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A303 road

The A303 is a trunk road in southern England, running between Basingstoke in Hampshire and Honiton in Devon via Stonehenge. Connecting the M3 and the A30, it is part of one of the main routes from London to Devon and Cornwall. It is a primary A road throughout its length, passing through five counties.

The road has evolved from historical routes, some of which are thousands of years old, including the Harrow Way and the Fosse Way. The modern route was first laid out in the early 19th century as the New Direct Road, a faster coaching route from London to Exeter. It was initially in demand but fell into disuse as railways became popular from the 1840s onwards. It was not thought of as a significant through route when roads were initially numbered, but was revived as a major road in 1933, eventually becoming a trunk road in 1958. Since then, the A303 has gradually been upgraded to modern standards, though there are still several unimproved parts with longstanding plans to fix them.

As a primary route to southwestern England, the A303 is frequently congested on its single carriageway sections. It passes through the Stonehenge World Heritage Site and the Blackdown Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and attempts to upgrade the road in those areas have been controversial. In particular, the Stonehenge tunnel, which would see the A303 rerouted underground, has been proposed and delayed several times. Nevertheless, the road remains a popular alternative to motorway driving.

Route
The A303 is about 93 miles long. It starts at the M3 motorway south of Basingstoke at Junction 8, as a dual carriageway. It heads south west, crossing the A34 near Bullington before passing south of Andover. The road then passes by Solstice Park and Bulford Camp before bypassing Amesbury and entering the Stonehenge World Heritage Site. The route then becomes single carriageway before passing Stonehenge itself. The presence of the road through a World Heritage Site has been controversial for decades. As part of long-term strategy to restore a natural landscape around Stonehenge, the A344 road which once joined the A303 at Stonehenge has been removed, following the removal of other features over the last century including the Stonehenge Aerodrome which used to span the A303 around 500 m West of the henge.

After Winterbourne Stoke the route once again becomes dual carriageway from Yarnbury Castle and across the Wylye valley, meeting the A36 at Deptford. There is then another section of single carriageway road, coming out of the valley and up to the crest of the Great Ridge, before a further section of dual two lane road down from the hill crest near Berwick St Leonard. On reaching the valley, it reverts again to single carriageway and through the village of Chicklade, before following the terrain over to Mere, where it runs north of the town as another dual carriageway bypass. Continuing west, it passes south of Wincanton and then north of Sparkford to a roundabout where the road reverts once more to single carriageway.

The road then bypasses Ilchester and RNAS Yeovilton and widens to dual carriageway again. Between Ilchester and Shores Bridge (over the River Parrett, east of South Petherton) the road follows the course of the Roman Fosse Way. At Yeovilton the road becomes dual two lane again, and connects with the A37 which joins it until it reaches the end of the bypass. This final section of dual carriageway ends at South Petherton. It runs north of Ilminster as a three-lane road where it meets the A358, providing access to the M5 motorway.

The A303 is of a lower standard west of Ilminster. It passes through the Blackdown Hills as a narrow road following the contours of the land, with the exception of a dual-carriageway bypass of Marsh. The end of the A303 is reached where it joins the A30, which enters as a side road and continues as the main route forward for Honiton and Exeter.

The A303 roughly parallels the West of England line, which competes for long-distance traffic. Although the A303 as a whole is designed to be part of a route from London to Exeter, a popular alternative is to take the M4 motorway to Bristol, followed by the M5. This is a high-quality motorway route throughout, but a considerably longer distance.

Early history
Parts of the A303, such as the section past Stonehenge, have been a right of way for people, wagons, and later motor vehicles for millennia. Portions of it follow the Harrow Way, an ancient trackway across Wessex that is one of Britain's oldest roads, reportedly being used as long ago as 3,000 BC. Other sections run on part of the Fosse Way, a Roman road between Exeter and Lincoln constructed around 49 AD.

A section of the A303 around Weyhill, west of Andover, runs alongside a ditch thought to be constructed during the Bronze Age. Several historic roads converged at Weyhill, which is believed to have hosted a popular market since the Middle Ages, eventually becoming one of the most important in England by the 19th century. The market closed in the 1950s.

19th century
The modern course of the A303 was designed in the early 19th century as the "New Direct Road" by William Hanning, chief engineer of the Ilminster Turnpike Trust, in order to improve coaching traffic to southwest England. Russells of Exeter began a coach service along it, though they quickly reverted to the older coaching route further south (now part of the A30). Along with engineer Goldsworthy Gurney, Hanning attempted to design a steam-powered coach that could be run along the New Direct Road. After an experimental round trip to Bath, he invested £10,000 in steam carriages. Sir Charles Dance bought three carriages for trips between Cheltenham and Gloucester, but traditional horse-operated stagecoach operators sabotaged the route and Hanning's carriages did not gain widespread adoption. Nevertheless, the New Direct Road became increasingly used as a coaching route between London and Exeter in the 1820s. Ann Nelson's "Exeter Telegraph", a coach from London to Devon via the New Direct Road, could travel from Piccadilly to Devonport in a little over 21 hours. It remained a popular coaching route until the arrival of railways in the 1840s.

The widespread adoption of railways during railway mania caused coaching services to dry up. Along with many other turnpike routes, the New Direct Road fell into disrepair during the 19th century owing to a lack of funds and available staff. By the turn of the 20th century, it had become little more than a rough track in places, making it difficult to drive on.

20th century
Road designations were first allocated by the Ministry of Transport in the early 1920s, but the New Direct Road was not initially considered a major through route. Instead, the older coaching road further south via Salisbury and Yeovil was determined to be the main road. Maps produced by companies independent to the Ordnance Survey, the Government's official mapping body, marked the New Direct Road as a "class I" route anyway.

The A303 was created on 1 April 1933 as the "Alternative London – Exeter route" after the Ministry of Transport realised the New Direct Road was still useful as a major road for motor traffic. The route created a long bypass for sections of the A30 that ran south of it.

In 1958, the Ministry of Transport upgraded the A303 to trunk road status. It believed it was easier to upgrade than the parallel A30 as it passed through fewer towns. Initial improvements to the road in the 1960s included widening small sections to 3 lanes (forming the so-called suicide lane) or to dual carriageway; but none were longer than 2 miles. Andover and Amesbury were bypassed in 1969, while general improvements to the road, including additional dualling, took place throughout the 1970s.

In 1971, the Environment Secretary, Peter Walker announced the entire length of the A303 would be upgraded as part of a new roads programme that would deliver 1,000 new miles of motorway by 1980. A bypass of Marsh was opened in 1976; it was (and remains) the only dual carriageway upgrade of the A303 through the Blackdown Hills. By the mid-1980s, the A303 had been extended from its original fork by Micheldever Station, next to the A30, eastwards to meet the M3 motorway, and was a completely uninterrupted dual carriageway westwards as far as Amesbury. Ilminster was bypassed around this time; however the new road was built as single carriageway with 3 lanes, which caused a serious safety hazard leading to several fatal accidents.

21st century
In 2013, after decades of debate, the A303's junction with the A344, just east of Stonehenge, was closed as part of improvements to visitor facilities. During this work, a roadside monument was moved to the visitor centre; the stone monument is to Captain Eustace Loraine and Staff-Sergeant Richard Wilson, killed in July 1912 in the first fatal accident of the recently formed Royal Flying Corps.

Traffic
Since the 1950s, the A303 has been criticised for being inadequate for the level of traffic along it. In 1959, it was reported that a typical queue for holiday traffic along the road could be as much as 15 miles. In 2017, over 35 miles of the road west of Amesbury remains single carriageway, interrupted by various sections of dual carriageway. The switches between the latter to the former act as bottlenecks and are major sources of congestion along the route. Upgrading the remaining sections of road is difficult due to environmental concerns; in 1986, an upgrade of the A303 in Hampshire caused public outcry after the work destroyed the remains of an Iron Age settlement, and consequently, £100,000 was spent on emergency rescue excavation work.

The A303 is particularly congested during the Summer solstice (around 21 June), when Stonehenge forms a major part of festivities. During the so-called "Battle of Stonehenge" on 1 June 1985, where 520 people clashed violently with police, roadblocks were set up over a 10 miles radius around the site. A convoy of trucks managed to break through a block at Cholderton, leading to increased violence. Conflicts were repeated for several years in the 1980s; in 1988 a van overturned on the A303 after leaving a clash with police at Stonehenge, killing one passenger and injuring ten others. As well as Stonehenge, the A303 is part of one of the main routes from London to the Glastonbury Festival. During the weekend of the festival in late June, the road is generally gridlocked as people drive towards or away from the festival grounds in Pilton.

The Government's Road Investment Strategy has committed to upgrading all the remaining single carriage sections of the A303 as far as Ilminster. Highways England have made numerous proposals to improve the road, and it is currently identified under several Nationally Significant Infrastructure Projects.

Stonehenge improvements
The most controversial upgrade of the A303 has been improvement to the road through the Stonehenge World Heritage Site, where it remains a congested single carriageway road. There were minor improvements in the 1960s, including closing the road for a month in 1967 for levelling and resurfacing. A proposal to fully dual the A303 past Stonehenge was announced in the mid-1970s, but was criticised as being "an environmental disaster" and comparable to driving a dual carriageway through Westminster Abbey. A more comprehensive solution was discussed in 1989's Roads for Prosperity programme, which included upgrading the road to dual carriageway and bypassing Winterborne Stoke. In 1993, the Minister for Roads, Kenneth Carlisle, announced plans for either a 0.5 km tunnel or a diversion of the A303 a mile from Stonehenge, costing £44 million and £22 million respectively. Although the new Labour government cancelled many road schemes after coming to power in 1997, there was still general support for a tunnel at Stonehenge.

In 2003, 7.7 mi of improvements, including the proposed 1.3 mi road tunnel bored under land adjacent to Stonehenge, were announced by the Secretary of State for Transport as part of a package of road improvements. A public enquiry into whether the plans were adequate was announced; it concluded that they were, despite protests from charities and landowners that the tunnel should be longer. Two years later, it was announced that there was to be a review of the options for Stonehenge, starting in January 2006, as costs had doubled. The government cancelled the whole scheme at the end of 2007 owing to excessive environmental constraints.

In 2016, the Stonehenge tunnel was revived by the Government, who awarded a £17.5m design contract to build a 1.8 miles tunnel. Local residents were pleased with the news, but a survey suggested 90% still preferred a diversion away from the stones instead. The plan was finalised the following year as part of a £2 billion programme. Transport Secretary Chris Grayling said the improvements would "transform" the A303 and would be important for removing congestion. In November 2020, the plans were confirmed again in a report by Transport Secretary Andrew Stephenson, and endorsed by Highways England. Though the Government said it had carefully listened to all opinions on the tunnel, the decision to proceed was condemned by environmental campaigners.

In July 2021, the tunnel proposals were overturned in the High Court of Justice. A hearing concluded that transport secretary Grant Shapps had "acted irrationally and unlawfully" by backing the project and failed to properly assess the environmental impacts of each asset on the Stonehenge World Heritage Site as required by planning law. Campaigners for the Stonehenge Alliance welcomed the decision, but Historic England expressed frustration over the "missed opportunity to remove the intrusive sight and sound of traffic past the iconic monument". The Department for Transport re-instated the scheme in July 2023, but the campaigners against the tunnel challenged it in December in the High Court. The case was lost the following February, where the Court upheld the government's decision.

The village of Winterbourne Stoke is immediately west of the World Heritage Site, and proposals to improve the A303 in this area have generally added a bypass for it in the plans. There have also been proposals to build a bypass as a standalone project, without requiring the improvements around Stonehenge.

A303/A358 South Petherton to M5 Taunton
In November 2004, plans to improve the route through the Blackdown Hills (an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty) were abandoned in favour of upgrading the A358 from Ilminster to the M5 motorway at Taunton to reduce traffic west of Ilminster. The scheme was the subject of a public consultation in March 2007, and incorporated plans to widen the Ilminster bypass from South Petherton to a dual two-lane road. The plans were shelved in 2009 when it was concluded that the dualling could not be funded from the Regional Funding Allocation for the South West. In 2016, the plans were revived by Highways England, with a final decision expected to be announced the following year.

In 2019, the preferred route of the A358 upgrade was revealed, and in 2020 the government confirmed funding for the A358 scheme and dualling of the A303 between Sparkford and Podimore.

Other schemes
A number of other schemes for the remaining below-standard parts of the A303 were considered in the 1990s, including improvements west of Ilminster towards Marsh, and the single-carriageway section around Yeovilton. These proposals were all cancelled in 1998. The schemes were later remitted to the London to South West and South Wales Multi-Modal Study (SWARMMS), and the conclusion of the report was that all of the schemes east of Ilminster should go ahead; and to avoid building a dual carriageway through the Blackdown Hills the A358 should be upgraded to the M5 at Taunton. In 2009, none were considered to be regional priorities, so no other improvements were likely to be funded in the short term.

In 2016, Devon County Council announced they would self-fund improvements to the A303 between Ilminster and Honiton, which was not included in Highways England's list. The council put together three proposals for alternative routes, with the aim of securing £170 million of Government funding once a preferred route is chosen.

Plans to improve the A303 between Sparkford and Ilchester by upgrading three miles of single carriageway to high-quality dual carriageway were approved by the government in February 2021. Work began on this section that October.

Cultural references
Kula Shaker performed their first impromptu gig at the Glastonbury Festival, which can be reached via the A303. The road was the inspiration for the song "303" on their debut album K. The road was also mentioned in the Levellers' song "Battle of the Beanfield", about the attack by police on travellers celebrating the Solstice at Stonehenge (1 June 1985): "Down the '303 at the end of the road, Flashing lights, exclusion zones".

Prior to the broadcast of Series 15 of Top Gear in 2010, the cast of Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond and James May were spotted and recorded driving along the A303 in what appeared to be house cars. The video was recorded and put on YouTube.

In 2011, BBC Four broadcast the documentary A303 Highway to the Sun. The writer Tom Fort drove the length of the A303 in a Morris Traveller, making various stops. The following year, he published a book with the same title; it covers the history of the road, and British road planning, together with landscape, history and general travel writing. During research, one interviewee recommended using the A303 to reach southwest England, adding it was "less boring than the motorway, and you've always got Stonehenge". The programme was praised for its eclecticism and enthusiasm for what could have been a tedious subject.

Junctions and landmarks
There are a wide variety of junctions on the A303. These range from motorway-style free-flowing junctions such as that with the A36 near Wylye, to simple forks on the single carriageway sections.

Some junctions, such as the Countess Roundabout with the A345 near Amesbury, and the Podimore roundabout with the A37, are known congestion hotspots because they are insufficient to cope with traffic. Other former junctions, such as the A344 near Stonehenge, have been removed in order to help traffic flow and avoid congestion and accidents.

title: A303 road


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Oscar Pettiford

Oscar Pettiford (September 30, 1922 – September 8, 1960) was an American jazz double bassist, cellist and composer. He was one of the earliest musicians to work in the bebop idiom.

Jazz bassist Christian McBride called Pettiford "probably the most important bass player of that bebop generation in terms of creating new language for the bass."

Early life
Pettiford was born in Okmulgee, Oklahoma, United States. His mother identified as being of Choctaw descent, and his father Harry "Doc" Pettiford identified as half Cherokee and half African-American.

He grew up playing in the family band, in which he sang and danced before switching to piano at the age of 12, then to double bass when he was 14. Jamela Pettiford, a singer in St. Paul, Minnesota, and a descendant of the Pettiford family, told Minnesota Public Radio in 2022 that the Pettiford family band traveled itinerantly for a time as road musicians before settling in north Minneapolis.

Pettiford is quoted as saying that he did not like the way people were playing the bass, so he developed his own way of playing it. Despite being admired by the likes of Milt Hinton at the age of 14, he gave up in 1941 because he did not believe he could make a living. Five months later, he once again met Hinton, who persuaded him to return to music.

Career
In 1942, Pettiford joined the Charlie Barnet band and in 1943 gained wider public attention after recording with Coleman Hawkins on his "The Man I Love". Pettiford also recorded with Earl Hines and Ben Webster around this time. After he moved to New York, he was one of the musicians (together with Dizzy Gillespie, Thelonious Monk, Kenny Clarke) who in the early 1940s jammed at Minton's Playhouse, where the music style developed that was later called bebop. Pettiford and Dizzy Gillespie led a bop group in 1943. In 1945, Pettiford went with Hawkins to California, where he appeared in The Crimson Canary, a mystery movie known for its jazz soundtrack, which also featured Josh White. He then worked with Duke Ellington from 1945 to 1948 and for Woody Herman in 1949, before working mainly as a leader in the 1950s.

As a leader, he inadvertently discovered Cannonball Adderley. After one of his musicians had tricked him into letting Adderley, an unknown music teacher, onto the stand, he had Adderley solo on a demanding piece, on which Adderley performed impressively.

Pettiford is considered the pioneer of the cello as a solo instrument in jazz music. He first played the cello as a practical joke on his band leader (Woody Herman), when he walked off stage during his solo spot and came back, unexpectedly with a cello and played on that. In 1949, after suffering a broken arm, Pettiford found it impossible to play his bass, so he experimented with a cello a friend had lent him. Tuning it in fourths, like a double bass, but one octave higher, Pettiford found it possible to perform during his rehabilitation (during which time his arm was in a sling) and made his first recordings with the instrument in 1950. The cello thus became his secondary instrument, and he continued to perform and record with it throughout the remainder of his career.

He recorded extensively during the 1950s for the Debut, Bethlehem and ABC Paramount labels, among others. During the mid-1950s, he played on the first three albums that Thelonious Monk recorded for the Riverside label.

Between 1954 and 1958, Pettiford also led sextets, big bands and jazz orchestras which played dates in Manhattan venues like Birdland, where he continued to explore unusual instrumental voicing including French horns and harp. The reedist and composer Gigi Gryce collaborated with Pettiford on the novel arrangements for the orchestra's hi-fi albums.

In 1958, Pettiford moved to Copenhagen, Denmark, and started recording for European companies. After his move to Europe, he often performed with European musicians, such as Attila Zoller, and also with other Americans who had settled in Europe, including Bud Powell and Kenny Clarke.

Death
Pettiford died in 1960 in Copenhagen, shortly before his 38th birthday, from a virus closely related to polio.

As leader

 * Bass Hits (Topaz, 1943–46)
 * The New Oscar Pettiford Sextet (Debut, 1953)
 * Oscar Pettiford Sextet (Vogue, 1954)
 * Oscar Pettiford (Bethlehem, 1954)
 * Basically Duke (Bethlehem, 1954)
 * Another One (Bethlehem, 1955)
 * Oscar Pettiford Volume 2 (1956)
 * The Oscar Pettiford Orchestra in Hi-Fi (ABC-Paramount, 1956)
 * The Oscar Pettiford Orchestra in Hi-Fi Volume Two (ABC-Paramount, 1957)
 * Discoveries (Savoy, 1952-57 [1986])
 * Winner's Circle (Bethlehem, 1957) with John Coltrane
 * Vienna Blues – The Complete Session (Black Lion, 1959) with Hans Koller, Attila Zoller, Jimmy Pratt
 * The Complete Essen Jazz Festival Concert, (Black Lion, 1960) with Coleman Hawkins, Bud Powell, Kenny Clarke
 * My Little Cello (Debut, 1960) also released as Last Recordings of the Late Great Bassist and Montmartre Blues
 * First Bass (IAJRC, 1953-60 [2000])
 * Blue Brothers, (Black Lion, 1959-60 [1973])

As sideman

 * Ralph Burns and Leonard Feather: Winter Sequence (MGM, 1954)
 * Kenny Burrell: Swingin' (Blue Note, 1956 [rel. 1980])
 * Art Blakey: Drum Suite (Columbia, 1957)
 * The Birdlanders: Vol. 2 (OJC, 1954) with Kai Winding, Al Cohn, Tal Farlow, Duke Jordan, Max Roach, Denzil Best
 * Sid Catlett: 1944–1946 (Classics)
 * Teddy Charles: 3 for Duke (Jubilee/London,1957)
 * Jimmy Cleveland: Introducing Jimmy Cleveland and His All Stars (EmArcy, 1955)
 * Earl Coleman: Earl Coleman Returns (Prestige, 1956)
 * Chris Connor & John Lewis Quartet: Chris Connor (Atlantic)
 * Miles Davis: The Musings of Miles (Prestige)
 * Miles Davis: Miles Davis Volume 1/Miles Davis Volume 2 (Blue Note, 1952–54)
 * Kenny Dorham: Jazz Contrasts (OJC, 1957) Afro-Cuban (Blue Note, 1955)
 * Duke Ellington: Carnegie Hall Concert January 1946 (Prestige)
 * Duke Ellington: Carnegie Hall Concert December 1947 (Prestige); 1947–1948 (Classics), 1949–1950 (Classics), Great Times! (OJC, 1950) (includes "Perdido", "Blues for Blanton")
 * Tal Farlow: Jazz Masters 41 (Verve 1955–58); Finest Hour (Verve, 1955–58)
 * Leonard Feather: 1937–1945 (Classics)
 * Dizzy Gillespie: 1945 (Classics)
 * Urbie Green: East Coast Series Vol. 6 (Bethlehem, 1956)
 * Jimmy Hamilton & The New York Jazz Quintet (Fresh Sound Rec.)
 * Coleman Hawkins: Rainbow Mist (Delmark, 1944 [1992]), The Hawk Flies High (OJC, 1957)
 * Ernie Henry: Last Chorus (Riverside, 1956–57)
 * Woody Herman: Keeper Of the Flame (Capitol, 1948–49)
 * Earl Hines Trio: Fats Waller Memorial (Signature SI-l-lA/B etc.)
 * Johnny Hodges: Caravan (Prestige, 1947–51)
 * Helen Humes: 1927–1945 (Classics)
 * Milt Jackson: Ballads & Blues (Atlantic, 1956)
 * Milt Jackson: Plenty, Plenty Soul (Atlantic, 1957)
 * Milt Jackson: "Soul Brothers" (with Ray Charles) (Atlantic, 1958)
 * Lee Konitz / Warne Marsh Quintet (Atlantic, 1955)
 * Herbie Mann: Sultry Serenade (Riverside, 1957), Salute to the Flute (Epic, 1957)
 * Helen Merrill: Helen Merrill (Emarcy, 1954), Dream of You (Emarcy, 1957)
 * Thelonious Monk: Thelonious Monk Plays Duke Ellington (Riverside, 1955), The Unique Thelonious Monk (Riverside, 1956), Brilliant Corners (Riverside, 1956)
 * Phineas Newborn, Jr.: Here Is Phineas (Atlantic, 1956)
 * Joe Newman & Zoot Sims: Locking Horns (Rama, 1957)
 * Leo Parker: Prestige First Sessions: Volume 1 (Prestige, 1950)
 * Red Rodney: Red Rodney (ONYX 1957)
 * Max Roach: Deeds, Not Words (Riverside, 1958)
 * Joe Roland: Joltin' Joe Roland (Savoy, 1955)
 * Sonny Rollins: Freedom Suite (Riverside, 1958)
 * Charlie Rouse: Les Jazz Modes (Dawn, 1956)
 * Sahib Shihab: Jazz Sahib (Savoy, 1957)
 * Sonny Stitt: Sonny Stitt Plays Arrangements from the Pen of Quincy Jones (Roost, 1955)
 * Billy Strayhorn: Great Times! (Riverside, 1950)
 * Art Tatum: The Art Of Tatum (ASV, 32-44)
 * Clark Terry: Clark Terry (EmArcy, 1955)
 * Lucky Thompson: Accent on Tenor Sax (FSR, 1954)
 * Lucky Thompson: Tricotism (Impulse, 1956)
 * George Wallington: The George Wallington Trios (Prestige, 1952–53)
 * Julius Watkins: Julius Watkins Sextet (Blue Note, 1954–55)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Oscar Pettiford


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Talk:MineSweeper3D

Discussion moved from VfD:

 * MineSweeper3D (game) (wikipedia is not an advertising medium). Tristanb 06:43 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Exact same content is mirrored at MineSweeper3D. --Delirium 08:09 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Duplicate redirected. I see nothing wrong with the article. I wrote articles about games myself, such as Cuyo. --Eloquence 23:22 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * From his other contributions, it obvious this guy's just using wikipedia to sell his game. Less than 700 visitors had been to his site when i first visited. It's not an established game, and it's not a free game so people can learn more about the subject. There are other places for people to hawk their creations.
 * It is only one game, but there are thousands of programmers who write software, and others have written minesweeper 3d games. They don't all deserve a place in an encyclopedia. If a section is listed about 3d versions of minesweeper, then this site could be a link, along with Cyp's Java version (see Talk:Minesweeper_(game)). But it doesn't deserve it's own page, (or, i'd argue, a listing anywhere).
 * Sure the guy has a right to create the page, it's an open encyclopedia, but it doesn't mean it has to stay. He's treating wikipedia like a FFA site. Tristanb 01:14 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * I still don't see which specific Wikipedia policy is violated by that page. The description is probably accurate, the game obviously exists, looks fairly neat to me, so why not have an article about it? We have much more obscure subjects than that covered. --Eloquence
 * Well, maybe not, i'm not completely read in the policy :-) But i remember something about being encyclopedia-worthy (i've got to go soon so i can't find it). It's obscure. Haven't people written about their obscure band and had that deleted? What about the club that seemed to have only 4 members, but explained their customs/etc. I could write a fairly complete article about myself or our dog, but i don't think it should feature in an encyclopedia. What about the thousands of non-nude sites (although there's not many nowadays), do they all deserve a page? what about the thousands [of programs] on www.download.com? i don't think they do. Especially when i believe that all the guy is doing is trying to sell his silly game! Tristanb 01:46 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Okay, i've said enough state my point, i'm not gonna be convinced otherwise, but that's my vote for deletion! :-) Tristanb 05:23 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * I'd say transform this page into a page about Minesweeper variants, that lists the possible modifications to the rule (this games brings in a few independent ones), keep the link and maybe even a short description of the game (even though it doesn't strike me as too original, its ideas have been in the air for a while...) Maybe I'll do it, maybe not... --FvdP 19:43 18 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Here's something from the policy (even it was made today), the last paragraph of Avoid peacock terms Tristanb 01:57 19 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Eep! Better use What Wikipedia is not. The advertising stuff in Avoid peacock terms comes from there -- just to point out another bad reason for peacocking. -- ESP 04:14 19 Jul 2003 (UTC)

It might be deletable for being unimportant and hence unencyclopedic. Has it been played by more than, say, 20,000 people? How much of a cumulative impact has it had on the world compared to, say, Yoism? Personally, I think it's mergable with Minesweeper, appropriately edited. Martin 10:12 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:MineSweeper3D


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X11 color names

In computing, on the X Window System, X11 color names are represented in a simple text file, which maps certain strings to RGB color values. It was traditionally shipped with every X11 installation, hence the name, and is usually located in. The web colors list is descended from it but differs for certain color names.

Color names are not standardized by Xlib or the X11 protocol. The list does not show continuity either in selected color values or in color names, and some color triplets have multiple names. Despite this, graphic designers and others got used to them, making it practically impossible to introduce a different list. In earlier releases of X11 (prior to the introduction of Xcms), server implementors were encouraged to modify the RGB values in the reference color database to account for gamma correction.

As of X.Org Release 7.4 rgb.txt is no longer included in the roll up release, and the list is built directly into the server. The optional module xorg/app/rgb contains the stand-alone rgb.txt file.

The list first shipped with X10 release 3 (X10R3) on 7 June 1986, having been checked into RCS by Jim Gettys in 1985. The same list was in X11R1 on 18 September 1987. Approximately the full list as is available today shipped with X11R4 on 29 January 1989, with substantial additions by Paul Ravelling (who added colors based on Sinclair Paints samples), John C. Thomas (who added colors based on a set of 72 Crayola crayons he had on hand) and Jim Fulton (who reconciled contributions to produce the X11R4 list). The project was running DEC VT240 terminals at the time, so would have worked to that device.

In some applications multipart names are written with spaces, in others joined together, often in camel case. They are usually matched insensitive of case and the X Server source code contains spaced aliases for most entries; this article uses spaces and uppercase initials except where variants with spaces are not specified in the actual code.

Clashes between web and X11 colors in the CSS color scheme
The first versions of Mosaic and Netscape Navigator used the X11 colors as the basis for the web colors list, as both were originally X applications. The W3C specifications SVG and CSS level 3 module Color eventually adopted the X11 list with some changes. The present W3C list is a superset of the 16 "VGA colors" defined in HTML 3.2 and CSS level 1.

One notable difference between X11 and W3C is the case of "Gray" and its variants. In HTML, "Gray" is specifically reserved for the 128 triplet (50% gray). However, in X11, "gray" was assigned to the 190 triplet (74.5%), which is close to W3C "Silver" at 192 (75.3%) , and had "Light Gray" at 211 (83%) and "Dark Gray" at 169 (66%)  counterparts. As a result, the combined CSS 3.0 color list that prevails on the web today produces "Dark Gray" as a significantly lighter tone than plain "Gray", because "Dark Gray" was descended from X11 – for it did not exist in HTML nor CSS level 1 – while "Gray" was descended from HTML. Even in the current draft for CSS 4.0, dark gray continues to be a lighter shade than gray. Some browsers such as Netscape Navigator insisted on an "a" in any "Gray" except for "Light Grey".

Recent X releases (since 2014, xorg-rgb version 1.0.6) also support the W3C definitions. In X11, the original definitions have been preserved (so "Dark Gray" remains a darker shade of "Gray"), but for every conflicting name pair, "Web" and additional "X11" prefixes have been added to ease disambiguation after the merger. The "X11" prefix is an alias for the non-prefixed version, i.e. "X11 Gray" = "Gray" ≠ "Web Gray". The W3C also defined a color that is equal to X11's "Green", but called it "Lime". In X11, this is simply called "Lime", as no such name existed before. It aliases to "Green", i.e. "Lime" = "Green" = "X11 Green" ≠ "Web Green".

Color name chart
The following chart presents the standardized X11 color names from the X.org source code. The list of names accepted by browsers following W3C standards slightly differs as explained above. The table does not show numbered gray and brightness variants as described below. Actual  files and other color databases or palettes may differ since they are freely editable by vendors and users. The table shows component values in several notations of the RGB color space, i.e. RGB (non-linear), HSL and HSV, conversions are done assuming sRGB color space.

* Prior to standardization as a web color, Gainsboro was included as one of the X11 color names. It was, however, absent from the original 1987 version of the list, but present in Paul Raveling's version which added, amongst other things, "[l]ight and off-white colors, copied from several Sinclair Paints color samples".

Shades of gray
The complete  defines 101 shades from 'Gray0' (black) up to 'Gray100' (white) in addition to 'Gray' and its variants listed above. The shades are apparently defined by the formula  resulting in e.g. 'Gray96', which happens to be the same as 'White Smoke'. Similarly 'Dim Gray' is the same as 'Gray41'.

On the other hand, 'Gray' lies between 'Gray74'  and 'Gray75' ; 'Dark Gray'  is not the same as 'Gray66' ; and 'Light Gray'  is not the same as 'Gray83'.

These shades are not included in W3C specifications, although drafts for level 4 of the CSS Color module include a similar function. They are still coded without 'Grey' alternatives, but with no space before the digit.

Numbered variants
For 78 colors (not counting grays),  offers four variants "color1", "color2", "color3", and "color4", with "color1" sometimes corresponding to "color", so e.g. "Snow1" is the same as "Snow". Unlike base colors, e.g.  and , these are only coded without spaces, e.g.  . These variations are neither supported by popular browsers nor adopted by W3C standards. Whether or not a certain color has such variants seems random.

If "color1" is not the same as "color, the base color is usually darker. That means its brightness in HSB color notation is less than 100%; about 30 of the base colors are fully bright. The four variants (1...4) have rounded brightness values of 100%, 93%, 80% and 55%, respectively. Their hue and saturation are usually the same except for rounding. In some cases they differ from the base color, though, which may indicate that these variants were specified with alternate definitions of the bases in mind, i.e. their values were adapted to a certain monitor which was commonly done by vendors until the 1990s.

The fixed brightness settings correspond closely to these formulae to determine the RGB values:

Examples:
 * "Yellow 2" (238, 238, 0) is based on "Yellow" (255, 255, 0) with 255 × 0.932 = 237.66.
 * "Ivory 3" (205, 205, 193) is explained by "Ivory" (255, 255, 240) where 255 × 0.804 = 205.02 and 240 × 0.804 = 192.96.
 * "Azure 4" (131, 139, 139) is close to "Azure" (240, 255, 255) values transformed as 255 × 0.548 = 139.74 and 240 × 0.548 = 131.52.

Prefixed variants
Some color names appear to be brightness or saturation modifications of others because they bear prefixes such as Dark, Light, Medium, Pale or Deep, but there is no systematic variation apparent. Several sets, however, feature a Dark variant with 55% brightness and some have their Medium at about 80%.

"Light Goldenrod Yellow" and "Dark Olive Green" are special, because there are no corresponding color entries without Dark and Light prefixes.

Nuances with different hue
Several groups of colors share the same lightness or brightness and saturation. These nuances differ only by hue.

 * 100%/25%: 0° (Web) Maroon, 60°  Olive, 120°  Green, 180°  Teal, 240°  Navy (Blue), 300°  (Web) Purple
 * 100%/27%: 0° Dark Red, 180°  Dark Cyan, 240°  Dark Blue, 300°  Dark Magenta
 * 100%/41%: 181° Dark Turquoise, 282°  Dark Violet
 * 100%/49%: 90° Lawn Green, 157°  Medium Spring Green
 * 61%/50%: 80° Yellow Green, 120°  Lime Green, 280°  Dark Orchid
 * 100%/50%: 0° Red, 16°  Orange Red, 33°  Dark Orange, 39°  Orange, 51°  Gold, 60°  Yellow, 90°  Chartreuse, 120°  (Lime) Green, 150°  Spring Green, 180°  Aqua / Cyan, 195°  Deep Sky Blue, 240°  Blue, 300°  Fuchsia / Magenta
 * 25%/65%: 0° Rosy Brown, 120°  Dark Sea Green
 * 59–60%/65%: 260° Medium Purple, 302°  Orchid, 340°  Pale Violet Red
 * 100%/86%: 38° Moccasin, 351°  Light Pink
 * 100%/90%: 36° Blanched Almond, 54°  Lemon Chiffon
 * 67%/94%: 30° Linen, 240°  Lavender
 * 100%/94%: 6° Misty Rose, 60°  Light Yellow, 180°  Light Cyan
 * 100%/97%: 25° Seashell, 40°  Floral White, 60°  Ivory, 120°  Honeydew, 180°  Azure, 208°  Alice Blue, 340°  Lavender Blush
 * 100%/99%: 0° Snow, 240°  Ghost White

Tints and shades with different lightness
Several groups of colors share the same hue and HSL saturation. Tints are lighter than a base color, shades are darker.

 * 0°/0%: 0% Black, 41%  Dim Gray, 50%  (Web) Gray, 66%  Dark Gray, 75%  (X11) Gray, 75%  Silver, 83%  Light Gray, 86%  Gainsboro, 96%  White Smoke, 100%  White
 * 0°/100%: 25% (Web) Maroon, 27%  Dark Red, 50%  Red, 99%  Snow
 * 16°/100%: 50% Orange Red, 66%  Coral
 * 33°/100%: 50% Dark Orange, 88%  Bisque
 * 36°/100%: 84% Navajo White, 90%  Blanched Almond
 * 60°/100%: 25% Olive, 50%  Yellow, 94%  Light Yellow, 97%  Ivory
 * 80°/61%: 35% Olive Drab, 50%  Yellow Green
 * 90°/100%: 49% Lawn Green, 50%  Chartreuse
 * 120°/61%: 34% Forest Green, 50%  Lime Green
 * 120°/100%: 20% Dark Green, 25%  (Web) Green, 50%  (X11) Green / Lime, 97%  Honeydew
 * 146–147°/50%: 36% Sea Green, 47%  Medium Sea Green
 * 150°/100%: 50% Spring Green, 98%  Mint Cream
 * 180–181°/100%: 25% Teal, 27%  Dark Cyan, 41%  Dark Turquoise, 50%  Aqua / Cyan, 94%  Light Cyan, 97%  Azure
 * 240°/100%: 25% Navy Blue, 27%  Dark Blue, 40%  Medium Blue, 50%  Blue, 99%  Ghost White
 * 300°/100%: 25% (Web) Purple, 27%  Dark Magenta, 50%  Fuchsia / Magenta
 * 328–330°/100%: 54% Deep Pink, 71%  Hot Pink
 * 350–351°/100%: 88% Pink, 86%  Light Pink

Tones with different saturation
Some pairs of colors share the same lightness and hue. These tones differ only by saturation. Tones are far less common in the X11 set than nuances, tints and shades.

 * 0°/41%: 0% Dim Gray, 59%  Brown
 * 120°/50%: 61% Lime Green, 100%  Green / Lime
 * 180°/25%: 25% Dark Slate Gray, 100%  Teal
 * 240°/27%: 64% Midnight Blue, 100%  Dark Blue

Derived lists
The Printer Working Group (PWG) of the IEEE publishes a standard, PWG 5101.1, whose mandatory color names are based upon RFC 3805, successor to RFC 1759 which imported the functional color names other, unknown and transparent alongside seven basic colors from ISO 10175 (DPA) and ISO 10180 (SPDL), and JTAPI. This standard has four variants for each non-monochromatic color: clear (50% transparent), dark, light and the default. Wherever possible, the values are the same as in the W3C adaptation of the X11 list, except for Turquoise which is instead of. Missing variant values have been added systematically. Buff and Mustard are completely new color names. Light Black and Gray correspond to the same color.

 * }

title: X11 color names


text:
Popular science

Popular science (also called pop-science or popsci) is an interpretation of science intended for a general audience. While science journalism focuses on recent scientific developments, popular science is more broad ranging. It may be written by professional science journalists or by scientists themselves. It is presented in many forms, including books, film and television documentaries, magazine articles, and web pages.

History
Before the modern specialization and professionalization of science, there was often little distinction between "science" and "popular science", and works intended to share scientific knowledge with a general reader existed as far back as Greek and Roman antiquity. Without these popular works, much of the scientific knowledge of the era might have been lost. For example, none of the original works of the 4th century BC Greek astronomer Eudoxus have survived, but his contributions were largely preserved due to the didactic poem "Phenomena" written a century later and commented on by Hipparchus. Explaining science in poetic form was not uncommon, and as recently as 1791, Erasmus Darwin wrote The Botanic Garden, two long poems intended to interest and educate readers in botany. Many Greek and Roman scientific handbooks were written for the lay audience, and this "handbook" tradition continued right through to the invention of the printing press, with much later examples including books of secrets such as Giambattista Della Porta's 1558 "Magia Naturalis" and Isabella Cortese's 1561 "Secreti".

The 17th century saw the beginnings of the modern scientific revolution and the consequent need for explicit popular science writing. Although works such as Galileo's 1632 "Il Saggiatore" and Robert Hooke's 1665 "Micrographia" were read by both scientists and the public, Newton's 1687 Principia was incomprehensible for most readers, so popularizations of Newton's ideas soon followed. Popular science writing surged in countries such as France, where books such as Fontenelle's 1686 Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds were best-sellers.

By 1830, astronomer John Herschel had recognized the need for the specific genre of popular science. In a letter to philosopher William Whewell, he wrote that the general public needed "digests of what is actually known in each particular branch of science... to give a connected view of what has been done, and what remains to be accomplished." Indeed, as the British population became not just increasingly literate but also well-educated, there was growing demand for science titles. Mary Somerville became an early and highly successful science writer of the nineteenth century. Her On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences (1834), intended for the mass audience, sold quite well. Arguably one of the first books in modern popular science, it contained few diagrams and very little mathematics. Ten editions of the book were published, and it was translated into multiple languages. It was the most popular science title from the publisher John Murray until On the Origin of Species (1859) by Charles Darwin.

Role
Popular science is a bridge between scientific literature as a professional medium of scientific research, and the realms of popular political and cultural discourse. The goal of the genre is often to capture the methods and accuracy of science while making the language more accessible. Many science-related controversies are discussed in popular science books and publications, such as the long-running debates over biological determinism and the biological components of intelligence, stirred by popular books such as The Mismeasure of Man and The Bell Curve.

The purpose of scientific literature is to inform and persuade peers regarding the validity of observations and conclusions and the forensic efficacy of methods. Popular science attempts to inform and convince scientific outsiders (sometimes along with scientists in other fields) of the significance of data and conclusions and to celebrate the results. Statements in the scientific literature are often qualified and tentative, emphasizing that new observations and results are consistent with and similar to established knowledge wherein qualified scientists are assumed to recognize the relevance. By contrast, popular science emphasizes uniqueness and generality, taking a tone of factual authority absent from the scientific literature.

Common threads
Some usual features of popular science productions include:
 * Entertainment value or personal relevance to the audience
 * Emphasis on uniqueness and radicalness
 * Exploring ideas overlooked by specialists or falling outside established disciplines
 * Generalized, simplified science concepts
 * Presented for an audience with little or no science background, hence explaining general concepts more thoroughly
 * Synthesis of new ideas that cross multiple fields and offer new applications in other academic specialties
 * Use of metaphors and analogies to explain difficult or abstract scientific concepts

Criticism
The purpose of scientific literature is to inform and persuade peers regarding the validity of observations and conclusions and the forensic efficacy of methods. Popular science attempts to inform and convince scientific outsiders (sometimes along with scientists in other fields) of the significance of data and conclusions and to celebrate the results. Statements in the scientific literature are often qualified and tentative, emphasizing that new observations and results are consistent with and similar to established knowledge wherein qualified scientists are assumed to recognize the relevance. By contrast, popular science often emphasizes uniqueness and generality and may have a tone of factual authority absent from the scientific literature. Comparisons between original scientific reports, derivative science journalism, and popular science typically reveals at least some level of distortion and oversimplification.

General bibliography

 * Andreas W. Daum, Varieties of Popular Science and the Transformations of Public Knowledge: Some Historical Reflections". Isis. A Journal of the History of Science Society, 100 (June 2009), 319–332.
 * McRae, Murdo William (editor). The Literature of Science: Perspectives on Popular Scientific Writing. The University of Georgia Press: Athens, 1993. ISBN 0-8203-1506-0.

title: Popular science


text:
Willie Aames

Albert William Upton, (born July 15, 1960) known professionally as Willie Aames, is an American actor, film and television director, television producer, and screenwriter.

He is best known for playing Tommy Bradford, one of the children of Tom Bradford (played by Dick Van Patten), on the 1970s television series Eight Is Enough, TJ Latimer in Family, Buddy Lembeck on the 1980s sitcom Charles in Charge, and the title character in the direct-to-video series Bibleman (1995–2003). He is also credited as Willie Ames.

Early life
Aames was born in Newport Beach, California in 1960. He attended Edison High School in Huntington Beach, California, and he was in both the choir and the Madrigal Ensemble.

Career
Aames began acting in the late 1960s as a child, appearing in shows such as Gunsmoke, The Wonderful World of Disney, Adam-12, and The Courtship of Eddie's Father. In 1971, he originated the role of Leonard Unger, the son of Felix Unger (Tony Randall), on the ABC-TV series The Odd Couple, a part that was later played by Leif Garrett. The following year, he provided the voice of the character of Jamie Boyle in the animated series Wait Till Your Father Gets Home.

He guest-starred on various television series, including The Waltons. In 1974, he portrayed a 12-year-old Benjamin Franklin in the miniseries Benjamin Franklin. The next year, he co-starred in the series Swiss Family Robinson.

In 1977, he landed the role of Tommy Bradford in the comedy-drama Eight Is Enough. During this period, he played in a band called Willie Aames & Paradise, in which he was lead singer/guitarist. Formed while Aames was in junior high school, the group eventually landed a recording contract with CBS Custom Label. During this time, Aames appeared in his first movie role, Scavenger Hunt. After the series ended in 1981, Aames appeared in more film roles, including Zapped! with Scott Baio and Paradise with Phoebe Cates.

Before portraying the role of Buddy Lembeck in Charles in Charge in 1984, Aames played the character of Robbie Hamlin on the ABC soap opera The Edge of Night. From 1983 to 1985, he was the voice of Hank on the cartoon Dungeons & Dragons. After the end of Charles in Charge in 1990, Aames hosted the game show The Krypton Factor.

Aames starred as Bibleman in the direct-to-video Christian superhero series from 1995 to 2003.

In 2010, Aames's career changed direction when he began working as a cruise director for Regent Seven Seas Cruises. He also worked for Oceania Cruises and Viking (Ocean) Cruises, then returned to acting in 2016.

Personal life
Aames is a Christian. He has been married three times. Aames married Vicki Weatherman in 1979, having one child, Christopher. He married Maylo McCaslin in 1986, having one child, Harleigh Jean. Aames married Winnie Hung in 2014.

Aames has battled alcohol addiction in his life.

title: Willie Aames


text:
New Orleans Jazz

New Orleans Jazz may refer to:

 * Dixieland, a style of jazz music (New Orleans Jazz)
 * New Orleans Jazz (NBA team), professional basketball team that relocated and became the Utah Jazz
 * New Orleans Jazz football club, an American football team in the Stars Football League
 * New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park
 * New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park

title: New Orleans Jazz


text:
Happy hardcore

Happy hardcore, also known as 4-beat or happycore, is a subgenre of hardcore dance music or "hard dance". It emerged both from the UK breakbeat hardcore rave scene, and Belgian, German and Dutch hardcore techno scenes in the early 1990s. The thing that makes happy hardcore stand apart from Gabber, is that happy hardcore tends to have breakbeats running alongside the 4/4 kick drum.

Origins
The breakbeat hardcore rave scene was beginning to fragment by late 1992 into a number of subsequent breakbeat-based genres: darkcore (tracks embracing dark-themed samples and stabs), hardcore jungle (reggae basslines and influences became prominent), and 4-beat also known as happy hardcore where piano rolls and uplifting vocals were still central to the sound. DJs such as Slipmatt, DJ Sy, DJ Seduction, Wishdokta, DJ Dougal, and DJ Vibes continued to play and put out music of this nature throughout 1993/94 – notably Slipmatt through the SMD releases, Wishdokta as "Naughty Naughty", and Seduction on the Impact label.

1990s growth
The sound of happy hardcore changed in the 1990s, with tracks increasingly losing their breakbeats towards a stomping distorted 909 4/4 kick drum pattern, with more original vocal leads and stab patterns. DJs and producers that began to come through included Hixxy, Breeze, Force & Styles, DJ Sharkey, and DJ DNA, and tracks that started to define the genre included "Heart of Gold", "Pretty Green Eyes", "Cloudy Daze", "Sunshine after the Rain", "Above the Clouds", "Discoland", "Love of my Life", "Techno Wonderland", and "Hardcore Fever". Throughout the mid-late 1990s, the compilation series Bonkers would be commercially popular and showcase the latest happy hardcore music. Bonkers only really came into being due to the record label React showing interest in Toy Town, and Hixxy and Sharkey convincing the label to do a compilation album deal instead.

2000s
In the UK, the scene received its own special on BBC Radio 1 called John Peel Is Not Enough (named after a track by CLSM) in 2004. The scene continued to expand, with compilations such as Clubland X-Treme Hardcore, and an evermore youthful audience. In 2009, DJ Kutski hosted a show featuring hard dance and hardcore on Radio 1.

Happy hardcore compilations
Notable happy hardcore compilation albums include:
 * Bonkers
 * Clubland X-Treme Hardcore
 * Dancemania Speed
 * Happy 2b Hardcore
 * Hardcore Euphoria
 * Hardcore Heaven

title: Happy hardcore


text:
Lars Monrad-Krohn

Lars Monrad-Krohn (born 14 July 1933) is a Norwegian engineer and entrepreneur.

He graduated from the Norwegian Institute of Technology, Institute for Radio Technology, (NTH, Institutt for Radioteknikk) in 1959. His master thesis addressed construction of computer core memory and was the first computer-oriented thesis handed in at NTH. As an entrepreneur, Monrad-Krohn established Norsk Data AS in 1967 (CEO 1967-1972), established A/S Mycron in 1975 (CEO 1975-1982), and established Tiki-Data in 1984 (CEO 1984-1996). He teaches entrepreneurship at the Department of Informatics, University of Oslo.

He is a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences.

title: Lars Monrad-Krohn


text:
Talk:Lists of popes, patriarchs, primates, archbishops, and bishops

Untitled
Since the word "bishops" in the thread title isn't part of a person's title, I don't think it should be capitalized. "[Formal titles] are lowercased standing alone and in plural uses: the prime minister, the archbishop, premiers Brian Tobin and Mike Harcourt." (Caps and Spelling, Canadian Press) Discussion? - Montréalais

eh...why do we have to spend so much time arguing over capitalization? So long as we make a redirect from the one, I don't see that it's worth worrying about. Why not write a new article on something interesting instead of wasting time on disputable style points? (not to say you're wrong, of course, just that I'm really, really sick of arguments over capitalization, especially in article titles, given that usual English language conventions are that titles ought to be capitalized. Couldn't we make article title non-case-sensitive, or something?) john 06:20 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)

--- Edited the table to reflect the Sede Vacantes. -Penta 05:15, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

What is the point of having the names of two particular individual bishops in what is otherwise a list of lists or of articles on bishoprics. We can obviously not have every single individual bishop in this list anyway. I am removing this section and expect a very good argument from anyone wanting to put it back. up◦land 07:43, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Orthodox Archbishops
Hallo, I am the one that made part of the list of orthodox archbishops. Unfortunately i cannot login in these days, and I must use the anonymous account. I am sorry of that. This are my notes about the orthodox archbishops editing. 1) Of course a list of only 1 or 2 archbishops is not a proper list. BUT if the list is full (that is, all the archbishops of that archdiocese have been recorded there, even if it is only one in the history of this new archdiocese), it deserves to be kept because it will be updated when the archbishop will change and from now to 10 or 20 years it will be very valuable to have kept it in this common dominion. 2) I made two things in my orthodox archbishops editing. First, i put there in the menu all the archdioceses, and second completing their list one by one. But unfortunately I still couldn't find the lists for Akhalkalakhi, Bolnisi, Borjomi, Chiatura, Nikortsminda, Nikozi, Shemokmedi, Tsilkani (all of Georgian orthodox church). These are still missing and if someone can help me to fill them all it would be a very important gift! 3) The archbishops that I didn't put even in the menu (three of which someone else has already put, and that I am going to remove, or, at least, to shift in another chapter) have one or more of the following problems (for which I would not like to consider full "Orthodox Archbishops"). a) Some of them are not in full communion with the communion of orthodox churches. We can of course record them, but for completeness of information it should be done in a separate chapter. b) In the patriarchate of Moscow, archbishop is a title of the person and not of the see. Then, there's no point in putting them in the chronological lists of archbishoprics. At least, they should stay in the list of bishops, with the title of archbishop when they have it, otherwise we will have to shift them from list of archbishops to list of bishops and viceversa each time that the person in charge changes. c) Some of them, though titular of an archdiocese, don't use to call themselves archbishops (but in some cases they could do that if they would like to). In some patriarchates (like in the costantinopolis ecumenic one) metropolitan is more than archbishop, in others (like Romania and Georgia) it is less, while in also other ones it is exactly synonim. Could we then make a separate list for Orthodox metropolitans? Wow thank you that would be wonderful!!!!! d) Some of them, though in full communion with the apostolic orthodox church, are recognized by it as bishops only, while they self-styled themselves as archbishops (an example is the russo-carpathian bishop of toronto, not to be confounded with the ukrainian one that I put there). I just try now to make all these modifications, and to show you as it should be.

Orthodox bishops
The question: I have a virtually complete list of orthodox bishops, but they are at least four hundreds. For the very large majority of them, it is unlikely that we will have a full list in normal times. Is it the case to put them in the menu or not? Because if someone else is putting there 1 or 2 of thems, making confusion between metropolitans and not in full communion and so on, and without ANY list, it is better that I put them all in the menu just to clarify it all. If you believe that they are too many, and that they should be put there only when there is the list, then you should also delete the ones that already are there. I wait for your answer. Thank you!!! Luca

 * To respond to both parts, I think perhaps this page should be split up into Roman Catholic, Orthodox, and Anglican (or Protestant in general) articles. It's getting rather large now! For the Orthodox archbishops/bishops, I've been trying to make a list as well, but my own unfamiliarity with Orthodox church structure makes it difficult. Should they be divided according to autocephalous churches? And what do we do with metropolitans, as you mentioned? (We could have a separate section in a separate article for Orthodox archbishops/bishops, I suppose.) What about eparchs and exarchs? I'm not sure how to list them. Adam Bishop 16:02, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Also, the Roman Catholic archbishops listing is now just going to duplicate List of Roman Catholic archdioceses. So we can probably get rid of those entirely. Adam Bishop 18:10, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Everything moved
Okay, since this page was getting huge now that we've started adding everything to it, rather than just the ones with existing articles, I've split everything off into separate articles (which are now of course listed on this article).

I hope everyone is fine with this; it seems a little drastic and disruptive but I think everything will work out better this way. Adam Bishop 22:06, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

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Requested move 26 August 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: NOT MOVED (non-admin closure) Galobtter (pingó mió) 20:05, 2 September 2018 (UTC)

Lists of popes, patriarchs, primates, archbishops, and bishops → Lists of primates (religion) – According to discussion on Categories_for_discussion/Log/2018_August_26. See also: Primate (bishop). Chicbyaccident (talk) 16:17, 26 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose because bishops are not primates and only some archbishops are. I might accept a different rename for both this and the suggested target.  Peterkingiron (talk) 16:38, 26 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose, too easily confused with List of primates, would confuse the present Category:Lists of primates, and the present title serves well as a descriptor. Randy Kryn (talk) 20:23, 26 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose - per Peterkingiron and Randy Kryn. As Peterkingiron, if there is a better name, I'm not against that idea, as the current one is pretty long and seems to describe a "group" of sorts which a word might exist for, something like List of higher clergy (Christianity) (not sure what the naming conventions are, and this is just an example). --Gonnym (talk) 07:20, 2 September 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.


text:
Toronto St. Patricks

The Toronto St. Patricks (colloquially known as the St. Pats) were a professional ice hockey team which began playing in the National Hockey League (NHL) in 1919. The Toronto NHL franchise (league membership) had previously been held by the Arena Company (and the team called the "Arenas"), but despite winning the Stanley Cup the team was bankrupt and pulled out of the league after just two seasons. The rights to the Toronto franchise were purchased by a group of investors with links to an amateur club called the "St. Patricks". The new owners renamed the NHL franchise after the amateur club, and as the St. Patricks the team won the Stanley Cup in 1922. J.P. Bickell invested in the St. Patricks in 1924 as a favour to Charlie Querrie. In 1927, Charlie Querrie and other investors wanted out, J.P. Bickell made arrangements for other Toronto investors and initially hired Mike Rodden (a referee and sports writer) to run the hockey operations, which did not work out. He then hired Conn Smythe as the Managing Partner. The team was renamed to the Toronto Maple Leafs during the 1926–27 NHL season.

Early years
The St. Pats organization had operated amateur hockey clubs in the Toronto area since the first decade of the 1900s, including the senior amateur St. Patricks team in the Ontario Hockey Association.

The Toronto franchise of the National Hockey League (NHL), since the NHL's founding in 1917, had been operated by the Arena Company, operators of the Arena Gardens in Toronto. The Arena Company had been granted a temporary franchise for the 1917–18 season, and leased the players from the Toronto Blueshirts from owner Eddie Livingstone while litigation was underway between Livingstone and the NHL. This temporary franchise won the Stanley Cup in 1918. However, instead of returning the players to Livingstone, the Arena Company formed the Toronto Arena Hockey Club, popularly known as the Toronto Arenas, with Arena Company auditor Hubert Vearncombe as team president. This new organization was duly admitted to the NHL as a full member in good standing, touching off a new round of litigation with Livingstone which forced the Arenas to unload most of their stars. They only won five games in 1918–19, and were forced to suspend operations in February.

Livingstone won a $20,000 judgment against the Arena Company, which declared bankruptcy to avoid paying the bill. Before the 1919–20 season, general manager Charlie Querrie learned that the Arena Company wanted to sell. As an interim measure, Querrie changed the team name to the Tecumsehs on December 7, 1919. The following day, Querrie reached agreement with the owners of the amateur St. Patrick's club to purchase the franchise. Frank Heffernan was named as manager. On December 13, 1919, the NHL transferred the Toronto franchise to the Querrie-St. Patricks group, for the fee of $5,000. The incorporation date of the club was December 22, 1919, and listed Fred Hambly, Percy Hambly, Paul Ciceri and Querrie with 99 shares each, and Richard Greer with 4 shares. This move was possible because the Arena Hockey Club was a self-contained corporation, and was therefore beyond the legal reach of Livingstone.

Although Querrie returned, player turnover was nearly 100%, partly because the Quebec NHL franchise was activating for this season, and the players that had been loaned to the Arenas and other NHL teams had been returned to Quebec. Additionally, with the poor performance of the previous season, and the turnover in franchise management, the franchise essentially started over. The club improved to second and third-place finishes in the halves of the schedule.

In 1920–21, the club placed second and first in the schedule halves, enough to make a playoff appearance. Unfortunately, the 'Super Six' of Ottawa would dominate the club 7–0 in a two-game total goals playoff. The experience would be helpful in the following season, however.

1922 Stanley Cup champions
In the 1921–22 season, the St. Pats made their first and only appearance in the Stanley Cup Finals. After placing second in the league standings, the club upset first place Ottawa to win the NHL championship and face Vancouver in the final. A fifth and deciding game five was necessary in this series to determine who would win the Cup. After Vancouver won game one, 4–3, Babe Dye scored 4:50 into overtime of game two to give Toronto a 2–1 win. Then in game three, goaltender Hugh Lehman led the Millionaires to a 3–0 shutout win. However, the St. Patricks tied the series in game four, 6–0, as John Ross Roach became the first rookie goaltender to record a Stanley Cup shutout. game five belonged to Toronto as Dye scored four goals in a 5–1 victory to clinch the Cup. For the series, Dye scored nine of the St. Pats 16 goals, while Roach posted a 1.80 goals-against average.

Later years
In the following two seasons, the St. Pats would miss the playoffs with third-place finishes. Losing money due to poor attendance, the Hamblys sold their shares in the St. Patricks to Nathan Nathanson, owner of the Famous Players Theatre chain, and mining magnate J. P. Bickell in December 1924.

In 1924–25, the club would place second and play off against the Montreal Canadiens. While Hamilton had played first, the club was on strike, making the St. Pats-Canadiens semi-final the de facto final. The Canadiens would win the playoff to advance to the Stanley Cup Finals.

In 1925–26, the club struggled to a sixth placing, finishing behind the expansion Pittsburgh and New York clubs. Top scorer Babe Dye struggled and the club finished sixth out of seven teams. The Canadiens had lost their top goalie Georges Vezina and placed last. In 1926–27, the club finished fifth and last in the new Canadian division. Dye was sold to the new Chicago Black Hawks team for cash.

Franchise sale and renaming to the Maple Leafs
The club was in trouble in 1927, both on the ice and legally. Querrie lost a lawsuit to Livingstone and decided, along with major shareholder Nathan Nathanson to put the St. Pats up for sale. There was a $200,000 bid from a group in Philadelphia. However, at shareholder J. P. Bickell's direction, the Toronto Varsity Graduates coach Conn Smythe headed an ownership group and made a CA$160,000 offer for the majority ownership of the club. With the support of Bickell, who retained his share of the club, the Philadelphia bid was rejected, Smythe arguing that civic pride was more important than money.

After taking control on February 14, 1927, Smythe immediately renamed the team the Toronto Maple Leafs, after the national symbol of Canada. He attributed his choice of a maple leaf for the logo to his experiences as a Canadian Army officer and prisoner of war during World War I. Viewing the maple leaf as a "badge of courage", and a reminder of home, Smythe decided to give the same name to his hockey team, in honour of the many Canadian soldiers who wore it. However, the team was not the first to use the name. A Toronto minor-league baseball team had used the name "Maple Leafs" since 1895.

Initial reports were that the team's colours were to be red and white, but the Leafs wore white sweaters with a green maple leaf for their first game on February 17, 1927. On September 27, 1927, it was announced that the Leafs had changed their colour scheme to blue and white. Although Smythe later stated he chose blue because it represents the Canadian skies and white to represent snow, these colours were also used on his gravel and sand business' trucks. The colour blue was also a colour historically associated with the City of Toronto. The use of blue by top-level Toronto-based sports clubs began with the Argonaut Rowing Club in the 19th century, later adopted by their football team, the Toronto Argonauts, in 1873.

Seasons
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes, TG = Playoff series decided on total goals

Prominent players

 * Harry Cameron
 * Babe Dye

Coaches

 * Frank Heffernan
 * Harvey Sproule
 * Frank Carroll
 * George O'Donoghue
 * Charlie Querrie
 * Eddie Powers
 * Mike Rodden

title: Toronto St. Patricks


text:
Eric Shinseki

Eric Ken Shinseki (新関 健, born November 28, 1942) is a retired United States Army general who served as the seventh United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs (2009–2014) and the 34th Chief of Staff of the Army (1999–2003). Shinseki is a veteran of two tours of combat in the Vietnam War, in which he was awarded three Bronze Star Medals for valor and two Purple Hearts. He was the first Asian-American four-star general, and the first Asian-American Secretary of Veterans Affairs.

Early life and education
Shinseki was born in Lihue, Kauai, in the then Territory of Hawaii, to an American family of Japanese ancestry. His grandparents emigrated from Hiroshima to Hawaii in 1901. He grew up in a sugarcane plantation community on Kaua'i and graduated from Kaua'i High and Intermediate School in 1960. While attending Kaua'i he was active in the Boy Scouts and served as class president. As a boy, Shinseki learned that three of his uncles had served in the 442nd Infantry Regiment, a unit of Japanese Americans that became one of the most decorated fighting units in United States history. Motivated by his uncles' example, he attended the United States Military Academy and graduated in 1965 with a Bachelor of Science degree and a commission as a second lieutenant. He earned a Master of Arts degree in English Literature from Duke University in 1974. He was also educated at the Armor Officer Advanced Course, the United States Army Command and General Staff College, and the National War College of National Defense University.

Military service
Shinseki served in a variety of command and staff assignments in the Continental United States and overseas, including two combat tours with the 9th and 25th Infantry Divisions in the Republic of Vietnam as an artillery forward observer and as commander of Troop A, 3rd Squadron, 5th Cavalry Regiment during the Vietnam War. During one of those tours while serving as a forward artillery observer, he stepped on a land mine, which blew the front off one of his feet; after spending almost a year recovering from his injuries, he returned to active duty in 1971.

Shinseki has served at Schofield Barracks, Hawai'i, with Headquarters, United States Army Hawaii, and Fort Shafter with Headquarters, United States Army Pacific. He has taught at the U.S. Military Academy's Department of English. During duty with the 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment at Fort Bliss, Texas, he served as the regimental adjutant and as the executive officer of its 1st Squadron.

Shinseki's ten-plus years of service in Europe included assignments as Commander, 3rd Squadron, 7th Cavalry, 3rd Infantry Division (Schweinfurt); Commander, 2nd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division (Kitzingen); Assistant Chief of Staff, G3, 3rd Infantry Division (Operations, Plans and Training) (Würzburg); and Assistant Division Commander for Maneuver, 3rd Infantry Division (Schweinfurt). The 3rd Division was organized at that time as a heavy mechanized division. He also served as Assistant Chief of Staff, G3 (Operations, Plans, and Training), VII Corps (Stuttgart). Shinseki served as Deputy Chief of Staff for Support, Allied Land Forces Southern Europe (Verona), an element of the Allied Forces Southern Europe.

From March 1994 to July 1995, Shinseki commanded the 1st Cavalry Division at Fort Hood, Texas. In July 1996, he was promoted to lieutenant general and became Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans, United States Army. In June 1997, Shinseki was appointed to the rank of general before assuming duties as Commanding General, Seventh United States Army; Commander, Allied Land Forces Central Europe; and Commander, NATO Stabilization Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Shinseki became the Army's 28th Vice Chief of Staff on November 24, 1998, then became its 34th Chief of Staff on June 22, 1999, the last Vietnam War veteran to hold the post. Shinseki retired on June 11, 2003, at the end of his four-year term. His Farewell Memo contained some of his ideas regarding the future of the military. At that time, General Shinseki retired from the Army after 38 years of military service.

, Shinseki was the highest-ranked Asian American in the history of the United States. Additionally, as of 2004, he is the highest-ranked Japanese American to have served in the United States Armed Forces.

Army Chief of Staff
During his tenure as Army Chief of Staff, Shinseki initiated an innovative but controversial plan to make the army more strategically deployable and mobile in urban terrain by creating Stryker Interim-Force Brigade Combat Teams. He conceived a long-term strategic plan for the army dubbed "Objective Force", which included a program he designed, Future Combat Systems. One other controversial plan that Shinseki implemented was the wearing of the black beret for all army personnel. Prior to Shinseki implementing this policy, only the United States Army Rangers could wear the black beret. When the black beret was given to all soldiers and officers, the Rangers moved to the tan beret.

Shinseki publicly clashed with Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld during the planning of the war in Iraq over how many troops the United States would need to keep in Iraq for the postwar occupation of that country. As Army Chief of Staff, Shinseki testified to the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services on February 25, 2003, that "something in the order of several hundred thousand soldiers" would probably be required for postwar Iraq. This was an estimate far higher than the figure being proposed by Secretary Rumsfeld in his invasion plan, and it was rejected in strong language by both Rumsfeld and his Deputy Secretary of Defense, Paul Wolfowitz, who was another chief planner of the invasion and occupation. From then on, Shinseki's influence on the Joint Chiefs of Staff reportedly waned. Critics of the Bush administration alleged that Shinseki was forced into early retirement as Army Chief of Staff because of his comments on troop levels; however, his retirement was announced nearly a year before those comments.

When the insurgency took hold in postwar Iraq, Shinseki's comments and their public rejection by the civilian leadership were often cited by those who felt the Bush administration deployed too few troops to Iraq. On November 15, 2006, in testimony before Congress, CENTCOM Commander General John Abizaid said that Shinseki had been correct that more troops were needed.

Post-military career
Shinseki has served as a director for several corporations: Honeywell International and Ducommun, military contractors; Grove Farm Corporation; First Hawaiian Bank; and Guardian Life Insurance Company of America. He is a member of the Advisory Boards at the Center for Public Leadership, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, and to the U.S. Comptroller General. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, the Atlantic Council of the United States, and the Association of the United States Army.

United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs (2009–2014)
On December 7, 2008, then-President-elect Barack Obama announced at a press conference in Chicago that he would nominate Shinseki to become the Secretary of Veterans Affairs. Shinseki was unanimously confirmed by the United States Senate on January 20, 2009, and sworn in the next day.

Veterans Health Administration scandal
In May 2014, Shinseki was embroiled in a scandal involving the Veterans Health Administration, which is a component of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs. Questions involving substandard timely care and false records covering up related timelines had come to light, involving treatment of veterans in a number of veterans hospitals. On May 30, 2014, President Obama announced that he had accepted Shinseki's resignation as Secretary. Shinseki said he could not explain the lack of integrity among some leaders in veterans healthcare facilities: "That breach of integrity is irresponsible, it is indefensible, and unacceptable to me." He said he could not defend what happened because it was indefensible, but he could take responsibility for it and he would. Shinseki's resignation meant that 2014 was the first time since 2000 that there had not been an Asian American in the Cabinet of the United States. In an interview with retired General Peter W. Chiarelli, journalist Robert Siegel described the situation as "a case of a very, very good man who's run up against some pretty terrible problems in his job," to which Chiarelli responded, "I don't look up to any man more than I look up to Eric Shinseki."

Family
Shinseki is married to his high school sweetheart, Patricia; they are the parents of two children, Lori and Ken. He also has seven grandchildren.

Awards, decorations, and badges
Shinseki was awarded the following medals, ribbons, badges, and tabs:

title: Eric Shinseki


text:
California Golden Seals

The California Golden Seals were a professional ice hockey club that competed in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1967 to 1976. Based in Oakland, California, they played their home games at the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum Arena. The Seals were one of six teams added to the league as part of the 1967 NHL expansion. Initially named the California Seals, the team was renamed the Oakland Seals during the 1967–68 season and then the Bay Area Seals in 1970 before becoming the California Golden Seals the same year.

The Seals were the least successful of the teams added in the 1967 expansion, never earning a winning record and only making the playoffs twice in nine seasons of play. Off the ice, they were plagued by low attendance. The franchise was relocated in 1976 to become the Cleveland Barons, who would cease operations two years later. They are the only franchise from the 1967 expansion never to reach the Stanley Cup Finals.

Founding
In 1966, the NHL announced that six expansion teams would be added as a new division for the 1967–68 season, officially because of a general desire to expand the league to new markets, but also to squelch the Western Hockey League's threat to turn into a major league. The San Francisco Seals were one such team from the WHL. The NHL awarded an expansion team to Barry Van Gerbig for the San Francisco Bay area. Van Gerbig decided to purchase the WHL club with the intent of bringing them into the NHL as an expansion team the following season.

Van Gerbig had planned to have the team play in a new arena in San Francisco, but the new arena was never built. He decided to move the team across the Bay from the Cow Palace in Daly City to Oakland to play in the new Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum Arena. He renamed the club the California Seals. This was done in an attempt to appeal to fans from San Francisco, and to address complaints from the other NHL teams that Oakland was not considered a major league city and would not be a draw for fans.

A year later, Van Gerbig brought the Seals into the NHL as an expansion team. The team participated with the other five expansion teams in the 1967 NHL Expansion Draft; however, the terms imposed by the established Original Six teams were very one-sided in their favor. The existing NHL teams were permitted to protect nearly all of their best players, thus the players available for selection were mostly castoffs, aging players well past their prime and career minor leaguers. To bolster their roster and also to maintain a semblance of familiarity and continuity for existing Seals fans, the team retained a portion of the club's WHL roster such as Charlie Burns, George Swarbrick, Gerry Odrowski, Tom Thurlby, and Ron Harris.

The Bay Area was not considered a particularly lucrative hockey market; however, the terms of a new television agreement with CBS called for two of the expansion teams to be located in California and other than the Kings there were no other prospective franchise applicants of similar pedigree to the Seals. Nevertheless, while the WHL Seals had drawn well at the Cow Palace the team drew poorly in Oakland once they entered the NHL. The plan to bring fans in from San Francisco failed, and on November 6, 1967, Van Gerbig announced that the team's name would be changed to the Oakland Seals (although the league did not register the change until December 8 to focus more on the East Bay).

Struggles
The Seals were never successful at the gate even after the name change, and because of this poor attendance Van Gerbig threatened on numerous occasions to move the team elsewhere. First-year coach and general manager Bert Olmstead publicly advocated a move to Vancouver, resulting in an offer from Labatt's brewery to purchase and relocate the team to the Canadian city as well as a proposal to move the team to Buffalo from the Knox brothers, who like Vancouver had been shut out of the 1967 expansion. The NHL, not wanting to endanger its TV deal with CBS, rejected both proposals. As a compromise, the NHL agreed to expand again in 1970, adding teams in both Vancouver and Buffalo. The Knoxes bought a minority share of the Seals in 1969, only to sell it a year later to fund the Sabres.

This, as well as the team's mediocre on-ice performance, led to major changes to both the Seals' front office and the roster – only 7 of the 20 Seals players remained after the first season. The new-look Seals were somewhat more successful. In their second season they improved to 69 points, which while still seven games below .500 was good enough for second place in the all-expansion West Division. The Seals were actually favored to win their first round playoff matchup against the Kings, but were upset in seven games. Oakland regressed to 58 points the following season, but still edged out Philadelphia for the final playoff spot on a tiebreaker. Their second playoff appearance was a brief one as they were swept by the Pittsburgh Penguins. Those were the only two years that the franchise made the playoffs.

The league's rejection of a proposed move to Vancouver prompted a lawsuit that was not settled until 1974 (San Francisco Seals Ltd. v. National Hockey League). The Seals organization filed suit against the NHL claiming that the prohibition violated the Sherman Act. The Seals asserted that the league's constitution was in violation by prohibiting clubs from relocating their operations, and that the relocation request was denied in an attempt to keep the San Francisco market in the NHL and thereby discourage the formation of a rival team or league in that location. The court ruled that the NHL was a single entity, and that the teams were not competitors in an economic sense, so the league restrictions on relocation were not a restraint of trade.

For the 1969–70 season the team was sold to Trans-National Communications, whose investors included Pat Summerall and Whitey Ford. However, the group filed for bankruptcy after missing a payment and relinquished the team to Van Gerbig, who put the team back on the market.

Charles O. Finley purchases the franchise
Prior to the 1970–71 season, Charles O. Finley, the flamboyant and eccentric owner of baseball's Oakland Athletics, purchased the Seals. Finley and Roller Derby boss Jerry Seltzer had both put in bids on the team. Although Seltzer's offer was slightly better financed and included a more detailed plan for revival, a majority of NHL owners from the "old establishment" voted in favor of Finley. General manager Bill Torrey left by mid-season due to clashes with Finley.

Finley renamed the team the "Bay Area Seals" to begin the 1970–71 season. However, on October 16, 1970, just two games into the season, he changed the team name to the "California Golden Seals", following a number of other marketing gimmicks intended to promote the team to the fans, among them changing the Seals' colors to green and gold to match those of the popular A's. The team's uniform crest was now the word "Seals" in a unique typeface, but an alternate logo using a sketch based on a photo of star player Carol Vadnais was used on marketing materials such as pennants, stickers and team programs. The original 1967 California Seals logo recolored in green and gold was often seen on trading cards and other unofficial material, but was never adopted by the team. The Seals are remembered for wearing white skates, but initially Torrey convinced Finley to use green and gold painted skates instead, as team-colored skates were a trend of the period. However, this was all for naught, as the Seals finished with the worst record in the NHL that year. Other innovations that Finley's Seals incorporated, were the inclusion of player names on the back of the jerseys, which then set the precedent for today's 32 current NHL teams identifying players in the same fashion. Finley also was the first owner to allow players to fly first class on commercial flights to games, thus starting a trend that ultimately culminated in NHL teams regularly chartering aircraft by the 21st century. The Seals regularly used the new Boeing 747s the airlines had put into service at the time. Finley also introduced the flamboyant green and gold "Seals luggage" which all players and coaches were required to carry, to identify them as the northern California NHL team. On May 22, 1970, the Seals traded their pick in the first round of the 1971 NHL Amateur Draft to the Montreal Canadiens along with Francois Lacombe in return for Montreal's first round pick in the 1970 draft (Seals selected Chris Oddleifson), Ernie Hicke, and cash. As a result of the Seals' dreadful season, the Canadiens had the top pick in the 1971 draft, and used it to select future Hall of Fame member Guy Lafleur. This transaction now ranks as one of the most one-sided deals in NHL history.

Under the ownership of the NHL and Mel Swig
The team rebounded in 1971–72, but the arrival of the World Hockey Association (WHA) wiped out most of those gains. Finley refused to match the WHA's contract offers, causing five of the team's top ten scorers from the previous season to bolt to the new league. Devoid of any defensive talent save for goaltender Gilles Meloche, the Seals sank into last place again in 1972–73, where they would remain for the rest of their history. Although divisional restructuring in 1974–75 included a revamped format in which three teams in each division made the playoffs, the team's efforts were frustrated by their placement in the Adams Division, with the strong Sabres, Boston Bruins, and Toronto Maple Leafs of the day. The Seals once again finished well out of playoff contention, and were notably the only team to lose at home to the expansion Washington Capitals.

Finley soon lost patience with his struggling hockey team, especially given the contrast to his World Series champion Athletics. He tried to sell the Seals, but when no credible buyers came forward who were interested in keeping the team in the Bay Area, he sold the team back to the league for $6.585 million. A 1973 attempt by Finley to sell the team to Indianapolis interests who planned to relocate the team to that city was rejected by the NHL's board of governors.

In early 1975, newspapers reported that the Seals and Pittsburgh Penguins were to be relocated to Denver and Seattle, respectively, in an arrangement that would have seen the two teams sold to groups in those cities that had already been awarded "conditional" franchises for the 1976–77 season. At the same time, the league announced that if the Seals' sale to the Denver group was not completed or new ownership found locally, the franchise would be liquidated at the end of the season.

The Denver arrangement fell through, and the league ran the Seals for more than a year until a group headed by San Francisco hotel magnate Melvin Swig bought the team on July 28, 1975, with the intention of moving the team to a proposed new arena in San Francisco. The team fell just short of the playoffs, and after a mayoral election, plans for the new arena were cancelled. With a new arena out of the picture, the league dropped their objection to the relocation of the franchise.

The end
Although attendance was finally showing some improvement and the team playing better, minority owners George and Gordon Gund persuaded Swig to seek approval to move the team to their hometown of Cleveland. The team's final game in Oakland was a win over the Los Angeles Kings on April 4, 1976; league approval for the move was granted on July 14, and the team was renamed the "Cleveland Barons" after the city's old AHL squad.

Unfortunately, details were not finalized until less than six weeks before the start of the 1976–77 season, rendering the Barons all but invisible in Cleveland. After two more years of losses and with attendance worse than it had been in Oakland, the Gunds (by this time majority owners) were permitted to merge the Barons with the equally strapped Minnesota North Stars on June 14, 1978. The merged team continued as the Minnesota North Stars under the Gunds' ownership, but assumed the Barons' place in the Adams Division. The North Stars ultimately relocated to Texas following the 1992–93 season to become the Dallas Stars.

The Cleveland Barons remain the most recent team in an established North American major professional league to fold. They were also the last actively playing NHL team to do so since the Brooklyn Americans in 1942 (the franchise was formally cancelled in 1946) and the last team to cease operations since the Montreal Maroons had their franchise formally canceled in 1947 (though they had not iced a team since 1938). As a result, the NHL consisted of 17 teams for the 1978–79 season.

Legacy
The current NHL team in the Bay Area, the San Jose Sharks, has a historical connection to the Seals. Years after the Barons-North Stars merger, the Gunds wanted to bring hockey back to the Bay Area. They asked the NHL for permission to move the North Stars there in the late 1980s, but the league was unwilling to abandon a traditional hockey market like the Twin Cities. Meanwhile, a group led by former Hartford Whalers owner Howard Baldwin was pushing the NHL to bring a team to San Jose, where an arena was being built. Eventually, a compromise was struck whereby the Gunds would sell their share of the North Stars to Baldwin's group, with the Gunds receiving an expansion team in the Bay Area to begin play in the 1991–92 season. In return, the Sharks would have the rights to players from the North Stars and then participate with the North Stars as an equal partner in an expansion draft with the new franchise. On May 5, 1990, the Gunds officially sold their share of the North Stars to Baldwin and were awarded a new team in the Bay Area that became the Sharks. Ironically, in their first two seasons in the league, the Sharks played their home games at the Cow Palace in Daly City (the same facility the NHL rejected as a home for the Seals in 1967) while their new permanent home arena in San Jose was being completed.

Dennis Maruk was the last Seals player active in the NHL, retiring as a member of the North Stars in 1989. The last former Seals player in any league was George Pesut, who was active in Germany until 1994.

Though no longer an active team, the Seals remained a popular subject, and are the subject of multiple works. In 2006, Brad Kurtzberg published the first book on the Seals franchise, Shorthanded: The Untold Story of the Seals: Hockey's Most Colorful Team. In January 2017, filmmaker Mark Greczmiel released his documentary, The California Golden Seals Story on iTunes. In 2016, the Seals tribute site, GoldenSealsHockey.com was founded to help promote the November 2017 release of the book, The California Golden Seals: A Tale of White Skates, Red Ink, and One of the NHL's Most Outlandish Teams, which covers the Seals' and Barons' entire history, including their six years in the WHL.

The San Jose Sharks unveiled their Reverse Retro jersey based on the final years of the Golden Seals on October 20, 2022.

Season-by-season record
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes Notes:
 * 1 Named California Seals from October 11 to November 6, 1967.
 * 2 Renamed California Golden Seals after two games in the season

Franchise records
Includes Cleveland Barons (1976–78)

Career:
 * Most games played – Bob Stewart (414)
 * Most goals – Dennis Maruk (94)
 * Most assists – Al MacAdam (129)
 * Most points – Al MacAdam (217)
 * Most penalty minutes – Bob Stewart (691)
 * Most wins by a goaltender – Gilles Meloche (93)
 * Most losses by a goaltender – Gilles Meloche (191)
 * Lowest goals against average (GAA) by a goaltender – Charlie Hodge (3.09)
 * Most shutouts by a goaltender – Gilles Meloche (11)
 * Most minutes – Gilles Meloche (20,666)
 * Most wins by a coach – Fred Glover (96)
 * Most losses by a coach – Fred Glover (206)

Single season:
 * Most goals – Dennis Maruk (36 in 1977–78)
 * Most assists – Dennis Maruk (50 in 1976–77)
 * Most points – Dennis Maruk (78 in 1976–77)
 * Most wins by a goaltender – Gary Smith (21 in 1968–69)
 * Most losses by a goaltender – Gary Smith (48 in 1970–71)
 * Best goals against average (GAA) by a goaltender – Charlie Hodge (2.86 in 1967–68)
 * Most shutouts by a goaltender – Gary Smith (4 in 1968–69) and Gilles Meloche (4 in 1971–72)

Scoring leaders
These are the top ten scorers for the franchise, including its time in Cleveland.

Hall of Fame members

 * Harry Howell
 * Bert Olmstead (inducted as a player but was only a coach for the Seals)
 * Craig Patrick (inducted as builder)
 * Rudy Pilous (inducted as builder)
 * Bill Torrey (inducted as builder)

Team captains
The Golden Seals had the following team captains:
 * Bobby Baun, 1967–68
 * Ted Hampson, 1968–71
 * Carol Vadnais, 1971–72
 * Bert Marshall, 1972–73
 * Joey Johnston, 1974–75
 * Jim Neilson and Bob Stewart, 1975–76 (co-captains)

General managers

 * Rudy Pilous, 1967 (fired before start of season)
 * Bert Olmstead, 1967–68 (resigned in March 1968)
 * Frank Selke Jr., 1968–70 (resigned in November 1970)
 * Bill Torrey, 1970 (resigned in December 1970)
 * Fred Glover, 1970–71 (fired in October 1971)
 * Garry Young, 1971–72 (fired in November 1972)
 * Fred Glover, 1972–74 (resigned in February 1974)
 * Garry Young, 1974—given title of Director of Hockey Operations due to NHL ownership of club (resigned before start of 1974–75 season)
 * Bill McCreary Sr., 1974–76—given title of Director of Hockey Operations from 1974 to 1975 while club under ownership of NHL. He became general manager in the summer of 1975 after Melvin Swig bought the club from the league

First-round draft picks

 * 1967: Ken Hicks (third overall)
 * 1969: Tony Featherstone (seventh overall)
 * 1970: Chris Oddleifson (10th overall)
 * 1974: Rick Hampton (third overall)
 * 1975: Ralph Klassen (third overall)
 * 1976: Bjorn Johansson (fifth overall)

Broadcasters
In 1967–68, KTVU 2 televised 12 games with Tim Ryan on play-by-play. In 1968–69, away games were broadcast on the radio by KEEN with Tim Ryan again on play-by-play. In 1969–70, Saturday and Sunday games were broadcast by KGO radio. Jim Gordon, Bill Schonely and Bill McColgan each did play-by-play alone on multiple games. Meanwhile, Harvey Wittenberg and Rick Weaver did one game each; Weaver did the playoffs. In 1970–71, Roy Storey worked play-by-play on KEEN radio while Rick Weaver called 10 games on KTVU. In 1972–73, Joe Starkey  called the games on KEEN radio while Jon Miller   worked 15 games (all on delay) on KFTY 50. Starkey continued to call the Golden Seals games on KEEN in 1974–75 and 1975–76. In the Golden Seals' final season, their games were televised on KBHK-TV 44.

title: California Golden Seals