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German Student Corps

Corps (or Korps; "das ~" (n), (sg.),  (pl.)) are the oldest still-existing kind of Studentenverbindung, Germany's traditional university corporations; their roots date back to the 15th century. The oldest corps still existing today was founded in 1789. Its members are referred to as corps students (Corpsstudenten). The corps belong to the tradition of student fraternities which wear couleur and practice academic fencing.

Most corps are organized in two federations, the Kösener Senioren-Convents-Verband (KSCV) and the Weinheimer Senioren-Convent (WSC). Together, they comprise 162 Corps throughout Germany, Austria, Belgium, Estonia, Latvia, Hungary, Switzerland and Lithuania.

The German Student Corps were traditionally recruited from the nobility, royalty, and social elite, and are traditionally viewed as more aristocratic and elitist than other German student fraternities such as the Catholic Cartellverband and the Burschenschaften. They consider tolerance and individuality to be key tenets and are rooted in German idealism. By and large, they are generally conservative in political outlook, but less right-wing and less nationalist than the Burschenschaften. The corps are open to students of all nationalities and religions, unlike many other student fraternities. Although distinct, the corps are in some aspects similar to and serve many of the same purposes as college fraternities found in the United States.

Characterization
Corps are built upon the principle of tolerance: No corps may endorse a certain political, scientific, or religious viewpoint. In addition, all members are solely chosen by their personal character. Neither national, ethnic, nor social provenance play a role.

Corpsstudenten (corps students) wear couleur (colored stripes and caps) and practice Mensuren, academic fencing with razor-sharp blades that can result in bleeding face wounds, Schmisse. The corps usually bear names that reflect their former origin from certain German regions, such as Saxonia (Saxony) or Guestphalia (Westphalia). Formerly, when a distance of a few hundred kilometres between a student's home town and his university meant weeks of travel, students from the same part of Germany traveled together and formed some kind of "new family". The distance, plus the fact that they carried the money for a complete semester with them in a bag, might also explain why students began fencing, simply for self-defense, for students, military officers, and aristocrats were the only people allowed to carry arms.

Like all Studentenverbindungen, corps consist of two bodies: The active part consists of all members, that still study and have duties for the fraternity, and the so-called Altherrenschaft (alumni organization), comprising all those who graduated and thus provide the bear share of the monetary stimulus for the fraternity. A fundamental idea is that older students should help their younger fellows, and this principle dominates the relationship between the two bodies. The former keeps the everyday business of the corps alive, organizes gatherings, and keeps the Corpshaus (Corps House) in order. The Altherrenschaft, graduates with regular incomes, provide financial support. This usually means quite cheap housing for the younger members among other things. The Altherrenschaft has the power to intervene in the business of the active members, typically to ensure the principles and spirit of their corps.

The active body is headed by a panel of three Chargierte (charged persons), who are elected by all active, full members at the beginning of each semester (or at the end of the former one). Their functions are called Senior, Consenior and Drittchargierter (meaning third charged person, also named Subsenior in some corps).:
 * The Senior is responsible for all corps affairs in general, but leading and heading gatherings and events in special; he supplements his signature with a single cross (x) (in some corps with three crosses (xxx)) as an external sign of his duties.
 * The Consenior teaches fencing to all members of the inner corps and assures the execution of the Mensuren in coordination with the Conseniors of other corps; his signature is enhanced by two crosses (xx).
 * The Drittchargierter (also known as Sekretär, Secretary) has administrative tasks like paperwork and often the task of a treasurer; his sign is three crosses (xxx) (in some corps one cross (x)).

Being the oldest of their kind, the corps tend to treat all other forms of German Studentenverbindungen with contempt; corps despise all posturing and affectation (e.g. the overly use of Latinisms) that other kinds of Studentenverbindungen, esp. Catholic corporations and Burschenschaften show.

Even with the principle of tolerance being a central aspect in each corps' self-image, every corps student is urged to develop his own viewpoints, to stand for them and to strongly participate in society, whether in politics, economy, or social affairs. This encouragement for ethics and self-confidence on one hand, and the absence of a limitation to certain views on the other, let Corps students often show up as the leading figures of the most diverse political directions. The emphasis on individuality brought many corps students in opposition to totalitarian regimes, such as the National Socialist dictatorship.

"The 'bject and purpose of the Corps was and still is solely the education of students to become a strong, free and cosmopolitan personality who is not held back by religious, racist, national, scientific or philosophical limitations of the mind. Three primary institutions within the fraternity aid with achieving this aim; including the Corpsconvent [regular council meetings of the Corps Brothers], the Kneipe [celebratory get-together of Corps Brothers with speeches, beer and songs], and today's Bestimmungsmensur [the event of academic fencing with sharp blades for the first or one of the first times], where the ones to fence are chosen on the basis of placing two equal opponents in front of each other. [...] This experience, and the intertwined need to overcome one's own fear, dedicated to the union of his Corps, and the connected strengthening of the sense of community aids the personal growth just as does taking a hit without losing one's stand and accepting the assessment of the Mensur by the own Corps Brothers."

- de:Hermann Rink

The Weinheimer Student Corps also maintain a confederation with Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity, a college Fraternity with over 270 chapters in the United States and Canada.

History
The Corps sprang from the older Landsmannschaft. The name Corps came into use in 1810 at the University of Heidelberg and soon displaced the older name of Landsmannschaft at all the universities. The oldest still active Corps are the 1789 founded Guestphalia at the University of Halle, the 1798 founded Onoldia at the University of Erlangen who are both members of the KSCV and as a member of the WSC the Saxo-Montania founded also 1798 at the Bergakademie Freiberg today at the RWTH Aachen University. After the Carlsbad Decrees of 1819, the Corps were exposed to harsh persecution by university and state officials just like their rivals as at the universities in Germany the Burschenschaften. After 1848, they were officially approved.

Notable members
Following is a select list of members of German students corps

Politics

 * Sir William Beale, 1st Baronet, M.P. Ayrshire, Corps Rhenania Heidelberg
 * Otto von Bismarck, Chancellor of Prussia, later of the German Empire, "architect" of Germany's unification, Corps Hannovera Göttingen
 * Bruno Claußen, German lawyer, civil servant and business executive, State Secretary in the Prussian Ministry of Economics and Labor, Corps Franconia Tübingen
 * Max von Forckenbeck, German politician, founder of the German Progress Party and National Liberal Party, mayor of Berlin and President of the Reichstag, Corps Teutonia Giessen
 * Erich Gritzbach, Chief of the staff office of the Prussian State Ministry, Berliner Burschenschaft Gothia
 * Ulrich von Hassell, German ambassador in Belgrade and Rome, resistance fighter in Nazi Germany, executed by the Nazis after the failed July 20 Plot, Corps Suevia Tübingen
 * Friedrich Hecker, German revolutionary, Corps Rhenania Heidelberg
 * Johannes Krohn, German lawyer and civil servant, State Secretary in the Reich Ministry of Labor, Leipziger Burschenschaft Germania
 * Friedrich Landfried, German lawyer and civil servant, State Secretary in the Prussian Ministry of Finance and the Reich Ministry of Economics, Corps Rhenania Straßburg and Corps Vandalia Heidelberg
 * Wilhelm Liebknecht, co-founder of the German social-democratic party, chief editor of the "Vorwärts"-Paper, Corps Hasso-Nassovia Marburg, Corps Rhenania Gießen
 * Karl Marx, socialist author and theoretician, proponent of communism, Corps Palatia Bonn
 * Kurt Melcher, German lawyer and politician, Police President of Essen and Berlin, Corps Suevia Tübingen
 * Hans Pfundtner, German lawyer and civil servant, the senior State Secretary in the Reich Interior Ministry, Corps Masovia Königsberg zu Potsdam
 * Wilhelm II of Germany, last German Kaiser, Corps Borussia Bonn

Sciences

 * Alois Alzheimer, neurologist, Corps Franconia Würzburg
 * Emil von Behring, physician, Nobel prize laureate, Corps Suevo-Borussia Hamburg
 * Karl Ferdinand Braun, physicist, Nobel prize laureate, inventor of the cathode ray tube Corps Teutonia Marburg
 * Alfred Brehm, naturalist and author (zoological encyclopedia Brehms Tierleben), Corps Saxonia Jena
 * Vincenz Czerny (1842-1916), surgeon, Corps Austria Frankfurt.
 * Paul Güssfeldt, geologist, mountaineer and explorer, Corps Vandalia Heidelberg.
 * Justus von Liebig, chemist, founder of organic and agricultural chemistry, Corps Rhenania Erlangen.
 * Joseph von Lindwurm, physician and dermatologist, Corps Bavaria Würzburg.
 * Alfred Pribram (1841-1912), internist, Corps Austria.
 * Philipp Franz von Siebold, physician, emerged as the first European to teach Western medicine in Japan, Corps Moenania Würzburg
 * Eckard Wimmer, virologist, synthesized a virus chemically, Corps Teutonia-Hercynia Göttingen.

Economy and Engineering

 * Gottlieb Daimler, engineer, Corps Stauffia Stuttgart
 * Rudolph Hering, American engineer, Corps Altsachsen
 * Alfred Herrhausen, CEO of the Deutsche Bank, murdered by Red Army Faction-terrorists in 1989, Corps Hansea Köln
 * Ludwig Mond, chemist and industrialist, Corps Rhenania Heidelberg
 * Wilhelm von Opel, engineer, Corps Franconia Darmstadt
 * Hanns-Martin Schleyer, board member of Daimler-Benz, formerly leading member of the National Socialist Student Association, later head of the employer's confederation and of West Germany's federal industry confederation, murdered by Red Army Faction terrorists in 1977, Corps Suevia Heidelberg
 * Max Wirth, journalist and economist, Corps Rhenania Heidelberg

Fine Arts and Culture

 * Heinrich Heine, German poet and journalist, Corps Guestphalia Göttingen
 * Georg Heym, poet, most important exponent of early expressionism, Corps Rhenania Würzburg
 * Egon Erwin Kisch, Czech-German author und journalist, corps student in Prag
 * Robert Schumann, composer and pianist, Corps Saxo-Borussia Heidelberg
 * Ludwig Thoma, author, publisher and editor, Corps Suevia Munich
 * Richard Wagner, composer, Corps Saxonia Leipzig

In English

 * Mark Twain describes his encounters with German corps students in chapters IV to VII of his travelogue A Tramp Abroad.
 * Journalist Jonathan Green published an article in the Financial Times Magazine, covering both the traditions and the current role of the Corps at length.
 * Updated Journalist Jonathan Green article in the Financial Times Magazine, covering both the traditions and the current role of the Corps at length.
 * Secondary Journalist Jonathan Green article in the Best Life Magazine, covering more fencing.
 * Kösener Senioren-Convents-Verband
 * Weinheimer Senioren-Convent

In German

 * de:Kösener Senioren-Convents-Verband
 * de:Weinheimer Senioren-Convent

In the Netherlands

 * Algemene Senaten Vergadering

title: German Student Corps


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Absorption law

In algebra, the absorption law or absorption identity is an identity linking a pair of binary operations.

Two binary operations, ¤ and ⁂, are said to be connected by the absorption law if:

 * a ¤ (a ⁂ b) = a ⁂ (a ¤ b) = a.

A set equipped with two commutative and associative binary operations $$\scriptstyle \lor$$ ("join") and $$\scriptstyle \land$$ ("meet") that are connected by the absorption law is called a lattice; in this case, both operations are necessarily idempotent (i.e. a $$\scriptstyle \lor$$ a = a and a $$\scriptstyle \land$$ a = a).

Examples of lattices include Heyting algebras and Boolean algebras, in particular sets of sets with union (∪) and intersection (∩) operators, and ordered sets with min and max operations.

In classical logic, and in particular Boolean algebra, the operations OR and AND, which are also denoted by $$\scriptstyle \lor$$ and $$\scriptstyle \land$$, satisfy the lattice axioms, including the absorption law. The same is true for intuitionistic logic.

The absorption law does not hold in many other algebraic structures, such as commutative rings, e.g. the field of real numbers, relevance logics, linear logics, and substructural logics. In the last case, there is no one-to-one correspondence between the free variables of the defining pair of identities.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Absorption law


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Calvary Cemetery (Queens)

Calvary Cemetery is a Catholic cemetery in Maspeth and Woodside, Queens, in New York City, New York, United States. With about three million burials, it has the largest number of interments of any cemetery in the United States. Established in 1848, Calvary Cemetery covers 365 acre and is owned by the Archdiocese of New York and managed by the Trustees of St. Patrick's Cathedral.

Calvary Cemetery is divided into four sections, spread across the neighborhoods of Maspeth and Woodside. The oldest, First Calvary, is also called "Old Calvary". The Second, Third and Fourth sections are all considered part of "New Calvary".

History
In 1817, the Trustees of Old St. Patrick's Cathedral on Mott Street, Manhattan, realized that their original cemetery on Mulberry Street was almost full. In 1847, faced with cholera epidemics and a shortage of burial grounds in Manhattan, the New York State Legislature passed the Rural Cemetery Act authorizing nonprofit corporations to operate commercial cemeteries. On October 29, 1845 Old St. Patrick's Cathedral trustees had purchased 71 acre of land from John McMenoy and John McNolte in Maspeth and this land was used to develop Calvary Cemetery. The cemetery was named after Mount Calvary, where Jesus Christ was crucified according to the New Testament.

The first Calvary Cemetery burial occurred on July 31, 1848. The name of the deceased was Esther Ennis, who reportedly "died of a broken heart." The cemetery was consecrated by Archbishop John Hughes in August 1848. By 1852 there were 50 burials a day, half of them poor Irish under seven years of age. In the early 20th century, influenza and tuberculosis epidemics caused a shortage of gravediggers, and people dug graves for their own loved ones. The entire number of interments from the cemetery's opening in August 1848 until January 1898, was 644,761. From January 1898 until 1907 there were about 200,000 interments, thus yielding roughly 850,000 interments at Calvary Cemetery by 1907.

Calvary was accessible by ferryboats crossing the East River from 23rd Street in Manhattan. It cost an adult seven dollars to be buried there. Burial of children under age seven cost three dollars; children aged seven to fourteen cost five dollars. As development in Manhattan's East Village expanded, bodies buried in that neighborhood were transferred to Queens. In 1854, ferry service opened by 10th Street and the East River.

The original division of the cemetery, now known as First Calvary or Old Calvary, was filled by 1867. The Archdiocese of New York expanded the area of the cemetery, adding more sections, and by the 1990s there were nearly 3 million burials in Calvary Cemetery. The Cemetery continues to add plots and burial spaces can be purchased in advance.

In 1949, several hundred workers at the cemetery went on strike.

Description
Calvary is split into four sections. The first section is known as First Calvary or Old Calvary, and is located to the west of the section of the Brooklyn–Queens Expressway (I-278) that runs between the Long Island Expressway (I-495) interchange and Newtown Creek. The others are known collectively as New Calvary, and as a group to the east of the above-mentioned section of the Brooklyn–Queens Expressway.

 * 1) First Calvary Cemetery is bounded by the Brooklyn–Queens Expressway, Review Ave and 37th Street.
 * 2) Second Calvary Cemetery is in-between the Long Island and Brooklyn–Queens Expressways, and also bounded by 48th Street and 58th Street. The cemetery's offices are located here, at 49–02 Laurel Hill Boulevard.
 * 3) Third Calvary Cemetery is north of the Brooklyn–Queens Expressway, and also bounded by Queens Boulevard, 49th Street and 58th Street.
 * 4) Fourth Calvary Cemetery is south of the Long Island Expressway, and also bounded by 55th Avenue, 50th Street and 58th Street.

The cemetery's chapel is named for St. Callixtus and was designed by Raymond F. Almirall. Originally a frame structure, it was rebuilt using limestone in 1908.

Calvary Veterans Park
The Old Calvary section of the cemetery is a city-owned public park that serves as a burial ground, the Calvary Veterans Park.

Calvary Monument
The Calvary Monument, erected in 1866, originally with bronze sculptures is located in the park. It is by Daniel Draddy, one of the Draddy Brothers, who sculpted the obelisk to William James MacNeven. There is no signage from either entrance, nor any mention on the official web site's maps. It is located at 40.7308°N, -73.9297°W. The monument was last renovated in 1929. A conservation effort was initiated in 2009, but is not done.

The monument honors the 69th Regiment.

Entertainers

 * Tony Bennett (1926–2023), singer
 * Nancy Carroll (1903–1965), actress
 * Ferruccio Corradetti (1867–1939), opera singer
 * Dom DeLuise (1933–2009), actor
 * Tess Gardella (1894–1950), actress who played Aunt Jemima
 * Patrick Gilmore (1829–1882), "Father of the American Band"
 * Texas Guinan (1884–1933), actress and saloon-keeper
 * Robert Harron (1893–1920), actor – "Second Calvary"
 * James Hayden (1953–1983), actor
 * Joseph E. Howard (1878–1961), American composer ("Emerson and Howard")
 * Patsy Kelly (1910–1981), actress
 * James Murray (1901–1936), actor
 * Nita Naldi (1894–1961), actress
 * Arthur O'Connell (1908–1981), actor
 * Una O'Connor (1880–1959), actress
 * Edward Le Roy Rice (1871–1938), producer of minstrel shows
 * William J. Scanlan (1856–1898), singer
 * Wini Shaw (1907–1982), actress
 * Tony Sirico (1942–2022), actor
 * Joe Spinell (1936–1989), actor
 * Bert Wheeler (1895–1968), comedian
 * Ti Manno (1953–1985), Haitian singer, guitar player, keyboard player, and percussionist

Law enforcement professionals

 * Irma Lozada (1959–1984) a.k.a. "Fran," was a member of the New York City Transit Police who was slain in 1984, becoming the first female police officer to die in the line of duty in New York City.
 * Joseph Petrosino (1860–1909), NYPD's first commanding officer of the "Black Hand Squad" (aka Italian Squad), a precursor to the NYPD's Bomb Squad, who investigated the Italian Mafia who used explosives to shake down businesses in NYC. Detective Lieutenant Petrosino, an Italian-American, was the first NYPD officer killed overseas in the "line of duty", while investigating organized crime in Italy. Subject of the film Pay or Die
 * Mary A. Sullivan (1878/1879–1950), first woman in NYPD to be a homicide detective, lieutenant and first grade detective. Founded the Policewoman's Endowment Association.

Military figures

 * Edward Brown, Jr. (1841–1911), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient
 * Thomas Burke (1842–1902), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient
 * Richard Byrnes (1833–1864), American Civil War officer and commander of the Irish Brigade
 * Dennis Conlan (1838–1870), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient
 * William C. Connor (1832–1912), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient
 * Michael Corcoran (1827–1863), American Civil War officer and commander of the 69th New York Irish Volunteers
 * Thomas E. Corcoran (1838–1904), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient
 * William J. Creelman (1874–1928), Peacetime Medal of Honor recipient
 * Cornelius Cronin (1838–1912), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient
 * Michael Doheny (1805–1863), Irish barrister, Young Irelander rebel leader, Fenian organizer and writer
 * John Donnelly (1839–1895), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient
 * Patrick H. Doody (1840–1924), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient
 * George W. Ford (1844–1883), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient
 * Patrick Ginley (1822–1917), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient
 * Francis J. Herron (1837–1902), American Civil War general and Medal of Honor recipient
 * Patrick Kelly (d. 1864), American Civil War officer and commander of the Irish Brigade
 * Samuel W. Kinnaird (1843–1923), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient
 * Franz Kramer (1865–1924), Spanish–American War Medal of Honor recipient
 * William McNamara (1835–1912), American Indian Wars Medal of Honor recipient
 * James H. Morgan (1840–1877), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient
 * Charles J. Murphy (1832–1921), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient
 * John McLeod Murphy (1827–1871), American Civil War Army and Navy officer, and State Senator
 * Thomas P. Noonan, Jr. (1943–1969) Vietnam War Medal of Honor recipient
 * John Francis O'Sullivan (1850–1907), American Indian Wars Medal of Honor recipient
 * James Quinlan (1833–1906), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient
 * Eliakim P. Scammon (1816–1894), American Civil War brigadier general
 * Robert Augustus Sweeney (1853–1890), two-time Medal of Honor recipient
 * Henry A. Thompson (1841–1889), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient
 * Hermann Ziegner (1864–1898), American Indian Wars Medal of Honor recipient

Organized crime figures

 * Vito Bonventre (1875–1930), mobster
 * Anthony Carfano (1898–1959), mobster aka "Little Augie Pisano"
 * John "Johnny" Dolan (c. 1850–1876), executed for the murder of merchant James H. Noe; described (possibly inaccurately) as "Dandy" Johnny Dolan and the head of the Whyos street gang by Herbert Asbury in his book The Gangs of New York
 * Natale "Joe Diamond" Evola (1907–1973)
 * Stefano "Steve" Ferrigno (1900–1930)
 * Giosue Gallucci (1864-1915)
 * Paul Kelly (criminal) (1876–1936), mobster
 * Joseph Lanza (1904–1968), racketeer; mobster
 * Thomas Lucchese (1899–1967), mobster
 * Ignatius "Lupo the Wolf" Lupo (1877–1947)
 * Joe Masseria (1879–1931) – 1st Calvary
 * Peter "Giuseppe" Morello (also known as the Clutch Hand) (1870–1930), the first head of the Morello crime family; now lies in a bare, forgotten grave
 * Dominick "Sonny Black" Napolitano (1930–1981), mobster
 * Bonaventura "Joseph" Pinzolo (1887–1930)
 * Benjamin "Lefty" Ruggiero (1926–1994)
 * Michael "Mickey" Spillane (1934–1977), mobster
 * Ciro "the Artichoke King" Terranova (1888–1938)
 * Nicolo Terranova (1890–1916)
 * Vincenzo "Vincent" Terranova (1886–1922)

Politicians

 * Vincent H. Auleta (1886–1961), lawyer, assemblyman
 * Stephen J. Colahan (1841–1874), lawyer, assemblyman
 * Lawrence V. Cullen, J.D., USMC (1948–2012), Justice New York State Court of Claims (appointed by Gov. George Pataki), elected New York State Supreme Court, 11th Judicial District – 1st (Old Calvary – St. Callixtus)
 * Thomas F. Denney (1874–1913), member of the New York State Assembly
 * Carmine DeSapio (1908–2004), last head of the Tammany Hall political machine
 * Daniel Direnzo (1886–1933), Assistant District Attorney of New York City, Head of Court of Special Sessions
 * Thomas J. Dunn (1849–1905), Sheriff of New York County (1897–1899)
 * John Fox (1835–1914), U.S. Representative from New York and member of the New York City Council
 * Patrick Jerome "Battle-Axe" Gleason (1844–1901) last mayor of Long Island City
 * Hugh J. Grant (1857–1910), mayor of New York City
 * Martin J. Kennedy (1892–1955) U.S. Representative in Congress (1930–1945) and New York State Senator (1924–1930)
 * Thomas A. Ledwith, (1840–1898) New York State Assemblyman and State Senator
 * Charles Francis Murphy (1858–1924), head of New York City's Tammany Hall
 * Charles Novello (1886–1935), lawyer, assemblyman, alderman
 * George Washington Plunkitt (1842–1924), Tammany Hall politician – unmarked grave
 * James A. Rierdon (1854–1911), assemblyman
 * Jere F. Ryan (1882–1948), member of the New York State Assembly and Commissioner of Public Markets
 * Alfred E. Smith (1873–1944), Governor of New York State and 1928 U.S. presidential candidate
 * Timothy Sullivan (1862–1913), U.S. Representative in Congress (1903–1906; 1912), long-term member of New York State Legislature and sponsor of the Sullivan Act
 * Robert F. Wagner (1877–1953), U.S. Senator from New York State
 * Robert F. Wagner Jr. (1910–1991), 102nd Mayor of New York City
 * Robert Wagner III (1944–1993), president of the New York City Board of Education, son of Mayor Robert Wagner, Jr. and grandson of Senator Robert F. Wagner

Sportspeople

 * Willie Keeler (1872–1923), Hall of Fame baseball player
 * Phil O'Sullivan (1895–1952), Gaelic footballer
 * Jim Shanley (1854–1904), baseball player
 * Martin Sheridan (1881–1918), four-time Olympic gold medalist in the discus and shot put
 * Mickey Welch (1859–1941), Hall of Fame baseball player

Writers

 * Mary Letitia Martin (1815–1850), heiress, novelist
 * Claude McKay (1890–1948), poet, journalist, novelist

Others

 * James W. Blake (1862–1935), part-time song lyricist who wrote the words to The Sidewalks of New York
 * Steve Brodie (1863–1901), Brooklyn bookmaker, claimed to survive Brooklyn Bridge jump
 * William R. Cosentini (1911–1954), mechanical engineer and founder of Cosentini Associates
 * Luigi Fugazy (1837–1930), Italian American banker and businessman
 * Julia Grant (1873–1944), philanthropist
 * Philip Martiny (1858–1927), sculptor
 * Edward McGlynn (1837–1900), reformist Catholic priest
 * Adolfo Müller-Ury (1862–1947), portrait artist
 * Annie Moore Schayer (1874–1924), first person to be processed through Ellis Island
 * Eugenie Baclini (1909–1912), second R.M.S. Titanic survivor to die after the sinking – solitary, unmarked grave
 * S. Joseph Barry, (1933–2019), Professor Emeritus of Audiology and Speech, Section 1W
 * Anna Frances Levins (1876–1941), Irish American photographer, publisher, activist
 * Etienne Aigner, (1904–2000), Érsekújvár, Austria-Hungary born designer of handbags and leather goods

title: Calvary Cemetery (Queens)


text:
Wikipedia:Notability (people)

On Wikipedia, notability is a test used by editors to decide whether a given topic warrants its own article. For people, the person who is the topic of a biographical article should be "worthy of notice" or "note" —that is, "remarkable" or "significant, interesting, or unusual enough to deserve attention or to be recorded" within Wikipedia as a written account of that person's life. "Notable" in the sense of being famous or popular—although not irrelevant—is secondary.

This notability guideline for biographies reflects consensus reached through discussions and reinforced by established practice, and informs decisions on whether an article about a person should be written, merged, deleted, or further developed. For advice about how to write biographical articles, see Manual of Style/Biography and Biographies of living persons.

The article title should define what the article is about. If there is enough valid content to fill an article about a person, then that person's name would be an appropriate title, such as Abraham Lincoln or Marie Antoinette. If, however, there is only enough information about one notable event related to the person, then the article should be titled specifically about that event, such as Travis Walton incident. Sometimes when a famous person dies, there is enough information for an article about their death, such as Death of Michael Jackson or Death of Diana, Princess of Wales. If a notable person's main article is too long to contain all of their works, then a separate page can be created for that information, such as George Orwell bibliography. If the person was the victim of a notable murder, then a title such as Murder of Kitty Genovese is appropriate.

Basic criteria
People are presumed if they have received significant coverage in   that are,  of each other, and.
 * If the depth of coverage in any given source is not substantial, then multiple independent sources may be combined to demonstrate notability; trivial coverage of a subject by secondary sources is not usually sufficient to establish notability.
 * Primary sources may be used to support content in an article, but they do not contribute toward proving the notability of a subject.

People who meet the basic criteria may be considered notable without meeting the additional criteria below. Articles may still not be created for such people if they fall under exclusionary criteria, such as being notable only for a single event, or such as those listed in What Wikipedia is not.

Additional criteria
People are likely to be if they meet any of the following standards. Failure to meet these criteria is conclusive proof that a subject should not be included; conversely, meeting one or more does  guarantee that a subject should be included.

A person who does not meet these additional criteria under Notability. Editors may find these criteria helpful when deciding whether to tag an article as requiring additional citations (using for example), or to instead initiate a deletion discussion.

Any biography

 * 1) The person has received a well-known and significant award or honor, or has been nominated for such an award several times; or
 * 2) The person has made a widely recognized contribution that is part of the enduring historical record in a specific field; or
 * 3) The person has an entry in a country's standard national biographical dictionary (e.g. the Dictionary of National Biography).

Academics
Many scientists, researchers, philosophers and other scholars (collectively referred to as "academics" for convenience) are notably influential in the world of ideas without their biographies being the subject of secondary sources.

Creative professionals
This guideline applies to authors, editors, journalists, filmmakers, photographers, artists, architects, and other creative professionals. Such a person is notable if:
 * 1) The person is regarded as an important figure or is widely cited by peers or successors; or
 * 2) The person is known for originating a significant new concept, theory, or technique; or
 * 3) The person has created or played a major role in co-creating a significant or well-known work or collective body of work. In addition, such work must have been the primary subject of multiple independent periodical articles or reviews, or of an independent and notable work (for example, a book, film, or television series, but usually not a single episode of a television series); or
 * 4) The person's work (or works) has: (a) become a significant monument, (b) been a substantial part of a significant exhibition, (c) won significant critical attention, or (d) been represented within the permanent collections of several notable galleries or museums.

Crime victims and perpetrators
A person who is known only in connection with a criminal event or trial should not normally be the subject of a separate Wikipedia article

Where there is such an existing article, it may be appropriate to create a sub-article, but only if this is necessitated by considerations of article size.

Where there are no appropriate existing articles, the criminal or victim in question should be the subject of a Wikipedia article if one of the following applies:

For victims, and those wrongly accused or wrongly convicted of a crime (or crimes),
 * 1) The victim or person wrongly convicted, consistent with Biographies of living persons, had a large role within a well-documented historic event. The historic significance is indicated by persistent coverage of the event in reliable secondary sources that devote significant attention to the individual's role.

For perpetrators,
 * 1) The victim of the crime is a renowned national or international figure, including, but not limited to, politicians or celebrities; or
 * 2) The motivation for the crime or the execution of the crime is unusual—or has otherwise been considered noteworthy—such that it is a well-documented historic event. Generally, historic significance is indicated by sustained coverage of the event in reliable secondary sources which persists beyond contemporaneous news coverage and devotes significant attention to the individual's role.
 * 3) * Note: A living person accused of a crime is presumed unless and until the contrary is decided by a court of law. Editors must give serious consideration to  creating an article on an alleged perpetrator when no conviction is yet secured.

Entertainers
This guideline applies to actors, voice actors, comedians, opinion makers, pornographic actors, models, and celebrities. Such a person may be considered notable if:
 * 1) The person has had significant roles in multiple notable films, television shows, stage performances, or other productions; or
 * 2) The person has made unique, prolific or innovative contributions to a field of entertainment.

Politicians and judges
The following are presumed to be notable:
 * Politicians and judges who have held international, national, or (for countries with federal or similar systems of government) state/province–wide office, or have been members of legislative bodies at those levels. This also applies to people who have been elected to such offices but have not yet assumed them.
 * Major local political figures who have received significant press coverage.

Just being an elected local official, or an unelected candidate for political office, does not guarantee notability, although such people can still be notable if they meet the general notability guideline.

Sports personalities
A sportsperson is presumed to be notable if the person has won a significant honor and so is likely to have received significant coverage in reliable secondary sources that are independent of the subject. Sports biographies must include at least one reference to a source providing significant coverage of the subject. Meeting this requirement alone does not indicate notability, but it does indicate that there are likely sufficient sources to meet the GNG (general notability guideline).

Invalid criteria

 * That person A has a relationship with well-known person B, such as being a spouse or child, is not a reason for a standalone article on A (unless significant coverage can be found on A); relationships do not confer notability. However, person A may be included in the related article on B. For example, Jason Allen Alexander is included in the article on Britney Spears and the page Jason Allen Alexander merely redirects to that article.
 * Avoid criteria based on search engine statistics (for example, Google hits or Alexa ranking), or measuring the number of photos published online. The adult film industry, for example, uses Googlebombing to influence rankings. For most topics, search engines cannot easily differentiate between useful references and mere text matches. For example, while the Alexa Toolbar is useful, its utility is limited by its userbase (numbers and willingness) and by data scarcity (less data tends to raise error margins). When using a search engine to help establish the notability of a topic, evaluate the quality, not the quantity, of the search results and linked webpages.

Failing all criteria
If no criterion can be met for either a standalone article or inclusion in a more general article, and improvements have not worked or cannot be reasonably tried, then three deletion procedures can be considered:
 * If speedy deletion criterion A7 applies, use the db-person tag to request speedy deletion.
 * For articles that do not meet the criteria for speedy deletion, but are uncontroversial deletion candidates, use the {{subst:prod}} tag. This allows the article to be deleted after seven days if nobody objects (see Proposed deletion).
 * For cases where you are unsure about deletion or believe others might object, nominate the article for the Articles for deletion process, where its merits will be discussed for 7 days.

Failing basic criteria but meeting additional criteria
If neither a satisfying explanation nor appropriate sources can be found for a standalone article, but the person meets one or more of the additional criteria:
 * Merge the article into a broader article providing context.
 * Place a Mergeto tag on the page, indicating the page where the article may be merged.
 * If no article currently exists into which the person can be merged, consider writing the article yourself or request the article be written.

Failure to explain the subject's notability
If an article does not explain the notability of its subject, try to improve it by:
 * Adding the cleanup biography template, which requests birthdate, historical significance, etc.
 * Rewriting it yourself
 * Asking the article's editor(s) for advice.

Insufficient sources
If an article fails to cite sufficient sources:
 * Look for sources yourself
 * Ask the article's editor(s) for advice on where to look for sources.
 * Put the tag on the article to notify other editors.
 * If the article is about a specialized field, use the PROJECT-NAME tag with a specific WikiProject to attract editors knowledgeable about that field, who may have access to reliable sources not available online.

People notable for only one event
When an individual is significant for their role in a single event, it may be unclear whether an article should be written about the individual, the event or both. In considering whether to create separate articles, the degree of significance of the event itself and of the individual's role within it should both be considered. The general rule is to cover the event, not the person. However, if media coverage of both the event and the individual's role grow larger, separate articles may become justified.

If the event is highly significant, and the individual's role within it is a large one, a separate article is generally appropriate. The assassins of major political leaders, such as Gavrilo Princip, fit into this category, as indicated by the large coverage of the event in reliable sources that devotes significant attention to the individual's role.

When the role played by an individual in the event is less significant, and little or no other information is available to use in the writing of a balanced biography, an independent article may not be needed. That person should be covered in an article regarding the event, and the person's name should be redirected to it. For example, George Holliday, who videotaped the Rodney King beating, redirects to Rodney King. On the other hand, if a significant event is of rare importance, even relatively minor participants may warrant their own articles. An example of this is Howard Brennan, a witness to the JFK assassination.

Another issue arises when an individual plays a major role in a minor event. In this case, it is not generally appropriate to have separate articles on the person and the event. Generally in this case, the name of the person should redirect to the article on the incident, especially if the individual is only notable for that incident and it is all that the person is associated with in the source coverage. For example, the disambiguation page Travis Walton redirects those looking for Travis Walton UFO incident. In some cases, however, a person famous for only one event may be more widely known than the event itself, for example, the Tank Man. In such cases, the article about the event may be most appropriately named for the person involved.

Editors are advised to be aware of issues of weight and to avoid the creation of unnecessary pseudo-biographies, especially of living people.

It is important to remember that "notable" is not a synonym for "famous". Someone may have become famous due to one event, but may nevertheless be notable for more than one event. Conversely, a person may be generally famous, but significant coverage may focus on a single event involving that person.

Lists of people
Many articles contain (or stand alone as) lists of people. Inclusion within stand-alone lists should be determined by the normal criteria established for that page. Inclusion in lists contained within articles should be determined by WP:SOURCELIST, in that the entries must have the same importance to the subject as would be required for the entry to be included in the text of the article according to Wikipedia policies and guidelines (including Trivia sections).

Family
Being related to a notable person in itself confers no degree of notability upon that person. Articles about notable people that mention their family members in passing do not, in themselves, show that a family member is notable.

Articles on Wikipedians
Some Wikipedia editors are the subject of an article (see Wikipedians with articles); however, their status as Wikipedia editors by itself has no effect on their notability, regardless of whether they edited Wikipedia before or after their articles were created. (The conflict of interest guideline still has bearing on their editing of articles about themselves.) All articles should be judged solely by applicable content and inclusion guidelines and policies, such as this guideline, Biographies of living persons, No original research, and Verifiability.

title: Wikipedia:Notability (people)


text:
Kodava language

The Kodava  (Koḍava takkï,, meaning 'speech of Kodavas', in the Kodava language, alternate name: Codava, Coorgi, Kodagu) is a  Dravidian language spoken in Kodagu district (Coorg) in Southern Karnataka, India. It is an endangered The term Kodava has two related usages. Firstly, it is the name of the Kodava language and culture followed by a number of communities from Kodagu. Secondly, within the Kodava-speaking communities and region (Kodagu), it is a demonym for the dominant Kodava people. Hence, the Kodava language is not only the primary language of the Kodavas but also of many other castes and tribes in Kodagu. The language has two dialects: Mendele (spoken in Northern and Central Kodagu, i.e. outside Kodagu's Kiggat naadu) and Kiggat (spoken in Kiggat naadu, in Southern Kodagu).

Historically, it has been referred to as a dialect of Sentamizh, in some Tamil texts the Kodagu language is referred to as Kudakan Tamil. However, it has been re-analysed as a language by early 20th century academics. Now it is considered as an intermediate language between Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, and Tulu in comparative linguistics.

It is traditionally written using the thirke script which is an abugida. The 2011 Census of India reports 96,918 persons who returned Kodava as their mother tongue and 16,939 who returned Coorgi/Kodagu, for a total of 113,857 persons coming under the parent group which is again identified as Coorgi/Kodagu (another name for Kodava) as the mother tongue.

History
In Kannada, the region was called Kodagu and the people Kodaga. Natively, the people were called Kodava and the land was called Kodavu in the folksongs. Comparative Dravidian studies show that the Kodava language belongs to the South Dravidian language group.

Grammar
The grammar of Kodagu has been systematically studied and documented since at least around 1867 when Captain R.A. Cole published the seminal work An Elementary Grammar of the Coorg Language.

Vowels
Dravidian vowel systems contain five vowel qualities i.e. those usually corresponding to a, e, i, o and u., with a short and long variants for each. However, Kodava has two more: the mid and high (close) back unrounded vowels, with corresponding long variants.

Consonants
Kodava and Kannada share a lack of palatalization of word-initial *k-, which is a feature found in the Tamil-Malayalam branch.

Writing system
The Kodava (Kodagu) language was popularly written in the Kannada script. Dr. IM Muthanna, developed a script to Kodava Thakk in 1971, and as of 2022, Karnataka Kodava Sahitya Academy, a government body for the development of Kodava Language, accepted the script developed by Dr IM Muthanna as the official script of Kodava Language. It is also widely used across Kodagu, Although around 7 scripts were developed over a period from 1889 to 2008, Only Dr. IM Muthanna's script is considered as the most acceptable script for Kodava Language.

The Coorgi is an alphabet developed by the linguist Gregg M. Cox that is used by a number of individuals within Kodagu district of India to write the endangered Dravidian language of Kodava, also known sometimes as Coorgi.

The script uses a combination of 26 consonant letters, eight vowel letters and a diphthong marker. Each letter represents a single sound and there are no capital letters. A computer-based font has been created. The script was developed out of the request by a group of Kodava individuals to have a distinct script for Kodava Takk, to distinguish the language. Kodava Takk is generally written in the Kannada script, but can also be found written in the Malayalam script, especially along the borders with Kerala. The new script is intended as a unified writing system for all Kodava Takk speakers.

Recently an old Kodava script from the 14th century was discovered, it is now called the Thirke script.

Comparisons
Linguistically, Kodava/Kodagu language belongs to the South Dravidian subfamily of the Dravidian family. Further within the South Dravidian subfamily, it belongs to the subgroup Tamil-Malayalam-Kodagu-Kota-Toda. It is closely related to and influenced by Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil and Tulu. A majority of the words are common between Kodava and Beary bashe, a dialect which is a mixture of Tulu and Malayalam spoken by the Beary Muslims and Kodava Thiyyar communities. Kodava is also closely related to the Kasaragod and Kannur dialects of Malayalam, which are in turn related to Beary.

Literature
Family histories, rituals and other records were scripted on palm leaves called Pattole (patt=palm, ole=leaf) by astrologers in the ancient times. When Kodava was written, it was usually with Kannada script, sometimes with minor modifications. The folk songs of the Kodavas, called the Palame (also known as the Balo Patt or Dudi Patt), were orally transmitted across several generations. The language had no significant written literature until the twentieth century. Appachcha Kavi, a playwright, and Nadikerianda Chinnappa, a folk compiler, are the two important poets and writers of the Kodava language. Other important writers in the language were B D Ganapathy and I M Muthanna. In 2005, after requests from the Kodagu community, German linguist Gerard Cox created a script unique to Kodava called the Coorgi-Cox script. It uses straight lines for 5 vowels, and has circles for diphthongs.

The Pattole Palame, a collection of Kodava folksongs and traditions compiled in the early 1900s by Nadikerianda Chinnappa, was first published in 1924. The most important Kodava literature, it is said to be one of the earliest, if not the earliest, collection of folklore of a community in an Indian language. Nearly two-thirds of the book consists of folksongs that were handed down orally through generations, sung even today during marriage and death ceremonies and during festivals relating to the seasons and in honour of local deities and heroes. Traditionally known as Balo Pat, these songs are sung by four men who beat dudis (drums) as they sing. Kodava folk dances are performed to the beat of many of these songs. The Pattole Palame was written using the Kannada script originally; it has been translated into English by Boverianda Nanjamma and Chinnappa, grandchildren of Nadikerianda Chinnappa, and has been published by Rupa & Co., New Delhi.

Cinema
The Kodava Cinema industry is very small. A few movies portraying the native culture and traditions of the Kodavas have been produced in this language. The first Kodava film 'Nada Mann Nada Kool' was directed by S.R.Rajan and produced in the year 1972.

Recent developments
Since 2021, the Mangalore University teaches an MA degree in the Kodava language.

title: Kodava language


text:
Joaquín Abarca

Joaquin Abarca (1780, Huesca - 1844) Spanish prelate. Born in Aragon in 1780 he went on to become Bishop of León in 1824.

During the 1833 civil war he was one of the leaders of the Carlist party.

title: Joaquín Abarca


text:
Talk:Financial future

Money market futures
I do not think the title of this page corresponds to current practice. I think the contents of this page should be on "Money market futures" and that financial futures refers to any future on a financial underlying, ie stock index futures, currency futures, bond futures etc. I will make that change and add other pages if no one objects. Jfeckstein 22:59, 1 Aug 2003 (UTC)~

Futures contract
I suggested that this article be merged with Futures contract. Karmela (talk) 17:35, 8 October 2011 (UTC)

Rename to Money Market Futures, create Financial Futures category
I agree that this page should be renamed to "Money Market Futures". I think its existence independent from "Futures Contract" has value, so I do not support that they be merged. I think a category "Financial Futures" should exist, pointing to all the types of futures Jfeckstein mentions and their relatives. If nobody disagrees I'll do so in a month or so. Ngeorgak (talk). 16 October 2012
 * I created the redirect Money market futures as a redirect to, though short-term rates (e.g. 90 days) can be for longer maturities than money market. I suppose the 30-day Fed funds and 1-mo. LIBOR and shorter terms than a month could be considered to be money market rates. I merged the content of this to that section, as redundant to that, and am redirecting this generic title to Futures contract. – Wbm1058 (talk) 03:40, 20 July 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Financial future


text:
José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa

José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa, 1st Marquess of Concordia, KOS (José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa, primer Marqués de la Concordia), (sometimes spelled Souza) (June 3, 1743 in Oviedo, Asturias, Spain – June 30, 1821 in Madrid) was a Spanish military officer and colonial administrator in America. From August 20, 1806, to July 7, 1816, he was viceroy of Peru, during the Spanish American wars of independence.

Background
Abascal was born into a noble family. At the age of 19 he entered the army. After serving for 20 years he was promoted to colonel, and later in the war against France, to brigadier. In 1796 he took part in the defense of Havana against the British. Three years later he was named commanding general and intendant of Nueva Galicia (western Mexico). He took up that office in 1800. In 1804 he was named viceroy of Río de la Plata in Buenos Aires. He never took possession of the office, because in the same year (1804) he was named viceroy of Peru.

As viceroy of Peru
He was unable to occupy the position of viceroy in Lima until 1806, because he was taken prisoner by the British during his voyage from Spain. Once in office, Abascal promoted educational reforms, reorganized the army, and stamped out local rebellions. The last cargo of black slaves in Peru was landed during his administration, in 1806. At that time an adult male slave sold for 600 pesos.

The Balmis Expedition arrived in Lima on May 23, 1806. This expedition, named for its head, Doctor Francisco Javier de Balmis, was propagating smallpox vaccine throughout the Spanish Empire. Balmis himself was not with the group that arrived in Peru. The Peruvian group was headed by Doctor José Salvany, Balmis's deputy. The vaccine had proceeded them, however, having arrived in Lima from Buenos Aires. On August 2, 1805, 22 Brazilian slaves had been vaccinated there and sent as living carriers of the vaccine to northern Argentina, Paraguay, Chile and Peru. (The Balmis expedition used Spanish orphans for the same purpose.) Abascal ordered mass vaccinations in Lima, but without much success. The vaccine was available, but it was not free, and vested interests were able to preserve it as a source of revenue.

On December 1, 1806, an earthquake lasting 2 minutes shook the towers of the city of Lima. Earthquake-generated waves at El Callao threw a heavy anchor onto the roof of the harbormaster. One hundred fifty thousand pesos were required to repair the walls of the city. In October 1807 a comet was seen in Lima, and in November 1811 another one appeared that was visible with the naked eye for six months.

In 1810 the medical school of San Fernando was founded. In 1812 and 1813 occurred the great fire of Guayaquil that destroyed half the city, a hurricane in Lima that uprooted trees in the Alameda, and earthquakes in Ica and Piura.

The wars of independence
When revolution broke out in Buenos Aires on May 25, 1810, Abascal reoccupied the provinces of Córdoba, Potosí, La Paz and Charcas (in Upper Peru, now Bolivia) and reincorporated them into the Viceroyalty of Peru. (These provinces had been separated from Peru when the Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata was created in 1776.) A royalist army defeated rebels in the Battle of Huaqui, Upper Peru.

He also reincorporated Chile and Quito (Ecuador) into the Viceroyalty of Peru. (Quito had been in the Viceroyalty of New Granada since the separation of that colony from Peru in 1739.)

Abascal was a dedicated and tireless supporter of absolute monarchy; nevertheless he supported the Cortes of Cádiz in the fight with Napoleon, sending money and materiel. During his administration, the Inquisition of Lima was temporarily abolished as a result of the reforms taken by the Cortes. Because of the distance between Peru and Spain and due to the wars in Spain and in the Americas, he governed nearly independently of mother country. He fought hard to suppress the independence movements in Spanish America, converting Peru into a center of royalist reaction. After the proclamation of the liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812 in Spain, Abascal fought to keep its provisions from being applied in Peru. This led to revolts in Cusco, Tacna and Arequipa, all of which were repressed.

In 1812 Abascal gave his support to a plan for a company organised by Francisco Uville to import steam engines made by the Cornish engineer Richard Trevithick so the silver mines at Cerro de Pasco could be pumped out and worked at much greater depths.

On April 24, 1814, a Spanish force under Rafael Maroto disembarked at Callao to fight the rebels in the colony. The viceroy sent 2,400 troops under Brigadier Antonio Pareja to fight in Chile. When they arrived on the island of Chiloé, they were joined by a large number of other men, and they also gained reinforcements in the cities of Valdivia and Talcahuano. This southern part of the country was not sympathetic to the independence movement. Parejas then entered Concepción. He granted amnesty to the Spanish garrison there, and they joined his forces. Now leading about 4,000 troops he went to Chillán, which surrendered without a fight. There 2,000 more men joined the royalist forces.

In 1812 Abascal was created marqués de la Concordia. In 1816 he was recalled at his request, and returned to Spain. He was replaced by General Joaquín de la Pezuela. Abascal died at the age of 79 in 1821.

title: José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa


text:
Talk:Joschka Fischer

Picture
I just removed the link to the picture Joschka_Fischer.jpg, because despite several attempts to resize it, it was filling the full screen, and made reading the page quite difficult. If there's someone who can figure out what happened, please help with this one.--217.230.129.24 (talk) 21:42, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

Honorary degree

 * He has an Dr h.c. from the University of Haifa.

 * What is a Dr h.c.? -- Viajero 22:51, 1 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * A doctorate honoris causa, a PhD title given not for a scientific work, but as an act of honour. -- till we *) 23:06, Aug 1, 2003 (UTC)

 * I see. I guess you mean an honorary degree. Perhaps we could change it to that? I don't believe that Latin abbreviation is common in English. Perhaps it is in German?... -- Viajero 13:21, 2 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes, it is. -- 217.225.208.51 18:40, 21 Sep 2003 (UTC)
 * And "h.c." is reasonably common in some English-speaking environmens, I believe--e.g., Scotland 66.215.215.246 (talk) 16:44, 30 July 2008 (UTC)garychartier

Wives
Do we have his wives' last names? RickK 04:03, 21 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * At the moment I have only Claudia Bohn and Nicola Leske. --Wik 04:08, Sep 21, 2003 (UTC)

 * Edeltraut Fischer, Inge, last name unknown, Claudia Bohn and Nicola Leske are correct. Madayar, --80.171.188.153 21:33, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * "Claudia Bohn" is not the correct spelling of her name. Her name is Claudia Bohm. I just corrected the article. --213.61.190.207 11:10, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

Inge Vogel see: http://www.google.de/imgres?hl=de&client=firefox-a&hs=gtH&sa=X&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1920&bih=913&tbm=isch&prmd=imvnso&tbnid=cfsLtz4yFfRQiM:&imgrefurl=http://www.abendzeitung-muenchen.de/gallery.promi-hochzeiten-aretha-franklin-traut-sich-zum-dritten-mal-param~19~18~0~35~false.b86eb331-8ed0-4423-b5be-1c947eb4fb94.html&imgurl=http://www.abendzeitung-muenchen.de/media.media.ce3bdd1b-e3d0-40e8-a862-dccaaa401bc2.normalized.jpeg&w=481&h=510&ei=kZhIUNyQEM7DtAan64HYCg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=251&sig=113485057196694770483&page=1&tbnh=133&tbnw=141&start=0&ndsp=55&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:73&tx=102&ty=100 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.81.154.130 (talk) 12:40, 6 September 2012 (UTC)

Marathon
would it be interesting enought for inclusion that he finished the New York Marathon 1999 in 3h55min using his second name for security reasons (1999 MARTIN FISCHER  M50  9990  	 8916  	3:56:13  3:55:07)

Page title
Why is this page suddenly named "Joseph Martin Fischer"? Nobody knows Joschka Fischer by this name, it would be as gruesome as a William Clinton article (which in fact is a redirect to Bill Clinton). Could it be changed back, please? -- till we *) 17:45, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Nephelin, I think the vast majority of English speakers refer to him as Joschka Fischer. Please read Naming conventions (common names), and unless "Joschka" is BPOV, revert your changes. - Jeandré, 2004-05-06t23:10z

 * An anonymous user is trying to undo the move, but does it by copy-and-paste. Despite several attempts to make him discuss the topic before repeating the move he continues with it. I have protected the page to finally force him to go here, hopefully noone will count this as sysop abuse as I reverted his wrong moves several time before already. I hope the protection can be short time. andy 11:58, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Note that this user now knows how to move pages, since he moved around my user page several times. Dear anonymous, I don't care where this article should be, but you don't gain anything by vandalism attacks. andy 12:32, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

Can we unprotect this page, and leave the redirect page protected, to foil the anon? john 06:19, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

Joschka really is a nickname. It's so common that even the media or members of other parties never call him Joseph. But it's his official name. So I guess you can use it. Joschka Fischer redirects to this site, so I guess it's a-ok. Madayar, --80.171.188.153 21:29, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

NPOV
Many comments sound suspiscious, such as the book-stealing one (Copyied from article by me. -83.129.6.207 02:37, 19 September 2005 (UTC)))
 * Honestly, it's going to take more than that to lodge a real NPOV Compalaint. User:Torbjorn 22 September, 2005

POV tag
This article is in horrible shape! It is formulated in an incredible suggestive manner, and in some cases I doubt whether the facts are accurate. This needs some serious attention. The Minist  e   r of War   (Peace) 00:48, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree that the article could use cleanups and definetly more information. However I don't quite follow how is it POV? Which parts in specific are so suggestive? Gryffindor  14:35, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

Translation?
From the "Green politician" bit:

"With respect, sir, you are an asshole" (german: "Mit Verlaub, Herr Präsident, Sie sind ein Arschloch.").

I don't know German that well, but shouldn't "sir" be something like "Mr. President"? 68.39.174.238 06:05, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

 * You're right. --Abe Lincoln 07:11, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

I don't think that "Mr. President" is an adequate translation, for it disregards the situational context. As far as I know "Mr. President", used in the U.S. Congress, would always refer to the "President of the United States"; Mr. Stücklen, whom Fischer addressed, was "Bundestagspräsident", which is equivalent to the "Speaker of the House", who is never addressed as "Mr./Mrs. President". Our Anglo-American friends should know better than me how that person is addressed formally. "Mr./Madam Speaker"?

 * It shouldn't be "with respect" (where is "Respekt"?). It is "with your permission" and this is a then heavily-publicized rhetoric trick. He supposes the the permission of the president to be insulted ;). --Ben T/C 12:25, 15 January 2008 (UTC)
 * With respect: though 'Verlaub' is directly related to 'Erlaubnis = permission' the phrase itself ought to be translated: with respect. - Please reconsider your change! --Oldnag85 (talk) 20:49, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

 * "With all due respect, Mr Speaker, but you are" etc.--217.251.95.130 (talk) 12:20, 3 November 2012 (UTC)

POV Weblinks
The external links following the sentence "The following sources reflect the views of U.S. adversaries of Fischer and his policies, especially Germany's decision not to participate in the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq." are extremly POV, they do not show opinions of the other side and the Paul Berman one is not even fact-based (quote: "Saddam and the terrible weapons he has") yeah, Saddam and his WMDs... -- Imladros 22:17, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Mit Verlaub - is an oldfashioned German phrase when a subaltern adresses a superior. It is the request to be allowed to SPEAK not to insult somebody. Maris Haag.

You find this pre fix to a speech in old transcripts of conversations of Friedrich der Grosse with peasants in the countryside, when adressed by the King before answering without exception the peasants use " mit Verlaub " starting the answer.

Maris Haag —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.240.252.5 (talk) 19:44, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

Foreign Minister
I find it interesting that as a high school drop-out and former unskilled worker he made it to the presidency of the United Nations Security Council and chaired the session on 5th Feb 2003 on Irak where Colin Powell gave his now infamous presentation about the Irak's WMDs. http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/PRO/N03/236/00/PDF/N0323600.pdf?OpenElement

High school drop-out
Fischer shouldn't really be called a high school drop-out. I am, however, at a loss to find an Anglo-American term that would be adequate. The problem is that - at least in the 1960ies - the German school system was so vastly different from the American. The fundamental difference was that there were four different types of schools, of which only the first four classes of one were attended by all students of the age group. That was the so-called "Volksschule" (i. e. "people's school"). Every pupil had to go there. Those who failed there would be transferred to the "Hilfsschule" or "Sonderschule", a type of school for pupils with learning deficits. An exam at the end of the fourth grade would decide about the future school career. The majority of pupils with average exam results would go on to the 5 higher classes of the "Volksschule". The Volksschul-diploma would enable you to start being trained as labourer, vendor, craftsman etc. Those who were more successful in the exams would be directed to the "Mittelschule" (or "Realschule"), which they would attend 5 or 6 years. The diploma would enable them to become clerks in banks, insurance companies, the civil service, or skilled workers. In the late 1960ies a number of special schools were created that could be attended after "Mittelschule" in order to provide a qualification similar to that of the "Gymnasium". Just about 10 per cent of the 4th-graders would be sent to the "Gymnasium" (or: "Oberschule", therefore usually wrongly equated with the American "high school"). This they would have to attend 9 years. So, normally, you would be at least 19 when you graduated from "Gymnasium". 50-70 per cent of the graduates from "Gymnasium" would enter a university (mind you, there were no colleges in Germany; only universities were considered to provide a truly academic education). - You could also leave "Gymnasium" after 6 years (at the age of 16 or 17); you would then have a qualification that equalled that of graduation from "Mittelschule" (Realschule) but was usually respected more, especially since at "Gymnasium" learning at least two foreign languages was obligatory (English/French or English/Latin in the so-called "mathematical branch", English, French and Latin in the so-called "linguistic" branch), while in "Mittelschule" you learned only English and possibly very little French. So, when Fischer left "Gymnasium" at 17, he had the second highest qualification the German school system offered, and I think it is fair to assume that his education was at least as good as that of the top third of the graduates from average American high schools (I believe I know what I'm taling about since I graduated from a well-respected American high school in Dearborn as well as from the German "Gymnasium"). Assuming that he had chosen the linguistic branch of "Gymnasium" he would have studied English for 6 years(which certainly partly accounts for his fluency in English), French and Latin for at least 4 years. In mathematics he would have advanced to trigonometry, calculus and that sort of stuff, he would have had to attend classes for several years in chemistry, physics, geography, biology, politics, history, world religions or philosophy, art and music (all obligatory courses). If am not completely mistaken, I believe that this educational profile is not exactly what you associate with the concept of a "high school drop-out". Fischer's school career is, by the way, typical of a large number of students of his generation: at the age of 16/17, at the height of puberty, many decided that they were sick and tired of "Gymnasium", the constant studying (while their peers who had finished "Volksschule" or "Mittelschule" were already making money and driving motorcycles), pressure and usually quite authoritarian teachers, and especially if there was no academic tradition in the family the parents, too, felt that there was no need to have their child graduate from "Gymnasium" and go to university. If you left "Gymnasium" at that stage you were in possession of the so-called "Mittlere Reife", something like an intermediate certificate of higher education, and you were be no means stigmatized as as "drop-out". In order to understand better in what educational stratum you would have to localize Fischer you must also be aware that in the 1960ies only about 9-10 per cent of his age group would go to a university; to go to a "Gymnasium" was elitarian, and to study at a university even more so. All of what I've tried to explain is not meant to diminish Fischer's intellectual achievement; he is obviously very gifted, his brain and energy have enabled him to absorb and admirable amount of knowledge and acquire all sorts of skills in the autodidactic way. It seems obvious to me that, if puberty and perhaps a lack of parental support had not kept him from graduating and studying at a university, he would have been a successful, probably even brilliant university student - which would not necessarily have started him on an even more brilliant political career. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.91.129.2 (talk) 12:43, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

new photo
a new photograph of Fischer was just added to Wikimedia Commons as part of the German Federation's archives (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F065084-0014,_Bonn,_Pressekonferenz_der_Grünen,_Bundestagswahl.jpg). This photo was taken in 1983, so it is much more relevant to the Green Politician section than the photo with Colin Powell, and should replace that one. Any objections?--Pokeronskis (talk) 06:30, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

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Torticollis

Torticollis, also known as wry neck, is a painful, dystonic condition defined by an abnormal, asymmetrical head or neck position, which may be due to a variety of causes. The term torticollis is derived from the Latin words tortus, meaning "twisted", and collum, meaning "neck".

The most common case has no obvious cause, and the pain and difficulty with turning the head usually goes away after a few days, even without treatment in adults.

Signs and symptoms
Torticollis is a fixed or dynamic tilt, rotation, with flexion or extension of the head and/or neck. The type of torticollis can be described depending on the positions of the head and neck. A combination of these movements may often be observed. Torticollis can be a disorder in itself as well as a symptom in other conditions.
 * laterocollis: the head is tipped toward the shoulder
 * rotational torticollis: the head rotates along the longitudinal axis towards the shoulder
 * anterocollis: forward flexion of the head and neck and brings the chin towards the chest
 * retrocollis: hyperextension of head and neck backward bringing the back of the head towards the back

Other signs and symptoms include:
 * Neck pain
 * Occasional formation of a mass
 * Thickened or tight sternocleidomastoid muscle
 * Tenderness on the cervical spine
 * Tremor in head
 * Unequal shoulder heights
 * Decreased neck movement

Causes
A multitude of conditions may lead to the development of torticollis including: muscular fibrosis, congenital spine abnormalities, or toxic or traumatic brain injury. A rough categorization discerns between congenital torticollis and acquired torticollis.

Other categories include:
 * Osseous
 * Traumatic
 * CNS/PNS
 * Ocular
 * Non-muscular soft tissue
 * Spasmodic
 * Drug induced
 * Oral ties (lip and tongue ties)

Congenital muscular torticollis
Congenital muscular torticollis is the most common torticollis that is present at birth. Congenital muscular torticollis is the third most common congenital musculoskeletal deformity in children. The cause of congenital muscular torticollis is unclear. Birth trauma or intrauterine malposition is considered to be the cause of damage to the sternocleidomastoid muscle in the neck. Other alterations to the muscle tissue arise from repetitive microtrauma within the womb or a sudden change in the calcium concentration in the body that causes a prolonged period of muscle contraction.

Any of these mechanisms can result in a shortening or excessive contraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, which curtails its range of motion in both rotation and lateral bending. The head is typically tilted in lateral bending toward the affected muscle and rotated toward the opposite side. In other words, the head itself is tilted in the direction of the shortened muscle, with the chin tilted in the opposite direction.

Congenital torticollis is presented at 1–4 weeks of age, and a hard mass usually develops. It is normally diagnosed using ultrasonography and a color histogram or clinically by evaluating the infant's passive cervical range of motion.

Congenital torticollis constitutes the majority of cases seen in paediatric clinical practice. The reported incidence of congenital torticollis is 0.3-2.0%. Sometimes a mass, such as a sternocleidomastoid tumor, is noted in the affected muscle. Congenital Muscular Torticollis is also defined by a fibrosis contracture of the sternocleidomastoid muscle on one side of the neck. Congenital torticollis may not resolve on its own, and can result in rare complications including plagiocephaly. Secondary complications associated with Congenital Muscular Torticollis include visual dysfunctions, facial asymmetry, delayed development, cervical scoliosis, and vertebral wedge degeneration which will have a serious impact on the child's appearance and even mental health.

Benign paroxysmal torticollis is a rare disorder affecting infants. Recurrent attacks may last up to a week. The condition improves by age 2. The cause is thought to be genetic.

Acquired torticollis
Noncongenital muscular torticollis may result from muscle spasm, trauma, scarring or disease of cervical vertebrae, adenitis, tonsillitis, rheumatism, enlarged cervical glands, retropharyngeal abscess, or cerebellar tumors. It may be spasmodic (clonic) or permanent (tonic). The latter type may be due to Pott's Disease (tuberculosis of the spine). Most commonly this self-limiting form relates to an untreated dental occlusal dysfunction, which is brought on by clenching and grinding the teeth during sleep. Once the occlusion is treated it will completely resolve. Treatment is accomplished with an occlusal appliance, and equilibration of the dentition.
 * A self-limiting spontaneously occurring form of torticollis with one or more painful neck muscles is by far the most common ('stiff neck') and will pass spontaneously in 1–4 weeks. Usually the sternocleidomastoid muscle or the trapezius muscle is involved. Sometimes draughts, colds, or unusual postures are implicated; however, in many cases, no clear cause is found. These episodes are commonly seen by physicians.
 * Tumors of the skull base (posterior fossa tumors) can compress the nerve supply to the neck and cause torticollis, and these problems must be treated surgically.
 * Infections in the posterior pharynx can irritate the nerves supplying the neck muscles and cause torticollis, and these infections may be treated with antibiotics if they are not too severe, but could require surgical debridement in intractable cases.
 * Ear infections and surgical removal of the adenoids can cause an entity known as Grisel's syndrome, a subluxation of the upper cervical joints, mostly the atlantoaxial joint, due to inflammatory laxity of the ligaments caused by an infection.
 * The use of certain drugs, such as antipsychotics, can cause torticollis.
 * Antiemetics - Neuroleptic Class - Phenothiazines
 * There are many other rare causes of torticollis. A very rare cause of acquired torticollis is fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), the hallmark of which is malformed great toes.

Spasmodic torticollis
Torticollis with recurrent, but transient contraction of the muscles of the neck and especially of the sternocleidomastoid, is called spasmodic torticollis. Synonyms are "intermittent torticollis", "cervical dystonia" or "idiopathic cervical dystonia", depending on cause.

Trochlear torticollis
Torticollis can be caused by damage to the trochlear nerve (fourth cranial nerve), which supplies the superior oblique muscle of the eye. The superior oblique muscle is involved in depression, abduction, and intorsion of the eye. When the trochlear nerve is damaged, the eye is extorted because the superior oblique is not functioning. The affected person will have vision problems unless they turn their head away from the side that is affected, causing intorsion of the eye and balancing out the extorsion of the eye. This can be diagnosed by the Bielschowsky test, also called the head-tilt test, where the head is turned to the affected side. A positive test occurs when the affected eye elevates, seeming to float up.

Anatomy
The main job of the sternocleidomastoid muscle is to help move the head and neck by turning the head to one side and bending the neck forward. The sternocleidomastoid muscle gets its blood from different arteries in the neck, which bring oxygen and nutrients to keep the muscle healthy. Torticollis can happen when there are issues with the sternocleidomastoid muscle, like if it's too short, causing the head and neck to be in an odd position. Torticollis can also be caused by problems with bones, muscles, or the spine in the neck, leading to difficulty moving the head and neck normally. Knowing about the sternocleidomastoid muscle and how it works is crucial for doctors to diagnose and treat torticollis correctly, so they can find and fix the problem causing it. Differences in how the sternocleidomastoid muscle is supplied with blood or nerves can affect how torticollis develops or how well treatments work, so it's important for doctors to consider these variations when planning treatment. Having a good understanding of the neck's anatomy helps doctors accurately diagnose torticollis and choose the best treatments to help patients feel better.

The sternocleidomastoid muscle gets signals from nerves in the neck and head to contract and move properly. The underlying anatomical distortion causing torticollis is a shortened sternocleidomastoid muscle. This is the muscle of the neck that originates at the sternum and clavicle and inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone on the same side. There are two sternocleidomastoid muscles in the human body and when they both contract, the neck is flexed. The main blood supply for these muscles come from the occipital artery, superior thyroid artery, transverse scapular artery and transverse cervical artery. The main innervation to these muscles is from cranial nerve XI (the accessory nerve) but the second, third and fourth cervical nerves are also involved. Pathologies in these blood and nerve supplies can lead to torticollis.

Diagnosis
Evaluation of a child with torticollis begins with history taking to determine circumstances surrounding birth and any possibility of trauma or associated symptoms. Physical examination reveals decreased rotation and bending to the side opposite from the affected muscle. Some say that congenital cases more often involve the right side, but there is not complete agreement about this in published studies. Evaluation should include a thorough neurologic examination, and the possibility of associated conditions such as developmental dysplasia of the hip and clubfoot should be examined. Radiographs of the cervical spine should be obtained to rule out obvious bony abnormality, and MRI should be considered if there is concern about structural problems or other conditions.

Ultrasonography can be used to visualize muscle tissue, with a colour histogram generated to determine cross-sectional area and thickness of the muscle.

Evaluation by an optometrist or an ophthalmologist should be considered in children to ensure that the torticollis is not caused by vision problems (IV cranial nerve palsy, nystagmus-associated "null position", etc.).

Differential diagnosis for torticollis includes
 * Cranial nerve IV palsy
 * Spasmus nutans
 * Sandifer syndrome
 * Myasthenia gravis
 * Cerebrospinal fluid leak

Cervical dystonia appearing in adulthood has been believed to be idiopathic in nature, as specific imaging techniques most often find no specific cause.

Treatment
Teaching people how to sit and stand properly can help reduce strain on the neck muscles and improve posture. Changing habits like bad posture or repetitive movements can help ease symptoms of torticollis. Wearing a special collar can also support the neck and keep it in the right position during daily activities. Using electrical devices have also been shown to reduce pain, make muscles work better, and relax tight muscles. Injecting a substance like Botox into overactive muscles can weaken them temporarily, allowing for better movement. If other treatments don't work, surgery might be needed to fix the muscles or bones causing torticollis.

Physical therapy
Physical therapy is an option for treating torticollis in a non-invasive and cost-effective manner. In the children above 1 year of age, surgical release of the tight sternocleidomastoid muscle is indicated along with aggressive therapy and appropriate splinting. Occupational therapy rehabilitation in Congenital muscular torticollis concentrates on observation, orthosis, gentle stretching, myofascial release techniques, parents’ counseling-training, and home exercise program. While outpatient infant physiotherapy is effective, home therapy performed by a parent or guardian is just as effective in reversing the effects of congenital torticollis. It is important for physical therapists to educate parents on the importance of their role in the treatment and to create a home treatment plan together with them for the best results for their child. Five components have been recognized as the "first choice intervention" in PT for treatment of torticollis and include neck passive range of motion, neck and trunk active range of motion, development of symmetrical movement, environmental adaptations, and caregiver education. In therapy, parents or guardians should expect their child to be provided with these important components, explained in detail below. Lateral neck flexion and overall range of motion can be regained quicker in newborns when parents conduct physical therapy exercises several times a day.

Physical therapists should teach parents and guardians to perform the following exercises:
 * Stretching the neck and trunk muscles actively. Parents can help promote this stretching at home with infant positioning. For example, prone positioning will encourage the child to lift their chin off the ground, thereby strengthening their bilateral neck and spine extensor muscles, and stretching their neck flexor muscles. Active rotation exercises in supine, sitting or prone position by using toys, lights and sounds to attract infant's attention to turn neck and look toward the non-affected side.
 * Stretching the muscle in a prone position passively. Passive stretching is manual, and does not include infant involvement. Two people can be involved in these stretches, one person stabilizing the infant while the other holds the head and slowly brings it through the available range of motion. Passive stretching should not be painful to the child, and should be stopped if the child resists. Also, discontinue the stretch if changes in breathing or circulation are seen or felt.
 * Stretching the muscle in a lateral position supported by a pillow (have infant lie on the side with the neck supported by pillow). Affected side should be against the pillow to deviate the neck towards the non-affected side.
 * Environmental adaptations can control posture in strollers, car seats and swings (using U-shaped neck pillow or blankets to hold neck in neutral position)
 * Passive cervical rotation (much like stretching when being supported by a pillow, have affected side down)
 * Position infant in the crib with affected side by the wall so they must turn to the non-affected side to face out

Physical therapists often encourage parents and caregivers of children with torticollis to modify the environment to improve neck movements and position. Modifications may include: Environmental Modifications for Torticollis Management:
 * Adding neck supports to the car seat to attain optimal neck alignment
 * Reducing time spent in a single position
 * Using toys to encourage the child to look in the direction of limited neck movement
 * Alternating sides when bottle or breastfeeding
 * Encouraging prone playtime (tummy time). Although the Back to Sleep campaign promotes infants sleeping on their backs to avoid sudden infant death syndrome during sleep, parents should still ensure that their infants spend some waking hours on their stomachs.

 * Placing the baby in a crib with the affected side facing the wall can encourage them to turn their head the other way, promoting better movement.

The Role of Manual Therapy and Passive Stretching Techniques in Pediatric Care for Congenital Muscular Torticollis
A meta-analysis shows physical therapists specializing in manual therapy have developed effective interventions for the management of Congenital Muscular Torticollis (CMT), primarily centered around massage and passive stretching techniques. These interventions are tailored to address the specific needs of pediatric patients, with a focus on stretching the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Various protocols have been proposed, including stretching exercises held for specific durations and repetitions, aimed at increasing blood flow, and promoting muscle relaxation.

Additionally, massage maneuvers such as rhythmic muscle mobilization techniques are employed to mobilize cervical structures and induce relaxation. The systematic review highlights the efficacy of manual therapy and passive stretching in improving cervical range of motion (ROM) in children with CMT. Furthermore, the involvement of caregivers in home exercise programs is emphasized as crucial for optimizing treatment outcomes and promoting motor development while preventing secondary complications.

Manual Therapy
A systematic review, looked into the possible benefits of using manipulation techniques to counteract infant torticollis. The study considered the impact of manipulation on an infant's sleep, crying, and restlessness as well. This review did not report any adverse effects of using manipulation techniques. It was shown that using manipulation techniques on their own had little to no statistical differences from a placebo group, immediately. When manipulation techniques were combined with physical therapy, there was a change in symptoms compared to the use of physical therapy alone. When targeting the cervical spine, manipulation techniques were shown to shorten treatment duration in infants with head asymmetries.

Microcurrent therapy
A Korean study has recently introduced an additional treatment called microcurrent therapy that may be effective in treating congenital torticollis. For this therapy to be effective the children should be under three months of age and have torticollis involving the entire sternocleidomastoid muscle with a palpable mass and a muscle thickness over 10 mm. Microcurrent therapy sends minute electrical signals into tissue to restore the normal frequencies in cells. Microcurrent therapy is completely painless and children can only feel the probe from the machine on their skin.

Microcurrent therapy is thought to increase ATP and protein synthesis as well as enhance blood flow, reduce muscle spasms and decrease pain along with inflammation. It should be used in addition to regular stretching exercises and ultrasound diathermy. Ultrasound diathermy generates heat deep within body tissues to help with contractures, pain and muscle spasms as well as decrease inflammation. This combination of treatments shows remarkable outcomes in the duration of time children are kept in rehabilitation programs: Micocurrent therapy can cut the length of a rehabilitation program almost in half with a full recovery seen after 2.6 months.

About 5–10% of cases fail to respond to stretching and require surgical release of the muscle.

Surgery
Surgical release involves the two heads of the sternocleidomastoid muscle being dissected free. This surgery can be minimally invasive and done laparoscopically. Usually surgery is performed on those who are over 12 months old. The surgery is for those who do not respond to physical therapy or botulinum toxin injection or have a very fibrotic sternocleidomastoid muscle. After surgery the child will be required to wear a soft neck collar (also called a Callot's cast). There will be an intense physiotherapy program for 3–4 months as well as strengthening exercises for the neck muscles.

Other treatments
Other treatments include:
 * Rest and analgesics for acute cases
 * Diazepam or other muscle relaxants
 * Botulinum toxin
 * Encouraging active movements for children 6–8 months of age
 * Ultrasound diathermy

Overview
CMT is a neck problem that babies are born with or develop soon after birth, causing their neck to be stiff and bent in an awkward position. Besides the sternocleidomastoid muscle, other muscles in the neck can also be affected by CMT, leading to problems moving the head and neck normally. The main goal of treating CMT is to make the sternocleidomastoid muscle stronger and more flexible, so the neck can move better and symptoms can improve.

Prognosis
Studies and evidence from clinical practice show that 85–90% of cases of congenital torticollis are resolved with conservative treatment such as physical therapy. Earlier intervention is shown to be more effective and faster than later treatments. More than 98% of infants with torticollis treated before 1 month of age recover by 2.5 months of age. Infants between 1 and 6 months usually require about 6 months of treatment. After that point, therapy will take closer to 9 months, and it is less likely that the torticollis will be fully resolved. It is possible that torticollis will resolve spontaneously, but chance of relapse is possible. For this reason, infants should be reassessed by their physical therapist or other provider 3–12 months after their symptoms have resolved.

Other animals
In veterinary literature usually only the lateral bend of head and neck is termed torticollis, whereas the analogon to the rotatory torticollis in humans is called a head tilt. The most frequently encountered form of torticollis in domestic pets is the head tilt, but occasionally a lateral bend of the head and neck to one side is encountered.

Head tilt
Causes for a head tilt in domestic animals are either diseases of the central or peripheral vestibular system or relieving posture due to neck pain. Known causes for head tilt in domestic animals include:
 * Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in rabbits
 * parasitic infestation by the nematode (roundworm) Baylisascaris procyonis in rabbits
 * Inner ear infection
 * Hypothyroidism in dogs
 * Disease of cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve) through trauma, infection, inflammation, or neoplasia
 * Disease of the brain stem caused by stroke, trauma, or neoplasia
 * Damage to the vestibular organ due to toxicity, inflammation or impaired blood supply
 * Geriatric vestibular syndrome in dogs

title: Torticollis


text:
Talk:Foreign relations of São Tomé and Príncipe

Should be moved to Foreign relations of São Tomé and Príncipe to follow convention. --Jiang

Diplomatic Relations with China
It is true that Sao Tome did recognize Taiwan initially but it now recognizes China. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.167.60.23 (talk) 17:50, 27 September 2008 (UTC)