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Winchester Mystery House

The Winchester Mystery House is a mansion in San Jose, California, that was once the personal residence of Sarah Winchester, the widow of firearms magnate William Wirt Winchester. The house became a tourist attraction nine months after Winchester's death in 1922. The Victorian and Gothic-style mansion is renowned for its size and its architectural curiosities and for the numerous myths and legends surrounding the structure and its former owner.

Sarah Winchester

Sarah Winchester, always called Sallie, after her paternal grandmother, was born in 1839 in New Haven, Connecticut. She married William Wirt Winchester in 1862.

In 1866, Winchester gave birth to a girl named Annie Pardee Winchester. Diagnosed with marasmus, she did not thrive and lived only a month.

Between the fall of 1880 and the spring of 1881, Winchester's mother, father-in-law, and husband died. She was left with a large inheritance from her husband.

In 1884, her eldest sister, Mary Converse died. Around this time, she began developing rheumatoid arthritis and her doctor suggested that a warmer and drier climate might help improve her health. In 1885, at the age of 46, Winchester moved to California from New Haven, Connecticut. According to Mary Jo Ignoffo in her book Captive of the Labyrinth: Sarah L. Winchester, Heiress to the Rifle Fortune, her doctor's recommendation, her happy memories of traveling to San Francisco with her husband in the 1870s, and advertising about the weather and health benefits of California were possible factors in Winchester's decision to move.

Winchester invited her three remaining sisters to follow her to California, which they did.

In 1886, Edward "Ned" Rambo, a San Francisco agent for the Winchester Repeating Arms Company, took Winchester on a tour of the Santa Clara valley to look for a home. He showed her a forty-five-acre ranch for sale that was located near San Jose. She purchased the property from John Hamm which included a two-story, eight-room farmhouse. Since the property reminded her of Llanada Alavesa from the Basque area, she named her new home Llanada Villa.

In 1890, Winchester's niece, Marion Merriman (called Daisy) aged around twenty-one, came to live with her. Merriman became Winchester's administrative assistant, looking after business correspondence and banking. They attended charitable events together and were paying members of Associated Charities and the Red Cross. In 1903, Winchester paid for Daisy's wedding to Frederick Marriott III. That same year, Winchester purchased several homes and properties in Atherton. One of the homes was offered to Daisy and her new husband to live in, which they accepted. Winchester subsequently purchased a home for the couple closer to the train station for Fredrick to travel to work from. In 1904, Winchester purchased a large property near the hamlet of Burlingame, north of Coyote Point, then bought a houseboat, or ark as they were called at the time, instead of building a house.

Winchester died on September 7, 1922, at the age of 83.

San Jose house renovation
Winchester and her husband had developed an interest in architecture and interior design while building a home on Prospect Hill in New Haven. With plans to expand the farmhouse, Winchester hired at least two architects but dismissed them, deciding to do the planning herself. She designed the rooms one by one, supervised the project, and sought advice from the carpenters she hired. She took inspiration for the house from the world's fairs that were common then. While the home was similar in scope to other homes built then, it was unusual for a woman to look after such a project and, Colin Dickey states in his book Ghostland: an American History in Haunted Places, she could be considered an architectural pioneer of her time.

She was known to rebuild and abandon construction if the progress did not meet her expectations, which resulted in a maze-like design. In the San Jose News of 1897, it was reported that a seven-story tower was torn down and rebuilt sixteen times. As a result of her expansions, there are walled-off exterior windows and doors that were not removed as the house grew in size. Multiple levels, up to five, were added to different parts of the home. The design was essentially Victorian, with elements of Gothic and Romanesque features.

Features of the house
There was carved wood on the ballroom walls and ceilings. Woods such as teak, maple, and mahogany were used to make an intricate pattern on the ballroom floor. A large, brick fireplace was framed by two windows that included quotes from Shakespeare. The second floor had bedrooms that each had adjoining sitting rooms and sewing rooms. The wall coverings had a leather or metal appearance, known as Lincrusta wall coverings. The ceilings had mouldings, stencils, and faux finishes. There were chandeliers from Germany, art glass from Austria, furnishings from Asia, and paintings from France. An annunciator, an early form of intercom, which was a common feature of large homes during this time period, was installed for calling servants. There existed an indoor garden with slanted floors that would carry excess water to trap doors which had pipes that would supply water to the outdoor flowers. A generator was installed for a water pump and electricity. Because of Winchester's height of four feet ten inches and health issues, a stairway was built that has 44 steps but rises only ten feet.

The windows are unusual since they are pastel-colored, asymmetrical in their design, and have sharp bevels. The windows on the upper levels had a spider-web tracery, a popular design then. The windows to the right and left of the brick fireplace feature Shakespearean quotations from Richard II and Troilus and Cressida. It has been claimed by tour guides and articles over the years that the windows were made by Tiffany & Co despite the fact that the company rarely used beveled glass. This style of window is also found at Craigdarroch Castle in British Columbia, Canada, prompting architectural historian Jim Wolf to believe that the windows were made by the same company. Wolf determined that glass artist John Mallon from Alexander Dunsmuir's company, the Pacific American Decorative Company, was the most likely artisan of the windows. This theory was confirmed when an envelope postmarked July 1894, which had the seal of Dunsmuir's company on it and a scribbled note that appears to be in Winchester's hand, was discovered in the wall of one of the dining rooms that was being restored. Many of the art glass windows that were purchased were never installed and have been housed in a storage room.

Winchester would take breaks from construction on a regular basis to rest, sometimes for months, since she tired easily. It slowed construction considerably and is counter to the claims made in articles and by tour guides that she had the house under construction around the clock for thirty-eight years, until her death in 1922.

At its largest, the house had approximately 500 rooms.

As claimed by Bruce Spoon, a student from San Jose State College who decided to write his master's thesis about Winchester in 1951, the reasons for building her large home were to keep workers employed and to express her artistic vision. He reached this conclusion after interviewing people who remembered her and after reviewing newspaper and magazine articles.

1906 earthquake
When the 1906 San Francisco earthquake hit, the Llanada Villa was severely damaged. Though there are rumors that Winchester was trapped in the San Jose home, there is no evidence that she was there. She owned several homes in California, and after the earthquake spent most of her time at her home in Atherton.

The seven-story tower and most of the chimneys collapsed. One entire wing was destroyed along with the third and fourth story additions. Winchester had the rubble removed but had little more done to the property after the earthquake. It left doors that opened to nothing where balconies had once been, pipes that were protruding from what were once window boxes, and staircases that once led to upper floors ending suddenly.

After 1910, due to failing health, Winchester did not work on the San Jose home except for odd maintenance jobs and adding an elevator in 1916. At this time, she dedicated her time to finances and building an investment portfolio. Mary Jo Ignoffo claims that, "She was far more successful constructing an investment portfolio than a mansion."

When Winchester died in 1922 the house had 160 rooms, 2,000 doors, 10,000 windows, 47 stairways, 47 fireplaces, 13 bathrooms, and 6 kitchens.

As a tourist attraction
The house became a tourist attraction nine months after Winchester's death in 1922. The house was in disrepair and considered to be of no monetary value. A group of investors purchased the property subsequently leasing the house to John and Mayme Brown who turned it into an attraction. They later purchased the house in 1931. There were many room additions and deletions made to the home after Winchester's death.

The first tour guide of the house was Mayme Brown. Past neighbors, friends, and workers for Winchester were distressed when they read about superstitious claims being made about the house and Winchester, and were upset the Browns were making money off of falsehoods. They described Winchester as clearheaded and savvier with finances and business than most men.

In 1924 Harry Houdini briefly visited the house and was reportedly impressed by its unusual layout and architectural novelties, but could not make a detailed investigation because of more pressing engagements. According to some accounts, Houdini suggested tour operators employ "Winchester mystery house" as a promotional name for the property.

When Keith Kittle, a past Disneyland and Frontier Village employee, became the general manager in 1973, the house was in poor shape. He had the house renovated in the 1970s and 1980s and added a Winchester rifle museum. He sought historical landmark status and began an advertising campaign that included large billboards along the highways. The billboards feature a silhouetted house with implications that a ghost encounter was possible. Attendance increased as he played off the history and superstition that was already circulating. Kittle was general manager until 1996.

As of September 2022, the house is owned and operated by Winchester Mystery House, LLC, which is a private company that represents the descendants of the Browns. Captive of the Labyrinth author Mary Jo Ignoffo wrote that tour guides are required to follow a script emphasizing fabrications and inaccuracies. According to Ignoffo, one guide lamented, "'I feel so torn because I have to tell people untruths! Every time I go through the house and have to talk about 13s and other 'kooky' things, my heart breaks a little for Sarah....I have to bite my tongue every time I hear a guest say, 'what a nutcase.''"

Legends and lore
Winchester's story has been embellished over the years by various rumors, hyperbole, and myths, and popular writers have misrepresented or invented details about the house and its owner in order to enhance the legend.

Inheritance
Claims of Winchester inheriting as much as $20 million and earning $1,000 per day in royalties from her inheritance can be found in tourist literature purchased at the Winchester Mystery House. Ignoffo states that her husband's estate in 1881 was valued at $362,330 (equal to $ today), but this amount included approximately $300,000 of stock that Winchester would only inherit when her mother-in-law died, which did not happen until 1898. With the addition of her husband's Winchester Repeating Arms Company shares, she owned a total of 777 shares valuing $77,700, which paid average dividends of $7,770 annually between 1880 and 1885.

Moving to California
Myths around her decision to move from the east coast to California are thought to have originated from author Susy Smith in her book Prominent American Ghosts, published in 1967. In Smith's version of events, Winchester visited a medium in Boston named Adam Coons who told her that she and her family were being haunted by the ghosts of people killed by Winchester rifles, that she must construct a house for these ghosts, and that she must never complete the project. This assertion of Winchester meeting with a medium has been repeated in brochures and articles ever since. According to Ignoffo, while it is plausible that Winchester did meet with a psychic medium since it was a common practice for women of her status at the time, there is no evidence that she did so.

Emily Mace, a scholar, and others have looked through issues of Banner of Light, which was a spiritualist periodical, and in the Boston city directories, which listed spiritualists in the area, and no one named Adam Coons could be found.

Neverending construction
Beginning around 1895, Winchester started appearing in newspapers. The articles in these local papers were filled with speculation about Winchester and the ongoing construction of her San Jose home. Her lack of interaction with neighbors and the known fact that her money came from the firearms industry fed into a superstitious narrative, despite large, ornate homes being commonly built by the wealthy. The newspapers declared that the reason that the construction was ongoing was that Winchester feared she would have bad luck if the construction would stop. This theory eventually grew into stories that she believed she would die if construction stopped.

In the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS), when it added the Winchester home to the National Register of Historic Places in 1981, they incorrectly stated that the construction lasted 38 years, and reiterated that Winchester believed she must continue building or she would die. HABS also incorrectly listed the purchase date as 1884 when county records state the purchase was not until 1886.

There were some articles published against the superstitious slant. In one, an unidentified acquaintance refuted these superstitious accusations, stating that they were nonsense and that Winchester was an unusually sensible woman.

While Winchester lived at the Atherton house, her relatives stayed at the San Jose home for almost a year in 1915 to attend the Panama-Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco, which ran for nine months. No construction happened during this time and the staff closed up the house for a week to attend the fair.

Ignoffo states that there is no evidence that Winchester was compelled to keep her construction project running and preferred to focus on estate planning.

Labyrinth construction
The belief that Winchester built her house in its strange, maze-like manner to confuse and keep spirits from harming her and that her sanity was questionable started in the mid-1890s and has grown in scale since her death. The doors and windows that open to nothing, the unusually shallow stairs, the stairs that end in a ceiling, interior barred windows and trap doors in the floor are used to confirm Winchester's spirituality and poor state of mind. According to paranormal investigators Nickell and Ignoffo these house oddities have simple explanations. The barred windows were previously exterior windows blocked off as the house additions grew. The doors and windows that opened to nothing resulted from the 1906 earthquake and the severe damage that happened to the house. The small steps were built because of Winchester's declining health. The trap doors were constructed in a greenhouse room where excess water could run and be piped to an outdoor garden. After the damage from the earthquake, Winchester did not rebuild the house.

Bell tower
The tower bell was used to call workmen and to serve as a fire alarm on the property. According to Joe Nickell, fanciful claims later arose that it was used to "summon spirits".

Ghostly music
According to Joe Nickell, claims that local residents heard "ghostly music" coming from the house are explained by the fact that Winchester often played the pump organ in the Grand Ballroom when she was unable to sleep.

Parties for spirits
According to Joe Nickell, claims that Winchester held parties for the spirits in her home that featured lavish dishes served on gold plates kept in a safe are fanciful and unsubstantiated. Nickell wrote that after her death when the safe was opened, no gold plates were found, only personal mementos and a lock of her baby's hair.

Gun guilt
At the turn of the twentieth century, the most common belief, that still persists, regarding Winchester's house building was that she felt tremendous guilt resulting from all the deaths caused by Winchester rifles and from inheriting so much money from the arms company. Ignoffo claims that it is unlikely Winchester had any guilt, since in the 1800s the Winchester Repeating Arms Company was seen as a success, and weapons were viewed as a necessity for survival.

Health and superstition
Ignoffo and paranormal investigator Joe Nickell report that as Winchester aged, particularly after 1900 as her health issues grew worse, which included arthritis, missing teeth and neuritis, she became more private and reclusive. This reluctance to appear in public or to socialize with her peers gave her a mysterious reputation feeding the gossip in the community and local newspapers which fuelled the rumor that she was superstitious. Winchester's companion of many years, Miss Henrietta Severs states Winchester had no superstitious beliefs. Winchester's relatives, employees and gardeners never made claims that she was superstitious, guilt-ridden or crazed.

All her employees were named as beneficiaries in her will.

Presidents
Winchester twice declined to host a U.S. president. First, in 1901, President William McKinley visited, and a committee to arrange accommodations was formed, but Winchester did not extend an invitation. The president and his official coaches drove past the mansion without stopping. Second, in 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt visited the area and the legend states that Winchester would not open a locked gate to let the president in; it was not true as the president had no interest in meeting Winchester as stopping at the home could have been used to promote rifle sales. He did not want to be seen endorsing any product. Despite there being plausible reasons for her not hosting the presidents, these instances furthered rumors that she was not of sound mind and was a crank.

The number thirteen
According to lore, architectural features such as thirteen bedrooms, thirteen bathrooms, and thirteen windows in certain rooms are due to Winchester's apparent fascination with the number thirteen. However, according to carpenter James Perkins, these items and “the more irregular features, which have made the house a world-famed oddity were built after Mrs. Winchester's death.” The first time that this apparent superstition appeared was in an article printed in 1929. Subsequently, it has been mentioned in most articles about Winchester and her house.

Nightly séances
Winchester's staff, who spent every day with her, stated she had no interest in séances and there is no record of them being held in the house. Nevertheless, a false urban legend has arisen claiming she held nightly séances in the blue room or in a closet by herself from midnight until two in the morning, talking to ghosts about what construction should be accomplished the following day. In addition to the lack of records found about seances at Llanada Villa, the closet séances were unlikely given that they were usually social events and not done by individuals and records show that the blue room was the gardener's bedroom.

Hauntings
Visitors and tour guides claim to have experienced cold spots, footsteps, cooking smells, odd sounds, whispering, doors and windows slamming, and feelings of being watched. Investigator Joe Nickell explains that they could be the result of confirmation bias and suggestibility due to publicity and rumors that the house is the most haunted house in the United States or even the world; or that over a thousand ghosts reside in the home. Nickell reports one example where a shadowy figure thought to be a ghost turned out to be a staff member at the house. According to Nickell, there is no evidence that the house is haunted, and that alleged whispering sounds can be imagined or due to wind. Additionally, it is common for large, rambling, and drafty old houses to have temperature variations, and the house's settling and exterior temperature changes can explain odd noises.

In popular culture

 * In 1960, the Winchester Mystery House was used as the Cyrus Zorba House in the film 13 Ghosts.
 * In 1966, the house was featured on the cover for the single "Psychotic Reaction" by the garage rock band Count Five.
 * The tale of the Winchester Mystery House was inspiration for The Haunted Mansion ride at Disney theme parks, the first of which opened in 1969 at Disneyland.
 * The house is the primary setting for Michaela Roessner's 1993 science fiction novel Vanishing Point in which it becomes the home of a squatter community following the disappearance of most of the human race.
 * The house is the setting of a subplot in the 1997 Tim Powers fantasy novel Earthquake Weather.
 * The plot of the 2001 miniseries Rose Red (written by Stephen King) was inspired by the lore surrounding Sarah Winchester and the Winchester Mystery House.
 * The Haunting of Winchester is a ghost story musical by composer Craig Bohmler and writer Mary Bracken Phillips that takes place in the house. It was commissioned by the San Jose Repertory Theatre for its 25th anniversary season and premiered in September–October 2005.
 * The British paranormal TV investigation show Most Haunted Live! conducted a seven-hour live TV investigation of the house in an episode that aired live in the U.S. only on October 19, 2007.
 * In 2011, Ghost Adventures featured the Winchester Mystery House in the fourth episode of season five.
 * In the MythBusters episode "Smell of Fear", the build team visited the Winchester Mystery House to look around and later watch "one of the scariest movies of all time" on a television that they set up in the grand ballroom, with the purpose of determining if fear does smell different by gathering their sweat samples for testing at the end of the night. While the team watched the movie in the dark, the show's crew randomly made loud noises to increase the frightening experience.
 * Sarah Winchester, Phantom Opera is a 24-minute film by French filmmaker Bertrand Bernello that had its North American premiere at the 54th New York Film Festival in October 2016.
 * The house was featured in seasons 1 and 4 of BuzzFeed Unsolved Supernatural in episodes where Ryan Bergara and Shane Madej stayed there overnight.
 * In 2017, the house was featured on an episode of Ghost Brothers.
 * In 2017, Emily Schulz told the story of the house to Christine Schiefer on the first episode of our And That's Why We Drink.
 * Features of the house are referenced in I the Mighty's song "111 Winchester".
 * In 2017, filming took place on the property for the film Winchester, featuring Helen Mirren as Sarah Winchester. The film was released on February 23, 2018. In trailers and on posters, the film is noted to be based on a true story despite evidence that much of the stories in the movie are disputed in Mary Jo Ignoffo's book Captive of the Labyrinth.
 * In 2018, the house was described in "Locked Away", an episode of the podcast Lore.
 * In 2019, the podcast Criminal produced an episode about the house titled "The Widow and the Winchester".
 * House of Penance, a Dark Horse comic by Peter Tomasi, Ian Bertram and Dave Stewart, is "...perhaps the first biographical horror graphic novel" that illustrates the house as haunted and Sarah as obsessed.
 * Mrs Winchester's Gun Club is a 2019 adult fiction novel by Douglas Bruton concerning Sarah Winchester that tells a group of stories voiced by the victims of Winchester guns.
 * In January 2021, an episode of the award-winning podcast This Paranormal Life was released that discussed the Winchester Mystery House. The hosts deemed all claims of haunting to be false.
 * In June 2024, content creation group OfflineTV featured the Winchester Mystery House in a video on their YouTube channel, where they played hide and seek and explored the history and myths surrounding the property.

title: Winchester Mystery House


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Jena Malone

Jena Laine Malone (born November 21, 1984) is an American actress. Her accolades include a nomination for a Golden Globe Award. Born in Sparks, Nevada, Malone spent her early life there and in Las Vegas, while her mother acted in local theater productions. Inspired to become an actress herself, Malone convinced her mother to relocate to Los Angeles. After auditioning for several projects, Malone was cast by Anjelica Huston in her television film Bastard Out of Carolina (1996), for which she earned acclaim. She subsequently obtained roles in the major studio productions Contact (1997), Hope (1997) and Stepmom (1998).

Malone began the 2000s with the independent psychological thriller Donnie Darko (2001), which became a cult film. She followed this with roles in the drama Life as a House and the miniseries Hitler: The Rise of Evil (both 2003), and starred in the dark comedy Saved! (2004). She was subsequently cast as Lydia Bennet in Joe Wright's adaptation of Jane Austen's Pride & Prejudice (2005). She additionally had supporting roles in the dramas The Ballad of Jack and Rose (2005), Into the Wild (2007), and the horror film The Ruins (2008). Malone made her foray into action films with Zack Snyder's Sucker Punch (2011) and was subsequently cast as Johanna Mason in The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2013), a role she reprised in two sequels between 2014 and 2015; The Hunger Games franchise ranks among her highest-grossing film roles. She was then cast in supporting roles in Nicolas Winding Refn's psychological horror film The Neon Demon and Tom Ford's thriller Nocturnal Animals (both 2016).

Malone has ventured into music, releasing a single as Jena Malone and the Blood Stains in 2007. The following year she began performing street shows with a musical project called The Shoe, which features Malone performing with various instruments contained in a steamer trunk.

Early life
Malone was born on November 21, 1984, in Sparks, Nevada, the daughter of Deborah Malone and Edward Berge. Her father is of partly Norwegian descent; she also has Irish ancestry. According to Malone, her mother became pregnant with her after a one-night stand with her father, who was married to another woman at the time. Malone was raised by her mother and her mother's girlfriend. "They were lovers," Malone has said. "I had two moms, and it was awesome." She remained estranged from her father for much of her early life but reconciled with him in adulthood.

Malone grew up impoverished; her family relocated frequently and at times was homeless. "We were just so poor," Malone has said. "We'd hop out of apartments, lose jobs, find a cheaper place, get kicked out, live in cars, and live in hotels." By the time she was nine years old, she had lived in 27 locations. Despite the frequent moves, Malone said, "I don't think it was a tough childhood... it prepared me for this strange, gypsy lifestyle of an actor. It's a beautiful thing to give children diversity of where to live and how to live; it makes you believe that security is built within instead of four concrete walls that you call a home."

As a child, Malone first began taking an interest in acting while watching her mother perform in community theater in the Lake Tahoe area. In 1995 she moved to Las Vegas, where she resided with her family for nine months, and began taking acting classes while her mother worked in a call center. She subsequently persuaded her mother to move to Los Angeles so she could pursue an acting career. Malone has said that she and her mother struggled financially in Los Angeles. She was home-schooled from sixth to eighth grade and attended the Professional Children's School in New York City for ninth grade. She has one younger maternal half-sibling, Madison Mae Malone (born 1997).

1990s: Early roles and child acting
Malone progressed to professional acting with the film Bastard Out of Carolina (1996). She was nominated at the 1996 Independent Spirit Awards for Best Debut Performance and at the third Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries for her role in the film. From there her roles grew to include several Hollywood features. In 1997 she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in the category Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television Film for her role in the television film Hope (1997), portraying a young girl growing up in a small town in the 1960s.

After completing Hope, Malone was cast in Robert Zemeckis's science fiction film Contact (1997), playing the child counterpart of Jodie Foster's lead character. For her portrayal she won a Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor. In 1998, she played the role of an unwed mother who is suspected of murdering her newborn baby in an episode of Homicide: Life on the Street. The following year Malone was cast opposite Susan Sarandon, Julia Roberts and Ed Harris in the drama Stepmom (1998), playing an adolescent girl whose father has remarried and whose mother is dying of terminal cancer. The film was a box office success, grossing over $150 million against a $50 million budget. Malone played Heather Aubrey, the teenage daughter of Kelly Preston in the 1999 movie, For Love of the Game, starring Kevin Costner. In 1999 Malone filed for legal emancipation from her mother in a Los Angeles County Court, and subsequently alleged that her mother had mismanaged her earnings, spending $280,000 of her trust account. She was granted legal emancipation in January 2000. After dropping out of high school in 1999, Malone obtained a General Educational Development certificate in 2001.

2000s: Independent films and other endeavors
Malone had her first cinematic leading role in the psychological science fiction thriller film Donnie Darko (2001), playing Gretchen Ross, the new girl in town who becomes the girlfriend of Jake Gyllenhaal's title character. Though the film was not a box-office hit, it later gained notoriety as a cult film. The same year she had a supporting part in the drama Life as a House (2001), portraying the girlfriend of a young man (Hayden Christensen) whose ailing father (Kevin Kline) is building a home. Malone co-produced the independent comedy-drama American Girl (2002), the first feature in which she had top billing, co-starring with Brad Renfro and Alicia Witt as a suicidal young woman whose father is in prison. In 2002 Malone played the part of a Catholic schoolgirl with a painful secret opposite Emile Hirsch in The Dangerous Lives of Altar Boys, also featuring Vincent D'Onofrio and Jodie Foster. In 2003, Jena appeared as "ferry girl" in Cold Mountain.

Malone had top billing in the dark comedy Saved! (2004), in which she portrayed a Christian high school student who discovers her boyfriend is gay. The same year she starred in the ecological-themed independent thriller film Corn, about a young woman who returns to her family's farm to find that their sheep are being driven mad by corn modified to be immune to pesticides. Ronnie Scheib of Variety praised her performance, writing: "With Corn Jena Malone proves conclusively that she can carry a movie." Malone was subsequently cast as Lydia Bennet in Joe Wright's adaptation of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice (2005). Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote, "Malone, as the saucy, boy-crazy youngest daughter, Lydia, offers an amusing caricature of teenage idiocy and entitlement." The same year she had a supporting role in Rebecca Miller's drama The Ballad of Jack and Rose.

In 2006 Malone made her Broadway stage debut as Sister James in a production of the Tony Award-winning play Doubt. Ben Brantley of The New York Times wrote that Malone "slides effortlessly and appealingly into the part of the dewy, impressionable Sister James." She also appeared in films, co-starring with Chloë Sevigny in filmmaker M. Blash's improvised feature Lying (2006), playing one of several women attending a precarious weekend gathering. Malone followed this with supporting roles in the independent comedy The Go-Getter (2007), playing a young woman reunited with her middle school crush, and the biographical drama Into the Wild (2007), in which she portrayed the sister of Chris McCandless.

In 2007 it was announced that Malone was releasing her first single on The Social Registry, a New York City experimental music label, as Jena Malone and the Bloodstains. A number of tracks were subsequently posted to her MySpace page. Pitchfork Media has described Malone's music as "pretty out-there—bedroom electronics, spaced-out keyboards, and Malone's spare vocals." In 2008 she formed the musical project The Shoe, which features Malone performing with a series of electronic instruments contained within a steamer trunk. She began performing impromptu live shows on street corners in 2008.

Malone appeared in the supernatural horror film The Ruins (2008) opposite Shawn Ashmore and Jonathan Tucker, playing one of several backpackers in Mexico who become trapped on a Mayan temple teeming with vines that can animate and attack those who come into contact with them. The following year she returned to theater, portraying Lavinia in an off-Broadway revival of Eugene O'Neill's play Mourning Becomes Electra, opposite Lili Taylor.

2010s: Mainstream features and current work
In 2011 Malone played the role of Rocket in Zack Snyder's action film Sucker Punch. The film's commercial failure caused Malone to reevaluate her career and consider focusing on photography and music. After the success of her next role, in The History Channel's miniseries Hatfields and McCoys, Malone's passion for acting returned.

In 2012 Malone starred in Dakota, a series on the YouTube channel Wigs, portraying the title character. She was attached to play Carson McCullers in the film Lonely Hunter, directed by Deborah Kampmeir, and had a supporting role in Brian Savelson's independent drama In Our Nature (2012) opposite Zach Gilford, Gabrielle Union, and John Slattery, playing one of several young people on a couples' getaway.

In 2013 Malone reunited with M. Blash and co-star Chloë Sevigny in the independent drama The Wait, portraying the sister of a woman who believes their dead mother will be resurrected. The same year she was cast as Johanna Mason in The Hunger Games: Catching Fire. In 2014 Malone exhibited 39 photographs she had taken in Myanmar that summer. The exhibition, which ran from November 21 to 28, was called "The Holy Other." It took place at MAMA, an art gallery owned by Malone's friend Adarsha Benjamin in Downtown Los Angeles. Proceeds were donated to Girl Determined, a nonprofit organization that benefits girls' education in Myanmar. Also in 2014 Malone had a supporting role in Paul Thomas Anderson's neo-noir film Inherent Vice (2014), portraying an ex-heroin addict who hires a detective (Joaquin Phoenix) to find her husband. Malone also reprised the role of Johanna Mason in two Hunger Games sequels, Mockingjay – Part 1 (2014) and Mockingjay – Part 2 (2015).

Malone was cast as Jenet Klyburn in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. Many sources reported that she was going to portray Carrie Kelley, but her scenes were left out of the theatrical release. Later, Snyder revealed that Carrie Kelley was in a deleted scene of the film, but she was not portrayed by Malone. In February 2015 Malone was cast alongside Elle Fanning in Nicolas Winding Refn's horror film The Neon Demon, which focuses on an aspiring model in Los Angeles. The film garnered criticism for a scene in which Malone engages in necrophilia. The Telegraph's Tim Robey deemed it the "most offensive film of the year" but conceded it was not "any fault of Malone's, who commits herself utterly to making it an anguished, desperate, if inevitably revolting minute or so of screen time. It's a question of context, and how this scene... slots into the film's overall thesis." Malone co-starred with Riley Keough in So Yong Kim's drama film Lovesong (2016), playing a young woman who falls in love with her female best friend. Kate Erbland of IndieWire wrote that "Malone is at her most effervescent and appealing" but that "the overall effect is one of a disjointed love story that can never quite find the tune, no matter how skilled its players."

Malone is credited as co-writer and featured vocalist on the Foster the People track "Static Space Lover" from the band's third album, Sacred Hearts Club, released on July 21, 2017. She appeared in the movies Stardust and The Tuna Goddess. In 2018, she appeared in the film The Public.

Personal life
In 2000, at age 15, after appearing in Contact and Stepmom, Malone won legal emancipation from her mother after accusing her of squandering her earnings through "excessive spending and mismanagement," according to court papers.

In 2003, at age 19, Malone purchased a home in Lake Tahoe, Nevada, where she resided as of 2012. In 2014, Malone began a relationship with photographer Ethan DeLorenzo. In May 2016, the couple's son, Ode Mountain, was born. Malone dealt with postpartum depression following the birth. Malone and DeLorenzo announced their engagement on August 30, 2016. In 2017, Malone and DeLorenzo ended their relationship. She has been in a relationship with musician Alex Ebert as of 2019.

Malone endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders in the 2016 United States presidential election.

In 2022, Malone helped rescue a dog that was being abused by its owner, and donated to a GoFundMe campaign to cover the costs of its surgery.

In August 2022, Malone publicly came out as pansexual and polyamorous. In March 2023, Malone opened up about being sexually assaulted while working on The Hunger Games franchise; Malone shared a photo to Instagram that she took after filming wrapped on the series’ fourth and final film, The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2. In the comments section, Malone explained she had chosen not to name her alleged assailant due to the 'cancel-like culture' nowadays.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jena Malone


text:
Monticello (disambiguation)

Monticello is the name of Thomas Jefferson's estate near Charlottesville, Virginia in the United States.

Monticello may also refer to:

France

 * Monticello, Haute-Corse, a commune of the Haute-Corse département in France

Italy

 * Granozzo con Monticello, a comune in the Province of Novara
 * Monticello Amiata, a former comune in the Province of Grosseto, now a frazione of Cinigiano
 * Monticello Brianza, a comune in the Province of Lecco
 * Monticello Conte Otto, a comune in the Province of Vicenza
 * Monticello d'Alba, a comune in the Province of Cuneo

Municipalities

 * Monticello, Arkansas, a town
 * Monticello, California, a former town
 * Monticello, Florida, a town
 * Monticello, Georgia, a town
 * Monticello, Illinois, a town
 * Monticello Township, Illinois
 * Monticello, Indiana, a town
 * Monticello, Iowa, a town
 * Monticello Township, Iowa
 * Monticello Township, Kansas, a former township
 * Monticello, Kentucky, a town
 * Monticello, Louisiana, a town
 * Monticello, Maine, a town
 * Monticello, Minnesota, a town
 * Monticello Township, Minnesota
 * Monticello, Mississippi, a town
 * Monticello, Missouri, a town
 * Monticello, New Mexico, an unincorporated community in Sierra County
 * Monticello, New York, a hamlet also known as Richfield
 * Monticello, New York, a village
 * Monticello, North Carolina, a town
 * Monticello, Ohio, an unincorporated community
 * Monticello, South Carolina, a community
 * Monticello, Utah, a town
 * Monticello, Green County, Wisconsin, a village
 * Monticello, Lafayette County, Wisconsin, a town

Other places

 * Monticello AVA, an American Viticultural Area in Virginia
 * Monticello Dam in California

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Monticello (fictional city), the fictional locale of the soap opera The Edge of Night
 * "Monticello Hotel", an episode the television series Hotel Hell

Brands and enterprises

 * Monticello Arcade, in Norfolk, Virginia
 * Monticello Hotel (Longview, Washington)
 * The Monticello Hotel, in Norfolk, Virginia

Energy

 * Monticello Nuclear Generating Plant, in Minnesota
 * Monticello Steam Electric Station, a coal-fired power plant in Texas

Racing

 * Monticello Motor Club, a racing circuit near Monticello, New York
 * Monticello Raceway, a harness track and racing site in Sullivan County, New York; also known as the "Mighty M"

Other uses

 * Monticello (typeface)
 * Monticello Association, a private lineage society of lineal descendants of Thomas Jefferson
 * USS Monticello, three ships in the United States Navy

title: Monticello (disambiguation)


text:
Montrose

Montrose may refer to:

Scotland

 * Montrose, Angus (the original after which all others ultimately named or derived)
 * Montrose Academy, the secondary school in Montrose

Australia

 * Montrose, Queensland (Southern Downs Region), a locality in the Southern Downs Region
 * Montrose, Queensland (Western Downs Region), a locality in the Western Downs Region
 * Montrose, Tasmania, a suburb of Hobart
 * Montrose, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne

Canada

 * Montrose, British Columbia
 * Montrose (Edmonton), neighbourhood in Edmonton, Alberta
 * Rural Municipality of Montrose No. 315, Saskatchewan
 * Montrose, Nova Scotia

Republic of Ireland

 * Montrose, Dublin, an area where the national television station RTÉ broadcasts from; use of the term "Montrose" often metonymically refers to RTÉ and not the area

United States

 * Montrose, Alabama
 * Montrose, Arkansas
 * Montrose, California
 * Montrose, Colorado
 * Montrose, Georgia
 * Montrose, Illinois
 * Montrose, Iowa
 * Montrose, Kansas
 * Montrose (Clarksville, Maryland), on the list of RHPs in MD
 * Montrose, Michigan
 * Montrose, Minnesota
 * Montrose, Mississippi
 * Montrose, Missouri
 * Montrose (Holly Springs, Mississippi), a Mississippi Landmark
 * Montrose, Nebraska
 * Montrose, New Jersey
 * Montrose, New York
 * Montrose (Hillsborough, North Carolina), on the list of RHPs in NC
 * Montrose-Ghent, Ohio
 * Montrose, Ohio
 * Montrose, Pennsylvania
 * Montrose, South Dakota
 * Montrose, Houston, a neighborhood in Houston, Texas
 * Montrose, Virginia
 * Montrose, West Virginia
 * Montrose, Wisconsin, a town
 * Montrose (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
 * Montrose Avenue, a major street on the north side of Chicago
 * Montrose County, Colorado
 * Montrose Township (disambiguation)

Trinidad and Tobago

 * Montrose, Trinidad and Tobago, a town in the Trinidad borough of Chaguanas

Music

 * Montrose (band), American hard rock/heavy metal band
 * Montrose (album), their 1973 self-titled debut album
 * "Montrose", a traditional song about James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose, recorded by (among others) Steeleye Span on the 1978 album Live at Last
 * "Montrose", a song by Man Overboard from the 2010 album Real Talk
 * "Montrose", a song by Weyes Blood from the 2014 album The Innocents

Military and naval

 * HMS Montrose, ships of the United Kingdom's Royal Navy
 * RAF Montrose, a Royal Air Force station in Scotland
 * SS Montrose, several civilian vessels
 * USS Montrose (APA/LPA-212), a Haskell-class attack transport of the US Navy in World War II, the Korean War and Vietnam War

Other uses

 * Montrose (horse), winner of the Kentucky Derby in 1887
 * Montrose (McKenney, Virginia), a historic farmhouse on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places
 * Montrose (surname)
 * Montrose Chemical Corporation of California
 * Montrose F.C., Scottish football team
 * Château Montrose, French Bordeaux wine producer, archaically named simply Montrose
 * Duke of Montrose, Scottish title

title: Montrose


text:
Y-Δ transform

In electrical engineering, the Y-Δ transform, also written wye-delta and also known by many other names, is a mathematical technique to simplify the analysis of an electrical network. The name derives from the shapes of the circuit diagrams, which look respectively like the letter Y and the Greek capital letter Δ. This circuit transformation theory was published by Arthur Edwin Kennelly in 1899. It is widely used in analysis of three-phase electric power circuits.

The Y-Δ transform can be considered a special case of the star-mesh transform for three resistors. In mathematics, the Y-Δ transform plays an important role in theory of circular planar graphs.

Names
The Y-Δ transform is known by a variety of other names, mostly based upon the two shapes involved, listed in either order. The Y, spelled out as wye, can also be called T or star; the Δ, spelled out as delta, can also be called triangle, Π (spelled out as pi), or mesh. Thus, common names for the transformation include wye-delta or delta-wye, star-delta, star-mesh, or T-Π.

Basic Y-Δ transformation
The transformation is used to establish equivalence for networks with three terminals. Where three elements terminate at a common node and none are sources, the node is eliminated by transforming the impedances. For equivalence, the impedance between any pair of terminals must be the same for both networks. The equations given here are valid for complex as well as real impedances. Complex impedance is a quantity measured in ohms which represents resistance as positive real numbers in the usual manner, and also represents reactance as positive and negative imaginary values.

Equations for the transformation from Δ to Y
The general idea is to compute the impedance $$R_\text{Y}$$ at a terminal node of the Y circuit with impedances $$R'$$, $$R''$$ to adjacent nodes in the Δ circuit by

 * $$R_\text{Y} = \frac{R'R''}{\sum R_\Delta}$$

where $$R_\Delta$$ are all impedances in the Δ circuit. This yields the specific formula

 * $$\begin{align}

R_1 &= \frac{R_\text{b}R_\text{c}}{R_\text{a} + R_\text{b} + R_\text{c}} \\[3pt] R_2 &= \frac{R_\text{a}R_\text{c}}{R_\text{a} + R_\text{b} + R_\text{c}} \\[3pt] R_3 &= \frac{R_\text{a}R_\text{b}}{R_\text{a} + R_\text{b} + R_\text{c}} \end{align}$$

Equations for the transformation from Y to Δ
The general idea is to compute an impedance $$R_\Delta$$ in the Δ circuit by

 * $$R_\Delta = \frac{R_P}{R_\text{opposite}}$$

where $$R_P = R_1 R_2 + R_2 R_3 + R_3 R_1$$ is the sum of the products of all pairs of impedances in the Y circuit and $$R_\text{opposite}$$ is the impedance of the node in the Y circuit which is opposite the edge with $$R_\Delta$$. The formulae for the individual edges are thus

 * $$\begin{align}

R_\text{a} &= \frac{R_1 R_2 + R_2 R_3 + R_3 R_1}{R_1} \\[3pt] R_\text{b} &= \frac{R_1 R_2 + R_2 R_3 + R_3 R_1}{R_2} \\[3pt] R_\text{c} &= \frac{R_1 R_2 + R_2 R_3 + R_3 R_1}{R_3} \end{align}$$

Or, if using admittance instead of resistance:
 * $$\begin{align}

Y_\text{a} &= \frac{Y_3 Y_2}{\sum Y_\text{Y}} \\[3pt] Y_\text{b} &= \frac{Y_3 Y_1}{\sum Y_\text{Y}} \\[3pt] Y_\text{c} &= \frac{Y_1 Y_2}{\sum Y_\text{Y}} \end{align}$$

Note that the general formula in Y to Δ using admittance is similar to Δ to Y using resistance.

A proof of the existence and uniqueness of the transformation
The feasibility of the transformation can be shown as a consequence of the superposition theorem for electric circuits. A short proof, rather than one derived as a corollary of the more general star-mesh transform, can be given as follows. The equivalence lies in the statement that for any external voltages ($$V_1, V_2$$ and $$V_3$$) applying at the three nodes ($$N_1, N_2$$ and $$N_3$$), the corresponding currents ($$I_1, I_2$$ and $$I_3$$) are exactly the same for both the Y and Δ circuit, and vice versa. In this proof, we start with given external currents at the nodes. According to the superposition theorem, the voltages can be obtained by studying the superposition of the resulting voltages at the nodes of the following three problems applied at the three nodes with current:

 * 1) $$  \frac{1}{3}\left(I_1 - I_2\right),   -\frac{1}{3}\left(I_1 - I_2\right), 0$$
 * 2) $$0,\frac{1}{3}\left(I_2 - I_3\right),   -\frac{1}{3}\left(I_2 - I_3\right)$$ and
 * 3) $$ -\frac{1}{3}\left(I_3 - I_1\right), 0, \frac{1}{3}\left(I_3 - I_1\right)$$

The equivalence can be readily shown by using Kirchhoff's circuit laws that $$I_1 + I_2 + I_3 = 0$$. Now each problem is relatively simple, since it involves only one single ideal current source. To obtain exactly the same outcome voltages at the nodes for each problem, the equivalent resistances in the two circuits must be the same, this can be easily found by using the basic rules of series and parallel circuits:

R_3 + R_1 = \frac{\left(R_\text{c} + R_\text{a}\right)R_\text{b}}{R_\text{a} + R_\text{b} + R_\text{c}},\quad \frac{R_3}{R_1} = \frac{R_\text{a}}{R_\text{c}}. $$

Though usually six equations are more than enough to express three variables ($$R_1, R_2, R_3$$) in term of the other three variables($$R_\text{a}, R_\text{b}, R_\text{c}$$), here it is straightforward to show that these equations indeed lead to the above designed expressions.

In fact, the superposition theorem establishes the relation between the values of the resistances, the uniqueness theorem guarantees the uniqueness of such solution.

Simplification of networks
Resistive networks between two terminals can theoretically be simplified to a single equivalent resistor (more generally, the same is true of impedance). Series and parallel transforms are basic tools for doing so, but for complex networks such as the bridge illustrated here, they do not suffice.

The Y-Δ transform can be used to eliminate one node at a time and produce a network that can be further simplified, as shown.

The reverse transformation, Δ-Y, which adds a node, is often handy to pave the way for further simplification as well.

Every two-terminal network represented by a planar graph can be reduced to a single equivalent resistor by a sequence of series, parallel, Y-Δ, and Δ-Y transformations. However, there are non-planar networks that cannot be simplified using these transformations, such as a regular square grid wrapped around a torus, or any member of the Petersen family.

Graph theory
In graph theory, the Y-Δ transform means replacing a Y subgraph of a graph with the equivalent Δ subgraph. The transform preserves the number of edges in a graph, but not the number of vertices or the number of cycles. Two graphs are said to be Y-Δ equivalent if one can be obtained from the other by a series of Y-Δ transforms in either direction. For example, the Petersen family is a Y-Δ equivalence class.

Δ-load to Y-load transformation equations

To relate $$\left\{R_\text{a}, R_\text{b}, R_\text{c}\right\}$$ from Δ to $$\left\{R_1, R_2, R_3\right\}$$ from Y, the impedance between two corresponding nodes is compared. The impedance in either configuration is determined as if one of the nodes is disconnected from the circuit. The impedance between N1 and N2 with N3 disconnected in Δ:

 * $$\begin{align}

R_\Delta\left(N_1, N_2\right) &= R_\text{c} \parallel (R_\text{a} + R_\text{b}) \\[3pt] &= \frac{1}{\frac{1}{R_\text{c}} + \frac{1}{R_\text{a} + R_\text{b}}} \\[3pt] &= \frac{R_\text{c}\left(R_\text{a} + R_\text{b}\right)}{R_\text{a} + R_\text{b} + R_\text{c}} \end{align}$$

To simplify, let $$R_\text{T}$$ be the sum of $$\left\{R_\text{a}, R_\text{b}, R_\text{c}\right\}$$.
 * $$ R_\text{T} = R_\text{a} + R_\text{b} + R_\text{c} $$

Thus,

 * $$R_\Delta\left(N_1, N_2\right) = \frac{R_\text{c}(R_\text{a} + R_\text{b})}{R_\text{T}}$$

The corresponding impedance between N1 and N2 in Y is simple:

 * $$R_\text{Y}\left(N_1, N_2\right) = R_1 + R_2$$

hence:

 * $$R_1 + R_2 = \frac{R_\text{c}(R_\text{a} + R_\text{b})}{R_\text{T}}$$   (1)

Repeating for $$R(N_2,N_3)$$:

 * $$R_2 + R_3 = \frac{R_\text{a}(R_\text{b} + R_\text{c})}{R_\text{T}}$$   (2)

and for $$R\left(N_1, N_3\right)$$:

 * $$R_1 + R_3 = \frac{R_\text{b}\left(R_\text{a} + R_\text{c}\right)}{R_\text{T}}.$$   (3)

From here, the values of $$\left\{R_1, R_2, R_3\right\}$$ can be determined by linear combination (addition and/or subtraction).

For example, adding (1) and (3), then subtracting (2) yields

 * $$\begin{align}

R_1 + R_2 + R_1 + R_3 - R_2 - R_3 &= \frac{R_\text{c}(R_\text{a} + R_\text{b})}{R_\text{T}} + \frac{R_\text{b}(R_\text{a} + R_\text{c})}{R_\text{T}} - \frac{R_\text{a}(R_\text{b} + R_\text{c})}{R_\text{T}} \\[3pt] {}\Rightarrow 2R_1 &= \frac{2R_\text{b}R_\text{c}}{R_\text{T}} \\[3pt] {}\Rightarrow R_1 &= \frac{R_\text{b}R_\text{c}}{R_\text{T}}. \end{align}$$

For completeness:

 * $$R_1 = \frac{R_\text{b}R_\text{c}}{R_\text{T}}$$  (4)
 * $$R_2 = \frac{R_\text{a}R_\text{c}}{R_\text{T}}$$  (5)
 * $$R_3 = \frac{R_\text{a}R_\text{b}}{R_\text{T}}$$  (6)

Y-load to Δ-load transformation equations
Let

 * $$R_\text{T} = R_\text{a} + R_\text{b} + R_\text{c}$$.

We can write the Δ to Y equations as

 * $$R_1 = \frac{R_\text{b}R_\text{c}}{R_\text{T}} $$   (1)
 * $$R_2 = \frac{R_\text{a}R_\text{c}}{R_\text{T}} $$   (2)
 * $$R_3 = \frac{R_\text{a}R_\text{b}}{R_\text{T}}. $$   (3)

Multiplying the pairs of equations yields

 * $$R_1 R_2 = \frac{R_\text{a}R_\text{b}R_\text{c}^2 }{R_\text{T}^2}$$   (4)
 * $$R_1 R_3 = \frac{R_\text{a}R_\text{b}^2 R_\text{c}}{R_\text{T}^2}$$   (5)
 * $$R_2 R_3 = \frac{R_\text{a}^2 R_\text{b}R_\text{c}}{R_\text{T}^2}$$   (6)

and the sum of these equations is

 * $$R_1 R_2 + R_1 R_3 + R_2 R_3 = \frac{

R_\text{a}R_\text{b}R_\text{c}^2 + R_\text{a}R_\text{b}^2R_\text{c} + R_\text{a}^2R_\text{b}R_\text{c}} {R_\text{T}^2} $$   (7)

Factor $$R_\text{a}R_\text{b}R_\text{c}$$ from the right side, leaving $$R_\text{T}$$ in the numerator, canceling with an $$R_\text{T}$$ in the denominator.

 * $$\begin{align}

R_1 R_2 + R_1 R_3 + R_2 R_3 &={} \frac{ \left(R_\text{a}R_\text{b}R_\text{c}\right) \left(R_\text{a} + R_\text{b} + R_\text{c}\right) }{R_\text{T}^2} \\ &={} \frac{R_\text{a}R_\text{b}R_\text{c}}{R_\text{T}} \end{align}$$  (8)

Note the similarity between (8) and {(1), (2), (3)}

Divide (8) by (1)

 * $$\begin{align}

\frac{R_1 R_2 + R_1 R_3 + R_2 R_3}{R_1} &={} \frac{R_\text{a}R_\text{b}R_\text{c}}{R_\text{T}} \frac{R_\text{T}}{R_\text{b}R_\text{c}} \\ &={} R_\text{a}, \end{align}$$

which is the equation for $$R_\text{a}$$. Dividing (8) by (2) or (3) (expressions for $$R_2$$ or $$R_3$$) gives the remaining equations.

Δ to Y transformation of a practical generator
During the analysis of balanced three-phase power systems, usually an equivalent per-phase (or single-phase) circuit is analyzed instead due to its simplicity. For that, equivalent wye connections are used for generators, transformers, loads and motors. The stator windings of a practical delta-connected three-phase generator, shown in the following figure, can be converted to an equivalent wye-connected generator, using the six following formulas:

$$ \begin{align} & Z_\text{s1Y} = \dfrac{Z_\text{s1} \, Z_\text{s3}}{Z_\text{s1} + Z_\text{s2} + Z_\text{s3}} \\[2ex] & Z_\text{s2Y} = \dfrac{Z_\text{s1} \, Z_\text{s2}}{Z_\text{s1} + Z_\text{s2} + Z_\text{s3}} \\[2ex] & Z_\text{s3Y} = \dfrac{Z_\text{s2} \, Z_\text{s3}}{Z_\text{s1} + Z_\text{s2} + Z_\text{s3}} \\[2ex] & V_\text{s1Y} = \left( \dfrac{V_\text{s1}}{Z_\text{s1}} - \dfrac{V_\text{s3}}{Z_\text{s3}} \right) Z_\text{s1Y} \\[2ex] & V_\text{s2Y} = \left( \dfrac{V_\text{s2}}{Z_\text{s2}} - \dfrac{V_\text{s1}}{Z_\text{s1}} \right) Z_\text{s2Y} \\[2ex] & V_\text{s3Y} = \left( \dfrac{V_\text{s3}}{Z_\text{s3}} - \dfrac{V_\text{s2}}{Z_\text{s2}} \right) Z_\text{s3Y} \end{align} $$

The resulting network is the following. The neutral node of the equivalent network is fictitious, and so are the line-to-neutral phasor voltages. During the transformation, the line phasor currents and the line (or line-to-line or phase-to-phase) phasor voltages are not altered.

If the actual delta generator is balanced, meaning that the internal phasor voltages have the same magnitude and are phase-shifted by 120° between each other and the three complex impedances are the same, then the previous formulas reduce to the four following:

$$ \begin{align} & Z_\text{sY} = \dfrac{Z_\text{s}}{3}\\ & V_\text{s1Y} = \dfrac{V_\text{s1}}{\sqrt{3} \, \angle \pm 30^\circ} \\[2ex] & V_\text{s2Y} = \dfrac{V_\text{s2}}{\sqrt{3} \, \angle \pm 30^\circ} \\[2ex] & V_\text{s3Y} = \dfrac{V_\text{s3}}{\sqrt{3} \, \angle \pm 30^\circ} \end{align} $$

where for the last three equations, the first sign (+) is used if the phase sequence is positive/abc or the second sign (−) is used if the phase sequence is negative/acb.

title: Y-Δ transform


text:
Lists of buildings and structures

This is a list of list of buildings and nonbuilding structures.

By type

 * List of abbeys and priories
 * List of amphitheatres (contemporary)
 * List of amphitheatres (Roman)
 * List of ancient Greek theatres
 * List of ancient pyramids
 * List of Egyptian pyramids
 * List of ancient spiral stairs
 * List of ancient temple structures
 * List of Ancient Greek temples
 * List of Ancient Roman temples
 * List of ancient watermills
 * List of aquaria
 * List of aqueducts
 * List of Roman aqueducts by date
 * List of aqueducts in the city of Rome
 * List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire
 * List of archaeological sites sorted by country
 * List of association football stadiums by capacity
 * List of basilicas
 * List of Roman basilicas
 * List of bridges
 * List of Roman bridges
 * List of Buddhist temples
 * List of casinos
 * List of castles
 * List of cathedrals
 * List of churches
 * Lists of clubhouses
 * List of Ancient Order of United Workmen buildings
 * List of American Legion buildings
 * List of Czech-Slovak Protective Society buildings
 * List of traditional gentlemen's and working men's club buildings
 * List of Elks buildings
 * List of Fraternal Order of Eagles buildings
 * List of Grange Hall buildings
 * List of Hibernian buildings
 * List of Knights of Columbus buildings
 * List of Knights of Pythias buildings
 * List of Masonic buildings
 * List of Odd Fellows buildings
 * List of Sons of Norway buildings
 * List of women's clubs
 * List of Woodmen of the World buildings
 * List of YMCA buildings
 * List of YWCA buildings
 * List of Z.C.B.J. buildings
 * List of concert halls
 * List of dams
 * List of Roman dams and reservoirs
 * List of domes
 * List of Roman domes
 * List of fortifications
 * List of forts
 * List of Hindu temples
 * List of historic houses
 * List of hotels
 * List of hospitals
 * List of indoor arenas
 * List of Jain temples
 * List of jazz clubs
 * List of legislative buildings
 * List of lighthouses
 * List of Major League Baseball stadiums
 * List of masts
 * List of mosques
 * List of museums
 * List of nuclear reactors
 * List of observatories
 * List of opera houses
 * List of palaces
 * List of pioneering solar buildings
 * List of prisons
 * List of Roman public baths
 * List of Roman theatres
 * List of Roman triumphal arches
 * List of shrines
 * List of stadiums
 * List of sugar refineries
 * List of synagogues
 * List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
 * List of towers
 * List of walls
 * List of windmills
 * List of zoos
 * Listed buildings

By age

 * List of oldest buildings
 * List of oldest buildings in Canada
 * List of oldest structures in Toronto
 * List of oldest buildings in Britain
 * List of oldest buildings in Scotland
 * List of oldest buildings in United States of America

By region

 * List of Ahmadiyya buildings and structures
 * List of buildings and structures in the Australian Capital Territory
 * List of buildings and structures in Benin
 * List of buildings and structures in Burundi
 * List of buildings and structures in Cape Verde
 * List of buildings and structures in the Central African Republic
 * List of buildings and structures in Chad
 * List of buildings and structures in Como
 * List of buildings and structures in the Comoros
 * List of buildings and structures in Cusco
 * List of buildings and structures in Djibouti
 * List of buildings and structures in Eritrea
 * List of buildings and structures in Florence
 * List of buildings and structures in Gabon
 * List of buildings and structures in the Gambia
 * List of buildings and structures in Guinea
 * List of buildings and structures in Guinea-Bissau
 * List of buildings and structures in Hong Kong
 * List of buildings and structures in Indonesia
 * List of buildings and structures in Libya
 * List of buildings and structures in Mali
 * List of buildings and structures in Namibia
 * List of buildings and structures in Niger
 * List of buildings and structures in Puerto Rico
 * List of buildings and structures in Santiago, Cape Verde
 * List of buildings and structures in São Tomé and Príncipe
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title: Lists of buildings and structures


text:
Freddie Slack

Frederick Charles Slack (August 7, 1910 – August 10, 1965) was an American swing and boogie-woogie pianist and bandleader.

Life and career
Slack was born in Westby, Wisconsin, United States. He learned to play drums as a boy. Later he took up the xylophone, and at the age of 13 he changed to the piano. He studied with a local teacher throughout high school. At the age of 17, he moved with his parents to Chicago, where he continued his musical training. He met Rosy McHargue, a well-known clarinetist, who took him to hear many leading musicians, including Bix Beiderbecke and Earl Hines. His first job was with Johnny Tobin at the Beach View Gardens. He later moved to Los Angeles, where he worked with Henry Halstead, Earl Burtnett and Lennie Hayton, before joining Ben Pollack in 1934.

He played with the Jimmy Dorsey Band in the 1930s and was a charter member of the Will Bradley Orchestra when it formed in 1939. Known to bandmates as "Daddy Slack," he played the piano solo on Bradley's recording of "Beat Me Daddy, Eight to the Bar", one of the early white boogie-woogie hits and a classic of the big band era.

He formed his own band in 1942 and signed with the newly founded Capitol Records. He recorded three songs at his third recording session for Capitol, on May 21, 1942. His recording of "Cow Cow Boogie," sung by the 17-year-old Ella Mae Morse, was the second record the new Capitol issued, on July 1, and by July 25 it had reached number 1 on the hit parade. It was Capitol's first gold single.

T-Bone Walker was a member of Slack's band from 1942 to 1944, and Slack later accompanied Walker on his first solo recording for Capitol, "Mean Old World". This band also had a hit with "Strange Cargo."

Slack continued to record with Capitol until at least 1950, recording some 80 tracks for the label.

Slack also recorded as an accompanist for Big Joe Turner, Johnny Mercer, Margaret Whiting and Lisa Morrow.

In the original version of the song "Down the Road a Piece", recorded in 1940 by the Will Bradley Orchestra, Slack is mentioned in the lyrics:

If you wanna' hear some boogie then I know the place It's just an old piano and a knocked-out bass.

The drummer-man's a guy they call eight beat Mack You remember Doc and old "Beat Me Daddy" Slack.

Man it's better than chicken fried in bacon grease Come along with me boy, it's just down the road a piece.

"Eight Beat Mack" refers to drummer Ray McKinley, and "Doc" relates to the band's bass player, Doc Goldberg.

His 1955 album, Boogie Woogie on the 88, featured a horn section including jazz musicians Shorty Sherock and Herbie Harper among others, with arrangements by Benny Carter.

He also co-wrote the 1945 classic "The House of Blue Lights", first recorded with singer Ella Mae Morse, and later by Chuck Miller, the Andrews Sisters, Chuck Berry, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Asleep at the Wheel.

On August 10, 1965, Slack was found dead in his bedroom in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, from undetermined causes.

title: Freddie Slack


text:
Newberry

Newberry is a surname, a variant of Newbury. Notable people with the surname include:
 * Booker Newberry III (1956–2023), American singer and keyboardist
 * Brennan Newberry (born, 1990), American professional stock car racing driver
 * Brian Newberry (born 1971), American politician and member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives
 * Christian Newberry (born 1968), British competitive figure skater
 * Clare Turlay Newberry (1903–1970), American author and illustrator of children's books
 * Claude Newberry (1888–1916), South African cricketer
 * Dan Newberry, American politician and member of the Oklahoma Senate
 * Fannie Ellsworth Newberry (1848–1942), American writer of girls' stories
 * George Newberry (1917–1978), British track cyclist
 * Graham Newberry (born 1998), British figure skater
 * Guillermo Newberry (1898–?), Argentine sprinter
 * Hazel Newberry, British dancer
 * Jake Newberry (born 1994), American baseball player
 * Janet Newberry (born 1953), American tennis player
 * Jared Newberry (born 1981), American footballer
 * Jeremy Newberry (born 1976), American footballer
 * Jessica Newberry-Ransehousen (born 1938), American equestrian
 * Jim Newberry, Mayor of Lexington, Kentucky
 * Jimmy Newberry, Negro league baseball player
 * John Newberry (ice hockey) (born 1962), Canadian ice hockey player
 * John Josiah Newberry (1877–1954), founder of store chain J. J. Newberry
 * John Stoughton Newberry (1826–1887), American politician
 * John Strong Newberry (1822–1892), American geologist, physician and explorer
 * Luke Newberry (born 1990), English actor
 * Michael Newberry, American painter
 * Percy Newberry (1869–1949), British Egyptologist
 * Sterling Newberry (1915–2017), American inventor and microscopist
 * Thomas Newberry (1811–1901), English Bible scholar
 * Tom Newberry (born 1962), American footballer
 * Tommy Newberry, American author and success coach
 * Truman Handy Newberry (1864–1945), American businessman and politician
 * Walter C. Newberry (1835–1912), American politician
 * Walter Loomis Newberry (1804–1868), American businessman and philanthropist

title: Newberry


text:
Fritz Sauckel

Ernst Friedrich Christoph "Fritz" Sauckel (27 October 1894 – 16 October 1946) was a German Nazi politician, Gauleiter of Gau Thuringia from 1927 and the General Plenipotentiary for Labour Deployment (Arbeitseinsatz) from March 1942 until the end of the Second World War. Sauckel was among the 24 persons accused in the Nuremberg Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal. He was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity, sentenced to death, and executed by hanging.

Early years
Born in Haßfurt (Kingdom of Bavaria), as the only child of a postman and a seamstress. Sauckel attended the local volksschule and the gymnasium in Schweinfurt,  leaving in 1909 without graduating when his mother fell ill. He joined the merchant marine of Norway and Sweden when he was 15, first on a Norwegian three-masted schooner, and later on Swedish and German vessels. Starting off as a cabin boy, he went on to sail throughout the world, rising to the rank of Vollmatrose (able seaman). At the outbreak of World War I in 1914, he was on a German vessel en route to Australia when the vessel was captured by French naval forces. He was subsequently interned as an enemy alien in France from August 1914 until 20 October 1919. While interned, he studied mathematics, languages and economics.

When released, he returned to Germany and found factory work for the next few years in Schweinfurt as an apprentice locksmith and toolmaker in the Ersten Automatischen Gußstahlkugel-Fabrik & Cie ball-bearing works. In 1919 he joined the Deutschvölkischer Schutz- und Trutzbund , the largest and most influential anti-Semitic organization in Weimar Germany. He served as its local manager for Lower Franconia until 1921. Moving to Thuringia, he studied engineering at a technical school in Ilmenau from 1922 to 1923, but was expelled for his political activities.

Nazi career
Sauckel joined the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in January 1923 (member 1,395) and cofounded an Ortsgruppe (Local Group) in Ilmenau, serving as its Ortsgruppenführer. He also enrolled in the SA, the party’s paramilitary organization. He planned a “March on Berlin” with about 80 followers in conjunction with Adolf Hitler’s Beer Hall Putsch in Munich on 9 November 1923. However, he and 22 followers were arrested and briefly detained in Coburg before the march could get under way. Despite the forced dissolution of the party in the wake of the failed putsch, Sauckel remained active in political activities, establishing a right wing organization called Bund Teja, giving speeches, founding an SA front organization in Thuringia named Deutscher Wanderverein and serving as the Bezirksleiter (District Leader) for Thuringian Forest. He also became in 1924 the publisher of a small newspaper in Ilmenau, which in 1925 would merge with another paper and develop into the official organ of the Party in Thuringia, Der Nationalsozialist. Published in Weimar, he would serve as its editor from 1927 until 1945. Sauckel thus established his credentials as an Alter Kämpfer (old fighter) with whom Hitler always retained strong bonds of loyalty. In 1924 he married Elisabeth Wetzel, with whom he had ten children.

After the ban on the party was lifted, Sauckel became the business manager for Gau Thuringia under Gauleiter Artur Dinter in March 1925 and formally rejoined the party on 6 April. On 6 February 1927, he was also named Deputy Gauleiter and Gau Organisationsleiter, in charge of personnel issues. Sauckel succeeded Dinter as Gauleiter of Thuringia on 30 September 1927 and would retain this position until the end of the Nazi regime.

On 8 December 1929, Sauckel was elected to the Landtag of Thuringia as one of six Nazi deputies that would hold the balance of power there between the leftist (24) and center-right (23) parties. On 23 January 1930, a coalition government took office in Thuringia which for the first time in Germany included Nazi ministers, Wilhelm Frick and Willy Marschler. Sauckel, though not included as a State cabinet minister, became the leader of the Nazi faction in the Landtag. Following the 31 July 1932 election, the Nazis captured 42.5% of the votes and 26 seats, and Sauckel became the new Leading Minister of State (equivalent to Minister-President) as well as the interior minister from which portfolio he controlled all the State police and security apparatus.

Following Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933, Sauckel was appointed to the new position of Reichsstatthalter (Reich Governor)  of Thuringia on 5 May 1933, a post he would retain until May 1945. The new post was created to provide more centralized control over the State governments. On 8 May he left the Thuringian cabinet and was succeeded by Willy Marschler. On 9 November 1933 Sauckel was promoted to SA-Gruppenführer and on 12 November he was elected to the Reichstag from electoral constituency 12 (Thuringia).

On 9 September 1934, Sauckel joined the SS as an SS-Gruppenführer at the invitation of Heinrich Himmler and was assigned to SS-Oberabschnitte Mitte (Senior Section Central) based in Weimar until 1 April 1936 when he was transferred to the staff of the Reichsführer-SS. Upon the death of Wilhelm Friedrich Loeper Sauckel was appointed to succeed him as the acting Reichsstatthalter of both Anhalt and Brunswick from 30 November 1935 to 20 April 1937. On 23 January 1937 Sauckel was made the head of the Main Office for the Four Year Plan in Thuringia. He was also given an honorary rank of SA-Obergruppenführer on 9 November 1937.

World War II
At the start of World War II on 1 September 1939, Sauckel was named Reich Defense Commissioner (Reichsverteidigungskommissar) for Wehrkreis (Military District) IX headquartered in Kassel. This district comprised Gau Thuringia along with Gau Electoral Hesse, the eastern half of Gau Hesse-Nassau and smaller parts of four neighboring Gaue. In this position, he was entrusted with supervising civil defense measures over a large area, including air raid defenses and evacuations, as well as control over the war economy, rationing and suppression of the black market. On 16 November 1942, the jurisdiction of the Reich Defense Commissioners was changed from the Wehrkreis to the Gau level, and he remained Commissioner for only his Gau of Thuringia. A member of the SS since 1934, he was promoted to honorary SS-Obergruppenführer on 30 January 1942. He was a holder of the Golden Party Badge.

General Plenipotentiary for Labour Deployment
On 21 March 1942, Sauckel was appointed to the position for which he would be forever linked in history, General Plenipotentiary for Labour Deployment (Generalbevollmächtigter für den Arbeitseinsatz) on the recommendation of Martin Bormann.

Sauckel worked directly under Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring within the Four Year Plan Office, obtaining and allocating labour for German industry and agriculture. On 27 March 1942, Göring issued a decree naming Sauckel the Leader of the Department of Labor Allocation within the Four Year Plan. In response to increased demands for labour from German war industries, Hitler issued a decree on 30 September 1942 granting Sauckel extraordinary powers over both civil and military authorities in the occupied territories. His agents were authorized “to issue directives to the competent military and civilian authorities” to ensure an adequate supply of labourers. Sauckel therefore met the ever-increasing requirement for manpower with people from the occupied territories. Voluntary numbers were insufficient and forced civilian labour was introduced within a few months. Of an estimated five million foreign workers brought to Germany, only around 200,000 came voluntarily, according to a March 1944 statement by Sauckel introduced as evidence at Nuremberg.

The majority of the acquired workers originated from the Eastern territories, especially in Poland and the Soviet Union where the methods used to gain workers were very harsh. The Army was used to pressgang local people and most were taken by force to the Reich. In addition to forced civilian labourers, Sauckel authorized the use of prisoners of war. Conditions of work were extremely poor and discipline severe, especially for concentration camp prisoners. All the latter were unpaid and provided with starvation rations, barely keeping those workers alive. Such slave labour was widely used in many German industries, including coal mining, steel making, and armaments manufacture. The use of forced and slave labour continually increased throughout the war, especially after Albert Speer, the Reichsminister of Armaments and War Production, in April 1942 brought about the formation of the Central Planning Board, which determined the labor requirements of industry, agriculture and all other components of the German war economy, and requisitioned that labor through Sauckel’s office. It has been estimated that over 12 million such laborers eventually were brought forcibly to Germany to work, often by brutal coercion.

Final months of the war
On 1 July 1944, following the division of the Prussian Province of Saxony, Sauckel was named Oberpräsident of the Regierungsbezirk (Government District) Erfurt, which became part of Thuringia. On 25 September 1944, Sauckel was named leader of the Volkssturm forces in his Gau. On 27 October 1944 he was given a cash award of 250,000 Reichsmarks in honor of his 50th birthday and for his contributions to the Reich. On 10 April 1945, only a day after declaring Weimar a fortress city and exhorting his Volkssturm forces to resist the approaching American Army, Sauckel fled the city by car. After the end of the war, he was arrested in Salzburg by members of the US Army Counterintelligence Corps on 12 May 1945. He was interned in the 7th Army Interrogation Center in Augsburg, Camp King in Oberursel and, finally, in Nuremberg.

Trial and execution
On 20 November 1945, Sauckel was put on trial before the International Military Tribunal as a major war criminal. He was indicted on all four charges of conspiracy to commit crimes against peace; planning, initiating and waging wars of aggression; war crimes and crimes against humanity. He defended the Arbeitseinsatz as "nothing to do with exploitation. It is an economic process for supplying labour". He denied that it was slave labour or that it was common to deliberately work people to death (extermination by labour) or to mistreat them. Yet, documents put into evidence showed that he was complicit in exploiting the labourers: "All the men [prisoners of war and foreign civilian workers] must be fed, sheltered, and treated in such a way as to exploit them to the highest possible extent at the lowest conceivable degree of expenditure."

Robert Servatius, Sauckel's counsel, portrayed Sauckel as a representative of the labour classes of Germany; an earnest and unpretentious party man assiduously committed to promoting the collective utility of the working class. This portrait was contrary to that of Speer, whom Servatius juxtaposed against Sauckel as a technical genius and entrepreneurial administrator. Sauckel surmised that Speer bore greater legal and moral responsibility by virtue of the fact that the former merely met the demands of the latter, in accordance with protocol. This strategy did not yield to his favour, however, as the ratio in the final judgement against the respective defendants outlined that Speer's tasks were numerous, with the forced labour program comprising only one facet of his ministerial responsibilities, while Sauckel was singularly responsible for his office as General Plenipotentiary. Sauckel was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity, and was hanged at Nuremberg Prison on 16 October 1946, 11 days before his 52nd birthday after receiving Communion. His last words were recorded as "Ich sterbe unschuldig, mein Urteil ist ungerecht. Gott beschütze Deutschland. Möge es leben und eines Tages wieder groß werden. Gott beschütze meine Familie." ("I die an innocent man, my sentence is unjust. God protect Germany. May it live and one day become great again. God protect my family.") Albert Speer escaped the death sentence and served 20 years at Spandau prison, one of the most controversial verdicts of the Nuremberg trials. The discrepancy of an effective subordinate facing death with the superior facing a prison sentence has faced much attention and criticism in historical analysis, including by Gitta Sereny, who later interviewed Speer concerning his responsibility for slave labour.

Sauckel's body, as were those of the other nine executed men and the corpse of Hermann Göring, was cremated at Ostfriedhof (Munich) and the ashes were scattered in the river Isar.

Portrayal in popular culture
Fritz Sauckel has been portrayed by the following actors in film, television and theatre productions;
 * Ken Kramer in the 2000 Canadian/U.S. T.V. production Nuremberg
 * Oliver Stern in the 2005 German docudrama Speer und Er
 * Paul Brennen in the 2006 British television docudrama Nuremberg: Nazis on Trial

Literature

 * Steffen Raßloff: Fritz Sauckel. Hitler "Muster-Gauleiter" (Thüringen. Blätter zur Landeskunde 36). Erfurt 2004. (PDF) (translation into English)
 * Steffen Raßloff: Fritz Sauckel. Hitlers "Muster-Gauleiter" und "Sklavenhalter" (Schriften der Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Thüringen. Bd. 29). 3. Auflage, Erfurt 2008. ISBN 978-3-937967-18-9 (PDF)

title: Fritz Sauckel


text:
User talk:Jeanie64

Hello, Jeanie64. Welcome to Wikipedia.

A few tips for you to start going. (I'll send more if I see that I can help you :-)

 * Just edit stuff off the cuff for a while. We like that fine!
 * When you have time, check out Welcome, newcomers + the links in there.
 * You can sign your stuff on talk pages with ~ It will convert to your username + the time. "anon" is fine too.
 * If puzzled, put a question on Village pump, or feel free to ask me on my talk page if it's a very general question.
 * Most of all, have fun but take our work seriously!

-- Cimon Avaro on a pogo-stick 15:42 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jeanie64


text:
User talk:Dhowitt

Hello, Dhowitt. Welcome to Wikipedia.

A few tips for you to start going. (I'll send more if I see that I can help you :-)

 * Just edit stuff off the cuff for a while. We like that fine!
 * When you have time, check out Welcome, newcomers + the links in there.
 * You can sign your stuff on talk pages with ~ It will convert to your username + the time. "anon" is fine too.
 * If puzzled, put a question on Village pump, or feel free to ask me on my talk page if it's a very general question.
 * Most of all, have fun but take our work seriously!

-- Cimon Avaro on a pogo-stick 15:45 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dhowitt