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Haskell Free Library and Opera House

The Haskell Free Library and Opera House (Bibliothèque et salle d'opéra Haskell) is a Victorian building that straddles the Canada–United States border, in Rock Island (now part of Stanstead), Quebec, and Derby Line, Vermont, respectively. The Opera House opened on June 7, 1904, having deliberately been built on the international border. It was declared a heritage building by both countries in the 1970s and 1980s.

The library has two different addresses: 93 Caswell Avenue, Derby Line, Vermont, and 1 rue Church (Church Street), Stanstead, Quebec.

Overview
The library collection and the opera stage are located in Stanstead, but the main entrance and most opera seats are located in Derby Line. Because of this, the Haskell is sometimes called "the only library in the U.S.A. with no books" and "the only opera house in the U.S.A. with no stage". There is no entrance from Canada; however, there is an emergency exit on the Canadian side of the building. All patrons and visitors must use the U.S. entrance to access the building. Patrons from Canada are permitted to enter the United States door without needing to report to customs by using a prescribed route through the sidewalk of rue Church (Church Street), provided that they return to Canada immediately upon leaving the building using the same route.

A thick black line runs beneath the seats of the opera house and diagonally across the center of the library's reading room to mark the Canada–United States border. The stage and half of the seats are in Canada; the remainder of the opera hall is in the US. The building has different postal codes (93 Caswell Avenue, 05830 and 1, rue Church (Church Street), J0B 3E2) and different telephone area codes (+1-802-873-3022 and +1-819-876-2471) in its two respective countries.

The library has a collection of more than 20,000 books in French and English and is open to the public 38 hours a week.

The building is recognized as a historic site in both countries. In the United States, it has been registered in the National Register of Historic Places since 1976. In Canada, it was designated a National Historic Site in 1985 and has been a provincial heritage site since 1977.

Following the Trump travel ban, the library served as a site for international reunions, as it is partly in Canada and partly in the United States.

History

The Haskell Free Library and Opera House was a gift from Martha Stewart Haskell and her son Horace "Stewart" Haskell. It was built in memory of her parents Catherine and Horace Stewart and her husband Carlos Freeman Haskell. The Haskells wanted Canadians and Americans to have equal access to the Library and Opera House and so they chose to build on the border. Construction began in 1901; the Opera House opened in 1904 and the Library in 1905.

The opera house on the second floor was rumored to be modeled after the old Boston Opera House in a somewhat scaled down fashion (it seats four hundred), but the Boston Opera house was built afterwards. A painted scene of Venice on the drop curtain and 4 other scenes by Erwin Lamoss (1901) and plaster scrollwork complete with plump cherubs built in Boston ornament the opera hall and balcony in this historic building, which was constructed with 2 ft walls built of granite from Stanstead.

The Haskell family later donated the building to the towns of Derby Line and Rock Island in Haskell's memory; it is run by a private international board of four American and three Canadian directors.

Organization
French and English books are co-filed. Because of different language conventions in the direction of printing titles on spines—American English books have titles written top-to-bottom, and French books bottom-to-top—the language of a book can be immediately determined.

title: Haskell Free Library and Opera House


text:
Database administrator

A database administrator (DBA) manages computer databases. The role may include capacity planning, installation, configuration, database design, migration, performance monitoring, security, troubleshooting, as well as backup and data recovery.

Skills
Required skills for database administrators include knowledge of SQL, database queries, database theory, database design, specific databases, such as Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, or MySQL, storage technologies, distributed computing architectures, operating systems, routine maintenance, recovery, and replication/failover.

Certification
Training for DBAs with accompanying certifications is widely available, offered by database vendors and third parties. Offerings include:
 * IBM Certified Advanced Database Administrator – DB2 10.1 for Linux, Unix and Windows
 * IBM Certified Database Administrator – DB2 10.1 for Linux, Unix, and Windows
 * Oracle Database 12c Administrator Certified Professional
 * Oracle MySQL 5.6 Database Administrator Certified Professional
 * MCSA SQL Server 2012
 * MCSE Data Platform Solutions Expert

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Database administrator


text:
Allopurinol

Allopurinol is a medication used to decrease high blood uric acid levels. It is specifically used to prevent gout, prevent specific types of kidney stones and for the high uric acid levels that can occur with chemotherapy. It is taken orally (by mouth) or intravenously (injected into a vein).

Common side effects when used orally include itchiness and rash. Common side effects when used by injection include vomiting and kidney problems. While not recommended historically, starting allopurinol during an attack of gout appears to be safe. In those already on the medication, it should be continued even during an acute gout attack. While use during pregnancy does not appear to result in harm, this use has not been well studied. Allopurinol is in the xanthine oxidase inhibitor family of medications.

Allopurinol was approved for medical use in the United States in 1966. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Allopurinol is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 40th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 15million prescriptions.

Gout
Allopurinol is used to reduce urate formation in conditions where urate deposition has already occurred or is predictable. The specific diseases and conditions where it is used include gouty arthritis, skin tophi, kidney stones, idiopathic gout; uric acid lithiasis; acute uric acid nephropathy; neoplastic disease and myeloproliferative disease with high cell turnover rates, in which high urate levels occur either spontaneously, or after cytotoxic therapy; certain enzyme disorders which lead to overproduction of urate, for example: hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase, including Lesch–Nyhan syndrome; glucose 6-phosphatase including glycogen storage disease; phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase; adenine phosphoribosyltransferase.

It is also used to treat kidney stones caused by deficient activity of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase.

Tumor lysis syndrome
Allopurinol was also commonly used to treat tumor lysis syndrome in chemotherapeutic treatments, as these regimens can rapidly produce severe acute hyperuricemia; however, it has gradually been replaced by urate oxidase therapy. Intravenous formulations are used in this indication when people are unable to swallow medication.

Inflammatory bowel disease
Allopurinol cotherapy is used to improve outcomes for people with inflammatory bowel disease and Crohn's disease who do not respond to thiopurine monotherapy. Cotherapy has also been shown to greatly improve hepatoxicity side effects in treatment of IBD. Cotherapy invariably requires dose reduction of the thiopurine, usually to one-third of the standard dose depending upon the patient's genetic status for thiopurine methyltransferase.

Psychiatric disorders
Allopurinol has been tested as an augmentation strategy for the treatment of mania in bipolar disorder. Meta-analytic evidence showed that adjunctive allopurinol was superior to placebo for acute mania (both with and without mixed features). Its efficacy was not influenced by dosage, follow-up duration, or concurrent standard treatment.

Cardiovascular disease
There is a correlation between uric acid levels and cardiovascular disease and mortality, and so allopurinol has been explored as a potential treatment to reduce risk of cardiac disease. However, the data is inconsistent and conflicting, and the use of allopurinol for use in cardiovascular disease is controversial. Independently of its effects on uric acid, it may also have effects on oxidative stress and inflammation.

Side effects
Because allopurinol is not a uricosuric, it can be used in people with poor kidney function. However, for people with impaired kidney function, allopurinol has two disadvantages. First, its dosing is complex. Second, some people are hypersensitive to the drug; therefore, its use requires careful monitoring.

Allopurinol has rare but potentially fatal adverse effects involving the skin. The most serious adverse effect is a hypersensitivity syndrome consisting of fever, skin rash, eosinophilia, hepatitis, and worsened renal function, collectively referred to as DRESS syndrome. Allopurinol is one of the drugs commonly known to cause Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, two life-threatening dermatological conditions. More common is a less-serious rash that leads to discontinuing this drug.

More rarely, allopurinol can also result in the depression of bone marrow elements, leading to cytopenias, as well as aplastic anemia. Moreover, allopurinol can also cause peripheral neuritis in some patients, although this is a rare side effect. Another side effect of allopurinol is interstitial nephritis.

Drug interactions
Drug interactions are extensive, and are as follows:

 * Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine: Azathioprine is metabolised to 6-mercaptopurine which in turn is inactivated by the action of xanthine oxidase - the target of allopurinol. Giving allopurinol with either of these drugs at their normal dose will lead to overdose of either drug;  only one-quarter of the usual dose of 6-mercaptopurine or azathioprine should be given;
 * Didanosine: plasma didanosine Cmax and AUC values were approximately doubled with concomitant allopurinol treatment; it should not be co-administered with allopurinol and if it must be, the dose of should be reduced and the person should be closely monitored.

Allopurinol may also increase the activity or half-life of the following drugs, in order of seriousness and certainty of the interaction:
 * Ciclosporin
 * Coumarin anticoagulants, such as warfarin (reported rarely, but is serious when it occurs)
 * Vidarabine
 * Chlorpropamide
 * Phenytoin
 * Theophylline
 * Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, bleomycin, procarbazine, mechlorethamine

Co-administration of the following drugs may make allopurinol less active or decrease its half-life:
 * Salicylates and medicines that increase the secretion of uric acid
 * furosemide (see more on diuretics below)

Co-administration of the following drugs may cause hypersensitivity or skin rash:
 * Ampicillin and amoxicillin
 * Diuretics, in particular thiazides, especially in renal impairment
 * Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors)

Pharmacology
A common misconception is that allopurinol is metabolized by its target, xanthine oxidase, but this action is principally carried out by aldehyde oxidase. The active metabolite of allopurinol is oxipurinol, which is also an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. Allopurinol is almost completely metabolized to oxipurinol within two hours of oral administration, whereas oxipurinol is slowly excreted by the kidneys over 18–30 hours. For this reason, oxipurinol is believed responsible for the majority of allopurinol's effect.

Mechanism of action
Allopurinol is a purine analog; it is a structural isomer of hypoxanthine (a naturally occurring purine in the body) and is an inhibitor of the enzyme xanthine oxidase. Xanthine oxidase is responsible for the successive oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and subsequently uric acid, the product of human purine metabolism. In addition to blocking uric acid production, inhibition of xanthine oxidase causes an increase in hypoxanthine and xanthine. While xanthine cannot be converted to purine ribonucleotides, hypoxanthine can be salvaged to the purine ribonucleotides adenosine and guanosine monophosphates. Increased levels of these ribonucleotides may cause feedback inhibition of amidophosphoribosyl transferase, the first and rate-limiting enzyme of purine biosynthesis. Allopurinol, therefore, decreases uric acid formation and may also inhibit purine synthesis.

Pharmacogenetics
The HLA-B*5801 allele is a genetic marker for allopurinol-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). The frequency of the HLA-B*5801 allele varies between ethnicities: Han Chinese and Thai populations have HLA-B*5801 allele frequencies of around 8%, as compared to European and Japanese populations, who have allele frequencies of around 1.0% and 0.5%, respectively. The increase in risk for developing allopurinol-induced SJS or TEN in individuals with the HLA-B*5801 allele (as compared to those who do not have this allele) is very high, ranging from a 40-fold to a 580-fold increase in risk, depending on ethnicity. As of 2011 the FDA-approved drug label for allopurinol did not contain any information regarding the HLA-B*5801 allele, though FDA scientists did publish a study in 2011 which reported a strong, reproducible and consistent association between the allele and allopurinol-induced SJS and TEN. However, the American College of Rheumatology recommends screening for HLA-B*5801 in high-risk populations (e.g. Koreans with stage 3 or worse chronic kidney disease and those of Han Chinese and Thai descent), and prescribing patients who are positive for the allele an alternative drug. The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines state that allopurinol is contraindicated in known carriers of the HLA-B*5801 allele.

History
Allopurinol was first synthesized and reported in 1956 by Roland K. Robins (1926–1992), in a search for antineoplastic agents. Allopurinol inhibits the breakdown (catabolism) of the thiopurine drug mercaptopurine, and was later tested by Wayne Rundles in collaboration with Gertrude Elion's lab at Wellcome Research Laboratories to see if it could improve treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia by enhancing the action of mercaptopurine. However, no improvement in leukemia response was noted with mercaptopurine-allopurinol co-therapy, so that work turned to other compounds and the team then started testing allopurinol as a potential therapeutic for gout. Allopurinol was first marketed as a treatment for gout in 1966.

Formulations
Allopurinol is sold as an injection for intravenous use and as a tablet.

Brands
Allopurinol has been marketed in the United States since 19 August 1966, when it was first approved by FDA under the trade name Zyloprim. Allopurinol was marketed at the time by Burroughs Wellcome. Allopurinol is a generic drug sold under a variety of brand names, including Allohexal, Allosig, Milurit, Alloril, Progout, Ürikoliz, Zyloprim, Zyloric, Zyrik, and Aluron.

title: Allopurinol


text:
The Lesser Key of Solomon

The Lesser Key of Solomon, also known by its Latin title Lemegeton Clavicula Salomonis or simply the Lemegeton, is an anonymously authored grimoire on sorcery, mysticism and magic. It was compiled in the mid-17th century, mostly from materials several centuries older. It is divided into five books: the Ars Goetia, Ars Theurgia-Goetia, Ars Paulina, Ars Almadel, and Ars Notoria. It is based on the Testament of Solomon and the ring mentioned within it that he used to seal demons.

Terminology
The text is more properly called Lemegeton Clavicula Salomonis, or, The little Key of Solomon. The title most commonly used, The Lesser Key of Solomon, does not in fact occur in the manuscripts. A. E. Waite, in his 1898 Book of Black Magic and of Pacts does use the terms "so-called Greater Key" and "Lesser Key" to distinguish between the Clavicula Salomonis and Lemegeton, so he may have been the one to coin it. The Latin term goetia refers to the evocation of demons or evil spirits. It is derived from the Ancient Greek word γοητεία (goēteía) meaning "charm", "witchcraft", or "jugglery".

In medieval and Renaissance Europe, goetia was generally considered evil and heretical, in contrast to theurgia (theurgy) and magia naturalis (natural magic), which were sometimes considered more noble. Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, in his Three Books of Occult Philosophy, writes, "Now the parts of ceremonial magic are goetia and theurgia. Goetia is unfortunate, by the commerces of unclean spirits made up of the rites of wicked curiosities, unlawful charms, and deprecations, and is abandoned and execrated by all laws."

The seventy-two demons

The demons' names (given below) are taken from the Ars Goetia, which differs in terms of number and ranking from the Pseudomonarchia Daemonum of Weyer. As a result of multiple translations, there are multiple spellings for some of the names, which are given in the articles concerning them. The demons Vassago, Seere, Dantalion, and Andromalius are new additions in Ars Goetia that are not present in the Pseudomonarchia Daemonum that it is based upon, whereas the demon Pruflas appears in the Pseudomonarchia Daemonum but not in Ars Goetia.

 * 1) King Bael
 * 2) Duke Agares
 * 3) Prince Vassago
 * 4) Marquis Samigina
 * 5) President Marbas
 * 6) Duke Valefor
 * 7) Marquis Amon
 * 8) Duke Barbatos
 * 9) King Paimon
 * 10) President Buer
 * 11) Duke Gusion
 * 12) Prince Sitri
 * 13) King Beleth
 * 14) Marquis Leraje
 * 15) Duke Eligos
 * 16) Duke Zepar
 * 17) Count/President Botis
 * 18) Duke Bathin
 * 19) Duke Sallos
 * 20) King Purson
 * 21) Count/President Morax
 * 22) Count/Prince Ipos
 * 23) Duke Aim
 * 24) Marquis Naberius
 * 25) Count/President Glasya-Labolas
 * 26) Duke Buné
 * 27) Marquis/Count Ronové
 * 28) Duke Berith
 * 29) Duke Astaroth
 * 30) Marquis Forneus
 * 31) President Foras
 * 32) King Asmodeus
 * 33) Prince/President Gäap
 * 34) Count Furfur
 * 35) Marquis Marchosias
 * 36) Prince Stolas
 * 37) Marquis Phenex
 * 38) Count Halphas
 * 39) President Malphas
 * 40) Count Räum
 * 41) Duke Focalor
 * 42) Duke Vepar
 * 43) Marquis Sabnock
 * 44) Marquis Shax
 * 45) King/Count Viné
 * 46) Count Bifrons
 * 47) Duke Vual
 * 48) President Haagenti
 * 49) Duke Crocell
 * 50) Knight Furcas
 * 51) King Balam
 * 52) Duke Alloces
 * 53) President Caim
 * 54) Duke/Count Murmur
 * 55) Prince Orobas
 * 56) Duke Gremory
 * 57) President Ose
 * 58) President Amy
 * 59) Marquis Orias
 * 60) Duke Vapula
 * 61) King/President Zagan
 * 62) President Valac
 * 63) Marquis Andras
 * 64) Duke Flauros
 * 65) Marquis Andrealphus
 * 66) Marquis Kimaris
 * 67) Duke Amdusias
 * 68) King Belial
 * 69) Marquis Decarabia
 * 70) Prince Seere
 * 71) Duke Dantalion
 * 72) Count Andromalius

A footnote in one variant edition lists the kings of the cardinal directions as Oriens or Uriens, Paymon or Paymonia, Ariton or Egyn, and Amaymon or Amaimon, alternatively known as Samael, Azazel, Azael, and Mahazael (purportedly their preferred rabbinic names). Agrippa's Occult Philosophy lists the kings of the cardinal directions as Urieus (east), Amaymon (south), Paymon (west), and Egin (north); again providing the alternate names Samuel (i.e. Samael), Azazel, Azael, and Mahazuel. The Magical Calendar lists them as Bael, Moymon, Poymon, and Egin, though Peterson notes that some variant editions instead list: "Asmodel in the east, Amaymon in the south, Paymon in the west, and Aegym in the north"; "Oriens, Paymon, Egyn, and Amaymon"; or "Amodeo [sic] (king of the east), Paymon (king of the west), Egion (king of the north), and Maimon."

Ars Theurgia Goetia
The Ars Theurgia Goetia mostly derives from Trithemius's Steganographia, though the seals and order of the spirits are different due to corrupted transmission via manuscript. Rituals not found in Steganographia were added, in some ways conflicting with similar rituals found in the Ars Goetia and Ars Paulina. Most of the spirits summoned are tied to compass points: four emperors are tied to the cardinal points (Carnesiel in the east, Amenadiel in the west, Demoriel in the north and Caspiel in the south); and sixteen dukes are tied to cardinal points, inter-cardinal points, and additional directions between those. There are in addition eleven "wandering princes", so that a total of thirty-one spirit leaders each rule several spirits, up to a few dozen.

Ars Paulina
Derived from book three of Trithemius's Steganographia and from portions of the Heptameron, but purportedly delivered by Paul the Apostle instead of (as claimed by Trithemius) Raziel. Elements from The Magical Calendar, astrological seals by Robert Turner's 1656 translation of Paracelsus's Archidoxes of Magic, and repeated mentions of guns and the year 1641 indicate that this portion was written in the later half of the seventeenth century. Traditions of Paul communicating with heavenly powers are almost as old as Christianity itself, as seen in some interpretations of 2 Corinthians 12:2–4 and the apocryphal Apocalypse of Paul. The Ars Paulina is in turn divided into two books, the first detailing twenty-four angels aligned with the twenty-four hours of the day, the second (derived more from the Heptameron) detailing the 360 spirits of the degrees of the zodiac.

Ars Almadel
Mentioned by Trithemius and Weyer, the latter of whom claimed an Arabic origin for the work. A 15th-century copy is attested to by Robert H.Turner, and Hebrew copies were discovered in the 20th century. The Ars Almadel instructs the magician on how to create a wax tablet with specific designs intended to contact angels via scrying.

Ars Notoria, quam Creator Altissimus Salomoni revelavit
The Ars Notoria, quam Creator Altissimus Salomoni revelavit, or The Notory Art, which the Almighty Creator Revealed to Solomon, is a seventeenth century composite text consisting of two separate and imperfect magical texts, the fourteenth century Ars Notoria, or the Notory Art (glossed version), and the mid-fourteenth century Ars Brevis, or the Short Art. From the original Ars Notoria (glossed version), the compiler of the Ars Notoria, quam Creator Altissimus Salomoni revelavit presents a new rearrangement of a series of mysteriously formulated prayers (which are also found in the London manuscript of The Sworn Book of Honorius) intended to enhance the mental faculties, such as memory, eloquence, and understanding, of the magician. Some editions of the Lemegeton contain the 1657 English translation of The Notory Art, which the Almighty Creator Revealed to Solomon being published and retitled by Robert Turner of Holshott as Ars Notoria: The Notory Art of Solomon, Shewing the Cabalistical Key of Magical Operations, The liberal Sciences, Divine Revelation, and The Art of Memory. Other editions of the Lemegeton omit this work entirely;  A. E. Waite ignores it completely when describing the Lemegeton.

Editions

 * Crowley, Aleister (ed.), S. L. MacGregor Mathers (transcribed) The Book of the Goetia of Solomon the King. Translated into the English tongue by a dead hand (Foyers, Inverness: Society for the Propagation of Religious Truth, 1904) 1995 reprint: ISBN 0-87728-847-X.
 * Greenup, A. W., "The Almadel of Solomon, according to the text of the Sloane MS. 2731" The Occult Review vol. 22 no. 2, August 1915, 96–102.
 * Henson, Mitch (ed.) Lemegeton. The Complete Lesser Key of Solomon (Jacksonville: Metatron Books, 1999) ISBN 978-0-9672797-0-1. Noted by Peterson to be "uncritical and indiscriminate in its use of source material".
 * de Laurence, L. W. (ed.), The Lesser Key of Solomon, Goetia, The Book of Evil Spirits (Chicago: de Laurence, Scott & Co., 1916) 1942 reprint: ISBN 978-0-7661-0776-2; 2006 reprint: ISBN 978-1-59462-200-7. A plagiarism of the Mathers/Crowley edition.
 * Peterson, Joseph H. (ed.), The Lesser Key of Solomon: Lemegeton Clavicula Salomonis (York Beach, Maine: Weiser Books, 2001). Considered "the definitive version" and "the standard edition".
 * Runyon, Carroll, The Book of Solomon's Magick (Silverado, California: C.H.S. Inc., 1996). Targeted more toward practicing magicians than academics, claims that the demons were originally derived from Mesopotamian mythology.
 * Shah, Idries, The Secret Lore of Magic (London: Abacus, 1972). Contains portions of Ars Almandel and split sections the Goetia, missing large portions of the rituals involved.
 * Skinner, Stephen & Rankine, David (eds.), The Goetia of Dr Rudd: The Angels and Demons of Liber Malorum Spirituum Seu Goetia (Sourceworks of Ceremonial Magic) (London and Singapore: The Golden Hoard Press 2007) ISBN 978-0-9547639-2-3
 * Thorogood, Alan (ed.), Frederick Hockley (transcribed), The Pauline Art of Solomon (York Beach, Maine: The Teitan Press, 2016)
 * Veenstra, Jan R. "The Holy Almandal. Angels and the intellectual aims of magic" in Jan N. Bremmer and Jan R. Veenstra (eds.), The Metamorphosis of Magic from Late Antiguity to the Early Modern Period (Leuven: Peeters, 2002), pp. 189–229. The Almadel is transcribed at pp. 217–229.
 * Waite, Arthur Edward, The Book of Black Magic and of Pacts. Including the rites and mysteries of goëtic theurgy, sorcery, and infernal necromancy, also the rituals of black magic (Edinburgh: 1898). Reprinted as The Secret Tradition in Goëtia. The Book of Ceremonial Magic, including the rites and mysteries of Goëtic theurgy, sorcery, and infernal necromancy (London: William Rider & Son, 1911). Includes the Goetia, Pauline Art and Almadel.
 * White, Nelson & Anne (eds.) Lemegeton: Clavicula Salomonis: or, The complete lesser key of Solomon the King (Pasadena, California: Technology Group, 1979). Noted by Peterson to be "almost totally unreadable".
 * Wilby, Kevin (ed.) The Lemegetton. A Medieval Manual of Solomonic Magic (Silian, Lampeter: Hermetic Research Series, 1985)

title: The Lesser Key of Solomon


text:
1804 in music

This is a list of music-related events in 1804.

Events

 * January 1 – Johann Nepomuk Hummel's Concerto for trumpet and orchestra receives its première in Vienna, in the presence of Nicholas II, Prince Esterházy.
 * January 23 – François-Adrien Boieldieu becomes musical director at the court of Tsar Alexander I of Russia.
 * February 20 – Giovanni Paisiello is appointed Maestro di Cappella at Naples.
 * April 22 – Twelve-year-old Gioachino Rossini gives a concert at Imola.
 * May 8 – Seventeen-year-old Carl Maria von Weber becomes Kapellmeister at Breslau in Silesia.
 * May 14 – Napoleon proclaims himself emperor, causing Beethoven to tear up the title page of his recently completed Symphony No. 3 and rename it the Eroica.
 * September 18 – Composer Muzio Clementi marries 19-year-old pianist Caroline Lehmann, the daughter of Johann Georg Lehmann, director of the Royal Opera, Berlin. There is a 33-year age gap between bride and groom.
 * Nicolas Dalayrac is awarded the Légion d'honneur.

Classical music

 * Ludwig van Beethoven
 * Piano Sonata No. 22 in F major
 * Piano Sonata No. 23, Op.57
 * Symphony No. 2 (published; composed 1801–02)
 * Triple Concerto, Op.56
 * Gedenke mein!, WoO 130
 * Isabella Colbran – Cavatina di partenza
 * Jan Ladislav Dussek – Fantasia and Fugue for piano
 * Anton Eberl – Symphony in D minor, Op. 34
 * Johann Nepomuk Hummel
 * Rondo in E-flat major, Op. 11
 * Variations for piano Op. 15
 * Rondo-Fantasie, Op. 19
 * Mass in E-flat major, Op. 80
 * Leopold Kozeluch – Three Piano Sonatas
 * Niccolo Paganini – Divertimenti Carnevaleschi
 * Ferdinand Ries – Piano sonata in A minor, Op. 1 No. 2
 * Gioachino Rossini – 6 Sonate a quattro
 * Antonio Salieri – Requiem in C minor
 * Louis Spohr – Concerto for Violin No. 2 in D minor, Op. 2
 * Carl Maria von Weber
 * 6 Variations sur l'air de Naga de 'Samori', Op.6
 * 6 Lieder, Op. 30
 * Turandot, Op.37 (incidental music for Schiller's production)
 * Joseph Wölfl – Symphony in C major, Op. 41

Opera

 * Ludwig van Beethoven – Fidelio, Op.72 (composed; premiered 1805)
 * François-Adrien Boieldieu – Aline, reine de Golconde
 * Pierre Gaveaux – Le Mariage inattendu
 * Adalbert Gyrowetz – Selico
 * Ferdinando Paer – Leonora
 * Gaspare Spontini – Milton
 * Georg Joseph Vogler – Samori

Births

 * January 24 – Delphine de Girardin, lyricist and writer (died 1855)
 * January 25 – Antoni Edward Odyniec, librettist and writer (died 1885)
 * February 5 – Johan Ludvig Runeberg, lyricist and poet (died 1877)
 * March 14 – Johann Strauss I, Austrian composer (d. 1849)
 * March 30 – Salomon Sulzer, Austrian Jewish composer (d. 1890)
 * April 15 – Otto Friedrich Gruppe, lyricist and poet (died 1876)
 * May 13 – Aleksey Khomyakov, lyricist and philosopher (died 1860)
 * May 31 – Louise Farrenc, born Jeanne-Louise Dumont, French pianist and composer (d. 1875)
 * June 1 – Mikhail Glinka, Russian composer (d. 1857)
 * June 13 – Gustave de Wailly, librettist and writer (died 1878)
 * June 21 – Johann Gabriel Seidl, librettist and archeologist (died 1875)
 * July 14 – Julius Schuberth, German author and publisher, founder of Schuberth & Co. (d. 1875)
 * July 17 – Carl Ferdinand Becker, music collector and musician (died 1877)
 * August 19 – Christina Enbom, Swedish operatic soprano (d. 1880)
 * September 8 – Eduard Mörike, lyricist and poet (died 1875)
 * October 1 – Eduard Sobolewski, Polish-American violinist, composer and conductor (may have been born in 1808; d. 1872)
 * October 18
 * Alexandre Charles Fessy, composer and musician (died 1856)
 * Joseph-Bernard Rosier, librettist and playwright (died 1880)
 * November 27 – Sir Julius Benedict, German-born conductor and composer (d. 1885)
 * date unknown – Ferdinand Giovanni Schediwy, Czech-born organist, conductor and composer (d. 1877)

Deaths

 * March 29 (or 30) – Ivan Khandoshkin, violinist and composer (b. 1747)
 * June 16 – Johann Adam Hiller, conductor, composer and music writer (b. 1728)
 * July 17 – Christian Ernst Graf, composer and kapellmeister (born 1723)
 * August 24 – Valentin Adamberger, operatic tenor (b. 1740)
 * November 5 – Maria Anna Adamberger, actress and singer, wife of Valentin Adamberger (b. 1752)
 * November 19 – Pietro Guglielmi, composer (b. 1728)
 * date unknown
 * Gioacchino Cocchi, opera composer (b.c.1720)
 * Marie Louise Marcadet, actress and singer (b. 1758)
 * Lorenzo Quaglio, stage designer (b. 1730)
 * Giovanni Valentini, composer, poet and painter (b. c. 1730)
 * Christian Felix Weisse, lyricist and writer (born 1726)
 * Abraham Wood, early American composer (b. 1752)

title: 1804 in music


text:
Talk:Mount Vesuvius

Image of crater
Does anyone have a problem with the removal of the recently added image of the crater? https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Vesuvius_crater.jpg

1. It does not really illustrate either the general structure of the caldera, nor does it show anything specific that would be of interest. 2. I’m not sure if it’s a faithful reproduction of the original photo or if the original has aged poorly (the date stamp shows that the photo was taken in 1994), but the image has a strong magenta bias. This makes it, for lack of a better term, aesthetically displeasing. No offence meant, I just found it particularly visually jarring to scroll down and see two nearby images with such radically different colour balances. SmallMossie (talk) 23:55, 9 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Thanks for reporting this. I have removed the image because the colour is misleading. The image colour seems faulty or added by image processing. The crater almost certainly does not have this purplish colour in natural light. Other, more reliable, images are available on Wikimedia Commons. GeoWriter (talk) 13:16, 10 January 2019 (UTC)

Edit Request
Need to modify the listing of 20th century Vesuvius eruptions. The March-June 1933 eruption is not given. See Zies (1934) - Volcanic activity in 1933. Transactions, American Geophysical Union, p. 246. (https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/TR015i001p00246) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2620:0:1A10:7724:949B:E608:8BFD:5CB3 (talk) 01:19, 6 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks for reporting this. A characteristic of the eruptive history of Vesuvius is the long duration of many of its eruptions. The Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program database lists Vesuvius' most recent eruption as 1913 to 1944 - see https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=211020 . This seems to imply that a 1933 eruption would actually have been an eruptive episode during the 31-year-long eruption. GeoWriter (talk) 13:24, 7 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Well, that's a bit of a mischaracterization. It wasn't erupting for 3 decades.  Regardless of preference, the article text should be modified/rephrased to reflect actual early 20th century activity.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2607:FCC8:E846:FD00:5084:1093:E383:25D5 (talk) 14:44, 9 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Check out the Appendix of this paper, starting on page 22. Indeed, Vesuvius was continuously active between 1913 and 1944, with a lava lake in the crater and periodic outflows from the crater. There was a final large eruption in 1944 that seems to have caused Vesuvius to lapse into repose. —hike395 (talk) 17:14, 9 February 2019 (UTC)

Edit request for Mount Vesuvius - fact check
"Vesuvius has erupted many times since, and is the only volcano on the European mainland to have erupted within the last hundred years."

Hello! I could be wrong, but I believe this sentence contradicts the wiki article for Mount Etna, which is also on the European mainland and has erupted multiple times in the past century and quite recently.

Thank you for contributing.

--Izzy Coffeenebulawastaken (talk) 18:34, 1 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Mount Etna is on Sicily, which is not on the European mainland. The prose stipulates mainland. Hope that clears it up. Thanks. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 18:50, 1 April 2021 (UTC)

Edit request for Mythology section
Can someone add a sentence or two about Parthenope (Siren) to the Mythology section please? 2601:647:CD00:DF0:D14E:6DDB:3FA7:8EEE (talk) 02:04, 6 September 2022 (UTC)

Inscription citation
In References "[full citation needed]" follows "CIL x.1, 3806" the citation for "An inscription from Capua" in Section #1 Mythology. That appears to be the accepted citation form. See https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/51630/vanRoggen_cornell_0058O_10112.pdf?sequence=1 page 18, https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110674736-004/pdf page 53 note 18 also at https://ebin.pub/urban-disasters-and-the-roman-imagination-9783110674767-3110674769.html (search An inscription from Capua), https://archive.org/details/herculaneumpastp00wald/page/n183/mode/2up?q=3806.

See also https://www.orientalistica.su/jour/article/view/513?locale=en_US, https://pompeiiinpictures.com/pompeiiinpictures/R7/7%2004%2061.htm, https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=3013, https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Kasserine-Mausoleum-of-the-Flavii-inscription-CIL-8212-lines-13-42-photo-A_fig2_236157705, https://droitromain.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/Varia/Marcia_CIL.htm, https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/307928, https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/concordances/concordance-CIL, etc. Mcljlm (talk) 12:39, 23 October 2022 (UTC)

Cable cars picture
The original source may list the picture as a cart on the Mt.Vesuvius, but the cart literally has ETNA written over it. Most likely is a picture of something similar on Mt.Etna. 82.84.58.225 (talk) 13:26, 20 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks for reporting this but I think you are probably mistaken about the photo being from Mount Etna. The two-track Vesuvius funicular railway had two cars, one on each track. It seems that the original pair of cable cars at Vesuvius were called "Vesuvio" and "Etna". See. e.g. https://www.tramwayinfo.com/Tramframe.htm?https://www.tramwayinfo.com/trampostcards/Postc136.htm and https://www.pompeiiinpictures.com/pompeiiinpictures/Vesuvius/Vesuvius%20p2.htm for the Vesuvius funicular railway's history. I have changed the photo in the article and its caption text to clarify this. GeoWriter (talk) 17:30, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

Date of painting
The image captioned "Procession of Saint Januarius during an eruption of Vesuvius in 1822" seems to contain an error. Looks like it was painted in 1822, but the caption makes it sound like the event depicted occurred in 1822. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gofoyo (talk • contribs) 00:13, 11 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks for reporting this. I have changed the caption text of the painting image in the article. GeoWriter (talk) 12:23, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mount Vesuvius


text:
Rudy Rucker

Rudolf von Bitter Rucker (born March 22, 1946) is an American mathematician, computer scientist, science fiction author, and one of the founders of the cyberpunk literary movement. The author of both fiction and non-fiction, he is best known for the novels in the Ware Tetralogy, the first two of which (Software and Wetware) both won Philip K. Dick Awards. He edited the science fiction webzine Flurb until its closure in 2014.

Early life
Rucker was born and raised in Louisville, Kentucky, son of Embry Cobb Rucker Sr (October 1, 1914 - August 1, 1994), who ran a small furniture-manufacture company and later became an Episcopal priest and community activist, and Marianne (née von Bitter). The Rucker family were of Huguenot descent. Through his mother, he is a great-great-great-grandson of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.

Rucker attended St. Xavier High School before earning a BA in mathematics from Swarthmore College (1967) and MS (1969) and PhD (1973) degrees in mathematics from Rutgers University.

Career
Rucker taught mathematics at the State University of New York at Geneseo from 1972 to 1978. Although he was liked by his students and "published a book [Geometry, Relativity and the Fourth Dimension] and several papers," several colleagues took umbrage at his long hair and convivial relationships with English and philosophy professors amid looming budget shortfalls; as a result, he failed to attain tenure in the "dysfunctional" department.

Thanks to a grant from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Rucker taught at the Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg from 1978 to 1980. He then taught at Randolph-Macon Women's College in Lynchburg, Virginia from 1980 to 1982, before trying his hand as a full-time author for four years.

Inspired by an interview with Stephen Wolfram, Rucker became a computer science professor at San José State University in 1986, from which he retired as professor emeritus in 2004.

From 1988 to 1992 he was hired by John Walker of Autodesk as a programmer of cellular automata, which inspired his book The Hacker and the Ants.

A mathematician with philosophical interests, he has written The Fourth Dimension and Infinity and the Mind. Princeton University Press published new editions of Infinity and the Mind in 1995 and in 2005, both with new prefaces; the first edition is cited with fair frequency in academic literature.

As his "own alternative to cyberpunk," Rucker developed a writing style he terms transrealism. Transrealism, as outlined in his 1983 essay The Transrealist Manifesto, is science fiction based on the author's own life and immediate perceptions, mixed with fantastic elements that symbolize psychological change. Many of Rucker's novels and short stories apply these ideas. One example of Rucker's transreal works is Saucer Wisdom, a novel in which the main character is abducted by aliens. Rucker and his publisher marketed the book, tongue in cheek, as non-fiction.

His earliest transreal novel, White Light, was written during his time at Heidelberg. This transreal novel is based on his experiences at SUNY Geneseo.

Rucker often uses his novels to explore scientific or mathematical ideas; White Light examines the concept of infinity, while the Ware Tetralogy (written from 1982 through 2000) is in part an explanation of the use of natural selection to develop software (a subject also developed in his The Hacker and the Ants, written in 1994). His novels also put forward a mystical philosophy that Rucker has summarized in an essay titled, with only a bit of irony, "The Central Teachings of Mysticism" (included in Seek!, 1999).

His non-fiction book, The Lifebox, the Seashell, and the Soul: What Gnarly Computation Taught Me About Ultimate Reality, the Meaning Of Life, and How To Be Happy summarizes the various philosophies he's believed over the years and ends with the tentative conclusion that we might profitably view the world as made of computations, with the final remark, "perhaps this universe is perfect."

Personal life
Rucker was the roommate of Kenneth Turan during his freshman year at Swarthmore College. In 1967, Rucker married Sylvia Bogsch Rucker (1943–2023). Together they have three children. On July 1, 2008, Rucker suffered a cerebral hemorrhage. Thinking he might not be around much longer, this prompted him to write Nested Scrolls, his autobiography.

Rucker resided in Highland Park, New Jersey during his graduate studies at Rutgers University.

Trivia
Rucker is a direct descendant of the philosopher Georg Hegel.

Novels
The Ware Tetralogy
 * Software (1982)
 * Wetware (1988)
 * Freeware (1997)
 * Realware (2000)

Transreal Trilogy
 * The Secret of Life (1985)
 * White Light (1980)
 * Saucer Wisdom (1999) novel marketed as non-fiction

Transreal novels
 * Spacetime Donuts (1981)
 * The Sex Sphere (1983)
 * Master of Space and Time (1984)
 * The Hollow Earth (1990)
 * The Hacker and the Ants (1994) (Revised 'Version 2.0' 2003)
 * Spaceland (2002)
 * Frek and the Elixir (2004)
 * Mathematicians in Love (2006)
 * Jim and the Flims (2011)
 * The Big Aha (2013)
 * All the Visions (1991), memoir/novel

Other novels
 * As Above, So Below: A Novel of Peter Bruegel (2002)
 * Postsingular (2007)
 * Hylozoic (sequel to Postsingular, May 2009)
 * Turing and Burroughs (2012)
 * Return to the Hollow Earth (2018)
 * Million Mile Road Trip (2019)
 * Juicy Ghosts (2021)

Short fiction
Collections
 * The Fifty-Seventh Franz Kafka (1983)
 * Transreal!, includes poetry and non-fiction essays (1991)
 * Gnarl! (2000), complete short stories
 * Mad Professor (2006)
 * Surfing the Gnarl (2012), includes an essay and interview with the author
 * Complete Stories (2012)
 * Transreal Cyberpunk, with Bruce Sterling (2016)

Stories (by date of composition)

Non-fiction

 * Geometry, Relativity and the Fourth Dimension (1977)
 * Infinity and the Mind (1982)
 * The Fourth Dimension: Toward a Geometry of Higher Reality (1984)
 * Mind Tools (1987)
 * Seek! (1999), collected essays
 * Software Engineering and Computer Games (2002), textbook
 * The Lifebox, the Seashell, and the Soul: What Gnarly Computation Taught Me About Ultimate Reality, the Meaning of Life, and How to Be Happy (Thunder's Mouth Press, 2005)
 * Nested Scrolls - autobiography (2011)
 * Collected Essays (2012)
 * How to Make an Ebook (2012)
 * Better Worlds (2013), art book of Rucker's paintings
 * Journals 1990–2014 (2015)

As editor

 * Speculations on the Fourth Dimension: Selected Writings of Charles H. Hinton, Dover (1980), ISBN 0-486-23916-0
 * Mathenauts: Tales of Mathematical Wonder, Arbor House (1987)
 * Semiotext(e) SF, Autonomedia (1989)

Critical studies and reviews of Rucker's work

 * The big aha
 * Turing and Burroughs
 * Turing and Burroughs

Filmography

 * As actor-speaker in Manual of Evasion LX94, a 1994 film by Edgar Pêra

title: Rudy Rucker


text:
List of house types

This is a list of house types. Houses can be built in a large variety of configurations. A basic division is between free-standing or single-family detached homes and various types of attached or multi-family residential dwellings. Both may vary greatly in scale and the amount of accommodation provided.

Hut
A hut is a dwelling of relatively simple construction, usually one room and one story in height. The design and materials of huts vary widely around the world.

Bungalow
Bungalow is a common term applied to a low one-story house with a shallow-pitched roof (in some locations, dormered varieties are referred to as 1.5-story, such as the chalet bungalow in the United Kingdom).

Cottage
A cottage is a small house, usually one or two stories in height, although the term is sometimes applied to larger structures.

Ranch
A ranch-style house or rambler is one-story, low to the ground, with a low-pitched roof, usually rectangular, L- or U-shaped with deep overhanging eaves. Ranch styles include:
 * California ranch: the "original" ranch style, developed in the United States in the early 20th century, before World War II
 * Tract ranch: a post-World War II style of ranch that was smaller and less ornate than the original, mass-produced in housing developments, usually without basements
 * Suburban ranch: a modern style of ranch that retains many of the characteristics of the original but is larger, with modern amenities

I-house
An I-house is a two or three-story house that is one room deep with a double-pen, hall-parlor, central-hall or saddlebag layout.
 * New England I-house: characterized by a central chimney
 * Pennsylvania I-house: characterized by internal gable-end chimneys at the interior of either side of the house
 * Southern I-house: characterized by external gable-end chimneys on the exterior of either side of the house

Gablefront
A gablefront house or gablefront cottage has a gable roof that faces its street or avenue, as in the novel The House of Seven Gables.
 * A-frame: so-called because the steep roofline, reaching to or near the ground, makes the gable ends resemble a capital letter A.
 * Chalet: a gablefront house built into a mountainside with a wide sloping roof
 * Charleston single house: originating in Charleston, South Carolina, a narrow house with its shoulder to the street and front door on the side.

Split-level
Split-level house is a design of house that was commonly built during the 1950s and 1960s. It has two nearly equal sections that are located on two different levels, with a short stairway in the corridor connecting them.
 * Bi-level, split-entry, or raised ranch
 * Tri-level, quad-level, quintlevel etc.

Tower
A tower house is a compact two or more story house, often fortified.
 * Irish tower houses were often surrounded by defensive walls called bawns
 * Kulla: an Albanian tower house
 * Peel tower or Pele tower: fortified tower houses in England and Scotland used as keeps or houses
 * Vainakh tower: a tower house found in Chechenya and Ingushetia that reached up to four stories tall and were used for residential or military purposes, or both
 * Welsh tower houses: built mostly in the 14th and 15th centuries

Longhouse
A longhouse is historical house type typically for family groups.
 * Geestharden house: one of the three basic house types in Schleswig-Holstein region of Germany
 * Uthland-Frisian house: a sub type of Geestharden house of northwest Germany and Denmark
 * Longère: a long and narrow house in rural Normandy and Brittany

Housebarn

A housebarn is a combined house and barn.
 * Barndominium: a type of house that includes living space attached to either a workshop or a barn, typically for horses, or a large vehicle such as a recreational vehicle or a large recreational boat
 * Byre-dwelling: farmhouse with people and livestock under one roof
 * Connected farm: type of farmhouse common in New England
 * Frutighaus: a type of barnhouse originating in the Frutigland region of Switzerland.

Other house types
Mansions usually will have many more rooms and bedrooms than a typical single-family home, including specialty rooms, such as a library, study, conservatory, theater, greenhouse, infinity pool, bowling alley, or server room.
 * Courtyard house
 * Riad: a type of courtyard house found in Morocco
 * Siheyuan, Sanheyuan: a type of courtyard house found in China
 * Slope house: a house with soil or rock completely covering the bottom floor on one side and partly two of the walls on the bottom floor. The house has two entries depending on the ground level.
 * Snout house: a house with the garage door being the closest part of the dwelling to the street.
 * Octagon house: a house of symmetrical octagonal floor plan, popularized briefly during the 19th century by Orson Squire Fowler
 * Stilt house: is a house built on stilts above a body of water or the ground (usually in swampy areas prone to flooding).
 * Villa: a large house which one might retreat to in the country. Villa can also refer to a freestanding comfortable-sized house, on a large block, generally found in the suburbs, and in Victorian terraced housing, a house larger than the average byelaw terraced house, often having double street frontage.
 * Mansion: a very large, luxurious house, typically associated with exceptional wealth or aristocracy, usually of more than one story, on a very large block of land or estate.
 * Palace: the residence of a high ranking government official or the country's ruler.
 * Castle: a heavily fortified medieval dwelling or a house styled after medieval castles. Usually with towers, crenellations, and a stone exterior.

By construction method or materials

 * Airey house: a type of low-cost house that was developed in the United Kingdom during the 1940s by Sir Edwin Airey, and then widely constructed between 1945 and 1960 to provide housing for soldiers, sailors, and airmen who had returned home from World War II. These are recognizable by their precast concrete columns and by their walls made of precast "ship-lap" concrete panels.
 * Assam-type House: an earthquake-resistant house type commonly found in the northeastern states of India
 * Bastle house: a fortified farmhouse found in England and Scotland
 * Castle: primarily a defensive structure/dwelling built during the Dark Ages and the Middle Ages, and also from the 18th century to today.
 * Converted barn: an old barn converted into a house or other use.
 * Earth sheltered: houses using dirt ("earth") piled against it exterior walls for thermal mass, which reduces heat flow into or out of the house, maintaining a more steady indoor temperature
 * Pit-house: a prehistoric house type used on many continents and of many styles, partially sunken into the ground.
 * Rammed earth
 * Sod house
 * Earthbag home
 * Souterrain: an earthen dwelling typically deriving from Neolithic Age or Bronze Age times.
 * Underground home: a type of dwelling dug and constructed underground. Ex. A Rammed-Earth Style House
 * Yaodong: a dugout used as an abode or shelter in northern China, especially on the Loess Plateau
 * Wattle and daub
 * Adobe: a type of mudbrick house made of dirt and straw with mud used as mortar. Found throughout the world, in particular Spain, North Africa, the Middle East and the Americas.
 * Igloo: an Inuit, Yup'ik, and Aleut seasonal or emergency shelter that was made of knife-sliced blocks of packed snow and/or ice in the Arctic regions of Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and Siberian Russia.
 * Kit house: a type of pre-fabricated house made of pre-cut, numbered pieces of lumber.
 * Sears Catalog Home: an owner-built "kit" houses that were sold by the Sears, Roebuck and Co. corporation via catalog orders from 1906 to 1940.
 * Laneway house: a type of Canadian house that is constructed behind a normal single-family home that opens onto a back lane
 * Log home, Log cabin: a house built by American, Canadian, and Russian frontiersmen and their families which was built of solid, unsquared wooden logs and later as a well crafted style of dwelling
 * Plank house: a general term for houses built using planks in a variety of ways
 * Pole house: a timber house in which a set of vertical poles carry the load of all of its suspended floors and roof, allowing all of its walls to be non-load-bearing.
 * Prefabricated house: a house whose main structural sections were manufactured in a factory, and then transported to their final building site to be assembled upon a concrete foundation, which had to be poured locally.
 * Manufactured house: a prefabricated house that is assembled on the permanent site on which it will sit.
 * Modular home: a prefabricated house that consists of repeated sections called modules.
 * Lustron house: a type of prefabricated house
 * Stilt houses or Pile dwellings: houses raised on stilts over the surface of the soil or a body of water.
 * Tree house: a house built among the branches or around the trunk of one or more mature trees and does not rest on the ground.
 * Upper Lusatian house or Umgebinde: combined log and timber-frame construction in Germany-Czech Republic-Poland region
 * Wimpey no-fines house: a low-cost semi-attached or terraced houses built in the United Kingdom from the 1940s onwards using concrete without fine aggregates ("no-fine")

Single-family attached

 * Two-family or duplex: two living units, either attached side by side and sharing a common wall (in some countries, called semi-detached) or stacked one atop the other (in some countries, called a double-decker)
 * Three-family or triplex: three living units, either attached side by side and sharing common walls, or stacked (in some countries, called a three-decker or triple-decker)
 * Four-family or quadplex or quad: four living units, typically with two units on the first floor and two on the second, or side-by-side
 * Townhouse, terraced house, or rowhouse: common terms for single-family attached housing, whose precise meaning varies by location, often connecting a series of living units arranged side-by-side sharing common walls (not to be confused with the English term for an aristocratic mansion, townhouse (Great Britain))
 * Linked house: side-by-side attached houses that appear detached above-ground but are attached at the foundation below-ground
 * Linked semi-detached: side-by-side attached houses with garages in between them, sharing basement and garage walls
 * Mews property: an urban stable-block that has often been converted into residential properties. The houses may have been converted into ground floor garages with a small flat above which used to house the ostler or just a garage with no living quarters.
 * Patio house: townhouses that share a patio
 * Weavers' cottage: townhouses with attached workshops for weavers

Movable dwellings

 * Chattel house: a small wooden house occupied by working-class people on Barbados. Originally relocatable; personal chattel (property) rather than fixed real property.
 * Mobile home, park home, or trailer home: a prefabricated house that is manufactured off-site and moved by trailer to its final location (but not intended to be towed regularly by a vehicle)
 * Recreational vehicle or RV: a motor vehicle or trailer that can be used for habitation
 * Travel trailer, camper or caravan: a trailer designed to be used as a residence (usually temporarily), which must be towed regularly by a vehicle and cannot move under its own power
 * Tiny house: a dwelling, usually built on a trailer or barge, that is 500 sqft or smaller, built to look like a small house and suitable for long-term habitation
 * Houseboat includes float houses: a boat designed to be primarily used as a residence
 * Tent: a temporary, movable dwelling usually constructed with fabric covering a frame of lightweight wood or other locally-available material
 * Tipi: a conical tent originating in North America
 * Yurt: a round tent with a conical roof originating in Central Asia

title: List of house types