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Pancreas transplantation

A pancreas transplant is an organ transplant that involves implanting a healthy pancreas (one that can produce insulin) into a person who usually has diabetes.

Overview
Because the pancreas is a vital organ, performing functions necessary in the digestion process, the recipient's native pancreas is left in place, and the donated pancreas is attached in a different location. In the event of rejection of the new pancreas, which would quickly cause life-threatening diabetes, there would be a significant chance the recipient would not survive very well for long without the native pancreas, however dysfunctional, still in place. The healthy pancreas comes from a donor who has just died or it may be a partial pancreas from a living donor. At present, pancreas transplants are usually performed in persons with insulin-dependent diabetes, who can develop severe complications. Patients with the most common, and deadliest, form of pancreatic cancer (pancreatic adenomas, which are usually malignant, with a poor prognosis and high risk for metastasis, as opposed to more treatable pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors or pancreatic insulinomas) are usually not eligible for valuable pancreatic transplantations, since the condition usually has a very high mortality rate and the disease, which is usually highly malignant and detected too late to treat, could and probably would soon return. Better surgical method can be chosen to minimize the surgical complications with enteric or bladder drainage. Advancement in immunosuppression has improved quality of life after transplantation.

Medical uses
In most cases, pancreas transplantation is performed on people with type 1 diabetes with end-stage renal disease, brittle diabetes, and hypoglycaemic unawareness. Other type 2 diabetics can benefit from a pancreas transplant. The indications for a type 2 diabetic are a BMI < 30 kg/m2 and low overall insulin requirement (< 1 U/kg/day). The majority of pancreas transplantations (> 90%) are simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantations.

Complications
Complications immediately after surgery include clotting of the arteries or veins of the new pancreas (thrombosis), inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), infection, bleeding and rejection. Rejection may occur immediately or at any time during the patient's life. This is because the transplanted pancreas comes from another organism, thus the recipient's immune system will consider it as an aggression and try to combat it. Organ rejection is a serious condition and ought to be treated immediately. In order to prevent it, patients must take a regimen of immunosuppressive drugs. Drugs are taken in combination consisting normally of ciclosporin, azathioprine and corticosteroids. But as episodes of rejection may reoccur throughout a patient's life, the exact choices and dosages of immunosuppressants may have to be modified over time. Sometimes tacrolimus is given instead of ciclosporin and mycophenolate mofetil instead of azathioprine.

Types
There are four main types of pancreas transplantation:
 * Pancreas transplant alone, for the patient with type 1 diabetes who usually has severe, frequent hypoglycemia, but adequate kidney function. This pancreas transplant known as PTA has as of recently been showing up with good results. This is the least performed method of pancreas transplantation and requires that only the pancreas of a donor is given to the recipient.
 * Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant (SPK), when the pancreas and kidney are transplanted simultaneously from the same deceased donor. This is the most commonly performed pancreas transplant operation. Indications for an SPK are End Stage Renal Disease with type 1 diabetes (with other diabetic complications like neuropathy, gastroparesis etc.) This is the most common type of pancreas transplantation. The basic reason for this is that patients are mostly already on immunosuppressive drugs and the addition of the kidneys simultaneously reduces the risk in surgical procedure.
 * Pancreas-after-kidney transplant (PAK), when a cadaveric, or deceased, donor pancreas transplant is performed after a previous, and different, living or deceased donor kidney transplant. This method is usually recommended for diabetic patients after having a successful kidney transplant. The downside of this procedure is that patients are required to go through surgical risk twice.
 * Simultaneous deceased donor pancreas and live donor kidney (SPLK) has the benefit of lower rate of delayed graft function than SPK and significantly reduced waiting times, resulting in improved outcomes.

Prognosis
The prognosis after pancreas transplantation is very good. Over the recent years, long-term success has improved and risks have decreased. One year after transplantation more than 95% of all patients are still alive and 80–85% of all pancreases are still functional. After transplantation patients need lifelong immunosuppression. Immunosuppression increases the risk for a number of different kinds of infection and cancer.

It is unclear if steroids, which are often used as immunosuppressant, can be replaced with something else.

History
As described by a pioneer in the field, D.E. Sutherland, whole pancreas transplantation began as a part of multi-organ transplants, in the mid-to-late 1960s, at the University of Minnesota:"The first attempt to cure type 1 diabetes by pancreas transplantation was done at the University of Minnesota, in Minneapolis, on December 17, 1966… [This] opened the door to a period, between the mid 70's to mid 80's where only segmental pancreatic grafts were used... In the late 70's-early 80's, three major events… boosted the development of pancreas transplantation… [At] the Spitzingsee meetings, participants had the idea to renew the urinary drainage technique of the exocrine secretion of the pancreatic graft with segmental graft and eventually with whole pancreaticoduodenal transplant. That was clinically achieved during the mid 80's and remained the mainstay technique during the next decade. In parallel, the Swedish group developed the whole pancreas transplantation technique with enteric diversion. It was the onset of the whole pancreas reign. The enthusiasm for the technique was rather moderated in its early phase due to the rapid development of liver transplantation and the need for sharing vascular structures between both organs, liver and pancreas. During the modern era of immunosuppression, the whole pancreas transplantation technique with enteric diversion became the gold standard…"

The first pancreas transplantation, performed in a multi-organ transplant with kidney and duodenum, was into a 28-year-old woman; her death three month post-surgery did not obscure the apparent success of the pancreatic replacement. It was performed in 1966 by the team of W.D. Kelly, R.C. Lillehei, F.K. Merkel, Y. Idezuki, F.C. Goetz and coworkers at the University Hospitals, University of Minnesota, three years after the first kidney transplantation. The first living-related partial pancreas transplantation was done in 1979.

In the successive 1980s period, there was significant improvements in immunosuppressive drugs, surgical techniques, and the preservation of organs. The prognosis is very good with 95% of patients still alive after one year post-surgery and 80-85% of all pancreases still functional.

In 2010 Ugo Boggi practices state-of-the-art robotic surgery having performed the first world robotic pancreas transplant and the first world robotic distal selective spleno-renal shunt for the treatment of severe portal hypertension.

title: Pancreas transplantation


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Proinsulin

Proinsulin is the prohormone precursor to insulin made in the beta cells of the Pancreatic Islets, specialized regions of the pancreas. In humans, proinsulin is encoded by the INS gene. The pancreatic islets only secrete between 1% and 3% of proinsulin intact. However, because proinsulin has a longer half life than insulin, it can account for anywhere from 5–30% of the insulin-like structures circulating in the blood. There are higher concentrations of proinsulin after meals and lower levels when a person is fasting. Additionally, while proinsulin and insulin have structural differences, proinsulin does demonstrate some affinity for the insulin receptor. Due to the relative similarities in structure, proinsulin can produce between 5% and 10% of the metabolic activity similarly induced by insulin.

Proinsulin is the final single chain protein structure secreted by cells before cleavage into mature insulin. Proinsulin was discovered by Professor Donald F. Steiner of the University of Chicago in 1967.

Structure
Proinsulin is made up of 86 residues in humans (81 in cows), and formed by three distinct chains. The A chain, B chain, and the area connecting the two named the C peptide. The correct structure of proinsulin is crucial for the correct folding of mature insulin, as the placement of the C peptide sets the molecule up to create correctly positioned disulfide bonds in and between the A and B chains. There are three disulfide bonds that are necessary for mature insulin to be the correct structure. Two of these disulfide bonds are between the A and B chains, and one is an intra-A chain bond. The disulfide bonds occur between the seventh residues of the A and B chain, the 20th residue of the A chain and the 19th residue of the B chain, and the 6th and 11th residues of the A chain.

The C peptide is between the A and B chains of proinsulin. The connection between the A chain and C peptide is much more stable than the junction between the C peptide and B chain, with alpha helical features being exhibited near the C peptide-A chain connection. The C peptide-A chain junction occurs between residues 64 and 65 of proinsulin. These are lysine and arginine molecules, respectively. The C peptide-B chain connection is between two arginine residues at positions 31 and 32 of proinsulin.

There is conservation of much of the structure of proinsulin among mammalian species, with much of the residue changes seen from one species to another present in the C peptide. That said, the residues of the C peptide that are conserved across species interact with similarly conserved residues on the A and B chains. Thus, it is hypothesized that these conserved residues are important for the functionality of mature insulin.

Synthesis and Post-translational Modification
Proinsulin is synthesized on membrane associated ribosomes found on the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where it is folded and its disulfide bonds are oxidized. It is then transported to the Golgi apparatus where it is packaged into secretory vesicles, and where it is processed by a series of proteases to form mature insulin. Mature insulin has 35 fewer amino acids; 4 are removed altogether, and the remaining 31 form the C-peptide. The C-peptide is abstracted from the center of the proinsulin sequence; the two other ends (the B chain and A chain) remain connected by disulfide bonds.

The post translational modification of proinsulin to mature insulin only occurs in the beta cells of the pancreatic islets. When proinsulin is transported through the Golgi apparatus the C-peptide is cleaved. This cleavage occurs with the aid of two endoproteases. Type I endoproteases, PC1 and PC3, disrupt the C peptide-B chain connection. PC2, a type II endoprotease, cleaves the C peptide-A chain bond. The resulting molecule, now mature insulin, is stored as a hexamer in secretory vesicles and is stabilized with $$Zn^{2+} $$ ions until it is secreted.

Immunogenicity
When insulin was originally purified from bovine or porcine pancreata, all the proinsulin was not fully removed. When some people used these insulins, the proinsulin may have caused the body to react with a rash, to resist the insulin, or even to make dents or lumps in the skin at the place where the insulin was injected. This can be described as an iatrogenic injury due to slight differences between the proinsulin of different species. Since the late 1970s, when highly purified porcine insulin was introduced, and the level of insulin purity reached 99%, this ceased to be a significant clinical issue. With respect to their influence on insulin pharmacokinetics, moderate concentrations of certain insulin antibodies may be of positive advantage to all diabetics without endogenous insulin secretion (e.g. people with type 1 diabetes) because insulin binding antibodies effectively increase the insulin's clearance rate and distribution space and help to prolong its pharmacological and biological half lives.

Medical Relevance
Historically, the focus of many insulin related metabolic diseases has focused on mature insulin. However, in recent years the importance of studying the structure and function of proinsulin or proinsulin:insulin ratio in relation to these diseases has become increasingly clear.

Diabetes Mellitus
Increased levels of proinsulin in the circulatory system relative to mature insulin concentrations can indicate impending insulin resistance and the development of type 2 diabetes. Additional problems with proinsulin that can lead to diabetes include mutations in the number of cysteines present, which could affect correct folding. If the mutation causes only a mild change it could simply stress the endoplasmic reticulum’s ability to properly fold the protein. This stress, after a while, would lead to a decrease in the number of β-cells producing mature insulin, and would then lead to diabetes mellitus.

Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus
Postnatal proinsulin is crucial for metabolic regulation. However, proinsulin in neonates is important for normal development of the nerves of the eye, development of the heart, and general survival of embryonic cells. Regulation of the concentration of proinsulin during embryonic development is crucial, as too much or too little of the peptide can cause defects and death of the fetus. Thus far in the study of neonatal diabetes mellitus, only amino acid change mutations found in the B domain lead to the disease.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Proinsulin


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Peter North

Peter North may refer to:

 * Sir Peter North (legal scholar) (born 1936), English legal scholar
 * Peter North (actor) (born 1957), Canadian pornographic actor, director, and producer
 * Peter North (politician) (born 1960), Canadian politician

title: Peter North


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Amerika Samoa

"Amerika Samoa" ("American Samoa") is the regional anthem of American Samoa. Composed by Napoleon Andrew Tuiteleleapaga and written by Mariota Tiumalu Tuiasosopo, it was officially adopted in 1950.

title: Amerika Samoa


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Battle of Dun Nechtain

The Battle of Dun Nechtain or Battle of Nechtansmere (Old Welsh: Gueith Linn Garan) was fought between the Picts, led by King Bridei Mac Bili, and the Northumbrians, led by King Ecgfrith, on 20 May 685.

The Northumbrian hegemony over northern Britain, won by Ecgfrith's predecessors, had begun to disintegrate. Several of Northumbria's subject nations had rebelled in recent years, leading to a number of large-scale battles against the Picts, Mercians and Irish, with varied success. After sieges of neighbouring territories carried out by the Picts, Ecgfrith led his forces against them, despite advice to the contrary, in an effort to reassert his suzerainty over the Pictish nations.

A feigned retreat by the Picts drew the Northumbrians into an ambush at Dun Nechtain near the lake of Linn Garan. The battle site has long been thought to have been near the present-day village of Dunnichen in Angus. Recent research, however, has suggested a more northerly location near Dunachton, on the shores of Loch Insh in Badenoch and Strathspey.

The battle ended with a decisive Pictish victory which severely weakened Northumbria's power in northern Britain. Ecgfrith was killed in battle, along with the greater part of his army. The Pictish victory marked their independence from Northumbria, who never regained their dominance in the north.

Background
During the seventh century AD, the Northumbrians gradually extended their territory to the north. The Annals of Tigernach record a siege of "Etain" in 638, which has been interpreted as Northumbria's conquest of Eidyn (Edinburgh) during the reign of Oswald, marking the annexation of Gododdin territories to the south of the River Forth.

To the north of the Forth, the Pictish nations consisted at this time of the Kingdom of Fortriu to the north of the Mounth, and a "Southern Pictish Zone" between there and the Forth. Evidence from the eighth century Anglo-Saxon historian Bede points to the Picts also being subjugated by the Northumbrians during Oswald's reign, and suggests that this subjugation continued into the reign of his successor, Oswiu.

Ecgfrith succeeded Oswiu as king of Northumbria in 670. Soon after, the Picts rose in rebellion against Northumbrian subjugation at the Battle of Two Rivers, recorded in the 8th century by Stephen of Ripon, hagiographer of Wilfrid. Ecgfrith was aided by a sub-king, Beornhæth, who may have been a leader of the Southern Picts, and the rebellion ended in disaster for the Northern Picts of Fortriu. Their king, Drest mac Donuel, was deposed and was replaced by Bridei mac Bili.

By 679, the Northumbrian hegemony seems to have started to fall apart. The Irish annals record a Mercian victory over Ecgfrith at which Ecgfrith's brother, Ælfwine of Deira, was killed. Sieges were recorded at Dunnottar, in the northernmost region of the "Southern Pictish Zone" near Stonehaven in 680, and at Dundurn in Strathearn in 682. The antagonists in these sieges are not recorded, but the most reasonable interpretation is thought to be that Bridei's forces were the assailants.

Bridei is also recorded as having "destroyed" the Orkney Islands in 681, at a time when the Northumbrian church was undergoing major religious reform. It had followed the traditions of the Columban church of Iona until the Synod of Whitby in 664 at which it pledged loyalty to the Roman Church. The Northumbrian diocese was divided and a number of new episcopal sees created. One of these was founded at Abercorn on the south coast of the Firth of Forth, and Trumwine was consecrated as Bishop of the Picts. Bridei, who was enthusiastically involved with the church of Iona, is unlikely to have viewed an encroachment of the Northumbrian-sponsored Roman Church favourably.

The attacks on the Southern Pictish Zone at Dunnottar and Dundurn represented a major threat to Ecgfrith's suzerainty. Ecgfrith was contending with other challenges to his overlordship. In June 684, countering a Gaelic-Briton alliance, he sent his armies, led by Berhtred, son of Beornhæth, to Brega in Ireland. Ecgfrith's force decimated the local population and destroyed many churches, actions which are treated with scorn by Bede.

Account of the battle
Ecgfrith's attack on Fortriu was made against the counsel of his advisors, including Cuthbert, who had recently been made Bishop of Lindisfarne. The Picts, led by Bridei, feigned retreat and drew Ecgfrith's Northumbrian force into an ambush on Saturday, 20 May 685 at a lake in mountains near Duin Nechtain. The Northumbrian army was defeated and Ecgfrith slain.

Location
The most complete narrative of the battle itself is given by Bede, who nevertheless fails to inform us of the location other than his mention that it took place 'in straits of inaccessible mountains'.

The Irish Annals have provided perhaps the most useful resource for identifying the battle site, giving the location as Dún Nechtain, 'Nechtan's Fort', a name that has survived into modern usage in two separate instances.

Dunnichen
Dunnichen in Angus was first identified as a possible location for the battle by antiquarian George Chalmers in the early 19th century. Chalmers notes that the name 'Dunnichen' can be found in early charters of Arbroath Abbey as 'Dun Nechtan'. He further suggests a site, 'Dunnichen Moss', to the east of the village, which he informs us had recently been drained but can be seen in old maps as a small lake. Earlier local tradition, related by Headrick in the Second Statistical Account, claimed that the site was the location of the Battle of Camlann, where King Arthur fought Mordred.

More recent suggestions for the battle site include the valley to the north of Dunnichen Hill, centering on Rescobie Loch and Restenneth Loch, which is now much reduced following drainage in the 18th century.

The battle scene inscribed on the Aberlemno kirk yard stone is often cited as evidence for the battle site. This interpretation was made based on the stone's proximity to Dunnichen, only 3 mi to the north, but while the short distance seems compelling, the stone is unlikely to be any earlier than mid-8th century, and the ornamentation of the stone, including the animal forms used and the style of weaponry depicted, suggests it may be as late as the mid-9th century. Prior to being linked with the Battle of Nechtansmere, the Aberlemno stone had been cited as evidence for the Battle of Barry (now known to be historically inauthentic), and there are a number of other possible interpretations for the carving.

Dunachton
In a paper published in 2006, historian Alex Woolf gives a number of reasons for doubting Dunnichen as the battle site, most notably the absence of "inaccessible mountains" in mid-Angus. He makes a case for an alternative site at Dunachton in Badenoch, on the north-western shore of Loch Insh, which shares Dunnichen's toponymical origin of Dún Nechtain. James Fraser of Edinburgh University suggests that, while it is too early to discount Dunnichen as a potential battle site, locating it there requires an amount of "special pleading" that Dunachton does not need.

Aftermath
Ecgfrith's defeat at Dun Nechtain devastated Northumbria's power and influence in the North of Britain. Bede recounts that the Picts recovered their lands that had been held by the Northumbrians and Dál Riatan Scots. He goes on to tell how the Northumbrians who did not flee the Pictish territory were killed or enslaved.

The Northumbrian/Roman diocese of the Picts was abandoned, with Trumwine and his monks fleeing to Whitby, stalling Roman Catholic expansion in Scotland.

While further battles between the Northumbrians and Picts are recorded, for example in 697 when Beornhæth's son Berhtred was killed, the Battle of Dunnichen marks the point in which Pictish independence from Northumbria was permanently secured.

title: Battle of Dun Nechtain


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El gran Carlemany

"El gran Carlemany" ("The Great Charlemagne") is the national anthem of the Principality of Andorra. Enric Marfany Bons composed the music, while the lyrics were authored by Joan Benlloch i Vivó, written in a first-person narrative from the point of view of Andorra. It was adopted as the national anthem on 8 September 1921, which is also the national day of Andorra. The lyrics make reference to several key aspects of Andorran culture and history, such as the heritage of the Carolingian Empire.

History
"El Gran Carlemany" was composed by Enric Marfany Bons (1871–1942), who was a priest. The lyrics to the song were penned by Juan Benlloch i Vivó (1864–1926), who served as the Bishop of Urgell from 1906 to 1919. This position also made him an ex officio Co–Prince of Andorra. The song was officially designated as the country's national anthem on 8 September 1921, when it was sung at the country's cathedral for the first time. The day it was adopted – 8 September – is the National Day of Andorra. This coincides with the feast day of Our Lady of Meritxell, the country's patron saint, who is mentioned in the lyrics.

Lyrics
The lyrics of "El Gran Carlemany" give a short account of Andorra's history "in a first-person narrative". It recounts the traditional Andorran legend that Charlemagne reconquered the region from the Moors between 788 and 790, after the Catalan people had guided his army through the rugged valleys, which Charlemagne compensated with granting Andorra its independence, and its first borders were delineated that same year. It formed part of the Marca Hispanica, a buffer zone formed by Charlemagne in order to protect his state (the Carolingian Empire). According to legend, he was responsible for restructuring the country, reintroducing Christianity to its people and overseeing the construction of monasteries. Because of these accomplishments, he was given "a mythical aura" and is regarded as the founder of Andorra.

The hymn begins with "El gran Carlemany mon pare" ("Great Charlemagne my father") and memorialises this view and celebrates the country's status as "the only remaining daughter of the Carolingian empire", since it is the only remnant of the Marca Hispanica.

title: El gran Carlemany


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Angola Avante

"Angola Avante" ("Onwards Angola", lit. '"Angola onward"') is the national anthem of Angola. Ruy Mingas composed the music, while the lyrics were authored by Manuel Rui. It was adopted as the national anthem in November 1975, when the country gained its independence from Portugal. The lyrics make reference to several key events of the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), which has been in power since independence and was the only party in Angola until 1992.

History
"Angola Avante" was composed by Ruy Mingas. The lyrics to the song were penned by Manuel Rui Alves Monteiro (1941–), an author who studied in Huambo and is affiliated with both the country's Writer Union and Union of Artists and Composers. He is one of the best-selling writers in the capital city Luanda – according to an "informal survey" conducted in July 2003 – and writes about "everyday life" in the country using satire and irony. The song was officially designated as the country's national anthem in 1975, when the country gained independence on 11 November that year. It is enshrined under Article 164 of the constitution of Angola.

Proposed changes
Its lyrics refer to several key events in the history of the MPLA. However, this has been rendered "obsolete" since the end of the one-party state in 1992. As a result, there have been efforts to modify the national anthem, along with other national symbols. However, none of these have come to fruition, and the anthem remains unchanged as of 2014.

Lyrics
The lyrics of "Angola Avante" allude to how the country and its people will progress forward in the future. It has been classified by The Daily Telegraph′s Ivan Hewett as one of several contemporary national anthems that convey "a more martial tone" inspired by "La Marseillaise".

The latter third of both verses is usually considered refrain and repeated; the chorus is also repeated twice during each rendition.

In popular culture
The name of the national anthem is used as a nickname for an inter-community association football competition held to boost sports activities both in Angola and among people from the Portuguese-speaking African countries (PALOP) living in Portugal. Hosted in Portugal in 2011 and 2013, the latter tournament featured teams from Brazil, Mozambique, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe. The 2011 sporting event coincided with and honoured the 36th anniversary of the independence of Angola.

title: Angola Avante


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Talk:Taiwan Province

reworded
Reworded the sentence a but. I know some people from Taiwan who aren't strong pro-independence supporters but get annoyed when the term Taiwan province is used by the PRC. -- User:Roadrunner, July 2003

chairperson
The government seems to still refer to the "Chairperson" as the "provincial governor": http://www.roc-taiwan.org.au/taiwan/5-gp/yearbook/chpt05-6.htm

I think the website in Chinese http://www.tpg.gov.tw uses the term "zhuxi", which translates into "Chairman". Can someone with slightly more literacy than me verify this? --Jiang 09:01, 21 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * On this blinking smiley-filled, yet official, page, it translates it into "chairman". The Australian page is either informal or trapped back in time. --Menchi 10:08, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

No, that's not the real governor. Who is he? His name is Lin, not Fan. The term is used here. --Jiang 11:03, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * This is strange. The Chinese version does call him zhuxi! And the vice-chairman isn't the same in Chinese & English. Why would there be two zhuxi and two fu-zhuxi in one province?! --Menchi 11:11, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * It turns out that Lin is the new chairman! It happened just last month. Li was a former magistrate of Hsinchu County.  --Menchi 11:14, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

We call the zhuxi of the People's Republic of China the "president" even though the term was translated as chairman in the past. The "former governors" page seems not to make a distinction between the zhuxi and shengzhang. --Jiang 03:08, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

PRC
Does the PRC have any sort of government-in-exile for Taiwan Province? Morwen 15:40, May 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * I remember reading something about there being "representitives" for Taiwan at the last CCP meeting, however none of them had ever been to Taiwan.... I'm not sure how they were chosen. Loren 07:08, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Taiwan was never ceded to ROC
Everyone should be cautious about using the term cede. Taiwan was never ceded to ROC. If anyone does not agree, please show us a treaty says so. I can not believe this blatant POV can stay on the article without drawing people's attention.Mababa 04:28, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The statement you are making is in itself POV. You claim it wasnt ceded, other claim it was. Let's leave it at that. --Jiang 20:25, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Yes, thanks for your comment. I was actually planning to rephrase it. What I was saying is indeed my POV, but a factual one. Even though I understand that the policy is to write what people believe not what the true fact is, I still want make this in the record: there is not a single treaty in this universe makes Taiwan ceded to ROC. Unless someone come from a parallele universe. If one insists to have the old statement in the article claiming: "Taiwan transfered to Japan" and "Taiwan was ceded to ROC", then we should make everyone be informed that which one has a treaty to back their ruling and which one does not. I am totally happy with the current version. Yes, let's leave it as it is now. :)Mababa 06:33, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

--Taiwan was ceded to the ROC by Japan. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 167.88.201.100 (talk) 20:49, 11 March 2009 (UTC)
 * The above statement is not correct. Whoever made the above unsigned statement probably has not read the Treaty of San Francisco where Taiwan was "given up" without a recipient. The legitimacy of the Treaty of Taipei is debatable and the whole controversy regarding the "transfer" of Taiwan (then Formosa, along with Penghu) is covered in Political status of Taiwan, and Taiwan Independence. To say "not ceded" is not POV, but a fact. The only absolutely correct way to describe it was a "transfer". Mistakefinder (talk) 07:51, 9 May 2012 (UTC)

PRC section is POV
The PRC section is biased and written from a Taiwan perspective. In fact, I believe supporters of Taiwan can voice their opinion in the ROC section, however, the PRC perspective should be known in the PRC section. This would only be fair. Just as mainland Chinese may find it offensive to call Taiwan a "country" or mentioning of the ROC as a legitimate entity, the ROC section is actually full of it. Why can't the PRC section be focused on how the PRC views Taiwan as a province, because POV comments such as listed below are biased and opinion and should be ommitted or posted elsewhere.

1. "Certain web-based postal address programs also label the country designation name for Taiwan as "Taiwan, Province of China" to the chagrin of the Taiwanese postal authorities"

I propose changing it to this: "Certain web-based postal address programs also label the island as "Taiwan, Province of China".

2. "Taiwan Province (Simplified Chinese: 台湾省) is a term used by leaders and people from the People's Republic of China to refer to Taiwan and depending on the context (if referring to the entire Republic of China government as "provincial," as such is often the case) can provoke a bad reaction by most Taiwanese people."

I propose changing it to this: "Taiwan Province (Simplified Chinese: 台湾省) is a term used by leaders and people from the People's Republic of China to refer to Taiwan."

Therefore I propose the PRC section needs to be improved. --Zhj 18:58, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

 * NPOV calls for presenting both viewpoints. Your edits are instead self-imposed censorship in an attempt to segregate viewpoints. This is not NPOV. Instead, try adding in the PRC viewpoint if you see it missing. Please don't delete useful information. --Jiang 20:21, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

 * What is wrong with a clear and separate presentation of both views? Currently, it's all blurred. I think the comment "can provoke a bad reaction by most Taiwanese people" should be based on some sources, because it's only an insinuation, and not fact. --Zhj 21:02, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

 * "In contrast with the aforementioned survey question, the other question touching on the sovereignty issue was clear-cut. It asked respondents whether they approved of China's proposed "one country, two systems" formula, whereby Taiwan would accept Chinese sovereignty and thenceforth become a local government of the People's Republic of China, giving up the name Republic of China. The result: 80.8 percent disapproved, 7.3 percent approved, while 10.8 percent offered no opinion. The 80.8-percent rejection rate is 9.4 percentage points higher than that in a similar MAC survey conducted in November 2003." It follows that calling Taiwan a province of the PRC and the ROC a provincial government would provoke a bad reaction by most Taiwanese people. --Jiang 06:39, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Ive restore most of the info but left "chagrin of the Taiwanese postal authorities" out. "Country" does not have be synonymous with "state". Oftentimes these web-based portals list "Hong Kong" and "Macau" among the "countries". (In the broad definition of the word, they are...) Using "island" may be inaccurate because "Taiwan Province" consists of more than one island. --Jiang 20:30, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Since a Province is not a country, it's illogical to call Taiwan Province a country. Therefore I suggest renaming "country" in this context to "Taiwan Island, the surrounding islets and the Pescadores". So: "Certain web-based postal address programs also label Taiwan Island, the surrounding islets and the Pescadores as "Taiwan, Province of China."" --Zhj 21:02, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

 * "country designation name" can be changed to "country or regional designation name". --Jiang 06:39, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

I tried editing it to make it NPOV, as well as remove some erroneous information. It's the western media that refers to the PRC's calling of Taiwan as a "renegade province." In fact, the PRC doesn't refer to Taiwan that way in its official publications. The stuff on Chinese Taipei is IMO a term of art to deal with sensitivities on all sides, and I deleted it, adding a link to it in the "see also" section. I also made a note of how staunch supporters of Chinese reunification probably do not object to the term "Taiwan province" though the (deliberate?) ambiguity of the context may have a lot to do with that. Ngchen 05:55, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Biased content and biased admin
Taiwan Province (Traditional Chinese: 臺灣省) is an administrative subdivision of the People's Republic of China (PRC). The corrent Taiwan government is pushing Taiwan people to war. What the local government should do is to emphasize improving people's quality of life other than playing with politics. No one wants war. No one wants splittism either. Just imagine, if Taipei wants to split from Taiwan to be an autonomous country, will Taiwan people agree? What PRC advocates is to keep peace and develop economy. If all the people from both mainland and Taiwan are rich, every other things can then be solved gradually. Why wouldn't the Taiwan local governors consider these positive aspects? I add things here because the editor of this page is biased. The PRC part of this page is full of biased words which is not fair!! If the admin thinks he can ignore the unhappiness of mainland people in seeing the PRC part of Taiwan Province page, he has no right to be an admin. Viewers could say my view is biased. I partially admit. But the reason I'm doing this is for fairness. Why do we allowed a biased version of ROC part but dispute against corresponding PRC part? Interested viewers can look at the history of this article for old versions. Viewers could also pay attention to whom the admin is and what his political standing is. I reserve right to sue the admin in future. (unsigned comment by Special:Contributions/82.139.83.225)

 * If you knew how wikipedia worked, you would have realized that the admin has no control over what people are posting. Wikis are made to be contributed by many people, fairly. I understand how some things might seem controversial, but your generalization that an admin controls everything is incorrect. There is no such thing as absolute control by a single admin, that is not how societies work, even online societies. I don't see what you have to be so hyped up about an article on the internet. Does it really matter to you what opinions or political views people have? Please don't be so persistent, and don't turn politics into religion. Be open and accepting. I'm not telling you to change your political views, I'm just saying that others have the right to have one too. I'm not against your changes, but please don't lean the bias towards your side too... you say that this article is biased towards a certain population. Well then change it so that it's not bias at all. The way you want to change it sounds like you're bias towards your own opinions, and frankly, they aren't everyones. Please don't feel offended by this comment or any other comments or articles, because in no way does that help yourself or anyone else. 207.81.184.128 22:29, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

get over it
-   - It is clear that the person who posted “Biased content and biased admin” has already been totally brain washed by the mainland government. It is useless and futile to argue with these types of people, because they are not able to neither comprehend nor understand reason. They are only capable of reiterating dogmatic clauses, and idiotic dreams of one china ruled under the communist party. The island of Taiwan has never been in the hands of the communist government and never will be; therefore their claim to our land is just as idiotic as my claim on your home.

 * Having different sections, which are on different topics, exhibit different forms of POV is unacceptable. The entire article has to be NPOV. If there is a portion of the text that you feel is not NPOV, quote it here and suggest some changes so we can revise it something better. Please also note that Wikipedia is not a soapbox.--Jiang 18:11, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Please give a way to sue you agaist tolerating POV.
I specify that I will be monitoring this page. Please kindly respond to me here. I want a speedier response so please don't forget to check mine. (sorry to re-use your sentence. I'm just trying to follow the correct format.)

Please give a way to sue you agaist tolerating POV. Or a way to give message to higher authority in wiki. Thank you. (unsigned comment by Special:Contributions/82.139.83.225)

 * refer to dispute resolution --Jiang 18:11, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Please also sign your comments. Refer to WP:Sign_your_comments. 207.81.184.128 22:31, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

I can't endure
I see here something really similiar as those PRC offcial medias would say, isn't it funny?

Politics is the same important along with people's daily life quality. Even ccording to the commenter's view, how many PRC peasant workers are starving? One of them in Chengdu even ate sands.

Someone wants splittism. Even the loyal supporter of unifism has to admit this.

''Taiwan Province (Traditional Chinese: 臺灣省) is an administrative subdivision of the People's Republic of China (PRC). The corrent Taiwan government is pushing Taiwan people to war. What the local government should do is to emphasize improving people's quality of life other than playing with politics. No one wants war. No one wants splittism either. Just imagine, if Taipei wants to split from Taiwan to be an autonomous country, will Taiwan people agree? What PRC advocates is to keep peace and develop economy. If all the people from both mainland and Taiwan are rich, every other things can then be solved gradually. Why wouldn't the Taiwan local governors consider these positive aspects? I add things here because the editor of this page is biased. The PRC part of this page is full of biased words which is not fair!! If the admin thinks he can ignore the unhappiness of mainland people in seeing the PRC part of Taiwan Province page, he has no right to be an admin. Viewers could say my view is biased. I partially admit. But the reason I'm doing this is for fairness. Why do we allowed a biased version of ROC part but dispute against corresponding PRC part? Interested viewers can look at the history of this article for old versions. Viewers could also pay attention to whom the admin is and what his political standing is. I reserve right to sue the admin in future. (unsigned comment by Special:Contributions/82.139.83.225)''

"I see here something really similiar as those PRC offcial medias would say, isn't it funny?" First of all, Did you mean to say "I see something really similar to what the PRC official medias would say, isn't it funny?" Second of all, no, it isn't funny. "Someone wants splittism." Did you mean "someone wants separatism"? Before you want talk about politics, make sure you can write and speak first. Otherwise just read and keep your mouth shut. -- User: Ruolin59

 * The word splittism was invented by another commenter 207.81.184.128 22:33, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Grammar mistakes and digression
Omg, u guys r such n00bs. Whoever wrote the section of Taiwan as the PRC made so many grammar mistakes, and some sentences dont even make sense at all. As well, a lot of things in that section are irrevelent to the topic. i have deleted those sections as they are incredibly biased and do not offer readers any information about Taiwan, PRC. --User:Ruolin59, June 5 2006

Hanyu pinyin shouldn't be used in some parts of this article
For the counties of Taiwan Province, ROC, they already have wades glides and other ways of spelling. Hanyu pinyin shouldn't be put next to it (Chiang Kai-shek 18:47, 9 June 2006 (UTC))

 * Hanyu pinyin is just another way to spell it. We shouldn't be changing the way of spelling to fit the dialects of other regions. 207.81.184.128 22:22, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Split..?
Should the ROC's and PRC's Taiwan Province be split into two articles? — Instantnood 13:18, 18 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes. SchmuckyTheCat 17:42, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

With the split, the title of this article should be modified for clarity sake. Since the PRC's version of the article has the title "Taiwan Province (People's Republic of China)", i suggest this article to change its title to "Taiwan Province (Republic of China)". This is a lot more clear to readers and it removes the biased POV. - User:Ruolin59 —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Ruolin59 (talk • contribs) 00:05, June 26, 2006 (UTC).

 * ROC's Taiwan Province is the one that actually exists. PRC's doesn't. — Instantnood 22:13, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

I will change the title to Taiwan Province (Republic of China) for clarity, as doing so would make it clear that the "Taiwan Province" that it refers to is that of the ROC and not PRC. It's not our job to determine what exists and what doesn't, it should be WP:NPOV. JSIN 10:10, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I disagree. This should not be done with at least fixing the links that lead here. "Taiwan Province" also existed under the Qing dynasty, and the ROC page contained the history of the province. I think a merge of the articles, or a use of summary style, is in order.--Jiang 10:26, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

I think we should keep "Taiwan Province" under this article that will deal with Qing Dynasty, Empire of Japan, Republic of China, and People's Republic of China. Do we really need to create many articles from this one? — Nrtm81 12:16, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I think they should be recombined and have different sections inside the one page. John Smith's 17:54, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

The status quo of the articles is certainly not acceptable. Firstly, it is not NPOV, as it assumes that "Taiwan Province" automatically refers to the administrative division under one of two Chinese governments (one, or both, which may or may not be illegitimate). We should ensure that NPOV is followed, by using a disambig page from Taiwan Province to either the Province of the PRC or the Province of the ROC. Perhaps a solution, like that of User:John Smith's, would be most fitting. An area or region that has gone through several stages or legal statuses should be kept on the one article. For example please see New South Wales. The article covers both NSW as a previous British colony and its current status as a State of the Commonwealth of Australia. JSIN 04:15, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The NPOV way is to reflect the status quo. The other Taiwan Province doesn't exist and has never existed. — Instantnood 19:36, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

 * It doesn't make sense to create a seperate article for the PRC. If this is the NPOV you are talking about, then all the claimed provinces of the ROC (which are now under PRC administration) should also be created to reflect NPOV. The constitution of the ROC has never removed those territories.
 * Instantnood, you say that the other Taiwan Province "doesn't exist". That's your POV but in Wikipedia, as I've said earlier, we shouldn't be determining what exists or doesn't exist. JSIN 05:35, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Just as Taiwan Province under PRC doesn't exist, the mainland provinces of ROC doesn't exist (no longer exists) either, but both ROC and PRC governments claim them and it is written into law. Article 4 (ROC constitution): The territory of the Republic of China according to its existing national boundaries shall not be altered except by resolution of the National Assembly. To date, the ROC constitution has not been amended with regards to mainland provinces. — Nrtm81 02:24, 23 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Nrtm81, the ROC has not ever recently referred to its claimed mainland provinces. However, Chinese news agencies and the PRC makes frequent referrals to "southeast China's Taiwan Province". JSIN 05:35, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The reason why the ROC has not referred to its mainland provinces is simply explained by the fact that the recent presidents, Chen Shui-bian (2000-present) and Lee Teng-hui (1998-2000) both openly and actively support Taiwan independence. — Nrtm81 10:07, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Nrtm81: The problem with that is the fact that PRC claims Taiwan as a province of PRC. I think the better solution would be to either A) split into 2 pages, one with the historical factor factors and the other with the current PRC/ROC version merge, or B) 1 page, and then section them. - Penwhale | Blast the Penwhale 07:22, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think there is much to write about on the history of Taiwan province (Three short paragraphs under "History"). If there is to be a page dealing with ROC/PRC, then that would just be the page merge I suggested. But if we have seperate articles, this one should be moved to Taiwan Province (Republic of China) to reflect the name convention used for Fukien Province (Republic of China). This will also be balanced in reflecting Taiwan Province (People's Republic of China). I would recommend that Taiwan Province use a redirect to the disambiguation page Taiwan (disambiguation). Would this be alright? — Nrtm81 10:07, 23 July 2006 (UTC)
 * That's a good solution. I did that recently but it got reverted. JSIN 10:44, 23 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I see what's going on now. Fukien Province (Republic of China) deals with ROC's current control over a few small islands off the Fujian coast. The intro links to Fujian for the whole province. Taiwan Province deals with the whole province while the PRC, which only has a claim to it, is Taiwan Province (People's Republic of China). I'm going to remove the merge tags and move The Claimed Taiwan Province of the People's Republic of China back to Taiwan Province (People's Republic of China). If anyone objects, then I'll leave it to them to find another solution. — Nrtm81 11:23, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

 * TAIWWAN ISN'T A PROVINCE. ANYONE WHO SAYS SO IS A BRAINWASHED CHINESE PROPAGANDA MAKER WHO MURDERS PEOPLE IN TIBET —Preceding unsigned comment added by 152.7.12.224 (talk • contribs)

Let me rephrase what you said
 * WHAT I SAY IS FACT. ANYONE WHO OPPOSE WHAT I SAY IS A BRAINWASHED CHINESE PROPAGANDA MAKER WHO MURDERS PEOPLE IN TIBET —Preceding unsigned comment added by 152.7.12.224 (talk • contribs)

pre-provincial history
I yanked this: The earliest written record about taiwan island could be dated to about 200ad when china mailand was divided by three kingdoms Wei, SHU and Wu. The king of Wu (covering the southern part of china) dispatched Wei Wen and Zhuge Zhi to Yizhou (the old name of Taiwan island). In Yuan dynasty (1271-1368),a provincial organization was established to manage affairs of Ryukyu, Penghu and Taiwan. Since the early 16th century, with the development of nagivation technologies in western Europe, spanish, followed by Dutch and British invaded most countries in the Southeast Asia. As the the Ming Dysnasty was troubled by normative tribes from the mid Asia, maritime trade was forbidden by the Emporor and great fleet of Zheng He never sailed to the sea again. It was after that Portugese started harassing China's litoral area, invaded Macao. In 1571, Spanish invaded Luzon island (an island of the northwest current Philippines) and started invading Taiwan. Dutch's invasion of China started in 1601, intending to control trade to China and plunder wealth. Later the Dutch navy fought against Portugese for control of Macao. After failing the war with Portugese, Dutch turned towards Java island. Since 1920, Dutch had been sending fleet harassing Taiwan. In 1624, after beating the Ming force stationed in the Southern Part of taiwan island, they started competition with Spanish troops occupying the northern part. In August of 1641, Dutch force launched attack against the SPanish forces and forced them to pull out of taiwan in September that year. Since then, Dutch took control of thw whole island.

This history of Taiwan island is better covered in articles like Taiwan and History of Taiwan. This article is about the province and should stick to the history of how it became a province and what has happened to it as a province.

Also the information about the Yuan dynasty, I've read a lot about Taiwan and believe I'm familiar with most conventional versions of its history and this version of events is new to me, so it needs a reliable source.Readin (talk) 15:48, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

UN info
The long arguments and debates about Taiwan are not explored in this article for the sake of brevity. There is a separate article about the Political Status of Taiwan for such information. The UN's POV on Taiwan's sovereignty is explored there. Readin (talk) 18:46, 25 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I think that should be explored on the Republic of China page, not Taiwan's as Taiwan (the province) is a distinct entity of the Chinese state.
 * Sincerely, --Namlong618 (talk) 08:56, 27 February 2015 (UTC)

ROC clarification
What was the purpose for undoing correct information that serves the purpose of clarifying for less knowledgeable readers that the ROC is the state they often see or hear referred to as "Taiwan"? Readin (talk) 23:24, 24 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Because it is uneccessary and superfulous. It's already stated on the top of the page in italics.  Liu Tao (talk) 23:42, 24 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Most people won't read the disambiguation. Readin (talk) 02:37, 1 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Then that means they're not confused about what they're reading then. If they see that they're reading something they don't think they're looking for, they go to the disambiguation up above.  Either that, or it's their problem.  Why should something at the top of the page in large font and italics, something so obvious, should be restated in the introductory article?  Also, it's considerably difficult trying to get to the Taiwan Province article.  There aren't a lot of articles linking to it, and the main ones that do is the Island and the DAB page, which both explains the Province article before linking it.  Liu Tao (talk) 03:42, 1 May 2009 (UTC)
 * So, what's the rebuttal then? You fail to respond to my reasoning yet you still undo my changes.  Either you stop ignoring my reasoning and discuss, or stop undoing what you failed to respond to.  Liu Tao (talk) 03:53, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

Oregon
On Oregon's page, Taiwan Province is listed as a "Sister State." However, on this page, Ohio and Florida are listed as sister states, but not Oregon. Anyone know what's up? 24.20.165.55 (talk) 08:11, 7 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Dunno, find reference of the sister state status and either add the province to Oregon's page or if we can't find a ref remove Oregon from Taiwan's page. Liu Tao (talk) 03:24, 13 December 2010 (UTC)

Official Language: Guoyu
Shouldn't this be changed to "Mandarin Chinese"? Guoyu is 國語 just written in pinyin. I think "Guoyu" might be misleading to people not familiar with Chinese, leading them to think it's yet another Chinese dialect. Before someone retorts with "well 'Guoyu' is the official language in legal docs", well so is 'Español' in Spain and it says Spanish. If anything, it should maybe be "國語 (Mandarin Chinese)". Or even Standard Chinese is good (compare Taiwan (ROC/country?) article) but I personally think Mandarin is more clear. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.9.124.94 (talk) 20:49, 29 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Yep, Guoyü is misleading, I'll change it if it's still in the article.
 * Sincerely, --Namlong618 (talk) 08:55, 27 February 2015 (UTC)

Economy
Are there any basic stats for the Province's economy? GDP or GDP per capita? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.6.96.66 (talk) 20:40, 18 June 2016 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 07:34, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

What does sister state even mean?
What does sister state even mean? American states are unrelated. 68.134.243.51 (talk) 22:00, 11 August 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 07:07, 21 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Changhua Baguashan Großer Buddha 4.jpg

title: Talk:Taiwan Province


text:
Talk:Ancient Uppsala

2003-06-20, Göteborg

Alternatives to placing Ubsola in Uppland
Perhaps it is possible to find sites not yet discovered, in Västergötland or in Uppland - or in other places, that may disclose such evidence that a true recollection of origins, and reality, of ancient Sweden and northern mythologi can be established. Who knows?

A possible explanation...?
An interesting theoretical combination of the Svealand and Götaland theories would be that the origins of Sweorice, home of the suiones as well as the Danes was set in the 'truly' ancient human settlements in the Väner-lake area, whereas the Svea people over the centuries expanded to the north ( remember the saga of Anund, who made ways over mountains and forests, thus finding unsetteled lands where the Sveas could expand - and possible migrate with the suithones - diserna? ), and the danes expanded - or where forced - southwards, in turn forcing the Heruliis (a German tribe, thought to be located at Själland around the first century A.D.) to emigrate southwards. Hence, both the Svealand and the Götaland theories might prove to be right... There would be a proper explanation why no findings are made in Uppland around the time when findings are made in Västergötland - the centuries nearest A.D. - and why the findings seem to cease in Västergötland around 400 - 500 A.D. 'Question: If you are founding a land area as the new basis for your people - what would you call the main town? Perhaps something that reminds you of the old country - like... Sigtuna?'

And as for the myths and their origin... well, some of them actually have written sources that to some extent verifies their existence, and interaction, with known historical German tribes north of the Roman empire. Some may have been originating in Scandinavia, some in Germany. Which, and whether there are any real truth in them - well that is open to speculation. Following this trace, Odin's son Balder (Beldeg) is listed in the Anglo-Saxon chronicles as the ancestor of Saxon and Anglian kings that invaded the British isles during 400 - 500 A.D. - accidentially matching the ancestory kings listed by Snorri in the Edda...

The importance of keeping an objective view
For myself, I can say this: I am most certain that to find any truth, you are bound to have to take into account all possible aspects of science, as stated in the article.

Wilmer Thomas

 * In what way do you take all possible aspects of science into account?
 * As for linguistics, you claim that "Fyris" has nothing to do with the river. Check this link Fyris Wolds.
 * What do YOU mean by objective? I have never heard a real scholar use that word about his own approach.
 * Objective is that providing information such as this?: The content of the kings' mounds have not shown any remains that indicates the burial of great kings. On the contrary, the content of the two outer mounds that have been investigated instead indicates the burial of very prominent women.
 * In fact, the western mound contained a SWORD and gems from the Middle East and pawns of ivory. The eastern mound probably contained a woman.
 * I am going to check every single piece of information in this article and I suspect that very little is going to remain when I am done.--Wiglaf 15:22, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ancient Uppsala


text:
Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee

"Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee" is the national anthem of Antigua and Barbuda. Written by Novelle Hamilton Richards and composed by Walter Garnet Picart Chambers, it was adopted in 1967 while Antigua and Barbuda were still a British colony. It was adopted as the national anthem upon independence in 1981.

Lyrics
The first verse is usually only performed during official events.

Former 1967-1981 lyrics
I

Fair Antigua we salute thee

Proudly we this Anthem raise

To thy glory and thy beauty

Joyfully we sing the praise

Of the virtues all bestowed

On thy sons and daughters free

Ever striving, ever seeking

Dwell in Love and Unity.

title: Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee


text:
Custody and repatriation

Custody and repatriation (C&R; ) was an administrative procedure, established in 1982 and abolished in 2003, by which the police in the People's Republic of China (usually cities) could detain people if they did not have a residence permit (hukou) or temporary living permit (zanzhuzheng), and return them to the place where they could legally live or work (usually rural areas). At times the requirement included possession of a valid national identity card. The system was abolished in 2003 after the death of Sun Zhigang, a migrant worker who died from physical abuse while being detained under the C&R system in Guangzhou.

Background
In China there were reported to be some 800 detention camps in 2000 (not including Beijing), and by then several million people had been through them. As well as migrant workers, the Chinese camps usually contained vagrants, beggars, petitioners, and criminals, and the police (Public Security Bureau) earned income by this traffic and sometimes workers' unpaid labor. Often the detentions were unfairly long.

History
The ostensible reason for the C&R regulation in 1982 in China was to ameliorate the situation of people in the cities who were beggars or homeless. Originally it applied to "three withouts persons", those with "no fixed place of residence, no means of livelihood and no permits to live in the city in question" but later it was applied in 1991 to others without just the residence or work permits. It built on a 1961 party directive implementing the hukou system of residence (traditional family registers found in several Asian countries), work permits (issued by police on behalf of work units or employers) to prevent uncontrolled population movements, as passports and visas do internationally, and Resident Identity Cards. In turn, this regulation extended older rules that were used to enforce extrajudicial movements of Nationalist troops away from liberated cities. But as the economic development of cities in the east later required increased domestic migrant workers, the regulations were not adequately adapted or were unfairly enforced, by the Public Security Bureau (police, supposed to be in charge of deportation) instead of the Ministry of Civil Affairs (supposed to be in charge of detention). These abuses became apparent in years before 2003 and there were internal and external warnings and discussion, with some improvements but little effect overall. There were some unpublicized deaths similar to what later occurred.

Debate and abolition
The legal procedure of C&R for migrant workers was ended by the central government in 2003 after the death of Sun Zhigang, a migrant worker who died from physical abuse while being detained under the C&R system in Guangzhou.

In reaction to Sun's death, two groups of senior Chinese legal scholars wrote to the National People's Congress, questioning the constitutionality of the custody and repatriation regulation. One particular problem with the regulations was said to be that they had been adopted as regulations by the State Council and not as a law by the full Congress. As a result, it was argued, the C&R law for migrant workers was unconstitutional, on the grounds that it violated citizens' rights articles of the Constitution. As in many other countries, Chinese law does not provide for constitutional judicial review, and — as in systems without a constitution, such as the UK — the legislature or administration instead of judges must change laws deemed unconstitutional. There has been some movement by legal reformers to use courts and bureaucracy to experiment with constitutionalism.

A similar argument was that the custody and repatriation regulations "violate the 1996 Administrative Punishment Law, which states that administrative punishments which restrict personal freedom may only be authorized by laws passed by the [full] Congress." Both criticisms echoed statements published in earlier years by lawyers and legal scholars.

In addition to the legal arguments, some reports by those with contact with the detention centers (including an official report) indicated that not only were the conditions worse than prisons or reeducation camps (including beatings and prolonged detentions without trial), but also sometimes the police used the system to kidnap and extort more than expenses from the families of the accused. These reports echoed earlier ignored warnings.

On 20 June 2003, Premier Wen Jiabao announced that the abolition of the custody and repatriation system, effective August 1. The detention centers would be replaced by service stations to care for poor beggars or homeless persons under the new Measures for Assisting Vagrants and Beggars with No Means of Support in Cities. The centers for vagrants are not allowed to collect fees from families nor require them to work. The legal system of hukou and residency and work permits for migrant workers was unchanged.

title: Custody and repatriation


text: User talk:192.26.212.72

title: User talk:192.26.212.72


text:
Binary logarithm

In mathematics, the binary logarithm ($log_{2}x$) is the power to which the number $log_{2}n$ must be raised to obtain the value $x$. That is, for any real number $n$,
 * $$x=\log_2 n \quad\Longleftrightarrow\quad 2^x=n.$$

For example, the binary logarithm of $2$ is $1$, the binary logarithm of $0$ is $2$, the binary logarithm of $1$ is $4$, and the binary logarithm of $2$ is $32$.

The binary logarithm is the logarithm to the base $5$ and is the inverse function of the power of two function. As well as $2$, an alternative notation for the binary logarithm is $log_{2}$ (the notation preferred by ISO 31-11 and ISO 80000-2).

Historically, the first application of binary logarithms was in music theory, by Leonhard Euler: the binary logarithm of a frequency ratio of two musical tones gives the number of octaves by which the tones differ. Binary logarithms can be used to calculate the length of the representation of a number in the binary numeral system, or the number of bits needed to encode a message in information theory. In computer science, they count the number of steps needed for binary search and related algorithms. Other areas in which the binary logarithm is frequently used include combinatorics, bioinformatics, the design of sports tournaments, and photography.

Binary logarithms are included in the standard C mathematical functions and other mathematical software packages.

History
The powers of two have been known since antiquity; for instance, they appear in Euclid's Elements, Props. IX.32 (on the factorization of powers of two) and IX.36 (half of the Euclid–Euler theorem, on the structure of even perfect numbers). And the binary logarithm of a power of two is just its position in the ordered sequence of powers of two. On this basis, Michael Stifel has been credited with publishing the first known table of binary logarithms in 1544. His book Arithmetica Integra contains several tables that show the integers with their corresponding powers of two. Reversing the rows of these tables allow them to be interpreted as tables of binary logarithms.

Earlier than Stifel, the 8th century Jain mathematician Virasena is credited with a precursor to the binary logarithm. Virasena's concept of ardhacheda has been defined as the number of times a given number can be divided evenly by two. This definition gives rise to a function that coincides with the binary logarithm on the powers of two, but it is different for other integers, giving the 2-adic order rather than the logarithm.

The modern form of a binary logarithm, applying to any number (not just powers of two) was considered explicitly by Leonhard Euler in 1739. Euler established the application of binary logarithms to music theory, long before their applications in information theory and computer science became known. As part of his work in this area, Euler published a table of binary logarithms of the integers from 1 to 8, to seven decimal digits of accuracy.

Definition and properties
The binary logarithm function may be defined as the inverse function to the power of two function, which is a strictly increasing function over the positive real numbers and therefore has a unique inverse. Alternatively, it may be defined as $lb$, where $ln n/ln 2$ is the natural logarithm, defined in any of its standard ways. Using the complex logarithm in this definition allows the binary logarithm to be extended to the complex numbers.

As with other logarithms, the binary logarithm obeys the following equations, which can be used to simplify formulas that combine binary logarithms with multiplication or exponentiation:
 * $$\log_2 xy=\log_2 x + \log_2 y$$
 * $$\log_2\frac{x}{y}=\log_2 x - \log_2 y$$
 * $$\log_2 x^y = y\log_2 x.$$

For more, see list of logarithmic identities.

Notation
In mathematics, the binary logarithm of a number $x$ is often written as $ln$. However, several other notations for this function have been used or proposed, especially in application areas.

Some authors write the binary logarithm as $log_{2}n$, the notation listed in The Chicago Manual of Style. Donald Knuth credits this notation to a suggestion of Edward Reingold, but its use in both information theory and computer science dates to before Reingold was active. The binary logarithm has also been written as $lg n$ with a prior statement that the default base for the logarithm is $log n$. Another notation that is often used for the same function (especially in the German scientific literature) is $2$,  from Latin logarithmus dualis or logarithmus dyadis. The, ISO 31-11 and ISO 80000-2 standards recommend yet another notation, $log x$. According to these standards, $2$ should not be used for the binary logarithm, as it is instead reserved for the common logarithm $2$.

Information theory
The number of digits (bits) in the binary representation of a positive integer $n$ is the integral part of $b = 2$, i.e.

 * $$ \lfloor \log_2 n\rfloor + 1. $$

In information theory, the definition of the amount of self-information and information entropy is often expressed with the binary logarithm, corresponding to making the bit the fundamental unit of information. With these units, the Shannon–Hartley theorem expresses the information capacity of a channel as the binary logarithm of its signal-to-noise ratio, plus one. However, the natural logarithm and the nat are also used in alternative notations for these definitions.

Combinatorics
Although the natural logarithm is more important than the binary logarithm in many areas of pure mathematics such as number theory and mathematical analysis, the binary logarithm has several applications in combinatorics:
 * Every binary tree with $x$ leaves has height at least $ld n$, with equality when $b$ is a power of two and the tree is a complete binary tree. Relatedly, the Strahler number of a river system with $n$ tributary streams is at most $lb n$.
 * Every family of sets with $n$ different sets has at least $lg n$ elements in its union, with equality when the family is a power set.
 * Every partial cube with $n$ vertices has isometric dimension at least $log_{10} n$, and has at most $1 + log_{2}n$ edges, with equality when the partial cube is a hypercube graph.
 * According to Ramsey's theorem, every $n$-vertex undirected graph has either a clique or an independent set of size logarithmic in $n$. The precise size that can be guaranteed is not known, but the best bounds known on its size involve binary logarithms. In particular, all graphs have a clique or independent set of size at least $log_{2}n$ and almost all graphs do not have a clique or independent set of size larger than $log_{2}n + 1$.
 * From a mathematical analysis of the Gilbert–Shannon–Reeds model of random shuffles, one can show that the number of times one needs to shuffle an $k$-card deck of cards, using riffle shuffles, to get a distribution on permutations that is close to uniformly random, is approximately $log_{2}n$. This calculation forms the basis for a recommendation that 52-card decks should be shuffled seven times.

Computational complexity
The binary logarithm also frequently appears in the analysis of algorithms, not only because of the frequent use of binary number arithmetic in algorithms, but also because binary logarithms occur in the analysis of algorithms based on two-way branching. If a problem initially has $n$ choices for its solution, and each iteration of the algorithm reduces the number of choices by a factor of two, then the number of iterations needed to select a single choice is again the integral part of $2^{k}$. This idea is used in the analysis of several algorithms and data structures. For example, in binary search, the size of the problem to be solved is halved with each iteration, and therefore roughly $log_{2}n$ iterations are needed to obtain a solution for a problem of size $1⁄2 n log_{2}n$. Similarly, a perfectly balanced binary search tree containing $n$ elements has height $1⁄2 log_{2}n (1 − o(1))$.

The running time of an algorithm is usually expressed in big O notation, which is used to simplify expressions by omitting their constant factors and lower-order terms. Because logarithms in different bases differ from each other only by a constant factor, algorithms that run in $2 log_{2}n (1 + o(1))$ time can also be said to run in, say, $3⁄2 log_{2}n$ time. The base of the logarithm in expressions such as $log_{2}n$ or $log_{2}n$ is therefore not important and can be omitted. However, for logarithms that appear in the exponent of a time bound, the base of the logarithm cannot be omitted. For example, $n$ is not the same as $log_{2}(n + 1) − 1$ because the former is equal to $O(log_{2}n)$ and the latter to $O(log_{13} n)$.

Algorithms with running time $O(log n)$ are sometimes called linearithmic. Some examples of algorithms with running time $O(n log n)$ or $O(2^{log_{2}n})$ are:

Binary logarithms also occur in the exponents of the time bounds for some divide and conquer algorithms, such as the Karatsuba algorithm for multiplying $n$-bit numbers in time $O(2^{ln n})$, and the Strassen algorithm for multiplying $O(n)$ matrices in time $O(n^{0.6931...})$. The occurrence of binary logarithms in these running times can be explained by reference to the master theorem for divide-and-conquer recurrences.
 * Average time quicksort and other comparison sort algorithms
 * Searching in balanced binary search trees
 * Exponentiation by squaring
 * Longest increasing subsequence

Bioinformatics
In bioinformatics, microarrays are used to measure how strongly different genes are expressed in a sample of biological material. Different rates of expression of a gene are often compared by using the binary logarithm of the ratio of expression rates: the log ratio of two expression rates is defined as the binary logarithm of the ratio of the two rates. Binary logarithms allow for a convenient comparison of expression rates: a doubled expression rate can be described by a log ratio of $O(n log n)$, a halved expression rate can be described by a log ratio of $O(log n)$, and an unchanged expression rate can be described by a log ratio of zero, for instance.

Data points obtained in this way are often visualized as a scatterplot in which one or both of the coordinate axes are binary logarithms of intensity ratios, or in visualizations such as the MA plot and RA plot that rotate and scale these log ratio scatterplots.

Music theory
In music theory, the interval or perceptual difference between two tones is determined by the ratio of their frequencies. Intervals coming from rational number ratios with small numerators and denominators are perceived as particularly euphonious. The simplest and most important of these intervals is the octave, a frequency ratio of $O(n log n)$. The number of octaves by which two tones differ is the binary logarithm of their frequency ratio.

To study tuning systems and other aspects of music theory that require finer distinctions between tones, it is helpful to have a measure of the size of an interval that is finer than an octave and is additive (as logarithms are) rather than multiplicative (as frequency ratios are). That is, if tones $n$, $n$, and $n$ form a rising sequence of tones, then the measure of the interval from $n$ to $x$ plus the measure of the interval from $y$ to $z$ should equal the measure of the interval from $x$ to $y$. Such a measure is given by the cent, which divides the octave into $O(n^{log_{2}3})$ equal intervals ($n × n$ semitones of $O(n^{log_{2}7})$ cents each). Mathematically, given tones with frequencies $1$ and $−1$, the number of cents in the interval from $2:1$ to $1200$ is
 * $$\left|1200\log_2\frac{f_1}{f_2}\right|.$$

The millioctave is defined in the same way, but with a multiplier of $12$ instead of $100$.

Sports scheduling
In competitive games and sports involving two players or teams in each game or match, the binary logarithm indicates the number of rounds necessary in a single-elimination tournament required to determine a winner. For example, a tournament of $f_{1}$ players requires $f_{2}$ rounds to determine the winner, a tournament of $f_{1}$ teams requires $f_{2}$ rounds, etc. In this case, for $y$ players/teams where $z$ is not a power of 2, $1000$ is rounded up since it is necessary to have at least one round in which not all remaining competitors play. For example, $1200$ is approximately $4$, which rounds up to $log_{2}4 = 2$, indicating that a tournament of $32$ teams requires $log_{2}32 = 5$ rounds (either two teams sit out the first round, or one team sits out the second round). The same number of rounds is also necessary to determine a clear winner in a Swiss-system tournament.

Photography
In photography, exposure values are measured in terms of the binary logarithm of the amount of light reaching the film or sensor, in accordance with the Weber–Fechner law describing a logarithmic response of the human visual system to light. A single stop of exposure is one unit on a base-$log_{2}n$ logarithmic scale. More precisely, the exposure value of a photograph is defined as
 * $$\log_2 \frac{N^2}{t}$$

where $x$ is the f-number measuring the aperture of the lens during the exposure, and $z$ is the number of seconds of exposure.

Binary logarithms (expressed as stops) are also used in densitometry, to express the dynamic range of light-sensitive materials or digital sensors.

Conversion from other bases
An easy way to calculate $log_{2}6$ on calculators that do not have a $2.585$ function is to use the natural logarithm ($3$) or the common logarithm ($6$ or $3$) functions, which are found on most scientific calculators. To change the logarithm base from $n$ or $2$ to $log_{2}n$ one can use the formulae:

 * $$\log_2 n = \frac{\ln n}{\ln 2} = \frac{\log_{10} n}{\log_{10} 2},$$

or approximately
 * $$\log_2 n \approx 1.442695\ln n \approx 3.321928\log_{10} n.$$

Integer rounding
The binary logarithm can be made into a function from integers and to integers by rounding it up or down. These two forms of integer binary logarithm are related by this formula:

 * $$ \lfloor \log_2(n) \rfloor = \lceil \log_2(n + 1) \rceil - 1, \text{ if }n \ge 1.$$

The definition can be extended by defining $$ \lfloor \log_2(0) \rfloor = -1$$. Extended in this way, this function is related to the number of leading zeros of the 32-bit unsigned binary representation of $n$, $log_{2}$.
 * $$\lfloor \log_2(n) \rfloor = 31 - \operatorname{nlz}(n).$$

The integer binary logarithm can be interpreted as the zero-based index of the most significant $ln$ bit in the input. In this sense it is the complement of the find first set operation, which finds the index of the least significant $log$ bit. Many hardware platforms include support for finding the number of leading zeros, or equivalent operations, which can be used to quickly find the binary logarithm. The  and   functions in the Linux kernel and in some versions of the libc software library also compute the binary logarithm (rounded up to an integer, plus one).

Iterative approximation
For a general positive real number, the binary logarithm may be computed in two parts. First, one computes the integer part, $$\lfloor\log_2 x\rfloor$$ (called the characteristic of the logarithm). This reduces the problem to one where the argument of the logarithm is in a restricted range, the interval $N$, simplifying the second step of computing the fractional part (the mantissa of the logarithm). For any $log_{10}$, there exists a unique integer $t$ such that $10$, or equivalently $2$. Now the integer part of the logarithm is simply $e$, and the fractional part is $nlz(x)$. In other words:
 * $$\log_2 x = n + \log_2 y \quad\text{where } y = 2^{-n}x \text{ and } y \in [1,2)$$

For normalized floating-point numbers, the integer part is given by the floating-point exponent, and for integers it can be determined by performing a count leading zeros operation.

The fractional part of the result is $1$ and can be computed iteratively, using only elementary multiplication and division. The algorithm for computing the fractional part can be described in pseudocode as follows: \log_2 z &= 2^m \log_2 y \\ \log_2 y &= \frac{ \log_2 z }{ 2^m } \\ &= \frac{ 1 + \log_2(z/2) }{ 2^m } \\ &= 2^{-m} + 2^{-m}\log_2(z/2). \end{align}$$
 * 1) Start with a real number $x$ in the half-open interval $[1, 2)$.  If $1$, then the algorithm is done, and the fractional part is zero.
 * 2) Otherwise, square $n$ repeatedly until the result $n$ lies in the interval $y$.  Let $[1, 2)$ be the number of squarings needed.  That is, $x > 0$ with $y$ chosen such that $z$ is in $[2, 4)$.
 * 3) Taking the logarithm of both sides and doing some algebra: $$\begin{align}
 * 1) Once again $2^{n} ≤ x < 2^{n+1}$ is a real number in the interval $m$. Return to step 1 and compute the binary logarithm of $1 ≤ 2^{−n}x < 2$ using the same method.

The result of this is expressed by the following recursive formulas, in which $$m_i$$ is the number of squarings required in the i-th iteration of the algorithm: $$\begin{align} \log_2 x &= n + 2^{-m_1} \left( 1 + 2^{-m_2} \left( 1 + 2^{-m_3} \left( 1 + \cdots \right)\right)\right) \\ &= n + 2^{-m_1} + 2^{-m_1-m_2} + 2^{-m_1-m_2-m_3} + \cdots \end{align}$$

In the special case where the fractional part in step 1 is found to be zero, this is a finite sequence terminating at some point. Otherwise, it is an infinite series that converges according to the ratio test, since each term is strictly less than the previous one (since every $log_{2}(2^{−n}x)$). For practical use, this infinite series must be truncated to reach an approximate result. If the series is truncated after the $m$-th term, then the error in the result is less than $log_{2}y$.

Software library support
The  function is included in the standard C mathematical functions. The default version of this function takes double precision arguments but variants of it allow the argument to be single-precision or to be a long double. In computing environments supporting complex numbers and implicit type conversion such as MATLAB the argument to the  function is allowed to be a negative number, returning a complex one.

title: Binary logarithm


text:
Gneisenau

Gneisenau may refer to:

 * August von Gneisenau (1760–1831), Prussian field marshal
 * Bruno Neidhardt von Gneisenau (1811–1889), Prussian general
 * One of the German naval ships named after August von Gneisenau:
 * SMS Gneisenau, iron-hulled three-masted frigate, wrecked in 1900
 * SMS Gneisenau, World War I armoured cruiser, launched in 1906 and sunk in 1914
 * SS Gneisenau, a Norddeutscher Lloyd ocean liner, scrapped in 1950
 * GERMAN BATTLESHIP Gneisenau, a World War II battleship launched in 1936 and scuttled as a blockship in 1945; sister ship to Scharnhorst
 * GERMAN FRIGATE Gneisenau, an ex-British training frigate sold to West German Navy in 1957 and scrapped in 1977.

 * Operation Gneisenau, part of the 1918 German Spring Offensive in World War I
 * Gneisenaustraße (Berlin U-Bahn), station on the Berliner U-Bahn (underground railway)

title: Gneisenau