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Embraer ERJ family

The Embraer ERJ family (for Embraer Regional Jet) are regional jets designed and produced by the Brazilian aerospace company Embraer. The family includes the ERJ 135 (37 passengers), ERJ 140 (44 passengers), and ERJ 145 (50 passengers), as well as the Legacy 600 business jet and the R-99 family of military aircraft.

Development of the ERJ 145 was launched in 1989. Its early design took the form of a turbofan-powered stretch of the existing turboprop-powered EMB 120 Brasilia regional aircraft. After the project was temporarily suspended in 1990, work on a revised configuration was undertaken during the early 1990s. While retaining the three-abreast seating of the Brasilia, the twinjet featured a new swept wing and is powered by two rear-fuselage-mounted Rolls-Royce AE 3007 turbofans for a range up to 2,000 nmi. By the time of its maiden flight on 11 August 1995, Embraer had garnered 18 firm orders, 16 options and 127 letters of intent for the type. On 10 December 1996, the ERJ 145 received its type certificate; it entered revenue service with ExpressJet Airlines on 6 April 1997.

Embraer prioritised the rapid expansion of the family, leading to the introduction of the shortened ERJ 135 and ERJ 140 in 1999. The ERJ series' primary competition came from the similarly sized Bombardier CRJ100/200 regional jets. In December 2002, Embraer entered a partnership with the Chinese aerospace manufacturer Harbin Aircraft Industry Group to jointly produce the ERJ 145 in Harbin, China; this production line was shuttered in 2016 after producing 41 aircraft. Overall production of the type was terminated in 2020, by which point 1,231 aircraft were built. By this point, the ERJ family had been eclipsed by the newer and more advanced E-Jet family.

Background and early design
The ERJ 145 was designed for a perceived new market for regional jet aircraft, where the increased speed, comfort and passenger appeal would outweigh the inherent fuel economy of the turboprop aircraft which were in service and in development.

The 45–48 seat EMB 145, nicknamed Amazon, was launched at the Paris Air Show in 1989 as an 18 ft stretch of the EMB 120 Brasilia developed for US$150 million plus $50 million for training and marketing, one third the cost of the cancelled Short Brothers FJX project. Its $11 million unit cost would have been $3 million less than the Canadair CRJ. The jet was anticipated to be able to travel at 400 knots, equipped with the CFE738, Lycoming ALF 502 or Rolls-Royce/Allison AB580 turbofan engines, with the model to be selected in the summer of 1989. It was targeted for a late 1992 introduction with six produced, then ramping to 60 per year by 1995. It aimed for half of a market for 1,000 aircraft with break-even after twelve years with 400 sold.

Keeping 75% of the Brasilia parts and systems, the EMB 145 Amazon aimed for a 1991 first flight. The stretch resulted from two 11 ft plugs of the 7 ft diameter fuselage in the front and behind the redesigned 538 ft2 wing. Its supercritical airfoil with a 14% root thickness had its chord extended at the leading edge with a slight sweepback, increased aspect ratio and winglets. The overwing podded engines were expected to generate 6,400 lbf of thrust. Designed for 500 - 600 nmi stages, up to 1400 nmi with a reduced payload, it had a 36375 lb maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) and a undefined lb operating empty weight.

Engine selection

In early 1990, no engine supplier willing to share the risk of the $250 million development was yet selected. The Allison GMA3007 (later renamed the Rolls-Royce AE 3007) was selected in March 1990, with a maximum 40 kN (7,100 lbf) take-off thrust and growth capability to 45 kN, first flight was then due in September 1991. Rolls-Royce could participate in the fan and low-pressure turbine, its original responsibility on the RB.580 joint development. By May, it had 296 commitments from 19 operators, and was seeking external finance. In June, maiden flight was expected by the end of 1990 before mid-1993 deliveries for $11.5 million each, cabin pressurisation was increased to 0.55 bar from the Brasilia 0.48 bar.

Following the engine selection, design was revised: length decreased from 27.08 to 26.74 m, span increased from 22.37 to 22.49 m, aspect ratio to 9.3 from 9.2. MTOW rose from 16,500 to 18,500 kg, basic operating weight from 9,560 to 10,940 kg, maximum fuel from 3,900 to 4,210 kg and payload from 4,500 to 5,160 kg; wing loading increased from 330 to 370 kg/m2, time-to-climb to FL400 gained 5 min to 30 min and maximum cruise rose from 405 kn (750 km/h) to 428 kn (787 km/h) at FL360. The first delivery in 1993 was slated to Comair, which ordered 60. In November 1990, a major reduction in Brazilian government spending, which held 61% of its voting share, resulted in Embraer laying off 32% of its 12,800 employees and suspending development of the EMB 145 for six months.

Revised design

In March 1991, a revised configuration started wind tunnel testing: the quarter chord wing sweep increased to 22.3° with underslung engines for lower aerodynamic drag. This reduced the span by almost 2 to 20.5 m, reducing its aspect ratio from 9.3 to 8.4 and wing area from 50 to 47 m2. The semi-monocoque wing has two main and one auxiliary spar and holds 4,500 kg (9,900 lb) of fuel, it has double-slotted fowler flaps and spoilers. To accommodate the underwing engines, the landing gear is longer, allowing using jetways, and the fuselage was lengthened from 25.8 to 26 m.

During June 1991, the Brazilian Government loaned $600 million to Embraer and in July the programme was re-evaluated while tooling was 80% complete. By November 1991, Embraer was still looking for partners to share the risk of the $350 million project, hoping to obtain Government approval by the end of the year. Sold at $12 million with an all-digital cockpit and 31.8 kN engines, it had letters of intent for 337 units. The scheduled date for the first flight slipped to 1992 and certification for late 1993.

Definitive design

After re-evaluation late in 1991, the layout was again revised with two rear-fuselage-mounted engines, and a Mach 0.8 cruise speed would be tested in the wind tunnel. Seat pitch is 79 cm. A further stretch to 50–55 passengers is limited by a 12° rotation angle. Embraer continued to look for partners to share the $350 million development as first flight was expected for late 1994. In December 1994, Embraer was privatised for 80% to Brazilian and US investors while 20% was kept by the Brazilian Government.

The definitive ERJ 145 first flew on August 11, 1995, with 18 firm orders, 16 options and 127 letters of intent. A 1,300h flight-test programme for the prototype and three pre-series aircraft (excluding two ground-test airframes) was planned within 13 months for certification in the third quarter of 1996, before deliveries in the fourth quarter of 1996 to launch customer Flight West. The $14.5 million aircraft is developed with risk-sharing partners including Spain's Gamesa producing the wing; Chile's Enaer for the tail; and the USA's C&D Interiors equipping the cabin. The standard maximum ramp weight is 19,300 and 20,300 kg for the extended-range, it is fitted with Honeywell Primus 1000 integrated avionics.

The estimated $300 million development cost is divided between Embraer for 34%, risksharing partners for 33% (including Belgium's SONACA supplying centre and rear fuselage sections, doors, engine pylons and wing leading-edges), long-term loans from Brazilian development-funding institutions for % and participating suppliers for 10%. On both 370 km (200 nm) hubfeeder and 1,100 km hub-bypass sectors, the EMB145 was expected to offer lower operating costs than the similarly priced Saab 2000 high-speed turboprop and the CRJ. Its $15 million price was $4 million lower than the CRJ.

The Flight Test campaign took four aircraft: S/N 801, PT-ZJA, S/N 001, PT-ZJB, S/N 002, PT-ZJC and S/N 003, PT-ZJD. Only S/N 003 was fitted with passenger seats and had no FTI (flight test instrumentation) and was used for functional and reliability tests.

In July 1996, its certification was targeted for October, and the unit cost was then forecast to be US$15 million. The first delivery was planned for late November, while 29 aircraft were to be produced in 1997, 38 in 1998 and at least 48 per year thereafter. Its MTOW could be raised from the standard 19,200 to 20,600 kg for an Enhanced Range version. Flight tests allowed to increase its cruise speed to Mach 0.78 from 0.74, and showed fuel economy was 7% better than predicted. Before the Summer 1996 Farnborough Airshow, Embraer held 62 firm orders and 218 options. Continental Express then purchased 25 EMB145s and took 175 options. More than 50 seats would need a wider fuselage for four-abreast seating, an enlarged wing and a more powerful turbofan.

On 10 December 1996, type certification was issued by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), clearing the type for operational use in North America.

Embraer delivered 892 units of all variants through 2006, and predicted that another 102 units would be delivered in the 2007–2016 time period.

Production in China
During December 2002, Embraer entered a partnership with the Chinese aerospace manufacturer Harbin Aircraft Industry Group, resulting in the creation of Harbin Embraer Aircraft Industry, a joint venture company, to locally produce the ERJ 145 in Harbin for the Chinese market. The assembly line was sized to produce a maximum of 24 aircraft per year, assembling complete knock down kits prepared by Embraer at its facilities overseas. During February 2004, the first delivery of a Chinese-assembled ERJ 145 took place; two months later, China Southern took delivery for two of the locally-built ERJ145s.

In April 2009, it was announced that Hainan Airlines had halved its original order for 50 ERJ145s from the joint venture. By April 2011, 41 aircraft had reportedly been produced in China, considerably less than the line's capacity. By this time, the company was undertaking changes to facilitate the local production of the similar Embraer Legacy 650 business jet as well. In March 2016, the final delivery of aircraft produced by the joint venture took place. Two months later, the discontinuation of the local assembly initiative was announced; it was reported that in excess of 40 ERJ 145 and five Legacy 650s has been completed by this point.

Shortened versions

Embraer has introduced two shortened versions of the ERJ145. All three aircraft share the same crew type rating, allowing pilots to fly any of the three aircraft without the need for further training.

The ERJ 140 is 1.42 m shorter, seating 44 passengers, and has 96% parts commonality with the ERJ145. The only significant changes are a shorter fuselage, a slightly derated engine and an increased range. The ERJ140 was designed with fewer seats in order to meet the needs of some major United States airlines, which have an agreement with the pilots' union to limit the number of 50-seat aircraft that can be flown by their affiliates. At launch, Embraer estimated the cost of an ERJ140 to be approximately US $15.2 million. The estimated cost of development of the ERJ140 was US $45 million.

The ERJ 135 is 3.54 m shorter, seating 37 passengers, and has 95% parts commonality with the ERJ145. The first ERJ 135 entered service in 1999.

Design
The Embraer ERJ family is a series of twin-engine jet-powered regional jets. The ERJ family retains a relatively high level of commonality with the Embraer Legacy 600 business jet; the principal difference being the addition of winglets and additional fuel tanks as standard on the latter. The airframe is composed of stretched, machined and chemically milled aluminium, with CFRP for moving parts, GFRP for fairings and sidewalls, kevlar for leading edges and Nomex honeycomb-CFRP/GFRP sandwiches for floors.

The EMB145 family is generally powered by a pair of Rolls-Royce AE 3007 series turbofan engines. Each engine has a bypass ratio of 5:1 and can generate up to 8,917 lbf of thrust. The engines are controlled by a dual Full Authority Digital Engine Controls (FADEC) arrangement, which is capable of controlling virtually all aspects of the engine and sending engine data to be displayed on the engine-indicating and crew-alerting system (EICAS) for the flight crew.

The ERJ 145 family initially shared its cockpit layout with that of the aborted CBA123. It is equipped with the Honeywell Primus 1000 avionics suite. This provides an electronic flight instrument system (EFIS) that comprises five monitors; from left to right, these consists of a Primary Flight Display (PFD), Multi-Function Display (MFD), Engine Indication and Crew Alerting System (EICAS), Multi-Function Display (MFD) (Co-pilot) and Primary Flight Display (PFD) (Co-pilot). While these are CRT displays as standard, they can be upgraded to LCD counterparts, which are lighter and have additional functionality.

In a typical commuter/airliner configuration, the ERJ 145 can accommodate up to 60 seats, although many operators would have fewer seats than this on their selected configuration. Embraer has offered a premium cabin configuration, which seats between 16 and 28 passengers in a more comfortable and spacious arrangement. The cabin can accommodate various interiors, these being customisable to fulfil each customer's own requirements. The fittings can be suited to various market sectors, from the relatively modest commuter to the more luxury-inclined VIP traveller. It is typical, but not compulsory, for ERJ 135/145 airliners to be configured with an offset aisle. Dependent on an individual aircraft's role, overhead bins may be installed; their exclusion gives more headroom but reduces the available storage space for carry-on luggage.

Embraer has stated that every ERJ 145 is capable of being converted into a semi-private aircraft configuration, and that the conversion process can be performed at Embraer-owned service centers. Numerous aftermarket companies have also offered their own conversions of ERJ family aircraft, often involving various levels of interior refurbishment, such as the installation of an expanded galley, redesigned lavatories, seat track relocation, at-seat power provision, Wi-Fi, alternative ceilings, LED lighting upgrades, and various storage options.

Operational history

In December 1996, the first delivery of the ERJ 145 was made to ExpressJet Airlines (then the regional division of Continental Airlines flying as Continental Express). As a newly-established company, ExpressJet chose the ERJ 145 with which to launch its operations; this was achieved in April 1997, the same month that Embraer completed deliveries to the operator. Particular value was attached the American market as there was a near-insatiable hunger for regional aircraft at this time, and thus a substantial amount of potential sales to capitalise upon.

The ERJ 145 quickly entered service with various other operators throughout the Americas, being particularly popular on high-demand regional routes. However, the type proved to be less successful in the European market allegedly on account of logistical difficulties. Nonetheless, several European operators did emerge; LOT Polish Airlines operated as many as 14 ERJ145s, while British Regional Airlines also flew the type on behalf of the national flag carrier British Airways.

During the early 2000s, various governments opted to procure the ERJ 145 as dedicated transports for high-ranking officials, amongst some other purposes. One such country was Belgium, who operated a pair of ERJ145s for VIP transport, regularly carrying the Belgian prime minister, cabinet members, members of the royal family, or military officials, between 2001 and 2020.

By the 2020s, various operators had elected to retire their ERJ 145 fleets in favour of newer airliners; they have often been replaced by members of Embraer's E-Jet family. Aircraft formerly used as regional airliners have often been sold on to charter operators. To capitalise on the growing sector of corporate/private travellers, some customers have elected to acquire secondhand ERJ145s from regional operators and refurbishing them with new interiors with more luxurious fittings to suit their new role. As of August 2021, the largest operator of the ERJ 145 is CommutAir, which serves as United Express under United Airlines, possessing a fleet of 165 aircraft.

During September 1999, the slightly smaller ERJ140 was introduced; it performing its first flight on 27 June 2000, and entering commercial service in July 2001. Envoy Air, the regional jet subsidiary of American Airlines flying as American Eagle, operated the majority of the ERJ140s built, including the first to be delivered (N800AE) However, Envoy Air opted to withdraw all of their ERJ140 fleet in mid-2020. By early 2005, 74 ERJ140s had been delivered; while this model has been marketed as ERJ140, its designation on the company's internal documents and on FAA certification is EMB 135KL. In March 2007, ExpressJet entered into a short-term agreement to operate some regional routes for JetBlue Airways using its ERJ 145 aircraft.

In May 2017, the ERJ 135 was leased $33,000 to $43,000 per month ($,000 to $,000 per year) and the ERJ 145 $38,000 to $55,000 per month ($,000 to $,000 per year).

As of 18 March 2018, the Embraer ERJ family was involved in 24 incidents, incurring a total of eight hull losses without any fatalities.

Civilian models

 * ERJ 135ER – Extended Range, although this is the baseline 135 model. Simple shrink of the ERJ145, seating thirteen fewer passengers, for a total of 37 passengers.
 * ERJ 135LR – Long Range, increased fuel capacity and upgraded engines. Launch customer: Belgium Air Component.
 * ERJ 135KL
 * ERJ 140ER – Extended Range, although this is the baseline 140 model. Simple shrink of the ERJ145, seating six fewer passengers for a total of 44 passengers.
 * ERJ 140LR – Long Range (increased fuel capacity (5,187 kg) and upgraded engines. Launch customer: American Eagle (Envoy).
 * ERJ 145STD – The baseline original, seating for a total of 50 passengers.
 * ERJ 145EU – Model optimized for the European market. Same fuel capacity as 145STD (4,174 kg) but an increased MTOW 19,990 kg
 * ERJ 145ER – Extended Range. Original version of the aircraft. Launch customer: ExpressJet Airlines
 * ERJ 145EP – Same fuel capacity as 145ER (4,174 kg) but an increased MTOW 20,990 kg. Launch customer: Flybmi.
 * ERJ 145LR – Long Range – increased fuel capacity (5,187 kg) and upgraded engines.
 * ERJ 145LU – Same fuel capacity as 145LR (5,187 kg) but an increased MTOW 21,990 kg.
 * ERJ 145MK – Same fuel capacity (4,174 kg), landing weight (MLW) and MTOW as in the 145STD, but a changed MZFW (17,700 kg).
 * ERJ 145XR – Extra-long Range, numerous aerodynamic improvements, including winglets, strakes, etc. for lower cruise-configuration drag; a ventral fuel tank (aft location) in addition to the two main larger capacity wing tanks (same tanks as in the LR models); increased weight capacity; higher top speed and up-rated engines. Launch customer: ExpressJet Airlines.
 * Legacy 600 (EMB 135BJ) – Business jet variant based on the ERJ 135.
 * Legacy 650 (EMB 135BJ) – Business jet variant based on the Legacy 600 with increased range.
 * Harbin Embraer ERJ 145 – joint venture with Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation

The physical engines are the same (Rolls-Royce AE 3007), however, the FADEC (Full Authority Digital Engine/Electronic Control) logic is what differs between the various models in regards to total thrust capability.

The extended range version, the ERJ 145ER, has Rolls-Royce AE 3007A engines rated at 31.3 kN (7,036 lb) thrust, with the option of more powerful AE 3007A1 engines. A, A1, A1P models are mechanically identical but differ in thrust due to variations in FADEC software. The A1E engine, however, has not only new software, but significantly upgraded mechanical components.

The long-range ERJ 145LR aircraft is equipped with Rolls-Royce AE 3007A1 engines which provide 15% more power. The engines are flat rated at 33.1 kN (7,440 lb) thrust to provide improved climb characteristics and improved cruise performance in high ambient temperatures.

The extra-long-range ERJ 145XR aircraft is equipped with Rolls-Royce AE 3007A1E engines. The high performance engines provide lower specific fuel consumption (SFC) and improved performance in hot and high conditions. The engines also yield a higher altitude for one-engine-inoperable conditions." CommutAir is the only operator of the ERJ 145XR. February 2011 Embraer presented its new EMB-145 AEW&C for India.

Despite the multiple variants, pilots need only one type rating to fly any variant of the ERJ aircraft. Companies like American Eagle utilizes this benefit with its mixed fleet of ERJ 135ER/LR and ERJ145EP/LR/XR. Shared type-ratings allow operators to utilize a single pilot pool for any ERJ aircraft.

Military models

 * C-99A – Transport model
 * EMB 145SA (R-99A) – Airborne Early Warning model
 * EMB 145RS (R-99B) – Remote sensing model
 * EMB 145MP/ASW (P-99) – Maritime patrol model
 * EMB 145H (Hellenic Air Force) – Airborne Early Warning model
 * EMB 145I (Indian Air Force) – Airborne Early Warning model

Civilian operators
As of November 2023, the civilian operators with ten or more ERJs are:

 * Piedmont Airlines: 61 (7 parked)
 * CommuteAir: 53 (1 parked)
 * JSX: 79 (32 parked)
 * Airlink: 27
 * Contour Airlines: 23 (4 parked)
 * Loganair: 13 (1 parked)
 * TAR Aerolíneas: 11 (8 parked)
 * Eswatini Air: 2
 * BAE Systems

Military operators
• ;🇦🇷 Argentina

• Argentinean Air Force

• ;🇦🇴 Angola

• Angolan Air Force

• ;🇧🇪 Belgium

• Belgian Air Component (operated two ERJ 135 and two ERJ 145 between 2001 and 2020 in passenger transport and VIP roles)

• ;🇧🇷 Brazil

• Brazilian Air Force

• Brazil Federal Police

• ;🇨🇴 Colombia

• Colombian Air Force

• SATENA

• ;🇪🇨 Ecuador

• Ecuadorian Air Force

• ;🇬🇷 Greece

• Hellenic Air Force

• ;🇮🇳 India

• Indian Air Force (Operates 3 ERJ 135 as VIP transport and ERJ 145 as AEW&CS)

• Border Security Force

• ;🇲🇽 Mexico

• Mexican Air Force

• ;🇵🇦 Panama

• Panamanian Presidential Air Guard

• ;🇹🇭 Thailand

• Royal Thai Army

• Royal Thai Navy

Accidents
The ERJ 135/140/145 has been involved in 26 aviation accidents and incidents, including 8 hull losses, which resulted in zero fatalities.

Specifications

 * Avionics
 * Primus 1000 colour weather radar
 * Dual digital ADCs
 * Dual AHRS
 * TCAS and GPWS standard with FMS/GPS optional
 * HUD for Cat III landing from 2000

title: Embraer ERJ family


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Bay cat

The bay cat (Catopuma badia), also known as the Bornean bay cat, is a small wild cat endemic to the island of Borneo that appears to be relatively rare compared to sympatric wild cats, based on the paucity of historical, as well as recent records. Since 2002, it has been listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List because it is estimated that fewer than 2,500 mature individuals exist, and that the population declined in the past. The bay cat has been recorded as rare and seems to occur at relatively low density, even in pristine habitat.

Taxonomy and evolution
Felis badia was the scientific name proposed by John Edward Gray in 1874, who first described a bay cat skin and skull collected by Alfred Russel Wallace in 1856 in Sarawak. This cat was first thought to be a kitten of an Asian golden cat. In 1932, Reginald Innes Pocock placed the species in the monotypic genus Badiofelis. In 1978, it was placed in the genus Catopuma.

Tissue and blood samples were acquired only in late 1992 from the female brought to the Sarawak Museum. Morphological and genetic analysis confirmed the close relationship with the Asian golden cat, and that the two species had been separated from a common ancestor for 4.9 to 5.3 million years, long before the geological separation of Borneo from mainland Asia.

The bay cat's classification as Catopuma was widely recognized until 2006. Because of the evident close relationship of the bay cat and the Asian golden cat with the marbled cat, all three species were suggested in 2006 to be grouped in the genus Pardofelis.

Characteristics
The bay cat's fur is of a bright chestnut colour, but paler beneath, the limbs and the tail being rather paler and more reddish. The ears are rounded, covered with a short blackish-brown fur at the outer side, paler brown within and with a narrow brown margin. The tail is elongated and tapering at the end, with a white central streak occupying the rear half of the lower side, gradually becoming wider and of a purer white towards the tip, which has a small black spot at its upper end.

Its short, rounded head is dark greyish-brown with two dark stripes originating from the corner of each eye, and the back of the head has a dark M-shaped marking. The backs of the ears are dark greyish without any white spot. The underside of the chin is white, and two faint brown stripes are on the cheeks. In the years between 1874 and 2004, only 12 specimens were measured. Their head-to-body length varied from 49.5 - 67 cm with 30 - 40.3 cm long tails. They were estimated to have an adult weight of 3 - 4 kg, but too few living specimens have been obtained to allow a more reliable estimate.

Distribution and habitat
In the 19th century, only seven bay cat skins surfaced, and the first live female caught in 1992 on the Sarawak–Indonesian border was brought to the Sarawak Museum on the verge of death. In the mid-1990s, the most reliable sightings have been reported in Gunung Palung National Park and the upper Kapuas River in West Kalimantan. Two concentrations were reported in the island's interior at the time, in habitat types varying from swamp forests, lowland dipterocarp forest to hill forests up to at least 500 m. One unconfirmed sighting occurred at 1800 m on Mount Kinabalu. It inhabits dense tropical forests, and has been observed in rocky limestone outcrops and in logged forest, and close to the coast. At least three specimens were found near rivers, but this was probably due to collector convenience rather than evidence of habitat preference. In 2002, a bay cat was photographed in Sarawak's Gunung Mulu National Park. From 2003 to 2005, 15 single bay cats were observed in Sarawak, Sabah and Kalimantan, but none in Brunei. Almost all the historical and recent records are from close proximity to water bodies such as rivers and mangroves, suggesting the bay cat may be closely associated with such habitats.

In central Sarawak, only one individual was recorded in more than a year of camera trapping between August 2010 and November 2011 in an area that was regenerating from logging. Most records of the bay cat obtained in Sarawak between 2003 and 2018 were located in lowland riverine and montane forests below 700 m; its occurrence increased at a distance of 10 km away from roads.

In Sabah, a camera trapping survey from July 2008 to January 2009 in the northwestern part of Deramakot Forest Reserve yielded one photo of a male bay cat in an area of about 112 km2 in a total survey effort of 1916 camera trap nights. This record expanded the known range of the bay cat to the north. Between May and December 2011, it was also recorded in the Kalabakan Forest Reserve, a highly-disturbed commercial forest reserve that had been logged between 1978 and the early 2000s; natural forest remains in an area of 2240 km2, and large terrain is covered by an oil palm plantation and access roads. The bay cat was photographed off-trail in seven of eight records, indicating that it tends to avoid logged areas. A repeated survey in Kalabakan Forest Reserve in 2018 yielded records in just eight of 74 locations during more than 7,200 camera trap days. One individual was recorded in Danum Valley Conservation Area. Data from 578 camera trapping stations in eight forest reserves and two plantation sites in Sabah revealed that the bay cat inhabits core forest areas with no to little disturbance at elevations of 127-1051 m, but does not live in plantations.

In Kalimantan, it was recorded in at elevations from 69 to 400 m in Kutai National Park, Wehea Protection Forest and Sungai Wain Protection Forest during surveys in 2012 and 2013. In Central Kalimantan, a single bay cat was recorded in a mosaic of heath and peat swamp forest in the Rungan River catchment area during surveys between 2016 and 2018.

Behavior and ecology
Bay cats recorded in Sabah exhibited a diurnal activity pattern with a peak in the morning and another peak in the early afternoon. Bay cats recorded in nine study areas in both protected and non-protected areas in Sarawak were also diurnal.

In Sarawak, a bay cat was allegedly observed on a branch 1 m from the ground close to the river during a night hunting expedition. Nothing is known about its diet and reproductive behavior.

Threats
The bay cat is forest-dependent and increasingly threatened by habitat destruction following deforestation in Borneo. Habitat loss due to commercial logging and conversion to oil palm plantations pose the greatest threat to the bay cat. Oil palm plantations are likely to expand in the future as a result of the push for biofuels. Borneo has one of the world's highest deforestation rates. While in the mid-1980s, forests still covered nearly three-quarters of the island, by 2005 only 52% of Borneo was still forested. Both forests and land make way for human settlement. Less than 6% of Indonesia's and Malaysia's land region is protected.

Poaching for the illegal wildlife trade also poses a significant threat. Bay cats have been captured in the wild for the trade as pets and skins.

Conservation
The bay cat is listed on CITES Appendix II. It is fully protected by national legislation across most of its range. Hunting and trade are prohibited in Kalimantan, Sabah, and Sarawak. The bay cat remains one of the least studied of the world's wild cats, hampering the development of conservation actions.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bay cat


text:
User talk:Ishu

Greetings! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you have questions or doubts of any sort, do not hesitate to post them on the Village Pump, somebody will respond ASAP. Other helpful pages include: Have fun! --Jiang 21:32 20 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Welcome, newcomers
 * How does one edit a page
 * Manual of style
 * Naming conventions

-

Nisei vs. Nitai/Nidai
Could you shed some insights @ Talk:Nisei Japanese? --Menchi 06:34, Jul 31, 2003 (UTC)

List of ____ Americans
Some of your links to List of _____ Americans mistakenly link to List of Indian Americans. DHN 22:50, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Moving "West Asian" out of Asian American
West Asians do not identify as Asian. They identify as Middle Eastern in the USA. They are not officially part of the Asian race with the US Census Bureau. They are only included as part of Asia in some maps because Asia has been defined as the non-European part of Eurasia. -- Dark Tichondrias

This is partially false. Americans of Middle Eastern extraction do not identify as "white", but rather are identified as such by the U.S government. There is a fundamental difference. Technajunky 19:25, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Regards
Thanks for moderating the discussion.

Until about two weeks ago, all I knew about the issue was what I had casually heard, mostly in relation to the current issue of homeland security, profiling, etc. I got into a discussion with my wonderful, smart daughter, and did a quick google, finding contrarian arguments, some of which appear to have substantial validity, at least on first glance. Unfortunately, the WP page was confusing and self-contradictory, therefore uninformative and unreliable. I bought a copy of Malkin's book, but also used many other googled sources. It seems there are more every day, and one definitive conclusion is that this topic engenders strong feelings.

As I said to our other discussant, a difference of opinion, or a difference of perception does not inevitably equate to bigotry, racism, or prejudice. Each of us constructs a model of the world and the universe, to guide our operations. If our model is sound, our operations succeed. When our models differ, it does not imply anything about our intrinsic character — it is only about our perceptions, which can be distorted by our conceptions – our ideology. Ideology is the antithesis of objectivity, analysis and logic, and it can really screw up your model.

I’m just trying to work on my model. Regards - Topnife 20:51, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I appreciate your invitation to me, and your confidence in me, to help with editing the internment topic. As I stated above, I have a relatively superficial understanding of the issue, based upon a brief research into the area in order to inform myself enough to have a friendly dispute with my daughter.  My lifetime strategy has always been to immediately distrust "conventional wisdom", which was especially easy to do, when I saw the factual inaccuracies and internal contradictions of the topic on Wikipedia.

 * I've kept the topic on my watchlist, and have been interested to see the turmoil which has erupted lately. I have been ignorant of the internal politics which you describe, however.  I'd like to believe that I have approached the question with intellectual objectivity.  My libertarian concerns for the issue of constitutionality and individual liberty are counterbalanced by my abhorrence for historical revisionism and of racism (and reverse racism).  Our liberties must be protected from external efforts to destroy them, while internally preserving them from corruption. (I am led to recall the quote from Vietnam: "We had to destroy the village, in order to save it.")  Ad hominem attacks, and irrational name-calling demonstrate only that the originator lacks factual information to support his ideological position, and that he believes that thinking consists of rearranging his prejudices.

 * I must humbly decline (due to my perception of my own ignorance) the role of active editor, but I would participate in a dialogue on the comments section, aimed at orienting the topic around facts rather than emotions.

 * Humble regards, again.
 * Topnife 20:00, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

I just found your new re-write of the internment topic. This is a MAJOR improvement on the prior version, and certainly argues the topic much more objectively than the previous writeup. I complement you on oganizing and developing an objective and balanced revision of a tendentious report. You've taken on an arduous task.

A couple issues come to my mind:

 * I have seen it stated that aliens of German and Italian origin were interned by DOJ, regardless of their site of residence (i.e., not relocated, but essentially imprisoned). The article implies otherwise.

 * The numbers of 112 - 120K persons relocated always state that 2/3 were American citizens. Granting that most adults were not allowed to become citizens, it appears that this fraction  includes many minor children, who were relocated with their "alien" parents.  It would obviously be impossible to relocate their parents and leave them behind.  Therefore the statistic may have misleading implications.

 * Were significant numbers of adult American citizens (of Japanese ethnic origin), either naturalized or native-born, subjected to the exclusion orders? (I understand this statistic may be difficult to discover).

 * It's necesssary to somehow maintain a perspective on the state-of-mind which pervaded the decision process, and daily life, at the time. It's easy to look back now, and see that urgent decisions made at the time, sometimes with a background of racial bias (I think "racial hatred" may be too strong a term), were inappropriate by our current standards:
 * Our cultural attitude toward racial bias has undergone a revolutionary change during the last 50 years. Flagrantly racist practices were ingrained, and were engaged in without even being conscious of them.  As a teenager, I had furious arguments with my bigoted father, about his attitudes, and I hated his intransigence.  I did not hate my father.
 * Racially loaded news reports, cartoons, posters and daily conversations, with derogatory references to "japs" were the norm during the war. To judge 1940s expressions by 2006 standards is historical revisionism.
 * The relocation decision was supported from the very top, by FDR, who has been documented to have had racial attitudes which we would today judge to be totally unacceptable.
 * On the other hand, DeWitt is stated to have initially opposed relocation. The bigoted statements he later made may have been colored by several years of war with Japan, many thousands of American casualties, and also by a desire to agree with those who would be responsible for his career advancement.  In other words, his statements have to be kept in context, just as should be the decision by many Japanese-Americans not to serve in the U.S. armed forces.

 * I think it's unwise to explicitly support the analogy that has been made between the internment/relocation issue, and the present-day question of ethnic profiling with respect to terrorism. The analogy is imperfect, the present-day safeguards are far more stringent, and the consequences are very different.  Making or re-iterating this connection is not a good argument.
 * "Snow Falling on Cedars", while an emotionally moving book, was a work of fiction. I think it is not an appropriate historical reference.

Respectfully, Topnife 04:04, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

certain user
Dark Tichondrias? --Lukobe 00:47, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Let's hope for the best and prepare for the worst :) --Lukobe 05:09, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Re: Japanese American Internment
Fair enough. At least there is more attention being paid to the situation now. --tomf688 (talk - email) 23:07, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Well if anyone starts up an edit war, I'm sure the page will be speedily reprotected then. --tomf688 (talk - email) 18:27, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

RfC
would you consider endorsing the HS dispute in the endorsement section? they have a 48-hour window to be endorsed. thanks Justforasecond 00:53, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

Reorg
The TOC on the reorg looks good. Justforasecond 16:34, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

JAI Restructuring
I see you noticed my absence from the page. It's not that I've lost interest in the topic; honestly my attention has been elsewhere the last week or two. I really only got involved in the page in the first place in response to HS' actions, which worried me enough to respond. Since then I've gotten interested in the editing side of the process.

Overall your proposed reorganization looks good to me. As for whether restructuring is necessary to begin with, I think the idea does have some merit. The JAI article, as is, is clearly very crufty, with various users having added their input over the course of years. I don't think anyone has ever gone through and pulled out the incorrect, uncited, POV, poorly written, or self-contradictory stuff that has accumulated, and an article restructuring is the perfect way to do that. You seem up to the task (especially considering your long-standing interest in the article), and I therefore support your efforts in this regard.

This topic is clearly controversial, and any article on the topic will be controversial by extension. Putting the maximum possible citation into the article helps, but there will always be users who will argue POV based on omission or comission - HS seemed to be of the former type, as one of his earlier "retorts" implied that he recognized POV slant within the article, and decided the correct response was to add POV slant in the other direction. Although his strategy was clearly not appropriate, his actions seem to have been a catalyst for a process of deep revision which this article desperately needs.Ogthor 11:12, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Japanese American Internment
I read your restructuring of this article and I think it's excellent. Great job! Whiskey Rebellion 21:05, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

comment
hey ishu

come take a look at my policy proposal changes at

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Three-revert_rule#Proposed_policy_changes

i think they could prevent a good portion of the conflict that comes with 3RR. comments are welcome.

Justforasecond 16:05, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Page move
Since you participated in the last survey, just a couple months ago, you may be interested to know there is yet another proposal to move Los Angeles, California. Jonathunder 05:15, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

Would you kindly explain the reason you oppose Los Angeles from being named consistently with other world famous cities like Paris, London, New York City, Chicago and Philadelphia, and support it being disambiguated with a state like lesser-known cities that need disambiguation (like Hollywood, Florida)? Thanks. --Serge 17:47, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

Naming Conventions poll
I'm confused. I've seen references to "Tariq's proposal" but when I scanned, I found JohnK's proposal that you supported (move 27 AP cities). Can you point me to the most recent statement of your proposal? If your proposal is inactive, I intend to oppose the current proposal in favor of reopening the discussion around a proposal I can support.

In the name of antidisruption, I am willing to support some such proposal, even though I otherwise support the comma convention. These debates are just a PITA, and the AP list provides a sufficient backstop and rationale as to which cities to include. Thanks for your contributions to this discussion. --ishu 04:12, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The proposal they are referring to is this one. Serge closed john k's proposal and my proposal because people were complaining there were too many proposals open concurrently, not because there was anything wrong with the other two. --  tariq abjotu  04:29, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Cities and styles
Newspapers and most print media have what are called style sheets, it's been a while so I may have the name wrong, that cover all issues that relate to presentation. This includes things like the number of columns used, fonts and sizes. It also defines how items will appear. One of the best examples of this in in USA Today where any reference to the United States is inclued as USA. My contention is that we are simply defining what style we will use to present the titles for any US city article. People throw around 'common name' which does not help to provide a consistant look and feel for US city articles. The MoS tries to do this at a very high level. My contention is that a well crafted style would meet the NC guideline of Generally, article naming should give priority to what the majority of English speakers would most easily recognize, with a reasonable minimum of ambiguity, while at the same time making linking to those articles easy and second nature. For me, since many places require the use of a state, that all should have the state since it makes this second nature. It is better for all of these place names to follow a consistant format. We already do this with counties, so why not cities. We also have decided to aviod using the correct name for many places. So if I have to define this as a style, ignoring exceptions for now, it be would something like. "US location articles are named as 'location, state'. Extra qualifiers like town, city or township are generally not used". I know I did not do a good job explaining this, but I hope you better understand what I'm trying to get across. Vegaswikian 20:59, 5 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I think your points are valid. My only concern is that if you take that another step forward, it begs the question. should that standard become the general convention.  It will be interesting to see what happens.  Vegaswikian 22:22, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

help me
I have noticed a number of wikilinked dates in in-universe synopses such as Khan Noonien Singh. It seems to me that these links should be removed, as they refer to fictional events in the fictional universe, while the dates are linked to the real-life universe. I cannot find guidance readily available. --Ishu 21:36, 8 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I think you are right, I would suggest you to be bold and remove the fictional dates links and see if someone disagrees. I leave the helpme notice so you can have broader input. Happy Editing! -- lucasbfr talk 21:46, 8 December 2006 (UTC)
 * And so I have. I appreciate additional input.  Thanks! --Ishu 21:49, 8 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I concur. I do think that broader ideas such as "20th cenutry" should remain linked, but individual years probably shouldn't be linked.  However, you might want to check with Wikiproject Star Trek to see if they have dating conventions, or leave a note on the relevant article talk pages asking about it.  --  Merope  21:55, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

Granada War Relocation Center
On my way back to OK 2 years ago we stopped at the Granada War Relocation Center and looked the place over, and I have contributed to the wikipedia article.If you know anything about the camp, will you contribute?Saltforkgunman 02:53, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Naming conventions (settlements)
Thankyou for your comments on Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (settlements). I'm sorry to read your frustration in your last couple of posts, but I understand it completely. I intended my tag-teaming of answers with you as an indication that I believe we have similar views, and to encourage you. Sorry I didn't do it more explicitly.

I'm not good at detecting when it becomes time to just shut up and walk away. I think we've finally reached there, but any future comments by certain people will require a reply just so they don't end up succeeding by wearing the rest of us out. I wish they'd just stop and go back to expanding and improving the article contents. Thanks for assuring me that I'm not out on my own in believing the current US convention is close to right. The Australian form has been stable for almost 2 years without any complaints. If I find misnamed Australian town/city/suburb/village articles, I fix them, and I think I've had one followup/inquiry in that time. We've had bigger arguments about which state/territory some places are in than the form of the article name. Even that was really just a single misguided individual. --Scott Davis Talk 13:03, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

Using English
Hello - I'm contacting you because of your involvement with using English instead of foreign terms in articles. A few are trying to "Anglicise" French terms in Wiki articles according to current guidelines but there is some resistance (eg/: "Région => Region"; "Département => Departement"). Your input would be appreciated here. Thankyou. --Bob 16:12, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

Asian American reply on my talk page.
Thanks! --Lukobe 17:55, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Re ...Template:Asian Americans
Hi Ishu,
 * ''...what if you were to put the Asia map in place of the blue field of stars?

Thanks for your suggestion. I think (1) I'd be able to do this and (2) the result should still qualify for upload, but wouldn't wish to do so unless there was a consensus – so thanks also for copying your idea to the WikiProject Asian Americans talk. Yours, David Kernow (talk) 08:51, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

.

Ethnic-group lists deletion discussions
Hi, I noticed you participated in one of these three deletion discussions: All three discussions have similar issues but are leaning in different directions, so you may want to participate in the others, if only for the sake of consistencey and to avoid accusations that Wikipedians are being unfair to some group or groups (which is something that concerns me). I'm asking everyone who participated in one discussion to participate in the others. I apologize for bothering you if you already have participated in the others. Best wishes, Noroton 04:23, 9 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Articles for deletion/List of African Americans (3rd nomination),
 * Articles for deletion/List of Chinese Americans
 * Articles for deletion/List of Caucasian Americans (second nomination).

thanks
Thanks for your comments. I have no problem if the article says something like "in the strictest sense, it refers only to citizens", "in official parlance, it refers only to citizens" or "in colloquial usage, it may also refer to non-citizens", etc. Actually, I think the version at present (which lists the dictionary definitions as the primary meaning and the "Encarta" definition as a secondary meaning) is not bad, although I would of course restrict the colloquial usage to "possessors of a lawful permanent residency", etc. as obviously it doesn't apply to illegal immigrants. But I think the lead-off section is basically fine as-is.

The section that is troubling to me is the "terminology" section. Some of the statements, i.e., "The most commonly-used definition of Asian American is the Census Bureau definition of Asian" are almost sure to be false, as the C.B.'s definition of Asian is all-inclusive, and as I understand it, if I were from Japan, studying at a university in America during a census year, I would be required to fill out a census, and would register as an "Asian". Clearly a Japanese person studying at an university for a couple of years is not an "Asian American".

The following sentence seems nonsensical, at least to me: "For example, restricting American to include only U.S. citizens conflicts with discussions of Asian American businesses, which generally refer both to citizens and non-citizens", and I fail to see how the analogy is at all factual, relevant or logical.

The last sentence of that section: "The census is a notable--if implicit--example of this definition of American, since the census counts all people regardless of citizenship or immigration status." appears to be a complete falsehood, because, as I've said, the census seems to either avoid use of the term "Asian American" altogether, or separate them, as in the example I posted on the talk page.

The rest of the article may need to be cleaned up. For example, the section on demographics uses the word "Asian American" to refer to census data, although "Asian" seems to be the official census terminology.

I get the feeling that this article may have been infected with some POV from America's Asian immigrant community. Bueller 007 18:53, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

 * You can copy any parts of this that you think would be relevant/useful over to the Asian-American article's talk page. Bueller 007 10:33, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

scratch page
Hello. I was going through the new pages and saw you made Asian American/scratch. Usually people make scratch pages in the user namespace as a subarticle of their userpage, not in the mainspace. It's not bad, really, just custom. nadav 02:41, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

Policy
WP:OWN & WP:NORDark Tea 12:44, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

Proposed guideline for lists of people
After the discussions about Categorisations of people by a cross section of ethnicity and occupation, there has been similar discussions for lists of the same nature, so an editor has proposed a new guideline on this. Please take a look and comment if you have any suggestions:

Proposed guideline for lists of people by ethnicity, religion, and other cultural categorizations

Hong Qi Gong (Talk - Contribs) 15:03, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Manzanar
Please take a look at the new Terminology debate section on the Manzanar article. I know it differs from what you're doing on the Japanese American internment article, so I'm interested to know your thoughts on the issue. Thanks! Gmatsuda 18:27, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of List of Asian Americans
List of Asian Americans, an article you created, has been nominated for deletion. We appreciate your contributions. However, an editor does not feel that List of Asian Americans satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination space (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and the Wikipedia deletion policy). Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/List of Asian Americans and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of List of Asian Americans during the discussion but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Leuko 17:51, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

MfD nomination of User:Ishu/jai
User:Ishu/jai, a page you substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:Ishu/jai and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of User:Ishu/jai during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Mercurywoodrose (talk) 03:19, 12 December 2011 (UTC)

Asian American infobox discussion
You are invited to join the discussion at Talk:Asian American. RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 18:35, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

Infobox image discussion
You are invited to join the discussion at Talk:Asian American. RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 07:23, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

2012 Asian American representative approval period (Now until 18 December)
You are invited to join the discussion at Talk:Asian American. RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 19:52, 19 November 2012 (UTC)

Notification of automated file description generation
Your upload of File:AsAmFlag copy.png or contribution to its description is noted, and thanks (even if belatedly) for your contribution. In order to help make better use of the media, an attempt has been made by an automated process to identify and add certain information to the media's description page.

This notification is placed on your talk page because a bot has identified you either as the uploader of the file, or as a contributor to its metadata. It would be appreciated if you could carefully review the information the bot added. To opt out of these notifications, please follow the instructions here. Thanks! Message delivered by Theo's Little Bot (opt-out) 12:21, 5 January 2014 (UTC)

Nanase Kiryu
Hi! It seems you recently created an unreferenced biography of a living person: Nanase Kiryu. The community has decided that all new biographies of living persons must contain a reliable source that supports at least one statement made about the person in the article as per our verifiability policy. Please add references as soon as possible. Thanks! --LaraBot (talk) 00:10, 20 February 2014 (UTC)

Thank you and invitation
Hmlarson (talk) 22:06, 23 February 2014 (UTC)

Re: Request for comment
Done Transcendence (talk) 00:45, 12 August 2014 (UTC)

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Discussion at Talk:Asian Americans
You are invited to join the discussion at Talk:Asian Americans. RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 06:24, 17 March 2018 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Asian Americans in science and technology
Hello, Ishu. I wanted to let you know that I’m proposing an article that you started, Asian Americans in science and technology, for deletion because I don't think it meets our criteria for inclusion. If you don't want the article deleted:

 * 1) [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=&action=edit edit the page]
 * 2) remove the text that looks like this:
 * 3) save the page

Also, be sure to explain why you think the article should be kept in your edit summary or on the article's talk page. If you don't do so, it may be deleted later anyway.

You can leave a note on my talk page if you have questions.

Graeme Bartlett (talk) 13:39, 21 June 2018 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Ishu


text:
Aidi

The Aidi is a dog breed native to the Atlas Mountains of North Africa and is used as a livestock guardian, protecting herds of sheep and goats. It is most commonly found in Morocco, which holds the standard under the Fédération Cynologique Internationale. The Aidi is also found in Algeria, Tunisia and Libya. It possesses hunting capabilities and good scenting ability. In Morocco, it is often paired in hunting with the Sloughi, which chases down prey that the Aidi has located by scent.

History
The Aidi is a breed native to the Atlas Mountains of North Africa. Despite being initially referred to as the Atlas Sheepdog in the 1963 standard, the Aidi has never been used as a sheepdog, and this misnomer was corrected in 1969. Known for its courage, the Aidi has traditionally lived and worked in the Atlas Mountains, providing protection to its owner and property against wildcats, predators, and strangers.

The breed has also been referred to as the Berber, named after the Berber tribes who utilized the dog. The Aidi shares some ancestral resemblance with the pariah dog. In the past, it played a vital role as a protector for desert nomad tribes, with the most alert and aggressive dogs stationed around the camp perimeter at night. Historically, the Aidi has not received the same level of admiration from the tribes as breeds like the Sloughi, which are considered noble. However, a club has recently been formed in Morocco to preserve the breed's purity due to its significant contributions as a protector, hunter, police dog, and companion.

While the Aidi has primarily been used as a working dog, it has also gained popularity as a household pet in urban areas. When given sufficient tasks and exercise, the Aidi can adapt well to an urban environment and make a content and fulfilled companion.

In terms of color and flock-guarding abilities, the Aidi shares many characteristics with other livestock guardian dog breeds.

Appearance
Standing 52 – in height and weighing around 55 lb, the Aidi's lean, muscular body is protected by a coarse, thick, weather-resistant coat with a heavy plumed tail. The coat is heavy and soft. The head is bear-like and in proportion to the rest of the body. The breed has a tapered muzzle with a black or brown nose that usually matches the coat. Their jaws are strong with tight black or brown lips. The medium-sized ears are tipped forward and drop slightly. The eyes are medium, with a dark color and dark rims. Coat colours are white, black, black and white, pale red, and tawny. In some regions of Morocco, the ears are cropped and the tail is docked.

title: Aidi


text:
Pacific Rim National Park Reserve

Pacific Rim National Park Reserve is a 511 km2 national park located in British Columbia, Canada, which comprises three separate regions: Long Beach, the Broken Group Islands, and the West Coast Trail. It is located in the Pacific Coast Mountains, which are characterized by rugged coasts and temperate rainforests.

Widespread vegetation found in the park includes western hemlock, Sitka spruce, western red-cedar, deer fern and sword fern. Animal species vary from marine and intertidal species, such as humpback whales and ochre sea star, to terrestrial mammals, such as Vancouver Island wolves. For recreational purposes, Long Beach is used for surfing and windsurfing, the Broken Group for sea kayaking, and the West Coast Trail for hiking, as well as camping in all areas and scuba diving in the winter months in the Long Beach and Broken Group areas.

The Wickaninnish Beach Provincial Park formed the nucleus upon which the national park was assembled. After years of negotiation between the federal government and the provincial government of W.A.C. Bennett, a breakthrough was reached after Jean Chrétien took over for Arthur Laing as the federal minister responsible for parks. British Columbia adopted the West Coast National Park Act in 1969, and the two governments signed an agreement in 1970 to create the park through land assembly and extinguishing forestry rights. Following protracted negotiations, the park was finally added to the National Parks Act in 2000, classified as a "park reserve" based on an accepted claim of certain rights to the area by the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council.

History
The early popularity of national parks, like Banff and Yoho, created speculation about other potential parks, like one on Vancouver Island with access to the Pacific Ocean. The recreational potential of Long Beach was known and the nonprofit Canadian National Parks Association put forward the idea, in 1929, of it becoming a park. In 1930, at the request of the federal government, the provincial government placed a reserve on land in the Nitinat Lake area, and in 1948, the provincial government reserved land that would later become the Wickaninnish Beach Provincial Park.

Reconnaissance trips by government representatives, one of them being Hugh Llewellyn Keenleyside, found insufficient rationale for establishing a park there at that time, due to its remote and inaccessible location, outstanding forestry encumbrances, and with respect to its development as a health resort–type park, its cold waters, and fog, among other reasons. Regardless, in 1947 the Victoria Chamber of Commerce added their voice to advocating park here, in the form of an addition to the Strathcona Provincial Park with land along the Clayoquot Arm to Long Beach.

In 1959, the provincial government opened both the Wickaninnish Beach Provincial Park (which was expanded in 1961 and 1968) and Highway 4, from Tofino to Port Alberni. The highway resulted in thousands of new visitors descending on the beaches each year throughout the 1960s, including for international surfing competitions from 1966 to 1968. Though new tourist accommodations did open, some along the beach, the number of visitors far exceeded Tofino and Ucluelet's capacity, resulting in many camping on the beach. This led to a plundering of the foreshore for food and souvenirs, building temporary shacks from driftwood, improvised latrines, and left-behind garbage and vehicles sunk in the sand.

The deteriorating conditions of the beach and the inability of the local community and the province to cope fueled a more urgent call for a national park, particularly by the Vancouver Island Chambers of Commerce and local MLA Howard McDiarmid. However, communication and negotiations with federal Minister of Resources Arthur Laing with the provincial Minister of Recreation and Conservation Ken Kiernan and the cabinet of W.A.C. Bennett were strained, as they disagreed on the appropriate size of the park and cost-sharing, in addition to their political animosity. The project would only advance after 1968 when Jean Chrétien replaced Laing, as Pierre Trudeau succeeded Lester B. Pearson as prime-minister.

The BC government was hesitant to relinquish rights to the Effingham Islands portion of the Broken Group and to lose forestry activities in the West Coast Trail area, but proceeded to adopt the West Coast National Park Act in early 1969 which authorized the Minister of Recreation and Conservation to enter into an agreement with the federal government to establish the national park along the west coast of Vancouver Island. The final agreement was shortly reached and endorsed by the province in Order-in-Council 1466/1970 with the province responsible for acquiring lands and the federal government paying for half the costs. Following the agreement, lands were assembled by the province within the areas delineated by the agreement and transferred them the federal government with both paying the acquisition costs equally. The Wickaninnish Beach Provincial Park was transferred to federal government in 1971 to form the core of the Long Beach Unit and the province purchased or expropriated the private lands around the beach, along with the crown lands of the Broken Group Islands.

The park's opening ceremony occurred in 1971 and was attended by Princess Anne of England who was presented with a driftwood abstract sculpture by Jean Chrétien, the minister responsible for Parks Canada. The sculpture was the work of local artist Godfrey Stephens. However, the acquisition deadline of 1975 was missed as the two governments and the companies with the timber rights on the provincial crown land, B.C. Forest Products Limited and MacMillan Bloedel, could not reach a compensation settlement. By 1982, the Broken Group Unit and most of the Long Beach Unit had been secured but all of the West Coast Trail Unit was tied up in the disagreement on the value of the timber; an appraisal by the provincial forestry ministry of the value of the timber rights that would secure the remaining lands was deemed unacceptably high by the federal counterparts. An agreement was finally reached in 1988 to transfer the remaining lands, free of encumbrances, and the park was formally included into the National Parks Act in 2000 with Bill C-27 of the second session of the 36th Canadian Parliament.

Aboriginal presence
The Canada National Parks Act classifies national parks where the geographic area is subject to a claim in respect of aboriginal rights that has been accepted for negotiation by the Government of Canada as a "park reserve" which allows for the continuing of traditional renewable resource harvesting activities by aboriginal persons. Related to the Pacific Rim National Park Reserve, the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council had submitted a claim in 1980 which the government accepted for negotiation in June 1983. In the early park formation little consultation had occurred with the First Nations whose interests in the land they intended to purchase or trade for other similar lands. While seven First Nations claim area within the park as part of their traditional territory, Parks Canada incorporated a working relationship with those interested in its management. Beginning in 1995 the First Nations Program resulted in the creation of the Nuu-chah-nulth interpretative trail, cultural information included in educational literature and displays, increased employment in park services, and shared management responsibilities.

The park boundaries exclude 21 Indian reserves belonging to seven different First Nations, though most of the park is claimed as part of their traditional territories which were never ceded, including the Huu-ay-aht, Ditidaht, Pacheedaht, and the Hupacasath. In the Long Beach area where the Tla-o-qui-aht claim traditional territory, they have declared the entire Kennedy Lake watershed, as well as Meares Island, as a tribal park. In the Broken Group area, an archaeological site on Benson Island found evidence of human presence dating back more than 5000 years, though the Tseshaht are the only remaining group whose people had lived on the islands. While Benson Island had hosted a summer village (and wintered in the area now known as Port Alberni), it had been abandoned; a subsequent village on Effingham burnt down in 1914.

Geography
In the Parks Canada system of natural region representation, the Pacific Rim National Park Reserve, along with the Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve, represents Pacific Coast Mountains. Geographically, this natural region includes Vancouver Island, Haida Gwaii and the Coast Mountains. Based on its landscape and habitat diversity, Parks Canada characterizes this region as Canada's rocky west coast created by crustal material moving eastward creating coastal mountains, deep fiords and channels carved by the release of water from retreating glaciers, and experiencing heavy rainfall and mild temperatures resulting in temperate rain forests.

Long Beach
The 212 km2 Long Beach Unit, located along Highway 4 between Tofino to Ucluelet, features several beaches, short trails, and a campground. Wickaninnish Bay is bordered by the eponymous Long Beach, as well as Combers Beach, and Wickaninnish Beach, while Florencia Bay to the south includes a more sheltered beach. The two bays are connected by a 3 km Nuu-chah-nulth Trail and the KWisitis Visitor Centre (formerly Wickaninnish Interpretive Centre). The Pacific Rim Visitor Centre, located at the park entrance along Highway 4, is the park's primary information centre and meeting area. A separate park administrative and maintenance building is located further down the highway, closer to the campground and airport. The Tofino-Long Beach Airport, owned and operated by the Alberni-Clayoquot Regional District, is an enclave within the park.

On the north side of the Long Beach Unit is Grice Bay. Its boat launch can be used for paddling around the bay or to access the Clayoquot Sound or the Browning Passage around the Esowista Peninsula to the ocean. The exclave portion at Kennedy Lake is a day use area for picnics and swimming but the area is flanked on both sides by the Kennedy Lake Provincial Park which has a campground and boat launch.

Broken Group Islands

The Broken Group Islands unit is a 106 km2 area in the Barkley Sound with over one hundred small islands. The area is predominantly marine with high-relief rock reefs and kelp beds anchored by a rocky substrate. The island beaches vary from shallow sand terrain to exposed weathered rock. The south side of the outer islands, such as Wouwer, Howell, Cree and Benson Islands, are subject to strong winds and swells, as are the Crossing Imperial Eagle and Loudon Channels between the group and Vancouver Island. The islands are uninhabited though archaeological sites show there are several abandoned village sites.

For recreational purposes, the area is predominantly used for sea kayaking, as well as related camping and wildlife viewing. Other marine vessels pass through the area but Parks Canada prohibits motorboats from landing on islands with campsites. Kayaks are most often launched from Toquart Bay to the north, but sometimes from Ucluelet which is 13 km from the first campsite at Clarke Island or from Bamfield which is 15 km from Gibraltar Island. Other boats can dock at Port Alberni. For multi-day trips, Parks Canada maintains campgrounds on seven of the islands: Hand, Turret, Gibraltar, Willis, Dodd, Clarke and Gilbert islands. The names of the islands are derived from an 1861 survey map of the area by George Henry Richards. There was formerly a campground on Benson Island but ended in 2009 at the request of the Tseshaht First Nation, though day-trips area are still permitted.

West Coast Trail
The West Coast Trail Unit covers 193 km2 and features the 75 km hiking trail between Port Renfrew and Bamfield. The corridor was created in 1889 as an extension of a telegraph line from Victoria to lighthouses along the coast, and eventually to Bamfield, the Canadian terminus of the All Red Line. After the disaster of the American steamship SS Valencia, in 1906 with 37 survivors reaching shore along the telegraph line, the federal government upgraded the corridor to act as a trail with several shelters along the way. By 1911, it was classified as a public highway with a 20 m (66 ft) right-of-way known as the Life Saving Trail or the Shipwrecked Mariners Trail. The federal government ended its maintenance program for the trail between Port Renfrew and Carmanah Point in 1954, and the remainder of the trail by 1967. Meanwhile, there were several failed attempts at development, including coal mining, fish canning, resort development in Clo-oose, and small-scale logging—the result of which are several abandoned donkey engines along the trail used to transfer logs down to the foreshore. Eventually the provincial government sold the timber rights but following advocacy by Sierra Club Canada and locals, the BC Parks branch placed a reserve, in 1964, around the trail which outdoor enthusiasts had continued using. With a national park being proposed at Long Beach, to which the federal government felt was too small by itself to be a national park, they were amenable to adding this trail. Sympathetic with the logging interests, the provincial government resisted but it was included in the 1970 agreement with its specific boundaries to be determined. Over the next several years, the provincial government, forestry companies, and park advocates negotiated and finalized the boundaries, with conservationists advocating for boundaries to include the entire watersheds and federal government advocating for a visual buffer between the trail and logging areas. While the Nitinat Triangle, northwest of Nitinat Lake, was added in 1973, the final boundaries were not agreed upon until 1988. In the meantime, there was a lack of trail maintenance since BC Parks viewed it as a national park though the land had yet to be transferred to the federal government, though Parks Canada did invest in repairs and improvements in 1973 and the early 1980s, including bridges and cable cars over creeks and various campsite facilities. The southern trailhead is located across Gordon River from Port Renfrew with first two campsites 5 and 13 km in. The northern trailhead is located across the Pachena River from Bamfield. From there, the Pachena Point Light is 10 km in and the first two campsites are at the 12 km and 14 km markers along the trail. The northern end of the trail, outside of Bamfield, also features a separate 7 km trail to Cape Beale with a campsite at Keeha Beach. Overall, the trail is typically done in 6 or 7 days with stretches along rocky beaches, rainforest, and rough, muddy terrain.

The Pacific Rim National Park Reserve, along with the Gwaii Haanas and Gulf Islands National Park Reserve, are the three national parks with direct access to the Pacific Ocean. Located on the west side of the Vancouver Island, the park is situated on the Estevan Lowlands, a thin strip of coastal land located between the ocean and the West Vancouver Island Fiordlands and Vancouver Island Ranges of the Insular Mountains. While the almost all of Vancouver Island is part of the Wrangellia Terrane, most of the Long Beach Unit is part of the Pacific Rim Terrane, separated from Wrangellia Terrane by the West Coast Fault.

Climate
Like the climates of nearby Tofino and Ucluelet, the park's climate is the result of its unobstructed southwestern exposure to the ocean and its inland mountains to the northeast. The prevailing jet stream brings low pressure systems off the ocean from the Gulf of Alaska in the winter. Its cool, moist air mass experience orographic lift as it immediately rises through the mountains and deposits large quantities of precipitation. Hucuktlis Lake, inland from Broken Group in Barclay Sound, is one of the wettest places on Earth. The park area averages over 3,500 to 4,000 mm of precipitation per year. Affected by the Kuroshio Current, the sea water temperatures range from 8 C in January to 14 C in August. In the summer the jet stream bring high pressure systems, with warmer air masses that retains moisture, in from the mid-Pacific resulting in drier, sunny summers. The air temperatures generally range from 5 to 18 C.

Inland ecology
The terrestrial portion of the park lies within what the province terms the Coastal Western Hemlock Biogeoclimatic Zone (very wet hypermaritime subzone), based on the climax vegetation. The wet, temperate and cool climate results in temperate rainforest conditions. The area's exposure to strong winds in the winter, sunny summers and low elevations make the large and sturdy western hemlock, Sitka spruce and western red-cedar the dominant tree species. There understory is dominated by moss (like Sphagnum), lichen and ferns (like deer fern and sword ferns). The forest is home to black bears, Vancouver Island cougar, Roosevelt elk, and marten, as well as numerous invertebrates like the banana slug and warty jumping-slug and birds like the marbled murrelet and the olive-sided flycatcher. Vancouver Island wolves are even present on the islands of the Broken Group. Six species of salmon are present in the park's watercourses, but are predominantly coho and sockeye. Cutthroat trout, red-legged frog, western toad, mink and river otter live in the lakes and wetland areas.

The park also protects Cheewhat Giant, a western red cedar tree that is the largest known tree in Canada and one of the largest trees in the world.

Coastal ecology
The shoreline's sand dune habitat consists of pink and yellow sand-verbena, dune grass, seaside centipede lichen, black oystercatchers, and glaucous-winged gulls. The intertidal zone provides habitat for eelgrass, Aggregating anemone, echinoderms (like the western sand dollar and ochre sea star), sea snails (like the northern abalone), and crabs. Native bivalvia like butter clam, littleneck clam, California mussel and Olympia oyster compete with the invasive Manila clam, varnish clam, and Pacific oyster.

The park also includes a subtidal area where there exists several kelp forests, habitat for Steller sea lions, seals and porpoises, and parts of migratory routes for killer whales, humpback whales, grey whales, basking sharks, and pacific herring.

title: Pacific Rim National Park Reserve


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Nirvana (Nirvana album)

Nirvana is a greatest hits album by the American rock band Nirvana, released on October 29, 2002. It was the third Nirvana album released following the death of lead singer and guitarist Kurt Cobain in 1994.

The album includes songs from Nirvana's three studio albums, Bleach, Nevermind, and In Utero, and the live album MTV Unplugged in New York. Additionally, it includes the previously unreleased song "You Know You're Right", recorded in 1994 during Nirvana's final studio session. It also includes a version of "Been a Son" that was previously only available on a UK limited release, and the Scott Litt remix of "Pennyroyal Tea".

Nirvana opened at number three on the Billboard 200 with 234,000 copies sold. It has sold one million copies in the United States, and two million copies in Europe as of 2007.

Background
Nirvana was released following the settlement of a long-standing legal dispute between Cobain's widow, Courtney Love, and surviving Nirvana members Krist Novoselic and Dave Grohl.

The dispute was largely centered around "You Know You're Right", which Novoselic and Grohl had wanted to release on a long-delayed Nirvana rarities box set. However, Love blocked the song's release, and sued Novoselic and Grohl over control of Nirvana's legacy. Love's lawsuit maintained that "You Know You're Right" was a "potential 'hit' of extraordinary artistic and commercial value." She believed the song would be "wasted" on a box set, and instead belonged on a single-disc compilation similar to the Beatles' 1.

In September 2002, it was officially announced that the lawsuit had been settled, and that "You Know You're Right" would be released on Nirvana, a greatest hits compilation or "one-CD history of the band," in November, with the box set to follow in 2004. However, the release of the greatest hits set was pushed forward to October 29, 2002.

Release
The first song on the album's otherwise chronological track listing is "You Know You're Right", which was also released as a downloadable single. It is followed by "About a Girl", the only inclusion from Nirvana's 1989 debut album, Bleach. The album's producer, Jack Endino, originally saw the song as a potential single, and a live version, from Nirvana's 1993 MTV Unplugged performance, was released as a commercial single to promote the band's 1994 album MTV Unplugged in New York. "Been a Son" was previously only available on Nirvana's 1989 Blew EP, a limited UK release. The fourth song on the compilation is "Sliver", which was released as a non-album single in 1990, the band's final release on Sub Pop (the same version appears on the Incesticide compilation, released in 1992).

The next four songs, "Smells Like Teen Spirit", "Come as You Are", "Lithium" and "In Bloom", are the commercially released singles from the band's second album and major label debut, Nevermind, released in 1991. These are followed by "Heart-Shaped Box", "Pennyroyal Tea" and "Rape Me", three singles from the band's third and final studio album, In Utero, released in 1993. The version of "Pennyroyal Tea" included is the remix by Scott Litt, which was prepared for the song's single, but the single was recalled after Cobain's death in April 1994. Prior to the release of Nirvana, this remix was only commercially available on the censored Wal-Mart and Kmart versions of In Utero, released in March 1994. The final studio track is the In Utero song "Dumb", which was never released as a single, but has become a popular song on alternative rock radio stations.

The Northern American version of the album closes with two songs from MTV Unplugged in New York, "All Apologies" and "The Man Who Sold the World", both of which were released as promotional singles from the album (the studio version of "All Apologies", which appears on In Utero, was released as that album's second single in 1993, as a double A-side with "Rape Me"). All non-US and Canadian versions of the album end with "Where Did You Sleep Last Night", another song from MTV Unplugged in New York, from which it was also released as a promotional single. The Japanese version includes the Unplugged version of "Something in the Way", which was released as a B-side to the "About a Girl" single in 1994, as the second-to-last track.

The album contains liner notes by music journalist David Fricke of Rolling Stone magazine.

One month after the album was released, Cobain's published Journals were released. The book debuted at No. 1 on the New York Times bestseller list (non-fiction), and its publishers stated that the simultaneous release of the Nirvana hits set helped fire cross-promotion at retail and that the album release was providence.

Vinyl versions
The original vinyl release of Nirvana, in 2002, was a rare 16-track European double LP that included the MTV Unplugged versions of "Something in the Way" and "Where Did You Sleep Last Night" as the final two tracks, similar to the Japanese CD version.

In 2015, the Northern American 14-track edition was released on vinyl for the first time, world-wide, as a double LP on 200-gram vinyl, packaged with a digital download card for 96 kHz 24-bit HD Audio, and as a single LP on 150-gram vinyl, with a download card for the album on 320 kbit MP4 audio. It was also released as a Blu-ray Pure Audio in high resolution 96 kHz 24-bit, available in three stereo audio formats: PCM, DTS-HD Master Audio and Dolby TrueHD stereo.

Critical reception
Several critics believed that Nirvana was too brief, and omitted key tracks. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic wrote that "the presence of a few more tracks, along with placing 'You Know You're Right' at the end where it belongs, would have made this collection not just stronger, but possibly definitive. As it stands, it feels like a bit of a cheap compromise and a wasted opportunity." Will Bryant of Pitchfork called the album "an artful selection of the band's most seminal material", but also dismissed it as "a party mix for parents who want to appreciate Cobain's Lennon-esque knack for great melodies without having to click past 'Scentless Apprentice' or 'Territorial Pissings'...utterly inoffensive: an impulse buy from Columbia House, perhaps, with no more artistic value than the Eagles' Greatest Hits or the Beatles' 1."

In 2019, the NME ranked Nirvana at number 24 on their 28 Best Greatest Hits albums list.

Personnel
Musicians

 * Kurt Cobain – vocals and guitar
 * Krist Novoselic – bass guitar
 * Dave Grohl – drums (except on tracks 2, 3 and 4) and backing vocals on "In Bloom" and MTV Unplugged tracks
 * Chad Channing – drums on "About a Girl" and "Been a Son"
 * Dan Peters – drums on "Sliver"
 * Pat Smear – guitar on MTV Unplugged tracks
 * Lori Goldston – cello on MTV Unplugged tracks
 * Kera Schaley – cello on "Dumb"

Production

 * Nirvana – production
 * Butch Vig – production, engineering
 * Steve Albini – engineering, mixing
 * Jack Endino – engineering, mixing
 * Steve Fisk – engineering, mixing
 * Adam Kasper – engineering, mixing
 * Andy Wallace – mixing
 * Scott Litt – production, mixing
 * Bob Ludwig – mastering
 * Robert Fisher – Art Direction
 * David Fricke – liner notes
 * Michael Meisel – project director
 * James Barber – project director
 * John Silva – project director
 * Corbis Bettman – photography
 * Frank Micelotta – photography
 * Frank Ockenfels – photography
 * Charles Peterson – photography
 * Redferns – photography

title: Nirvana (Nirvana album)


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User:Buddhist72802

This is Buddhist72802's page although he is not actually Buddhist but rather a follower of a cult named Chomeleonism Church

title: User:Buddhist72802


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Talk:Bioko

Fernando Po
I was carefully keeping Fernando Po separate because there is philatelic and colony info that doesn't make any sense to include with Bioko, but I guess that wasn't clear enough, sigh. Stan 21:46 20 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * The fact that the island was formerly known as "Fernando Po" or "Fernando Pó" to most of the world must be stated in the lead. No dispute about its present name, or about the title of the article; but one cannot edit out history like that.  --Jorge Stolfi (talk) 01:46, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

Queen Mary I instead of Mary II
Actually, it was the Queen Mary I who signed the treaty ceeding Fernando Po to Spain. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.241.142.136 (talk) 01:50, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

What is this flag?
Where is this information comming from? Never heard of this separatist flag. Is it from the Bubis tribe? North, or south? Is this flag from a group close to the capital city? TTLightningRod 19:31, 16 May 2005 (UTC)
 * There's absolutely no info on this article about this separatist movement. What are their goals? To separate a part of the island or the whole island from EQ? That would bring up a pretty interesting scenario in regards to EQ's capital if the separatist movement does succeed. 01:32, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

Popular Culture?
What is "pop culture" about Richard Francis Burton...?
 * they probably mixed him up with Richard Burton the 20th century movie actor 93.219.178.54 (talk) 19:22, 9 June 2011 (UTC)

2017
I really don't see how including relevant mentions of major occurrences in notable works (not mere glancing mentions) is any different from mentioning on the Bruges article that the movie "In Bruges" is set there... AnonMoos (talk) 17:33, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

Entymology
The word is now correctly spelled Etymology in this section, but it does not deal with the term Bioko which is the topic. It only records the native name Otcho and the European preferred form Fernando Po. If not native or European, then what is the origin of the term Bioko? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 222.127.103.200 (talk) 23:12, 19 September 2010 (UTC)

There is a section with this label but the word does not exist. The nearest word is "Etymology" but it doesn't really apply to this section.Librarian16 (talk) 21:06, 3 July 2010 (UTC)

Bubi people
The article says that 58% of the island's population (124,000) are Bubi people. This means there are approximately 71,920 of them. But the article on the Bubi people itself seys there are 64,000 of Bubi people in the whole Equatorial Guinea. What is more, the second article says: "Over time, the influence of the Bubi has greatly diminished, and some sources claim that they are now a minority upon the island, as well as in the nation of Equatorial Guinea itself." I suppose, it is a hard to estimate, but we should be consequent. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.20.78.236 (talk) 12:57, 14 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Between the decades long communications embargo in Equatorial Guinea; the ethno-political root of post-colonial politics; the attempts today's EG government takes to subdue accusations of human rights violations made by Amnesty International against the Bubi people and political prisoners (which they are able to play off very will since they are now the wealthiest country in Africa, the president is the head of the African Union, and are allied with the United States); and the admixture and plural national, cultural, racial and ethnic identities of modern-day Bubi descendants (among other things) it's hard to get correct, true, numbers. Some of the information is distorted, some of it is incorrect. But the stats, and other information, on Bubi people is hard to come by. The ethnic group has been highly manipulated. During the post-colonial war that lead to the independence, most (if not all) Bubi written and preserved archives, artifacts, of their own history were confiscated and burned/destroyed - many times on site. I am of Bubi descent and know that the main opposing ethnic group, during the mid-1900's swiftly invaded the island, not just politically, but socially (genetically). As was done by the Krio people the century before, they used methods of social engineering to dominate the bloodline of the indigenous people. Many of today's Bubi are also Fang. A relative of mine, who is old, thinks that it's most of them - they go by the facial features as well as some of the present surnames within their family and the rest of the current ethnic group. Only a couple of villages have remained purely Bubi, but they are small in number. During the previous decade (2000-2010) many Bubi succumbed to adverse affects from medical assistance offered through humanitarian aid, much of which was coming from America. The medicines administered were tainted and caused massive deaths, especially among the youth. This was done with the permission of the current leader, and the deaths went unaddressed.

 * I believe this is one item that Thatcher took issue with in trying to over throw Nguema. I've tried contacting someone at the official cultural site for the Bubi, but I got no response. I don't even think the site, or the cultural organization, is run by the Bubi people.

 * IMO - any stats published by the Spanish government would, also, be skeptical, since the country abandoned the Bubi during post-colonial conflict, leaving them prey to the Fang ethno-political stronghold. The Bubi wanted allegiance with Spain so that Bioko would remain theirs and they would have their own country, identity, separate from the Fang and Rio Muni. This is a fact not highlighted my the main stream, but it's a truth that affects how statistics, history, supposed are published regarding the Bubi People. During the past 60 years, while the Bubi suffered and further decreased in number under the Obiang/Nguema family leadership, the Spanish government did nothing to intervene or protest. Not even the British government intervene, who in 1865 imposed a cease of slave-trade to and from Bioko Island (which was once a British military port), and again in 2003 with the attempted coupe. The motives in both cases was peace to secure the trade of, and profit from, the island's natural resources. The Bubi people were never truly a concern of the Europeans. The Krio people were brought in to penetrate and weaken the population, since the Europeans could not do this alone. During the colonial era the Bubi were part of the top intellectual/literate societies in Africa. During the early 1900s Spanish Guinea was the most literate, and one of the wealthiest nations in Africa, most of this advancement existing on Bioko Island. The Fang people, during this time, experience none of this wealth. During this time the bells of Marcus Garvey, Black American civil rights began to sound on the African continent. The Bubi began moving to reclaim Bioko Island as theirs again, separate from the Spaniards (the West). This is when the Spaniards vacated and instigated the existing ethnic conflict, laced with politics, between the Bubi, Fang, as well as the Efik people of Nigeria.

 * Also, Amnesty International began report on the human rights violations in the country right around the time the country's off-shore resources were discovered.

 * In the end, I find that no one really cares about the TRUE plight of the Bubi in the past century. Sometimes, not even Bubi descendants, themselves, will properly address/fight to reveal the truth of their people as it might interfere with their own progression of wealth, status, etc. But, unfortunately, since a lot of the information has been erased, most don't even know what to fight for, where to begin, or if it's even worth it. The Bubi people were initially very protective of their island and people. The colonist brought in populations whom they formed some familiarity with. The colonist used their friendly, docile, nature to manipulate and destroy them. And it's been a downhill struggle ever since. All their history texts, artifacts, are destroyed. People of other identities or ideals, intermarried/assumed their names and postured as if they were authentically Bubi. Most modern descendants have a lot of plural identity/mixture. Their government manipulates numbers at their convenience, and there is no checks-and-balances within the country leadership/power structure. And, suddenly, their government is favored in the world for their corruptly acquired wealth off of the rightful homeland of the Bubi people. Most of the wealth gained from Bioko Island resources have gone to Europeans, Americans, Krio and Fang; but not Bubi people themselves.

 * Yet, there's supposed to be accurate statistics for Bubi people? Bab-a-lot (talk) 10:54, 16 July 2011 (UTC)

second largest island in Africa?
According to List of islands by area, this is probably the second largest island in Africa. While that is probably notable, the continents are not mentioned in the list and List of islands of Africa does not have areas or rankings. That could mean it needs a source which says the fact. 82.141.126.28 (talk) 15:34, 14 May 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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How & When Transferred by Spain?
I presume it is mentioned in the article, but I swear I missed it a few times. This is a reflection of my reading, or perhaps it to be mentioned more prominently. --PaulinSaudi (talk) 19:00, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

 * 5th paragraph of history mentions the Treaty of El Pardo (1778). Stan (talk) 23:50, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Many thanks. --PaulinSaudi (talk) 16:31, 12 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bioko


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Tofino Air

Tofino Air is a small Canadian airline offering floatplane service from Tofino, British Columbia. It offers scheduled services, scenic tours, and specialized charters.

History
In the early 1990s, the owner of Tofino Air, and a lifelong resident of British Columbia's Sunshine Coast, started a small regional airline called Midcoast Air, to better assure safety and dependability for himself and his co-workers as they travelled from the logging and fishing camps on BC's west coast, to their homes on the Sunshine Coast. In 1998, Midcoast Air re-located to Sechelt.

In January 2001, Tofino Air purchased Pacific Spirit Air based in Silva Bay on Gabriola Island. After purchasing Pacific Spirit Air, Tofino Air increased its daily routes by adding in scheduled flights from Gabriola Island to Vancouver International Water Airport. The airline also continued offering daily scheduled flights between Departure Bay in Nanaimo and Sechelt/Porpoise Bay.

In April 2011, Tofino Air moved from its location in Departure Bay to the Nanaimo Harbour Water Aerodrome where it began to offer scheduled flights between Nanaimo and Vancouver Harbour Flight Centre. In late May 2011, Tofino Air was one of the first airlines to move into the new Vancouver Harbour Flight Centre, All flights from Vancouver Harbour Flight Centre have been cancelled and charter flights are conducted at the Vancouver International Water Airport.

In December 2014, Tofino Air started a new subsidiary airline called Gulf Island Seaplanes to service the Gabriola Island Silva Bay to Vancouver International Water Airport using de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver aircraft from Tofino Air.

In August 2015, Tofino Air dropped service from Nanaimo Harbour Water Aerodrome to Sechelt/Porpoise Bay and a new subsidiary airline called Sunshine Coast Air took over all service using de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver aircraft from Tofino Air, while Tofino Air now only offers scenic tours, and specialized charters from Tofino and scheduled flights to Hot Springs Cove and Ahousaht from Tofino.

Fleet
The Tofino Air website does not list the de Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter,. The Tofino Air fleet consists of the following aircraft (as of September 2019):

Transport Canada lists two more de Havilland Beavers, both with cancelled registration certificates.

title: Tofino Air