text:
Landform

A landform is a natural or anthropogenic land feature on the solid surface of the Earth or other planetary body. Landforms together make up a given terrain, and their arrangement in the landscape is known as topography. Landforms include hills, mountains, canyons, and valleys, as well as shoreline features such as bays, peninsulas, and seas, including submerged features such as mid-ocean ridges, volcanoes, and the great ocean basins.

Physical characteristics
Landforms are categorized by characteristic physical attributes such as elevation, slope, orientation, structure stratification, rock exposure, and soil type. Gross physical features or landforms include intuitive elements such as berms, mounds, hills, ridges, cliffs, valleys, rivers, peninsulas, volcanoes, and numerous other structural and size-scaled (e.g. ponds vs. lakes, hills vs. mountains) elements including various kinds of inland and oceanic waterbodies and sub-surface features. Mountains, hills, plateaux, and plains are the four major types of landforms. Minor landforms include buttes, canyons, valleys, and basins. Tectonic plate movement under the Earth can create landforms by pushing up mountains and hills.

Hierarchy of classes

Oceans and continents exemplify the highest-order landforms. Landform elements are parts of a high-order landforms that can be further identified and systematically given a cohesive definition such as hill-tops, shoulders, saddles, foreslopes and backslopes.

Some generic landform elements including: pits, peaks, channels, ridges, passes, pools and plains.

Terrain (or relief) is the third or vertical dimension of land surface. Topography is the study of terrain, although the word is often used as a synonym for relief itself. When relief is described underwater, the term bathymetry is used. In cartography, many different techniques are used to describe relief, including contour lines and triangulated irregular networks.

Elementary landforms (segments, facets, relief units) are the smallest homogeneous divisions of the land surface, at the given scale/resolution. These are areas with relatively homogeneous morphometric properties, bounded by lines of discontinuity. A plateau or a hill can be observed at various scales, ranging from a few hundred meters to hundreds of kilometers. Hence, the spatial distribution of landforms is often scale-dependent, as is the case for soils and geological strata.

A number of factors, ranging from plate tectonics to erosion and deposition (also due to human activity), can generate and affect landforms. Biological factors can also influence landforms—for example, note the role of vegetation in the development of dune systems and salt marshes, and the work of corals and algae in the formation of coral reefs.

Landforms do not include several man-made features, such as canals, ports and many harbors; and geographic features, such as deserts, forests, and grasslands. Many of the terms are not restricted to refer to features of the planet Earth, and can be used to describe surface features of other planets and similar objects in the Universe. Examples are mountains, hills, polar caps, and valleys, which are found on all of the terrestrial planets.

The scientific study of landforms is known as geomorphology.

In onomastic terminology, toponyms (geographical proper names) of individual landform objects (mountains, hills, valleys, etc.) are called oronyms.

Recent developments
Landforms may be extracted from a digital elevation model (DEM) using some automated techniques where the data has been gathered by modern satellites and stereoscopic aerial surveillance cameras. Until recently, compiling the data found in such data sets required time consuming and expensive techniques involving many man-hours. The most detailed DEMs available are measured directly using LIDAR techniques.

title: Landform


text:
Mer Hayrenik

"" (Մեր Հայրենիք, ; "Our Fatherland") is the national anthem of Armenia. It was arranged by Barsegh Kanachyan; the lyrics were written by Mikayel Nalbandian. First adopted in 1918 as the anthem of the short-lived First Republic of Armenia, it was subsequently banned after the country was invaded by then incorporated into the Soviet Union. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the restoration of sovereignty in 1991, the song was re-adopted as the national anthem, albeit with slightly modified lyrics.

Composition and first republic (until 1920)
The lyrics of "" were derived from "The Song of an Italian Girl", a poem written by Mikael Nalbandian in 1861. (Իտալացի աղջկա երգը), It is more well known by its incipit, "" ("Our Fatherland"). In the early 20th century, the music was composed by Barsegh Kanachyan. Subsequently, both the lyrics and music were adopted as the national anthem of the First Republic of Armenia, which briefly existed from 1918 to 1920.

Soviet era (1920–91)
The Red Army invaded Armenia in November 1920, in spite of the Treaty of Sèvres – which granted the country international recognition as a sovereign state – having been signed only three months earlier. In 1922, it was absorbed into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (TSFSR), together with Azerbaijan and Georgia, and the TSFSR subsequently became part of the Soviet Union at the end of that same year. As an unmistakable symbol of Armenian nationalism, "" was outlawed by the Bolshevik authorities. In its place, the Anthem of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic was utilized from 1944 onwards. Because of this, "" took on a new status as a protest song against Soviet rule during this time.

Restoration of sovereignty and beyond (1991–present)
"" was reinstated as Armenia's national anthem on 1 July 1991 by the constituent republic's Supreme Soviet. The lyrics are not identical to the 1918 version, however, because several of the words have been modified. As an intrinsic element of civic education in Armenia, the anthem is one of several national symbols which feature prominently in the classrooms of the country's schools. By dignifying the song in this manner, teachers reckon that this "encourage[s] students to sing the national anthem every day".

A debate of the national anthem was a question in the Armenian Parliament in 2006 and 2019. The new government had called for the restoration of the Soviet era anthem with newer lyrics in its place.

The italian violist Marco Misciagna composed the "Introduction and Variations on Mer Hayrenik” for viola solo and in 2018 he played it during a concert at the Komitas Chamber Music House.

Lyrics
The lyrics of "" promotes the worthiness of "dying for the freedom" of Armenia. Its discussion of death, however, has led several commentators to complain that the anthem is overly "wimpy" and "gloomy". Specifically, some members of the National Assembly are of the opinion that the song – written at the time of the first fight for independence – does not accurately reflect the present era of triumph and success. However, none of the proposals to replace "" have come to fruition, as the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaktsutyun) – which were part of the coalition government – have so far resisted efforts to change the national anthem, especially proposals to replace it with one based on the music of the anthem of the Armenian SSR.

Due to the brief length of a singular verse (around 30 seconds), more than one verse is usually repeated when played.

Current text
Note: The last two lines of each paragraph are repeated

Original text
"" is based on the first, third, fourth and sixth stanzas of Nalbandian's poem The Song of an Italian Girl".

In popular culture
The title of the national anthem is used as the name of a television channel for Armenian expatriates residing in Russia. Mer Hayrenik TV is based in the city of Novosibirsk, the administrative centre of both Novosibirsk Oblast and the Siberian Federal District.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mer Hayrenik


text:
Quentin Blake

Sir Quentin Saxby Blake, (born 16 December 1932) is an English cartoonist, caricaturist, illustrator and children's writer. He has illustrated over 300 books, including 18 written by Roald Dahl, which are among his most popular works. For his lasting contribution as a children's illustrator he won the biennial international Hans Christian Andersen Award in 2002, the highest recognition available to creators of children's books. From 1999 to 2001, he was the inaugural British Children's Laureate. He is a patron of the Association of Illustrators.

Early life
Blake was born in 1932 in Sidcup, Kent, son of William and Evelyn Blake. His father was a civil servant, and his mother a housewife. Blake was evacuated to the West Country during the Second World War. He attended Holy Trinity Lamorbey Church of England Primary School and Chislehurst and Sidcup Grammar School, where his English teacher, J. H. Walsh, influenced his life's work.

Blake’s artistic development during his school years was helped by contact with the painter and cartoonist Alfred Jackson, the husband of Blake's Latin teacher, who encouraged his first submissions to Punch, resulting in his first publication at the age of 16. In the sixth form, the school's art teacher, the painter Stanley Simmonds, recognized Blake's talents and provided support and exposure to the work of other artists.

Blake read English Literature at Downing College, Cambridge, under F. R. Leavis, from 1953 to 1956, received his postgraduate teaching diploma from the University of London Institute of Education, and later studied part-time at the Chelsea School of Art and later Camberwell College of Art. He has since denied that studying at the University of Cambridge contributed to his artistic or creative talent.

Career
During the 1960s, Blake taught English at the Lycée Français de Londres which cemented his long association with France and culminated in the award of the Legion of Honour. He taught at the Royal College of Art for over twenty years, where he was head of the Illustration department from 1978 to 1986.

The first book that Blake illustrated was The Wonderful Button by Evan Hunter, published by Abelard-Schuman in 1961. In his subsequent career, he gained a reputation as a loyal, reliable and humorous illustrator of more than 300 children's books, including some written by Joan Aiken, Elizabeth Bowen, Sylvia Plath, Roald Dahl, Nils-Olof Franzén, William Steig, and Dr. Seuss. He illustrated the first Seuss book that Seuss did not illustrate himself, Great Day for Up! (1974).

By 2006, Blake had illustrated 323 books, of which he had written 35 and Dahl had written 18. To date, Blake has illustrated two of David Walliams' books and has illustrated Folio Society Limited Editions such as Don Quixote, Candide and 50 Fables of La Fontaine.

In the 1970s, Blake was an occasional presenter of the BBC children's storytelling programme Jackanory, when he would illustrate the stories on a canvas as he was telling them. In 1993, he designed the five British Christmas issue postage stamps featuring episodes from A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens.

Blake is a member of the Chelsea Arts Club. He is patron of the Blake Society, Downing College's arts and humanities society. He is also a patron of "The Big Draw" which aims to get people drawing throughout the United Kingdom, and of The Nightingale Project, a charity that provides art to hospitals. Since 2006 he has produced work for several hospitals and mental health centres in the London area, a children's hospital (hopital Armand Trousseau) in Paris, and a maternity hospital in Angers, France. These projects are detailed in Blake's 2012 book Quentin Blake: Beyond the Page, which describes how, in his seventies, his work has increasingly appeared outside the pages of books, in public places such as hospitals, theatre foyers, galleries and museums. In 2007, he designed a huge mural on fabric, suspended over and thus disguising a ramshackle building immediately opposite an entrance to St Pancras railway station. The rendering of an "imaginary welcoming committee" greets passengers arriving on the Eurostar high-speed railway.

Blake is a supporter of and ambassador for the indigenous rights NGO Survival International. In 2009, he said, "For me, Survival is important for two reasons; one is that I think it’s right that we should give help and support to people who are threatened by the rapacious industrial society we have created; and the other that, more generally, it gives an important signal about how we all ought to be looking after the world. Its message is the most fundamental of any charity I'm connected with."

Blake is the Founding Trustee of House of Illustration, a centre in London for exhibitions, educational events and activities related to the art of illustration. He was also the subject of the first exhibition at this venue, entitled Inside Stories", which opened in July 2014. In August 2020, it was announced that the centre will be relocating to the 18th century Engine House at New River Head in the Clerkenwell area of London, and will be renamed the Quentin Blake Centre for Illustration.

Besides children's books, Blake is also the designer of Ben, the logo of the shop chain Ben's Cookies. He designed several illustrations for the story time segments for the Scottish TV series Squeak!.

In 2023, Blake was asked by Blue Peter to design a new Blue Peter badge which they have called their Book badge.

Personal life
Blake has never been married and has no children. He lives in South Kensington, West London, and has another house in Hastings, East Sussex.

Comics
Blake was additionally the artist behind the comic strip Waldo and Wanda, written by John Yeoman.

Selected works
The following books were both written and illustrated by Blake:
 * Patrick (Jonathan Cape, 1968)
 * Jack and Nancy (Cape, 1969)
 * Angelo (Cape, 1970)
 * Snuff (Cape, 1973)
 * Lester at the Seaside (William Collins, Sons, 1975)
 * Lester and the Unusual Pet (Collins, 1975)
 * The Adventures of Lester (BBC, 1977)
 * Mister Magnolia (Cape, 1980) —winner of the Kate Greenaway Medal
 * Quentin Blake's Nursery Rhyme Book (Cape, 1983)
 * The Story of the Dancing Frog (Cape, 1984)
 * Mrs Armitage On Wheels (Cape, 1987)
 * Quentin Blake's ABC (Cape, 1989)
 * All Join In (Cape, 1990) —winner of the Kurt Maschler Award for integrated text and illustration
 * Cockatoos (Cape, 1992)
 * Simpkin (Cape, 1993)
 * The Quentin Blake Book of Nonsense Verse (Viking Press, 1994)
 * Clown (Cape, 1995) —commended runner-up for the Greenaway Medal
 * La Vie de la Page (Gallimard, 1995)
 * Mrs Armitage and the Big Wave (Cape, 1997)
 * Dix Grenouilles (Ten Frogs) (Gallimard, 1997)
 * The Green Ship (Cape, 1998)
 * Zagazoo (Cape, 1998)
 * Zap! The Quentin Blake Guide to Electrical Safety (Eastern Electricity, 1998)
 * Fantastic Daisy Artichoke (Cape, 1999)
 * The Twelve Days of Christmas (Correspondence) (Atlantic Books, 1999)
 * The Laureate's Party (Random House, 2000)
 * Un Bateau Dans le Ciel (Rue du Monde, 2000)
 * Words and Pictures (Cape, 2000)
 * Tell Me a Picture (National Gallery, 2001)
 * Loveykins (Cape, 2002)
 * Laureate's Progress (Cape, 2002)
 * Mrs Armitage, Queen of the Road (Cape, 2003)
 * A Sailing Boat In The Sky (Random House: Red Fox, 2003)
 * Angel Pavement (Cape, 2004)
 * You're Only Young Twice (Andersen Press, 2008)
 * Daddy Lost his Head (Andre Bouchard, 2009)
 * Quentin Blake: Beyond the Page (Tate Publishing Ltd, 2012)
 * "The Box of Delights; or, When the Wolves Were Running" John Masefield, Illustrated by Quentin Blake (Farshore, 2014)

Blake has illustrated a score of books by Roald Dahl.

He also illustrated the British edition of Agaton Sax, a Swedish-language series of comedy detective novels by Nils-Olof Franzén (originally illustrated by Åke Lewerth, 1955 to 1978).
 * Agaton Sax and the Diamond Thieves, 1965
 * Agaton Sax and the Scotland Yard Mystery, 1969
 * Agaton Sax and the Max Brothers (a.k.a. Bank Robbers), 1970
 * Agaton Sax and the Criminal Doubles, 1971
 * Agaton Sax and the Colossus of Rhodes, 1972
 * Agaton Sax and the London Computer Plot, 1973
 * Agaton Sax and the League of Silent Exploders, 1974
 * Agaton Sax and the Haunted House, 1975
 * Agaton Sax and the Big Rig (extended), 1976
 * Agaton Sax and Lispington's Grandfather Clock, 1978
 * Other
 * The Learning Journey —National Curriculum, key stages 1 and 2, illustrated editions for parents
 * Three Little Monkeys 2016, illustrated by Emma Chichester Clark
 * Three Little Monkeys Ride Again 2019, illustrated by Emma Chichester Clark
 * Three Little Monkeys at Christmas 2021, illustrated by Emma Chichester Clark
 * Three Little Monkeys and the Grand Hotel 2023, illustrated by Emma Chichester Clark

Honours and awards
Blake was the inaugural British Children's Laureate (1999–2001) and was elected as an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Academy of Arts in 2001, he received the biennial Hans Christian Andersen Award from the International Board on Books for Young People for his career contribution to children's literature in 2002. He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2005 New Year Honours for his services to children's literature. In France he was made a Knight of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 2002 and elevated to Officer in 2007.

For Mister Magnolia, which he also wrote, Blake won the 1980 Kate Greenaway Medal from the Library Association, recognising the year's best children's book illustration by a British subject. For the 50th anniversary of the Medal (1955–2005), a panel of experts named it one of the top ten winning works, which composed the ballot for a public election of the nation's favourite. He was also a highly commended Greenaway runner-up for The Wild Washerwomen: A new folk tale, by John Yeoman (1979), and a commended runner-up for Clown (1995), which he wrote himself. He made the Greenaway shortlist for Zagazoo (1998), which he wrote, and for Sad Book (2004) by Michael Rosen.

Blake won the Kurt Maschler Award, or the Emil, for All Join In (Jonathan Cape, 1990), which he wrote and illustrated. The award from Maschler Publications and Booktrust annually recognised one British "work of imagination for children, in which text and illustration are integrated so that each enhances and balances the other."

Blake was awarded the Prince Philip Designers Prize in 2011, and received the Eleanor Farjeon Award in November 2012. This annual award administered by Children's Book Circle recognises outstanding commitment and contribution to the world of British children's books. Blake was knighted in the 2013 New Year Honours for his services to illustration.

In March 2014, he was awarded the insignia of a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur at a ceremony at the Institut Français in London. He is also a Companion of the Guild of St George.

Blake was appointed Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) in the 2022 Birthday Honours for services to illustration.

title: Quentin Blake


text:
Talk:Eschscholzia californica

Wiki Education assignment: California Natural History
— Assignment last updated by Yayav (talk) 00:58, 11 October 2023 (UTC)

[16]
Not sure https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschscholzia_californica#cite_ref-16 (for Uses California poppy leaves are used as food or garnish, while the seeds are used in cooking.)) is a valid source. It rates it edible: 1/5 and medicinal 3/5, which is insane W;ChangingUsername (talk) 11:36, 18 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eschscholzia californica


text:
Regime

{{legend|darkblue|Liberal democracy}} {{legend|lightblue|Electoral democracy}} {{legend|orange|Electoral autocracy}} {{legend|red|Closed autocracy}} {{legend|black|Geographic areas without data }}

In politics, a regime (also "régime") is the form of government or the set of rules, cultural or social norms, etc., that regulate the operation of a government or institution and its interactions with society. The two broad categories of regimes that appear in most literature are democratic and autocratic. However, autocratic regimes can be broken down into a subset of many different types (dictatorial, totalitarian, absolutist, monarchic, oligarchic, etc.). The key similarity between all regimes are the presence of rulers, and either formal or informal institutions.

According to Yale professor Juan José Linz there a three main types of political regimes today: democracies, totalitarian regimes and, sitting between these two, authoritarian regimes (with hybrid regimes).

Usage
While the word régime originates as a synonym for any type of government, modern usage has given it a negative connotation, implying an authoritarian government or dictatorship. Webster's definition states that the word régime refers simply to a form of government, while Oxford English Dictionary defines regime as "a government, especially an authoritarian one".

Contemporary academic usage of the term "regime" is broader than popular and journalistic usage, meaning "an intermediate stratum between the government (which makes day-to-day decisions and is easy to alter) and the state (which is a complex bureaucracy tasked with a range of coercive functions)." In global studies and international relations, the concept of regime is also used to name international regulatory agencies (see International regime), which lie outside of the control of national governments. Some authors thus distinguish analytically between institutions and regimes while recognizing that they are bound up with each other:

"Institutions as we describe them are publicly enacted, relatively-enduring bodies of practice, procedures and norms, ranging from formalized legal entities such as the WTO to more informal but legally-buttressed and abiding sets of practices and regimes such as the liberal capitalist market. The key phrases here are 'publicly enacted' and 'relatively enduring'. The phrase 'publicly enacted' in this sense implies active projection, legal sanction, and often as not, some kind of opposition."

Regimes can thus be defined as sets of protocols and norms embedded either in institutions or institutionalized practices – formal such as states or informal such as the "liberal trade regime" – that are publicly enacted and relatively enduring.

Urban regimes
Other regime theorists argue that there are also more localized urban regimes that are categorized by interests, institutions, and ideas in a city. Urban regimes are defined as the relations between local state and polity elites with particular institution forms and policy goals.

Urban regime theorist Jill Clark argues that these regime types are categorized by economic actors and policy-making within a community. The six urban regime types are: entrepreneurial, caretaker, player, progressive, stewardship, and the demand-side.

Measuring regime
There are two primary ways in which regimes are measured: continuous measures of democracy (e.g. Freedom House (FH), Polity, and the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem)) and binary measures of democracy (e.g. Regimes of the World). A continuous measure of democracy creates categorical classifications based on gradations of democracy and autocracy though previously, primarily focused on the differentiation of democracies and autocracies. A binary measure of democracy classifies a country as either a democracy or not.

While some argue that unless a government is “x” or generates “x”, then such an institution is not worthy of being declared a democracy, academics establish that there is no single set of practices that embody democracy, but rather a matrix of various outcomes and combinations. According to Stanford political science professor Philippe C. Schmitter and associate professor Terry Lynn Karl, such matrices take into consideration factors such as consensus, participation, access, responsiveness, majority rule, parliamentary sovereignty, party government, pluralism, federalism, presidentialism, and checks and balances.

V-Dem Institute, an independent research institute that aims to conceptualize and measure democracy, serves as one of the world’s most well-known continuous measures of democracy. V-Dem formally describes their data utilizing a notation that contains ratings of numerous indicators. Such indicators include access to justice, electoral corruption, and freedom from government sponsored violence. V-Dem then relies on country experts who supply subjective ratings of said latent or concealed regime indicators over any given period of time.

title: Regime


text:
Bahrainona

Baḥraynunā (بحريننا; "Our Bahrain"; also known as نشيد البحرين الوطني Našīd al-Baḥrayn al-waṭanī, "the national anthem of Bahrain") is the national anthem of Bahrain. Originally composed as an instrumental in 1942, lyrics were added in 1985, which were changed in 2002 following the country's transformation from an emirate into a kingdom.

History
The anthem was originally composed in 1942 to be played at official events such as receptions, making Bahrain one of the first Arab countries to adopt a national anthem. The leaders of the police band made many modifications and additions to the music over the following years, most significantly in 1972, a year after Bahrain's independence from the United Kingdom, when it was extended by playing it twice.

In 1985, former leader of the police band Colonel Mohamed Sudqi Ayyash wrote lyrics for the anthem, which were used until 2002. That year, with the emergence of the National Action Charter and a constitutional amendments referendum that declared the country's ruler Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifah a king and the country a kingdom, the lyrics were changed by Minister of the Royal Court Khalid bin Ahmed Al Khalifa. Bahraini composer and singer Ahmed Aljumairi was directed by the government to re-arrange the national anthem with an inclusion of a fanfare that was recorded with the London Philharmonic Orchestra in London. Mr. Ahmed Aljumairi sang the national anthem with the chorus in that recording that became the official anthem of the country. Band leader Major General Mubarak Najm Al-Najm made a military band version arrangement that is used by the police.

title: Bahrainona


text:
Amar Sonar Bangla

"" (আমার সোনার বাংলা, ) is the national anthem of Bangladesh. An ode to Mother Bengal, the lyrics were written by Bengali polymath Rabindranath Tagore in 1905, while the melody of the hymn was adopted from the Baul singer Gagan Harkara's song "Ami Kothay Pabo Tare" (আমি কোথায় পাবো তারে) set to Dadra Tala. The modern instrumental rendition was arranged by Bangladeshi musician Samar Das.

Etymology
The word literally means "made of gold", with  meaning gold, and  showing possession. It is used as a term of endearment meaning "beloved", but in the song the words may be interpreted to express the preciousness of Bengal.

History

The song was written in 1905 during the first partition of Bengal, when the ruling British Empire had an undivided province of Bengal Presidency split into two parts; the decision was announced on 20 July by the then-Viceroy of India Lord Curzon, taking effect on 16 October. This divide of Bengal, being along communal lines–East Bengal and Assam having a majority of Muslims and West Bengal having a majority of Hindus–is claimed to have been politically motivated. Along with a host of others, songs such as this were meant to rekindle the unified spirit of Bengal, to raise public consciousness against the communal political divide. The lyrics first appeared in the September issues of Bongodorshon and Baul simultaneously, in 1905. The song along with the musical notation (referred to as in Bengali), first appeared in the periodical musical journal Shongeet Biggnan Probeshika in the same month and year. Indira Devi, Tagore's niece, Satyendranath Tagore's daughter, jotted down the musical notation hearing it from Tagore himself (this was the common norm, Tagore singing the song, and someone formally jotting down the musical notations).

Official adaption
The first ten lines of the original poem constitute the most commonly sung version of Bangladesh's national anthem, adopted in 1971 during its liberation war. The instrumental orchestra rendition was composed by Samar Das.

Lyrics as sung
The following are the lyrics of the national anthem as sung, which differ slightly from the original poem.

Original poem
The following provides the lyrics of "Amar Sonar Bangla" as written by Rabindranath Tagore. Only the first ten lines of the original lyrics currently constitute Bangladesh's national anthem.

Notable performances and covers
The Ministry of Cultural Affairs planned to stage an event on Bangladesh's 44th independence day, in a bid to have the world record of the most people singing a national anthem simultaneously. Consequently, on 2 March, the ministry launched a program titled "Lakho Konthe Sonar Bangla" whose main objective was to hold an event with the cooperation of Bangladesh Armed Forces where approximately 300,000 people would sing the national anthem. Several popular Bangladeshi musicians and cultural groups later joined the program.

The record was broken at 11:20 on 26 March 2014 by 254,537 participants at Dhaka's National Parade Ground. The event was attended by the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad, and all the members of the cabinet. After receiving the required evidence, the Guinness Book of World Records approved the record on 9 April 2014. The record was broken by India on 21 January 2017.

title: Amar Sonar Bangla


text:
Talk:HIV/AIDS in the United States

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 29 August 2019 and 20 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Tbeglarian. Peer reviewers: Vap2020, 1Mehayla.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:04, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 4 September 2019 and 18 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): RyanMcGeo. Peer reviewers: SCHILLGM9363, Chrisjnov.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:04, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 27 January 2021 and 19 May 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Yaneth.R.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:04, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 31 August 2021 and 16 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Peer reviewers: Megfromhercules.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:04, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Almajacinto. Peer reviewers: Fungjennifer1.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:56, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

"AIDS continues to be a problem with illegal sex workers"
..you can email him now for your own healing too on his email:  He is always able to help you get your heart desire granted................ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tubyd21 (talk • contribs) 00:16, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

 * Although I have sympathy towards those suffering from AIDS, the above infomercial  is misplaced here, which is supposed to be about improving the article. I thus  deleted it save for a small portion as a reference of what I am referring to.Grace and peace thru the Lord Jesus (talk) 13:02, 2 January 2017 (UTC)

If this is the case, then it may very well be suggested that their illicit status contributes to transmission of the disease - when shunned by a society who considers their occupation to be "illegal", they do not receive the education, services, contraceptives or other things necessary to stop HIV transmission. Thus, making sex workers illegal actually creates the problem, rather than the actual problem being with sex workers themselves, as the article tends to suggest. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.240.69.86 (talk) 02:20, 9 November 2008 (UTC)

Clarification Needed
The article says that black women are 19 times as likely as white women to become infected with HIV. I think that it should read "HIV infection is 19 times as prevalent among black women than among white women." The way it is currently written makes it sound as though a black woman who has sex with Mr. A, an HIV positive man, is 19 times as likely to become HIV positive than her white friend would be if she had sex with Mr. A. Although I am not a medical professional, my gut feeling is that skin pigmentation doesn't affect one's HIV vulnerability.

Now, to the extent that most people who engage in high-risk behavior tend to do so with members of their own ethnic group - that would be the reason why different ethnic groups have different HIV infection rates. Blood transfusions would be an obvious exception, and a great example of where race doesn't affect one's chances of becoming infected with the virus. (Most people don't choose sexual partners completely at random with regards to ethnicity, whereas race is irrelevant in blood transfusions. (Only blood type / rh compatibility matters, not ethnicity or gender or whatever.)) 208.105.23.214 (talk) 15:16, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

 * "my gut feeling is that skin pigmentation doesn't affect one's HIV vulnerability." I am certainly not in a position to judge, but this may not be the case. See African-Americans Genetically Prone to HIV, AIDS. Mateat (talk) 04:33, 24 December 2013 (UTC)
 * I think "19 times as likely as white women" vs. "19 times as prevalent among black women than among white women" is basically a difference without a distinction. Adding "due to perceived differences in culture" might do what you want to fix, if properly referenced.Grace and peace thru the Lord Jesus (talk) 13:10, 2 January 2017 (UTC)

Its not skin pigmentation per se that has the effect- rather it is the cultural differences among the black community in the United States. Black men are more likely to be "on the down low" (i.e. in the closet) than any other race, due to their cultural views on masculinity, among other things. Therefore, they tend not to get tested regularly as a component of the cultural phenomenon, which tends to promote the infection vector. In any event, the CDC statistics support the fact that black and Latino people have higher infection rates than other races. 66.90.153.184 (talk) 04:33, 10 October 2019 (UTC)

Nobody's talking any more
I see that the last comment in talk on this page is almost a year ago. Nobody is talking any more. This article is abandoned, not in conflict, ignored, or what? The comcepts here cry out for discussion, as in the main AIDS article, but it seems to be ignored. --Dumarest 21:40, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

GRID
Replaced this assertion"Gay activists opposed the GRID name from the outset, as having homosexuals identified as being disease carriers was at odds with the political goals of gaining acceptance for homosexuality. Their protests, combined with early evidence that the disease was not specific to gay men, resulting in the CDC renaming the syndrome AIDS, for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, in 1982." I don't know of any evidence that "gay activists" had anything to do with the name change (and it certainly does not square with my recollection of that history): in fact, the name was changed when it became apparent it was incorrect, and that the disease was not restricted to gay men. (And how logical would it have been to object to replacing "Gay Cancer" with "GRID" in the first place?) -- Someone else 07:28 21 Jun 2003 (UTC)

You still should have left the full acronym and the year of change in the text. I replaced them. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.150.28.34 (talk) 07:56, 31 August 2017 (UTC)

Category:LGBT history
I added this page to Category:LGBT history as it is currently mostly about, after all, a major part of gay history in America (that is, not a history exclusively belonging to gay people but a history that points toward modern attitudes regarding gay people and modern gay identity). I'm totally open to debate on the matter though. -Seth Mahoney 19:32, Aug 23, 2004 (UTC)

Last two decades
Fro some reason this article ends with Magic Johnson catching AIDS and the Ryan White foundation. Is there nothing to add about the last ten or twenty years? Did part of the article get cut off by accident? -Willmcw 08:48, 19 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Category:African-American history
I don't see any reason to have this article in that category so I'm removing it. 80.203.115.12 05:00, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Sure. I believe it belongs for the following reasons, but I am open to input.

 * 1) Many notable African-Americans have contracted it. I.e. Magic Johnson
 * 2) HIV rates are highest among the African-American community today (2/3 of all new teenage cases). See AIDS in America
 * 3) The CDC indicates the reason for this lies behind genetics. See AIDS
 * 4) Many African-American leaders as of late have spoken out against HIV and the need for more testing among their community, including Al Sharpton who participated in New York City’s gay pride events in order to build bridges between the two communities because he believes the gay population’s experience in dealing with it would be an invaluable resource to African-Americans.

What do you think? 70.57.82.114 21:05, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

I think it belongs in the category due to the fact that the higher infection rates are promoted by lack of testing, which in turn is most likely promoted by cultural aspects inherent to African Americans, if we are to take the CDC's statistics. You can read more about that here: https://www.hiv.gov/federal-response/ending-the-hiv-epidemic/hiv-in-america 66.90.153.184 (talk) 04:37, 10 October 2019 (UTC)

LaRouche and "PANIC"
Google give 24 hits for 'LaRouche "Prevent AIDS Now Initiative Committee"', doesn't seem to be notable at all. 80.203.115.12 05:07, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

"Homophobia"
Cut from the article:

 * This had an effect of boosting homophobia and adding stigma to homosexuality in the general public, particulaly since it seemed that unprotected anal intercourse seemed to be the prevalent way of spreading the disease.

The term homophobia implies irrational fear. I'm not sure Wikipedia is in a position to say that it is "irrational" to fear the transmission of a usually fatal disease. Whether we can assert that it is normal or rational to fear anything may also be up for grabs.

Better to say that certain advocates objected to the linking of AIDS with homosexuality, and to described their objections. (If all they ever said was Associating AIDS with homoxuality boosts homophobia then we can quote them as saying just that, but I'm fairly sure that a quick googling session will uncover their actual reasoning.)

I'd like to put back part of this passage right away, though, because it's a relatively unchallenged fact that anal intercourse is a major factor in transmitting AIDS. There is the directly related question about "unprotected" anal sex: i.e., how useful are condoms? Do they break, slip off, contain tiny holes? Do men forget to use them? (And if so, what does this say for the effectiveness of condom use as a disease-prevention strategy? (like seatbelts vs. airbags) There is also the related furor over whether HIV really does cause AIDS or not. Uncle Ed 22:51, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

The broad brush charge of "homophobia" towards  anyone who objects to homosexual relations or or fails to support  efforts of the homosexual movement is   basically a political  psychological tactic   and is often economically (at least)  harmful to those who are labeled such,  and should have no place in a encyclopedia except as describing the opinion certain persons. But to suggest that a segment of society  actually believes that any who oppose them are fearful of them, or of being one of them is to suggest  a irrational  psychological condition on the part of those who believe this.Grace and peace thru the Lord Jesus (talk) 13:31, 2 January 2017 (UTC)

I would also tend to support that. It is a fundamental misuse of the word root "-Phobia" at the core and brux of the issue, which tends to display scientific ignorance, if nothing else. 66.90.153.184 (talk) 04:39, 10 October 2019 (UTC)

Myth and fact
Here is MenStuff.org's point of view on the subject:

 * Myth: AIDS is a gay disease. Fact: Although the majority of people infected with HIV in the United States are gay, AIDS affects everyone. In other countries, it effects equal numbers of males and females, most presumably heterosexual, and their children. The highest increase in recent years in this country has been among infecting drug users, many of whom are heterosexual.

That is true, though it is fundamentally misleading as well as intellectually dishonest. but it is indisuptable that the highest rates of infection occur among homosexual men- therefore homosexuality IS an influential infection vector for HIV, if we're to give the CDC's data credence. I would tend to give the CDC preferential treatment as an authority on the subject matter, due to their extensive medical qualifications which surpass that of the citation example you referenced there. 66.90.153.184 (talk) 04:53, 10 October 2019 (UTC)

Unexplained revert - call for discussion / Unexplained cuts - call for discussion
AlexR reverted all my changes yesterday, with only the following comment:

 * just because it is not quite a "homosexual disease" does not mean it wasn't percieved as one

Sorry, Alex, but I don't understand your point here. Please explain why you reverted all my changes. In particular, was there some way in which one or more of my changes failed to acknowledge the perception (by some) that AIDs was perceived as a "homosexual disease"? And if so, what is the best way to discuss the "gay disease" perception?

If not in AIDS in the United States, perhaps in Gay disease or other related articles? Uncle Ed 14:49, August 22, 2005 (UTC)

Ed, we know you think you have something to add to any page touching on the subject of your bete noir, homosexuality, but the sad truth is your changes rarely improve any of the articles. On this talk page alone you confuse etymology with meaning, demonstrate that you are uninformed about measures which have been proven to decrease HIV transmission, and demonstrate that you are confused about whether there is a "furor" about what causes AIDS. I in my turn am perplexed by something you've added to the article: "Many people have strong feelings about AIDS and its causes". The cause of AIDS is well-known, and it is facts, not feelings that are important. You also seem to be forking articles, creating a mess that others will have to clean up. Rather than demanding that someone justifies returning the article to its "pre-Ed" state, you should be discussing such bold changes before making them. As none of your suggested changes and cuts seem to improve the article, I'm returning it to its "pre-Ed" state. - Outerlimits 17:32, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * 100% ACK - Uncle Ed may have his merrits outside a certain scope of articles, but this one is clearly within said scope.
 * Persons aside, though, if somebody wants to "improve" an article by removing large parts of it that were uncontested for quite a while, it is usually a good idea to explain exactly why what was removed on the talk page. And if this explanation contains "little holes in condoms" and similar ... errr ... phrases, then the remover should not really be surprised that his improvement goes the way of all bad edits. -- AlexR 19:36, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * None of this is too the point. Absent an explanation of your reversions, I still think they should be un-done. Uncle Ed 20:22, August 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * I think you have something wrong here - unless you can explain why you keep removing parts of the article, it is not those restoring the content you deleted that have to explain anything. -- AlexR 21:23, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

That would be correct- when you make changes to other user's edits without explaining why in the edit summary, it can be viewed as vandalism, as one should be able to explain why they reverted an edit. 66.90.153.184 (talk) 04:55, 10 October 2019 (UTC)

AIDS in 1969
The reference to the boy who was retroactively diagnosed with AIDS in 1969 is from a government website. There is a sentence, un-cited, directly after it saying that it was later confirmed that he did not have AIDS. the NIH website (which has the original reference) has more than one citation for people believed to have AIDS or a similar disease prior to 1970. Should we remove the following, contradictory statement? 66.65.55.108 04:43, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

 * This claim was also simultaneously inserted into Timeline of AIDS on 18 January 2007. On the talk page of that article, source was asked, none was provided. The claim was subsequently removed. Its occurrence in this article was apparently overlooked. Accordingly, I have removed the unsourced claim from here as well. 84.42.138.246 09:55, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

Conspiracy theories
This- "The pattern of the AIDS outbreak itself, has been gravely affected, and even strongly determined, by the outcomes of a program of 'planned shrinkage' directed in African-American and Hispanic communities, and implemented through systematic and continuing denial of municipal services--particularly fire extinguishment resources--essential for maintaining urban levels of population density and ensuring community stability.[2]" is an implausible conspiracy theory. As the article on Planned Shrinkage itself points out, planned shrinkage was never implemented in any urban area. It's hard to see how an unimplemented proposal could affect the epidemiology of a disease. The source cited simply provides an abstract, i.e., conclusions and no evidence. This passage should be deleted unless positive evidence of the actual implementation of planned shrinkage can be found. The following statement- "Institutionalized racism affects general health care as well as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) health intervention and services in minority communities. The national response to the AIDS epidemic in minority communities has been slow, showing an insensitivity to ethnic diversity in prevention efforts and AIDS health services-" is another bald assertion quoted verbatim from a scholarly abstract without reference to evidence. These two assertions are extreme and controversial, and more evidence for them should be shown if they are to be included. Spccarp 05:10, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Immigration and Visitor Policy
I was under the impression that the US has a complete ban on immigrants and visitors who have HIV/AIDS; however, this article seems to imply that it is a strong restriction and that infected people can still get in. Does anyone know anything about this?--World's Vortex (talk) 11:56, 20 October 2008 (UTC)
 * The immigration/travel policy is worthy of much expansion. I'm considering attempting a major reorganization/rewrite of this page.  The legislative ban on travel/immigration was in effect since 1987 with changing qualifications for waivers until July 2008.  The PEPFAR reauthorization signed in 2008 lifted the legislative ban, and reverted full authority for determining "excludable diseases" to the dept of HHS.  I don't know if they have revised the list of "excludable diseases" since then.173.8.220.209 (talk) 18:23, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

Charts out of date
We need new charts, these are out of date. 61.7.185.172 (talk) 00:55, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

 * The data in general is out of date in the article. The CDC has much more current statistics available online. Surv1v4l1st (Talk 03:15, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

The latest infographics have now been put in place. 66.90.153.184 (talk) 23:23, 17 October 2019 (UTC)

Blacks sexually egregious
In this edit, an IP editor added "... blacks are more sexually egregious than other races." I'm not seeing "egregious" in either the summary source URL, or the Times story. I've tagged it as POV for the time being, and will have a full read through of the two sources and do some cleanup, but I'm planning to remove it again. -Optigan13 (talk) 06:01, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

The problem is that the CDC statistics from 2017 onward tend to support the notion, and rather strongly allude to the point. 66.90.153.184 (talk) 04:42, 10 October 2019 (UTC)

HIV Final Rule by HHS/CDC
Does anyone have an idea where this should go in the article? I tried to put it in the text with supporting footnote but it was taken out by an editor who thought it "implies that HIV is not communicable". See History. BruceSwanson (talk) 23:12, 29 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Bruce Swanson's text that he added was this: "As of January 4, 2010, the Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention made effective a Final Rule in the Federal Register removing HIV infection from the list of communicable diseases of public health significance and removing references to HIV from the scope of medical examinations for aliens. "
 * I suggest a version of this that is slightly less technical, does not plagiarise the source, and may address the concerns of a deleting editor: "As of January 4, 2010, the Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention removed HIV infection from the list of communicable diseases of public health significance, indicating that, while HIV is a serious infection, 'it is not a communicable disease that is a significant public health risk for introduction, transmission, and spread through casual contact'. From the same date, HIV status ceased to be a factor considered in the granting of visas to travel to the United States."
 * —Preceding unsigned comment added by Hamiltonstone (talk • contribs) 20:11, April 29, 2010
 * I would suggest removing the "...it is not a communicable disease that..." part, leaving "[HIV] is not a significant public health risk for introduction, transmission and spread through casual contact." Though it is a communicable disease, the essence, the important part, is the fact that it is not a signfificant public health risk.  Or, for a complete rewrite, may I suggest:

On January 4, 2010, the United States Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention removed HIV status as a factor to be considered in the granting of travel visas, and also removed it from their list of diseases that are significant for public health reasons based on its low risk of being spread through casual contact.
 * All diseases are communicable, and there is no question that HIV is a serious infection. The important thing is that HIV is not a consideration for visas, and not a public health concern for reasons of casual infection.  I believe it is relevant and should be included, but in no way should the seriousness of the infection be downplayed.  I also don't think this particular bit of information is worth repeating on any of the pages that aren't US-specific (per WP:CSB this tidbit of information is only relevant to the US, not to HIV pages in general).  WLU (t) (c) Wikipedia's rules: simple/complex 12:25, 30 April 2010 (UTC)

 * It's important and desirable to mention that the US has lifted the (in my opinion unfairly discriminatory) travel ban on HIV-positive people. Incidentally, the previous version already did that. To state that the US no longer considers HIV a communicable disease is ridiculous without explaining the technical context in which that language is meant...and we shouldn't have to do that in a general encyclopaedia article. I'm concerned that the editor placing this quote has cherry-picked a sentence that seems support an AIDS denialist viewpoint. Keepcalmandcarryon (talk) 14:34, 30 April 2010 (UTC)
 * A concern, yes. The CDC statement doesn't say HIV is not a communicable disease, it says it is a communicable disease that is not of public health significance (bad wording, what I'm trying to get at is that HIV is a serious disease of public health concern, but because the risk of infection through casual contact is low, because treatment regimens, awareness and prevention has been effective, and because we thoroughly understand what HIV is and how it causes AIDS, its significance for public health has dropped from it's original status in the 80s to somewhere around the level of other sexually transmitted diseases rather than a terrifying epidemic).  That's what I'm trying to get at - that it's no longer a public health concern for purposes of travel.  I think it's worth including that the visa ban has been removed, but it'd be nice if we could get some background on exactly why it has been removed - and pick a wording that doesn't portray it as illusory.  What do you think of the above suggestions?  WLU (t) (c) Wikipedia's rules: simple/complex 15:03, 30 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I think they're fine, and I encourage you to add whatever language you feel is necessary to explain the reasons. I'll drop in again soon to check up on this. Thanks, WLU. Keepcalmandcarryon (talk) 15:12, 30 April 2010 (UTC)

Here is the exact language of the first two sentences of the Final Rule from the CDC website:

''1. SUMMARY: On November 2, the Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (HHS/CDC), published a Final Rule in the Federal Register that will remove HIV infection from the list of communicable diseases of public health significance and remove references to HIV from the scope of medical examinations for aliens. The final rule will go into effect on January 4, 2010.''

And here's what I added to the article:

As of January 4, 2010, the Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention made effective a Final Rule in the Federal Register removing HIV infection from the list of communicable diseases of public health significance and removing references to HIV from the scope of medical examinations for aliens.

Just for the record. BruceSwanson (talk) 16:00, 30 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Given the context of the paragraph, that HIV was removed from the list is somewhat irrelevant and unnecessary. I put in the part about visas, but no about being removed from the list.  WLU (t) (c) Wikipedia's rules: simple/complex 19:22, 30 April 2010 (UTC)

Simply mentioning travel visas, and not the context which provided the reason why, is not an improvement. And the link itself was dead. I thus provided a current CDC page as the ref and added the context of this ruling, and made it clear what   was being rescinded and why.Grace and peace thru the Lord Jesus (talk) 14:28, 2 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on HIV/AIDS in the United States. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20100821072159/http://www.blackaids.org:80/image_uploads/article_575/08_left_behind.pdf to http://www.blackaids.org/image_uploads/article_575/08_left_behind.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 21:05, 27 February 2016 (UTC)

Order of article sections misplaced
On an article on a deadly disease why would Public perception (first section) be the primary focus? Is this the norm for other diseases? And why is By Race/Ethnicity a subsection of it? It makes this article look like it has a political agenda, and in any case it is misplaced, and should be under Current status. These two topics are followed by Containment with its subs Travel restrictions and Medicine disbursement, then finally Mortality and morbidity and  Current status.

I think most readers want to know what the status of the disease itself  is in the US, and that  it would make more sense if a basic history of the disease itself was first, followed by Current status section,  and  a Mortality and morbidity subsection,  with a historical trajectory. Then a history of the response by the government and country overall, including Containment with its subs Travel restrictions and Medicine disbursement could follow.  Grace and peace thru the Lord Jesus (talk) 02:55, 3 January 2017 (UTC)

I would ordinarily tend to agree that the political aspirations need to be removed from the article insofar as possible. However, Race and Ethnicity is a distinguished and notable variable in the CDC's infection-rate data that simply cannot be glossed over if we're to give the subject matter any serious treatment. Also, in the United States there has been a sort of melding of the government's efforts to deal with the disease, and the political climate concerning the whole thing that is so intertwined that I don't think the two can be completely seperated at this point if we're to give the article a thoroughness that isn't so profoundly intellectually dishonest that it fails under its own ponderosity. 66.90.153.184 (talk) 04:49, 10 October 2019 (UTC)

 * I was not arguing for the political aspects or response aspects to be removed, but for a restructuring seeing as the main reasons for the response are directly related to the medical effects of HIV/AIDs, but which is placed in different sections after those on the responses. To wit, after the intro, you have a 3 sentence section, "Mortality and morbidity," which does not provide much of anything in detail. That is followed by "Containment and Medical treatment", "Medical treatment," "Travel restrictions", "Public health policies', "Public perception,' 'Perspective of doctors," which should be together under a historical section, but most  which begs for more data as to why these responses are needed or were met with such.

 * Then we have "By race/ethnicity" and "Down-Low culture among black MSM,"  and  " Risk factors contributing to the black HIV rate" which should go together in a section dealing with medical effects.  Next there is "Activism and response" which should belong in the  historical section, like the next section "Catholic Church"  where "Public perception," and  "Perspective of doctors" are found, likewise "Present day activism" which follows it.  Finally, almost as if an afterthought there is "Current status" which actually provides detailed substantiation  as to the lethality of HIV/AIDs, and which is what mainly drives the medical response, apart from political employments of the crisis.     This section could follow (as a subsection)   "Mortality and morbidity," which would then be followed by "By race/ethnicity" and "Down-Low  culture among black MSM,"  and  " Risk factors contributing to the black HIV rate." Before or after this the historical response sections should follow, but at least they should all be placed together, after expanding  "Mortality and morbidity," to include some of the Current status data.  And perhaps a separate page on Medical effects of  HIV/AIDs should be considered for this article to link to.   Grace and peace thru the Lord Jesus (talk) 13:17, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

Containment
In the "Containment" section, I added a subsection on public health policies that have been brought up as a result of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. This includes President Reagan's Commission on the HIV Epidemic, President Clinton's National AIDS Strategy, and President Obama's National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United States. Tbeglarian (talk) 17:45, 19 December 2019 (UTC)

RfC on whether to mention Ronald Reagan's handling of the AIDS crisis in the lead section of his bio
You are invited to join the discussion at Talk:Ronald Reagan. Sdkb (talk) 18:08, 17 March 2020 (UTC)

"AIDS crisis" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect AIDS crisis and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. ‑‑Neveselbert (talk · contribs · email) 07:42, 7 February 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: The History of Sexuality
— Assignment last updated by MeganTheeStallion123 (talk) 04:40, 30 November 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Population Health Capstone
— Assignment last updated by AnndySerr12 (talk) 04:19, 25 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:HIV/AIDS in the United States


text:
My Belarusy

The "State Anthem of the Republic of Belarus" (Дзяржаўны гімн Рэспублікі Беларусь ), better known as "My Belarusy" (Мы, беларусы, My, Bielarusy; "We, Belarusians"), is the national anthem of Belarus. It was originally written in the 1940s and adopted in 1955 for use in the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. The music of the Byelorussian SSR's regional anthem was composed by Niescier Sakałoŭski and the lyrics were written by Michas Klimkovič. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the music composed by Sakalowski was kept and the lyrics were discarded. New lyrics, which were written by Klimkovič and Uladzimir Karyzna, were adopted by a presidential decree issued on 2 July 2002.

Anthem of the Byelorussian SSR
"My Belarusy" was originally used as the anthem of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic starting from 24 February 1955. The original anthem was composed by Sakałoŭski and the lyrics were written by Maxim Klimkovich. It was presented in front of a jury in 1944, but it took 11 years of modifications before it was officially adopted. When Belarus became an independent country, the national anthem was modified to drop the Communist-era lyrics. An attempt was made in 1995 to adopt Natallia Arsiennieva's poem "O God Almighty" as the national anthem, but the suggestion was not acted on even though it was supported by a parliamentary committee.

Anthem of the Republic of Belarus
After the independence of Belarus in 1991, the country retained the anthem of the BSSR without lyrics for official use. The only legal mention of a national anthem in Belarusian law before 2002 was in the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus. Section One, Article 19 of the constitution states that "The symbols of the Republic of Belarus as a sovereign state shall be its national flag, national emblem and national anthem." While the constitution only mentioned the use of the flag, national anthem, and arms as state symbols, each symbol had to be defined by law. A law specifying a national anthem was not enacted until Presidential Decree 350 took effect on 18 July 2002, the day before Belarus's independence day. The decree's main objective was to establish lyrics for the anthem and introduce musical notation along with the new lyrics. Moreover, the decree designated when, where, and how the anthem was to be performed.

According to the newspaper Soviet Byelorussia, President Lukashenko decided on the anthem on 12 June 2002 and chose to have its first performance on 3 July—Belarusian independence day, the anniversary of the date in 1944 when the Wehrmacht was driven away from Minsk by the Red Army. However, the first performance actually took place on 2 July at a concert organized by the government as part of the Belarusian independence festivities.

When Lukashenko issued his decree selecting a new national anthem, only slight changes were made to the Soviet-era hymn. While the references to Russia, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Vladimir Lenin were replaced; the overall theme of "friendship of peoples" and the original music composed by Sakałoŭski were preserved. The government stated that it had decided to keep Sakałoŭski's music in order to maintain historical continuity, and also on account of its popularity and musical quality. After the national anthem was adopted, the process of adopting national symbols was completed.

Reaction
The organization Freedom House commented on the adoption of the anthem in a report about the country, published in 2003. On page 125 of the "Country Report of Belarus", Freedom House says that President Lukashenko has "reintroduced the state symbols used by the old Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. In 2002, the president approved a streamlined version of the Soviet-era anthem "My Belarusy" ("We Belarusians"), as the country's new national anthem." The report also mentioned President Lukashenko's ban of the symbols that were used since Belarus's independence in 1991, such as the Pahonia arms and the white, red, white flag, which Lukashenko claims are associated with fascism (because the pro-Nazi Belarusian Central Rada in World War II used these symbols). In 2003, Dr. Taras Kuzio wrote in Radio Free Europe that President Lukashenko "is the quintessential Soviet Belarusian patriot who presides over a regime steeped in Soviet nostalgia." Kuzio said that the motives of Russia and Belarus in re-adopting Soviet-era symbols are part of restoring that nostalgia.

Usage and regulations
The anthem must be performed in accordance with the lyrics and sheet music established by law. Each day, all national free to air radio stations and television networks across the country are required to play it twice; at 06:00 when going on air and again at 00:00 upon going off air. The anthem can also be performed on certain occasions, such as at government meetings, before sporting events and presidential inaugurations. While the anthem is being performed, citizens are required to stand at attention and those in military or police uniform must to be in Full Russian-style hand salute (if not in formation).

Vajacki Marš
"Vajacki Marš" (March of the Warriors) was the official anthem of the Belarusian Democratic Republic, a Belarusian state that was created in 1918 but lasted only 10 months, during World War I.

Since 1919, the song has been used as an anthem of Belarus by Belarusian emigrant communities in Western Europe and North America. It is still considered the official anthem used by the government-in-exile of the Belarusian Democratic Republic.

Mahutny Boža
"Mahutny Boža", a religious hymn, is also actively used by those who oppose the regime of Alexander Lukashenko.

Pahonia
The song Pahonia, based on the poem by Maksim Bahdanovich and set to music by Mikalay Shchahlou-Kulikovich, has been performed acapella during the 2020 Belarusian protests and experienced a resurged popularity following them.

Young Belarus
A favourite in the anthem competition was the poem called Young Belarus (Маладая Беларусь) by Janka Kupala. However, the poem was never set to a musical composition, so Young Belarus could not be selected as the anthem.

Žyvi, Biełaruś/Krasuj, Biełaruś
The anthem "Live, Belarus!" («Жыві, Беларусь»), with lyrics by Uladzimir Nyaklyayew and music by Vasily Rainchik won a 1992 non-binding contest and was occasionally used afterwards. For the 2002 contest, a revised version with the title Flourish, Belarus! (Красуй, Беларусь) was submitted, coming first in the vote with more than 37,300 votes. However, the commission selected the later-adopted version, which came in third, claiming that it and the other two lower-placed songs, which all shared the BSSR anthem's melody, were selected by the total majority of voters (50,271 out of a total of 113,254).

Belarusian lyrics
The first verse and chorus are the most commonly performed parts of the anthem played during official ceremonies.

title: My Belarusy


text:
Dymaxion car

The Dymaxion car was designed by American inventor Buckminster Fuller during the Great Depression and featured prominently at Chicago's 1933/1934 World's Fair. Fuller built three experimental prototypes with naval architect Starling Burgess – using donated money as well as a family inheritance – to explore not an automobile per se, but the 'ground-taxiing phase' of a vehicle that might one day be designed to fly, land and drive – an "Omni-Medium Transport". Fuller associated the word Dymaxion with much of his work, a portmanteau of the words dynamic, maximum, and tension, to summarize his goal to do more with less.

The Dymaxion's aerodynamic bodywork was designed for increased fuel efficiency and top speed, and its platform featured a lightweight hinged chassis, rear-mounted V8 engine, front-wheel drive (a rare RF layout), and three wheels. With steering via its third wheel at the rear (capable of 90° steering lock), the vehicle could steer itself in a tight circle, often causing a sensation. Fuller noted severe limitations in its handling, especially at high speed or in high wind, due to its rear-wheel steering (highly unsuitable for anything but low speeds) and the limited understanding of the effects of lift and turbulence on automobile bodies in that era – allowing only trained staff to drive the car and saying it "was an invention that could not be made available to the general public without considerable improvements." Shortly after its launch, a prototype crashed and killed the Dymaxion's driver.

Despite courting publicity and the interest of auto manufacturers, Fuller used his inheritance to finish the second and third prototypes, selling all three, dissolving Dymaxion Corporation and reiterating that the Dymaxion was never intended as a commercial venture. One of the three original prototypes survives, and two semi-faithful replicas have recently been constructed. The Dymaxion was included in the 2009 book Fifty Cars That Changed The World and was the subject of the 2012 documentary The Last Dymaxion.

In 2008, The New York Times said Fuller "saw the Dymaxion, as he saw much of the world, as a kind of provisional prototype, a mere sketch, of the glorious, eventual future."

History
Fuller would ultimately go on to fully develop his Comprehensive Anticipatory Design Science, his theory of using all technology on behalf of all people as soon as possible, but by this point it was "his job, Fuller decided, to identify a problem, develop a way to solve it, and wait – perhaps as long as twenty-five years – for public awareness to catch up.

In 1930, Fuller had purchased an architectural magazine, T-Square, which he ultimately renamed Shelter. Fuller edited the magazine anonymously for two years, and in 1928 published sketches of his land-air-water vehicle, called a 4D Transport. 4D stood for Four Dimensional, a term used in physics and mathematics, referring to length, width, depth and time.

Regarding the 4D transport, author Lloyd S. Sieden, wrote in his 2000 book Bucky Fuller's Universe:

"With such a vehicle at our disposal, [Fuller] felt that human travel, like that of birds, would no longer be confined to airports, roads, and other bureaucratic boundaries, and that autonomous free-thinking human beings could live and prosper wherever they chose."

To his daughter, Allegra, he described the Dymaxion as: "A "zoomobile", explaining that it could hop off the road at will, fly about, then, as deftly as a bird, settle back into a place in traffic."

Fuller was offered $5,000 (2023: $119,500) from wealthy former stock trader and socialite Philip (variously reported as Phillip) Pearson and his wife Temple Pearson (niece of Isadora Duncan) of Philadelphia. Pearson was a stock broker and had presciently sold short a large quantity of stock before the Great Depression, becoming instantly wealthy. Pearson had known of Fuller's studies, had more wealth than he needed, and felt he could put Fuller and others to work in a way that would also do something to alleviate unemployment.

Fuller initially refused his benefactor, concerned about potential profit motives and short-sightedness. Fuller devised a contract, famously adding a so-called "ice cream soda clause" where Fuller could freely buy only ice cream sodas with all the donated money, should he so choose.

On March 4, 1933 – as President Roosevelt instituted a banking moratorium, Fuller formed Dymaxion Corporation, set up a workshop in the former dynamometer building of the defunct Locomobile Company at Tongue Point, on the west side of the harbor in Bridgeport, Connecticut, and hired naval architect Starling Burgess and a team of 27 workmen, including former Rolls-Royce mechanics. 1000 workmen had applied for the 27 jobs. The first of three prototypes was completed in three months – on Fuller's 38th birthday, July 12, 1933.

On October 18, 1933, Fuller filed a patent, which was granted in 1937.

Signage on the Tongue Pointe, former Locomobile building read 4D Dymaxion.
 * Dymaxion Corporation location: 41.16725°N, -73.18031°W)
 * Note: Blueprints of the Dymaxion carried the name of the company as the 4D Company,

Design
Because he was aiming for what Fuller called Omni Medium Transport, a vehicle that could go anywhere, the Dymaxion would ultimately have "wheels for ground travel and jet stilts for instant takeoff and flight." Jet stilts were Fuller's placeholder idea for a future technology that could provide compact, concentrated lift – twenty years before the commercial availability of jets.

Estimating that designing a land–sea–air vehicle was then financially and technically out of reach, Fuller focused on the most dangerous and challenging mode of such vehicle: landing and taxiing on hard ground.

Fuller favored front-wheel drive, studying the way a wheelbarrow could more effectively pull its load rather than pitch forward when pushing a load. He began studies of the relationships between vehicles (cars, trucks – and also birds and fish) with the media in which they operated (fluid dynamics) – as well as steering mechanisms in nature, especially the rear "single fin" steering of birds and fish. Burgess, inventor of the first delta-wing aircraft, was invaluable to the project – but skeptical the vehicle would ever fly.

Fuller theorized that getting a long, aerodynamic 'plane' fuselage – which was also inclined to have trailing, rear steering – to land safely and not immediately turn into the wind, would be a major challenge. The vehicle would inherently exhibit something he called "ground-loopiness," and chose to focus his energy there. Although it was never intended as such, Fuller anticipated the public would instinctively call such a vehicle an automobile, and when licensing to drive the vehicle on Connecticut roads, acquiesced and applied for an automobile registration.

Fuller had worked with sculptor Isamu Noguchi to create plaster wind tunnel models of the Dymaxion to help determine its teardrop shape. Authors of a 2011 detailed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis at Coventry University of the Dymaxion bodywork noted the form's "similarity in shape to a humpback whale" and concluded "the Dymaxion car looks close to a drag optimum style and serves as a useful reference for low drag forms."

Prototypes One, Two and Three

 * Prototype One, at 20 ft long, was built on a hinged two-frame chassis constructed of lightweight chromoly steel with aircraft-type dished lightening holes – and powered by a Ford V8 engine producing 85 bhp in a rear-engine, front-wheel-drive layout. The front axle was a re-purposed and inverted (the flipped axle must be inverted to prevent the pinion gears from running the wrong way) rear axle from a contemporary Ford roadster. Tires were provided by Goodyear. The suspension used leaf springs "turned sideways" (transverse leaf springs) and bodywork featured sheet aluminum over an ash wood frame, with a roof partially constructed of snap-on painted canvas. Original blueprints indicate seating for four, including the driver. Fuller said he had achieved fuel economy of 36 mpg (7.8l/100 km) and to have reached a speed of 206 km/h.
 * Prototypes Two and Three featured developmental improvements including a lighter three-frame chassis central periscope providing rearward vision, larger side windows, recessed headlights and a roof-mounted stabilizer with rear-facing exhaust outlet.
 * Videos: In contemporary videos (see External links, below), Fuller is seen driving the vehicle at high speed. In another Fuller showing off his speeding ticket, demonstrating its ability to turn "on itself", easily parallel parking in a space only six inches longer than the car, remarking that he averaged over 22 mpg (up to 30 mpg), and commenting on its stability, with a center of gravity both low and ahead of the midpoint of its wheelbase.

Later prototype history

 * Prototype One was badly damaged in the noted car crash at the time of the 1933 Chicago Century of Progress fair. The car was repaired and sold to the director of the automotive division of the U.S. Bureau of Standards (BoS), only to be subsequently destroyed in a fire at the Washington D.C. garage of the BoS.
 * Prototype Two survives in the Harrah Collection of the National Automobile Museum in Reno, Nevada. Prototype Two was initially purchased by Alfred Williams, manager of the Gulf Refining Company and driven cross country in a nationwide advertising promotion of aircraft fuel. In a contemporary video (see External links, below), Fuller notes that good friend Amelia Earhart asked that the Dymaxion be her official car for the celebration of her receiving the National Gold Medal from National Geographic. Dymaxion Prototype Two was driven to Washington and garnered considerable publicity.
 * Prototype Three changed hands many times but was lost, presumed scrapped, in the 1950s. Once owned by Leopold Stokowski, it was estimated to have been driven 300,000 miles.

In 1934, Noguchi drove a completed Dymaxion on an extended road trip through Connecticut with Clare Boothe Luce and Dorothy Hale, stopping to see Thornton Wilder in Hamden, Connecticut, before driving to Hartford for the out-of-town opening of Gertrude Stein's and Virgil Thomson's Four Saints in Three Acts.

One of the prototypes was driven extensively in a campaign to raise funds in support of the Allies in WW II.

Handling limitations
Fuller and Burgess realized early that the Dymaxion concept would present considerable challenges. As anticipated, and in line with the purpose of the exploration, maneuvering in high winds proved problematic, with the vehicle having a strong tendency to turn into the wind. Steering difficulty and lift at the rear of the vehicle were also observed.

Fuller realized the Dymaxion "was an invention that could not be made available to the general public without considerable improvements," and instituted a program of constant refinement and improvement to the platform.

Because of its limitations, Fuller and Burgess limited driving to a list of trained drivers and restricted use in high winds or inclement weather.

Speed record
Soon after launching Prototype One, Fuller was invited to exhibit the Dymaxion at a Bronx race track, beating the track record by 50% and drawing attention because it did not slide or drift across the track like the other race cars.

Crashes
A highly publicized crash in Prototype One on October 27, 1933, occurred "virtually at the entrance to the Chicago Century of Progress World's Fair." The Dymaxion rolled over during the crash, killing its driver, a Gulf employee named Francis T. Turner, and seriously injuring its passengers: aviation pioneer (and noted spy) William Sempill and Charles Dollfuss, curator of France's first air museum.

The cause of the crash is disputed. A coroner's inquest did not ascribe fault for the accident, stating that it involved a collision with a car driven by a shoe salesman named Meyer Roth (Fuller erroneously identified Roth as a highly placed Chicago Parks commissioner). When Fuller learned that another car was involved, he placed the blame for the incident entirely on Roth. Eyewitnesses, however, stated that Roth's vehicle struck the Dymaxion only after it had begun to roll over.

Fuller, who was not present at the accident, provided his version of events in a book he wrote in collaboration with Robert Marks on the Dymaxion; this account was repeated in Lloyd Steven Sieden's book on Fuller. They stated that the two vehicles were traveling at 70 mph, with Turner trying to evade the politician's car. The inquest showed, they argued, that the design of the Dymaxion was not a factor in the crash. The politician's car, they further claimed, was quickly and illegally removed from the scene of the crash before reporters arrived. Turner was wearing a seatbelt but was killed when the canvas-covered roof framing collapsed. Dollfuss was not wearing a seatbelt, was ejected and landed nearby on his feet. Sempill was severely injured and took months to recover before he could testify at the subsequent inquest. The Dymaxion itself had rolled over and was badly damaged but was subsequently repaired by Fuller and Burgess.

In the press, no mention was made that the Dymaxion had been involved in a two-car crash. Instead, the cause of the crash was attributed to the car's unconventional configuration: headlines in New York and Chicago read, "Freak car rolls over – killing famous driver – injuring international passengers".

Fuller himself would later crash Prototype Two, with his only surviving daughter, Allegra (Allegra Fuller Snyder), aboard.

Auto industry
Fuller received interest from Walter Chrysler, Henry Ford, and Henry Kaiser as well as companies including Packard, Studebaker and Curtiss-Wright.

Chrysler said Fuller had "produced exactly the car [he had] always wanted to produce", when his company had set out to design a highly advanced, aerodynamic car, the Airflow, which Walter Chrysler ultimately found inferior. Chrysler commissioned Fuller to study the development of the Airflow, finding Fuller had used one quarter the money and a third the time to make his prototype.

At various points, it appeared several manufacturers were interested in marketing the Dymaxion. Walter Chrysler was interested – though he advised Fuller that such an advanced design would meet considerable resistance and would make every used car on the road obsolete, threatening the wholesale dealer distribution and finance network. In his 1988 book The Age of Heretics, author Art Kleiner said bankers had threatened to recall their loans, feeling the car would destroy sales for second-hand cars and for vehicles already in the distribution channels.

Replicas
Hemmings Motor News cites two "faithful or semi-faithful" replicas:

 * The Foster Dymaxion Replica was built in October 2010, by architect and student of Buckminster Fuller, Sir Norman Foster. Foster's team conducted extensive research to replicate its interior, which had completely deteriorated on the only surviving prototype and had not been well documented. Foster was able to borrow Prototype Two under the condition he would also restore its interior. Prototype Two was shipped to the U.K. in order for the work to be carried out before returning to the National Automobile Museum in Reno, Nevada.
 * The Lane Dymaxion Replica was commissioned by the Lane Motor Museum in Nashville, Tennessee, and built by craftsmen in Pennsylvania (chassis) and the Czech Republic (bodywork). After driving the Lane replica in 2015, automotive journalists Jamie Kitman and Dan Neil described it as having very poor stability and vehicle control.

title: Dymaxion car


text:
Talk:Remus Lupin

Semi-protected edit request on 28 January 2021
GabyIle (talk) 01:10, 28 January 2021 (UTC)I have to edit this page, i found some wrong info
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: this is not the right page to request additional user rights. You may reopen this request with the specific changes to be made and someone will add them for you, or if you have an account, you can wait until you are autoconfirmed and edit the page yourself. ‑‑ El Hef  ( Meep? ) 01:31, 28 January 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 12 September 2021
I would like for the name of Remus Lupin's son, Teddy Lupin, to be changed to: Edward "Teddy" Lupin. 2A00:23C8:A94:E900:40E5:6B0D:1208:D6FB (talk) 13:23, 12 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 13:51, 12 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Remus Lupin