxicity. They also allow transition to cyclosporin therapy.

Polyclonal antibodies inhibit T lymphocytes and cause their lysis, which is both complement-mediated cytolysis and cell-mediated opsonization followed by removal of reticuloendothelial cells from the circulation in the spleen and liver. In this way, polyclonal antibodies inhibit cell-mediated immune reactions, including graft rejection, delayed hypersensitivity (i.e., tuberculin skin reaction), and the graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), but influence thymus-dependent antibody production.

As of March 2005, there are two preparations available to the market: Atgam, obtained from horse serum, and Thymoglobuline, obtained from rabbit serum. Polyclonal antibodies affect all lymphocytes and cause general immunosuppression, possibly leading to post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) or serious infections, especially by cytomegalovirus. To reduce these risks, treatment is provided in a hospital, where adequate isolation from infection is available. They are usually administered for five days intravenously in the appropriate quantity. Patients stay in the hospital as long as three weeks to give the immune system time to recover to a point where there is no longer a risk of serum sickness.

Because of a high immunogenicity of polyclonal antibodies, almost all patients have an acute reaction to the treatment. It is characterized by fever, rigor episodes, and even anaphylaxis. Later during the treatment, some patients develop serum sickness or immune complex glomerulonephritis. Serum sickness arises seven to fourteen days after the therapy has begun. The patient has fever, joint pain, and erythema that can be soothed with the use of steroids and analgesics. Urticaria (hives) can also be present. It is possible to diminish their toxicity by using highly purified serum fractions and intravenous administration in the combination with other immunosuppressants, for example, calcineurin inhibitors, cytostatics, and corticosteroids. The most frequent combination is to use antibodies and ciclosporin simultaneously in order to prevent patients from gradually developing a strong immune response to these drugs, reducing or eliminating their effectiveness.

Monoclonal antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies are directed towards exactly defined antigens. Therefore, they cause fewer side-effects. Especially significant are the IL-2 receptor- (CD25-) and CD3-directed antibodies. They are used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs, but also to track changes in the lymphocyte subpopulations. It is reasonable to expect similar new drugs in the future.

T-cell receptor directed antibodies
Muromonab-CD3 is a murine anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody of the IgG2a type that was previously used to prevent T-cell activation and proliferation by binding the T-cell receptor complex present on all differentiated T cells. As such it was one of the first potent immunosuppressive substances and was administered to control the steroid- and/or polyclonal antibodies-resistant acute rejection episodes. As it acts more specifically than polyclonal antibodies it was also used prophylactically in transplantations. However, muromonab-CD3 is no longer produced, and this mouse monoclonal antibody has been replaced in the clinic with chimeric, humanized, or human monoclonal antibodies.

The muromonab's mechanism of action is only partially understood. It is known that the molecule binds TCR/CD3 receptor complex. In the first few administrations this binding non-specifically activates T-cells, leading to a serious syndrome 30 to 60 minutes later. It is characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and arthralgia. Sometimes it develops in a life-threatening reaction of the cardiovascular system and the central nervous system, requiring a lengthy therapy. Past this period CD3 blocks the TCR-antigen binding and causes conformational change or the removal of the entire TCR3/CD3 complex from the T-cell surface. This lowers the number of available T-cells, perhaps by sensitizing them for the uptake by the epithelial reticular cells. The cross-binding of CD3 molecules as well activates an intracellular signal causing the T cell anergy or apoptosis, unless the cells receive another signal through a co-stimulatory molecule. CD3 antibodies shift the balance from Th1 to Th2 cells as CD3 stimulates Th1 activation.

The patient may develop neutralizing antibodies reducing the effectiveness of muromonab-CD3. Muromonab-CD3 can cause excessive immunosuppression. Although CD3 antibodies act more specifically than polyclonal antibodies, they lower the cell-mediated immunity significantly, predisposing the patient to opportunistic infections and malignancies.

IL-2 receptor directed antibodies
Interleukin-2 is an important immune system regulator necessary for the clone expansion and survival of activated lymphocytes T. Its effects are mediated by the trimer cell surface receptor IL-2a, consisting of the α, β, and γ chains. The IL-2a (CD25, T-cell activation antigen, TAC) is expressed only by the already-activated T lymphocytes. Therefore, it is of special significance to the selective immunosuppressive treatment, and research has been focused on the development of effective and safe anti-IL-2 antibodies. By the use of recombinant gene technology, the mouse anti-Tac antibodies have been modified, leading to the presentation of two chimeric mouse/human anti-Tac antibodies in the year 1998: basiliximab (Simulect) and daclizumab (Zenapax). These drugs act by binding the IL-2a receptor's α chain, preventing the IL-2 induced clonal expansion of activated lymphocytes and shortening their survival. They are used in the prophylaxis of the acute organ rejection after bilateral kidney transplantation, both being similarly effective and with only few side-effects.

Ciclosporin
Like tacrolimus, ciclosporin (Novartis' Sandimmune) is a calcineurin inhibitor (CNI). It has been in use since 1983 and is one of the most widely used immunosuppressive drugs. It is a cyclic fungal peptide, composed of 11 amino acids.

Ciclosporin is thought to bind to the cytosolic protein cyclophilin (an immunophilin) of immunocompetent lymphocytes, especially T-lymphocytes. This complex of ciclosporin and cyclophilin inhibits the phosphatase calcineurin, which under normal circumstances induces the transcription of interleukin-2. The drug also inhibits lymphokine production and interleukin release, leading to a reduced function of effector T-cells.

Ciclosporin is used in the treatment of acute rejection reactions, but has been increasingly substituted with newer, and less nephrotoxic, immunosuppressants.

Calcineurin inhibitors and azathioprine have been linked with post-transplant malignancies and skin cancers in organ transplant recipients. Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) after kidney transplantation is common and can result in significant morbidity and mortality. The results of several studies suggest that calcineurin inhibitors have oncogenic properties mainly linked to the production of cytokines that promote tumor growth, metastasis and angiogenesis.

This drug has been reported to reduce the frequency of regulatory T cells (T-Reg) and after converting from a CNI monotherapy to a mycophenolate monotherapy, patients were found to have increased graft success and T-Reg frequency.

Tacrolimus
Tacrolimus (trade names Prograf, Astagraf XL, Envarsus XR) is a product of the bacterium Streptomyces tsukubensis. It is a macrolide lactone and acts by inhibiting calcineurin.

The drug is used primarily in liver and kidney transplantations, although in some clinics it is used in heart, lung, and heart/lung transplantations. It binds to the immunophilin FKBP1A, followed by the binding of the complex to calcineurin and the inhibition of its phosphatase activity. In this way, it prevents the cell from transitioning from the G0 into G1 phase of the cell cycle. Tacrolimus is more potent than ciclosporin and has less pronounced side-effects.

Sirolimus
Sirolimus (rapamycin, trade name Rapamune) is a macrolide lactone, produced by the actinomycete bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus. It is used to prevent rejection reactions. Although it is a structural analogue of tacrolimus, it acts somewhat differently and has different side-effects.

Contrary to ciclosporin and tacrolimus, drugs that affect the first phase of T lymphocyte activation, sirolimus affects the second phase, namely signal transduction and lymphocyte clonal proliferation. It binds to FKBP1A like tacrolimus, however the complex does not inhibit calcineurin but another protein, mTOR. Therefore, sirolimus acts synergistically with ciclosporin and, in combination with other immunosuppressants, has few side effects. Also, it indirectly inhibits several T lymphocyte-specific kinases and phosphatases, hence preventing their transition from G1 to S phase of the cell cycle. In a similar manner, Sirolimus prevents B cell differentiation into plasma cells, reducing production of IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies.

It is also active against tumors that are PI3K/AKT/mTOR-dependent.

Everolimus
Everolimus is an analog of sirolimus and also is an mTOR inhibitor.

Zotarolimus
Zotarolimus is a semi-synthetic derivative of sirolimus used in drug-eluting stents.

Interferons
IFN-β suppresses the production of Th1 cytokines and the activation of monocytes. It is used to slow down the progression of multiple sclerosis. IFN-γ is able to trigger lymphocytic apoptosis.

Opioids
Prolonged use of opioids may cause immunosuppression of both innate and adaptive immunity. Decrease in proliferation as well as immune function has been observed in macrophages, as well as lymphocytes. It is thought that these effects are mediated by opioid receptors expressed on the surface of these immune cells.

TNF binding proteins
A TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) binding protein is a monoclonal antibody or a circulating receptor such as infliximab (Remicade), etanercept (Enbrel), or adalimumab (Humira) that binds to TNF-α, preventing it from inducing the synthesis of IL-1 and IL-6 and the adhesion of lymphocyte-activating molecules. They are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease, and psoriasis.

These drugs may raise the risk of contracting tuberculosis or inducing a latent infection to become active. Infliximab and adalimumab have label warnings stating that patients should be evaluated for latent TB infection and treatment should be initiated prior to starting therapy with them.

TNF or the effects of TNF are also suppressed by various natural compounds, including curcumin (an ingredient in turmeric) and catechins (in green tea).

Mycophenolate
Mycophenolic acid acts as a non-competitive, selective, and reversible inhibitor of inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), which is a key enzyme in the de novo guanosine nucleotide synthesis. In contrast to other human cell types, lymphocytes B and T are very dependent on this process. Mycophenolate mofetil is used in combination with ciclosporin or tacrolimus in transplant patients.

Small biological agents
Fingolimod is a synthetic immunosuppressant. It increases the expression or changes the function of certain adhesion molecules (α4/β7 integrin) in lymphocytes, so they accumulate in the lymphatic tissue (lymphatic nodes) and their number in the circulation is diminished. In this respect, it differs from all other known immunosuppressants.

Myriocin has been reported being 10 to 100 times more potent than Ciclosporin.

Therapy
Immunosuppressive drugs are used in immunosuppressive therapy to:
 * Prevent the rejection of transplanted organs and tissues (e.g., bone marrow, heart, kidney, liver)
 * Treat autoimmune diseases or diseases that are most likely of autoimmune origin (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, vitiligo, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, scleroderma, sarcoidosis, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, Crohn's disease, Behcet's Disease, pemphigus, ankylosing spondylitis, and ulcerative colitis).
 * Treat some other non-autoimmune inflammatory diseases (e.g., long term allergic asthma control).

Side effects
A common side-effect of many immunosuppressive drugs is immunodeficiency, because the majority of them act non-selectively, resulting in increased susceptibility to infections, decreased cancer immunosurveillance and decreased ability to produce antibodies after vaccination. However, the vaccination status of patients taking immunosuppressive drugs for chronic diseases such as Rheumatoid arthritis or Inflammatory bowel disease should be investigated before starting any treatment, and patients should eventually be vaccinated against Vaccine-preventable disease. Some studies showed a low vaccination rate against some Vaccine-preventable disease among patients taking immunosuppressive drugs, despite a generally positive attitude towards vaccinations.

There are also other side-effects, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, peptic ulcers, lipodystrophy, moon face, liver and kidney injury. The immunosuppressive drugs also interact with other medicines and affect their metabolism and action. Actual or suspected immunosuppressive agents can be evaluated in terms of their effects on lymphocyte subpopulations in tissues using immunohistochemistry.

title: Immunosuppressive drug


text:
Injection

Injection or injected may refer to:

Science and technology

 * Injective function, a mathematical function mapping distinct arguments to distinct values
 * Injection (medicine), insertion of liquid into the body with a syringe
 * Injection, in broadcasting, the level at which a subcarrier is sent by the transmitter, expressed as a percent of total modulation
 * Injection quill, used in the petrochemical industry to insert chemicals, typically inhibitors, for proper mixture within a base chemical
 * Fuel injection, a means of metering fuel into an internal combustion engine
 * Orbit injection, changing a stable orbit into a transfer orbit
 * Injection, in construction, insertion of consolidation materials (i.e., cement grout mixtures, gravel) by means of dry type rotary shortcrete high pressure pumps
 * Injection well
 * Injection moulding, a technique for making parts from plastic material

Computing

 * Code injection, a security violation technique using unexpected program modification
 * Dependency injection, a programming design pattern, also referred to as inversion of control
 * Email injection, a security violation technique using web email forms
 * Fault injection, a software testing technique
 * Network injection, an attack on access points that are exposed to non-filtered network traffic
 * SQL injection, a security violation technique using database commands

Arts, entertainment and media

 * Injected (album), a 1995 album by Phunk Junkeez
 * Injected (band), a rock band from Atlanta, Georgia
 * Injection (comics), an Image Comics science fiction series by Warren Ellis and Declan Shalvey
 * "Injection", song by Rise Against from The Sufferer & the Witness, 2006

Other uses

 * Injection (economics), a financial boost to an economy
 * Drug injection of recreational drugs

title: Injection


text:
Lactic acidosis

Lactic acidosis is a medical condition characterized by a build-up of lactate (especially -lactate) in the body, with formation of an excessively low pH in the bloodstream. It is a form of metabolic acidosis, in which excessive acid accumulates due to a problem with the body's oxidative metabolism.

Lactic acidosis is typically the result of an underlying acute or chronic medical condition, medication, or poisoning. The symptoms are generally attributable to these underlying causes, but may include nausea, vomiting, Kussmaul breathing (laboured and deep), and generalised weakness.

The diagnosis is made on biochemical analysis of blood (often initially on arterial blood gas samples), and once confirmed, generally prompts an investigation to establish the underlying cause to treat the acidosis. In some situations, hemofiltration (purification of the blood) is temporarily required. In rare chronic forms of lactic acidosis caused by mitochondrial disease, a specific diet or dichloroacetate may be used. The prognosis of lactic acidosis depends largely on the underlying cause; in some situations (such as severe infections), it indicates an increased risk of death.

Classification
The Cohen–Woods classification categorizes causes of lactic acidosis as:
 * Type A: Decreased tissue oxygenation (e.g., from decreased blood flow)
 * Type B
 * B1: Underlying diseases (sometimes causing type A)
 * B2: Medication or intoxication
 * B3: Inborn error of metabolism

Signs and symptoms
Lactic acidosis is commonly found in people who are unwell, such as those with severe heart and/or lung disease, a severe infection with sepsis, the systemic inflammatory response syndrome due to another cause, severe physical trauma, or severe depletion of body fluids. Symptoms in humans include all those of typical metabolic acidosis (nausea, vomiting, generalized muscle weakness, and laboured and deep breathing).

Causes
The several different causes of lactic acidosis include:
 * Genetic conditions
 * Biotinidase deficiency, multiple carboxylase deficiency, or nongenetic deficiencies of biotin
 * Diabetes mellitus and deafness
 * Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase deficiency
 * Glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency
 * GRACILE syndrome
 * Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes
 * Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
 * Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency
 * Leigh syndrome
 * Drugs
 * Linezolid
 * Paracetamol/acetaminophen poisoning
 * Metformin: this risk is low (less than 10 cases for 100,000 patient years), but the risk of metformin-induced lactic acidosis (MALA) increases in certain situations where both the plasma levels of metformin are increased and lactate clearance is impaired. The older related and now withdrawn drug phenformin carried a much higher risk of lactic acidosis.
 * Isoniazid toxicity
 * Propofol
 * Epinephrine
 * Propylene glycol (D-lactic acidosis)
 * Nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors
 * Abacavir/dolutegravir/lamivudine
 * Emtricitabine/tenofovir
 * Potassium cyanide (cyanide poisoning)
 * Fialuridine
 * Other
 * Thiamine deficiency (especially during TPN)
 * Impaired delivery of oxygen to cells in the tissues (e.g., from impaired blood flow (hypoperfusion))
 * Bleeding
 * Polymyositis
 * Ethanol toxicity
 * Sepsis
 * Shock
 * Advanced liver disease
 * Diabetic ketoacidosis
 * Excessive exercise (overtraining)
 * Regional hypoperfusion (e.g., bowel ischemia or marked cellulitis)
 * Cancers such as Non-Hodgkin's and Burkitt lymphomas
 * Pheochromocytoma
 * Tumor lysis syndrome
 * D-lactic acidosis due to intestinal bacterial flora production in short gut syndrome

Pathophysiology
Glucose metabolism begins with glycolysis, in which the molecule is broken down into pyruvate in ten enzymatic steps. A significant proportion of pyruvate is converted into lactate (the blood lactate-to-pyruvate ratio is normally 10:1). The human metabolism produces about 20 mmol/kg of lactic acid every 24 hours. This happens predominantly in tissues (especially muscle) that have high levels of the "A" isoform of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDHA), which predominantly converts pyruvate into lactate. The lactate is carried by the bloodstream to other tissues where it is converted back to pyruvate by the "B" isoform of LDH (LDHB). Firstly there is gluconeogenesis in the liver (as well as the kidney and some other tissues), where lactate is converted into pyruvate and then into glucose; this is known as the Cori cycle. In addition, pyruvate generated from lactate can be oxidized to acetyl-CoA, which can enter the citric acid cycle to enable ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation.

Elevations in lactate are either a consequence of increased production or of decreased metabolism. With regards to metabolism, this predominantly takes place in the liver (70%), which explains that lactate levels may be elevated in the setting of liver disease.

In "type A" lactic acidosis, the production of lactate is attributable to insufficient oxygen for aerobic metabolism. If there is no oxygen available for the parts of the glucose metabolism that require oxygen (citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation), excess pyruvate will be converted in excess lactate. In "type B" lactic acidosis the lactate accumulates because there is a mismatch between glycolysis activity and the remainder of glucose metabolism. Examples are situations where the sympathetic nervous system is highly active (e.g. severe asthma). There is controversy as to whether elevated lactate in acute illness can be attributed to tissue hypoxia; there is limited empirical support for this theoretical notion.

Diagnosis
Acid-base disturbances such as lactic acidosis are typically first assessed using arterial blood gas tests. Testing of venous blood is also available as an alternative as they are effectively interchangeable. Normally resulting lactate concentrations are in the range indicated below:

Lactic acidosis is classically defined as an elevated lactate together with pH < 7.35 and bicarbonate below 20 mmol/L, but this is not required as lactic acidosis may exist together with other acid-base abnormalities that may affect these two parameters.

Treatment
If elevated lactate is present in acute illness, supporting the oxygen supply and blood flow are key initial steps. Some vasopressors (drugs that augment the blood pressure) are less effective when lactate levels are high, and some agents that stimulate the beta-2 adrenergic receptor can elevate the lactate further.

Direct removal of lactate from the body (e.g. with hemofiltration or dialysis) is difficult, with limited evidence for benefit; it may not be possible to keep up with the lactate production.

Limited evidence supports the use of sodium bicarbonate solutions to improve the pH (which is associated with increased carbon dioxide generation and may reduce the calcium levels).

Lactic acidosis caused by inherited mitochondrial disorders (type B3) may be treated with a ketogenic diet and possibly with dichloroacetate (DCA), although this may be complicated by peripheral neuropathy and has a weak evidence base.

Prognosis
Mild and transient elevations in lactate have limited impact on mortality, whereas sustained and severe lactate elevations are associated with a high mortality.

The mortality of lactic acidosis in people taking metformin was previously reported to be 50%, but in more recent reports this was closer to 25%.

Reptiles
Reptiles, which rely primarily on anaerobic energy metabolism (glycolysis) for intense movements, can be particularly susceptible to lactic acidosis. In particular, during the capture of large crocodiles, the animals' use of their glycolytic muscles often alters the blood's pH to a point where they are unable to respond to stimuli or move. Cases are recorded in which particularly large crocodiles which put up extreme resistance to capture later died of the resulting pH imbalance.

Certain turtle species have been found to be capable of tolerating high levels of lactic acid without experiencing the effects of lactic acidosis. Painted turtles hibernate buried in mud or underwater and do not resurface for the entire winter. As a result, they rely on lactic acid fermentation to provide the majority of their energy needs. Adaptations in particular in the turtle's blood composition and shell allow it to tolerate high levels of lactic acid accumulation. In the anoxic conditions where fermentation is dominant, calcium levels in the blood plasma increase. This calcium serves as a buffer, reacting with the excess lactate to form the precipitate calcium lactate. This precipitate is suggested to be reabsorbed by the shell and skeleton, thereby removing it from the bloodstream; studies examining turtles that have been subjected to prolonged anoxic conditions have up to 45% of their lactate stored within their skeletal structure.

Ruminants
In ruminant livestock, the cause of clinically serious lactic acidosis is different from the causes described above.

In domesticated ruminants, lactic acidosis may occur as a consequence of ingesting large amounts of grain, especially when the rumen population is poorly adapted to deal with grain. Activity of various rumen organisms results in accumulation of various volatile fatty acids (normally, mostly acetic, propionic, and butyric acids), which are partially dissociated. Although some lactate is normally produced in the rumen, it is normally metabolized by such organisms as Megasphaera elsdenii and, to a lesser extent, Selenomonas ruminantium and some other organisms. With high grain consumption, the concentration of dissociated organic acids can become quite high, resulting in rumen pH dropping below 6. Within this lower pH range, Lactobacillus spp. (producing lactate and hydrogen ions) are favored, and M. elsdenii and S. ruminantium are inhibited, tending to result in a considerable rise of lactate and hydrogen ion concentrations in the rumen fluid. The pKa of lactic acid is low, about 3.9, versus, for example, 4.8 for acetic acid; this contributes to the considerable drop in rumen pH which can occur.

Because of the high solute concentration of the rumen fluid under such conditions, considerable water is translocated from the blood to the rumen along the osmotic potential gradient, resulting in dehydration which cannot be relieved by drinking, and which can ultimately lead to hypovolemic shock. As more lactate accumulates and rumen pH drops, the ruminal concentration of undissociated lactic acid increases. Undissociated lactic acid can cross the rumen wall to the blood, where it dissociates, lowering blood pH. Both L and D isomers of lactic acid are produced in the rumen; these isomers are metabolized by different metabolic pathways, and activity of the principal enzyme involved in metabolism of the D isomer declines greatly with lower pH, tending to result in an increased ratio of D:L isomers as acidosis progresses.

Measures for preventing lactic acidosis in ruminants include avoidance of excessive amounts of grain in the diet, and gradual introduction of grain over a period of several days, to develop a rumen population capable of safely dealing with a relatively high grain intake. Administration of lasalocid or monensin in feed can reduce risk of lactic acidosis in ruminants, inhibiting most of the lactate-producing bacterial species without inhibiting the major lactate fermenters. Also, using a higher feeding frequency to provide the daily grain ration can allow higher grain intake without reducing the pH of the rumen fluid.

Treatment of lactic acidosis in ruminants may involve intravenous administration of dilute sodium bicarbonate, oral administration of magnesium hydroxide, and/or repeated removal of rumen fluids and replacement with water (followed by reinoculation with rumen organisms, if necessary).

title: Lactic acidosis


text:
Lipodystrophy

Lipodystrophy syndromes are a group of genetic or acquired disorders in which the body is unable to produce and maintain healthy fat tissue. The medical condition is characterized by abnormal or degenerative conditions of the body's adipose tissue. A more specific term, lipoatrophy (lipo is Greek for 'fat', and dystrophy is Greek for 'abnormal or degenerative condition'), is used when describing the loss of fat from one area (usually the face). This condition is also characterized by a lack of circulating leptin which may lead to osteosclerosis. The absence of fat tissue is associated with insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic syndrome.

Types
Lipodystrophy can be divided into the following types:
 * Congenital lipodystrophy syndromes
 * Congenital generalized lipodystrophy (Berardinelli-Seip syndrome)
 * Familial partial lipodystrophy
 * Marfanoid–progeroid–lipodystrophy syndrome
 * Chronic atypical neutrophilic dermatosis with lipodystrophy and elevated temperature syndrome
 * Acquired lipodystrophy syndromes
 * Acquired partial lipodystrophy (Barraquer-Simons syndrome)
 * Acquired generalized lipodystrophy
 * Centrifugal abdominal lipodystrophy (Lipodystrophia centrifugalis abdominalis infantilis)
 * Lipoatrophia annularis (Ferreira-Marques lipoatrophia)
 * Localized lipodystrophy
 * HIV-associated lipodystrophy

Pathogenesis
Due to an insufficient capacity of subcutaneous tissue to store fat, fat is deposited in non-adipose tissue (lipotoxicity), leading to insulin resistance. Patients may display hypertriglyceridemia, severe fatty liver disease and little or no adipose tissue. Average patient lifespan is approximately 30 years before death, with liver failure being the usual cause of death. In contrast to the high levels seen in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) associated with obesity, leptin levels are very low in lipodystrophy.

Insulin injections
Lipodystrophy can appear as a lump or small dent in the skin that forms when a person performs injections repeatedly in the same spot. These types of lipodystrophies are harmless and can be avoided by changing (rotating) the locations of injections. For those with diabetes, using purified insulins and new needles with each injection may also help. (Although, in some cases, rotation of the injection sites may not be enough to prevent lipodystrophy.)

Some of the side-effects of lipodystrophy are the rejection of the injected medication, the slowing down of the absorption of the medication, or trauma which can cause bleeding that, in turn, causes rejection of the medication. In any of these scenarios, the dosage of the medication, such as insulin for diabetics, becomes impossible to gauge correctly and the treatment of the disease for which the medication is administered is impaired, thereby allowing the condition to worsen.

Antiretroviral drugs
Lipodystrophy can be a possible side effect of certain antiretroviral drugs. Lipoatrophy is most commonly seen in patients treated with thymidine analogues and other older HIV drug treatments such as the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors [NRTIs] like zidovudine (AZT) and stavudine (d4T). Other lipodystrophies manifest as lipid redistribution, with excess, or lack of, fat in various regions of the body. This is often most noticeable in the face. These include, but are not limited to, having sunken cheeks and/or "humps" on the back or back of the neck (also referred to as buffalo hump) which also exhibits due to excess cortisol (a so-called "stress" hormone).

Diagnosis
The diagnosis is a clinical one, usually established by an experienced endocrinologist.Using a skinfold caliper to measure skinfold thickness in various parts of the body or a total body composition scan using Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry may also help identify the subtype. Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry may be useful by providing both regional %fat measurements, and direct visualization of fat distribution by means of a "fat shadow". A genetic confirmation is sometimes possible, depending on the subtype. However, in up to 40% of partial lipodystrophy patients, a causative gene has not been identified.

Treatment
Leptin replacement therapy with human recombinant leptin metreleptin has been shown to be an effective therapy to alleviate the metabolic complications associated with lipodystrophy, and has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of generalized lipodystrophy syndromes. In Europe based on EMA, metreleptin should be used in addition to diet to treat lipodystrophy, where patients have loss of fatty tissue under the skin and build-up of fat elsewhere in the body such as in the liver and muscles. The medicine is used in: adults and children above the age of two years with generalised lipodystrophy (Berardinelli-Seip syndrome and Lawrence syndrome) and in adults and children above the age of 12 years with partial lipodystrophy (including Barraquer-Simons syndrome), when standard treatments have failed.

Volanesorsen is an Apo-CIII inhibitor that is currently being investigated as a potential therapeutic to reduce levels of hypertriglycerides in Familial Partial Lipodystrophy patients in the BROADEN study.

Epidemiology
Congenital lipodystrophy (due to inherited genetic defect) is estimated to be extremely rare, possibly affecting only one per million persons. Acquired lipodystrophy is much more common, especially affecting persons with HIV infection.

title: Lipodystrophy


text:
Macrovascular disease

Macrovascular disease is a disease of any large (macro) blood vessels in the body. It is a disease of the large blood vessels, including the coronary arteries, the aorta, and the sizable arteries in the brain and in the limbs.

This sometimes occurs when a person has had diabetes for an extended period of time. Fat and blood clots build up in the large blood vessels and stick to the vessel walls.

Three common macrovascular diseases are coronary disease (in the heart), cerebrovascular disease (in the brain), and peripheral vascular disease (in the limbs)

Macrovascular disease (macroangiopathy) refers to atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a form of arteriosclerosis (thickening and hardening of arterial walls), characterized by plaque deposits of lipids, fibrous connective tissue, calcium, and other blood substances. Atherosclerosis, by definition, affects only medium and large arteries (excluding arterioles).

Macrovascular disease is associated with the development of coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, brain attack (stroke), and increased risk of infection. Type 2 diabetes is more closely associated with macrovascular diseases than type 1 diabetes. Peripheral vascular disease and increased risk of infection have important implications in the care of the acutely ill patient.

title: Macrovascular disease


text:
Microangiopathy

Microangiopathy (also known as microvascular disease, small vessel disease (SVD) or microvascular dysfunction) is a disease of the microvessels, small blood vessels in the microcirculation. It can be contrasted to macroangiopathies such as atherosclerosis, where large and medium-sized arteries (e.g., aorta, carotid and coronary arteries) are primarily affected.

Small vessel diseases (SVDs) affect primarily organs that receive significant portions of cardiac output such as the brain, the kidney, and the retina. Thus, SVDs are a major etiologic cause in debilitating conditions such as renal failure, blindness, lacunar infarcts, and dementia.

Types
Microangiopathies are involved in a variety of different diseases including:

• Diabetic microangiopathy, mainly as diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. Nevertheless, diabetic microvascular dysfunction is not limited to the eyes, kidneys, and nerves, but can also affect other organs such as the skin, muscles, heart, and brain.

• Coronary microvascular diseases (CMDs), which are a group of conditions affecting the microvasculature in the heart and include microvascular angina, previously known as cardiac syndrome X.

• Cerebral small vessel diseases (CSVDs), which include arteriosclerosis-related CSVD as in hypertension, amyloid-related CSVD as in Alzheimer's disease and other genetic, inflammatory-mediated and immune-mediated CSVDs.

• Thrombotic microangiopathies, pseudo-thrombotic microangiopathy and microangiopathies in a wide range of diseases including COVID-19 infection, chronic kidney disease, chronic venous insufficiency, systemic scleroderma and other connective tissue diseases (CTDs) associated with peripheral vascular syndrome, sarcoidosis, amyloidosis and even with long-haul flights.

Pathophysiology
The main target of small vessel diseases is the endothelium, which plays a key role in vascular homeostasis. The pathogenesis of SVDs in various organs is characterized by endothelial dysfunction, capillary rarefaction, microthrombi and microvascular remodeling.

Diabetic microangiopathy, which is the most common cause of microangiopathy, is more prevalent in the kidney, retina and vascular endothelium since glucose transport isn’t regulated by insulin and these tissues cannot stop glucose from entering cells when blood sugar levels are high. Among all biochemical mechanisms involved in diabetic vascular damage such as the polyol pathway and the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), the advanced glycation end products (AGEs) pathway appears to be the most important in the pathogenesis and progression of microvascular complications.

Chronic high blood sugar levels lead to the attachment of sugar molecules to various proteins, including collagen, laminin, and peripheral nerve proteins. This process, called glycosylation, creates advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs formation cross-links these proteins, making them resistant to degradation. This leads to accumulation of AGEs, thickening of the basement membrane, narrowing the blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the tissues and causing ischemic injury.

In addition, oxidative stress, caused by AGEs and the other pathways, causes apoptosis of pericytes and podocytes in the retina and the kidneys respectively leading to capillary wall fragility and increased vascular leakage. This results in local swelling (e.g. macular edema) and impaired tissue function.

Microvascular diseases as a multisystem disorder
Some researchers have suggested that SVD may be a multisystem disorder, meaning that it can affect multiple organs in the body, including the heart and brain. This is supported by multiple studies stating that cardiac pathologies are more prevalent in patients with pathological evidence of cerebrovascular SVD and vice versa.

Coronary microvascular diseases (CMDs) can be caused by: • Structural changes, such as vascular remodeling and increased thickness and hypertrophy of arterial walls present in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

• Functional changes, such as endothelial dysfunction caused by oxidative damage as in smoking.

• Extravascular changes, such as left ventricular hypertrophy and high left ventricular pressure as a result of aortic stenosis (AS).

On the other hand, Cerebral SVD encompasses a range of vascular pathologies including arteriosclerosis-related CSVD, where lipohyalinosis causes stenosis of the lumen of the arterioles and amyloid-related CSVD, characterized by the build-up of β-amyloid deposits in small- and medium-caliber cerebral vessels.

The vascular anatomy of the heart and brain is similar in that conduit arteries are distributed on the surface of these organs with tissue perfusion achieved through deep penetrating arteries. Both coronary and cerebral microvascular diseases do share some common risk factors such as hypertension. Why some patients with microvascular angina subsequently develop vascular cognitive impairment and others do not is an unanswered question. Potential underpinning mechanisms include premature vascular aging and clustering of vascular risk factors leading to an accelerated cardiovascular risk.

Diagnosis
The diagnosis of microangiopathies can be based on direct visualization of the microcirculation, imaging modalities (e.g. MRI), conventional testings (e.g. ophthalmoscopy for diabetic retinopathy) or other diagnostic measures (e.g. blood smear for schistocytes in thrombotic microangiopathies).

For assessment of the morphological and functional aspects of microcirculation, nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC) can be used, in which videocapillaroscopy is performed at the nailfold, where capillaries are arranged with the longitudinal axis parallel to the skin surface, so that they can be examined along their entire length.

NVC has been largely used not only for investigating peripheral microangiopathy, but also as a sort of "window" to systemic microvascular dysfunction. Although its main application is within the connective tissue diseases such as systemic scleroderma and dermatomyositis, it has been employed in non-rheumatic diseases with microvascular involvement such as diabetes mellitus, essential hypertension and COVID-19 infection. [[File:MVD004.jpg|thumb|Capillaroscopic findings in patients with mild COVID-19 1. Enlarged loops (Black arrow)

2. Microhemorrhages (Red arrow)

3. Microthrombosis (Green arrow)]] Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is another imaging modality that offers high-resolution visualization of the retinal capillary network and can be used to evaluate microcirculation in conditions such as diabetic retinopathy. Many studies have demonstrated that evaluation of the retinal microvascular changes using OCTA or other methods such as fluorescein angiography may reflect the systemic microvascular functions as in patients with coronary microvascular disease, cerebral small vessel diseases or systemic sclerosis (The potential of retinal microvascularopathy as a biomarker for assessing microvascular status of other circulations).

Unlike the retinal microcirculation, the coronary microvasculature cannot be directly imaged. Instead, a number of different tests can be used to measure how much blood is flowing through the coronary microvasculature. These tests can be used to assess how well the coronary microvasculature is functioning and to diagnose coronary microvascular disease. They include non-invasive measures such as cardiac MRI and invasive measures such as intracoronary Doppler wire.

Similarly, CSVD is typically recognized on both brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans, but MRI has greater sensitivity and specificity. Neuroimaging of CSVD primarily involves visualizing radiological phenotypes of CSVD such as recent subcortical infarcts or cerebral microbleeds (CMBs).

Treatment
Treatment options of microangiopathies can be directed at:

• Prevention (e.g. maintaining good glycaemic control, screening for retinopathy and neuropathy and testing for albuminuria).

• Controlling symptoms and preventing further deterioration (e.g. tricyclic antidepressants and gabapentin for diabetic neuropathy).

• Drug therapy (e.g. antiplatelets (low-dose aspirin) and lipid-lowering therapy (statins) for management of CMDs).

• Diet and lifestyle modification (e.g. low-protein diet in diabetic nephropathy, smoking cessation, weight loss, improved nutrition, and regular exercise).

• Intensive management of coexisting conditions and risk factors (e.g. adequate control of blood pressure, diabetes and related metabolic abnormalities and lipid management).

• Other measures (e.g. photocoagulation in patients with severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy).

• Young people with extensive CSVD and few or no conventional vascular risk factors may benefit from genetic testing to identify any underlying genetic disorders that may be contributing to their condition (For Fabry disease, there is an enzyme replacement therapy).

A better understanding of the mechanisms leading to damage of small blood vessels may be associated with novel therapeutic approaches, the safety and efficacy of some of which will need to be further investigated. Examples include calcium dobesilate and aldose reductase inhibitors in diabetic microangiopathies and endothelin receptor antagonists for pulmonary hypertension.

title: Microangiopathy


text:
Talk:Rabbit-Proof Fence

Potential refs
Moved from EL section

 * Phil Noyce Interview
 * Bolt on Stolen Generation
 * Villella, Fiona A. (2002) "Long road home: Phillip Noyce's Rabbit-Proof Fence" in Senses of Cinema March 2002 Accessed: 27 July 2007
 * "A rabbit-proof fence full of holes", The Australian, 11 March 2002. Critique by Peter Howson (Minister for Aboriginal affairs in 1971 and 1972) and Des Moore (director of the Institute for Private Enterprise)
 * Rabbit Proof Fence (2002) Reviewed by Jamie Russell, 16 October 2002 BBC Film Review (Retrieved 28 July 2007)
 * Rabbit Proof Fence, Review by Luke Buckmaster In Film Australia (Retrieved 28 July 2007)

-- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 14:25, 25 January 2010 (UTC)

Bit of sloppy coding
In "Reception," I see "}}verify credibility}}". I don't know how to fix it, but someone ought to. Thanks.

Fyi- someone has edited the description of this movie to be the description of a Star Wars film. That should be fixed, but I'm new that this and I'm not sure how to do it. I wanted to bring it to someone's attention. -- Everything Else Is Taken (talk) 13:09, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Fixed. -- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 13:37, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

Molly's daughters
The plot section says Molly also tells us of her own two daughters and that the three of them were taken from Jigalong back to Moore River. Is it the opposite maybe? Two of three rather than three of two? Fomalhaut76 (talk) 14:41, 14 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Three = Molly + 2 daughters. 62.196.17.197 (talk) 16:27, 20 December 2013 (UTC)

Strange issue down in the references section of the page.
Almost all of the references are displaying the message 'Time allocated for running scripts has expired'. I have no idea what this means, but I have tested the page in another browser and on my mobiles internet and have found the same issue. An image of the issue. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 101.191.5.153 (talk) 13:06, 11 October 2014 (UTC)

 * It looks like it had to do with the rotten-tomatoes and metacritic film templates. I removed them and then restored them, which appears to have fixed the issue. Erik (talk | contrib) (ping me) 13:22, 11 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Or maybe it was not the templates themselves. Editing the page alone might have resolved the matter. Erik (talk | contrib) (ping me) 13:23, 11 October 2014 (UTC)

The Keith Windshuttle Controversy
I had added the Windshuttle rebute to the film, and thank User:Skyring for defending it. I am certainly not Windshuttle, and do not know the real truth. I do know that the film itself eked political correctness, while Windshuttle's work seems sombre and researched.

Further contributions to this topic would be most welcome. But the controversy has to be acknowledged. I would suggest that anybody contributing to this needs at least to read the referenced book by Pilkington. Tuntable (talk) 23:19, 29 June 2015 (UTC)

 * I note a recent edit intended to "tone down" Windschuttle's criticism. We use a Neutral Point of View here, and that does not mean adopting some pre-digested middle ground, but in giving all well-held views their place, allowing the reader to check the sources and make up their own minds. Looking at Windschuttle's article, he does not "argue" anything. He makes direct statements. He gives his sources. It is clear that the makers of the film–as noted in the credits–based their work on a true story, but took considerable creative licence for the purpose of entertainment. Some scenes are pure fiction, such as the supposed capture of three children who did not want to be captured by a lone man. Apparently every time he caught one of these evasive creatures, the act of placing them in an unlocked car while he sweated off to get the next one served to render them immobile and incapable of simply opening the door and running away in the other direction. --Pete (talk) 20:57, 8 August 2015 (UTC)

I've gone ahead and refined the Windshuttle section for further accuracy, removing an inaccurate sentence (neither Windshuttle nor Pilkington argue that the girls' removal was voluntary), giving more details about Windshuttle's arguments, and adding information about academics who have criticized Windshuttle's work. (23/4/17)

External links modified
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Requested move 2 March 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: no consensus to move the page at this time, per the discussion below. Dekimasu よ! 20:02, 14 March 2018 (UTC)

Rabbit-Proof Fence (film) → Rabbit-Proof Fence – Title formatting distinguishes the film from similar article titles – WP:DIFFCAPS and WP:ITALICTITLE. No disambiguator is needed. Sangdeboeuf (talk) 14:38, 2 March 2018 (UTC) --Relisting. Dekimasu よ! 00:51, 11 March 2018 (UTC)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). Anthony Appleyard (talk) 14:39, 2 March 2018 (UTC)

 * Rabbit-Proof Fence is a disambig page. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 14:40, 2 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Two of the four page names there are not titles or proper names, and so are not capitalized as Rabbit-Proof Fence. I've moved the DAB page to Rabbit-proof fence (disambiguation). —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 14:48, 2 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Support - As the actual fence is not entitled "Rabbit-Proof fence" I don't see this as an issue.ZXCVBNM (TALK) 20:38, 2 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Support per Zxcvbnm, and because the capitalization provides sufficient disambiguation.--Yaksar (let's chat) 21:00, 2 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:PRECISE. There's no conflict with any other title. Station1 (talk) 00:36, 3 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose. As long as the main title header for the fence retains the form, Rabbit-proof fence, it would be insufficiently disambiguated from the film, Rabbit-Proof Fence, thus indicating that the film's title needed to retain its form with a parenthetical qualifier, Rabbit-Proof Fence (film). —Roman Spinner (talk)(contribs) 08:26, 3 March 2018 (UTC)
 * WP:DIFFCAPS indicates otherwise. This looks like a classic Red meat vs. Red Meat distinction to me. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 10:24, 3 March 2018 (UTC)
 * WP:OTHERSTUFFEXISTS and each example presents its own specialized circumstances. The Red meat/Red Meat distinction was WP:RM tested six years ago, in February 2012, at Talk:Red Meat, with the nominator arguing for the addition of a parenthetical qualifier and three !voters arguing against. After six years, it is also overdue for another RM with, hopefully, more extensive participation. —Roman Spinner (talk)(contribs) 16:30, 3 March 2018 (UTC)
 * I see that the three opposing !votes all referred to our article titling policy, which states that small details are usually sufficient to distinguish topics, e.g. MAVEN vs. Maven; Airplane vs. Airplane!; Sea-Monkeys vs. SeaMonkey, etc. I'm not sure what special circumstances exist in this case and not those others. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 18:44, 3 March 2018 (UTC)
 * A number of recent requested moves concerned whether same-titled main headers, which are differentiated solely through upper/lower case letters, accents, diacritics, exclamation points, question marks or commas, need parenthetical qualifiers to be disambiguated from each other. Each case presented the opportunity for differing interpretations. A nomination positing that the comma in Everything Was Beautiful, and Nothing Hurt was sufficient to disambiguate thus named Moby album from the Breakfast with Amy album Everything Was Beautiful and Nothing Hurt, drew three Oppose votes and was withdrawn at Talk:Everything Was Beautiful, and Nothing Hurt (Moby album). —Roman Spinner (talk)(contribs) 18:58, 4 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Not sufficiently different. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:19, 7 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose, with a common name such as this the upper-casing isn't enough of a diff. The other cases the nominator mentions are different. One contains a '!', another the full upper-casing, and the third the words run together as one. In this case it's the same spelling, the film was named for the fence, and the fence is an understood and common term in Australia and elsewhere. Randy Kryn (talk) 05:52, 11 March 2018 (UTC)
 * I would argue that the term is also commonly understood to refer to the film, especially outside Australia. For an even more common phrase, our titling policy gives, as the first example of typographic disambiguation, Red meat and Red Meat, which are identical except for one upper-case letter (and italics, which are not part of the link syntax). So I don't understand the objection based on the same spelling of the titles. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 17:55, 11 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Randy Kryn.  Lugnuts  Fire Walk with Me 09:16, 11 March 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Rabbit-Proof Fence