text:
Flag of Chad

The national flag of Chad (علم تشاد, Drapeau du Tchad) is a vertical tricolour consisting (left to right) of a blue, a gold and a red field. Since the 1990s, its similarity to the flag of Romania has caused international discussion.

Description
The flag of Chad is a vertical tricolour consisting (left to right) of a blue, a gold and a red column. These were intended to be a combination of the colours of blue, white and red as seen on the flag of France with the Pan-African colours of green, yellow and red as seen on the flag of Ethiopia. Furthermore, the blue represents the sky and hope; the gold is the sun and desert, and the red signifies the blood shed over independence.

The flag was adopted in 1959 for the autonomous republic and retained on independence in 1960, and in the constitution of 1962. Despite many political upheavals within Chad since independence, the flag has not been changed. This may be because the flag is not associated with any of the main power rivals within Chad, which had no sense of national identity before independence, and little after independence.

Similarity with Romanian flag
The flag of Chad is almost identical to the national flags of Romania, Moldova and Andorra (with the latter two also including the respective country's coat of arms), although the colours in Chad flags may vary more than those specified for Romania. Romania has used the flag since 1866, which appeared for the first time in its current form in Wallachia. It was officially in use from 1866 until 1948, when it was superseded by the flag of the Socialist Republic of Romania. Chad began to use its present flag in 1960, after it achieved independence from France. When Chad adopted its flag, Romania's flag also included an emblem in the middle of the flag on top of the tricolour; this was added after World War II during the Communist era of the second half of the 20th century. However, in 1989 Romania's Communist government was overthrown and the insignia was removed, reverting Romania's flag to the prewar version which matched the one which had been adopted by Chad in the meantime.

The issue of Romania and Chad sharing similar flags has concerned the Chadian government on occasion; they requested in 2004 the United Nations to examine the issue. In response, Romanian President Ion Iliescu stated that no change would occur to the flag, as the existence of Romania's tricolour predates the existence of Chad as a whole: "The tricolour belongs to us. We will not give up the tricolour."

title: Flag of Chad


text:
Intentional radiator

An intentional radiator is any device that is deliberately designed to produce radio waves.

Radio transmitters of all kinds, including the garage door opener, cordless telephone, cellular phone, wireless video sender, wireless microphone, and many others fall into this category.

In the United States, intentional radiators are regulated under 47 CFR Part 15, Subpart C.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Intentional radiator


text:
Jorge Ubico

Jorge Ubico Castañeda (10 November 1878 – 14 June 1946), nicknamed Number Five or also Central America's Napoleon, was a Guatemalan military officer, politician, and dictator who served as the president of Guatemala from 1931 to 1944.

A general in the Guatemalan military, he was elected to the presidency in 1931, in an election where he was the only candidate. He continued his predecessors' policies of giving massive concessions to the United Fruit Company and wealthy landowners, as well as supporting their harsh labor practices. Ubico has been described as "one of the most oppressive tyrants Guatemala has ever known" who compared himself to Adolf Hitler. He was removed by a pro-democracy uprising in 1944, which led to the ten-year Guatemalan Revolution.

Early years

Jorge Ubico was the son of Arturo Ubico Urruela, a lawyer and politician of the Guatemalan Liberal Party. Ubico Urruela was a member of the legislature that wrote the Guatemalan Constitution of 1879, and was subsequently the president of the Guatemalan Congress during the government of Manuel Estrada Cabrera (1898–1920). Jorge Ubico was privately tutored, and attended some of Guatemala's most prestigious schools, as well as receiving further education in the United States and Europe.

By 1897 Ubico received his commission into the Guatemalan army as a second lieutenant, a commission which was largely due to his political connections. He rapidly established himself in the army and rose through the ranks, and, after a military campaign against El Salvador, held the rank of colonel at the age of 28. A year later, he was made the governor (jefe politico) of the province of Alta Verapaz, followed four years later as governor of Retalhuleu.

During his tenure, he oversaw improvements in public works, the school system, public health, and youth organizations. In 1918, he drained swamps, ordered fumigation and distributed free medicine to combat a yellow fever epidemic, and won the praise of Major General William C. Gorgas, who had done the same in Panama. However, most of his reputation came from his harsh but effective punishment of banditry and smuggling across the Mexican border.

He returned to Guatemala City in 1921 to participate in a coup that installed General José Orellana into the presidency, after the sitting president Carlos Herrera y Luna refused to ratify the concessions that Estrada Cabrera had made to the United Fruit Company. Under Orellana he was appointed Secretary of War in 1922, but quit a year later. In 1926, after the death of President Orellana, Ubico ran unsuccessfully for president as the candidate of the Political Progressive Party. He temporarily retired to his farm until the next election.

Guatemalan instability

In December 1930, President Lazaro Chacón was forced to resign after having a stroke. By that time, Guatemala was in the midst of the Great Depression and bankrupt; Chacón's successor, Baudilio Palma, was deposed by a coup d'état after only four days in office and was replaced by Gral. Manuel María Orellana. The United States opposed the new government and demanded Orellana resign; he was forced to leave the presidency in favor of José María Reina Andrade.

Election
The Liberal Party allied with the Progressives to nominate Ubico as Andrade's successor, in an election where Ubico was the only candidate on the ballot. In February 1931 he was elected with 305,841 votes. In his inaugural address, he pledged a "march toward civilization". Once in office, he began a campaign of efficiency which included assuming dictatorial powers.

Military dictatorship
Ubico's rule has been characterized as totalitarian; John Gunther, who visited the country during 1941, described Guatemala as "a country 100 per cent dominated by a single man." Added Gunther: "He [Ubico] has spies and agents everywhere, and knows everyone's private business to an amazing degree. Not a pin drops in Guatemala without his knowing it." Guatemala under Ubico was likened to "a modern jail."

He militarized numerous political and social institutions—including the post office, schools, and symphony orchestras—and placed military officers in charge of many government posts. He frequently traveled around the country performing "inspections" in dress uniform followed by a military escort, a mobile radio station, an official biographer, and cabinet members.

UFCO and relations with the US
Ubico considered Guatemala to be the closest ally of the United States in Central America. Adopting a pro-USA stance to promote economic development and recovery from depression, the United Fruit Company under Ubico became the most important company in Guatemala. It received import duty and real estate tax exemptions from the government and controlled more land than any other group or individual. It also controlled the sole railroad in the country, the sole facilities capable of producing electricity, and the port facilities at Puerto Barrios on the Atlantic coast.

Relations with Germany
As part of a goodwill worldwide tour promoting the Berlin 1936 Summer Olympics, in January of that year the German light cruiser Emden arrived to Guatemala. Its crew travelled by train to Guatemala City where they paraded in front of Ubico's Army staff and the general public.

Middle class
While the middle class grew substantially during Ubico's regime, the basic character of the regime remained oligarchical and his regime primarily benefited the landowning class. The country's middle class, resentful of its exclusion from the government, later spearheaded the democratic revolution that removed Ubico from power.

Napoleon
Ubico considered himself to be "another Napoleon". He admired Napoleon Bonaparte extravagantly and preferred to have his photograph taken in his general's uniform. Although he was much taller and weighed more than his hero, Ubico believed that he resembled Bonaparte, and his nickname was "the Little Napoleon of the Tropics". He dressed ostentatiously and surrounded himself with statues and paintings of Napoleon, regularly commenting on the similarities between their appearances.

Anti-corruption
Despite his dictatorship, Ubico was commended by both his defenders and his detractors for his personal integrity and for virtually eliminating corruption in Guatemala; anyone found guilty of corruption was "instantly" and "severely" punished. The so-called Probity Law mandated that all public officials publicly declare their assets before taking office and upon leaving it – and the law was rigorously enforced.

Police chief embezzlement accusation
On 18 September 1934, Efraín Aguilar Fuentes, Juventino Sánchez, Humberto Molina Santiago, Rafael Estrada Guilles, and Colonel Luis Ortiz Guzmán were tortured and executed inside the Guatemala National Penitenciary, accused of planning a plot to overthrow president Ubico.

In his book The paradox garden (Spanish: El Jardín de las Paradojas), written in 1935, Guatemalan writer Efraín De los Ríos accused the police chief, General Roderico Anzueto Valencia, of making up the plot to get rid of the accused conspirators. According to De los Ríos, this is what really happened:

In early September 1934, when Ubico announced a popular referendum to determine whether he should extend his presidential term for another six years, the lawyer Efraín Aguilar Fuentes, the Property Registry director, sternly declined to be in favor of the president. When Ubico summoned him to the presidential office to chastise him, Fuentes coldly replied he was aware Police Chief Anzueto Valencia had embezzled up to twenty eight properties and therefore he, Aguilar, was not going to support the president. But he did not know that Anzueto was only the front man and the real owner was Ubico himself.

In the following weeks, Anzueto Valencia made up a list of people involved in a false plot to murder Ubico Castañeda, and among the people in the list he included Aguilar Fuentes. All the people on the list were imprisoned, tortured and forced to confess. Their "confessions" appeared in the semi-official newspaper El Liberal Progresista.

De los Ríos was incarcerated once the government learned about these strong accusations. He remained in the National Penitenciary for most of the rest of Ubico's presidency.

Congress gift
In 1940, the Guatemalan Congress gave Ubico a gift of US$200,000. Nearly 90 people were jailed for criticizing the gift.

Resignation and continuation
Ubico's repressive policies and arrogant demeanor led to a widespread popular insurrection led by middle-class intellectuals, professionals, and junior army officers. School teacher María Chinchilla Recinos' death during a peaceful demonstration on 25 June 1944 sparked an outcry that led to Ubico's resignation on 1 July 1944, amidst a general strike and nationwide protests. Initially, he had planned to hand over power to the former director of police, General Roderico Anzueto, whom he felt could control. But his advisors recognized that Anzueto's pro-Nazi sympathies had made him very unpopular, and that he would not be able to control the military. Instead, Ubico chose to select a triumvirate composed of Major General Buenaventura Piñeda, Major General Eduardo Villagrán Ariza, and General Federico Ponce Vaides.

The three generals promised to convene the national assembly to hold an election for a provisional president, but when congress met on 3 July, soldiers held everyone at gunpoint and forced them to vote for General Ponce, rather than the popular civilian candidate Ramón Calderón. Ponce, who had previously retired from military service due to alcoholism, took orders from Ubico and kept many of the officials who had worked in the Ubico administration. The repressive policies of the Ubico administration continued.

Revolution and overthrow
Opposition groups began organizing again, this time joined by many prominent political and military leaders who deemed the Ponce regime unconstitutional. Among the military officers in the opposition were Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán and Major Francisco Javier Arana. Ubico had fired Árbenz from his teaching post at the Escuela Politécnica (Politechnic School), and since then Árbenz had been in El Salvador organizing a band of revolutionary exiles. On 19 October 1944, a small group of soldiers and students led by Árbenz and Arana attacked the National Palace, in what later became known as the "October Revolution". Ponce was defeated and driven into exile. Árbenz, Arana, and a lawyer named Jorge Toriello established a junta which held democratic elections before the end of the year, and were won by a professor named Juan José Arévalo.

Exile and death
Ubico went into exile to New Orleans in the United States where he rented a small house and lived off the $200,000 he transferred to a personal bank account. On 14 June 1946, Ubico died of lung cancer at the age of 67. He was buried in the Mount Hope Cemetery in New Orleans.

Efforts to repatriate his remains were denied by the government of Miguel Ydíogoras Fuentes. However, on 13 August 1963, his remains were repatriated to Guatemala after appropriate measures were taken by the government of Enrique Peralta Azurdia and the United States government.

title: Jorge Ubico


text:
Fur Patrol

Fur Patrol is a rock band, originally from Wellington, New Zealand.

The band formed in Wellington in 1996. Their debut EP, Starlifter, was released on the independent Wellington label Wishbone in 1998. Their debut album Pet was produced by David Long, and was released in 2000, also on Wishbone Records. Pet featured the single "Lydia" which reached number one on the New Zealand singles charts. The band scooped the pool at the 2001 Tui New Zealand Music Awards, walking away with four Tuis.

In 2001 the band moved to Melbourne, Australia where they signed their first major record deal, with Universal Music Australia. Their second album, Collider, was released in New Zealand in 2003 and Australia in early 2004. The album, produced by British producer Mark Wallis and recorded in Melbourne's Sing Sing studios, was a move away from the catchy, more radio-friendly pop sound of Pet. The first single, Precious, was heavier and darker than earlier offerings. Its music video, which showed the band members collecting fan's ears, was filmed in Hollywood.

Fur Patrol became a three-piece when Guitarist Steve Wells left the band in late 2004.

The 3-piece released the 4-track Long Distance Runner EP in May 2007 and their third full-length album Local Kid on 29 September 2008. Local Kid was produced by Australian producer Tony Cohen.

Current members

 * Julia Deans (vocals and guitar)
 * Andrew Bain (bass)
 * Simon Braxton (drums)

Past members

 * Steve Wells (guitar)

title: Fur Patrol


text:
User talk:Rowena~enwiki

Greetings! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you have questions or doubts of any sort, do not hesitate to post them on the Village Pump, somebody will respond ASAP. Other helpful pages include: Have fun! --Jiang 04:33 19 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Welcome, newcomers
 * How does one edit a page
 * Manual of style
 * Naming conventions

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Rowena. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Rowena~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:28, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 18:16, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rowena~enwiki


text:
User talk:Radiojon/archive

Comments from 2003
Greetings! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you have questions or doubts of any sort, do not hesitate to post them on the Village Pump, somebody will respond ASAP. Other helpful pages include: Have fun! --Jiang 04:33 19 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Welcome, newcomers
 * How does one edit a page
 * Manual of style
 * Naming conventions

Please bold the title of the page in the first sentence of the article and use the phrase "See also" instead of "Also see". Thanks. --Jiang

I'm beginning to have second thoughts as to whether I should have moved .tv, do you have an opinion one way or the other? - Hephaestos 09:14, 2 Aug 2003 (UTC)

I may have jumped the gun by assuming US-centricity, but I would still maintain that it is not obvious to a non-American that an article called National Weather Service is going to refer to just the US, rather than national weather services in general, or to the weather service of another country. Jim

--- Hey - could you stop making redirect pages to articles that do not exist? --mav 00:04, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

When you made "ITS" into a disambig page, you should have used the "What Links Here" button and found all the places that linked to it, and changed them to point directly to the correct newly named page. Noel 14:53, 1 Sep 2003 (UTC)

-

Hi, I noticed you have uploaded a right arrow for chemical equations. Have you considered using the appropriate Unicode symbols? See http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/arrows.html for some examples. You can code them like this: -- The Anome 10:49, 3 Sep 2003 (UTC)
 * ← &larr;
 * → &rarr;
 * ↔ &harr;

 * Or use TeX, writing $$x \rightarrow y \leftarrow z \leftrightarrow w$$ you see $$x \rightarrow y \leftarrow z \leftrightarrow w$$, if you like :) Dysprosia 10:53, 3 Sep 2003 (UTC)

And herein lies the problem: I see nothing with either of those! (d'oh!) That's why I uploaded the arrow, it's the only guaranteed way. :-) --radiojon 11:11, 2003 Sep 3 (UTC)
 * Why can't you see these? What browser are you using? The TeX markup at least generates images, visible to all but those that use Lynx hehe :) Dysprosia 11:17, 3 Sep 2003 (UTC)

I'm using IE6 on XP Pro. I tried TeX but that too tries to use Unicode for just a single character. I'm using plain old Times New Roman, so it's not some weird font either. I think just the arrow image (especially at only 202 bytes) works just dandy. :-) --radiojon 12:00, 2003 Sep 3 (UTC)

 * You might want to consider upgrading to the free Mozilla web browser: it handles Unicode correctly, and works just fine for me on a variety of platforms including Windows 2000 and Linux. You can download it from http://www.mozilla.org/ -- The Anome 12:09, 3 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * Mozilla Firebird works too, and can be a bit more streamlined than Mozilla - take your pick, if you wish to convert. However, if you use a Unicode font as your default in IE, such as Lucida Sans Unicode, or Tahoma (I think) that should work too...

 * To avoid changing browsers, just change your preference to display TeX as PNG images. Click on Preferences in the top right, scroll down to the section Rendering Math, and choose Always render PNG. --TMC1221 21:56, Nov 8, 2003 (UTC)

Nice work on Chad (paper), but you don't need to link up so many words in Wiki articles (re Chad (paper)); I mean linking up "dispute", "corner", "result" for instance. It's a bit unnecessary, and I have a theory that it encourages people to add "dictionary definition" style entries. However it's good to link up things that people might not understand or will want to see as well, and you did good work with that :) Dysprosia 06:55, 16 Sep 2003 (UTC)

NATO
Please see Talk:NATO about the name. --mav 02:46, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Disambig
Hi Radiojon,

I see that you reverted my edit on Gigli. Please don't do that again. Disambiguation explains that such pages should only list links where there is a real risk of confusion, and that they shouldn't contain dictionary definitions.—Eloquence 12:11, Jan 2, 2004 (UTC)

-

Winston-Salem
You asked: Aren't Winston and Salem two separate cities? This question has been addressed on the Winston-Salem, North Carolina entry. Thought you might care to know. - Fennec 22:46, 20 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Zero-byte image
Hello; I just deleted an image you uploaded back in September 2003, because it was zero bytes. It was Image:TampaBayTIGERrmap.png, and had the caption TIGER map of Tampa Bay area. It's quite possible you already re-uploaded it or know about the upload error, but I thought I'd let you know just in case. --Delirium 09:59, Feb 17, 2004 (UTC)

About your editing of radio pages
You have done a good job making some pages involving Atlanta FM radio stations more detailed, and then you brought up one station WASU in Albany, and I added it to the list. Can you expand this list to include more Albany stations?? Please note that basic characteristics are expected to be mentioned on the List of radio stations in Georgia (U.S. state) page but advanced characteristics are not. If you have any advanced characteristics, you may put them in the page for the station itself. (To find out what characteristics are basic and what are advanced, see the Talk:List of radio stations in Georgia (U.S. state) page. You may add more advanced characteristics if you have any not mentioned on that page.)

Thanks for adding extra articles to List of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks. The reason the articles you added weren't on there is that I could not find much info on these particular tornado events. I may need a little help on The Nashville Tornado of 1933. I am not familiar with this event!

BigT27 01:28, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

How much have you done??
Please read slowly and carefully:

With your editing of pages for Atlanta FM radio stations, you did a good job switching back to articles with FM in the article. However, you didn't do this to ALL of the stations. Here is a list of the same radio stations mentioned on that page, only with whether the main article (that is, the one that's not a re-direct) has FM in its name:

 * WREK 91 - Atlanta (no)
 * WWEV Victory 91.5 - Atlanta (Christian) (no)
 * WCLK Jazz 92 - Atlanta (Jazz) (no)
 * WZGC Z 93 - Atlanta (Classic rock) (yes)
 * WVFJ J 93 - Atlanta (Christian) (no)
 * WSTR Star 94 - Atlanta (Hot AC) (yes)
 * WLTM 95 Lite - Atlanta (Soft AC) (yes)
 * WBTS 95.5 The Beat - Atlanta (Top 40) (no)
 * WKLS 96 Rock - Atlanta (Rock and roll) (yes)
 * WFOX 97 Jamz - Atlanta (R&B) (no)
 * WPZE Praise 97.5 - Atlanta (Gospel) (no)
 * WSB B 98.5 - Atlanta (AC) (yes, interestingly, WSB is now a dis-ambiguation page)
 * WNSY Sunny 100 - Atlanta (Oldies) (no)
 * WWWQ Q 100.5 - Atlanta (Top 40) (no)
 * WKHX Kicks 101.5 - Atlanta (Country) (no)
 * WLKQ Lake 102 - Atlanta (Format not known) (neither; this station doesn't yet have an article)
 * WVEE V 103 - Atlanta (R&B) (yes)
 * WALR Kiss 104 - Atlanta (R&B oldies) (yes)
 * WFSH 105 The Fish - Atlanta (Christian) (no)
 * WMAX Real Radio - Atlanta (Talk on weekdays; 80s on weekends) (no)
 * WLCL Cool 106 - Atlanta (Beatles) (yes)
 * WYAY Eagle 107 - Atlanta (Classic country) (no)
 * WJZZ Smooth Jazz 107.5 - Atlanta (Jazz) (no)
 * WHTA Hot 108 - Atlanta (Rap) (no)

And here's something else to say, which is that I want to see if you know any stations for Albany, where only one station is present. Before you do so, please make sure you are mentioning the basic characteristics of the station (See the Discuss this page part of the Georgia radio stations article for what characteristics are basic and what are advanced.) If you have any advanced characteristics, you may put them on an article for the station itself. User 66.32.149.146

WNNX page
You expanded Q 100.5's Wikipedia article to include a ghost link to WNNX-FM, which is not on the List of radio stations in Georgia page. Can you put it in the List of radio stations in Georgia page, as well as giving it an article if you know enough about it?? User 66.32.73.125

How often do you modify pages??
I went into your User Contributions page and I see that you like to restrict the times you update your pages. Why?? 66.245.65.5 21:01, 28 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Moving pages
Since you moved Glacier National Park, you need to fix all the pages that are now incorrectly aimed at what is a disambiguation page. Rmhermen 13:28, Apr 12, 2004 (UTC)

-AM?
You're sure about all those MF broadcast stations in the US having the suffix "-AM" on their callsigns? K7jeb 09:24, 19 Apr 2004 (UTC)

AM
It is NEVER correct for an AM station to have the suffix "-AM", and it is only correct for a TV or FM station to have a suffix if there are other stations operating with the same call letters. For example, KMOV (TV channel 4) in St. Louis is legally licensed as KMOV. NOT as KMOV-TV since there are no other KMOVs in the country. At one time, the same station operated as KMOX-TV and was licensed as KMOX-TV. This was necessary to distinguish the TV station from the AM station (which is KMOX, NOT KMOX-AM). See the page http://earlyradiohistory.us/3myst.htm for some more information. I hope this clears things up. Richardsur 16:05, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

Business
Go to Talk:List of radio stations in Georgia (U.S. state) and scroll to the bottom. You will see that there is something that, although it relates to the radio station, it should not be brought up, even though it is related to the station, as I learned by reading What Wikipedia is not. It is your responsibility to interpret anyone who puts a phone number at a radio station article as vandalism. 66.245.73.208 20:18, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

Chihuahua
Hi. Re my moving Chihuahua (city) back to Chihuahua, I think that's in line with the "primary topic disambiguation" rule on Disambiguation. Please scribble me a note if you disagree. –Hajor 14:23, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

Consolidated city-county
You seem to be saying that Miami in effect abolished its city gov't, and turned all of its functions over to a county gov't elected jointly by Miamians and the other 30 cities' voters. Or is your text in the wrong article? --Jerzy(t)

Look at...
Look at Talk:WNKO. What do you think about what it says?? 66.32.156.73 01:46, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

SAP
Please be more careful when you revise pages. You edited the SAP page, but changed correct information to incorrect information. If you want a reasonably understandable explaination of how MTS stereo and SAP work, check out http://www.sencore.com/custsup/pdf/TT213.pdf Richardsur 01:59, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

MediaWiki:Radio spectrum
Nicely done! A unusually useful implementation of the series box function. –Hajor 02:58, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

Flatiron Building
I'm sorry, but I must strongly disagree with your move of the Flatiron Building to Flatiron Building (New York). The Flatiron Building in New York is by far the most famous, the article should link there. Philadelphia links to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Flatiron Building should link to Flatiron Building. The standarad for a disambiguation page is for a redirect to go to the most outstanding article automatically with a link to a disambig. at the top.

The Flatiron Building in New York is thought by many architects to be one of the most distinctive buildings in the world, I have never seen the ones in Atlanta or Toronto referred to in that way. Also have you discussed moving the page on some wikiproject talk page, I'm not aware of? If not please don't move enitre pages without discussing it at relevant talk page.

-JCarriker 13:57, Jun 5, 2004 (UTC)

Bad News
Bad News: there are getting to be increasingly more Wikipedians who want Georgia (country) moved to Georgia as if it didn't need dis-ambiguation, as indicated on Talk:Georgia. Please tell them the following message (if I do it myself, the probability that they will listen is less likely because I'm not a registered Wikipedian.)

This is the English version of Wikipedia. Article titles should be NPOV to regions where there is a large English-speaking population, such as the United States. If Georgia (country) moves to Georgia, it certainly is less NPOV in the United States, and the regions where it is more NPOV are in Asia, where there are not many regions where large English-speaking populations are found. It would be logical to move Georgia (country) to Georgia in the Georgian Wikipedia, but not the English Wikipedia. 66.245.121.84 16:08, 20 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Category
Go to the bottom of Talk:List of radio stations in Georgia (U.S. state). Can you try to find a good answer to this question?? 66.245.3.129 21:57, 20 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * I found one. I gave a category titled Category:Atlanta FM radio stations, which I made sub-categories of Category:Georgia (U.S. state) and Category:Radio. 66.245.92.131 00:22, 21 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Ice storm
Thanks for the meteorology help on ice storm. I was hoping someone who knew would come along and fix it up! -- ke4roh 00:36, 21 Jun 2004 (UTC)

List of United States television networks vs. List of United States broadcast television networks
I don't understand the need to move this article. A television network is a network of stations, not just a studio with a satellite uplink. I don't care what you call yourself, you're not a network if you only have one node. Certainly plenty of cable channels call themselves "networks" to make themselves sound significant, but that doesn't make them television networks.

In any case I'd think a move like this would have necessitated some discussion first. KeithTyler 17:07, Jun 22, 2004 (UTC)

Atlanta FM radio stations template
Did you see the orphaned Atlanta FM radio stations template that I found when I checked the links to WCLK-FM?? 66.245.93.250 13:39, 29 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I put the template in finally for many of the radio station articles. 66.245.93.250 14:12, 29 Jun 2004 (UTC)

TV stations
You also created a TV station template. I created some articles for some stations and put the template at the bottom just as I did with the FM radio stations. Then, a user named TheCustomOfLife put a message on my UserTalk page and has another thing that can be added. Go to my UserTalk page to find what it is. (Note that my IP number changes a lot, but the one it had when I wrote you this message is the exact same as the one TheCustomOfLife put a message on.) 66.32.254.42 22:48, 29 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Interesting News
Somebody just added another category to WLTM-FM that is based primarily on what company owns it. Can you put similary categories to other Atlanta FM radio stations?? 66.32.243.180 01:56, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)

-TV
I have moved all the Atlanta -TV articles (except for WSB) to the four-letter call signs, with redirects to people who have typed -TV. There was a naming system in effect beforehand, with television stations just keeping the four call letters in the official article name. Mike H 02:16, Jul 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * There is no reason that those articles need to be at -TV, for two reasons:

1) There are already articles without the -TV, so different articles on the same thing do not need to have some with nothing and some with -TV.

2) I did not redirect WSB because the -TV is necessary to differentiate from the -FM and -AM. Please do not change any more of these. It's in the interests of conformity. Reply on my talk page as soon as you get this message. Mike H 02:36, Jul 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * I saw what you did with WGCL. I feel dumb now. You're not going to do it to articles that don't need differentiating, are you? Mike H 02:38, Jul 2, 2004 (UTC)

I say keep the callsigns the way they are, if there are no other radio or television stations with the same call letters. (WEAR) would be an example. However, if there are others, splitting it into -TV would be appropriate. (WGCL) would be an example of that. Mike H 14:51, Jul 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * I prefer accuracy over consistency and don't like what Mike H is doing. The FCC database is easy enough to access and is the only official guide to callsigns. I think it is fine to have a redirect from WZZZ to WZZZ-TV if the station is licensed as WZZZ-TV and is the only WZZZ in operation, but the article should remain at WZZZ-TV if WZZZ-TV is how the station is licensed. This makes it easier if some other WZZZ were to become operational in the future.
 * On the other hand, if a TV station were to be licensed as WZZZ (no -TV), then the article should be at WZZZ. As long as a TV is operating as WZZZ, the FCC will not assign those call letters to any other station (AM, FM or TV) unless WZZZ would first agree to a change (to WZZZ-TV, for example).
 * Finally, it is important to realize that AM stations never have a suffix, but TV and FM stations may or may not. The only way to know is to look it up. Just my 2 cents. --Richardsur 22:45, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)

This appears to be the biggest debate on what the best article title of a Wikipedia article is, even bigger than the one on U.S. twenty dollar bill, which was titled American twenty dollar bill before the debate began, which was over after it was decided that the page should be moved. Is there ever going to be a time when THIS debate is over?? 66.245.109.47 23:28, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I didn't think it would cause so much...whatever this all is. In any case, if it's that important to either of you, I will abide by whatever you deem fit. Mike H 23:29, Jul 2, 2004 (UTC)

Actually, AM stations can and do have -AM suffixes. However, this is rare, since most AM stations pre-date most FM and TV stations. The lack of -AM suffixes is therefore de facto (by being first) and not de jure (by law or FCC).

Lets add another situation here: WCBS. Technically, the AM does not have a suffix. Should it therefore be noted as WCBS-AM, or WCBS (AM) as the FCC often does, or what? (Remembering that we want to be accurate, but not confuse or misdirect users who don't know the difference.) –radiojon 01:56, 2004 Jul 3 (UTC)

 * Personally, when I have been writing articles for stations that share calls and are part of the same "group", I have been putting information for all of the stations into the same article. I know this isn't the ideal way to solve the problem, but it works. See WCOL or WBNS for examples. I'm open to suggestions from you or anyone else on changes/improvements to what I am doing. Obviously, what I am doing now isn't appropriate for situations such as WSTR.
 * As for -AM stations having suffixes, I was not aware that there were any stations that had them. I had been told by a friend in the industry that "AM" was considered "default" and was never used as a suffix, even when multiple stations shared callsigns. I can certainly see situations where the -AM suffix would be useful, even if not the norm. --Richardsur 21:00, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)

List of people named for other people
I just heard you have a list of people named for other people. Check out the Honored Americans project in Talk:George Washington. It certainly is a good thing for that. 66.245.6.45 14:55, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Georgia state highways
Just out of curiousity, why did you make Georgia state highways 401-407 redirects to various interstates? older ≠ wiser 03:19, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Capital Beltway
I moved Interstate 495 back to Capital Beltway. There are numerous "Interstate 495s." Please discuss moves like this before carrying them out. Thanks, BCorr | Брайен 11:56, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Linked terms
"Metonymy", eh? That's what I like about wikipedia - I learn something new every day.

However, may I suggest that if you add an unusual term like that to an article, it should be defined within the article, rather than requiring people to click to another article to find out what it means. I swiped a phrase from the article and added it to Inside the Beltway. (Of course, "unusual" is subjective!)

Also, I removed a few of the links you put into Inside the Beltway because they didn't seem germane to the article (e.g., building) and because too many linked words can make an article hard to read. This will become an increasingly problem as wikipedia and wikictionary grow - it'll get to the point where every other word in an article could be linked! - DavidWBrooks 19:01, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Fruitcake
You have created too many links. This makes the text hard to read. Many of your links are to non-existent pages. What's the point? We can assume that readers know the definition of most common nouns. They can look up words if if there is no link supplied. Linking to every noun just doesn't make sense. Carried a little further and you'll have linked every word.

I honestly believe that most readers won't need links to honey, rasin, celebration, wedding, Christmas, seeds, spices, sugar, concentration, Europe, harvest, luck, year, law, holidays, England, 19th century, Mail order, 1913, 18th century, bakery, gifts, mailed, friends, butter, dough, saturated, alcoholic, liqueur, management, powdered sugar, mold, brandy, wine, linen, store, age, ridiculed, food, jokes, shelf life, family, writer, theory, Denver, questions, recyled, meters, insult, individuals, insane, 1821, expression, and 1935.

You also have links that aren't there: Calvin Trillin, Fruitcake Lady, Great Fruitcake Toss, no holds barred.

Really, there's no need for a link to friends. The link is to the television show!

True or false??
True or false: WZGC-FM will probably change callsign sometime between now and October 2004. One important note is that after you move the article to whatever the callsign will change to, the WZGC-FM will be kept as a re-direct unless modified otherwise. 66.245.3.165 15:39, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Usage in check digits
I'm not sure whether it should be under modulo or modular arithmetic, but its use in calculating check digits is important and should be mentioned in whichever article[s] it is appropriate for. –radiojon 01:58, 2004 Jul 31 (UTC)

 * Definitely it should be in modular arithmetic and NOT in modulo. Michael Hardy 17:32, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

You have spend 3 days...
...without making a single contribution to Wikipedia. What happened?? 66.245.78.144 17:01, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

True or false??
True or false: when you moved the articles of some Atlanta FM radio and TV stations from articles with a hypen to articles with parentheses, you followed a set rule (that is, you didn't just choose to keep the ones you wanted and move the ones you wanted.) 66.32.248.162 01:17, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * True. The ones which do not legally have a suffix assigned by the FCC as part of their callsign were moved from Wxxx-FM to Wxxx (FM) or from Wxxx-TV to Wxxx (TV), the standard method for Wikipedia disambiguation.  –radiojon 18:49, 2004 Aug 11 (UTC)

Deee-Lite
Why did you revert my partial revert? Reapting again:
 * Towa Tei is not a Jungle (music) DJ, but "Jungle DJ" was his artist name, so linking to Jungle Music is pointless
 * Most of Deee-Lite's work was not successfull, so no one will write an article about every single and every album, so there is no need to add red links, especially one of the links was wrong, pointing to a Barry White song.
 * Why did you remove the fanpage? As there is no official Homepage, this is the best source of information
 * It is not necessary to add red links to both the pseudonym and the real name of an artist.

Thanks for reading Arved 10:28, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

True or false??
True or false: you know enough about WQXI-AM to expand the station's article from being a substub. (I created this article because it was brought to my attention when you added a link to it at the dis-ambiguation page WQXI.) 66.245.6.12 00:19, 25 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Logo
In regards to your question in the edit summary, Logo was deleted so that Logotype can be moved there. See Talk:Logotype for reasons. Please don't write at Logo, since pages cannot be moved to unempty pages. Feel free to move Logotype yourself after Logo has been deleted.

What was at Logo is now at Logo (word). ··gracefool |☺ 01:34, 26 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Infinity Broadcasting Stations
I just created a category for this that was brought to my attention when I saw it as a category for WZGC (FM) to be put into. Any categories you can think of that it can be a sub-category of?? 66.245.13.233 23:25, 30 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Atlanta FM radio stations template
Look at the request I wrote on the Atlanta FM radio stations template. To make sure you know this, it is because there is now a duplicated frequency. 66.245.103.117 00:28, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Transgendered - Correct definition (RE: Your comment on Rupaul talk page)
That is not correct. Transgenderism has nothing to do with a sex change operation. A TRANSEXUAL is someone who has had a sex change or is using hormones or medical procedure to change his or her gender. The term transgendered is intended to include ALL individuals who live outside of traditionally accepted gender roles. For instance, famous murder victim Brandon Teena, who was a lesbian living as a male (but who had no type of sex change operation,) was a transgendered person. So are drag queens, drag kings, cross dressers, etc... Ergo, to use an analogy: all transvestites are transgendered, but not all transgenders are transvestites. Pacian 02:11, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

High Occupancy Vehicle
You moved this page to a version with a dash despite the fact that a quick google showed about a 9-to-1 preference for the dashless version. Justification? —Morven 05:11, Sep 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * A high-occupancy vehicle is a compound adjective, like high-speed rail. Also, note that Google ignores hyphenation, showing identical results either way.    –radiojon 05:26, 2004 Sep 13 (UTC)

 * My technique involved examining the first four pages of results returned by Google, rather than different queries. Only a couple of results used the dash. I suspect there is a common trend to omit the dash in a capitalised expansion of an initialism (and a common US tendency to omit the dashes in general) —Morven 06:18, Sep 13, 2004 (UTC)

KFI (AM)
I deleted KFI (AM) so you can move another page to that location. Thue | talk 17:24, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Atlanta category title
How much work is it to change a category title?? Can categories be re-directs?? 66.32.253.154 14:03, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Atlanta, Georgia vs. Atlanta as a category title
Three days ago, you asked the category of Atlanta, Georgia to be moved to Atlanta; yet you haven't done any for 2 1/2 days. What happened?? 66.245.118.119 02:46, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Edits of yours
Radiojon, how come all of your edits within the last few days are during the late evening in the Eastern Time Zone?? 66.245.126.65 02:26, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Callsign change
To make sure you know this, a callsign change of an Atlanta FM radio station has happened recently; it was WMAX-FM to WWVA-FM. I put a modified form of the original WMAX-FM into WWVA-FM with a slight variant to update its history; then put WMAX-FM on Vfd. Then, a few Wikipedians saw it and it will probably survive as a re-direct. I corrected the link on the Atlanta FM radio stations template. Do you have any opinions about radio stations that change their callsign?? 66.245.124.202 19:19, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * The page originally at WMAX-FM should have been moved to WWVA-FM, not cut-and-paste. (An admin needs to move the edit history manually now.)  Other than that it, was completely correct to update the page and the template.  Make sure that the redirect from station's old moniker (common name) gets changed to point to the new callsign.    –radiojon 04:19, 2004 Sep 20 (UTC)

Opinions on a Talk Squared Page
You wrote a speedy deletion message on a talk page. To make sure you know this, Speedy deletion tags have a link to the talk page of the article put on, and this would be a link to a talk^2 (talk squared) page. I brought up this subject at Wikipedia talk:Talk page, but no one has responded. 66.245.123.24 00:06, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Radio station change question
Go to Talk:WWVA-FM. There is a question that I want to see if you can answer. Try your best answer. 66.245.123.24 01:00, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

400-Series Highway
I'm wondering why you moved 400-Series Highway to 400-Series Highway (Ontario). Is there really a need to disambiguate this? I did a quick search on Google and did not find any other mention of a 400-Series Highway system in any other jurisdiction. Also, all the articles linking to 400-Series Highway are all Ontario-related... Darkcore 02:17, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Georgia also has 400-series highways, as I'm sure a few others of the 60 total states and provinces of the U.S. and Canada (and possibly other countries) do.  –radiojon 21:15, 2004 Sep 29 (UTC)

 * Perhaps, but (a) I don't see why Georgia would need a separate article about its 400-series highways (and actually, Georgia's so-called "400-series highways" are actually Interstate highways), and (b) if there were to be such an article, then you would disambiguate there (i.e., 400-series highways in Georgia). The 400-Series highway system in Ontario is quite well-known -- moreso than the Georgia one -- and deserves to be in this namespace.  Darkcore 01:56, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Changes you made
One question: Why did you change the alphabetical order of clipping? - Logariasmo 20:56, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Didn't realise it was in that order. Really, I think the article is too lengthy and should be broken up (which would render the order sort of moot).   –radiojon 21:15, 2004 Sep 29 (UTC)

Moves
If you're going to move a page, as in Great St. Bernard Pass, the least you could do is to fix the double redir you created as a result. Stan 04:24, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * No need to get upset, I was just in a rush and forgot to check.  –radiojon 22:55, 2004 Oct 2 (UTC)

Moves II
I think you have caused some confusion by voting for the deletion of the Gallagher page (a disambiguation page). The reason you give ("+, to move comedian back here") is something I do not understand: Do you believe Gallagher (US comedian), hardly known outside the U.S., is the only Gallagher?

 * The page was actually deleted, and then there was a red link even on Links to disambiguating pages. I have just created a redirect; please do not move it around again. All the best,  17:39, Oct 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * The only person (or other thing) known by only "Gallagher" (a stage name) is comedian Leo Anthony Gallagher. Quoting from  Disambiguation: Disambiguation pages are not search indices -- do not add links that merely contain part of the page title where there is no significant risk of confusion.  The page at Gallagher (disambiguation) shouldn't exist at all, because it is simply a search index, and certainly shouldn't be in place of the article at Gallagher.    Also, it is a moot point that he is from the U.S. or anywhere else for that matter, he is still the only thing called just "Gallagher".  Others only have Gallagher as part of the name, and therefore (per Wikipedia policy) don't get disambiguated.    –radiojon 22:55, 2004 Oct 2 (UTC)

Georgia categories
Go to Category talk:Georgia. Can you answer that question?? 66.245.21.56 01:55, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Re-directs
While I was studying RC, I saw you create 2 re-directs to a non-existent article. Do you plan on creating it?? 66.245.25.150 00:01, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Midtown Atlanta move
Curious why you moved Midtown Atlanta to Midtown (Atlanta)? A quick glance at the Midtown dab page and following those links will reveal there are now three different formats for the three different Midtowns that are districts/neighborhoods of major American cities. Autiger 05:42, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Radio Stations
Several specified states of the United States, including North Carolina and South Dakota, now have more than one list of radio stations, the difference among the lists is the way the stations are organized. Can you try doing it with the list of radio stations in Georgia?? (See List of radio stations in Georgia (U.S. state) for the list itself.) 66.245.85.170 01:55, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

KSL-AM
Just FYI, the reason I changed KSL (AM) to KSL-AM is twofold, A) to make it consistant with the TV and FM station (which no longer exists) and B) because there are articles that actually link to it that way.

If you notice, there were no articles that actually link to KSL (AM) except for the KSL diambiguation page where it was.

Thanks - Jon, Conqueror of Men 17:02, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

TV Station template problem
A few of the links on the Atlanta TV template are re-directs, for example the link for the 55. Anything on what to do with the link?? 66.245.69.77 00:56, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

WTSH-FM
Yesterday, I created an article for WTSH-FM and then it got deleted today. Later, I created the article again and it got a speedy delete an hour later. Then, I removed the speedy delete and put just 2 more things on it, an external link and a music format. How do you currently describe the WTSH-FM article the way it currently looks?? 66.245.1.246 22:34, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Value added tax
I see that you moved value added tax to value-added tax.

While I agree that, on general principles, it should be hyphenated as "value-added" rather than "value added", the hyphen is not present in common English usage in, for example, the UK or the European Union  or Thailand  (although I see that the Irish Revenue think otherwise ). There is some discussion in Talk:Value added tax. I think it should be moved back. -- ALoan (Talk) 12:30, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

category:people known by one name
Please see discussion on talk:List of people known by one name. -- Rick Block 02:35, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

category:Mute Records recording artist
Hi - I saw your in category:Mute recording artists. I think I'd rather we delete this category (and the few other "artist by label" categories under category:Record labels) since: I'd be fine with articles containing lists, but using categorization for this strikes me as overkill. Comments? -- Rick Block 17:08, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Very few existing articles are categorized this way
 * 2) Lots of artists record for lots of labels
 * 3) I think most people aren't aware of (nor particularly care) for which record label an artist records.

Cal Poly
Your input is requested regarding the page names at Talk:Cal Poly San Luis Obispo. Please also fix all double redirects after you move pages, but these moves should be discussed before they are done or at lease explained. --Jiang 06:42, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Christmas trees
Hi Radiojon - curious why you keep on insisting on putting various items back that I change to try to improve the page: 1. Virginia Pine doesn't have sharper needles than other pines like Scots Pine (and a lot less sharp than some trees I've seen sold as christmas trees, like Sitka Spruce) 2. "A few less-traditional conifers are also being produced, such as cedar and juniper, often in a container and sometimes as topiary for a porch or patio" - this section looks like it refers to real trees, so why keep moving it back into the artificial trees section? Or are they artificial trees made to look like cedars and junipers?. Also if you're talking about real trees, no grower would ever grow cedars as christmas trees, they're too expensive to produce, and the needles drop off far too quickly, long before almost any other conifer would. 3. Links - what on earth is the point of adding links for so many words like 'gimmick'? As I see you've had pointed out several times earlier on your talk page, too many links clutters things up and leaves it a lot less readable, and if not checked, may lead to inappropriate or irrelevant pages (try some of these links!!). Links should only be used where they help, not to every third or fourth word. 4. Skirts - why would anyone wrap a piece of cloth round a christmas tree? It would hide the lower part of the tree from view, which defeats the point of having it. 5. "Even since dripless candles, electric lights and artificial trees have been used" replacing "Even when . . ." - your wording suggests candles are no longer used, which is not true (see the photo!). BTW there's no such thing as a dripless christmas tree candle (even if the manufacturer claims they are, they still drip!). 6. Why so insistent on the 'scrap of fabric' wording, as if people deliberately went out of their way to find the nastiest old rag in the house to use? MPF 21:44, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started the Free the Rambot Articles Project which has the goals of getting users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to... using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) version 1.0 and 2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to the GFDL (which every contribution made to Wikipedia is licensed under), but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles (See the Multi-licensing Guide for more information). Since you are among the top 1000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. So far over 90% of people who have responded have done this.
 * 1) ...all U.S. state, county, and city articles...
 * 2) ...all articles...

 * Nutshell: Wikipedia articles can be shared with any other GFDL project but open/free projects using the incompatible Creative Commons Licenses (e.g. WikiTravel) can't use our stuff and we can't use theirs. It is important to us that other free projects can use our stuff.  So we use their licenses too.

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the   template (or    for public domain) into their user page, but there are other templates for other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace   with   . If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know at my talk page what you think. It's important to know, even if you choose to do anything so I don't keep asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk) 14:18, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)

Railroad page titles with & vs and
Hi. I noticed that you made moves of at least two railroad pages from titles using and to titles using &. A preference for the spelled out word and has been discussed and reached on the Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Trains page. What was your reasoning behind the moves? (I'm just curious more than anything else) In the case of the DRGW article, it was originally using & and was moved to and a week or so ago to conform with the naming conventions. slambo 23:24, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

Category:Florida railroads
You just added Florida Midland Railroad (historic) to this category; it is already in a subcategory (Category:Florida Atlantic Coast Line Railroad precursors) and should not go in the main one. I made the subcategories to avoid having one huge category. --SPUI 00:15, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Category:Television technology and Category:Broadcast engineering
I believe the theory in having the Broadcast category under the Television category is that "Television" is being used here in its broadest sense, as pertaining to any kind of electronic moving video, rather than in the sense of strictly RF broadcast television. Hence, in that broader sense, RF broadcasting it is only one aspect of television video technology, as there is also producing it, transferring it from point to point, and recording it. --Gary D 22:16, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)

Stubs
I need some help. Would you mind either commenting on my talk page or commenting here about the stubs you have created, why were they created (give me the criteria for an article that should use this stub), and what project it was meant for (if any). Thank you so much! -- AllyUnion (talk) 06:09, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Also on the subject of stubs... I notice a couple of US places that you've made (good!) and given geo-stub templates to. That's fine, but there is a separate US-geo-stub for American places, which will make them easier to find in future! Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 01:52, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Pumped-storage hydroelectricity
Hello. Could you help fix all the links to this article that go through the redirect page without the hyphen? Thanks. Michael Hardy 22:21, 4 Jan 2005 (UTC)

KYW
KYW is the callsign of exactly one station. The callsign of KYW-TV is "KYW-TV". You have created a disambiguation page where none is needed, particularly given the link at the top of the radio page. 18.26.0.18 03:49, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Are you on vacation??
What happened?? I studied your user contributions and you haven't made a single edit within 10 days! Are you on vacation?? Georgia guy 01:53, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Default heading depth
Hey, just to let you know that the default heading depth is general 2. Burgundavia 21:44, Apr 4, 2005 (UTC)

DeKalb-Peachtree Airport
I rolled back your edit on this page, as it linked to too many items that it did not need to in my opinion. Burgundavia 06:07, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

Georgia Radio Stations
Hi, what do you think of the move to List of radio stations in Georgia by city? Any opposition? I'm thinking it could be better if we just put all of the different styles of listing (by city, my call letters, etc...) on the same page as sub-links rather than as seperate pages. Any input? Thanks! Maclyn611 14:57, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Callsigns
I told an anonymous user 18.26.0.18 the rule you chose for distinguishing stations where FCC assigns the AM/FM/TV suffix as part of the callsign from those that don't. This user appears to disagree based on what they wrote at the bottom of my talk page. Georgia guy 01:14, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Western and Atlantic Railroad vs. Western & Atlantic Railroad
I noticed you'd moved the page back to the title with the ampersand (&) after I'd moved it back to it's original title. The standards that we've established for titles on articles about railroads (as discussed on Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Trains) is to use the word "and" rather than the ampersand. Why should this article's name use the ampersand and not comply with the standards that we've agreed upon as a group? slambo 13:08, May 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Another issue to consider is that the talk page linked to the article's todolist via a template that grabs the page title. Because of this, the article's todolist is no longer connected to the article.  Page moves don't automatically move all of the subpages. slambo 13:49, May 3, 2005 (UTC)

Have you noticed this yet??
Remember the rule you made in August 2004 about the difference between -FM or -TV and (FM) or (TV) in a Wikipedia article on an Atlanta broadcasting station?? However, about a week ago, a user (Mulad) was moving many of the articles to titles with no suffix at all (e.g. "WNNX".) Have you noticed this?? Georgia guy 20:15, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I was attempting to make the stations consistent with what has been the practice across most of the other U.S. radio/TV markets' radio station names. When people are looking up a radio or TV station, they will most likely type in a four-letter callsign, without a suffix (and especially without a "(FM)" at the end).  Wikipedia's normal policy is to put articles under the most commonly-used name.  There is some disambiguation needed when callsigns are duplicated.  In most cases on Wikipedia, the standard has been to move stations to "WXYZ (AM)", "WXYZ-FM", and "WXYZ-TV" (with a few other oddities like -CA, etc.).  The reason for the parenthesis-encapsulated "(AM)" instead of using "-AM" is because the FCC does not officially recognize "-AM" as a suffix.  When articles are created for FM stations with "(FM)", there is a strong chance that a duplicate article will be created later, either just as a four-letter call, or with a -FM suffix. (That being said, there are some cases where a "(FM)" or even "(TV)" name is called upon, since there are occasions where an FM station doesn't have a suffix, but a TV station does..  This is unusual, however.) —User:Mulad (talk) 19:49, May 14, 2005 (UTC)

Sandy Spring[s]
Only one?  It needs to be disambiged. Today, tomorow. "Spring" and "Springs" are close enough they need to be in the same disambig page. Stbalbach 14:53, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

 * As long as there is any difference between two names, even just capitalization, there is no need for a disambiguation page. A note should be put at the top for names that are easily confused, not create more confusion by redirecting to another unnecessary page.  For example, Northwest Territory (U.S.) and Northwest Territories (Canada), information society and Information Society, broadcast engineering and Broadcast Engineering, peanut and Peanuts, etc.   –radiojon 17:58, 2005 May 9 (UTC)

 * That is incorrect. Disambiguation pages are used when there is a risk of confusion. First paragraph. Sandy Spring or Sandy Springs can very certainly, and often are, confused (a simple google search will show). I also find it hard to beleive there is only two places in the entire world with these names. In fact there is an actual historic Spring here called Sandy Spring, which different from the town, im sure there are other such examples, with a little searching. These should be disambiged. Stbalbach 18:22, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

Moving Edgewater, Chicago to Edgewater (Chicago)
Hi, your move of Edgewater, Chicago to Edgewater (Chicago) has caused major problems with articles and other redirect pages that link to Edgewater, Chicago. There are now double redirects, and many pages that link to the andersonville neighborhoods via Edgewater, Chicago. Also, all of the chicago community areas follow the format Neighborhood, Chicago. By moving Edgewater, Chicago you have also broken the trend of community area formatting. Please rethink your move, or fix all of the linked pages. If you need help, let me know. — oo64eva (Alex) (U @ 02:24, May 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * The use of "Community, City" is what breaks the formatting trend and proper disambiguation in the first place. Edgewater is not a city and Chicago is not a state.  As far as a Wikimedia bug causing page anchors not to work on redirects, I didn't know that, but I will try to help you fix some of them.   –radiojon 02:29, 2005 May 25 (UTC)
 * Groan.... Yeah, I certinaly wasn't the originator of that trend to make the pagename Community, City.  I also have no desire to change 77 community area page names.  But if you would like to and are willing to fix what links there go ahead and be bold. — oo64eva (Alex) (U @  02:58, May 25, 2005 (UTC)

Weatherscan
Redirect deleted, page moved. Have fun. -- Cyrius|✎ 03:41, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

And IntelliStar. -- Cyrius|✎ 04:14, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

Extended Data Services
I don't think this article qualifies as a TLA just because it mentions or explains some. But EDS and XDS do. The category to use, however, is not Category:TLA (which looks like it should be deleted), but Category:TLAs. Rl 20:58, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * It was moved from XDS (because that also has other meanings), and therefeore the TLA category in it is just an artifact (because I forgot to remove it). It may have ended up back in there because of an edit conflict.   –radiojon 21:05, 2005 Jun 1 (UTC)

 * Yes. The reason for my message was that your edit reinserted the category after I had removed it. Rl 06:15, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Arlene
Arlene should stay at Hurricane Arlene; the disambiguation pages go with the most intense storm named that, which is, in this case, a hurricane. If Arlene earns her own article, then THAT will become Tropical Storm Arlene and Hurricane Arlene will become a disambiguation page. But until then, the disambig pages shouldn't be moved just because the most recent storm didn't reach hurricane-strength. --Golbez 02:49, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * It has nothing to do with the most recent storm. Every hurricane, by definition, must be a tropical storm first.  That's why the disambig page belongs there.   –radiojon 02:52, 2005 Jun 12 (UTC)

Inductive lighting and sulfur lamps
You define inductive lighting as a fluorescent technology, yet you include sulfur lamps in the category. Sulfur lamps do not produce light by fluorescing. The light comes from a glowing plasma. Sulfur lamps are grouped together with inductive fluorescent lamps because they are both electrodeless. I'm not sure the term inductive can be applied to sulfur lamps. From what I have read, induction lamps use electromagnetic induction to generate a magnetic field in an induction coil. None of this is true for sulfur lamps. Sulfur lamps produce light from sulfur heated to the plasma state.

You also list sulfur lamps as having phosphors in the article on radiofluoresce. Nothing I have read about sulfur lamps ever mentions the use of phosphors. Can you clarify these things for me? Thanks.

SDC 21:59, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Template:ChattFM
Template:ChattFM, which you created, has been nominated for deletion at Templates for deletion. Blank Verse  ∅  09:34, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

lots of edits, not an admin
Hi - I made a list of users who've been around long enough to have made lots of edits but aren't admins. If you're at all interested in becoming an admin, can you please add an '*' immediately before your name in this list? I've suggested folks nominating someone might want to puruse this list, although there is certainly no guarantee anyone will ever look at it. Thanks. -- Rick Block (talk) 14:30, Jun 23, 2005 (UTC)

FM radio infobox
Recently, someone created an infobox for FM radio stations that I added to WKLS (FM). Can you add in the missing sections?? Georgia guy 00:22, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Manual of Style (disambiguation pages)
Manual of Style (disambiguation pages) is a fairly recent guideline that you might be interested in. Josh Parris ✉ 5 July 2005 01:29 (UTC)

Thermochromics etc.
I noticed that you have been merging all of the chromic articles, thermochromic paints and such. I wanted to make you aware of the thermochromic Inks article in case you wanted to merge it too. Jaberwocky6669 July 5, 2005 02:43 (UTC)

 * My bad, I see you got it already! Jaberwocky6669 July 5, 2005 02:44 (UTC)

Hurricane articles
The standard is, if all the storms for a name were tropical storms, it goes under "Tropical Storm X". If even one reached hurricane strength, we use "Hurricane X". You'd have a *lot* of articles to move, and frankly, this makes more sense - a LOT more people are going to search for "Hurricane X" than "Tropical Storm X". --Golbez July 8, 2005 00:15 (UTC)

TfD nomination of Template:Movecat
Template:Movecat has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at Templates for deletion. Thank you. --Kbdank71 16:45, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

ITV moved to Independent Television
Hi Radiojon, I have posted about your decision to move the article on Talk:Independent Television. --Marknew 14:56, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Article name

 * Please stop moving List of California County Routes. This article is to have the title List of California County Routes. Also per American English all common nouns are capitalized in titles of books, plays, movies and ARTICLES. Only in section titles are the subsequent titles to not have capitalization per the Wikipedia style guide. Another example would be Manual of Style (note style is capitalized). Also as you pointed out proper nouns are to be capitalized. California County Route is a proper noun as it is a specific type of route. Also all related lists, List of Washington State Routes, List of Arizona State Routes, and List of California State Routes have full article capitalization. You are disrupting standardization. Gateman1997 03:06, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

 * You may be interested to know that the same sort of debate of article naming is going on over at Talk:List of California state routes. Blank Verse   ∅  04:03, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

Template:@gagov
I think you may want to do this another way. Ask me if you need help. — Xiong 熊 talk * 00:21, 2005 August 16 (UTC)

Psychic?
You made the portmanteau change to flotel at exactly the same time as I clicked the edit button to make the same change (as in, I saw "combination" when I refreshed, then when I clicked "edit" I saw "portmantaeu"). Odd coincidence, but pretty cool. :) AySz88 ^  -  ^  18:47, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

2005 Atlantic hurricane season
I see you noted that TD26 would be named Beta. I had earlier removed that sentence, as there's always an off-chance that something else skips the TD stage and gets named Beta first. -- NS LE  ( Commu nicate! ) < Contribs > 07:00, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Tropical storm Alpha
Hey there - I performed the move for you. See you around the Wiki :-) --HappyCamper 04:08, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Please stop putting this up for delete. -- NS LE  ( Commu nicate! ) < Contribs > 00:02, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Stop putting it up for delete or you WILL be liable for a block... -- NS LE  ( Commu nicate! ) < Contribs > 05:34, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

Fixing links - clearance and clearance (medicine)
If you move articles that have been established, it is a courtesy to everyone if you fix the links so that the related articles link to the new location. That's pretty easy to do if you click on "What links here." Nephron 06:14, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

Please see the electric efficiency talk page
Hello Radiojon. Please go see the talk:electrical efficiency page, there is something relevant to you there.
 * Thanks for the answer. There is again new relevant things there for you.

Rootkit
If you keep blanking a live talk page you will be reported. Such behaviour is totally unacceptable, SqueakBox 16:36, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

Blanking or redirecting a live talk page is vandalism made worse by the fact that you have put a speedy on the article and the talk page is the place to discuss that. you have suppressed my comments. that is unacceptable, SqueakBox 17:45, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

Basicallyu you have blanked my comments twice. That is not how we do things here at wikipedia even if we don't like the commenmts, and I have reported you for vandalism. Don't make it worse by blanking my talk page comments again. thankyou, SqueakBox 17:50, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

Please calm down.
"10:23, November 4, 2005 (hist) (diff) Rootkit (****WILL SOMEONE PLEASE DELETE THIS BEFORE SOMEONE ELSE REVERTS IT?! rootkit has MORE THAN FIFTY TIMES the number of results on Google as "root kit" and therefore root kit needs to be moved here!)"

That will not get an admin to help you any faster. If you want help moving things, ask in a calm, civil manner, or you will simply be ignored. --Golbez 18:14, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

What happened??
Have you been so busy not able to edit Wikipedia?? You haven't edited since November 4. Georgia guy 01:12, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Classic Rock
Hello. I was wondering if you would like to participate in my classic rock survey. I'm trying to find the most liked classic rock song. There is more information on my user page. Hope you participate! 02:59, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

Sources for SciTrek
Hello, good work on SciTrek, and thanks for the contribution. However, you did not provide any references or sources in the article. Keeping Wikipedia accurate and verifiable is very important, and as you might be aware there is currently a push to encourage editors to cite the sources they used when adding content. From what websites, books, or other places did you learn the information that you added to SciTrek? Would it be possible for you to mention them in the article? You can simply add links, or see WP:CITET if you wish to review some of the different citation methods. Thanks! Lupin|talk|popups 23:21, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

KTVX
You have received this message because you have edited a Salt Lake City media article in the past. We have recently had an edit war regarding the wording and inclusion of a paragraph on the KTVX article. In hopes of resolving this I have put together an informal survey. If you are interested, please stop by Talk:KTVX and add a vote. Thanks, A 09:13, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Radiojon/archive


text:
Unintentional radiator

In United States regulatory law, an unintentional radiator is any device that is designed to use radio frequency electrical signals within itself, or sends radio frequency signals over conducting cabling to other equipment, but is not intended to radiate radio frequency energy. An incidental radiator is a device that can generate radio frequency electrical energy even though it is not intentionally designed to do so. Unintentional and incidental radio frequency radiation can interfere with other electronic devices. In the United States, limits on radiated emissions from unintentional and incidental radiators are established by the Federal Communications Commission. Similar regulations have been promulgated by other governments. Reference is usually made in regulations to technical standards established by organizations such as ANSI, IEC and ITU.

Example unintentional and incidental radiating devices
A computer is a typical example of an unintentional radiator. Radio frequency signals used within the computer circuitry may be unintentionally coupled to the power cord or to an interconnecting cable, which then acts as an antenna.

A radio receiver will often use an intermediate frequency which is detectable outside the radio—the concept behind at least one audience measurement concept for roadside detection of radio stations which passing motorists are listening to.

Examples of incidental radiators include electric motors, transformers, dimmers, and corona from electrical powerlines. Radiated emissions from these commonly create interference on AM radio receivers and on television receivers.

Regulatory overview
In North America, active devices that are characterized as unintentional radiators are governed by Part 15 of the FCC regulations. In Canada, Innovation, Science and Economic Development considers them as interference-causing Equipment. Globally, most domestic regulation of unintentional radiators are based on ITU recommendations.

Generally, this means the device leaks a signal at some level. Microprocessor-controlled appliances, anything with a clock signal, and switching voltage regulators all make some kind of noise, at the repetition frequency and at harmonics. In most countries, government agencies regulate how much leakage is tolerated. This prevents leakage from cable television systems, for example, from interfering with radio communications between aircraft and control towers.

Because it costs money to filter out noise, there is always a balance struck between regulatory compliance and perfect filtering in these devices. Microwave ovens or devices with microprocessors may leak within allowable limits but may generate an undesired signal that interferes with a licensed communications device. It also generally means that users who intentionally radiate signals (TV stations and cell phone companies) can order the device turned off if it interferes with their licensed operations.

There is an entire industry based on regulatory compliance: manufacturers shipping a product to a foreign country must comply with each country's limitations on leakage of interfering signals. For example, in Germany the TÜV issues regulatory rules for unintentional radiators. The big cylindrical bumps on the cable to monitors and laptop chargers are ferrite cores which reduce undesired signals.

title: Unintentional radiator


text:
Spurious emission

In radio communication, a spurious emission is any component of a radiated radio frequency signal the complete suppression of which would not impair the integrity of the modulation type or the information being transmitted. A radiated signal outside of a transmitter's assigned channel is an example of a spurious emission. Spurious emissions can include harmonic emissions, intermodulation products and frequency conversion products.

title: Spurious emission


text:
WGHR (Georgia)

WGHR was a noncommercial radio station operated exclusively by the students of Southern Polytechnic State University in Marietta, Georgia, United States. The station was supported by students and its listeners to provide diverse programming and represent its community with a wide variety of musical genres.

History
Like many other college radio stations, WGHR began as a carrier current low-power AM station in 1969, transmitting on 1280 kHz from a wire loop antenna situated atop the circle of buildings at the center of the campus. Although it was not an officially assigned callsign, it adopted the name WSTB, an acronym for Southern Tech Broadcasting. Nicknamed "Stubby", its studio was located in a dormitory.

In the mid-1970s, the station applied for a low-power FM station, initially trying 91.7. However, this application was rejected for being too close to 91.9 (WCLK) and 91.1 (WREK). Ultimately, the station decided on 102.5 and eventually received a construction permit for this frequency in 1979. Since there was already a WSTB FM station in Streetsboro, Ohio, the students selected WGHR to mean " G reen H ornet R adio", after the school's mascot. The station's nickname was later changed to "Wooger" (mocked by the station's own promos later on). After a one-year delay (due to a recalled Harris Broadcast transmitter), it began broadcasting FM in 1981, serving most of the Cobb County area in the northwestern metro Atlanta region.

At that time, it shared an office in the student center with The Sting, the student newspaper. In 1993, the expansion and renovation of the building were completed, and it moved from the old office to its own studio. Despite the increased building size, the size of the new station was halved, which was seen by many as a sign of how the station was viewed by the administration. The new facility did, however, include a restroom and a large window into the atrium at the main entrance, which allowed students and visitors to see into the broadcast studio. This is still the station's current facility.

Programming
Not much is known about what the station broadcast when AM was the predominant method of radio transmission. When it went to FM, the first song it played was Barry Manilow's "Looks Like We Made It", and it continued playing top 40. It gradually moved towards a "college rock" format during the 1980s, and diversified during the early 1990s, which it has continued since.

In 1996, after a DJ went to Canada and heard CBC Radio running the World Radio Network overnight instead of going off-air, the amateur radio club helped revive the satellite dish atop the building. The station then started broadcasting international news from WRN at night, on weekends, and during breaks. A simple broadcast automation system that SPSU students put together then run the station 24/7 when nobody was there.

License
WGHR's 17-watt ERP class D (low-power) FM signal was later forced from the air by a sequence of events related to FCC rulings, and the evolution of the commercial band in metro Atlanta.

When WGHR first applied, FM class D stations were considered equal to other full-power stations. That changed in 1980, when the National Association of Broadcasters (representing only large commercial stations), the then-new National Public Radio, and even the Corporation for Public Broadcasting convinced the FCC to demote class D stations to a second-class status, and to stop issuing new class D licenses altogether. The exception was for NPR and NAB-member stations, who could continue building new broadcast translators (also class D) however they liked. While the discrimination against technically identical stations just for originating their own programming seems appalling and unconstitutional to many, these small stations have never had the resources to challenge this in court.

Because of the ruling, WGHR (among many) was left completely vulnerable to any full-power station that wanted its spot on the dial. FCC docket 80-90, introduced in 1980, allowed full-power stations to move in or fill in closer together, forcing many class Ds off the air with no other place to go.

In the Atlanta area, two new docket 80–90 allotments were proposed in the early 1980s, one north of Atlanta on 107.5, and one west-northwest on 102.5: WGHR's exact frequency. Five proposals were submitted to the FCC for the latter: one for Forest Park, one for Douglasville, one for Lithia Springs, one for Mableton, and finally WGHR's for Marietta, reserved as non-commercial educational (NCE). At the time, the FCC had no rules to level the playing field for NCE stations, so WGHR lost out. The remaining proposals floated around until 1988, when Mableton was selected, and the new allotment was opened for applications. Those applicants battled it out in court for years, until one was finally selected in the mid-1990s.

The allotment of a new class A station at 102.5 MHz in Mableton prompted WGHR to move from that frequency to 100.7 MHz in 1998. When WWWQ (now WNNX) began broadcasting on 100.5 MHz in Atlanta, WGHR moved back to 102.5 temporarily to avoid receiving and causing interference, and an application was filed with the FCC to move to 101.1 MHz. Shortly afterward however, the full-power station WAMJ (now WPZE) began broadcasting, and WGHR was again forced to move. Because they were still licensed for 100.7 MHz, WGHR resumed broadcasting there. The owners of 100.5 (Susquehanna Radio Corporation) strongly objected to this, and consequently, WGHR ceased over-the-air broadcasts in order to avoid trouble with the FCC.

In January 2004, after being unable to broadcast for 12 consecutive months, the FM license for WGHR was automatically canceled by the FCC as required by Congress, and the application to move to 101.1 was dismissed as moot. It continued to webcast, in hopes that the LPFM rules will later be relaxed, allowing it to return to the airwaves.

Southern Polytechnic State University was merged into Kennesaw State University in 2013. WGHR was then dissolved in favor of Owl Radio, the online-only student radio station at KSU.

title: WGHR (Georgia)


text:
Weakly compact cardinal

In mathematics, a weakly compact cardinal is a certain kind of cardinal number introduced by ; weakly compact cardinals are large cardinals, meaning that their existence cannot be proven from the standard axioms of set theory. (Tarski originally called them "not strongly incompact" cardinals.)

Formally, a cardinal κ is defined to be weakly compact if it is uncountable and for every function f: [κ] 2 → {0, 1} there is a set of cardinality κ that is homogeneous for f. In this context, [κ] 2 means the set of 2-element subsets of κ, and a subset S of κ is homogeneous for f if and only if either all of [S]2 maps to 0 or all of it maps to 1.

The name "weakly compact" refers to the fact that if a cardinal is weakly compact then a certain related infinitary language satisfies a version of the compactness theorem; see below.

Equivalent formulations
The following are equivalent for any uncountable cardinal κ:

 * 1) κ is weakly compact.
 * 2) for every λ<κ, natural number n ≥ 2, and function f: [κ]n → λ, there is a set of cardinality κ that is homogeneous for f.
 * 3) κ is inaccessible and has the tree property, that is, every tree of height κ has either a level of size κ or a branch of size κ.
 * 4) Every linear order of cardinality κ has an ascending or a descending sequence of order type κ. (W. W. Comfort, S. Negrepontis, The Theory of Ultrafilters, p.185)
 * 5) κ is $$\Pi^1_1$$-indescribable.
 * 6) κ has the extension property. In other words, for all U ⊂ Vκ there exists a transitive set X with κ ∈ X, and a subset S ⊂ X, such that (Vκ, ∈, U) is an elementary substructure of (X, ∈, S). Here, U and S are regarded as unary predicates.
 * 7) For every set S of cardinality κ of subsets of κ, there is a non-trivial κ-complete filter that decides S.
 * 8) κ is κ-unfoldable.
 * 9) κ is inaccessible and the infinitary language Lκ,κ satisfies the weak compactness theorem.
 * 10) κ is inaccessible and the infinitary language Lκ,ω satisfies the weak compactness theorem.
 * 11) κ is inaccessible and for every transitive set $$M$$ of cardinality κ with κ $$\in M$$, $${}^{<\kappa}M\subset M$$, and satisfying a sufficiently large fragment of ZFC, there is an elementary embedding $$j$$ from $$M$$ to a transitive set $$N$$ of cardinality κ such that $$^{<\kappa}N\subset N$$, with critical point $$crit(j)=$$κ.
 * 12) κ is a strongly inaccessible ramifiable cardinal. (W. W. Comfort, S. Negrepontis, The Theory of Ultrafilters, p.185)
 * 13) $$\kappa=\kappa^{<\kappa}$$ ($$\kappa^{<\kappa}$$ defined as $$\sum{\lambda<\kappa}\kappa^\lambda$$) and every $$\kappa$$-complete filter of a $$\kappa$$-complete field of sets of cardinality $$\leq\kappa$$ is contained in a $$\kappa$$-complete ultrafilter. (W. W. Comfort, S. Negrepontis, The Theory of Ultrafilters, p.185)
 * 14) $$\kappa$$ has Alexander's property, i.e. for any space $$X$$ with a $$\kappa$$-subbase $$\mathcal A$$ with cardinality $$\leq\kappa$$, and every cover of $$X$$ by elements of $$\mathcal A$$ has a subcover of cardinality $$<\kappa$$, then $$X$$ is $$\kappa$$-compact. (W. W. Comfort, S. Negrepontis, The Theory of Ultrafilters, p.182--185)
 * 15) $$(2^{\kappa})_\kappa$$ is $$\kappa$$-compact. (W. W. Comfort, S. Negrepontis, The Theory of Ultrafilters, p.185)

A language Lκ,κ is said to satisfy the weak compactness theorem if whenever Σ is a set of sentences of cardinality at most κ and every subset with less than κ elements has a model, then Σ has a model. Strongly compact cardinals are defined in a similar way without the restriction on the cardinality of the set of sentences.

Properties
Every weakly compact cardinal is a reflecting cardinal, and is also a limit of reflecting cardinals. This means also that weakly compact cardinals are Mahlo cardinals, and the set of Mahlo cardinals less than a given weakly compact cardinal is stationary.

If $$\kappa$$ is weakly compact, then there are chains of well-founded elementary end-extensions of $$(V_\kappa,\in)$$ of arbitrary length $$<\kappa^+$$. p.6

Weakly compact cardinals remain weakly compact in $$L$$. Assuming V = L, a cardinal is weakly compact iff it is 2-stationary.

title: Weakly compact cardinal


text:
SPSU

SPSU may refer to:
 * Southern Polytechnic State University
 * Sir Padampat Singhania University

title: SPSU


text:
Flag of Moldova

The national flag of the Republic of Moldova (Drapelul Moldovei) is a vertical triband of blue, yellow, and red, charged with the coat of arms of Moldova (an eagle holding a shield charged with an aurochs) on the centre bar. The reverse is mirrored. The flag ratio is 1:2. Until further provisions, the State Flag of Moldova is used as the national flag and ensign as well; that is, civil, state and war flag and ensign.

The blue-yellow-red tricolour of Moldova is inspired by the flag of Romania, reflecting the two countries' national and cultural affinity. On Moldova's flag, the yellow stripe is charged with the national arms. Like the Romanian coat of arms, the Moldovan arms, adopted in 1990, features a dark golden eagle holding an Orthodox Christian cross in its beak. Instead of a sword, the eagle is holding an olive branch, symbolising peace. The blue and red shield on the eagle's chest is charged with the traditional symbols of Moldova: an aurochs' head, flanked by a rose in dexter and a crescent in sinister and having a star between its horns, all of gold. These two national flags are also very similar to the flags of Chad and Andorra, which are all based on vertical stripes of blue, yellow, and red.

Colors
Until 2010, the color shades of the Moldavian flag were not explicitly named. The Regulation regarding the flag stated that the colors of the flag must match the ones shown in the annex. Moldavian heraldist and vexillologist Silviu Andrieș-Tabac stated in an interview that in 1990, when the flag was being created, "it was taken into account that many countries have similar tricolor flags. As a result, it was decided to abandon the ultramarine blue, which is present on the Romanian flag, in favor of the emerald-blue, used on the mural paintings of Voroneț monastery...".

The French Album des pavillons nationaux et des marques distinctives (2000) by Armand du Payrat and Daniel Roudaut had suggested the following Pantone nuances, including those of the coat of arms: blue 549, yellow 143, red 186, green 340 and brown 464.

However, a new law from 2010 defined the colors of the flag as Berlin blue, chrome yellow and vermillon red. The exact matches, according to annex no. 2, are as follows:

Governmental standards
In 2010 four new governmental standards, derived from the state flag, were established. The standard of the minister of defense has yet to be defined, its temporary replacement being the state flag. The other three standards, of the president, president of the Parliament and prime minister, are described as follows:

A square flag with the coat of arms of Moldova on center, whose aquila is golden (instead of dark gold, or brown). The flag has a border of squares, each one measuring $1/9$ of the flag's width and following the pattern blue-yellow-red-yellow. The background of the flag is purple for the president, red for the president of the Parliament and blue for the prime minister.

The original flags are kept in their respective offices. Duplicates are hoisted on the official residences when the people entitled to them are inside; also on their respective cars.

The design of the standard of the minister of defense and regulations concerning its use is also provided for by Decree No. 1194 of 17 June 2014.

Other governmental flags
Several governmental organizations have flags established by parliamentary or governmental decisions:
 * The Department of Civil Defense and Exceptional Situations of Moldova
 * The Customs of Moldova
 * The Border Guard of Moldova
 * The Information and Security Service of Moldova
 * Principal State Inspectorate for Technical Supervising of Dangerous Industrial Objects

Military flags
The flag of the National Army of the Republic of Moldova represents a unique military vexillologic insignia. It is the symbol of the military glory, of the tradition and continuity, honor and loyalty of the soldiers and officers to the country.

The cloth of the flag has the same chromatics as the state flag of the Republic of Moldova. Its partition reminds of the old Moldavian military flags, from 1834 to 1863. The red central cross reminds of Saint George, the patron and protector of the medieval Moldavian army. The motto "Pentru Onoare! Pentru Patrie! Pentru Tricolor!" represents the belief of the Moldovan soldiers.

The military colours of the Moldavian Army units consists of the state flag, measuring 825×1650 mm, with golden fringes and tassels, having the unit's battle cry inscribed on obverse, above the coat of arms, and the unit's name on reverse, below the coat of arms. The flag is fixed on a wooden rod, measuring 2500 mm, with a standard pole on top. Previous regulation, which hasn't been explicitly repealed in 2010, described the inscriptions on the flag as follows: on obverse, above the coat of arms, " PENTRU PATRIA  NOASTRĂ " (For our Fatherland), and below " REPUBLICA MOLDOVA " (Republic of Moldova); on reverse, above the coat of arms, the unit's name.

The military colours, as well as their regulations, are issued by decree of the president of Moldova.

The military colours of the units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs are reproducing the state flag, with golden fringes and tassels, having the motto " PENTRU PATRIE " (For Fatherland) inscribed on obverse, above the coat of arms, and the text " MINISTERUL AFACERILOR INTERNE AL REPUBLICII MOLDOVA " (The Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Moldova) on reverse, below the top margin. Also, on reverse, above the coat of arms, is inscribed the name of the unit, all letters being embroidered with golden thread.

Flag Day
Since April 2010, the Flag Day of Moldova is celebrated on 27 April each year. On this day in 1990, the tricolor was officially adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the Moldavian SSR as the state flag of the country.

History
The current flag of Moldova was created in 1990 and is based on the national colors of Romanians, the blue-yellow-red tricolor. The reverse side differed from the Romanian flag in proportion, and by having a lighter blue.

The flag of Moldova was one of the national flags with differing obverse and reverse sides — the others being the flags of Paraguay. Although the reverse of the flag was officially stated as not containing any coat of arms, Moldovan flags with a coat of arms printed on the reverse were also used.

On 26 November 2010, a new law regarding the State Flag of Moldova became effective. One of the most important provisions has the reverse defined as a mirrored image of the obverse.

The flags of the Moldavian Democratic Republic (MDR) and some of the proposed flags for the Republic of Moldova display the head of an aurochs, which is derived from the flag and coat of arms of Moldavia.

title: Flag of Moldova


text:
Component (thermodynamics)

In thermodynamics, a component is one of a collection of chemically independent constituents of a system. The number of components represents the minimum number of independent chemical species necessary to define the composition of all phases of the system.

Calculating the number of components in a system is necessary when applying Gibbs' phase rule in determination of the number of degrees of freedom of a system.

The number of components is equal to the number of distinct chemical species (constituents), minus the number of chemical reactions between them, minus the number of any constraints (like charge neutrality or balance of molar quantities).

Calculation
Suppose that a chemical system has $M$ elements and $N$ chemical species (elements or compounds). The latter are combinations of the former, and each species $A_{i}$ can be represented as a sum of elements:
 * $$ A_i = \sum_j a_{ij}E_j,$$

where $a_{ij}$ are the integers denoting number of atoms of element $E_{j}$ in molecule $A_{i}$. Each species is determined by a vector (a row of this matrix), but the rows are not necessarily linearly independent. If the rank of the matrix is $C$, then there are $C$ linearly independent vectors, and the remaining $N-C$ vectors can be obtained by adding up multiples of those vectors. The chemical species represented by those $C$ vectors are components of the system.

If, for example, the species are C (in the form of graphite), CO2 and CO, then
 * $$ \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 2\\ 1 & 1\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}C \\ \\ O\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}C \\ CO_2\\ CO\end{bmatrix}.$$

Since CO can be expressed as CO = (1/2)C + (1/2)CO2, it is not independent and C and CO can be chosen as the components of the system.

There are two ways that the vectors can be dependent. One is that some pairs of elements always appear in the same ratio in each species. An example is a series of polymers that are composed of different numbers of identical units. The number of such constraints is given by $Z$. In addition, some combinations of elements may be forbidden by chemical kinetics. If the number of such constraints is $R'$, then
 * $$C = M - Z + R'.$$

Equivalently, if $R$ is the number of independent reactions that can take place, then
 * $$C = N - Z - R.$$

The constants are related by $N - M = R + R'$.

CaCO3 - CaO - CO2 system
This is an example of a system with several phases, which at ordinary temperatures are two solids and a gas. There are three chemical species (CaCO3, CaO and CO2) and one reaction:

 * CaCO3 CaO + CO2.

The number of components is then 3 - 1 = 2.

Water - Hydrogen - Oxygen system
The reactions included in the calculation are only those that actually occur under the given conditions, and not those that might occur under different conditions such as higher temperature or the presence of a catalyst. For example, the dissociation of water into its elements does not occur at ordinary temperature, so a system of water, hydrogen and oxygen at 25 °C has 3 independent components.

Aqueous solution of 4 kinds of salts
Consider an aqueous solution containing sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), sodium bromide (NaBr), and potassium bromide (KBr), in equilibrium with their respective solid phases. While 6 elements are present (H, O, Na, K, Cl, Br), their quantities are not independent due to the following constraints:

 * The stoichiometry of water: n(H) = 2n(O). This constraint imply that knowing the quantity of one determines the other.
 * Charge balance in the solution: n(Na) + n(K) = n(Cl) + n(Br). Thin constraint imply that knowing the quantity of 3 of the 4 ionic species (Na, K, Cl, Br) determines the fourth.

Consequently, the number of independently variable constituents, and therefore the number of components, is 4.

title: Component (thermodynamics)