text:
User talk:Koxinga

Hello Koxinga, welcome to English Wikipedia!

There are lots of resources around to help guide you. be sure to check out:

 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Also check out
 * image use policy before uploading any images

If you need any help try
 * Help
 * Village pump
 * My talk page User_talk:Jimfbleak.

Don't be afraid of making the odd mistake, there are any number of others eagerly waiting for a chance to correct it!

 * oh yes, I'll make a lot of horrible mistake... I think I understand now quite well the principe of this wiki but my english is far from perfect. So you will be able to correct, don't worry :)
 * Koxinga

Remember to mark your edits as minor when, but only when, they genuinely are (see Minor edit). Marking a major change as a minor one, or vice versa, is condsidered poor etiquette. The rule of thumb is that an edit of a page that is spelling corrections, formatting, and minor rearranging of text should be flagged as a 'minor edit'. --Gray Porpoise 21:50, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Re:minor edit
My interpretation of Minor edit is that any edit that adds information that was not in the previous version, regardless of who it originated from, is minor. We all think differently, though. I was also thinking of this edit. Since it was equivalent to reverting, it wasn't minor. Have a nice night (it is about midnight in France, isn't it?)! --Gray Porpoise 22:06, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * In response to your previous message: Sorry, I wasn't paying attention! I thought it said not to mark vandalism removal as minor. I should read these things more closely. --Gray Porpoise 22:27, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Koxinga


text:
Talk:Denis of Portugal

User 219
User 219 -- please look at some other articles on Royalty and adopt the same format. It makes a more consistent wikipedia. Also, these Portugal articles seem very encyclopedic. If you are taking the text from somewhere else, it needs to be noted. Finally, birth and death dates are good. It's really cool to have someone working on POrtuguese rulers, BTW. Boots

 * In my defence, I need to add that these articles are written from a combination of memory and the few English reference books I have at my command here in Japan. The major texts involved in all of these are the latest Encyclopaedia Britannica (I don't know the year of publication off the top of my head), D.H Livermore's authoratative 'History of Portugal' (1972 I think), the Longmans Chronicle of the World and S.H Steinberg's 'Historical Tables' (1973).  Where I have no facts to back up what I've written, I've chosen to omit the information altogether - this would explain the lack of birth and death dates in most cases (I prefer to know exact dates too) and also why I've not contributed to major rulers such as John I, John II and Manuel I - the info I have here is too scant.  These articles are only supposed to be embryonic and I hope to improve upon them when I return to England and have better resources at hand.  Thanks for your interest and comments, I appreciate that someone is reading my work.  I intend to contribute to any gaps in political history as and where I can, with what I have available. Simon

 * PS - I can assure you that nothing I have written is plagiarised, and if my knowledge may be sometimes at fault, I take full credit for the narrative.

WP:Ncrn
Per the related Naming conventions, this article should be moved to Denis, King of Portugal. GoodDay (talk) 23:08, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Should there not be a requested move first? a discussion? Goodness sakes I have been told such. Thank you Cristiano Tomás (talk) 23:09, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Agreed. There should be an RM for that. Walrasiad (talk) 23:18, 12 January 2012 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: No consensus to move, if a better name is agreed upon as suggested in the discussion below, conduct another RM with the specific alternate title. Mike Cline (talk) 15:54, 4 February 2012 (UTC)

Denis of Portugal → Denis, King of Portugal – Per Ncrn, which prefers monarchs with no regnal number, being moved from Name of coutnry to Name, King of country. relisted--Mike Cline (talk) 23:08, 20 January 2012 (UTC) GoodDay (talk) 23:48, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Who's ncrn? And can you elaborate why this is a good idea? Walrasiad (talk) 00:42, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Check link to the Naming conventions-in-question, where explanation is presented. GoodDay (talk) 00:51, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
 * This refers to the above discussion, which refers to Naming conventions (royalty and nobility) through an obscure shortcut. This reads in part Where there has only been one holder of a specific monarchical name in a state, the ordinal is used only when it was in official use, as with Juan Carlos I (not Juan Carlos, King of Spain). When there is no ordinal, the format John, King of England and Anne, Queen of Great Britain is recommended, although exceptions can be made on a case-by-case basis, taking account of general article titling policy, e.g. John of Bohemia, Alexander Jagiellon. I notice that one of the examples given has moved since the guideline was written! Andrewa (talk) 06:39, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose the title Denis of Portugal implies kingship, though Denis I of Portugal would be the best title. Thank you, Cristiano Tomás (talk) 01:26, 13 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose It seems like only a recommendation, rather than a convention. With many exceptions (e.g. Peter of Castile, etc.) And I don't really see the practical gain of the  change of wording here. @ Cristiano, there is no other Denis, why the ordinal? Walrasiad (talk) 01:32, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
 * @ There was only 1 Luis, 1 Carlos, and they are Luis I and Carlos I, I just thought Denis would be the same? no? Thank you Cristiano Tomás (talk) 01:34, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Hm. Not in my experience. It even sounds strange, "Dom Dinis of primeiro", or "Dom Duarte o primeiro".  Don't think I've ever read or heard them referred to as that. Walrasiad (talk) 03:37, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Alright, Thank you, that was just a thought. But even withought an ordinal, should he not be Denis of Portugal? Cristiano Tomás (talk) 03:39, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I think so. Can't really see the gain of the other way. Walrasiad (talk) 03:40, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
 * The difficulty with this title is that it's misleading (and therefore rare and unidiomatic). Denis I of Portugal is recognizably a king; Name of Place could be anybody from John of Gaunt to Hildegarde of Bingen. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 17:41, 14 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Support. I believe that a son of a Portuguese monarch who did not have a title of his own would also be called "X of Portugal". Normally, the regnal number would indicate if a person is king or simply a prince, but in the absence of such a number, "X, King of Portugal" would clarify everything. This is the point of the recommendation in WP:NCROY. Reigen (talk) 15:57, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I modify my position in favor of Denis I of Portugal, following the convention used by the Portuguese wikipedia.

 * Support per WP:NCNT and Reigen. - dwc lr (talk) 20:00, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Support. "Denis I of Portugal" would be even better. Kauffner (talk) 12:28, 14 January 2012 (UTC)
 * If the choice boils down between Denis, K of P and Denis 1 of Portugal, then the former is preferable. There is no Denis II. And I've never seen him referred to, in any chronicle or book, as "Denis the First".  This was done briefly for the Peter of Castile article here, and it was terribly confusing - marred a lot of the article writing. I'd still prefer "Denis of Portugal" for ease and simplicity.  In this era, the crown heir was still referred to as "Infante" (e.g. "Infante Dom Duarte", )  Walrasiad (talk) 22:41, 14 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Support -- I was not aware of the new convention, but I thoroughly support it. Denis of Portugal does not obviously refer to a king.  In most European monarchies the first king (or queen) with the name does not use an ordinal, but later people would use it when the was a Denis II.  As a precedent see John, King of England, with King John of England as a redirect to it.  However, the articles on English queens regnant are at Queen Victoria and Queen Anne.  Peterkingiron (talk) 23:22, 14 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Our articles names don't "obviously refer to" any position held by anyone (except for the popes anomaly). There is also no need for them to do so. Bad naming convention, shouldn't be applied here or on other similar articles. Fram (talk) 08:52, 16 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Obvious reference to a position is necessary for some monarchs; otherwise, it may be difficult to distinguish them from other people. Reigen (talk) 13:28, 28 January 2012 (UTC)
 * No. It isn't necessary or done for any other group of people (except the popes anomaly), there is no need to be clear that X is a king or queen from the name of the article, it needs to be clear from the actual article. You don't know from other article titles whether X is a boxer, painter, criminal, mayor, cardinal, ..., but for a king it suddenly is necessary to know this? Fram (talk) 08:38, 30 January 2012 (UTC)
 * To nullify your assertion, we have articles like Prince William, Duke of Cambridge. Most royals do not use surnames, and most nobles are known by their territorial designation instead of their surnames. Thus, the designation is necessary. Separate naming conventions for separate groups. Reigen (talk) 11:05, 30 January 2012 (UTC)
 * "Denis of Portugal" does have a "territorial designation", and no one is suggesting moving the page to "Denis"... Fram (talk) 11:09, 30 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Convention dictates that monarchs or rulers be identified. A regnal number would serve this purpose. In the absence of the ordinal, stating the title itself becomes more important. Reigen (talk) 11:40, 30 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Convention dictates, and I oppose the convention. Convention should reflect actual practice, and it seems from this and other discussions that it doesn't have such a firm consensus behind it as people may think. The small convention for rulers is in contradiction to the general convention used for the vast majority of biographical articles here, and I see no good reason for this. Fram (talk) 12:05, 30 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Consistency is important, especially with an encyclopedia like this with so many editors. If you disagree with this convention, you could state it in the talkpage of WP:NCROY and wait for feedback from the community. Of course, conventions are not unbreakable; they don't stop any editor from making arbitrary preferences. But for the sake of consistency, I'd rather follow. Reigen (talk) 13:29, 30 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks for making my point. I support consistency with the hundreds of thousands of other biographical articles, not with the small group of un-ordinaled royals articles which follow the NCROY convention (and note that many such articles don't follow that convention anyway). Fram (talk) 13:34, 30 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Again, royals and nobles follow the NCROY convention, not the hundreds of thousands of other biographical articles. They are a class of their own, so a different convention had been designed for them. Just like the "Popes anomaly".Reigen (talk) 00:40, 31 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose, the convention encourages case-by-case decisions and I agree with the suggestion above that Dennis I of Portugal should be preferred in this case. Andrewa (talk) 06:44, 20 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Preferable, if widespread usage exists. Reigen (talk) 13:28, 28 January 2012 (UTC)
 * There is only one Denis. I have never seen numerals used. Walrasiad (talk) 00:55, 31 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Curiously, the third-to-the-last and second-to-the-last Kings of Portugal (Luis I and Carlos I) use a numeral, even though there is no other Portuguese king named Luis or Carlos. Reigen (talk) 11:34, 31 January 2012 (UTC)
 * All that inbreeding must have confused them. :) Walrasiad (talk) 11:38, 31 January 2012 (UTC)
 * And us too. :) But seriously, the practice of "single monarch = no ordinal" is not universal. For instance, the last Emperor of Austria was Charles I of Austria. Reigen (talk) 12:57, 31 January 2012 (UTC)
 * After Napoleon crowned himself "emperor" and start plopping his kids around on imaginary thrones, all the traditional rules of nobility were thrown out the window. It got pretty anarchic - "emperors" pop up everywhere, double-named kings, ordinals are skipped, titles handed out without office, etc. i.e. anything goes. The chaos of the 19th C. nomenclature shouldn't serve as a guide for anything prior.  Walrasiad (talk) 13:11, 31 January 2012 (UTC)

Quick googlebooks check (numbers deghosted): Any more candidates? Walrasiad (talk) 03:32, 1 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Comment. Now that I looked it up, even the Portuguese wikipedia uses Dinis I de Portugal. For this, I had modified my vote above in favor of Denis I of Portugal. Reigen (talk) 02:18, 1 February 2012 (UTC)
 * "Denis of Portugal" 230 results vs. "Denis I of Portugal" 9 results.
 * "Dinis de Portugal" 315 results vs. "Dinis I de Portugal" 5 results
 * "Dom Dinis" 394 vs. "Dom Dinis I" 18 results
 * "Dom Diniz" 429 vs. "Dom Diniz I" 18 results
 * "Dinis of Portugal" 211 vs. "Dinis I of Portugal" 16
 * "Dennis of Portugal" 14 vs. "Dennis I of Portugal" 5
 * And for the curious, "Denis, King of Portugal" 183 results.
 * And official chronicle by Rui de Pina: Dom Diniz
 * Still, the Portuguese seem to sanction the use of a regnal number even if there is only one monarch of a certain name, as with the aforementioned Luis I and Carlos I, as well as the consensus on the Portuguese wikipedia to use Dinis I. The name should reflect this convention. Reigen (talk) 04:33, 1 February 2012 (UTC)
 * That's not a convention. It's an error. You'll notice that practically none of the handful of "Dinis I" usages listed above are Portuguese, (the few that make that mistake are foreigners and most of them are just typos anyway (e.g.  google misinterpets a semi-colon  as a "i", or hits a volume or page number that starts with "i" or "1" in the index, e.g. "Maria, daughter of Denis, i, 109, 185, ii, 43."). Walrasiad (talk) 04:48, 1 February 2012 (UTC)
 * That theory doesn't explain why they use Luis I or Carlos I, or why the Portuguese version of this article is Dinis I de Portugal. What is more plausible is that — this is a Portuguese convention. Reigen (talk) 12:05, 1 February 2012 (UTC)
 * So you don't trust your own eyes? It is not a convention, it is not used in any Portuguese history source. The page on Portuguese Wiki is a mistake - it was Dinis for the greater part of its history.  Some confused editor moved it only a couple of years ago without discussion, and nobody's bothered to move it back (although somebody did move Sebastiao back).  That is all.  It is an error. I can change it back myself, if you would like? Walrasiad (talk) 18:01, 1 February 2012 (UTC)
 * For the greater part of history, Queen Elizabeth I was known only as Elizabeth, until 1952. Some time in Portuguese history, the Portuguese monarchs started using "I" even if there is no "II" yet - Luis I, Carlos I. The question is when they did this. If this is relatively recent, is it correct to apply it retroactively? In the case of Elizabeth I, retroactive application was acceptable. Reigen (talk) 00:06, 2 February 2012 (UTC)
 * One cannot bring into the question Queen Elizabeth, as it matters not to the fact that there is a Queen Elizabeth II. We are discussing the application towards a monarch whose name was only used once. Thank you, Cristiano Tomás (talk) 01:36, 2 February 2012 (UTC)
 * I used the example of Elizabeth I to counter the value of "the name used for the greater part of history" - i.e., even a long-used name can be dropped in favor of a new convention. For the Portuguese monarchs, I rely upon the examples of Luis I and Carlos I. Reigen (talk) 11:36, 2 February 2012 (UTC)
 * When I said "greater part of its history", I meant the history of that page at pt.wiki. It was abruptly moved by one editor about two years ago, without any discussion. Many of the lists and related articles at pt.wiki remain plain Dinis. Convention hasn't changed.  All decent Portuguese and English history books refer to him plainly as Dinis. Luis & Carlos are strange exceptions from a strange late period. Much like Louis Philippe or Napoleon III. (P.S. if you really want to know why D. Luis & D. Carlos use ordinal, the truth is that they really didn't and are not really referred to with their ordinal in Portugal as often as you imagine. It just happened that the mint masters at the time coined their currency with the label "I", and that's what others (mostly foreigners) took as their cue.)Walrasiad (talk) 18:15, 3 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Why were the mint masters allowed to do that? Must have been some convention. Reigen (talk) 05:45, 4 February 2012 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

"Livro da Leis e Posturas"
In correct Portuguese this should surely read "Livro das Leis e Posturas", with "das" (= "of the" plural) rather than "da" ("of the" singular), since both "Leis" and "Posturas" are plural.188.230.248.85 (talk) 18:26, 13 January 2017 (UTC)
 * ✅. Thanks, Carlstak (talk) 06:16, 14 January 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Denis of Portugal


text:
Philip Wicksteed

Philip Henry Wicksteed (25 October 1844 – 18 March 1927) is known primarily as an economist. He was also a Georgist, Unitarian theologian, classicist, medievalist, and literary critic.

Family background
Philip Henry Wicksteed was the son of Charles Wicksteed (1810–1885) and his wife Jane (1814–1902), and was named after his distant ancestor, Philip Henry (1631–1696), the Nonconformist clergyman and diarist.

His father was a clergyman within the same tradition of English Dissent. His mother was born into the Lupton family, a socially progressive, politically active dynasty of businessmen and traders, long established in Leeds, a city both prosperous and squalid with the rapid growth of the Industrial Revolution. In 1835 Wicksteed had taken up the ministry of the Unitarian place of worship, Mill Hill Chapel, right on the city's central square, and two years later the couple married. In 1841 his sister Elizabeth married Jane's brother Arthur (1819–1867), also a Unitarian minister; Uncle Arthur was, according to a family history, "The Achilles of the Leeds Complete Suffrage Association", in other words, a tragic champion of the fight for universal suffrage; see Chartism and Henry Vincent for more on the CSA. One of their children, a first cousin to Philip, was the maverick MP and mining engineer Arnold Lupton. Jane was described as impractical but accomplished (sketching, painting, reciting poetry etc.) and both the Wicksteed siblings as "Unitarians of vigorous mind and keen intelligence".

Philip was one of nine children, including Janet, who wrote, as Mrs Lewis, a memoir including her parents; (Joseph) Hartley, president of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers; and Charles, also an engineer. One of his nieces was Mary Cicely Wicksteed, who married the prominent Australian surgeon Sir Hibbert Alan Stephen Newton (1887–1949)

Education
Wicksteed was educated at University College London and Manchester New College, the seminary for nonconformist ministers. In 1867 he received his master's degree with a gold medal in classics. Following his father into the Unitarian ministry that year, Wicksteed embarked on an extraordinarily broad range of scholarly and theological explorations.

His theological and ethical writings continued long after he left the pulpit (in 1897), and appear to have been a starting point for many of his other fields of scholarly inquiry. These included his interest in Dante, which not only produced a remarkable list of publications, but also built Wicksteed's reputation as one of the foremost medievalists of his time. Inspired by his reading of Henry George's 1879 book Progress and Poverty, Wicksteed's theologically driven interest in the ethics of modern society, appear to have led him into his economic studies.

Perhaps it was just by circumstance that economics entered Wicksteed's field of scholarly vision, as only one of a number of areas of his interest (to most of which he was committed for years before he began his economics) and in the middle of the fourth decade of his life. This led Joseph Schumpeter to remark that Wicksteed "stood somewhat outside of the economics profession".

Yet, within a few years Wicksteed was to publish significant economic work of his own, carefully expounding on the theory he learned from William Stanley Jevons, and to become for many years a lecturer on economics for the University of London extension lectures (a kind of adult education program initiated in the 1870s to extend "the teaching of the universities, to serve up some of the crumbs from the university tables, in a portable and nutritious form, for some of the multitude who had no chance of sitting there").

In 1894, Wicksteed published his celebrated An Essay on the Co-ordination of the Laws of Distribution, in which he sought to prove mathematically that a distributive system which rewarded factory owners according to marginal productivity would exhaust the total product produced. But it was his 1910 The Common Sense of Political Economy which most comprehensively presents Wicksteed's economic system. The 1932 work by Lionel Robbins, An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science, picked up and developed his ideas.

Personal life
Wicksteed married Emily Solly, a daughter of Henry, a Unitarian minister and social reformer. The library of University College London contains correspondence between Emily and Maria Sharpe Pearson, the wife of Karl Pearson.

Wicksteed was a staunch opponent of vivisection. He became an associate of Frances Power Cobbe and supported the anti-vivisection movement.

Selected publications

 * Memorials of the Rev. Charles Wicksteed (1886)
 * Mr. Wicksteed on Vivisection (1889)
 * Vivisection: An Address
 * The Common Sense of Political Economy (1910)
 * The Reactions Between Dogma & Philosophy (1920)

title: Philip Wicksteed


text:
Wichita State University

Wichita State University (WSU) is a public research university in Wichita, Kansas, United States. It is governed by the Kansas Board of Regents. The university offers more than 60 undergraduate degree programs in more than 200 areas of study in nine colleges. The university's graduate school offers more than 50 master's degrees in more than 100 areas and a specialist in education degree and 13 doctoral degrees. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".

History
The idea behind Wichita State University began in 1886. Rev Joseph Homer Parker founded a private women's Congregational preparatory school which was supported mainly by Wichita's Plymouth Congregational Church, Rev. Parker's church. The school never opened its doors.

Called the "Young Ladies College," "Wichita Ladies College" and "Congregational Female College" and founded during a boom in college and university creation, the private school was envisioned to admit women twelve years and older. In early 1887, the project's leaders received a land parcel from the developers of the adjacent Fairmount Neighborhood and, in response, renamed their school Fairmount College. Envisioned to be the "Vassar of the West," the streets of the neighboring residential areas were named after prominent women's colleges including Vassar and Holyoke. The street names remain in 2023.

In 1892, a corporation bought the property and named the preparatory school Fairmount Institute. Also known as Fairmount Academy, this Congregational church prep school opened in September to boys and girls age 12 and above.

In 1895, on the same site, Fairmount College opened collegiate classes for men and women with funding by the Congregational Education Society. The society selected Dr. Nathan Jackson Morrison to be the president of the new college.

During the 1900s and 1910s, the school grew with structures including a men's dormitory, Fiske Hall, begun in 1904 and dedicated June 1906, and a Carnegie library, built in 1908, occupied in January 1909 and dedicated in January 1910.

Fairmount trustees decided to phase out and eventually close the institute after the 1915 school year. For 20 years, students of the institute formed the nucleus of Fairmount College's student body.

The school's mascot, the "wheatshockers," came about during a football game in 1906 and referred to the fact that many of the football players also shocked wheat during the harvest.

Amid growing financial troubles in the 1920s, the college's supporters tried to get the city of Wichita to buy it in 1925, but failed. A second referendum passed in 1926, and that fall it became the Municipal University of Wichita (popularly known as "Wichita University" or "WU"). It was the first municipal university west of the Mississippi.

By the 1950s, university leaders and President Harry Corbin explored adding the institution to the State of Kansas Regents System along with the University of Kansas and Kansas State University. These two schools had powerful friends who did not feel that the University of Wichita was on par with the state's two main universities. It took a concerted lobbying effort on the part of WU boosters to persuade the legislature and governor to agree to the change. On July 1, 1964, the school officially entered the state system of higher education as Wichita State University (WSU).

Located on campus is the original building of the first Pizza Hut. The original building was located at Kellogg and Bluff. An effort to move it out of the path of Kellogg expansion resulted in the building coming to Wichita State University in the 1980s. After three decades of being located near the campus water tower, the building underwent a second move. In 2017, the university moved it to its current location on the Innovation Campus.

Campuses
The Main Campus is located at 1845 North Fairmount in northeast Wichita, is mostly bounded between the streets of 17th St N, 21st St N, Hillside St, Oliver Ave. The Hughes Metropolitan Complex and Advanced Education in General Dentistry buildings, located at the intersection of 29th St N and Oliver Ave, are considered part of the main campus.

WSU has seven satellite locations:
 * WSU West is located at 3801 North Walker in Maize, Kansas. This 9 acre (3.6 ha) campus hosts 80 to 100 university classes each academic semester.
 * WSU South is located at 3821 East Harry Street, Suite B105 in Wichita. This campus began offering Wichita State University coursework in January 2008 at its original location at 200 West Greenway in Derby, Kansas before moving to its current location on July 1, 2018.
 * WSU Haysville is located at 106 Stewart Ave in Haysville, Kansas.
 * WSU McConnell is located at McConnell Air Force Base.
 * WSU Old Town - A is located at 238 N. Mead in downtown Wichita.
 * WSU Old Town - B is located at 213 N. Mead in downtown Wichita.
 * WSU Old Town - C is located at 121 N. Mead in downtown Wichita.

Since July 1, 2018, the Campus of Applied Sciences and Technology, also known as "WSU Tech" and formerly known as the Wichita Area Technical College, is located at 4004 N. Webb Road in Wichita.

Research
WSU is one of three research institutions in the state of Kansas, along with Kansas State University (KSU) and the University of Kansas (KU).

Research facilities include:
 * National Institute for Aviation Research, which has multiple facilities:
 * Aircraft Structural Test and Evaluation Center (ASTEC) in the former Kansas Coliseum near Park City.
 * Advanced Technologies Lab for Aerospace Systems (ATLAS), a manufacturing research lab
 * Virtual Engineering & Flight Laboratory
 * Crash Dynamics Laboratory
 * Walter H. Beech Wind Tunnel
 * Applied Psychology Research Institute (Jabara Hall)
 * Biology research labs (Hubbard Hall)
 * Chemistry research labs (McKinley Hall)
 * Physics research labs (Jabara Hall)
 * WSU Field Station
 * Innovation Campus

Academics

The university comprises the following academic colleges and schools:
 * College of Applied Studies (formerly College of Education)
 * College of Engineering
 * College of Fine Arts
 * College of Health Professions
 * Dorothy and Bill Cohen Honors College
 * Fairmount College of Liberal Arts and Sciences
 * Graduate School
 * College of Innovation and Design (Formerly Institute for Interdisciplinary Innovation)
 * W. Frank Barton School of Business

The Aerospace Engineering department was founded in 1928 and has longstanding collaborative relationships with Airbus North America, Boeing, Bombardier-Learjet, Cessna, Hawker Beechcraft, Spirit AeroSystems, and other Wichita aviation concerns. The department teaches in the areas of composites, structures, Engineering mechanics, computational Fluid dynamics, applied Aerodynamics, and Flight simulation. Students can readily do internships at the nearby airports and many airplane companies like Cessna, Learjet, etc.

The Wichita State University Libraries have holdings of more than 2 million volumes, over 350 electronic databases and more than 70,000 journal subscriptions. The University Libraries consist of the main Ablah Library, the McKinley Chemistry Library, the Thurlow Lieurance Music Library and University Libraries Special Collections and University Archives. The libraries are open to community users and serve as a regional United States Federal Government Documents Depository, a State of Kansas Government Documents Depository, and is the State of Kansas' only Patents and Trademarks Library. WSU Special Collections and University Archives contains numerous rare books, incunabula, historical manuscripts collections, maps and photographic archives documenting Kansas history, as well as hosting the Wichita Photo Archives. The library faculty offer workshops throughout the year to students and community members.

Innovation Campus
In 2014, President John Bardo announced plans to launch a major academic and student life initiative, dubbed the "Innovation Campus." The plan includes public/private partnerships with domestic and international companies that would build offices on the WSU main campus and collaborate with the students and faculty on research projects and product development through a technology transfer system. The plan kicked off with the completion of renovations to the university's student union, the Rhatigan Student Center, and the opening of Shocker Hall, a new 318,000-square-foot, 784-bed housing facility on the main campus. Subsequent development has taken place on the site of the former Braeburn Golf Course, a WSU-owned course adjacent to campus which closed in November 2014. Ground broke on the first building, the Technology Transfer/Experiential Learning Building, in Q1 2015. The university has secured on-campus partnerships with multiple companies including Sunnyvale, Calif.-based NetApp, which moved its entire Wichita operations into a new building on campus; Airbus; Deloitte; Textron Aviation; Boston Consulting Group; and Dassault Systèmes to name a few. The Innovation Campus has added more than 15 buildings to campus, including Woolsey Hall, a new building for the Frank W. Barton School of Business; a new residence hall; commercial offices; "creative collision" facilities; two mixed-use developments and a hotel.

Wichita Biomedical Campus
In October 2022, President Richard Muma announced that Wichita State University, WSU Tech and the University of Kansas were moving forward with plans to build an approximately 470,000‑square‑foot, $300 million shared biomedical campus in the heart of downtown Wichita. The project, later dubbed the Wichita Biomedical Campus, would create a centrally located corridor where health care services, education, research and technology can be established near existing private hospitals and health care providers. The project, expected to break ground in 2024, received a boost in April 2023 when the Kansas Legislature set aside $142 million in federal American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 funds.

Housing

 * Current
 * Shocker Hall - freshman coed dorms (by suite), D-shape four five-story buildings (800 bed) with attached dining hall and coffee shop, located between Cessna Stadium and Morrison Hall, opened in 2014.
 * The Suites - freshman coed dorms (by suite), L-shape four-story building (225 bed), located southeast of "The Flats", opened in 2019.
 * The Flats - upperclassmen coed apartments (by suite), two four-story buildings (286 bed), located between Eck Stadium and Woolsey Hall, opened in 2017 as privately owned.

 * Previous
 * Brennan Hall I - men's dorms later coed (by floor), four-story building, located at southwest corner of 17th and Yale, opened in 1953, repurposed as WSU offices in 2014, WSU is planning to demolish it. In 1986, part of 1st floor was remodeled into a dining hall. Public restroom was on 1st floor.   2nd to 4th floor each had one large restroom and showers per floor.  2nd floor was women only, 3rd & 4th floor was men only.
 * Brennan Hall II - men's dorms later coed (by suite), three-story building, located at southwest corner of 17th and Yale, opened in 1962, repurposed as WSU offices in 2014, WSU is planning to demolish it.
 * Brennan Hall III - women's dorms (by suite), three-story building, located at southwest corner of 17th and Yale, opened in 1962, repurposed as WSU offices in 2014, WSU is planning to demolish it.
 * Fairmount Towers - coed dorms (by floor, half floor, suite), two five-story buildings in L-shape (600 bed) with unattached dining hall, located at northwest corner of 21st and Hillside, opened in 1966 as private owned, purchased by WSU in 1977, demolished in 2018. Fairmount North was parallel to 22nd street. Fairmount South was oriented north/south on the south side of Fairmont North in an L-shape. The commons dining hall was next to Hillside.  A swimming pool was in the middle of the three buildings.  Each building had an elevator in the middle, and stairs on both ends. Next to the elevator on each floor (except 1st) was a large TV room / RA bedroom / service room, most of each floor was a series of suites, each consisting of two bedrooms (each with two beds, two closets, one sink/mirror) and a shared restroom (between bedrooms) with a toilet and shower. Fairmount South: 1st floor was men only, 2nd floor was coed by suite, 3rd & 4th floors was coed by half floor (men north half, women south half), 5th floor was women only.
 * Grace Wilkie Hall - women's dorms, three-story building with attached dining hall, located between Ablah Library and Heskett Center, opened in 1953, repurposed as WSU offices in late 1970s.
 * Wheatshocker Hall - coed apartments, U-shape six-story building, located on north side of 17th (where GoCreate and John Bardo Center is currently located), opened in 1965 as privately owned, later purchased by WSU, gutted and remodeled in 1994, demolished in 2014.

 * Early
 * Fiske Hall - men's dorms, four-story stone and brick building, located south of McKinley Hall, opened in 1905 as dorms until 1926, repurposed as various WSU departments and offices, currently the oldest building on WSU campus.
 * Holyoke Cottage - women's dorms, two-story wood house, located at northwest corner of 16th and Holyoke, built in 1887 as home of Rev. J.H. Parker, sold to Fairmount College in 1897 to be used as women's dorms until 1933, student apartments in 1960s and 1970s, sold in 1987 as a privately owned home then resold again in 2005, might be the oldest former WSU building that still exists.
 * Holyoke Hall - women's dorms, three-story wood building, located next door to Holyoke Cottage, built in 1915 as dorms until 1933, housed Army Air Force cadets during World War II, demolished in 1946 after the war.

Fraternities and sororities
Recognized fraternities and sororities at the university include:

Athletics

The Wichita State (WSU) athletic teams are called the Shockers. The university is a member of the NCAA Division I ranks, primarily competing in the American Athletic Conference (AAC) since the 2017–18 academic year. The Shockers previously competed in the D-I Missouri Valley Conference (MVC) from 1945–46 to 2016–17; as an Independent from 1940–41 to 1944–45; in the Central Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (CIC) from 1923–24 to 1939–40; and in the Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference (KIAC) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 1902–03 to 1922–23.

WSU competes in 15 intercollegiate athletic teams: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, tennis and track & field (indoor and outdoor); while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, softball, tennis, track & field (indoor and outdoor) and volleyball. Also, it offers club sports such as crew, bowling, shooting sports, and other intramural sports.

Shockers
The name for WSU's athletic teams is the Shockers and students are also collectively referred to as "Shockers." The name reflects the university's heritage: Early students earned money by shocking, or harvesting, wheat in nearby fields. Early football games were played on a stubbled wheat field. Pep club members were known as Wheaties. Tradition has it that in 1904, football manager and student R.J. Kirk came up with the nickname Wheatshockers. Although the Wheatshockers name was never officially adopted by the university, it caught on and survived until it was later shortened to Shockers. Until 1948, the university used a nameless shock of wheat as its symbol. WuShock came to life when junior Wilbur Elsea won the Kappa Pi honorary society's competition to design a mascot typifying the spirit of the school. Elsea, who had been a Marine during World War II, decided that "the school needed a mascot who gave a tough impression, with a serious, no-nonsense scowl."

Once Elsea's mascot was adopted by the university, which by that time was known as the Municipal University of Wichita, all that was needed was a name. The October 7, 1948, issue of The Sunflower, the student newspaper, ran an advertisement urging students to submit names for the school's new mascot. It was freshman Jack Kersting who suggested the winning name, "WuShock."

During the 1980s, WuShock briefly had a sidekick named WeeShock, that was introduced as an attempt to make the mascot more appealing to children.

In 1998, WuShock, also referred to as "Wu," marked his 50th birthday by undergoing a redesign and getting a pumped-up physique and revved-up attitude. The mascot's costume has changed over the years, as well. With the redesign, a new costume was introduced in fall 1998. In fall 1999, the head of the new costume underwent another redesign after a number of supporters suggested the mascot needed a more intimidating look. In 2006 it was decided to once again update the Wu costume. The general consensus was that many wanted the costume to more accurately reflect the depiction of WU in the school's logo. The new WuShock now has the ability to run, jump, and walk up stairs without help. Many officials feel that a more professional and intimidating mascot on the field will certainly bolster WSU's image.

Basketball

The men's basketball team has played in the NCAA tournament 16 times since 1954, advancing to the Final Four in 1965 and 2013, the Elite Eight in 1981, and the Sweet Sixteen in 2006 and 2015, and also entering the 2014 NCAA tournament unbeaten. The team also won the 2011 National Invitation Tournament Championship, beating the Alabama Crimson Tide. The Shockers have three alumni currently playing in the NBA in Fred VanVleet, Landry Shamet and Craig Porter Jr. Other Wichita State products who have played in the league include All-Star Xavier McDaniel, power forwards Antoine Carr, Cliff Levingston, Cleanthony Early, two-time All-American Dave Stallworth, centers Gene Wiley and Jaime Echenique, guards Gal Mekel, Toure' Murry, Ron Baker, and Greg Dreiling. Four-time All-American Cleo Littleton joined the Shocks in 1951, breaking the unofficial color barrier in the Missouri Valley Conference.

Baseball

The men's baseball team is college baseball's highest winning team for the past 31 years, with numerous conference championships and NCAA tournament appearances. The baseball team won the national championship in 1989 and was runner-up in 1982, 1991 and 1993. They play at Eck Stadium.

Bowling
The men's and women's bowling teams have won 23 combined USBC Intercollegiate Team Championships, including the men's 2003, 2008, 2009 and 2010 title and the women's 2005, 2007 and 2009 title.

Track and field
Shocker Track and Field History: Seven Olympians. Two National Champions. 60 NCAA All-Americans. Under Steve Rainbolt (2001–2012): 14 Missouri Valley Conference Championship Teams. 29 NCAA All-Americans.

Cross country
Men's Cross Country: Established in 1947. Eight Missouri Valley Conference titles, five consecutive (1971–75). Five NCAA All-Americans. Nine Missouri Valley Conference Champions. 46 All-MVC award winners.

Women's Cross Country: Established in 1983. 10 Missouri Valley Conference titles, six consecutive (2005–10). Four NCAA All-Americans. Six Missouri Valley Conference Champions. 56 All-MVC award winners.

Football

In 1897, Fairmount College played its first football game. In 1905, the Coleman Company set up gas-powered lighting for a night game against Cooper College (now Sterling College), which became the first night football game played west of the Mississippi River. In 1905, there was an experimental game against Washburn College (now Washburn University) that had three new rules: 1) increase first down requirement from 5 yards to 10 yards, 2) allowing forward passes (suggestion came from President Theodore Roosevelt), 3) varying points (4/5/6) for a field goal kick based on the distance.

The school discontinued its football program following the 1986 season due to financial red ink, NCAA recruiting violations, and WSU students voting against raising fees to pay for higher football expenses. It had never fully recovered from losing 16 starters, its athletic director, football coach and many others critical to the WSU program in a plane crash in 1970 (see below). Legendary NFL coach Bill Parcells was a linebacker at WSU in 1962 and 1963 before serving as a graduate assistant in 1964. Wichita State University was also the first Division I-A school to hire a black head coach in college football, Willie Jeffries, in 1979.

1970 plane crash
On October 2, 1970, a plane carrying players and staff of the WSU football team took off from a Colorado airport after refueling and was bound for Logan, Utah for a game against Utah State University. It flew into a mountain valley too narrow to enable it to turn back and smashed into a mountainside, killing 31 of the 40 players, administrators, and fans near a ski resort 40 mi away from Denver. It was the first, or "gold" plane, the twin to a second black plane. President Richard Nixon sent the president of the university a note which read, "Our thoughts and prayers go out to you in this time of sorrow." A monument exists to the south of Memorial Drive on the Wichita State Campus to commemorate those who died.

Notable alumni and faculty
Wichita State University has produced multiple notable businessmen, including the founders of Pizza Hut Dan and Frank Carney, and Garmin founder Gary Burrell. Notable scientists include Mona Nemer, who served as the Canadian Chief Science Advisor. Notable engineers include Harold G. White, lead in NASA's Advanced Propulsion Physics Laboratory, and Dwane Wallace, President and Chairman of Cessna. In the arts, graduates included opera stars Joyce DiDonato and Samuel Ramey, actor Shirley Knight and Broadway performer Karla Burns. In athletics, notable individuals include basketball players Antoine Carr and Fred VanVleet, as well as Pro Football Hall of Fame coach Bill Parcells. Notable politicians include U.S. Representative Garner E. Shriver, the U.S. diplomat Robert D. Blackwill and Indonesian politician Sandiaga Uno. U.S. Army captain Riley L. Pitts, who graduated with a degree in journalism, was the first African American to receive the Medal of Honor.

title: Wichita State University


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Time preference

In economics, time preference (or time discounting, delay discounting, temporal discounting, long-term orientation ) is the current relative valuation placed on receiving a good or some cash at an earlier date compared with receiving it at a later date.

Time preferences are captured mathematically in the discount function. The higher the time preference, the higher the discount placed on returns receivable or costs payable in the future.

One of the factors that may determine an individual's time preference is how long that individual has lived. An older individual may have a lower time preference (relative to what they had earlier in life) due to a higher income and to the fact that they have had more time to acquire durable commodities (such as a college education or a house). As future is inherently uncertain, risk preferences also affect time preferences.

Example
A practical example: Jim and Bob go out for a drink but Jim has no money so Bob lends Jim $10. The next day Jim visits Bob and says, "Bob, you can have $10 now, or I will give you $15 when I get paid at the end of the month." Bob's time preference will change depending on his trust in Jim, whether he needs the money now, or if he thinks he can wait; or if he'd prefer to have $15 at the end of the month rather than $10 now. Present and expected needs, present and expected income affect one's time preference.

Neoclassical views
In the neoclassical theory of interest due to Irving Fisher, the rate of time preference is usually taken as a parameter in an individual's utility function which captures the trade off between consumption today and consumption in the future, and is thus exogenous and subjective. It is also the underlying determinant of the real rate of interest. The rate of return on investment is generally seen as return on capital, with the real rate of interest equal to the marginal product of capital at any point in time. Arbitrage, in turn, implies that the return on capital is equalized with the interest rate on financial assets (adjusting for factors such as inflation and risk). Consumers, who are facing a choice between consumption and saving, respond to the difference between the market interest rate and their own subjective rate of time preference ("impatience") and increase or decrease their current consumption according to this difference. This changes the amount of funds available for investment and capital accumulation, as in for example the Ramsey growth model.

In the long run steady state, consumption's share in a person's income is constant which pins down the rate of interest as equal to the rate of time preference, with the marginal product of capital adjusting to ensure this equality holds. It is important to note that in this view, it is not that people discount the future because they can receive positive interest rates on their savings. Rather, the causality goes in the opposite direction; interest rates must be positive in order to induce impatient individuals to forgo current consumptions in favor of future.

Austrian economics
Time preference is a key component of the Austrian School of economics; it is used to understand the relationship between saving, investment and interest rates.

Temporal discounting
Temporal discounting (also known as delay discounting, time discounting) is the tendency of people to discount rewards as they approach a temporal horizon in the future or the past (i.e., become so distant in time that they cease to be valuable or to have addictive effects). To put it another way, it is a tendency to give greater value to rewards as they move away from their temporal horizons and towards the "now". For instance, a nicotine deprived smoker may highly value a cigarette available any time in the next 6 hours but assign little or no value to a cigarette available in 6 months.

Regarding terminology, from Frederick et al. (2002): "We distinguish time discounting from time preference. We use the term time discounting broadly to encompass any reason for caring less about a future consequence, including factors that diminish the expected utility generated by a future consequence, such as uncertainty or changing tastes. We use the term time preference to refer, more specifically, to the preference for immediate utility over delayed utility."

This term is used in intertemporal economics, intertemporal choice, neurobiology of reward and decision making, microeconomics and recently neuroeconomics. Traditional models of economics assumed that the discounting function is exponential in time leading to a monotonic decrease in preference with increased time delay; however, more recent neuroeconomic models suggest a hyperbolic discount function which can address the phenomenon of preference reversal. Temporal discounting is also a theory particularly relevant to the political decisions of individuals, as people often put their short term political interests before the longer term policies. This can be applied to the way individuals vote in elections but can also apply to how they contribute to societal issues like climate change, that is primarily a long term threat and therefore not prioritised.

Assessing temporal discounting
Offered a choice of $100 today and $100 in one month, individuals will most likely choose the $100 now. However, should the question change to having $100 today, or $1,000 in one month, individuals will most likely choose the $1,000 in one month. The $100 can be conceptualized as a Smaller Sooner Reward (SSR), and the $1,000 can be conceptualized as a Larger Later Reward (LLR). Researchers who study temporal discounting are interested in the point in time in which an individual changes their preference for the SSR to the LLR, or vice versa. For example, although an individual may prefer $1,000 in one month over $100 now, they may switch their preference to the $100 if the delay to the $1,000 is increased to 60 months (5 years). This means that this person values $1,000, after a delay of 60 months, less than $100 now. The key is to find the point in time in which the individual values the LLR and the SSR as being equivalent. That is known as the indifference point. Preferences can be measured by asking people to make a series of choices between immediate and delayed payoffs, where the delay period and the payoff amounts are varied.

Origin of differences in time preference across countries
Differences of time preferences across countries have been found in several large-scale studies, in particular the INTRA study and the GPS study.

Oded Galor and Omer Ozak explore the roots of observed differences in time preference across nations. They establish that pre-industrial agricultural characteristics that were favorable to higher return to agricultural investment triggered a process of selection, adaptation, and learning that brought about a higher prevalence of long-term orientation. These agricultural characteristics are associated with contemporary economic and human behavior such as technological adoption, education, saving, and smoking.

The most comprehensive data set of time preferences encompasses 117 countries and is calculated by merging several previous datasets, including the aforementioned INTRA- and GPS-data, but also, e.g., survey questions from the World Value Survey.

Historical understanding of time preference theory in relation to interest rates
The Catholic scholastic philosophers firstly brought up sophisticated explanations and justifications of return on capital, including risk and the opportunity cost of profit forgone, associated with the discount factor. However, they failed to interpret the interest on a riskless loan and hence denounced the time preference discounter as sinful and usurious.

Later, Conrad Summenhart, a theologian at the University of Tübingen, used time preference to explain the discount loans, where the lenders won't profit usuriously from the loans as the borrowers would accept the price the lenders ask. A half-century later, Martin de Azpilcueta Navarrus, a Dominican canon lawyer and monetary theorist at the University of Salamanca, held the view that present goods, such as money, will naturally be worth more on the market than future goods (money). At about the same time, Gian Francesco Lottini da Volterra, an Italian humanist and politician, discovered time preference and contemplated time preference as an overestimation of "a present" that can be grasped immediately by the senses. Two centuries later, Ferdinando Galiani, a Neapolitan abbot, used an analogy to point out that just similar to the exchange rate, the interest rate links and equates the present value to the future value, and under people's subjective mind, these two physically non-identical items should be equal.

These scattered thoughts and progression of theories inspired Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, a French statesman, to generate a full-scale time preference theory: what must be compared in a loan transaction is not the value of money lent with the value repaid, but rather the 'value of the promise of a sum of money compared to the value of money available now; in addition, he analyzed the relation between money supply and interest rates: If money supply increases and people with insensitive time preference receive the money, then these people tend to hoard money for savings instead of going for consumptions, which will cause interest rates to fall while prices to rise.

title: Time preference


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Harold Monro

Harold Edward Monro (14 March 1879 – 16 March 1932) was an English poet born in Brussels, Belgium. As the proprietor of the Poetry Bookshop in London, he helped many poets to bring their work before the public.

Life and career
Monro was born at 137 chaussée de Charleroi, Saint-Gilles/St Gillis, Brussels, on 14 March 1879, as the youngest of three surviving children of Edward William Monro (1848–1889), civil engineer, and his wife and first cousin, Arabel Sophia (1849–1926), daughter of Peter John Margary, also a civil engineer. Monro's father was born at Marylebone and died aged 41 when Monro was only nine years old. This loss may have influenced his character as a poet. The Monro family was well established in Bloomsbury. His paternal grandfather, Dr Henry Munro FRCP MD, was a surgeon, born at Gower St, Bloomsbury, in 1817.

Monro was educated at Radley College and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. His first collection of poetry was published in 1906. He also edited a poetry magazine, The Poetry Review, which became influential. In 1913, he founded the Poetry Bookshop at 35 Devonshire Street in Bloomsbury, where he published new collections at his own expense and sometimes made a profit, while providing a welcoming environment for readers and poets. Several poets, including Wilfrid Wilson Gibson, lodged in the rooms above the shop. Monro and the Poetry Bookshop were also involved with Edward Marsh in publishing the Georgian Poetry series.

Monro also founded and edited Poetry and Drama. Between 1910 and 1914, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, who had established Italian Futurism with the publication of the first Futurist manifesto in 1909, gave readings and lectures in London with a view to establishing an English Futurism. Initially, he had an ally in Monro, who devoted the September 1913 issue of Poetry and Drama to Futurism, praising Marinetti in a long editorial. Marinetti's campaign both threatened and influenced Ezra Pound, who founded his own literary movement, Imagism, and wrote manifestos to publicize it while attacking Futurism. Vorticism was the second London literary movement both opposing and reflecting Marinetti's, with Pound as a major collaborator.

War and peace
Monro wrote few war poems himself, but his "Youth in Arms" quartet, written in the early months of the First World War, is one of the first attempts to envisage the "human psychology" of soldiering and understand "how ungrudgingly Youth dies." These poems were inspired by Monro's fears for his friend, Basil Watt, whom he dearly loved and who was later killed at Loos. Monro's elegy for Watt, "Lament in 1915", is a monologue in unornamented, modern language.

Happy boy, happy boy, David the immortal-willed, Youth a thousand thousand times Slain, but not once killed, Swaggering again today In the old contemptuous way;

Leaning backward from your thigh Up against the tinselled bar — Dust and ashes! is it you? Laughing, boasting, there you are! First we hardly recognized you In your modern avatar.

Soldier, rifle, brown khaki — Is your blood as happy so? Where's your sling or painted shield, Helmet, pike or bow? Well, you're going to the wars — That is all you need to know.

Graybeards plotted. They were sad. Death was in their wrinkled eyes. At their tables—with their maps, Plans and calculations—wise They all seemed; for well they knew How ungrudgingly Youth dies.

At their green official baize They debated all the night Plans for your adventurous days Which you followed with delight, Youth in all your wanderings, David of a thousand slings.

After the war, Monro wrote his somewhat trenchant overview Some Contemporary Poets (1920), though this was not published by the Poetry Bookshop. He also founded The Chapbook (1919–1925, his third journal after The Poetry Review and Poetry and Drama, 1913–1914), which was not commercially viable, but contained some of his best work as a poet. His intention was to find "cultural middle ground" between modernism and the more traditional work exemplified by the Georgians. In this Monro took a broad view of the sphere of poetry, devoting whole numbers to children's rhymes and to songs by Walter de la Mare complete with scores.

Marriages
The young Monro was raised together with his sister Mary (died 1921) by their widowed mother, who remarried in 1910 to Sir Daniel Fulthorpe Gooch (1829–1926). Monro's stepbrother Lancelot Daniel Edward Gooch, a midshipman on HMS Implacable, died a fortnight after his 18th birthday in Greece, on 4 October 1915. On 2 December 1903 in Eastbourne, Monro married Dorothy Elizabeth Browne. Their son Nigel Monro (1904–1951) was born in Ireland, where Harold was working as a land agent for a family friend. However, the marriage was not to last and in 1908, the couple separated. The son followed Monro family medical tradition and practised as a surgeon.

In March 1913 Monro met Alida Klemantaski, 17 years his junior, from Hampstead, who also had a passion for poetry and had set herself goals of becoming a doctor or rescuing prostitutes from their predicament. Monro instead persuaded her that by working in the Poetry Bookshop, she would be achieving just as much for society. They were married in 1920. Alida's brother Louis Klemantaski, a promising young poet and musical editor died at the Somme in 1916. It is said that Alida had a greater influence than anyone on the development of Monro's own poetry.

Disappointment
In his later years, Monro reflected on whether the Poetry Bookshop had fulfilled its purpose and whether it should be closed, but he was too deeply attached to it. According to the English literary historian Dominic Hibberd, "By now Monro was a disappointed man, appalled at the state of Europe and feeling forgotten by the poets he had helped." He had used up most of his money subsidising the shop.

On top of a drinking problem, Monro contracted tuberculosis. He died on 16 March 1932, aged 53, at the Cliff Combe Nursing Home, Broadstairs, Kent, and was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium on the 19th. He was remembered as being liberal-minded and without literary prejudices. "Perhaps no one did more for the advancement of twentieth-century poetry."

To what God?
On Monday, 4 August 2014, a service was held at Westminster Abbey as "A Solemn Commemoration on the Centenary of the Outbreak of the First World War", HRH Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, representing HM the Queen. After a reading from St John's Gospel, the choir gave the first performance of a new composition by David Matthews, a pupil of Benjamin Britten, setting a bitter, disillusioned 1914 poem by Harold Monro, "To what God shall we chant our songs of battle?" alongside passages from Lamentations and St Luke. James O'Donnell, Abbey organist and master of the choristers, commented that the work "leaves you standing on the edge of an abyss."

To what God Shall we chant Our songs of Battle? Oh, to whom shall a song of battle be chanted? Not to our lord of the hosts on his ancient throne, Drowsing the ages out in Heaven alone. The celestial choirs are mute, the angels have fled: Word is gone forth abroad that our lord is dead. Is it nothing to you, all you that pass by? Behold and see if there be any sorrow like unto my sorrow.

To what God Shall we chant Our songs of Battle? Oh, to whom shall a song of battle be chanted? If you had only recognised on this day the things that make for peace! But now they are hidden from your eyes. Oh, to whom shall a song of battle be chanted?

Anthologized poets
Poets included in Twentieth Century Poetry, an anthology chosen by Harold Monro, 1933 edition:

Lascelles Abercrombie, Richard Aldington, John Alford, A. C. Benson, Laurence Binyon, Edmund Blunden, W. S. Blunt, Gordon Bottomley, Robert Bridges, Rupert Brooke, Samuel "Erewhon" Butler, Roy Campbell, G. K. Chesterton, Richard Church, Padraic Colum, A. E. Coppard, Frances Cornford, John Davidson, W. H. Davies, Jeffery Day, Walter de la Mare, Lord Alfred Douglas, John Drinkwater, Helen Parry Eden, T. S. Eliot, Vivian Locke Ellis, Michael Field, J. E. Flecker, F. S. Flint, John Freeman, Stella Gibbons, Wilfrid Gibson, Robert Graves, Thomas Hardy, H. D., Philip Henderson, Maurice Hewlett, Ralph Hodgson, Gerard Manley Hopkins, A. E. Housman, Ford Madox Hueffer, T. E. Hulme, Aldous Huxley, James Joyce, Rudyard Kipling, D. H. Lawrence, Cecil Day-Lewis, John Masefield, R. A. K. Mason, Charlotte Mew, Alice Meynell, Viola Meynell, Harold Monro, T. Sturge Moore, Edwin Muir, Henry Newbolt, Robert Nichols, Alfred Noyes, Wilfred Owen, J. D. C. Pellow, H. D. C. Pepler, Eden Phillpotts, Ezra Pound, Peter Quennell, Herbert Read, Isaac Rosenberg, Siegfried Sassoon, Geoffrey Scott, Edward Shanks, Fredegond Shove, Edith Sitwell, Osbert Sitwell, Sacheverell Sitwell, Stephen Spender, J. C. Squire, James Stephens, Edward Thomas, W. J. Turner, Sylvia Townsend Warner, Max Weber, Anna Wickham, Humbert Wolfe, William Butler Yeats

Poetry collections

 * Poems (Elkin Mathews, 1906)
 * Chronicle of a Pilgrimage (1909)
 * Before Dawn: Poems and Impressions (1911)
 * Children of Love (1915)
 * Strange Meetings (1917)
 * Real Property (1922)
 * The Earth for Sale (1928)
 * The Silent Pool and other poems (Faber & Faber, 1942)
 * Collected Poems (ed. Alida Monro, Gerald Duckworth & Co Ltd, 1970)

title: Harold Monro


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Dennis Cooley

Dennis Cooley (born 1944) is a Canadian writer of poetry and criticism, a retired university professor, and a vital figure in the evolution of the prairie long poem. He was raised on a farm near the small city of Estevan, Saskatchewan in Canada, and currently resides in Winnipeg, Manitoba.

Cooley's self-proclaimed influences in writing are William Carlos Williams, H.D., Robert Duncan, Charles Olson, E.E. Cummings, Eli Mandel, Andrew Suknaski, Daphne Marlatt, bpNichol, Michael Ondaatje, and Robert Kroetsch.

Early life
As a student, Cooley held a variety of different labouring jobs during the summers. First attending secondary schooling at the University of Saskatchewan, Cooley obtained with added Distinction his Bachelor of Education Degree in 1966, a High Honours Bachelor of Arts Degree in 1967 and afterwards upgraded to his Masters of Arts Degree on Stephen Crane's imagery and symbolism in 1968.

Cooley later moved to New York state to attend the University of Rochester. It was there that Cooley prepared the research for his doctorate on the San Francisco-born American poet, Robert Duncan. He received the Ph. D in 1971.

Career
From 1972 to 1973, Cooley was employed within the Blakeney Government in Saskatchewan as an executive assistant. Apart from this, most of Cooley's working life has been teaching English.

He has worked at St. John's College since 1976 as the Organizer of Literary Conferences within the University of Manitoba and taught Early Modern and Contemporary poetry, specializing in Robert Duncan, Dorothy Livesay, Margaret Atwood, Robert Kroetsch, Eli Mandel, Prairie Literature, the Long poem in the Twentieth Century, Canadian Writers in Self-construction, Fundamentals of Literary Theory, American Literature, Creative Writing, Poetry & Media 1994–1995, Narratology & Postcolonialism. He retired from in 2011.

He has since helped start create the Manitoba Writers’ Guild, and is currently President. The Guild, founded in 1981 in Aubigny, Manitoba as a support group for Manitoba writers, offers workshops, conducts local reading groups and a peer support network for enhancing and encouraging other writers of all skill levels.

Cooley is also an editor, and from 1975 to 1976 was the Assistant Editor on the Journal of Canadian Fiction, the Poetry Editor of Arts Manitoba from 1978 to 1979 and 1982–1983, the Contributing Editor to Border Crossings from 1989 to 1993, as well as the Editor at the Pachyderm Press from 1993 onward. He also served as the Workshop Leader at the Sage Hill Writing Experience in 1992, 1998, 1999, and 2000.

Cooley is a founding editor of the Turnstone Press in Winnipeg, Manitoba, which was created in 1976 in a local Winnipeg pub. Turnstone promotes authors who are either landed immigrants or Canadian citizens, with fifty percent featuring local Manitoba content and Manitoban writers.

Writing
Cooley specializes in different genres of poetry; such as literary travel, literary criticism, and the long poem. He shows special interest in Canadian Literature, American Writing, modern and postmodern writing, the languages of orality and print, poetry and politics, and literary theory. To date, Cooley has published a dozen volumes of poetry, and over a hundred various articles, columns, reviews, and interviews.

Cooley has travelled abroad to share his talent by giving workshops, lectures and readings to places such as Ukraine and Russia (Kyiv, Odesa, Lviv, Chernivtsi, and Moscow) in May 1991, to the World Poetry Conference in Portugal in May 1995 and again in May 2001, Berlin in August 2002, Poland in April 1999, and Spain in December 1998. To benefit those who don't read his native language of English, some of his work has been translated into Portuguese, German, Chinese and Ukrainian.

Cooley gave his time to the University of Augsburg in the summer of 1996 by being the Canadian Studies guest professor.

Cooley is currently keeping busy by working on personal travel journals, poetry books, and a plethora of essays.

Recognition
Cooley is the recipient of twelve Manitoba Book Awards, and the Lifetime Achievement Award. He has also won or been nominated for the following:

 * (1967-1968) University of Saskatchewan Teaching Fellowship.
 * (1968-1971) Canada Council award for graduate study.
 * (1968-1971) University of Rochester Tuition Scholarships.
 * (1975) University of Manitoba Research Grant to work on the Duncan papers in the Bancroft Library at Berkeley.
 * (1979) Olive Beatrice Stanton award for excellence in teaching.
 * (1981-1982) SSHRC Leave Fellowship.
 * (1987) Manitoba Arts Council Award to write a screen play based on Bloody Jack.
 * (1987) University of Manitoba outreach award.
 * (1988) Perishable Light nominated for McNally Robinson Book Award.
 * (1989) Western Magazine Award for arts commentary.
 * (1990) Visiting Professor in Canadian Studies, University of Trier, West Germany— May–July.
 * (1990) Featured reader at Moorhead State University in the Thomas McGrath reading series.
 * (May 5, 1995) City of Estevan official Dennis Cooley day.
 * (1996) Guest Professor in Canadian Studies at Universität Augsburg.
 * (2000) Irene nominated for the McNally Robinson Book of the Year Award.
 * (2000) Named "Favourite Poet" in Write: Readers' Choice poll.
 * (2001) Irene nominated for McNaly Robinson book of the Year Award.
 * (2012) Departmental Distinguished Lecturer of the Year Award from the University of Windsor, Ontario for his Lecture A Lover's Question: Staging Romance in Kroetsch's The Sad Phoenician.

Books edited

 * Cooley, D (Ed.) (1981) In the Name of Narid: New Poems. Erin, ON: Porcupine's Quill.
 * Cooley, D (Ed.) (1981) Draft: An Anthology of Prairie Poetry. Toronto, ON: Turnstone Press.
 * Cooley, D (Ed.) (1980) Replacing. Toronto, ON: ECW.
 * Cooley, D (Ed.) (1992) Inscriptions: Prairie Poetry. Winnipeg, MB: Turnstone Press.

title: Dennis Cooley


text:
Second Severn Crossing

The Second Severn Crossing (Ail Groesfan Hafren), officially named the Prince of Wales Bridge (Pont Tywysog Cymru) since July 2018, is the M4 motorway bridge over the River Severn between England and Wales, opened in 1996 to supplement the traffic capacity of the Severn Bridge built in 1966. The bridge is operated by England's National Highways. It has a total length of 5128 m.

It is southwest of the Severn Bridge and because it is more closely in line with the rest of the M4, it reduces the length of the journey between England and Wales. The junctions at each end are designed for most traffic to use this crossing, and in order to use the old Severn Bridge, one has to leave the M4 at junction 21 and join the M48 near Aust or at junction 23 near Magor. The new crossing carries more traffic than the Severn Bridge, which is still in use. It is wider than the Severn Bridge, having three lanes and a narrow hard shoulder each way, compared to the two lanes, cycle path and narrow footpath of the original crossing. It is a cable-stayed bridge, whereas the Severn Bridge is a suspension bridge. The position of the bridge is close to that of the Severn Tunnel, which has carried the railway line beneath the river bed since 1886.

Much of the estuary is mudflats at low tide, but at high tide these can be covered by as much as 14 m of water. This presented the engineers with a constraint: packets of work were scheduled at low tide, and needed to be completed within the short windows allowed by the tides.

The concession given to the consortium which financed, built and operate the bridge required them to take over the outstanding debt on the original Severn Bridge and to operate the two bridges as a single entity. Tolls were set annually by the government based on the previous year's change in the Retail Price Index. On the expiry of the concession in January 2018, the consortium was required to hand the bridge over to public ownership. The tolls on both bridges were subsequently scrapped in December 2018.

Background
The Severn Estuary presented a barrier between the Bristol area and South Wales. The estuary has a maximum tidal range of 14.5 m, amongst the highest in the world, and during a rising or falling tide there are strong currents of up to 8 kn. Much of the estuary is mud flats that are exposed at low tide; these have been designated a Special Protection Area. The central part of the estuary is a navigable channel which, at the site of the bridge, is known as "The Shoots". The bridge is upstream from Avonmouth and the Port of Bristol, but downstream from the Port of Sharpness. The Gloucester Harbour Trustees have responsibility for controlling navigation in the estuary's tidal waters upstream from the bridge.

Until 1966, road travellers could either use the Aust Ferry, which had operated since medieval times (and as a car ferry since 1926), or use the scheduled car shuttle train service through the Severn Tunnel between Pilning and Severn Tunnel Junction, which operated from 1926 until 1966. Otherwise, the detour via Gloucester would add 57 mi to the journey. In 1966, the first Severn road bridge, a four-lane suspension bridge, was opened, carrying the M4 motorway between England and South Wales. By 1984, traffic across the first Severn Bridge had tripled and it was projected that by the mid-1990s, the old bridge would be running at capacity. A study was commissioned into building either a second bridge or a tunnel. The consultants reported back in 1986, recommending that a new bridge be built downstream from the existing bridge.

In 1988, it was announced that tenders would be invited from private consortia to fund, build and operate the bridge for a specified period. The consortium would also take over the management of the old bridge and the associated £100 million debt. Tenders were invited in 1989; and in 1990 the concession to build the bridge was awarded to Severn River Crossing plc. Construction work started on 26 April 1992 and the bridge was opened by Prince Charles (the future Charles III, then the Prince of Wales), on 5 June 1996.

Design
The chief architect of the bridge was Ronald Weeks of the Cardiff-based Percy Thomas Partnership, with the detailed engineering design by the Halcrow Group and the French consultancy SEEE (company). The bridge has portals close to Sudbrook, Monmouthshire on the Welsh side and Severn Beach in South Gloucestershire on the English side. It has three principal sections – a 25 span viaduct on the English side of length 2103 m, a 24 span viaduct of length 2077 m on the Welsh side and the bridge itself, a 948 m structure with a 37 m navigational clearance, giving a total length of 5128 m. The central section, called the Shoots Bridge, is of cable-stayed design and the central span (between the bridge pylons) is 456 m in length. The approach viaducts are of a segmental bridge design. The crossing forms a very slight reverse "S" curve – the roadway has an approximate east–west alignment at each of the portals, while the central bridge follows an alignment approximately WNW to ESE.

The Severn Railway Tunnel passes under the estuary bed on a line which is generally about 500 m upstream of the bridge, but which passes under the line of the bridge close to the English shore.

The deck, which carries three lanes of traffic in each direction, is 34.6 m wide. The sides of the bridge are fitted with 3 m baffle plates to reduce lateral wind loads coming from the Severn Estuary onto the traffic; this has reduced the number of times that speed restrictions have been needed. The overall design of the new crossing makes it more resistant to high winds than the old Severn Bridge.

A small diesel-powered monorail, the Rapid Access Train, runs underneath the full length of the crossing at a top speed of 1.5 m/s, and is used for safe access to ten stations, such as lifts inside the cable pylons, for bridge maintenance. It can carry up to four passengers plus two tonnes of equipment in its trailer, with an integral crane and safety features such as interlocks, emergency battery propulsion capable of returning to either end of the crossing, and a dead man's switch. During the 1990s and early 2000s, the Rapid Access Train was initially disused for a number of years due to rail faults, but has subsequently been returned to service. Travelling access gantries are also present underneath each segment of the crossing to allow for inspection and maintenance across the full width of the structure, with hydraulic lift platforms capable of reaching multiple levels.

Construction
The crossing was built by a business consortium under a public-private partnership. A company called Severn River Crossing plc, led by John Laing plc and GTM-Entrepose, was formed to build the new crossing. This company also took over the responsibility of managing and maintaining the old Severn Bridge crossing, as well as managing and maintaining the new crossing. The cost of constructing the new crossing was to be paid for by tolls collected from motorists using the two crossings. Work on the new crossing began in 1992. Completion was in 1996.

Sub-assemblies for the bridge were constructed onshore and then shifted by a large tracked vehicle (similar to that used to move the Apollo and Space Shuttle at Cape Kennedy) onto a barge (the SAR3), prior to being floated out on the high tide to the site. The 37 bridge pier foundations on the approach viaducts are 98.11 m apart, and consist of open concrete caissons weighing up to 2,000 tonnes, which were founded on the rock of the estuary bed. The decking consists of 3.6 m post-stressed match cast sections, weighing 200 t each.

The cable-stayed section of the crossing is over 1044.7 m long, consisting of a 34.6 m wide deck made from steel plate girders with a composite reinforced concrete slab. These were prefabricated on shore and put in place using balanced cantilever methods. There are two high twin-leg, reinforced and pre-stressed concrete pylons carrying 240 cables which support the bridge deck, rising to a height of 149 m above the river bed or 101 m above the bridge deck. Cable vibrations were experienced during construction and secondary cables were added to eliminate this. To avoid detracting from the aesthetics of the primary cables, the secondary cables are very slender and are not very noticeable.

During the summer of 1994 the bridge deck launching gantry fell onto the Gwent viaduct, causing the 200 t bridge deck unit to fall onto the deck below. Although this delayed the project by ten weeks, the builders still completed the bridge on schedule two years later.

Environmental impact
The crossing passes over mudflats in the Severn Estuary with part of the eastern approach viaduct sited on the English Stones, a rocky outcrop uncovered at low tide. The estuary wetlands are home to migrating birds such as the ringed plover, redshank and whimbrel, while the curlew, dunlin and grey plover winter in the area. The birds feed on ragworm, lugworm and other invertebrates. Saltmarsh is found along the fringes of the coast. Beds of eelgrass occur on the more sheltered mud- and sandbanks. In 1976, in recognition of the importance of the estuary as a wetland used by migrating birds, an area of 247 km2 was designated a Ramsar site. In 1988, the Severn Estuary was designated a Special Protection Area. The same year an area of 99 km2 was notified as a Site of Special Scientific Interest and designated as such the following year; in 1995, this was extended to cover the whole of the Ramsar site.

Prior to the bridge's construction, environmentalists raised numerous concerns and criticisms, chiefly about the immediate damage from construction work and the effects of long-term pollution from a projected increase in car traffic. The construction process resulted in a temporary increase in turbidity of the Severn waters. Although eelgrass is reasonably tolerant to short-term high turbidity and consequent loss of light, the bed of eelgrass in the river was observed to decline considerably during the period of construction. The construction of the approach roads and toll plaza resulted in the permanent loss of some wet pastureland.

Field surveys carried out in 2003 and 2004 reported that the bridge had little effect on the flight paths of the various birds – it was noted that when curlews, dunlins and lapwings approached the bridge, they would change course to gain height and fly over the bridge, but that oystercatchers and turnstones would fly under the bridge. The surveys also showed that the bridge had minimal impact on the roosting habits of most birds, though a flock of mallards were seen to be roosting directly under the bridge, with many positioning themselves on the dry concrete base on one of the pillars. Likewise, it was noted that the bridge had little impact on the birds' feeding habits – turnstones and lapwings were recorded as feeding on mudflats directly under the bridge while the absence of other waders was attributed to the rocky nature of the foreshore.

Finances
The consortium consisting of two civil engineering firms and two banks that funded and built the bridge had a 30-year concession to redeem its outlay from tolls collected from users of the bridge. At the end of the concession period in January 2018, the bridge passed into public ownership, and is now managed by National Highways.

Tolls
Tolls were collected from westbound traffic only, near Rogiet, 2 mi in Wales. Tolls charges were based on a three-tier pricing system: Tolls could be paid by cash, major credit or debit cards, or by use of the Severn TAG system, which was a wireless electronic toll collection system that did not require vehicles to stop.

Motorcycles and UK disabled badge holders travelling in a vehicle were exempted from paying a toll. Toll prices were reviewed annually on 1 January, in accordance with the Severn Bridges Act 1992. In late 2008, UK VAT was reduced from 17.5% to 15%, but the bridge toll remained unchanged. For convenience the tolls were kept at round multiples of 10p (the bridge toll was largely paid in cash as card payments were not accepted until mid-2012), but the 13p VAT reduction was not passed on immediately. In 2009, the planned toll for cars would have been £5.50, as the announcements listed, but the actual toll charged was £5.40. George Osborne, the then Chancellor of the Exchequer, announced in March 2015 that the tolls would be reduced to £5.40 in 2018, due to VAT being removed when the bridge comes into public ownership.

In the 2016 United Kingdom budget, Osborne announced that toll charges on the Severn crossings would be halved in 2018. The toll was due to be cut to £5.40 in 2017 but was increased.

It was reported in 2012 that the repayments were likely to continue until the early 2020s due to the introduction of a revised settlement to the operator in return for accepting payment by debit and credit cards. The announcement said that even after repayment was complete the toll charges would likely remain at the same levels. However, in July 2017 it was announced that the toll would be abolished, In July 2017, the Welsh Secretary, Alun Cairns, announced that tolls would be scrapped at the end of 2018, claiming that this would boost the South Wales economy by around £100m a year. In September 2017, Cairns confirmed that tolls would be reduced in January 2018 as VAT is removed. As announced on 2 October 2018, tolls were abolished on 17 December 2018.

Historical toll charges
The toll levied was always identical to that on the Severn Bridge.

Funding and ownership
The bridge was built at a cost of £330 million (excluding VAT) and was owned by the company Severn River Crossing Plc. As of, Severn River Crossing Plc was owned
 * 35% John Laing, British developer infrastructure operator
 * 35% Vinci, French concessions and construction company
 * 15% Bank of America, American multinational banking and financial services corporation
 * 15% Barclays Capital, British multinational investment bank

The company's 2011 annual report showed the same companies still owned, through subsidiary companies, all the issued ordinary share capital of the Plc.

In 2012, changes were made to the agreement to reflect the effect of changes in VAT and Corporation Tax and the costs of installing credit card handling systems. The net effect was to increase the required revenue from £995.83 million to £1,028.91 million in 1989 prices.

Ownership of the crossing and the original Severn Bridge returned to the UK government on 8 January 2018, when the project's required revenue, as defined in the Concession Agreement with the Secretary of State for Transport, had been collected. At that point, responsibility for operating the bridge passed to National Highways.

Closures
On 6 February 2009, the bridge was closed due to bad weather for the first time since its opening, after a number of vehicles were hit by falling ice. Bad weather, and again falling ice, repeated this in December 2009. Temporary speed limits are put in place due to high winds or thick fog, with drivers informed by the electronic signs. Because of the more advanced aerodynamic design of the later bridge, the Second Crossing is far less prone to such restrictions caused by crosswinds than the first Severn Bridge.

On 18 February 2022, both the Prince of Wales Bridge and the Severn Bridge were closed during Storm Eunice, due to high winds. It was the first time that the Prince of Wales Bridge had been closed because of winds.

Renaming
On 5 April 2018, the Secretary of State for Wales, Alun Cairns, announced that the crossing would be renamed as the Prince of Wales Bridge at a ceremony later in the year. He said that the renaming would be "a fitting tribute to His Royal Highness in a year that sees him mark 60 years as The Prince of Wales and decades of continued, dedicated service to our nation".

An online petition, heavily shared via social media, against the renaming had received more than 30,000 signatures by 8 April. Some politicians criticised the proposed renaming and the lack of public consultation on it, but it was confirmed that the First Minister of Wales, Carwyn Jones, had raised no objection to the proposal. The bridge was formally renamed on 2 July 2018 where a plaque was unveiled by the Prince and the Duchess of Cornwall, which was followed by a reception for local dignitaries and business leaders at the nearby Celtic Manor Resort. There was no prior press release or other official communication from either the UK or Welsh Governments. The total cost for renaming the bridge, including the installation of two above road signs (and associated staffing costs to close the carriageways with and traffic diverted via the M48) along with the ceremony was £216,513.39.

title: Second Severn Crossing


text:
Operation Narcissus

During World War II, Operation Narcissus was a raid by forty members of the Special Air Service on a lighthouse on the southeast coast of Sicily. The team landed on 10 July 1943 with the mission of capturing the lighthouse and the surrounding high ground.

Despite intelligence reports, the area was deserted, and so the position was no threat to the nearby Operation Husky landings. The troopers withdrew without a shot being fired.

title: Operation Narcissus


text:
LaFayette Motors

The LaFayette Motors Corporation was a United States-based automobile manufacturer. Founded in 1919, LaFayette Motors was named in honor of the Marquis de la Fayette, and LaFayette autos had a cameo of the Marquis as their logo.

History
LaFayette was originally headquartered in Mars Hill, Indianapolis, Indiana, and made luxury motor cars, beginning in 1920. LaFayette innovations include the first electric clock in an auto. However, the V8-powered LaFayette cars had low sales given their price of $5,000 when introduced in 1920.

In 1921, Charles W. Nash became president of LaFayette. Nash was already president of Nash Motors, but for a time the two brands remained separate companies, although Nash Motors was the principal LaFayette Motors stock holder. The LaFayette was considered a halo marque.

In early 1920s, there was speculation about a merger of Pierce-Arrow with LaFayette, Rolls-Royce, or General Motors. A proposed merger with LaFayette did not occur in 1924. Ultimately, Studebaker took control of Pierce-Arrow in 1928.

In 1922, LaFayette's facilities were moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

In 1924, Nash Motors became full owner of LaFayette Motors, and the name was retired soon after. Its factories were quickly put to a new, more profitable use: the manufacture of Ajax motor cars.

In 1934, Nash re-introduced the LaFayette name, this time for a line of smaller, less expensive models. Marketed at as “LaFayette Built By Nash", the cars included some Nash high-end features. They were well-engineered with "conservatively attractive" styling by Alexis de Sakhnoffsky. However, sales of the popular-priced cars did not meet expectations due to the general economic situation during the Great Depression.

In 1935, Nash introduced a series known as the "Nash 400" to fill the perceived price gap between the LaFayette and the Nash.

It was determined that this perceived gap was not so important, and that Nash Motors was marketing too many models. The LaFayette and the Nash 400 were combined into a single model called the Nash LaFayette 400 for the 1937 model year. The LaFayette ceased to be regarded as a separate make of car. The base price of $595 was competitive to Ford and Plymouth models. The Nash LaFayette 400 featured a 5 in longer wheelbase compared to the competition and included an advanced I6 engine with seven main bearings, larger brakes than even the Packard 6, as well as a "seamless one-piece all-steel body" which was the precursor to unitized-construction introduced to the mass-market by the 1941 Nash 600. The 400 was available a four-door sedan, two-door Victoria sedan, three- or (with rumble seat) five-passenger coupe, and a three-passenger Cabriolet.

For 1938, the model became simply the "Nash LaFayette", and the LaFayette line continued as Nash's lowest-priced offering through 1940.

For 1941, the LaFayette was replaced by the all-new unibody Nash 600.

title: LaFayette Motors


text:
Sap (EP)

Sap is the second studio EP by the American rock band Alice in Chains, released on February 4, 1992, through Columbia Records. Sap is mostly acoustic and marks the first time that guitarist Jerry Cantrell sings lead vocals in an Alice in Chains release, with the song "Brother". The EP was produced by Alice in Chains and Rick Parashar and features guest vocals by Ann Wilson of the band Heart, Chris Cornell of Soundgarden and Mark Arm of Mudhoney. The track "Got Me Wrong" became a hit two years later after being featured on the soundtrack to the 1994 film Clerks. On January 14, 1994, Sap was certified gold by the RIAA for the sale of more than 500,000 copies.

Background and recording
Following the tour for Facelift, Alice in Chains entered the studio to record a song for the Cameron Crowe movie Singles, but decided to turn the engagement to their advantage. As the guitarist Jerry Cantrell recalled: "So in the session that was meant for recording that one song ['Would?'], we ended up demoing about 10 songs, which included all the stuff that ended up on the [1992] Sap EP, 'Rooster' and a couple of others from Dirt.”

While in the studio, drummer Sean Kinney had a dream about "making an EP called Sap." The band decided "not to mess with fate," and Sap was recorded and mixed in 1991 with producer Rick Parashar at London Bridge Studio.

The EP was recorded in four or five days in November 1991.

Music and lyrics
Lead vocalist Layne Staley encouraged guitarist Jerry Cantrell to sing lead vocals on the EP. Cantrell sings lead vocals on "Brother" and splits lead vocals with Staley on "Got Me Wrong".

The EP features guest vocals by Ann Wilson from the band Heart, who joined vocalist Layne Staley and guitarist Jerry Cantrell for the choruses of "Brother" and "Am I Inside". It also features Mark Arm of Mudhoney and Chris Cornell of Soundgarden, who appeared together on the song "Right Turn", credited to "Alice Mudgarden" in the liner notes. The song was featured in the 2001 film Black Hawk Down. It was guitarist Jerry Cantrell who invited Wilson, Cornell and Arm to sing on Sap.

Regarding the lyrical content, Cantrell said he wrote "Brother" about his relationship with his younger brother. The song specifically refers to the period after Cantrell's parents divorced, when his younger brother went off to live with his father while he stayed with his mother, and Cantrell said that the song "was a way of trying to build a bridge." Commenting on "Got Me Wrong", Cantrell said he wrote the song about a relationship where one person thinks he or she can change the other person, and added that the song speaks of "the different ways that men and women see each other."

A version of the song "Rooster" was recorded during the sessions for Sap and was to be included on the EP, but the band then decided to use the song on their second full-length album instead. This version is featured on the band's 1999 box set Music Bank.

The hidden track, "Love Song", described by Cantrell as "the most bizarre song we've ever recorded", was Kinney's idea. All four members switched instruments for the recording, with Kinney on lead vocals and piano, Starr on guitar, Cantrell on bass, and Staley on drums.

Release and reception
On February 4, 1992, Alice in Chains released their second EP, Sap. The band did not want any ads or promotion for the EP, they just put it in the stores to see if people would buy it. Cantrell said that Alice in Chains released Sap "without any fuss or fanfare so as the real Alice fans could find it." The EP was released while Nirvana's Nevermind was at the top of the Billboard 200 charts, resulting in a rising popularity of Seattle-based bands, and the term grunge music. Sap was soon certified gold.

The album was re-released on March 21, 1995, when "Got Me Wrong" became a hit after its inclusion on the soundtrack to the 1994 film, Clerks. The re-released version included lyrics and slightly different artwork. The aforementioned song, as well as "Brother," were performed live during Alice in Chains' MTV Unplugged concert.

In addition to the CD, the album was also released in a limited edition double vinyl along with Jar of Flies (Jar of Flies was on sides 1 and 2, Sap was on side 3, and an etching of the Alice in Chains logo was on side 4). In the UK, Sap and Jar of Flies were issued as a double CD, as Sap had not previously had a UK release. In the UK, "Brother" and "Right Turn" were initially released on the "Would" single and "Got Me Wrong" and "Am I Inside" were released on the "Them Bones" single. Hidden track "Love Song" never appeared on a UK single release and was previously unreleased when Sap was released with Jar of Flies.

Track listing
All tracks written by Jerry Cantrell, except "Am I Inside", containing lyrics by Layne Staley and music by Cantrell.

 * "Alice Mudgarden" is Alice in Chains with Mark Arm of Mudhoney and Chris Cornell of Soundgarden.

 * "Love Song" is a hidden track and there are no credits for it in the album. The ASCAP database lists all four members as songwriters.

Personnel

 * Alice in Chains
 * Layne Staley – vocals, drums on "Love Song"
 * Jerry Cantrell – guitar, vocals, bass on "Love Song"
 * Michael Starr – bass, guitar on "Love Song"
 * Sean Kinney – drums, percussion, megaphone and piano on "Love Song"
 * Alice Mudgarden (performs "Right Turn")
 * Alice in Chains
 * Mark Arm – vocals
 * Chris Cornell – vocals

 * Additional vocalists
 * Ann Wilson – vocals on "Brother" and "Am I Inside"
 * Chris Cornell - vocals on "Right Turn"
 * Mark Arm - vocals on "Right Turn"
 * Production
 * Produced by Alice in Chains and Rick Parashar.
 * Mastered by Eddy Schreyer at Future Disc Systems, Hollywood, CA
 * Art direction by David Coleman
 * Photography by Rocky Schenck
 * Management by Kelly Curtis, Susan Silver

title: Sap (EP)