text:
User talk:Chuq/Archive1

Hi Chuq. welcome to Wikipedia! If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump.

It's always nice to welcome another Aussie here. You'll find quite a few. If you've got any photos of Hobart (or indeed anything else that needs illustration), uploading some good ones (that you've taken yourself or have permission to use under our copyright) would be much appreciated!Robert Merkel 03:53 13 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. Please note the highlighting convention, exemplified in my editing of Tasman Bridge. Michael Hardy 02:12, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Thanks for the welcome's :) - Chuq

-

Hey Chuq- I noticed that you posted a revision to List of songs whose title does not appear in the lyrics, but the changes don't show up (if you compare it to the previous version, they're identical, and the artists that you mention in the comment aren't in the list). I just thought you might want to know; hope you get the chance to put in the actual changes. -- DropDeadGorgias 15:12, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Fixed my stupid kerfuffle at National Highway (Australia)/Princes Highway/Highway 1. And I merged your stuff to the proper preexisting article. Sorry bout that :) Dysprosia 04:42, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

No problem - I have made the original Highway 1 article a disambig page!--Chuq 04:45, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Charles/Charlie - i went to a bit of trouble to find out the call letters of the 7 Darwin station and it was lost in your revert - i hope the new compromise is to your satisfaction. PMA 00:53, Mar 10, 2004 (UTC)

Good work on WIN Television - any chance of doing NBN?

Sorry for editing your talk on Talk:List of Australian television channels - someone had just done the same to me on the same page and i was trying to fix it and also i thought i'd add information - information that turned out to be wrong for which i completely apologise. PMA 15:42, Mar 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * Darwin is a capital city is is not - why do you list it as a regional area in WIN Television? PMA 01:46, Mar 28, 2004 (UTC)

 * Because as television markets go, it is not a capital city market - similar to Canberra and Hobart, which are also capital cities, but are in regional markets.  --Chuq 13:06, 28 Mar 2004 (UTC)

What about "One, singular sensation, every little step she takes"? It's from A Chorus Line. Three Dog Night, by the way, is the very band that did "Joy to the World" (Jeremiah was a bullfrog . . .) Wiwaxia 00:45, 7 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Just an explanation about the way I've been doing some redirections. For example, Richmond. There are Richmond's in at least four states of Australia, as well as many more around the world. I have made Richmond, Australia a redirect to Richmond (the disambig page), which there has a list of Australian Richmond's on it. I have decided against making Richmond, Australia its own disambig page, because if wording needs to be changed or additional places need to be listed, they then need to be done in two places. The way I have done it, it only needs to be done on Richmond. --Chuq 14:13, 29 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Australian Prime Ministers
I have two problems. The first is that there is already a link to Prime Minister of Australia at each of the Prime Ministers' articles - why do we need a second link to a list of Prime Ministers? The second is the huge white space created at the right hand of the article. Until you learn how to add the category link without creating this space (see Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom) I will revert it. Adam 04:14, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I don't care what is causing the problem, I am just saying I will revert it when it causes the white space to appear. And you have not responded to my first point. Adam 04:37, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Some people are just jerks like this. They revert stuff instead of fixing it, and sometimes they bother to explain why. If this is all kept in an open forum, we can all see how much of a jerk they are, and eventually they give up. --ssd 07:07, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Some people also dislike edits which serve no useful purpose and which pay no attention to the appearance of the page, and which the people who make them just leave without making any effort to fix. Some people also dislike being called jerks by total strangers when the issue is none of their business. Adam 07:30, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Sorry, but when someone says "I don't care...I will revert it..." without making any attempt to discuss or solve the problem, they are being a counterproductive jerk, even if they are right, and even if I agree with them. --ssd 00:15, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Re:Cricket categories Thankyou. SimonMayer 13:57, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Australian federal Members of Parliament are called MPs, not MHRs. I told you this, but you went ahead and created your Category with the incorrect name, and added it to a whole bunch of articles. Since it is technically impossible to rename a Category, I have now had to delete all your Category tags. You have thus wasted your own time and mine. Research should precede editing. Adam 16:06, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

It is not a question of what is equivalent or what is more logical. It is a question of what is the correct and official usage, which is MP and not MHR. (I know this because I work for a federal MP.) I told you this but you went ahead with the incorrect usage, leaving me no choice to delete your tags. Adam 05:46, 6 Jun 2004 (UTC)

As I said above, I don't see why we need this category at all, when a much more informative article already exists at List of members of the Australian House of Representatives, an article which gives party labels and dates of election rather than just a list of names. So I don't intend doing any work to create a redundant article. I come here to write articles, not to compile useless lists. If you want to do so, that is your business, but if you again use the incorrect form I will again delete it. The correct form is Category:Australian federal MPs. Adam 08:18, 6 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Hiding bot edits on watchlist?

 * from the pump

Since my watchlist has been flooded by Template namespace initialisation script edits, is there any way to disable bots from being visible on this page, similar to how they can be blocked on recent changes? I've tried &hidebots=1 (or &showbots=0, whatever it was), but no luck. Chuq 03:01, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Shouldn't these edits should be marked 'minor'? If they were we could opt to ignore minor edits in the watchlist. --Chopchopwhitey 03:37, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Marking the edits as minor won't help. The watchlist works by querying the cur table, there's no way to check for edits further back in history. It's not really practical to change this with the current schema. I could filter out bot edits, but you would still not be able to see edits to articles which occurred before the bot's. And it's not really a bot, it's a script. -- Tim Starling 03:53, Jun 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * Point by point: Marking the edits as minor will help - I can exclude minor edits from showing up.  And, of course, the edit is rightly of a minor nature so there is no problem there.  There is a way - it is just not implemented!  What is really not practical is screwing up the watchlist:  It is only through the vigilence of countless editors that useless / poor / bad / inaccurate / vanadalistic edits are discovered.  The primary tool for that is the watchlist.  Frankly, I can't be bothered to scan the 100's of articles I now watch because the bot / script / macro / program doesn't mark the edits as minor.  But better would be an option to exclude the edits of any one bot / user.  I am most appreciative of all your highly valuable work - all that is being suggested is an improvement to Wikimedia.  And the suggestion is being made to a person with the opportunity and the skill set to implement the improvement.  Paul Beardsell 15:55, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Submitted this feature months ago, with no success but I am still interested in the issue. Greudin

See my user talk page for a more extensive answer, but in short: - Andre Engels 09:26, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * You will have to ask Leigh Rayment himself
 * You can use any piece of mine on that site (see http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/pages.html for an overview of the articles and their authors)

Thanks for that note about the electorates. It's a project I'll probably get into down the line some - I've got more important things to work on right now, but that could be fairly useful then. :) Ambivalenthysteria 11:56, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

European Union Olympic medals count for 2004
Hi there,

I wonder would you consider reversing your decision to delete this article. I have substantially rewritten it. A united EU team is not going to happen. I've discussed potential EU co-operation towards the olympics, and kept the table. I believe the table is valid, for us Europeans/EUians to see how the area has fared as a whole. Please comment on my talk page if you still feel the article should be deleted.

zoney █ █ █  talk 00:59, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Oops
Hey chuq, when I reverted the vandalism on New Zealand I didn't notice he had altered the m² thingies too. Thanks for fixing them. Cheers. Moriori 01:57, Aug 18, 2004 (UTC)

Re:Olympic pages - flags
The tables are looking good. I'm not familiar with the flag histories so I only changed what came to mind and what I happened to spot-check. There are probably still a few left out there... It looks like User:Udzu left some annotations when doing the earlier olympics, but more checking is needed. I hope what I did was a start. --Jiang 08:52, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Olympics
I came across three categories which had only one member each, in a situation in which all other records of that ilk (19xx Summer Olympics) appeared to have three categories: Olympics; the year, and the location. So I changed the three to that pattern. And then discovered a second article which could have gone into the 1908 Summer Olympics category. And stopped. And went to the pub. I tend to think that what's needed - what you might already have been working towards - is to have Olympics as a master category, having subcategories of 19xx Summer Olympics &c, and then the substantice 19xx Summer Olympics articles in that category. So, in short: seeking to avoid categories with one member, and thinking that the Olympics needs better subcategorisation than it's got right now. best wishes --Tagishsimon

 * Please do change it back, if you feel strongly about it. I had a look at some more of the categorisation ... I'm not sure I can understand quite what the plan is. There seems to be at least one, and perhaps two redundant levels of categorisation to me - why Category:Olympics and Category:Olympic Games? And then you have to go into Category:Summer Olympic Games before you start hitting any payload ... which will now be another set of categories for each year... Having to go down through three or more levels with little in them before you get to articles, strikes me as a categorisation hierarchy in desperate need of amendment. Category:London has way more articles and way fewer levels in its hierarchy. Good luck. Tagishsimon

I saw the chart- My goal is to work on finishing up all of these countries for 2004, and then work back, olympics by olympics. I'm JUST now reading through all the project pages, so I'm still discovering new resources to make these pages :). Lyellin 00:43, Aug 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * Ahh great - after making the table (and there's still more to add) I wondered if there would be enough people on Wikipedia to both making all the articles linked to it! -- Chuq 00:45, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Category:Cities of Mexico
There already is Category:Cities in Mexico. RedWolf 21:08, Sep 6, 2004 (UTC)

Olympic Games
Chuq, sorry for the late reply to your note on my talk page. Your changes to the Olympic WikiProject seem very ambitious, given that I have never gotten round to even finishing the original template. I still need to look at it in detail, but it looks good. I attended the 2004 Games, so I may add some pictures later. Regards, Jeronimo 09:29, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Speedy deletion
Please do not place on pages that don't meet the speedy deletion guidelines. Especially, if you think something is a violation of copyright, don't put it on speedy delete; put it on Copyright problems.

In the case of United States Constabulary, the source text was a work of the United States government, which makes it public domain and thus legitimately uploadable here. —Morven 08:35, Sep 15, 2004 (UTC)

Vandalism in progess
I accidentally deleted a lot of stuff on Sept 17. I am now working to restore aand check any missing parts. I have to copy and paste since there are new additions. Thanks for brining this to my attention. It saves me further embarrassment. My sincerest apologizes--Jondel 09:13, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Disambiguating the Melbourne suburbs
I'll give you a hand bypassing redirects and the like, but I have to say I'm still not sure about what to do with the variables and the tables. It seems to me like we're deadlocked between the type of tables we both prefer - I think we ought to get some other opinions about it first. Thanks for moving the pages around though, it's all long overdue. T.P.K. 08:54, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Triple J
How did the contact with the radio station go? Don't forget to mention Ta bu shi da yu... :P I want to be on beat the drum!!! - Ta bu shi da yu 14:20, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Hey, what images do you want? I'm not too bad at winkling down contacts and getting permission. Give me the image links (csherlock at ljh dot com dot au) and I'll see what I can do. Personally, I reckon this is most definitely front page material!!! - Ta bu shi da yu 03:30, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Template:Infobox MelbourneSuburbTable
Seeing as this has been replaced (and I think the new one is an improvement), do you want me to delete it? I also created Port Phillip Bay, Victoria as a redirect so it will work with the table 1 now. T.P.K. 03:19, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Australian noticeboard
I finally got around to plagiarising the Irish idea and creating an Australian wikipedians' noticeboard, in order to try and co-ordinate filling some of the holes in Australian content. If you could drop by, it'd be much appreciated. Ambi 05:49, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Nice work on List of Australian musicians, by the way. Makes the list much more accessible. I hadn't seen the article before - seems we've got quite a lot of work to do! By the way, the formatting for the "D" section looks a bit screwy? Ambi 07:13, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Australian domestic team names
Those names look fine to me. As long as Tasmanian Tigers is different from Tasmanian tiger there's no real ambiguity. --dmmaus 12:09, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

You're a sysop!
I'm pleased to let you know that, consensus being reached, you are now an administrator. Congratulations!. You should read the relevant policies and other pages linked to from the administrators' reading list before carrying out tasks like deletion, protection, banning users, and editing protected pages such as the Main Page. Most of what you do is easily reversible by other sysops, apart from page history merges and image deletion, so please be especially careful with those. You might find the new administrators' how-to guide helpful. Cheers! -- Cecropia | Talk 15:15, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Congrats Chuq! Jeez, I wish I'd kept up with the nominations page, I would have voted for you! Anyways, now you're one of us... have fun deleting and reverting till the wee hours :P T.P.K. 15:59, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Prime Television editing
Thanks for the nice comments! Also, thanks for fixing the Prime Television article...I wanted to re-design the Prime page to include brief histories on the stations that made up Prime...

Cheers! User:BigDan

dude your an idiot
with the terrorist thing at burnie high school, it wasn't in the examiner. thats where wikipedia comes in, covering the stuff that print media doesn't. and btw ask the police, they have it on record, its called hushing it up for the public safety. and stop spreading dirty rumours

Fluids
Can you help me out with why you reverted my edit? I found the original formulation quite clumsy - was the issue the possible risk of STDs? Thanks, The Recycling Troll 02:35, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

edit of Tracy
G'day, you formatted the bit on pop culture related to Cyclone Tracy, to get rid of a link to (the non-existent article) bombing of darwin, just wondering why you did this and if you would have any complaints to me putting the link back in? The bellman 08:18, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * cool bannanas, will do. The bellman 08:29, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

On second thoughts im gonna move this over to the aussie talk page to see what other ppl say. The bellman 09:12, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

'Template' location
Hello again...If I was to add information to some of the Tasmanian city pages, is there some kind of way I have to do it (i.e. sections/headings, formatting)? I've had a bit of a look around and I haven't found anything definitive; if there isn't I'd probably do it similar to the Launceston one. Thanks. --uvarov 16:17, Oct 2, 2004 (UTC)

1st off if you want to sent me a comment do it to MY talk page. i was telling him, if you read my comments, that i agreed with SOME of the things he changed. a lot of his edits i thought were quite reasonable. some, i thought were exessive and as such thought that everything would be reverted by "some lefty" who didnt like part and couldnt be bothered to fix it up. i think that a lot of his edits deserve to remain and if i had time i would go through it and re-add them myself. Xtra 13:26, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hey There
Hey, just saw you made some edits to the 'launceston' article, don't happen to live here, do you?

68.49.181.138
Looks like we're both on the course of this gentlemen. That copyvio'd stuff he's inserting really isn't appropriate for Wikipedia, and I'm inclined to simply delete it. Mackensen 18:44, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Melbourne map
I am afraid I can't remember where I got the original that I traced. Basically I picked a suitable map from the internet and then traced it in Adobe Illustrator. The file is 509KB so easy to upload or email. There should be a place to upload AI files for this purpose but I haven't seen it. If you have Adobe Illustrator then you would be able to use the same colour palettes and styles. Alternatively, if you use some other drawing programme I suggest you take a copy of the Melbourne map and "eyedropper" the colours if you want to be consistent. --CloudSurfer 23:22, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your message. If you have a vector graphics programme like Adobe Illustrator then I highly recommend it's use for map making. I have not used photoshop and I believe it has layers so that would be very good. The nice thing about vector graphics is that you have perfect line width and easily editable text. You can set the line width to whatever looks good at the size you expect to use and then later reset it if change the size of the map. You also have a choice at any time of outputing the resolution at any setting. It is also easy to trace into vector graphics as you start with nothing and add from there. At the start you have a map and then you trace the coast for instance. You can then make the coast invisible and trace the roads. It's well worth the learning curve. --CloudSurfer 05:31, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Infoboxes
I don't actually, I just used the Adelaide City Council site for Adelaide - Aaron Hill 07:07, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)

Forgetting game
My response to your "sock-puppet" accusation at Talk:Forgetting game.

 * Let me step in: There are some clearly dubious users who voted for keeping this article-- some had few posts, others were known vandals, one made the laughable claim that an article's being featured on a Wikipedia mirror made it notable. These people may have been trolls, overzealous forgetting-game enthusiasts, or even people who wanted deletion of this article and sought to damage the credibility of the opposing side-- I don't know who they are nor what their motives were. I addressed this in my post.

 * They surely aren't "my" sock-puppets. I work in politics, and coming up on an election year I have almost zero spare time, certainly no time to play immature, silly games on the Wikipedia. Especially not over a social phenomenon to which I have no real attachment. My friend (with whose identity mine is sometimes conflated here, but in fact we live over 1,000 miles apart, and there's almost a ten-year age difference) taught it to me and said it was popular among some British college students he knew; I verified that he wasn't making it up.

 * It's fair to suspect that some of the dubious, few-edit users are sock-puppets of some kind. They're not my sock-puppets. I had nothing to do with them. 259 06:29, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Tasmanian Parliaments
Nice work on the two parliament articles - it's nice to see some of the others being actually developed, instead of being redirects. I'd like to see us having an article on every state MP someday, but we can't do that without lists of them, which in turn require articles on the parliament so they're not orphans. Ambi 12:11, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Nomination vote
Hey, thanks for the vote! A real confidence boost, especially when I'm feeling down =) - Ta bu shi da yu 12:37, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Map
Ah, I see. Sorry about that—I certainly didn't meant to mess up your map! [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (hopefully!)]] 00:22, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)

Tasmanian Casinos
Hi Chuq. Could you possibly add something to Tasmania or its related articles saying why the state has two casinos? WA, NSW and Vic all only have one casino, despite having larger populations. - Mark 01:35, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * All those casinos! Is gambling more of a problem in the eastern states? I know Western Australians supposedly spend more on Lotto tickets than anyone else, but at the same time pokie machines are banned outside Burswood Casino (so no clubs or anything with pokies) and the ones at Burswood can't be single-button-push style ones, they require you to press at least 2 buttons per play, or something like that. Even if Tasmania's 2 casinos are not special in Australia (4 in Qld???) they are still presumably highly relevant to talk abuout tourism. Are they both in Hobart? - Mark 06:02, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

George Strait albums
I put this in my user discussion, but I'm repeating it here: I'll be adding more to them. A lot of artists who have articles on here have seperate articles for each of their albums, so I don't think it's a waste of space. In the end, they won't just be track lists. --Beau99 22:26, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Is there pedestrian/bicycle access to the Tasman Bridge?
Hi Chuq- After looking at the link to the webcam showing the Tasman Bridge, I noticed (in the LARGE view) that there seems to be a footway on the bridge. A quick google found a site mentioning a "footway" on each side of the bridge. Is there pedestrian/bicycle access to the bridge? --Paullaw, 17:13 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Forgive me, I restored Xin Wang
It's obvious vanity and deletable under deletion guidelines, but I really don't think it falls under speedy deletion guidelines, which are very narrow and really refer only to short scraps of nonsense.

You gave "vanity" as the reason, but "vanity" is not one of the criteria for speedy deletion, so I restored the article.

The articles comes close to falling under "Test pages (e.g., 'Can I really create a page here?')" and "Very short articles with little or no context (e.g., 'He is a funny man that has created Factory and the Hacienda. And, by the way, his wife is great.')"

I think it's a waste of time discussing this article in VfD, but it has to be done. I don't think it will waste much time as the article is such obvious vanity, and we really do have be punctilious about process. In VfD everyone gets a chance to see the article before it's deleted, but non-sysops have no way of seeing deleted articles, and some of them are a little paranoid about the possibility of abuse of process. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 22:30, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Monopoly links
Collateral damage from edition conflict...my apologies.

Tasman Bridge page pedestrian access info.
Thanks for adding the information about pedestrian access to the Tasman Bridge article. Anything that empowers people to get out of their cars and hike or bike is good for them and good for the planet. I do my bit to decrease global warming by riding my recumbent 5 miles each way to work. When the weather is inclement, I use my monthly transit pass to take the bus. Ironically, the only times I've passed over the Tasman Bridge was by car, when touring the island with a friend, who lives in Sydney. (We took the car ferry over from Melbourne.) Dennis (talk) 13:50, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Triple J Hottest 100 Years
Thanks for your efforts on that page - I think it looks a lot better. Do you think anything else needs to be done before creating more of these? (apart from working out how to link them on the Hottest 100 page itself) Ambi 01:20, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)

CPSU
Well, I'll be damned! Who would have thought people have this kind of sense of humor! What's next? KGB? (No. Looks like firmly taken...) Mikkalai
 * Here you go... For other uses of the initials FBI, see FBI (disambiguation). Mikkalai 05:25, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

List of members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly
Would you mind if I moved this (and the matching Legislative Council page) to "Members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly, XXXX-XXXX" to match the format of the federal page (and all the other state ones that I've done since, based on that)? Ambi 08:52, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * That's easily fixed - we could just have a page for those who were members in between two respective elections, regardless of when they were individually elected. That's what we do for the Senate at the moment. Ambi 02:58, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Deletions
They were created by an anon who was eventually blocked for having posted several copyright violations, including these. I deleted them because they were the few remaining postings of his/hers which had not yet been deleted. RickK 20:45, Nov 16, 2004 (UTC)

BTW, I don't know who undeleted them (you can't tell from the history), but you might want to check http://lifeinlegacy.com/ to see if they're copyright violations, and do the right thing and list them accordingly, or redelete them as the case may be. I did my part, I'm not going to redo what was correct because somebody else doesn't want to do their homework. RickK 20:48, Nov 16, 2004 (UTC)

milne
that's fine, it happens to all of us. Xtra 23:17, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Parliament Templates
I've removed that sidebar from the 1993-1996 article, because it was overlapping with the table, and I can't see any way of getting around this. I tried moving it to the bottom, but because it's a sidebar, it just looked bad.

It's a good idea, though. I've gotten around it so far by using a footer instead of a sidebar (i.e. Members of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly, 2004-2007) - maybe this is the way to go? Ambi 10:44, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Redirect
LOL! I don't know if I was sleepy when I did that redirect, but I sure as shootin' wasn't going to let another idiotic B-Movie Bandit substub stay as it was! :^) Thanks for fixing that. - Lucky 6.9 17:12, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chuq/Archive1


text:
2007 Cricket World Cup

The 2007 ICC Cricket World Cup was the ninth Cricket World Cup, a One Day International (ODI) cricket tournament that took place in the West Indies from 13 March to 28 April 2007. There were a total of 51 matches played, three fewer than at the 2003 World Cup (despite a field larger by two teams).

The 16 competing teams were initially divided into four groups, with the two best-performing teams from each group moving on to a Super 8 format. Every team played a total of 6 matches in the Super 8 round; they didn't played with teams of their own group. They played a total of 6 teams from another three groups (the top 2 teams of all three groups) From this, Australia, New Zealand, Sri Lanka, and South Africa won through to the semi-finals, with Australia defeating Sri Lanka in the final to win their third consecutive World Cup and their fourth overall. Australia's unbeaten record in the tournament increased their total to 29 consecutive World Cup matches without loss, a streak dating back to 23 May 1999, during the group stage of the 1999 World Cup. The tournament also saw upsets and surprise results, with pre-tournament favourites India and Pakistan failing to make it past the group stage, while Bangladesh, the second-lowest ranked ICC Full Member at the time, and World Cup debutant Ireland, which was an ICC Associate Member at the time, made it to the "Super 8", beating India and Pakistan respectively en route. Ireland became only the second associate nation to make it past the first round of a Cricket World Cup, the first being Kenya in 2003.

Pakistan coach Bob Woolmer died the day after Pakistan was knocked out. The following day, police announced that the death was suspicious and ordered a full investigation. Eight months later, an open verdict was returned.

Following the tournament, the ICC distributed surplus tournament revenues of US$239 million to its members.

Host selection
The World Cup was awarded to the West Indies via the International Cricket Council's rotational policy. It is the first time the ICC Cricket World Cup has been held in the Caribbean despite the fact that the West Indies cricket team had been the second most successful team in past World Cups.

The United States contingent lobbied strongly for matches to be staged at its newly built cricket ground in Lauderhill, Florida, but the ICC decided to award all matches to Caribbean nations. Bids from Bermuda, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and a second bid by Jamaica were also rejected.

Eight venues across the West Indies were selected to host the World Cup tournament. All host countries hosted six matches with the exceptions of St. Lucia, Jamaica, and Barbados (which hosted the final), each of which hosted seven matches.

The Jamaican government spent US$81 million for "on-the-pitch" expenses. This included refurbishing Sabina Park and constructing the new multi-purpose facility in Trelawny through a loan from China. Another US$20 million was budgeted for 'off-the-pitch' expenses, putting the tally at more than US$100 million or JM$7 billion.

This put the reconstruction cost of Sabina Park at US$46 million whilst the Trelawny Stadium was estimated to cost US$35 million. The total amount of money spent on stadiums was at least US$301 million.

Brian Lara Stadium in Trinidad lost its status as a pre-tournament warm-up match venue on 21 September 2006.

Qualification

The field of 16 teams, the largest ever for the Cricket World Cup, consisted of all 16 teams which currently held ODI status. This included the ten full members of the ICC, all of which have Test and permanent ODI status. The other six (associate) ODI nations were Kenya (which had ODI status until 2009) and five additional teams (previously three) that qualified via the 2005 ICC Trophy (gaining ODI status until 2009 in the process). These nations included Scotland who won the ICC Trophy, Canada, the Netherlands, and – making their World Cup debuts – Ireland and Bermuda.

Squads
The 16 teams had to name their final squads by 13 February 2007. Changes were allowed after this deadline at the discretion of the ICC's Technical Committee in necessary cases, such as due to player injury.

Leadup
All major Test-playing nations had schedules allowing them to play a large number of ODI matches against other major ODI teams just prior to the World Cup. Australia, New Zealand, and England took part in the Commonwealth Bank Series where England defeated Australia in the finals. Australia then went to New Zealand for the Chappell–Hadlee Trophy, losing 3–0. South Africa played five ODIs against India (South Africa won 4–0) and five against Pakistan (South Africa won 3–1), while India also played four ODIs against the West Indies (India won 3–1) and four ODIs against Sri Lanka (India won 2–1). Bangladesh played four ODIs against Zimbabwe (Bangladesh won 3–1) and won a tri-series against Canada and Bermuda. The associate ODI teams took part in the World Cricket League, which Kenya won, and were also involved in other series prior to the World Cup.

The rankings of the teams at the beginning of the Cricket World Cup were: Note: Teams 12–16 did not have official ODI rankings leading up to the World Cup; they are ranked based on their win percentage against full members and then wins against associate members prior to the tournament.

Warm-up matches
Prior to the main tournament, all 16 nations played a series of warm-up matches to prepare, experiment with different tactics, and to help them get acclimated to conditions in the West Indies. The matches were played from Monday 5 March until Friday 9 March.

Australia, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan were the only teams to win both of their warm-up games, whilst Bermuda, Canada, the Netherlands and Scotland did not win either of their fixtures.

Match status
None of the warm-up games were officially recognised as ODIs or List A matches by the International Cricket Council due to various changes in the rules of the game. Whilst normally only 11 players are allowed to bat and field (excluding situations involving a substitute fielder), 13 players were used in each team's squad for the matches – 11 of which were allowed to field at one time and 11 of which were allowed to bat (meaning players could be swapped in and out when fielding or bowling, but two players did not bat in a match). In official ICC matches match referees are required to help officiate a game, but due to the changes in the rules none were appointed for any of the warm-up games. Additionally, Man of the Match awards were not given out and no reserve days were set for these matches.

Opening ceremony
The opening ceremony was held on Sunday, 11 March 2007 at Trelawny Stadium in Jamaica. It featured over 2,000 dancers and performers representing all strands of West Indian music, from calypso and ragga to reggae and soca. Among the performers were Sean Paul, Byron Lee, Kevin Lyttle, Beres Hammond, Lucky Dube, Buju Banton, Half Pint, Arrow, Machel Montano, Alison Hinds, Tony Rebel, Third World, Gregory Isaacs, David Rudder, Shaggy, the I Threes, and Jimmy Cliff.

The ceremony, attended by several heads of state including the Governor-General of Jamaica, started with an address by Sir Garfield Sobers and included messages from the prime ministers of Jamaica and Grenada.

Matches
The matches were One Day Internationals and operated under normal ODI rules. All matches were to be 50 overs a side unless stated otherwise by the umpires or match referee. A bowler was able to bowl a maximum of 10 overs per match.

In the event of bad weather, each side must have batted a minimum of 20 overs for a result to be declared (if the match was not otherwise won, for example if the team batting second were dismissed before the completion of 20 overs). In the event of bad weather, the Duckworth-Lewis method was to be applied to determine the result or target. If no result was declared on the scheduled day, the teams would return the following day to complete the game, with the same situation as when the game was abandoned.

There was a new rule regarding referral of catches to the TV replay official (third umpire): if the standing umpires were unable to determine whether a catch had been taken cleanly, and/or whether a claimed catch was a "bump ball", they had discretion to refer the decision to the third umpire. Also, whilst reviewing such a catch via TV replay if it was clear to the third umpire that the batsman did not hit the ball, he was to indicate that the batsman was not out.

Tournament points
In the Group and Super 8 stages, points were awarded as follows:

The top two teams from each group advanced to the Super 8 stage and any points they earned against the other qualifier from their own group was carried through. Points earned against the non-qualifying teams in the same pool were not carried over. In the Super 8s, each team played the six remaining qualifiers from the other groups and the top four teams went through to the semi-finals. Positions were decided by most points. Where two or more teams were tied on points, the following methods in turn were used to decide which team went through:

 * 1) Most wins in their group or in Super 8, whichever is applicable
 * 2) Higher net run rate
 * 3) Higher number of wickets taken per ball
 * 4) Winners of head-to-head matches
 * 5) The drawing of lots

Umpires
The umpiring panel for the 2007 Cricket World Cup comprised nine umpires from the Elite Panel of ICC Umpires (the only member not included was Darrell Hair), and nine umpires from the international panel. The refereeing panel consisted of seven members from the Elite Panel of ICC Referees, with Clive Lloyd not being included due to his role as the West Indies's team manager. Aleem Dar went on to stand as an umpire in his first World Cup final, alongside Steve Bucknor who appeared in his fifth final in a row, extending his record of four from the 2003 World Cup.

Seeds
The tournament began with a league stage consisting of four groups of four. Each team played each of the other teams in its group once. Australia, India, England, and the West Indies were placed in separate pools for logistical reasons, as they were expected to have the most supporters in attendance, and transport and accommodation capacity in the West Indies was limited.

The groups are listed below, with seedings (rankings from April 2005) shown in brackets. Each group played all of its matches at a single ground.

Format
The tournament was preceded by a number of warm-up matches to allow the players to acclimatise to the conditions in the West Indies. The group stage matches started on 13 March and finished on 25 March. There were a total of 24 matches played in the group stage.

The top two teams in each group proceeded to the "Super 8" stage which also used a league system. Each team carried forward its result against the other team qualifying from its preliminary stage group, and played the other six qualifying teams once each. The top four teams in the league qualified for the semi-finals. This system was modified since the previous World Cup, which had a "Super 6" stage rather than a Super 8. The Super 8 stage matches were played from Tuesday 27 March until Saturday 21 April. A total of 24 matches were played in the Super 8 stage.

The top four teams in the "Super 8" advanced to the semi-finals. This was the knockout stage, with the No. 1 team playing the No. 4 team, and the No. 2 team playing the No. 3 team in the tournament. The winners of the two semi-finals played each other in the Final.

All tournament matches had one reserve day (the day after the scheduled day of the match) to allow for matches to be completed in the event of bad weather.

Super 8 stage
The top two teams in each first-round group moved on to a "Super 8" stage which was scored as a complete round-robin. However, each of the eight teams played only six new matches, rather than seven – each group's two representatives carried forward their result against each other rather than play again. Thus the table below, showing seven matches for each team, covers all matches between the Super 8 qualifiers, including those from the Group Stage.

Teams depicted in green backgrounds qualified for the semi-finals.

Final
This was the first World Cup final to be a repeat: the sides previously met in the 1996 World Cup final, which Sri Lanka won. Australia had won every World Cup match against Sri Lanka apart from that loss. The match was Sri Lanka's second World Cup final appearance, and Australia's fourth in a row and sixth overall. Australian captain Ricky Ponting won the toss and elected to bat. However, the start of play was delayed due to rain, and the match was reduced to 38 overs per side. Wicketkeeper Adam Gilchrist played an innings of 149 – the highest for any batsman in a World Cup final – to give Australia an imposing total going in at the break. While Sri Lankan batsmen Kumar Sangakkara and Sanath Jayasuriya were adding 116 for the second wicket, the contest was alive, but after the pair got out, Sri Lanka's chances slowly diminished. Further rain forced the reduction of Sri Lanka's innings to just 36 overs, with the target revised to 269. At the end of the 33rd over, with Sri Lanka still trailing the adjusted Duckworth-Lewis target by 37 runs, the umpires suspended the game due to bad light. While Australia's players began to celebrate their victory (since the minimum 20 overs had been reached), the umpires incorrectly announced that because the match was suspended due to light and not rain, the final three overs would have to be bowled the following day. With Sri Lanka needing 61 runs from 18 deliveries, Sri Lankan captain Mahela Jayawardene agreed there was no need to return the following day, and instructed his team to resume batting; Ponting agreed to play only spin bowlers. The last three overs were played in almost complete darkness, during which Sri Lanka added just nine runs to give Australia a 53-run victory by the D-L method. The umpires later apologised for their error, saying that the match should have ended then with Australia winning by 37 runs.

Australia won the tournament undefeated, extending their streak of World Cup matches without a loss to 29. Australian bowler Glenn McGrath was named 'Player of the Series' and retired from all forms of international cricket.

Death of Bob Woolmer
Pakistan coach Bob Woolmer was found dead on 18 March 2007, one day after his team's defeat to Ireland put them out of the running for the World Cup. Jamaican police performed an autopsy which was deemed inconclusive. The following day police announced that the death was suspicious and ordered a full investigation. Further investigation revealed the cause of death was "manual strangulation", and that the investigation would be handled as a murder. After a lengthy investigation the Jamaican police rescinded the comments that he was murdered, and confirmed that he died from natural causes. In November 2007, an open verdict was returned.

Criticism
The 2007 World Cup organisers were criticised early on for being over-commercialised and, in particular, the generally smaller crowds have been blamed on the ICC's security restrictions on things such as outside food, signs, replica kits, and musical instruments, despite Caribbean cricketing customs, as well as the authorities being accused of "running [cricket and cricketing traditions] out of town, then sanitising it out of existence". Sir Viv Richards echoed the concerns. The ICC were also condemned for high prices of tickets and concessions, which were considered unaffordable for the local population in many of the locations. ICC CEO, Malcolm Speed, said that the ICC recognised the problem but said it was the local organisers' fault. However, the later matches had more crowds as the tournament progressed with the local organisers easing restrictions. Although it did not meet the target of US$42 million, the US$32 million revenue from ticket sales was the highest of any Cricket World Cup and double that of the previous World Cup.

The World Cup was also criticised by the BCCI for its format because India failed to move on from the group stage after losing two of their three matches. The BCCI later claimed it would see to it that the ICC alter its format for the 2011 Cricket World Cup. The elimination of both India and Pakistan also caused a large exodus of subcontinental fans from the Caribbean, and removed the prospect of an India vs Pakistan Super Eights match, generally considered as the most revenue generating and electric match in the tournament.

The tournament was also criticised as being too long. At 6 weeks, it was the same length as the 2003 World Cup, but longer than the 5-week 1999 World Cup and the 4-week 1996 World Cup. The famous West Indian fast bowler Michael Holding also criticised the qualification process for the 2007 World Cup. Holding expressed doubts over the benefit to less-established teams of turning up and being heavily defeated. However, former Scotland captain George Salmond claims that the opportunity to play one-day cricket against the bigger teams is invaluable for smaller teams such as his own, and questioned the validity of Holding's statements. The majority of the experts and players participating in the tournament backed up the smaller teams taking part in the World Cup. This was further backed up with Ireland and Bangladesh making the Super 8s and being competitive and sportsmanlike throughout the tournament.

During the Pakistan and Canada warm-up match at Sir Frank Worrell Memorial Ground, the sight screen was knocked down and the game was delayed by over 70 minutes and reduced to 48 overs. Additionally, a tear gas canister exploded at the Trinidad hotel where the Pakistan, South Africa, Canada and Ireland teams were staying. The hotel had to be evacuated but no injuries were reported.

A number of concerns were expressed regarding the conditions of the pitches for the warm-up matches. During the Pakistan and South Africa warm-up game, the teams were unhappy with the condition of the pitch, claiming irregular bounce off the wicket was "treacherous". In addition, a number of teams expressed concern over the slow wickets used during the warm-up matches, although Cricinfo writer Sambit Bal welcomed the pitches slowing down as a method of making the battle between the batsmen and the bowlers more equal.

Further criticism was generated by the confusion at the end of the final match: the umpires announced that play was suspended due to bad light, which caused the Australian team to erupt in celebration as the scoreboard and official announcements declared Australia the winners. However, the umpires incorrectly insisted that the game was only suspended and not completed, and that 3 overs remained to be played, so in farcical light conditions, Sri Lanka batted out the remaining 3 overs following a gentleman's agreement between the two captains. The umpires and the ICC apologised for the unnecessary situation and cited it as an unnecessary fundamental error due to the pressure of the situation. In June, the ICC announced that the officials involved – onfield umpires Steve Bucknor and Aleem Dar, reserve umpires Rudi Koertzen and Billy Bowden, and match referee Jeff Crowe – would all be suspended from the 2007 Twenty20 World Championship.

Preparation problems

A number of preparation problems surfaced before the start of the World Cup. Some of the venues were not complete by the opening ceremony on 11 March 2007. At Sabina Park, seats had to be removed at the newly constructed north-stand due to safety concerns. At Trelawny Stadium in Jamaica, ground staff were unable to gain admission to the ground during the warm-up matches due to accreditation problems. Additionally, South Africa and Australia both expressed concerns over practice facilities.

Ultimately none of the stadia used in the warm-up games were used in any other part of the tournament except for the Greenfield Stadium in Trelawny, Jamaica, which hosted the opening ceremony but no matches.

Media coverage
The World Cup had grown as a media event with each tournament. The sponsorship and television rights that were awarded primarily to cover the 2003 and 2007 World Cups raised over US$550 million. The 2007 World Cup was televised in over 200 countries to a viewing audience estimated at more than two billion viewers and was expected to generate more than 100,000 unique visitors to the West Indies travelling solely for the tournament.

The 2007 Cricket World Cup featured an orange, anthropomorphic raccoon-like creature named "Mello" as its mascot. It was announced during matches that Mello had no race, species, age or gender – it was an attitude, the attitude of the young people of the West Indies. The official song for the World Cup was "The Game of Love and Unity" by Jamaican-born Shaggy, Barbadian entertainer Rupee, and Trinidadian Fay-Ann Lyons.

The 2007 tournament recorded the highest ticket sales for a Cricket World Cup, selling more than 672,000. Attendance leading into the semi-finals for the 2007 World Cup was 403,000, an average of 8,500 supporters per match.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 2007 Cricket World Cup


text:
Jacques Marquette

Jacques Marquette, S.J. (June 1, 1637 – May 18, 1675), sometimes known as Père Marquette or James Marquette, was a French Jesuit missionary who founded Michigan's first European settlement, Sault Sainte Marie, and later founded Saint Ignace. In 1673, Marquette, with Louis Jolliet, an explorer born near Quebec City, was the first European to explore and map the northern portion of the Mississippi River Valley.

Early life
Jacques Marquette was born in Laon, France, on June 1, 1637. He was the third of six children for Rose de la Salle and Nicolas Marquette. The de la Salles were a wealthy merchant family. The Marquette family had been well-respected for many years, as numerous members had served in the military and taken civil posts.

Jacques Marquette was sent to study at the Jesuit College in Reims at age 9. He remained there until he joined the Society of Jesus at age 17. Marquette taught for a year at Auxerre, then studied philosophy at Ponta Mousson until 1659. He taught at Ponta Mousson, Reims, Charleville, and Langres until 1665.

Throughout this time, Marquette sent multiple requests to be sent on missionary work. The superior of the Jesuit mission in New France, Father Jerome Lalemant, needed missionaries to work with the Five Nations. Marquette was ordained on the Feast of Saint Thomas of Aquinas in Toul on March 7, 1666. Months later, on September 20, he arrived in Quebec.

Missionary work
Marquette was first sent to the mission of Saint Michel at Sillery. Because this mission served peaceful and friendly indigenous people from different tribes, it was considered an ideal place for training new missionaries. Marquette studied the languages and customs of the Algonquin, Abenaki, and Iroquois people that he often tended to at Sillery.

From there, he was assigned to Trois-Rivières on the Saint Lawrence River, where he assisted Gabriel Druillettes. This mission was located in a river town that had permanent shops and taverns. A large number of French soldiers were stationed in the town, as there were frequent attacks from the Five Nations. During his two years at this mission, Marquette devoted himself to the study of the local languages and became fluent in six different dialects.

In 1668, Marquette was moved by his superiors to missions farther up the Saint Lawrence River, then into the western Great Lakes region. That year, he helped Druillettes, Brother Louis Broeme, and Father Claude-Jean Allouez found the mission at Sault Ste. Marie in present-day Michigan. The missionaries planted crops, then built a chapel and barns. They established friendly relationships with the Ottawa and Chippewa that were inhabiting that area, and were allowed to baptize most of the infants and people who were dying. Marquette noted that the Chippewa were great businessmen and exceptionally skilled at catching whitefish from the rapids in the St. Marys River.

People from many tribes would travel to purchase the whitefish. Marquette and the other missionaries would explain their faith to the visiting Sioux, Cree, Miami, Potawatomi, Illinois, and Menominee. They hoped that these visitors would be interested in getting their own Jesuit missionary, or "Black Robe," as they were called by the indigenous people. In 1669, Marquette was assigned to replace Allouez at the La Pointe du Saint Esprit mission. Father Claude Dablon arrived to continue and expand the missionary work at Sault Ste. Marie.

Marquette began the 500-mile journey to his new assignment in August, travelling by canoe along the south shore of Lake Superior. The party soon encountered wintry conditions on the lake and were often unable to light a fire when they went ashore at night. The party reached their destination on September 13, and were greeted by the Petun Huron. Excited to have a Black Robe again, they quickly assembled a banquet.

In addition to the Petun Huron, Marquette was tasked with missionary work for three bands of Ottawa: the Keinouche, Sinagaux, and Kiskakon. Marquette visited and attended to all four settlements. Since he felt the Kiskakon were the most ready to accept Christianity, he spent more time working with them and even lived with the families in their village.

During his time at La Pointe, Marquette encountered members of the Illinois tribes, who told him about the important trading route of the Mississippi River. They invited him to come to their village and teach their people, whose settlements were mostly farther south. Marquette was eager to explore this river and asked for permission to take a leave from missionary work, but he first had to attend to an urgent matter.

The Hurons and Ottawa at La Pointe had begun fighting with the neighboring Lakota people. Because he feared an attack by the Lakota, Marquette felt it was necessary to find a new place for the mission. Dablon agreed that a new mission was necessary and offered to find a location. Some of the men wanted to stay and fight. Marquette attempted to discourage the imminent war, but most of the men maintained their position. He promised those who wanted to avoid the war that he would take them to a new mission and told them to prepare to move east.

In the spring of 1671, Marquette and his party began their journey to the new St. Ignace Mission. The canoes were loaded with men, women, children, animals, and personal belongings. They travelled through Lake Superior and down to the Straits of Mackinac The mission that Dablon had established for them was located on Mackinac Island. The group would be welcomed by a small group of Ottawa who already inhabited the island. Shortly after the new residents arrived on the island, they became worried about the possibility of winter starvation. They had noticed that game was scarce and no corn had grown. A group of elders approached Marquette with these concerns, and Marquette agreed. In the fall, the mission was moved to the mainland at St. Ignace, Michigan.

Explorations
Marquette's request to take a leave from missionary work to explore the great river was granted in 1673. Marquette joined the expedition of Louis Jolliet, a French-Canadian explorer. They departed from Saint Ignace on May 17, with two canoes and five voyageurs of French-Indian ancestry. Four of these are known to be: Jacques Largillier, Jean Plattier, Pierre Moreau, and Jean Tiberge. They travelled through Lake Huron and Lake Michigan and into Green Bay.

This is where the party made their first encounter with indigenous people. They met the Menominee, who were known as the "wild rice" people. Marquette told them of his mission to spread religion to the people along the river. The Menominee tried to discourage Marquette and the others, warning them about the perils of the river and the people inhabiting the land along it.

The group of explorers next went up the Fox River, nearly to its headwaters. They came upon a village inhabited by Miami, Mascouten, and Kickapoo. They allowed Marquette to teach them about Christianity, and listened attentively. He was especially impressed by the Miami. Marquette noted that they were pleasant in appearance and temperament, despite their reputation as warriors. When Marquette's party left the village, they were accompanied by two Miami that would assist them in finding their way to the Wisconsin River. From the Fox River, the Miami directed, and likely assisted, the men in portaging their canoes for almost two miles through marsh and oak plains to the Wisconsin River, Many years later, the town of Portage, Wisconsin was built and named for the ancient path between the two rivers. They ventured forth from the portage and entered the Mississippi near present-day Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin on June 17.

Eight days later, the travelers found footprints near the Des Moines River and went to investigate. They were enthusiastically greeted by the Peoria who lived nearby in three small villages. Marquette and the others were welcomed by the elders, who offered accommodations and had a banquet prepared. The men were offered many gifts by the Peoria. Since Marquette and the men were traveling, they had to decline the most of what was offered. Marquette did accept a calumet that was gifted to him by the chief. The chief explained that it was a symbol of peace and advised Marquette to display it as an indication of his amicable intentions. As the men left the village, the Peoria chief cautioned them against going too much farther south.

As the party continued south, Marquette hoped to find the Chanouananons. They were known to be friendly to French, and Marquette felt they may be interested in Christianity. They did not find the Chanouananons, but Marquette did notice iron in the Wabash area. Once the summer heat and mosquitoes began to cause great discomfort, the men stopped going ashore at night. They slept in the canoes, using the sails as protection from mosquitoes. This attracted the attention of some Native Americans, who pointed guns at the travelers. Marquette held the calumet over his head. He attempted to communicate by speaking Huron, but was unsuccessful. He felt they may have misunderstood the intentions of the men with guns, and that they may have been inviting them to their village. Marquette was correct. He and the other men followed them to their village, where they were fed beef and white plums.

At the mouth of the Saint Francis River, the men spotted a village. They heard war cries and saw men jumping into the river, trying to get to them. Marquette held the calumet over his head. The elders standing on shore saw this, and called off the attack. The men were invited to the village of the Michigamea. One of the Michigamea was able to speak to Marquette in the Miami Illinois language, but most of the communication was done through gestures. The men were fed fish and corn stew, then given a place to sleep for the night.

In the morning, Michigamea warriors in dugout canoes escorted them to the Akansea Quapaw. They were greeted by a group of men in canoes who held up their own calumet. Marquette and the others were invited to the village. Many residents came out to see the Frenchmen. A chief led them to a room where elders and other chiefs had gathered. Marquette used an interpreter to ask about what was south of them. He was told that it was extremely dangerous. The people were hostile, well-armed, and would attack anyone who could interfere with their trading arrangements.

The Jolliet-Marquette expedition had traveled to within 435 mi of the Gulf of Mexico. Marquette and the other men began to consider whether the danger was worth the risk. By this point, they had encountered several natives carrying European trinkets, and they feared an encounter with explorers or colonists from Spain. The explorers had mapped the areas where they had been, including their flora, wildlife, and resources. After staying with the Akansea for two nights, the party decided to end the exploration.

On July 17, they turned back at the mouth of the Arkansas River. They followed the Mississippi back to the mouth of the Illinois River, which they had learned from local natives provided a shorter route back to the Great Lakes. They reached Lake Michigan near the site of modern-day Chicago, by way of the Chicago Portage. The party encountered a village of Kaskaskia, who invited Marquette to return and establish a mission. When the explorers left the village, some of the Kaskaskia got in their own canoes and traveled with them to Saint Francis Xavier mission in Green Bay, Wisconsin. Jolliet returned to Quebec to relate the news of their discoveries.

Marquette and his party returned to the Illinois territory in late 1674, becoming the first Europeans to winter in what would become the city of Chicago. As welcomed guests of the Illinois Confederation, the explorers were feasted en route and fed ceremonial foods such as sagamite. As Marquette had promised, he established The Immaculate Conception mission for the Kaskaskia.

Death
In the spring of 1675, Marquette traveled westward and celebrated a public Mass at the Grand Village of the Illinois near Starved Rock. A bout of dysentery he had contracted during the Mississippi expedition sapped his health. On the return trip to Saint Ignace, he died at 37 years of age near the modern-day town of Ludington, Michigan. His companions, Pierre Porteret and Jacques Largillier, buried his body at a spot that Marquette had chosen. They marked his burial site with a large cross. Porteret and Lagrillier continued on to St. Ignace, so they could inform those at the mission.

Two years later, Kiskakon Ottawa from the Saint Ignace mission found Marquette's gravesite. They cleaned his bones in preparation for their journey. Ottawa and Huron, in about thirty canoes, accompanied them back to the mission. Marquette's remains were presented to Fathers Nouvel and Piercon. They led funeral services before burying his bones in the chapel at Mission Saint-Ignace on June 9, 1677.

In 2018, residents of St. Ignace, some of them descendants of those led by Marquette to the mission, became aware that an ounce of Marquette's bones was located at Marquette University. Talks between the residents and the university began. The Museum of Ojibwe Culture sent a formal request for the return of the bones. This request was accepted by Marquette University. Two Native American men, one an Anishinaabe elder, arrived at the university in March of 2022. They were presented with Marquette's bones, which they placed in a birch box for the return to St. Ignace. Following a ceremony, the bones retrieved from the university were reburied with the rest of Marquette's bones on June 18, 2022.

A Michigan Historical Marker in Ludington, MI reads: Father Jacques Marquette, the great Jesuit missionary and explorer, died and was buried by two French companions somewhere along the Lake Michigan shore on May 18, 1675. He had been returning to his mission at St. Ignace, which he had left in 1673, to go exploring in the Mississippi country. The exact location of his death has long been a subject of controversy. A spot close to the southeast slope of this hill, near the ancient outlet of the Pere Marquette River, corresponds with the death site as located by early French accounts and maps and a constant tradition of the past. Marquette's remains were reburied at St. Ignace in 1677.

Adjacent to gravesite of Marquette on State Street in downtown Saint Ignace, a building was constructed that now houses the Museum of Ojibwa Culture.

However, a Michigan Historical Marker in Frankfort, MI reads: Marquette's Death: On May 18, 1675, Father Jacques Marquette, the great Jesuit missionary and explorer, died and was buried by two French companions somewhere along the Lake Michigan shore of the Lower Peninsula. Marquette had been returning to his mission at St. Ignace, which he had left in 1673 to go on an exploring trip to the Mississippi and the Illinois country. The exact location of Marquette's death has long been a subject of controversy. Evidence presented in the 1960s indicates that this site, near the natural outlet of the Betsie River, at the northeast corner of a hill which was here until 1900, is the Marquette death site and that the Betsie is the Rivière du Père Marquette of early French accounts and maps. Marquette's bones were reburied at St. Ignace in 1677.

Legacy
In the early 20th century Marquette was widely celebrated as a Roman Catholic founding father of the region.

Places

 * Marquette County, Michigan; Marquette County, Wisconsin
 * Several communities, including: Marquette, Michigan; Marquette, Wisconsin; Marquette, Iowa; Marquette, Illinois; Marquette Heights, Illinois; Pere Marquette Charter Township, Michigan; and Marquette, Manitoba
 * Marquette University and Marquette University High School in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
 * Marquette Island in Lake Huron
 * Lake Marquette in Minnesota; Marquette Lake in Quebec
 * Pere Marquette River and Pere Marquette Lake, which drain into Lake Michigan at Ludington, Michigan
 * Marquette River in Quebec
 * Pere Marquette Park in Milwaukee, WI
 * Pere Marquette State Park near Grafton, Illinois
 * Marquette Catholic High School, Alton, IL
 * Marquette Academy Catholic High School, Ottawa, IL
 * École Père-Marquette, a high school in Montreal, Quebec
 * Marquette Park, Chicago, Illinois
 * Hotel Pere Marquette, Peoria, Illinois
 * Marquette Park, Gary, Indiana
 * Marquette Park, Mackinac Island, Michigan
 * Marquette Park, St. Louis, Missouri
 * Pere Marquette Beach, a public beach in Muskegon, Michigan
 * Pere Marquette State Forest, in Michigan
 * The Pere Marquette Railway
 * "Cité Marquette," former US-City-Base (1956–1966) built by Americans based on the NATO Air Force Base in Couvron (38th Bombardment Wing), Laon, France (his birthplace).
 * Marquette Transportation Company, a towboat company using a silhouette of the Pere in his canoe as their emblem.
 * Marquette Building in Chicago; Marquette Building in Detroit; Marquette Building in Saint Louis, Missouri; Pere Marquette Hotel in Peoria, Illinois
 * Marquette Avenue, a large street in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Monuments
Marquette is memorialized by various statues, monuments, and historical markers:
 * Father Marquette National Memorial near Saint Ignace, Michigan
 * Chicago Portage National Historic Site, along with Louis Jolliet, near Lyons, Illinois
 * Statues have been erected to Marquette various locations, including at Detroit, Michigan; Fort Mackinac, Michigan; Marquette, Michigan; Milwaukee, at Marquette University; Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, Utica, Illinois; Laon, France; the National Statuary Hall of the United States Capitol; the Quebec Parliament Building
 * The Legler Branch of the Chicago Public Library displays "Wilderness, Winter River Scene," a restored mural by Midwestern artist R. Fayerweather Babcock. The mural depicts Marquette and Native Americans trading by a river. Commissioned for Legler Branch in 1934, the mural was funded by the Works Projects Administration.

Marquette has been honored twice on postage stamps issued by the United States:
 * A one-cent stamp in 1898, part of Trans-Mississippi Issue, which shows him on the Mississippi River; This is the first time a Catholic priest is honored by the U.S. Postal Department.
 * A 6-cent stamp issued September 20, 1968, marking the 300th anniversary of his establishment of the Jesuit mission at Sault Ste. Marie.

title: Jacques Marquette


text:
Gaetano Alibrandi

Gaetano Alibrandi (14 January 1914 – 3 July 2003) of the Roman Catholic Church was a senior papal diplomat and former Personal Secretary to Giovanni Battista Cardinal Montini (later Pope Paul VI).

Biography
Born at Castiglione di Sicilia in the Province of Catania, Sicily, Alibrandi was ordained priest on 1 November 1936 and obtained a Doctorate on Divinity from the Pontifical Lateran University and a Doctorate on Civil and Canon Law. He entered the Diplomatic Corps of the Holy See in 1941, serving for five years in the Vatican Secretariat of State and was then a staff member in the apostolic nunciatures in Italy and Turkey before coming to Ireland as a counsellor at the Apostolic Nunciature for two years from 1954–6. Alibrandi later described his first Irish posting as ‘a spiritual bath.’

Ordained Archbishop
In 1961 he received episcopal consecration as titular Archbishop of Binda by Fernando Cardinal Cento upon his appointment as Nuncio of Chile (1961), followed quickly by similar appointments in Lebanon (1963). As Apostolic Nuncio to Chile, he led the Chilean delegation to the Second Vatican Council.

Nuncio to Ireland
He was appointed Papal Nuncio to Ireland on 19 April 1969, shortly after the outbreak of the Troubles.

This was a challenging time for the Church in Ireland then led by Cardinal William Conway as it adjusted to both the internal changes generated by the Second Vatican Council and the wider social changes. Alibrandi was ill-suited to coping with these changes and in particular the violence in Northern Ireland. It is widely assumed that he saw to it that the more overtly nationalist Tomas Ó Fiaich was appointed to Armagh in 1977 after the death of Cardinal Conway. The journalist and author Ed Moloney in his book on the IRA asserts that Alibrandi's "sympathy for the IRA was a constant source of friction with the government in London."

Alibrani played a major role in the 1971 decision by the Vatican to accept the resignation of John Charles McQuaid as archbishop of Dublin (to the shock of McQuaid, who expected that he would be allowed to remain for some time after the normal retirement age of 75).

In many of the episcopal appointments made while Alibrandi was nuncio, he favoured doctrinally 'sound', right-of-centre priests and in the case of the Archdiocese of Dublin picked two priests Kevin McNamara and Desmond Connell who were notably ill-suited. In a profile of the Archbishop at the time of his retirement T.P. O'Mahony observed in The Tablet "although he rarely gave interviews, and never overtly intervened in policy-making or in public controversies, it is beyond dispute that Archbishop Alibrandi wielded considerable influence behind the scenes."

The respected academic and church historian Dermot Keogh assessing this period argues that "there was a general view that the best candidates had not been appointed...that a number were not up to the job, that most of the appointees shared a defensive attitude to matters of church and state.

He had “a very testy relationship with three Taoisigh – Jack Lynch, Liam Cosgrave and Garret FitzGerald”. It was reported in September 2012 during the second Dr Garret FitzGerald Memorial Lecture at University College Cork by Seán Donlon, former secretary general at the Department of Foreign Affairs, that "It came to our [Department of Foreign Affairs] attention that a substantial amount in three bank accounts in Dublin [held by the archbishop] were way in excess of what was needed to run the nunciature. The source [of the money] appeared to be South America." Donlon went on to say "Because of its size, we thought it appropriate to ask if the funds belonged to the Holy See". When contacted for an answer, Dr Alibrandi "quickly answered ‘no’ and that they belonged to ‘family’. When it was pointed out to him that the money was then liable under Irish taxation law to DIRT, he said he would retire shortly and the accounts would be closed."

title: Gaetano Alibrandi


text:
Battle of Quebec

Battle of Quebec may refer to:
 * Battle of Quebec (1690), a failed English assault during the War of the Grand Alliance
 * Battle of Quebec (1759) or Battle of the Plains of Abraham, a battle during the Seven Years' War
 * Battle of Quebec (1760) or Battle of Sainte-Foy, a battle outside the city during the Seven Years' War
 * Battle of Quebec (1775), a failed American assault during the American Revolutionary War
 * Battle of Quebec (ice hockey), a sports rivalry between the Montreal Canadiens and Quebec Nordiques

title: Battle of Quebec


text:
Cold medicine

Cold medicines are a group of medications taken individually or in combination as a treatment for the symptoms of the common cold and similar conditions of the upper respiratory tract. The term encompasses a broad array of drugs, including analgesics, antihistamines and decongestants, among many others. It also includes drugs which are marketed as cough suppressants or antitussives, but their effectiveness in reducing cough symptoms is unclear or minimal.

While they have been used by 10% of American children in any given week, they are not recommended in Canada or the United States in children six years or younger because of lack of evidence showing effect and concerns of harm.

Types
There are a number of different cough and cold medications, which may be used for various coughing symptoms. The commercially available products may include various combinations of any one or more of the following types of substances:
 * Mucokinetics, or mucolytics, are a class of drugs which aid in the clearance of mucus from the airways, lungs, bronchi, and trachea. Examples are carbocisteine, ambroxol, and bromhexine.
 * Expectorants are substances claimed to make coughing easier while enhancing the production of mucus and phlegm. Two examples are acetylcysteine and guaifenesin.
 * Antitussives, or cough suppressants, are substances which suppress the coughing itself. Examples are dextromethorphan, benzonatate, codeine, pholcodine, noscapine, cloperastine, and butamirate.
 * Antihistamines, for allergic rhinitis, may produce mild sedation and reduce other associated symptoms, like a runny nose and watery eyes. Examples are diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine, brompheniramine, loratadine, and cetirizine.
 * Decongestants may improve nasal congestion in sinus infections. Examples are ephedrine, phenylephrine, pseudoephedrine, and oxymetazoline.
 * Fever or pain medication. Examples are paracetamol (acetaminophen) and NSAIDs such as ibuprofen or naproxen.
 * Also employed are various substances supposed to soften the coughing, like honey or supplement syrup.

An example combination is guaifenesin with codeine.

Effectiveness
The efficacy of cough medication is questionable, particularly in children. A 2014 Cochrane review concluded that "There is no good evidence for or against the effectiveness of OTC medicines in acute cough". Some cough medicines may be no more effective than placebos for acute coughs in adults, including coughs related to upper respiratory tract infections. The American College of Chest Physicians emphasizes that cough medicines are not designed to treat whooping cough, a cough that is caused by bacteria and can last for months. No over-the-counter cough medicines have been found to be effective in cases of pneumonia. They are not recommended in those who have COPD, chronic bronchitis, or the common cold. There is not enough evidence to make recommendations for those who have a cough in cancer.

Medications

 * Dextromethorphan (DXM) may be modestly effective in decreasing cough in adults with viral upper respiratory infections. However, in children, it has not been found to be effective.
 * Codeine was once viewed as the "gold standard" in cough suppressants, but this position is now questioned. Some placebo-controlled trials have found that it is ineffective against some forms of cough, including acute cough in children. It is thus not recommended for children. Additionally, there is no evidence that hydrocodone is useful in children. Similarly, a 2012 Dutch guideline does not recommend its use to treat acute cough.
 * A number of other commercially available cough treatments have not been shown to be effective in viral upper respiratory infections. These include for adults: antihistamines, antihistamine-decongestant combinations, benzonatate, anti asthmatic-expectorant-mucolytic combinations, expectorant-bronchodilator combinations, leukotriene inhibitors, ambroxol, and guaifenesin, sometimes with analgesics, antipyretics, anti inflammatories, and anticholinergics; and for children: antihistamines, decongestants for clearing the nose, or combinations of these and leukotriene inhibitors for allergy and asthma.   However, antihistamines cannot be used as an empirical therapy in case of chronic, or non-specific cough, especially in very young children.  Long term diphenhydramine use is associated with negative outcomes in older people.

Alternative medicine
A small study found honey may be a minimally effective cough treatment due to "well-established antioxidant and antimicrobial effects" and a tendency to soothe irritated tissue. A Cochrane review found there was weak evidence to recommend for or against the use of honey in children as a cough remedy. In light of these findings, the Cochrane study they found honey was better than no treatment, placebo, or diphenhydramine but not better than dextromethorphan for relieving cough symptoms. Honey's use as a cough treatment has been linked on several occasions to infantile botulism and accordingly should not be used in children less than one year old.

Many alternative treatments are used to treat the common cold, though data on effectiveness is generally limited. A 2007 review states that, "alternative therapies (i.e., Echinacea, vitamin C, and zinc) are not recommended for treating common cold symptoms; however,...Vitamin C prophylaxis may modestly reduce the duration and severity of the common cold in the general population and may reduce the incidence of the illness in persons exposed to physical and environmental stresses." A 2014 review also found insufficient evidence for Echinacea, where no clinical relevance was proven to provide benefit for treating the common cold, despite a weak benefit for positive trends. Similarly, a 2014 systematic review showed that garlic may prevent occurrences of the common cold but there was insufficient evidence of garlic in treating the common cold and studies reported adverse effects of a rash and odour. Therefore, more research needs to be done to prove that the benefits outweigh the harms.

A 2009 review found that the evidence supporting the effectiveness of zinc is mixed with respect to cough, and a 2011 Cochrane review concluded that zinc "administered within 24 hours of onset of symptoms reduces the duration and severity of the common cold in healthy people". A 2003 review concluded: "Clinical trial data support the value of zinc in reducing the duration and severity of symptoms of the common cold when administered within 24 hours of the onset of common cold symptoms." Zinc gel in the nose may lead to long-term or permanent loss of smell. The FDA therefore discourages its use.

Recreational usage
Cough medicines, especially those containing dextromethorphan and codeine, are often abused as recreational drugs. Abuse may result in hallucinations, loss of consciousness and death. Many cough syrups can contain acetaminophen which will cause liver damage in recreational users.

Adverse effects
A number of accidental overdoses and well-documented adverse effects suggested caution in children. The FDA in 2015 warned that the use of codeine-containing cough medication in children may cause breathing problems. Cold syrup overdose has been linked to visual and auditory hallucinations as well as rapid involuntary jaw, tongue, and eye movements in children.

Decongestants are possibly harmful to people with high blood pressure or a heart disease because these substances can constrict the blood vessels.

History
Heroin was originally marketed as a cough suppressant in 1898. It was, at the time, believed to be a non-addictive alternative to other opiate-containing cough syrups. This was quickly realized not to be true as heroin readily breaks down into morphine in the body. Morphine was already known to be addictive.

Brands
Some brand names include: Benylin, Sudafed, Robitussin and Vicks among others. Most contain a number of active ingredients. The Thai company Hatakabb produces the Takabb Anti-Cough Pill, which is a Chinese herbal medication.

Sudafed is a brand manufactured by McNeil Laboratories. The original formulation contains the active ingredient pseudoephedrine, but formulations without pseudoephedrine are also being sold under the brand. In 2016, it was one of the biggest selling branded over-the-counter medications sold in Great Britain, with sales of £34.4 million. The effectiveness of phenylephrine by mouth as a nasal decongestant is questionable.

Gee's Linctus is a cough medicine which contains opium tincture. New Zealand in 2019 moved it to prescription only.

Coricidin, Coricidin D, or Coricidin HBP, is the brand name of a combination of dextromethorphan and chlorpheniramine maleate (an antihistamine). Varieties may also contain acetaminophen and guaifenesin.

Codral is a brand name manufactured by Johnson & Johnson and sold primarily in Australia and New Zealand. Codral is the highest-selling cold and flu medication in Australia.

Economics
In the United States, several billion dollars are spent on over-the-counter products per year.

Poisoning
According to The New York Times, at least eight mass poisonings have occurred as a result of counterfeit cough syrup in which medical-grade glycerin has been replaced with diethylene glycol, an inexpensive, yet toxic, glycerin substitute marketed for industrial use. In May 2007, 365 deaths were reported in Panama, which were associated with cough syrup containing diethylene glycol. In 2022, the deaths of 66 children in The Gambia were linked to four pediatric cough syrup medications that contained diethylene glycol and ethylene glycol.

In 2022, the US Food and Drug Administration issued a warning against cooking foods in cough syrup after a video of someone preparing "NyQuil chicken", sometimes also called "sleepy chicken", became popular on social media. Cough syrup is designed to be stored at room temperature and its properties can change when it is heated, making it potentially deadly. Heated cough syrup can also vaporize, leading to inhalation hazards. The warning received attention from many news outlets, but some criticized the FDA's handling of the issue for amplifying the attention the topic received online and questioned if making and eating NyQuil chicken actually existed as a widespread trend.

title: Cold medicine