text:
Talk:Mike Gravel

Later Senate term and 1980 election
I'll try and find time to write/rewrite anything which may need clarified re: blanket primaries. That was mostly part of an ongoing problem I've had with over-reliance on Our Campaigns/Political Graveyard/etc. on the part of too many editors, sometimes in favor of more first-hand information which contradicts the information they present.

Anyway, here's another reference, mostly directed at Wasted Time, but for anyone else so inclined. mostly summarizes ANILCA, but particularly the differing stances between Gravel and Ted Stevens not only on that issue, but pretty much anything else happening at that time. The sources in the footnotes of the book quotes, which is described in the book as a "lengthy account." I didn't see it listed in the references, and the summary I read in the book would indicate that it contains lots of relevant material.RadioKAOS (talk) 09:25, 25 March 2011 (UTC)

Recent appearance
Gravel appeared in a recently-produced television series called ANCSA at 40, which has been airing on KTOO's subchannel 360 North. Unlike the other episodes I've seen, which were panel discussions, Gravel appears by himself. I didn't have the time to actually sit down and watch it. That's okay, though, because it will no doubt re-air constantly.

Two things did catch my attention. First, Gravel stated that the 1966 Alaska elections were the original catalyst for ANCSA. This very subject is actually discussed in somewhat considerable detail in Etok: A Story of Eskimo Power by Hugh Gregory Gallagher. Most of it doesn't relate to Gravel, so the short version is that Natives weren't in lockstep behind Bill Egan in 1966 like they were for Democrats at other times. A group of Athabascans led by Ralph Perdue and Morris Thompson, mostly originally from the middle Yukon River and based in Fairbanks, were actively campaigning for Wally Hickel. The first AFN convention two weeks before the general election has been described as a "loyalty test" of the political establishment towards Natives. A peripheral issue around that same time involving Jeff Barry, Egan's chief of staff, apparently had the effect of Egan failing that test. Gravel stated that in this election, he received 80 percent or more of the vote in the villages against Ralph Rivers. The results show that this was the case in a large handful of villages in westernmost Alaska, or between Bethel and Kotzebue, but was hardly the case statewide.

The other thing I heard Gravel say on this program mirrors what has been stated elsewhere regarding his reasons for coming to Alaska. He stated that himself, Nick Begich, Gene Guess and Joe Josephson were all people of roughly the same age who came to Alaska specifically to pursue political ambitions. There's probably some truth to be had in that statement, though Gravel was a little bit older than the others (Begich and Guess were born in 1932, Josephson in 1933). Also, he truly did come to Alaska on his own, while biographies of the others suggest that they came to Alaska directly or indirectly on account of being employed by the federal government.RadioKAOS (talk) 15:19, 1 January 2012 (UTC)

And another 360 North program
I think it's called Alaska Statehood Pioneers in Their Own Words. I no longer have cable nor watch much television in general, so I only stumbled upon this recently while visiting a friend. The episode I watched consisted of a 2004 interview of Katie Hurley by Terrence Cole. Hurley was Ernest Gruening's secretary for most of his tenure as territorial governor, referring to this for many years afterward as her "education at the University of Ernest Gruening". After the constitutional convention, she was removed from the political mainstream and raising her daughters in Wasilla, yet was still involved with Gruening. Curiously, she didn't mention Gruening's 1962 race against Ted Stevens, which Naske has written about in some detail as being Alaska's first truly acrimonious political contest. She did, however, discuss the 1968 election, specifically Bob Bartlett's endorsement of Gravel, believing that Bartlett was conned into endorsing Gravel while "doped up on his deathbed" or words to that effect. While Hurley's biases should be obvious, Bartlett and Gruening may not have been as much in lockstep as has been believed. Bartlett, while delegate, wrote privately about "the E.G. problem", namely that Gruening's ego wouldn't allow him to accept being a private citizen during the period between leaving the governor's office and his election as senator, and how Bartlett felt that Gruening was frequently interfering with his political agenda. RadioKAOS / Talk to me, Billy / Transmissions 09:50, 30 December 2015 (UTC)

Later Senate term, plus photo

 * I haven't had the kind of time to play around with NewsBank as I would like lately. Unless I haven't looked hard enough, that Nicholas Lemann piece was available at the time I mentioned it on here, but now the Washington Post isn't available at all.  If I'm incorrect, feel free to set me straight.  From what little I was able to read of it, the legendary quote of Eric Idle as Philip Jenkinson comes to mind: "Pretty strong meat there from Sam Peckinpah".  Very little of it is at all complimentary of Gravel, so I can understand that there's no mad stampede to use it as a source on here.  Perhaps the most scandalous part is Ted Stevens speaking in early 1979, where he stops about an inch short of outright accusing Gravel of being responsible for the death of Ann Stevens.

 * Speaking of Ted Stevens, I have on my camera a derivative of the photo of Nixon signing the Pipeline Authorization Act, which included Gravel, Stevens, Young and numerous other members of Congress. This was sourced from the Ted Stevens Papers.  The caption on the photo indicates that it was an official White House photo, so I'll upload it to Commons as soon as I have the time to upload all the other photos (my backlog is getting ridiculous at this point).  Gotta run, cheers.RadioKAOS (talk) 00:40, 6 September 2012 (UTC)

 * I haven't gotten ahold of the Lemann WaPo piece yet either. I've got pending access to a couple of new archives, we'll see what they have.  And yes, I've got a backlog of stuff I want to do too!  Wasted Time R (talk) 13:41, 8 September 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified (January 2018)
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Extremely negative article
Why is this article apparently uniquely negative on Gravel? I've never seen this level of in-depth negativity, outright accusing him of lying repeatedly and creating a "controversy" where none appeared (the Barnes Review section). I'm going to be working on this page - the lack of editing done to it is pretty shocking. — Preceding unsigned comment added by ThaddeusStevens (talk • contribs) 07:49, 19 March 2019 (UTC)

 * This article is not unduly negative about Gravel. Starting from essentially nowhere, he had many successes in his Alaskan political career and a definite impact on the state, and these are given full weight here.  He did play a significant role in the Pentagon Papers saga, and the article gives that full weight as well.  But the reality is that during his 2008 presidential campaign he invented or greatly exaggerated a couple of supposed past triumphs, and the article simply points that out.  If you look at any quality sources written before 2006, none of them say that Gravel had a significant role in ending the draft.  You only see such attributions starting with his presidential campaign, when writers who saw Gravel as an amusing sideshow with no chance of winning took some of his claims at face value.  Accordingly I have restored the draft-related text and its sources, although per one of your comments I have replaced the Regnery book source with one from Politico that supports the same thing, which in turn is sourced from a 1978 book from Knopf by Lawrence M. Baskir, William A. Strauss, Chance and circumstance: The draft, the war, and the Vietnam generation.

 * I do agree with you, however, about the Barnes Review controversy getting undue weight in the article, and I have no problem with your edits that trim that material down and fold it into the containing section.

 * But the ending of the military draft is important – the switch to the all-volunteer army has had great consequences ever since for how American wars are fought and who fights them – and it is important for Wikipedia to get right who caused that switch to happen and who did not. Wasted Time R (talk) 01:18, 20 March 2019 (UTC)

Original research
In two cases, a claim by Gravel's 2008 campaign is rebutted by articles from the 1970s. The ones I have looked at don't even mention Gravel.
 * Gravel had failed to stop the tests (notwithstanding his later claims during his 2008 presidential campaign).
 * Gravel's attempts to stop the draft had failed (notwithstanding Gravel's later claims that he had stopped or shortened the draft, taken at face value in some media reports, during his 2008 presidential campaign).

This is clearly synthesis and doe not belong in the article. Both contain extensive footnotes explaining why Gravel is wrong, but do not cite any sources that make that claim. Nothing about Gravel' 2008 or 2016 campaigns should be sourced to articles from the 1970s,

TFD (talk) 00:26, 15 July 2019 (UTC)

 * Gravel's 2008 and 2020 (not 2016) presidential campaigns are not being sourced to articles from the 1970s. Rather, Gravel's actions in the 1970s – what he accomplished and what he tried but failed to accomplish – are being sourced to WP:RS articles from the 1970s, rather than Gravel's own claims from 2006 and a couple of lazy media outlets in 2006 that parroted those claims (because they didn't take Gravel seriously and instead were focusing on his Crazy Uncle persona and Dadaist ads).  The reason the 1970s RS articles that describe the ending of the Alaskan nuclear tests, and the ending of the U.S. military draft, don't mention Gravel is because Gravel had no role in the ending of either.  The good news is that here in 2019, the media profiles of Gravel that I have seen have mentioned his role in the Pentagon Papers (which really did happen) but have not parroted his claims regarding the draft.  I'd like to think this WP article has played a role in that.    Wasted Time R (talk) 02:00, 15 July 2019 (UTC)
 * The definition of Synethesis of published material is "combin[ing] material from multiple sources to reach or imply a conclusion not explicitly stated by any of the sources." In this case you are using the Gravel campaign's statement in 2016 and articles from the 1970s to conclude that he was wrong in 2016. Obviously none of the articles from the 1970s make any comment about his 2016 campaign. It doesn't matter whether or not your synthesis is correct. It "acceptable only if a reliable source [or what you call the "lazy media"] has published the same argument in relation to the topic of the article." TFD (talk) 04:04, 15 July 2019 (UTC)

 * Yes, I've been around here a long time and I know what synthesis is, and I know that Wikipedia is about verifiability not truth. But still.  Normally in a case like this, the press investigates a candidate's claims, finds them empty or badly exaggerated, and we can cite that and the WP article gets an important part of history right.  But here because no one in the press takes the candidate seriously, the claims do not get investigated, and the WP article is forced to get an important part of history wrong.  Does that make sense to you?  Wasted Time R (talk) 10:16, 15 July 2019 (UTC)

 * No, because it is an argument why we should ignore no synthesis. And V doesn't mean truth. If you think that synthesis should be allowed in some cases, then you need to get the policy changed. If you think reliable sources have not been doing their job, then you need to get them to do it. I poated a question at NORN. TFD (talk) 02:38, 16 July 2019 (UTC)

For reference for this thread, the post on NORN is here. Perathian (talk) 23:15, 15 July 2019 (UTC)

Paradigm Research Group
The red link Paradigm Research Group could be fixed: Either go to an in the relevant paragraph of the UFO#Claims by military, government, and aviation personnel section, or go to Citizen Hearing on Disclosure ending up at UFO conspiracy theory. –84.46.53.159 (talk) 06:04, 9 August 2019 (UTC)

Too long
This article is much too long and contains many items that are unnecessary, duplicative, irrelevant, and/or violate WP: NOTEVERYTHING and WP:DUE standards. I encourage interested editors to review the article and reduce it down to a reasonable size, focusing especially on items that do not merit inclusion per WP:BLP requirements. After allowing some time for interested editors to make these reviews and edits, I will make an attempt at some further reductions to the article. Go4thProsper (talk) 23:08, 22 October 2020 (UTC)

 * I disagree with the idea that the article is too long. This is a GA article and has been for a long time.  And if it is too long, it is his two presidential campaigns that need trimming, neither of which ever attracted a measurable amount of support.  Your changes to the lede have removed virtually everything about his career as an Alaskan representative and a U.S. Senator, which is where his actions had the most effect.  That makes no sense at all, and I strongly disagree with those changes.   Wasted Time R (talk) 23:39, 22 October 2020 (UTC)

 * I have now restored much, but not all, of the Alaska representative and U.S. Senator material to the lede, and a couple of other biographical items for narrative flow. Other removals that were made from the lede are okay.  Wasted Time R (talk) 12:27, 26 October 2020 (UTC)

Image
Usually when a celebrity (Little Richard, Christopher Plummer for a time, Diego Maradona, among many others) or in this case politician dies (Robert Mugabe (not comparing Gravel to Mugabe of course), among many others), their image is usually changed to something from when they were most active and relevant. Since Gravel was Senator from 1969 to 1981. I would support changing the infobox image to something from that time period. After all he read the Pentagon Papers into record in 1971. Lochglasgowstrathyre (talk) 13:34, 27 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Agreed, and I have done so. Wasted Time R (talk) 15:21, 27 June 2021 (UTC)

Video link
Added text and Guardian link to high-quality video of Gravel being casually filmed and interviewed during primary campaign in New Hampshire on January 3, 2008, by Mother Jones investigative reporter James Ridgeway, which also includes video of a telephonic interview with NPR's Neal Conan for Talk of the Nation. Gravel, Ridgeway and Conan all died in the first eight months of 2021. Activist (talk) 09:56, 18 August 2021 (UTC)

1959 Tour
Picture about the tour here AMCKen (talk) 06:22, 26 August 2022 (UTC)

C. R. Lewis
seems to believe that the redlink for Lewis should be "Clyde Lewis (Alaska politician)" instead, based solely on cherry-picking a poor-quality "source" that's been adopted as some sort of standard on Wikidata. WP:AT is policy on this site. For one, it strongly suggests that parenthetical disambiguation should be a last resort, not a first resort. It also says that extended parenthetical disambiguation should be discouraged when a simpler disambiguator would suffice. There is no article or other page titled "Clyde Lewis (politician)", for example. For another, the policy contains WP:COMMONNAME. Google hits are not a good indication of that due to numerous false positives related to the talk show host Clyde Lewis. Here's a sample of higher-quality sources instead. This is a piece published by the Washington Post in 1979, written by a notable writer (Nicholas Lemann), who refers to him as C. R. Lewis. This is a piece published by the Anchorage Daily News in 2021, written by a notable writer (Stephen Haycox), who refers to him as C. R. Lewis. The text of his obituary begins by referring to him as C. R. Lewis. That's just the low-hanging fruit of the top Google results, but the chronological spacing of those three examples deserves significant weight. Of greater relevance is the NewsBank archive of the Anchorage Times (accessed at adn.newsbank.com). It returned 5,000+ hits for C. R. Lewis versus 150+ hits for Clyde Lewis. Many of the latter hits appeared to be about a relative involved in legal trouble serious enough to warrant news coverage. Mpen320, if you would, please explain how this justifies defying policy. We're expected to give extra weight to something because it's been marked as policy. When it comes to article titles, however, many editors appear to believe that "I like it" or "I don't like it" somehow takes precedence over policy. RadioKAOS / Talk to me, Billy / Transmissions 09:51, 8 October 2022 (UTC)

This did not require a five(?) paragraph scolding. You explanation in the reversion was fine. Feel free to create an actual article for the guy if that important. Mpen320 (talk) 16:06, 8 October 2022 (UTC)

 * WP:REDLINKBIO has cautions about redlinks for people, and I usually avoid doing such links at all for that reason. And avoiding them has the benefit of postponing questions about what the biographical article title should be, until and unless an actual article is written.  Wasted Time R (talk) 21:45, 8 October 2022 (UTC)

While I'm at it
This article has been a GA for many years. Evidently, the bar for GAs is a lot lower than I expected, the excellent job done with this article notwithstanding. I'm concerned that the article has been messed with enough in recent years to warrant a WP:GAR. I lack the time for such, however. Let me discuss two items. First is the images. It has long been the practice of GAs to illustrate the article as fully as possible, including using images which provide context for statements made in the article if images directly depicting the subject aren't available. At some point, every image not of or containing Gravel was removed from the article. It appears some but not all of them were restored. The recently-added infobox photo was uploaded by someone with a reputation for indiscriminately scavenging content off the web and uploading them to Commons with spurious claims of public domain. Looks to me like copyright is a consideration under WP:GACR. I found a small handful of photos of Mike and Rita Gravel from the late 1950s in two contemporary publications lacking copyright notices. I'm reluctant to donate them to Commons if either this article is being pushed further in the direction of a hagiography or if the lack of warm bodies on Commons means a lack of willingness to clean up their problem content. The second concern is the long-standing presence in the infobox of a predecessor and successor to his state House tenure. Whoever added that just made it up out of thin air. There were no designated seats in multi-member districts until the 13th Legislature. Therefore, it is impossible to determine a predecessor or successor. Why would I go to the trouble of writing and properly sourcing an explanatory note mentioning all that, only to have someone come along and add something which treats it like it was total bullshit? Furthermore, what sort of credibility exists in saying that state legislators are inherently notable but there's no redlinks for either John Hellenthal or Mike Beirne? We're treating both of them like, in the immortal words of Casey Kasem, "just a bunch of wasted names that don't mean diddly shit" because neither is Mike Gravel or someone closely related to him. In other, one more thing pushing this towards a hagiography instead of an entry in a comprehensive information resource. RadioKAOS / Talk to me, Billy / Transmissions 09:51, 8 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Regarding the images that were removed but not restored, I believe there is just one, a portrait photo of C. R. Lewis in the "Reelection to Senate in 1974" section, with the caption "C. R. Lewis in 1973. After eight years of representing Anchorage in the Alaska Senate, Lewis won the Republican nomination and challenged Gravel in the 1974 election." I thought it looked a bit out of place, especially since there aren't portraits of any of Gravel's other political opponents in the article, so I didn't put it back in when I restored the others.  But if you want to restore it, I won't object.  Or of course an article on Lewis could be created and the photo would go there.

 * Regarding the new infobox photo here, I don't like it either. It's taken from an autographed glossy that Gravel handed out, which may or may not have been taken by a federal employee.  I also don't think it's representative of how Gravel usually looked.

 * Regarding the old photos of Gravel and his first wife you found, I also have never been comfortable with claiming those kinds of images as public domain due to lack of apparent copyrights. As for Commons not having enough people to police all the stuff that gets uploaded there, yes that's true.

 * Regarding the pred/succ fields for state legislator in the infobox, those came in in this edit from an IP address in 2019. Just take them out with an edit summary explaining why, I doubt anyone will object.

 * Regarding the lack of redlinks for state legislators, my feeling as I said above is that they are best avoided anyway per considerations raised at WP:REDLINKBIO. Others will disagree; if you feel strongly that there are some names in this article that merit redlinks, put them in, I won't object.

 * Finally, you say this that this article is in danger of becoming a hagiography. I don't see it that way, but everyone's perspective is different, so if you could list some specific items in the article (beyond the ones you have mentioned here) that would help.   Wasted Time R (talk) 22:20, 8 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mike Gravel


text:
Georgia-Pacific

Georgia-Pacific LLC is an American pulp and paper company based in Atlanta, Georgia, and is one of the world's largest manufacturers and distributors of tissue, pulp, paper, toilet and paper towel dispensers, packaging, building products and related chemicals, and other forest products -- largely made from its own timber. Since 2005, it has been an independently operated and managed subsidiary of Koch Industries. As of Fall 2019, the company employed more than 35,000 people at more than 180 locations in North America, South America and Europe.

History
Georgia-Pacific was founded by Owen Robertson Cheatham on September 22, 1927 in Augusta, Georgia, as the Georgia Hardwood Lumber Co. Over the years it expanded, adding sawmills and plywood plants. The company acquired its first West Coast facility in 1947 and changed its name to Georgia-Pacific Plywood & Lumber Company in 1948.

In 1956, the company changed its name to Georgia-Pacific Corporation. In 1957 -- led by new president Robert B. Pamplin (who would lead for two decades) -- the company entered the pulp and paper business by building a kraft pulp and linerboard mill at Toledo, Oregon. The company continued to make a series of acquisitions, including US Plywood in 1987, Great Northern Nekoosa in 1990, and the Fort James Corporation in 2000. The Fort James Corporation was the result of a series of mergers of enterprises that included the Fort Howard Corporation, the James River Corporation and Crown-Zellerbach. In August 2001, Georgia-Pacific completed the sale of four un-coated paper mills and their associated businesses and assets to Canadian papermaker Domtar for US$1.65 billion.

It was announced on November 13, 2005 that Georgia-Pacific would be acquired by Koch Industries. On December 23, 2005, Koch Industries finalized the $21 billion acquisition of Georgia-Pacific. Georgia-Pacific was removed from the NYSE (it had traded under the symbol GP) and shareholders surrendered their shares for about $48 per share.

The Georgia-Pacific Tower in Atlanta continues to house the company's headquarters. The Crown Zellerbach Building was built as the headquarters of Crown Zellerbach in San Francisco in 1959.

On January 11, 2010, Georgia-Pacific signed an agreement to acquire Grant Forest Products' oriented strand board ("OSB") facility at Englehart, Ontario and the associated facility at Earlton, Ontario, as well as its OSB facilities at Clarendon and Allendale, South Carolina, for approximately $400 million. The transaction closed in July 2013, following Canadian regulatory review and US court approval under the Hart-Scott-Rodino merger review process.

On June 19, 2014, Georgia-Pacific announced it will acquire SPG Holdings.

In 2017, Georgia-Pacific became the first company to execute a Texas two-step bankruptcy, allegedly to pass off the liabilities of asbestos lawsuits to another entity.

In 2018, Georgia-Pacific's facilities in Taylorsville, Mississippi were the site of a two-week labor strike.

Brand names
Georgia-Pacific operates under many different brand names.
 * Angel Soft and Quilted Northern are toilet paper and facial tissue brands.
 * Blue Ribbon, Clutter Cutter, DensArmor Plus, DensDeck, DensGlass, DensShield, DryPly, FireGuard, GP Lam, Hushboard, Nautilus, Ply-Bead, Plytanium, Southern Gold, Sta-Strait, Thermostat, ToughRock, Wood I Beam, and XJ 85 are building and remodeling brands.
 * Sparkle and Brawny are paper towel brands.
 * Vanity Fair is a premium napkin brand.
 * Dixie Insulair, PerfecTouch, and Ultra are tableware brands.
 * Advantage, Image Plus, and Spectrum are office paper brands.

Discontinued brands include Soft n' Gentle (toilet paper), Zee (napkins and paper towels), and Mardi Gras (napkins and paper towels). The toilet paper and paper towel brands are sold in different price segments, with the Angel Soft and Sparkle brands being more value-priced and the Quilted Northern and Brawny brands being premium offerings.

Environmental record

Stephen Engelberg of The New York Times wrote that in 1995, Georgia-Pacific persuaded the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee to approve an amendment that derailed a pending E.P.A. investigation of Weyerhaeuser Company, Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, and Georgia-Pacific, arguing that the E.P.A. was "unfairly applying present-day standards to decisions made 10 to 15 years ago", and that the E.P.A. test method overstated the emissions from wood products factories. Georgia-Pacific's opponents believed "the measure could allow Georgia-Pacific avoid installing pollution gear at many of its plants." Engelberg wrote, "Nonetheless, [Georgia-Pacific] said they would install controls at plants that need them."

Georgia-Pacific is also involved in several remediation sites, many of which were landfills used by other manufacturers, municipalities and other businesses, and individuals. Two of the primary remediation sites - the Fox River in Wisconsin and Kalamazoo River in Michigan - involve the cleanup of PCBs. Georgia Pacific is contributing to dam removal work as part of an effort to clean up PCB contamination in Kalamazoo.

In 2007, the EPA announced legal agreements among itself, Michigan, Georgia-Pacific, and Millennium Holdings (a corporate successor of the Allied Paper Corporation) requiring the companies to clean up an estimated $21,000,000 worth of environmental damage to the Plainwell Impoundment Area. Another settlement required an additional $15,000,000 of environmental work on the Kalamazoo River Superfund Site.

Georgia-Pacific is the largest user of de-ink fiber in the world, and its subsidiary company GP Harmon trades in the recycled material. The company has expanded into other markets in countries like Mexico and China. In 2005, president of the division Simon Davies estimated that China would require the import of scrap paper from the US and elsewhere for at least 15 years. In the long run, he asserted, the growth of the Chinese middle class would be correlated with a large increase in paper production, and having viable paper recovery systems in place would be of great value to them.

The Georgia-Pacific Paper Mill in Crossett, Arkansas was the subject of environmental documentary film Company Town, released in 2016. The film alleges that improper waste disposal by the mill has caused a cluster of cancer incidents in the area around the mill.

Awards and charity
In 2009, the EPA awarded Koch subsidiary Georgia-Pacific its SmartWay Excellence award, "an innovative collaboration between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the freight industry designed to increase energy efficiency while significantly reducing air pollution," and specifically commended Georgia-Pacific. The award states:

In, 2008, 93 percent of Georgia-Pacific's freight was hauled by SmartWay Transport Partners, an increase of 47 percent over the previous year. Of the 145 carriers Georgia-Pacific uses, 104 were SmartWay carriers, an increase of 33 percent over 2007. In 2008, Georgia-Pacific experienced tremendous growth in its intermodal shipping. Georgia-Pacific was able to work with its customers to increase lead-time and create more intermodal freight shipments without significantly impacting customer's needs, thus increasing intermodal loads by 39 percent in 2008 as compared to 2007. Georgia-Pacific uses advanced software to pack loads more efficiently and increase cube utilization in its trailers. The company also reduced empty loads by 10 percent, increased utilization of local fleets, and established an idling reduction policy in place at its 12 distribution centers. In the summer of 2008, Georgia Pacific held a fuel conservation summit to explore ways for shippers and carriers to work together to further reduce fuel consumption from its freight transport operations.

The Georgia-Pacific Foundation Scholarship Program for Employees' Children has awarded nearly $10.5 million in college scholarships to children of the company's employees between 1988 and 2013.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Georgia-Pacific


text:
List of Barcelona Metro stations

This is a list of stations of the Barcelona Metro system.

Lines L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L9, L10, L11 and the Funicular de Montjuïc are administered by Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB), the city's transit company. Lines L6, L7, L8 and L12 are in origin commuter train services with extended frequency and integrated into the metro network, numbered as such, and run by the public Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya (FGC), which belongs to the Catalan government or Generalitat de Catalunya.

Line 1
Hospital de Bellvitge - Fondo

 * Hospital de Bellvitge
 * Bellvitge
 * Avinguda Carrilet (L8)
 * Rambla Just Oliveras
 * Can Serra
 * Florida
 * Torrassa (L9)
 * Santa Eulàlia
 * Mercat Nou
 * Plaça de Sants (L5)
 * Hostafrancs
 * Espanya (L3, L8)
 * Rocafort
 * Urgell
 * Universitat (L2)
 * Catalunya (L3, L6, L7)
 * Urquinaona (L4)
 * Arc de Triomf
 * Marina (T4)
 * Glòries (T4, T5, T6)
 * Clot (L2)
 * Navas
 * La Sagrera (L5)
 * Fabra i Puig
 * Sant Andreu
 * Torras i Bages
 * Trinitat Vella
 * Baró de Viver
 * Santa Coloma
 * Fondo (L9)

Line 2
Paral·lel - Badalona Pompeu Fabra

 * Paral·lel (L3, Funicular de Montjuïc)
 * Sant Antoni
 * Universitat (L1)
 * Passeig de Gràcia (L3, L4)
 * Tetuan
 * Monumental
 * Sagrada Família (L5)
 * Encants
 * Clot (L1)
 * Bac de Roda
 * Sant Martí
 * La Pau (L4)
 * Verneda
 * Artigues-Sant Adrià
 * Sant Roc (T5, T6)
 * Gorg (L10) (T5, T6)
 * Pep Ventura
 * Badalona Pompeu Fabra

Line 3
Zona Universitària - Trinitat Nova

 * Zona Universitària (L9) (T1, T2, T3)
 * Palau Reial (T1, T2, T3)
 * Maria Cristina (T1, T2, T3)
 * Les Corts
 * Plaça del Centre
 * Sants Estació (L5)
 * Tarragona
 * Espanya (L1, L8)
 * Poble Sec
 * Paral·lel (L2, Funicular de Montjuïc)
 * Drassanes
 * Liceu
 * Catalunya (L1, L6, L7)
 * Passeig de Gràcia (L2, L4)
 * Diagonal (L5; Provença: L6, L7)
 * Fontana
 * Lesseps
 * Vallcarca
 * Penitents
 * Vall d'Hebron (L5)
 * Montbau
 * Mundet
 * Valldaura
 * Canyelles
 * Roquetes
 * Trinitat Nova (L4, L11)

Line 4
Trinitat Nova - La Pau

 * Trinitat Nova (L3, L11)
 * Via Júlia
 * Llucmajor
 * Maragall (L5)
 * Guinardó – Hospital de Sant Pau
 * Alfons X
 * Joanic
 * Verdaguer (L5)
 * Girona
 * Passeig de Gràcia (L2, L3)
 * Urquinaona (L1)
 * Jaume I
 * Barceloneta
 * Ciutadella-Vila Olímpica (T4)
 * Bogatell
 * Llacuna
 * Poblenou
 * Selva de Mar (T4)
 * El Maresme-Fòrum (T4)
 * Besòs Mar
 * Besòs (T5)
 * La Pau (L2)

Line 5
Cornellà Centre - Vall d'Hebron

 * Cornellà Centre (T1, T2)
 * Gavarra
 * Sant Ildefons
 * Can Boixeres
 * Can Vidalet
 * Pubilla Cases
 * Ernest Lluch (T1, T2, T3)
 * Collblanc (L9, L10)
 * Badal
 * Plaça de Sants (L1)
 * Sants Estació (L3)
 * Entença
 * Hospital Clínic
 * Diagonal (L3; Provença: L6, L7)
 * Verdaguer (L4)
 * Sagrada Família (L2)
 * Sant Pau – Dos de Maig
 * Camp de l'Arpa
 * La Sagrera (L1, L9, L10)
 * Congrés
 * Maragall (L4)
 * Virrei Amat
 * Vilapicina
 * Horta
 * El Carmel
 * El Coll - La Teixonera
 * Vall d'Hebron (L3)

Line 6
 Pl. Catalunya - Sarrià
 * Barcelona - Plaça Catalunya (L1, L3, L7)
 * Provença (L7; Diagonal: L3, L5)
 * Gràcia (L7)
 * Sant Gervasi (Plaça Molina: L7)
 * Muntaner
 * La Bonanova
 * Les Tres Torres
 * Sarrià (L12)

Line 7
''' Pl. Catalunya - Av. Tibidabo '''
 * Barcelona - Plaça Catalunya (L1, L3, L6)
 * Provença (L6; Diagonal: L3, L5)
 * Gràcia (L6)
 * Plaça Molina (Sant Gervasi: L6)
 * Pàdua
 * El Putxet
 * Avinguda Tibidabo (Tramvia blau)

Line 8
 Barcelona - Moli Nou
 * Barcelona-Plaça Espanya (L1, L3)
 * Magòria-La Campana
 * Ildefons Cerdà (L10)
 * Europa-Fira (L9)
 * Gornal
 * Sant Josep
 * L'Hospitalet-Avinguda Carrilet (L1)
 * Almeda
 * Cornellà-Riera
 * Sant Boi
 * Molí Nou | Ciutat Cooperativa

Line 9
L9 Sud: Aeroport T1 - Zona Universitària
 * Aeroport T1
 * Aeroport T2
 * Mas Blau
 * Parc Nou
 * Cèntric
 * El Prat Estació
 * Les Moreres
 * Mercabarna
 * Parc Logístic
 * Fira
 * Europa - Fira (L8)
 * Can Tries - Gornal (L10)
 * Torrassa (L1)
 * Collblanc (L5)
 * Zona Universitària (L3) (T1, T2, T3)

L9 Nord: La Sagrera - Can Zam
 * La Sagrera (L1, L5 and L10)
 * Onze de Setembre (L10)
 * Bon Pastor (L10)
 * Can Peixauet
 * Santa Rosa
 * Fondo (L1)
 * Església Major
 * Singuerlín
 * Can Zam

Line 10
L10 Nord: La Sagrera - Gorg
 * La Sagrera (L1, L5, L9)
 * Onze de Setembre (L10)
 * Bon Pastor (L10)
 * Llefià
 * La Salut
 * Gorg (L2) (T5)

L10 Sud: Collblanc - ZAL | Riu Vell

 * Collblanc (L9, L5)
 * Torrassa (L1, L9)
 * Can Tries - Gornal (L9)
 * Provençana
 * Ciutat de la Justícia (L8)
 * Foneria
 * Foc
 * Zona Franca
 * Port Comercial│La Factoria
 * Ecoparc
 * ZAL | Riu Vell

Note 1: Wikipedia should've added a page on the actual station - Ciutat de la Justícia. There is no page on it, so Ildefons Cerdà is used as a replacement page.

Line 11
Trinitat Nova - Can Cuiàs
 * Trinitat Nova (L3, L4)
 * Casa de l'Aigua
 * Torre Baró-Vallbona
 * Ciutat Meridiana
 * Can Cuiàs

Line 12
Sarrià - Reina Elisenda
 * Sarrià (L6)
 * Reina Elisenda

Funicular de Montjuïc
The funicular is connected to and fare-integrated with the metro.

 * Paral·lel (L2, L3)
 * Parc de Montjuïc

title: List of Barcelona Metro stations


text:
Talk:*-algebra

Untitled
August 2003 discussion

Don't you think it's just a bit too redundant to list the same definitions in * algebra, B* algebra and C* algebra? Phys

I agree, but how do you suggest removing the redundancy? I created the page *-algebra because I needed it for the Stone-Weierstrass theorem and character (mathematics). At least the page on C* algebras should contain the whole definition because this is the concept with the best-developed theory. Then, it would be just wrong to say "a *-algebra is just like a C*-algebra, but without a norm". Now that you mention it, we also need a page about W*-algebras, but luckily those are defined in terms of C*-algebras, so there will be no redundancy there. If any page should be removed, I think it's B*-algebras, which by all reckoning are not studied much any more. I say let's leave it as it is. Redundancy is one of the strengths of natural language, not a weakness. -- Miguel

Post2009 discussion

*-subalgebras
I'm having a hard time finding material on *-subalgebras, which are (typographically at least) hard to search for. Wouldn't this be a good place to put at least a definition? Can anyone step in? Episanty (talk) 19:34, 19 June 2011 (UTC)

Is 1* = 1 necessary?
Am I just confused, or does this follow from the other 3 conditions?

. is multiplication

1* = 1.(1*) = (1**).(1*) = (1.(1*))* = 1** = 1

169.231.27.96 (talk) 23:36, 10 September 2009 (UTC) Ricky

It seems to me that the second condition is enough:
 * $$\begin{array}{rll}

x^* & = (x \cdot 1)^* & \mbox{(by ring axioms)} \\ & = x^* \cdot 1^* & \mbox{(by second condition)} \end{array} $$ but x* = x* · 1* establishes 1* as a unit.

Cacadril (talk) 22:02, 19 December 2009 (UTC)

 * No, x* = x* · 1* does not establish 1* as a unit.
 * Consider zero function on a nontrivial ring.
 * You need x** = x to get useful results.
 * JumpDiscont (talk) 05:55, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

It might be helpful to point out why you need x**=x to "get results." You can show that 1*=1, not just any old unit. x**=x for all x means that (_)* is a bijection. In particular, (_)* is injective. Then from (a1*)* = (1*)*a*=1a*=a*, we can conclude that a1*=a. Since the identity in a ring is unique, 1*=1. Also, since the map preserves addition, 0*=0. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jdgallag84 (talk • contribs) 18:45, 2 May 2011 (UTC)

⋆ operator
Is ⋆ the "* operation" referred to here? ⇔ ChristTrekker 23:23, 22 December 2009 (UTC)

"Associative ring" seems redundant
This Terminology section currently begins: "In mathematics, a *-ring is an associative ring... " Associative ring redirects to Ring, and according to that article, a ring is associative by definition.

Therefore it seems clear that the phrase "associative ring" is redundant, something like writing "the discrete integers." Dratman (talk) 22:52, 21 October 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:*-algebra


text:
List of Bilbao metro stations

This is a list of the stations of the metro system of Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain. For further information on the network, see the Metro Bilbao page.

The system is one line in the city centre (Ariz - San Ignazio) which splits into two branches northwest of downtown.

Common stations

 * Terminal stations in bold

 * Etxebarri - terminus station for Line 1 and link between the two lines.
 * Bolueta - link with EuskoTren to Bermeo and Donostia.
 * Basarrate
 * Santutxu
 * Zazpikaleak/Casco Viejo - link with EuskoTren to Deusto and Lezama.
 * Abando - link with the tram and Cercanías, Bilbao-Abando station.
 * Moyua
 * Indautxu
 * Santimami/San Mamés - link with the tram, Cercanías and the bus station.
 * Deustu
 * Sarriko
 * San Ignazio - link between lines 1 and 2.

Line One

 * Terminal stations in bold

Etxebarri - Plentzia
 * Lutxana
 * Erandio
 * Astrabudua
 * Leioa
 * Lamiako
 * Areeta
 * Gobela
 * Neguri
 * Aiboa
 * Algorta
 * Bidezabal
 * Ibarbengoa
 * Berango
 * Larrabasterra
 * Sopela
 * Urduliz
 * Plentzia

Line Two

 * Terminal stations in bold

Basauri - Kabiezes
 * Basauri (before the common line)
 * Ariz (before the common line)
 * Gurutzeta/Cruces
 * Ansio
 * Barakaldo
 * Bagatza
 * Urbinaga
 * Sestao
 * Abatxolo
 * Portugalete
 * Peñota
 * Santurtzi
 * Mamariga shuttle
 * Kabiezes

title: List of Bilbao metro stations


text:
User:Cuzco100

Hi There! Peruvian Engineer, post grades studies in diferent parts of the world. Working in an international company.

title: User:Cuzco100


text:
Nipawin

Nipawin is a town in Saskatchewan, Canada, on the Saskatchewan River portion of Tobin Lake. The town lies between Codette Lake, created by the Francois-Finlay Dam (built in 1986) and Tobin Lake, created by the E.B. Campbell Dam built in 1963, renamed from Squaw Rapids. The construction of Francois-Finlay Dam earned Nipawin the nickname the "Town of Two Lakes".

Nipawin is bordered by the Rural Municipality of Nipawin No. 487 and the Rural Municipality of Torch River No. 488 (the latter across the Saskatchewan River).

Highway 35 and Highway 55 intersect in Nipawin. The Nipawin Airport and the Nipawin Water Aerodrome also serve the community.

Nipawin is a Cree word meaning "a bed, or resting place" which referred to a low-lying area along the river now flooded by Codette Lake where First Nations women and children would camp and wait for the men to arrive.

History
The first permanent settlement of Nipawin occurred in 1910 with the establishment of a trading post. In 1924 the Canadian Pacific Railway passed nearby over the Crooked Bridge, and the settlement was moved, building by building, to its current location to be closer to the railway.

Fur trade
There were a number of fur trading posts in the area, but they are poorly documented. In 1763 Joseph Smith reached the area from York Factory. In 1768 James Finlay from Montreal built a post. François le Blanc, apparently the man known as "Saswe", had a post by that year or the next. In 1790 William Thorburn built there then moved to Hungry Hall the following year. In 1795 there were two posts, one run by A. N McLeod for the North West Company and another run by James Porter working for David Grant.

Recent history
On April 18, 2008, a downtown meat shop exploded, destroying three buildings as well as damaging several more. The explosion killed two and injured five. The explosion is suspected to have been caused by a backhoe that snagged and sheared a natural gas riser from the main line. The explosion prompted the implementation of a state of emergency by the mayor. The explosion received extensive national news coverage.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Nipawin had a population of $4,570$ living in $1,921$ of its $2,091$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $4,401$. With a land area of 8.93 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Climate
Nipawin Experiences a Humid continental climate (Koppen: Dfb) bordering on a subarctic climate (Dfc), with long, extremely cold winters and short, warm summers. The highest temperature ever recorded in Nipawin was 42.2 C on July 19, 1941. The coldest temperature ever recorded was -48.3 C on January 8, 1930.

Economy
Nipawin is near the Fort à la Corne Provincial Forest, location of the world's largest diamond bearing kimberlites and intensive diamond exploration activity. Other industries in the area include: agriculture, tourism, canola oil processing, honey production, forestry, and commercialization of second-generation biofuels.

Attractions
This resort community has become a destination for fishing, camping, boating, golfing, hunting, and outdoor recreation.
 * Nipawin hosts several annual fishing events, including, the Great Northern Pike Festival, a summer-long event offering prizes for catching tagged fish. Other annual fishing events are the Codette Walleye tournament, Ladies Fish for Freedom tournament, Premier's Walleye Cup tournament, and the Vanity Cup Walleye tournament running the last weekend in September and the first week in October.
 * Nipawin and District Regional Park is about 2.5 km north of town.
 * The 18-hole Evergreen Golf Course is north of town at the regional park. It has been rated as one of the top 100 public courses in Canada and one of the top five in Saskatchewan. Annual events held at the Evergreen Golf Club are Bob Dow Memorial Golf Tournament and the Evergreen Classic Golf Tournament along with many other tournaments throughout the golf season.
 * Nipawin is along the Trans-Canada Snowmobile Trail. There are many other groomed trails that run around Nipawin along with snowmobile rallies.

Sports

 * Curling is also found in Nipawin for the young and old. Nipawin hosts the Ladies, Men's and Seniors Bonspiels and the Evergreen Curling Classic.
 * The town is home to the Nipawin Hawks of the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League.

Education
Nipawin has three public schools: Central Park Elementary School, Wagner Elementary School, and L.P. Miller Comprehensive School.

The town is home to the Nipawin Campus of Cumberland College with 360 students and Nipawin Bible College with 48 students.

Notable residents

 * Sharon Butala, novelist
 * Dane Byers, NHL hockey player
 * Lyndon Byers, retired NHL player for the Boston Bruins
 * Greg Classen, retired hockey player who played 90 games in the NHL for the Nashville Predators
 * James Archibald Kiteley, provincial politician
 * Arthur McKay, painter and professor
 * Dave Pagan, professional baseball pitcher

title: Nipawin


text:
RealDoll

The RealDoll is a life-size sex doll (also considered a mannequin) manufactured by Abyss Creations, LLC in Las Vegas, Nevada, and sold worldwide. It has a poseable PVC skeleton with steel joints and silicone flesh.

Details and history
The RealDolls are designed to recreate the appearance, texture, and weight of human female and male bodies. Their primary function is to serve as sex partners. This activity can be accompanied by certain preparations such as dressing them up in different types of clothes, changing wigs or makeup, and even adjusting body temperature by the use of electric blankets or baths.

Early prototypes were made from solid latex with an interior skeleton, but construction of the outer material was later switched to silicone. In June 2009, Abyss Creations switched from tin cure silicone to platinum silicone, which resulted in dolls that are less prone to tears and compression marks than older RealDolls.

The current incarnation of the female Real Doll product was introduced in 1996. In 2003, Abyss introduced the "Face-X" system, allowing any face to be interchangeable with any body. Multiple faces can then be attached one at a time to a single doll by the owner. As of 2011, there are nine female bodies and 16 female faces in the first product line. In 2009 the RealDoll 2 was introduced, which feature removable inserts for the mouth and vagina and faces that attach by magnets instead of Velcro. The line started with two female bodies and three female faces and, as of 2013, offered ten faces and three bodies of females. Another female body is in the development phase.

Charlie, the first male Real Doll, was retired in 2008 and replaced with two body types and three head types. Transgender dolls may also be purchased from the company, although these must be custom ordered. Abyss also sells silicone toys such as female torso products and dildos among other offerings.

For a time, the company also offered customizations such as robotic hip actuators, finger skeletons (instead of the usual wire finger armatures), and computer-controlled speech feedback, but these expensive options are no longer available.

In popular culture

 * A Cyanide & Happiness short, in which Pinocchio exclaims "I want to be a RealDoll!".
 * A film entitled Love Object starring Desmond Harrington was released in 2003 that deals with a lonely man's purchase of a RealDoll that may be more real than he thinks.
 * Dave Hockey's All Dolled Up documentary
 * Glamour and high fashion photographer Helmut Newton photographed RealDolls. A sample can be found in his autobiography. Playboy magazine reportedly refused to publish Newton's RealDoll photo shoot, considering it too weird, according to his account.
 * Nick Holt's Guys and Dolls television documentary for North One Television (renamed "Love Me, Love My Doll" for broadcast on BBC America) follows the lives of four men who live with RealDolls.
 * On the Family Guy episode "Boopa-dee Bappa-dee" the Griffins pose as RealDolls in order to re-enter the United States. Additionally in the episode "Take a Letter" Cleveland reveals that a large empty warehouse at the post office is in preparation for the near future when RealDolls are a popular mail-order item.
 * RealDolls are also referenced in the lyrics of "Lower Your Expectations," a song by Bo Burnham featured in his Netflix-exclusive stand-up comedy special: Make Happy.
 * RealDolls are mentioned in the lyrics of the song "Crockpot" by an American rock band Slothrust.
 * Several lifestyle magazines featured reports focusing on people who own RealDolls.
 * The mainstream film Lars and the Real Girl features a RealDoll as second main character.
 * The webcomic Xkcd has mentioned RealDoll in several comics.

title: RealDoll


text:
Teledildonics

Teledildonics (also known as cyberdildonics) is the name coined for virtual sex encounters using networked electronic sex toys to mimic and extend human sexual interaction. The term became known after technology critic and writer Howard Rheingold used it in his 1991 book Virtual Reality. In the publication, Rheingold made futuristic conclusions and summaries surrounding technology and used the term 'teledildonics' to refer to remote sexual activity using technology. Nowadays, the term is commonly used to describe remote sex (or, at least, remote mutual masturbation), where tactile sensations are communicated over a remote connection between the participants. The term can also refer to the integration of telepresence with sexual activity that these interfaces make possible and can be used in conjunction or interchangeably with sex-technology. The term has also been used less accurately (since there's no "tele-" element) to refer to robotic sex, i.e., computer-controlled sex toys that aim to substitute for or improve upon sex with a human partner. Nowadays, it is commonly used to refer to Bluetooth-enabled sex toys.

Background
Teledildonics is commonly used to describe Bluetooth-enabled sex toys, many of which have entered the market in the last decade. As well as being open to a remote connection for control, some toys can also be connected with corresponding devices to deliver synchronized movements between couples and remote partners. Teledildonics have also been used within the adult industry to create 'immersive' webcam shows, whereby users control the vibrations of the webcammers sex toy. Some media outlets have reported on 'teldildonic' technology used by long-distance couples in order to maintain sexual relations.

As well as offering remote functions, many teledildonic toys can be synchronized with pornography movies. Synchronization of porn with teledildonic or Bluetooth toys actions are controlled by means of a previously-written script. A report in 2008 suggested that teledildonics, along with text and email and webcams, can be used to "wind each other up to fever pitch during the working day" as a prelude to sex with a human during the evening hours. New technologies can help people establish "emotional connections" via the web. Indeed, teledildonics technology has already been integrated with adult online webcam services and certain sex toys, such as OhMiBod, Lovense, and We-Vibe. One Dutch manufacturer, KIIROO, offers a two-way connection between both female and male sex toys.

History
The term was coined as early as 1975 by Ted Nelson in his book Computer Lib/Dream Machines. The idea of virtual sex has been prominent in literature, fiction and popular culture, and promoters of these devices have claimed since the 1980s they are the "next big thing" in cybersex technology. At the time Howard Rhinegold started using this term in 1990s, there were already many enthusiasts seeking to explore the power of technology, sex and intimacy. A report in the Chicago Tribune in 1993 suggested that teledildonics was "the virtual-reality technology that may one day allow people wearing special bodysuits, headgear and gloves to engage in tactile sexual relations from separate, remote locations via computers connected to phone lines." It was the same year that the Cyber-SM suit was released by Stahl Stensile, which featured on the cover of FutureSex, a 1990s San Francisco–based magazine that focused on the emergence of teledildonics. Some products have been shown at the Museum of Sex in New York City and there was an exhibition about Stensile's Cyber-SM suit in 2016.

The responses to teledildonics have been mixed; however, the dominant concern has centered on the separation of personal intimacy and embodied presence. In the words of one early text on the subject:

Controversy
Many companies experimenting in the field have been hit with patent lawsuits. At the 2016 South by Southwest Festival, virtual reality entrepreneur Ela Darling asserted that patent holders were preventing the production of teledildonic technology.

The Electronic Frontier Foundation has named one such patent the "stupid patent of the month". That patent expired in August 2018, lowering the barrier of entry to the field.

title: Teledildonics


text:
Tom

Tom or TOM may refer to:

 * Tom (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters with the name.

Film and television

 * Tom (1973 film), or The Bad Bunch, a blaxploitation film
 * Tom (2002 film), a documentary film
 * Tom (American TV series), 1994
 * Tom (Spanish TV series), 2003

Music

 * Tom, a 1970 album by Tom Jones
 * Tom drum, a musical drum with no snares
 * Tom (Ethiopian instrument), a plucked lamellophone thumb piano
 * Tune-o-matic, a guitar bridge design

Places

 * Tom, Oklahoma, US
 * Tom (Amur Oblast), a river in Russia
 * Tom (river), in Russia, a right tributary of the Ob

Science and technology

 * A male cat
 * A male wild turkey
 * Tom (pattern matching language), a programming language
 * TOM (psychedelic), a hallucinogen
 * Text Object Model, a Microsoft Windows programming interface
 * Theory of mind (ToM), in psychology
 * Translocase of the outer membrane, a complex of proteins

Transportation

 * Tom (ship), the name of several ships
 * TUI Airways, ICAO airline code TOM
 * Tottenham Hale station, London, England, station code TOM

Other uses

 * Tom (gender identity), a gender identity in Thailand
 * TOM (mascot), of the University of Memphis sports teams
 * Tom (Paralympic mascot), of the 2016 Summer Paralympics
 * TOM Group, a Hong Kong media company
 * TOM Online, a Chinese mobile internet company
 * Overseas territory (France) (territoire d'outre-mer, TOM)
 * Troops Out Movement, an Irish republican organisation

title: Tom


text:
Death (metal band)

Death was an American death metal band formed in Altamonte Springs, Florida, in 1983 by guitarist Chuck Schuldiner (who later became the band's sole vocalist), drummer/vocalist Kam Lee and guitarist Rick Rozz. Death is considered to be among the most influential bands in heavy metal music and a pioneering force in death metal. The band's 1987 debut album, Scream Bloody Gore, has been widely regarded as one of the first death metal records, alongside the first records from Possessed and Necrophagia.

Death had a revolving lineup, with Schuldiner, aside from a European tour, being the sole consistent member. The group's style also progressed, from the raw sound on its first two albums to a more complex one in its later stage. The band disbanded after Schuldiner died of glioma and pneumonia in December 2001, but remains an enduring influence on heavy metal.

Early history (1983–1987)

Founded in either 1983 or 1984 by Chuck Schuldiner under the original name of Mantas in Altamonte Springs, Florida, Death was among the more widely known early pioneers of the death metal sound, along with California's Possessed. Inspired by Nasty Savage, Death was among the first bands in the Florida death metal scene. In the late 1980s, the band was both a part of and integral in defining the death metal scene which gained international recognition with the release of albums by a number of area acts.

Together with Kam Lee, and Rick Rozz, Schuldiner started to compose songs that were released on several rehearsal tapes in 1984. These tapes, along with the Death by Metal demo, circulated through the tape-trader world, quickly establishing the band's name. In 1984, Schuldiner dissolved Mantas and quickly started a new band under the name Death. Tim Aymar, in an article written in December 2010, states that Chuck Schuldiner renamed the band Death in order to turn his experience of the death of his brother Frank years earlier into "something positive". Its members again included Rick Rozz and Kam Lee. Another demo was released, called Reign of Terror.

In 1985, the Infernal Death tape was recorded and released. Rick Rozz was out of the band by early 1985. Schuldiner and Lee played with Scott Carlson and Matt Olivo, bassist and guitarist respectively, of the band Genocide (later to be renamed Repulsion) for a short time. However, Kam had some "personal problems" that caused him to be ejected from the band. Combat Records had offered the band a deal if they recorded another demo, though the band was unsuccessful in convincing Kam to rejoin. Olivo and Carlson left soon afterward. Schuldiner moved to the San Francisco Bay Area and recruited former Dirty Rotten Imbeciles drummer Eric Brecht, then recorded the Back from the Dead demo. However, Chuck was not happy with this incarnation of Death and moved back to Florida without a band. In 1986, Schuldiner got an invitation from early Canadian thrash metal band Slaughter to play on their album, which he accepted, moving to Canada. However, this only lasted two weeks, and he returned to the States. He returned to Florida, then moved back to the San Francisco Bay Area again, where he joined with 17-year-old drummer Chris Reifert.

Schuldiner and Reifert recorded the Mutilation demo in April 1986, which led to a deal with Combat Records. That summer, they began recording their first album, which was abandoned and written off as a mistake after Combat was not satisfied with the recording, which Reifert blamed on the studio engineers. In November 1986, the band was sent to Los Angeles to re-record the album at The Music Grinder with Randy Burns, which the band felt optimistic about due to his work on Possessed's Seven Churches. The basic tracks were recorded in a couple of days, while the bass, lead guitars and vocals were recorded by Schuldiner at Rock Steady Studios, which was also in L.A.

Scream Bloody Gore was released in 1987, widely considered a genre template for death metal. The band briefly had a second guitar player, John Hand, but he did not appear on the album (though his photo did). Schuldiner and Reifert recruited Steve Di Giorgio of Sadus and rehearsed in Concord for live shows, which never took place as Schuldiner decided to move back to Florida. Reifert had chosen to remain in California, where he went on to form Autopsy. Once back in Florida, Schuldiner teamed up with former bandmate Rick Rozz and two members of Rozz's band Massacre, Terry Butler and Bill Andrews.

Mid-era (1988–1992)
In 1988, that line-up recorded Leprosy. After much touring in support of the album, including a quick and ill-planned tour of Europe, Rick Rozz was fired in 1989. After a tour of Mexico featuring guitarist Paul Masvidal (later to re-emerge in the Death lineup), a replacement was found in James Murphy, with whom the third album Spiritual Healing was recorded in Tampa in the summer of 1989. Murphy left the band relatively quickly. By this time Schuldiner abandoned the "gore" lyrical theme for more social critique and melody was added to the band's sound.

In 1990, on the eve of a European tour, Schuldiner decided against traveling, claiming at the last minute that he felt the tour was not adequately organized (and citing the group's previous disorganized European tour in 1988) as well as having some personal problems. Andrews and Butler continued with the tour of Europe as 'Death' to fulfill the band's contractual obligations, and recruited roadies Walter Trachsler (guitar) and Louie Carrisalez (vocals) to replace Schuldiner, much to Schuldiner's shock and disgust.

Schuldiner abandoned the idea of a band set-up altogether and began working with session musicians only. Paul Masvidal became an official member, and Schuldiner hired Steve Di Giorgio and recruited Sean Reinert from underground Florida band Cynic. In 1991, Death released Human, which is considered a more technical and progressive album than their previous works, incorporating complex rhythms, riffs and song structures. Human was Death's best-selling album yet, receiving many accolades and some MTV play for the group's first video, directed by David Bellino, for the track "Lack of Comprehension". Due to obligations with his primary band Sadus, Di Giorgio was forced to depart after the recording of Human and new bassist Scott Carino did Death's extensive world tour, from October 1991 until March 1992, in addition to appearing in the music video for "Lack of Comprehension".

Schuldiner fired his manager Eric Greif after Spiritual Healing but settled and re-hired him before the recording of Human. Although there were at least two lawsuits between Greif and Schuldiner, Schuldiner was characteristically mellow in an interview with Thrash 'n Burn about what the writer referred to as his "gruesome collaboration" with Greif: "We just came to the conclusion that it was stupid just fighting all the time, taking each other to court and all that stupid shit." "Fate has an interesting way of working these things out ... Yes, we had a falling out, but we're working together again and it takes a lot of worries off my mind knowing Eric is the man for us", Schuldiner told the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel.

The final years and Schuldiner's death (1993–2001)
In 1993, Reinert and Masvidal left the group to continue with the band Cynic, as they were working on a full-length album at the time, Focus. Schuldiner, unable to persuade them otherwise, replaced them with drummer Gene Hoglan of the recently dissolved thrash metal band Dark Angel, and guitarist Andy LaRocque from King Diamond for Individual Thought Patterns. Since LaRocque was obligated to his band, Schuldiner hired a then-unknown Ralph Santolla as touring guitarist. Death was arguably at the peak of their commercial and popular culture success, and the video for the track "The Philosopher" even made it on to an episode of Beavis & Butt-head in 1994 (Beavis also parodies Schuldiner's vocals in a mock 'drive-thru' order of 'tacos, to go!' in death-metal style). Also in 1994, Death abandoned its eight-year relationship with Relativity and signed with Roadrunner Records, their European distributor. For 1995's Symbolic, Santolla and Di Giorgio were exchanged for underground Florida musicians Kelly Conlon and Bobby Koelble. For the Symbolic tour Brian Benson was brought in on bass (Conlon was let go from the band prior to the tour).

After Symbolic, Schuldiner broke up Death after tension with Roadrunner Records and focused on Control Denied. The seventh Death release, titled The Sound of Perseverance, included Florida musicians Richard Christy, Shannon Hamm and Scott Clendenin, and the album was completed at Morrisound Recording in Tampa and released on Nuclear Blast in 1998.

After the album and two supporting tours, Schuldiner put Death aside to pursue Control Denied with Christy and Hamm. Clendenin was dropped in favor of Steve Di Giorgio, who was once again available, and an underground power metal singer named Tim Aymar. Although the line-up and writing style was largely the same, Schuldiner created Control Denied in large part because he was displeased with the harsher vocals for Death. He opted to create a new band in order to avoid betraying what Death meant and sounded like to fans, remarking: "For me, it is just a matter of evolving, doing it the right way. I didn't put out a Death record with this stuff on it. I made the right choice and changed the name of the band. I tried to do everything the right way." As Schuldiner finished Control Denied's debut album, he was diagnosed with brain cancer, forcing the band to scrap plans for a U.S. and Canadian tour. As he worked on the second release, Schuldiner's condition improved, but the tumor left him in a weakened, vulnerable state. He contracted pneumonia and was placed in a hospital. On December 13, 2001, Schuldiner was released and returned home. An hour after arriving home, he died.

The aftermath (2001–onwards)
The second Control Denied release was not completed. Mired in legal problems involving its Dutch label, the musicians and Schuldiner's sister Beth, the former of whom have publicly stated their desire to complete the album, and former manager Eric Greif representing the Estate. In 2004, Hammerheart Records released a two-part bootleg made up of old, pre-Scream Bloody Gore demos, along with partial demos of the unfinished album and live Death recordings from 1990. This was issued under the name Chuck Schuldiner, not Death or Control Denied, but its markedly unfinished state and lack of vocals led to the release not being successful, aided by Schuldiner's mother Jane's pleas for fans to stay away from it. In October 2009, Greif litigated against Hammerheart, representing Schuldiner's estate, and all matters were settled by December, theoretically allowing for the Control Denied album to be completed by the other musicians.

Members of Death have since stayed active as musicians. Gene Hoglan from Dark Angel and Andy LaRocque from King Diamond had already made a name for themselves, with LaRocque continuing to work with King Diamond while Hoglan has done stints with a wide variety of bands including Strapping Young Lad, Old Man's Child, Opeth, Zimmers Hole, Unearth, Pitch Black Forecast, Dethklok, Fear Factory, and most recently, Testament. Paul Masvidal found success with Cynic alongside fellow Death member Sean Reinert, who continue to release albums and tour in the present. Richard Christy went on to gigs with Acheron and Iced Earth before joining The Howard Stern Show, though he has recently resurfaced on the metal scene with Charred Walls of the Damned and guesting on a Crotchduster album. Ralph Santolla has also played with Iced Earth, as well as Sebastian Bach; both are bands which Steve DiGiorgio played in as well. Santolla was in Obituary and he was previously in Deicide. Di Giorgio also played for Testament and is still active with his original band Sadus. Bobby Koelble founded the Orlando rock-funk-Latin fusion group JunkieRush in 2000. He joined the Jazz faculty of the University of Central Florida (UCF) in 2007, and performs and records with The Jazz Professors. James Murphy was also in Testament, formed projects such as Disincarnate, as well as having stints with death metal bands Obituary and Cancer. Murphy was also stricken with a noncancerous brain tumor, for which he received treatment, and, along with Deron Miller of CKY, attempted to organize a Death tribute album. Kam Lee became well known as the frontman and face of the band Massacre, and formed the band Denial Fiend with Terry Butler, who has also found success in Six Feet Under and is currently in Obituary. Lee also continues to perform and record today with numerous underground projects, including Bone Gnawer and The Grotesquery. Scott Clendenin died on March 24, 2015, at the age of 48.

On May 12, 2010, it was announced that Perseverance Holdings Ltd. had partnered with Relapse Records to re-master and re-issue the Death and Control Denied releases, as well as his earlier work in Mantas. On December 13 of the same year, it was announced that The Sound of Perseverance would be the first Death album to receive this treatment, and was released February 2011 in a 2-CD and 3-CD format. The Human album has been remixed, with Schuldiner's intellectual property lawyer Eric Greif stating that Sony had lost the tapes of the original mixes, and was reissued in 2-CD and 3-CD formats as well as a digital release. Shortly after, the Individual Thought Patterns album was reissued. In February 2012, Relapse Records released a 2 CD live album entitled Vivus! that included the previously released 1998 concerts Live in L.A. and Live in Eindhoven, including liner notes by drummer Christy and manager/lawyer Greif. The Relapse deal does not include Death's acclaimed 1995 album Symbolic, whose rights are still retained by Roadrunner Records.

On March 16, 2012, it was announced by Sick Drummer Magazine and the Schuldiner's corporation, Perseverance Holdings Ltd, that musicians who previously played in Death would take part in a benefit tour titled "Death to All" for the Sweet Relief Musicians Fund. The former Death members slated to participate were drummers Gene Hoglan and Sean Reinert, bassists Steve Di Giorgio and Scott Clendenin, guitarists Paul Masvidal, Shannon Hamm and Bobby Koelble. It was later announced that Obscura vocalist Steffen Kummerer and Abysmal Dawn/Bereft frontman Charles Elliott would assume vocal and guitar duties for the tour, but visa issues made Kummerer's participation impossible and he was replaced by Exhumed vocalist/guitarist Matt Harvey. After the tour, Eric Greif, acting as President of Perseverance Holdings Ltd. (PHL), alleged that the owners of Sick Drummer Magazine had not paid the charity, the musicians, PHL, the crew or the booking agency despite the five shows of the tour being successful. However, dates for a second edition of the tour were announced in February 2013, with no involvement from Sick Drummer Magazine, and a successful tour of North America in April 2013 was followed by a sold out three-week European tour in November 2013, featuring Masvidal, Reinert, Di Giorgio and vocalist/guitarist Max Phelps. The Death To All moniker was altered to Death (DTA).

On November 3, 2021, it was announced that former Death members would play two Florida shows in December 2021 to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the passing of Schuldiner. The lineup will feature James Murphy and Terry Butler, as well as Gus Rios and Matt Harvey of Gruesome playing under the name Living Monstrosity, who will play Spiritual Healing in its entirety. Steve DiGiorgio, Bobby Koelble, Kelly Conlon, Dirk Verbeuren, Max Phelps, and Leo Lozano will play under the name Symbolic, playing songs from Human, Individual Thought Patterns, Symbolic, and The Sound of Perseverance.

Phelps, Di Giorgio, Koelble and Hoglan will take part in a North American tour in the spring of 2023 under the name Death To All (DTA) to commemorate the 30th anniversary of Individual Thought Patterns.

Musical style and legacy
Death is considered to be one of the most influential bands in heavy metal and a pioneering force in death metal. Death is also now recognized as one of the most acclaimed music groups of all time, held in high praise by critics, metal musicians, and fans. Scream Bloody Gore is widely regarded as the first death metal album. Music biographer Garry Sharpe-Young considered Death "a genre-breaking band centered upon frontman Chuck Schuldiner" and that the band "would become one of the prime instigators of the death metal movement". However, Schuldiner dismissed such attributions by stating, in an interview with Metal-Rules.com, "I don't think I should take the credits for this death metal stuff. I'm just a guy from a band, and I think Death is a metal band". In Death's later output, the band's music became more technical and melodic, moving to a technical death metal, progressive metal, and melodic death metal style.

Schuldiner's main influences as guitarist were Yngwie Malmsteen, Eddie Van Halen and both Dave Murray and Adrian Smith of Iron Maiden. He was also influenced by numerous bands such as Black Sabbath, Kiss, Van Halen, Iron Maiden, Rush, Raven, Mercyful Fate, Venom, Hellhammer, Celtic Frost, Savatage, Slayer, Metallica, Anthrax, Exciter, Manowar, Judas Priest, Nasty Savage, Possessed and Sacrifice. As inspirations to the technical/progressive direction of Death's last four studio albums, they also cited Queensrÿche, Dream Theater, Carcass, Coroner, Watchtower and Psychotic Waltz.

In January 2001, Mahyar Dean, an Iranian musician, wrote Death, a book about Death and Schuldiner, and released it in Iran. The book includes bilingual lyrics and many articles about the band. The book was sent from the site keepers of emptywords.org to Schuldiner, who in his words was "truly blown away and extremely honored by the obvious work and devotion he put into bringing the book to life". A documentary entitled Death by Metal was released in 2016.

Regarding percussion styles, Gene Hoglan is recognised as a percussionist using double kick drum equipment and one of a crop who "set new standards in speed and endurance". During an interview he described Sean Reinert's drumming on Human as "godly", and praised it as "the fastest double bassing around at the time" and "a template which we tried to match on Individual Thought Patterns".

Kam Lee designed Death's original logo before he was kicked out. Schuldiner designed the various incarnations during the length of his career. In 1991, before the release of Human, he cleaned up the logo; he took out more intricate details, and the "T" in the logo was swapped from an inverted cross to a more regular-looking "T", one reason being to quash any implication of being anti-religious. The logo was changed again, between Symbolic and The Sound of Perseverance, to a more streamlined look; also, a hooded reaper was removed above the "H".

Many bands cited Death as a influence such as Obituary, Hail of Bullets, Baroness, Cormorant, Fear Factory, Revocation, Exhumed, Obscura, Cynic, Opeth, the Dillinger Escape Plan and Suicide Silence.

George "Corpsegrinder" Fisher of Cannibal Corpse said that "Chuck Schuldiner inspired him to become death metal singer" while Corey Taylor of Slipknot also cited Death as an important influence. Herman Li and all the members of DragonForce express their love for Death and considered it a "legendary band" covering "Evil Dead" on their album "Reaching Into Infinity"

Band members
Final lineup
 * Chuck Schuldiner – guitars, vocals (1983–1995, 1997–2001; until his death), bass (1983–1984, 1984–1985, 1986–1987)
 * Shannon Hamm – guitars (1997–2001)
 * Scott Clendenin – bass (1997–2001; died 2015)
 * Richard Christy – drums (1997–2001)

Studio albums

 * Scream Bloody Gore (1987)
 * Leprosy (1988)
 * Spiritual Healing (1990)
 * Human (1991)
 * Individual Thought Patterns (1993)
 * Symbolic (1995)
 * The Sound of Perseverance (1998)

title: Death (metal band)