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Fernão Lopes (soldier)

Fernão Lopes (died 1545) was the first known permanent inhabitant of the remote Island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean, an island that later became famous as the site of Napoleon's exile and death.

Lopes was a 16th-century Portuguese soldier in India. He was tortured and disfigured in punishment for defecting to the side of Rasul Khan when the Portuguese conquered Goa in 1510. On his way home to Portugal after these events, Lopes chose voluntary exile on Saint Helena, where he lived in almost complete solitude for more than 30 years.

In Portuguese service
In 1510 Lopes, a minor nobleman and soldier, accompanied the Portuguese governor of India, Afonso de Albuquerque, on his conquest of Goa on the west coast of India. Shortly after its conquest, Albuquerque set sail to conquer Malacca in Malaysia, leaving Lopes behind as part of the garrison, with orders to keep the peace and rule over the local population. When Albuquerque returned nearly two years later, he found Goa under siege and some of the men had defected to the enemy side, and some, including Lopes himself, had married native women and converted to Islam.

Albuquerque's men regained possession of the territory and Rasul Khan surrendered the Portuguese renegades on the condition that their lives be spared. Instead they were tortured so savagely that half of them died within three days. Lopes, as the leader of the group, received the harshest punishment. He was bound with ropes to two wooden posts, and Albuquerque's men severed his nose, ears, right arm, and left thumb (according to others, his index and middle fingers as well) in a public square. His hair and beard were scraped off with clam shells. The survivors were then released, and fled to the jungle where they could hide their deformities and be left alone.

Lopes stayed in Goa until the death of Albuquerque in 1515, after which he set sail for Portugal, having been offered amnesty by King Manuel I. The ship stopped at Saint Helena for food and water. Saint Helena was discovered by the Portuguese João da Nova in 1502, and with its abundance of fresh water and fat tame birds, it became a regular port of call for Portuguese ships en route between the East Indies and Europe via the Cape of Good Hope. According to one source, Lopes went on land secretly and became utterly alone; according to another source he was landed with a boat and stayed on the island with a number of slaves. According to all sources, Lopes was granted a few supplies from the ship's stores.

Marooned on Saint Helena
Nearly a year passed before another ship docked at Saint Helena. Lopes acclimated himself to his new home, a 122 km2 volcanic island almost 2000 km off the coast of Africa. The climate was tropical and mild, tempered by trade winds. At the time, Saint Helena's original ecosystem was almost intact, and goats introduced by the Portuguese thrived in the island's untouched environment (no mammals or reptiles inhabited Saint Helena before introduction by explorers). The interior of Saint Helena was a thick old-growth forest of ancient gumwood trees and other native plants that had colonized the island as many as 10 million years ago.

The following is from a contemporary account of the first ship to encounter Lopes after he had been left on Saint Helena, found in a Hakluyt Society journal:

"The crew was amazed when they saw the grotto and the straw bed on which he slept...and when they saw the clothing they agreed it must be a Portuguese man.

So they took in their water and did not meddle with anything, but left biscuits and cheeses and things to eat and a letter telling him not to hide himself the next time a ship came to the island for no one would harm him.

Then the ship set off, and as she was spreading her sails a cockerel fell overboard and the waves carried it to the shore and Lopes caught it and fed it with some rice which they had left behind for him."

The cockerel that Lopes saved from the ship became his only friend on Saint Helena. During the night, it roosted above his head and during the day it followed behind him, and would come if he called to it. As time went on, Lopes began to be less and less afraid of people. When a ship would lay anchor in what would later be known as Jamestown harbour, Lopes would greet the sailors, talking to them as they came ashore. Lopes began to be considered something of a saint, because of his deformities and the fact that he would not leave Saint Helena for any reason. Many people thought him to be the embodiment of human suffering and alienation, and they took pity on him. The travelers who stopped at the island gave Lopes many things, including livestock and seeds. Eventually, Lopes became a gardener and a keeper of livestock, working the soil, planting fruit trees, grasses and many other forms of vegetation.

Lopes visits Portugal and Rome
After 10 years on the island, Lopes agreed to return to Portugal to see his family, visited King João III and then traveled to Rome, where Pope Clement VII absolved him of the sin of apostasy. The absolution occurred at Easter, 1530, in public (in those days, only the Pope could absolve the sin of apostasy, and he always did so in public, at Easter). The Pope was very impressed with Lopes, and decided to grant him a wish. Lopes had one desire, and that was to return to his home on the Island of Saint Helena. The Pope sent Lopes back to Portugal with a letter for João III, requesting that Lopes be transported back to Saint Helena. Lopes returned to the island and died there in 1545, after another 20 years of almost complete solitude.

title: Fernão Lopes (soldier)


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User:Huger

I have been a Wikipedia writer since July 8, 2003. Besides this, I write in Everything2 and Eksi Sozluk.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Huger


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Talk:List of archaeological sites by country

Comments
Below the listing for Mexico, it previously said: "All the above are either Aztec or Olmec sites." Actually, none of them are, as can be seen by visiting the articles. -- Infrogmation 22:29 8 Jul 2003 (UTC)

What about ordering the sites according to periods? --Yak 15:29, Mar 16, 2004 (UTC)

Instead I think this should be separated into categories for each country like Category:Archaeological sites in the United States which then is a category of Category:Archaeological sites by countryPschemp | Talk 19:46, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Japan is out of order.
Can someone fix Japan? It is beneath Belize and is listed as having an archaeological site which is actually found in Belize. Then, if you look at Japan in its proper place in the list, it still has that false site listed.

 * Fixed Pschemp | Talk 01:13, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

AfD
Moved banner to the top of the page. Deucalionite (talk) 14:53, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

Aramus
Under Armenia their is a site called Aramus. If you click on this link you get on an article relating to an animal called limpkin. I don't think it is meant the animal with this link. Jacobine19:15, April 1, 2006

Palestine
Since when has palestine been a part of Israel, its like saying Iraq is a state of the U.S.A, or the solomons part of Australia. There needs to be a section down the bottom for quasi states of conflick areas etc. Enlil Ninlil 16:37, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

Massive Clean-Up and Reorganization
I notice that this article/list was up for deletion back in 2006 based on numerous issues. There was no consensus. Since then it appears that no one has taken ownership of it. So I plan to "be bold" and do a massive clean-up and reorganization. I will then maintain and watch over it. If you don't like the results, then nominate it for deletion again. It can't get much worse than it already is. Biglovinb (talk) 09:15, 20 November 2010 (UTC)

INDIA
incomplete. Please add Elephanta Caves: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephanta_Caves

thx — Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.223.180.192 (talk) 03:01, 8 September 2013 (UTC)

The Moon
This is not a joke: The first manned and unmanned landing sites  on the moon need to be listed. They are the location of what are among the most monumental events in history. So far, they are pristine. Kdammers (talk) 07:14, 14 December 2014 (UTC)
 * The moon is not a country. --Supreme Deliciousness (talk) 02:14, 17 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I realize that, but sites outside of countries (e.g., in Antarctica and many ocean sites) should be listed - either in a partner site or by changing the name of this site. Kdammers (talk) 09:18, 17 December 2014 (UTC)

There is nothing archaeological about landing sites on the moon. ♆ CUSH ♆ 04:22, 20 December  2014 (UTC)
 * Yes, there is.Wikipedia's description of archaeological site: "An archaeological site is a place (or group of physical sites) in which evidence of past activity is preserved (either prehistoric or historic or contemporary), and which has been, or may be, investigated using the discipline of archaeology and represents a part of the archaeological record. Sites may range from those with few or no remains visible above ground, to buildings and other structures still in use."Gibson, Ralph (2001) “Lunar Archaeology: the Application of Federal Historic Preservation Law to the Site Where Humans First Set Foot Upon the Moon.” Master’s Thesis, Department of Anthropology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces. Kdammers (talk) 07:57, 20 December 2014 (UTC)
 * So who has conducted the discipline of archaeology on the moon sites ? ♆ CUSH ♆ 13:24, 20 December 2014 (UTC)

UK
Cambridgeshire: Mold Bronze Age house: http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-35280290Kdammers (talk) 00:04, 13 January 2016 (UTC)

numbered
Which country has the most archaeological sites? 19:35, 4 March 2017 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2003:6:1178:B281:A900:6AFC:8271:1BA3 (talk)

Any Numbers? 2003:6:1178:B281:58AD:F474:BC12:4149 (talk) 21:58, 5 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Archaeological sites in England
I noticed that 'Mother Grundy's Parlour' was not linked to an article so though I would link it to Creswell Crags but then noticed that 'Creswell Crags' is not a member of 'List of archaeological sites by country#United Kingdom'. The 'Creswell Crags' is a member of 'Category:Archaeological sites in Derbyshire' and 'Category:Archaeological sites in England', which pre-existed and is well populated. I have created a sub-category 'Archaeological sites in England'. I am not sure if I have done the right thing though. Wales does not have a sub-category 'Archaeological sites in Wales'. 'Archaeological sites in Scotland' redirects to 'National Monuments Record of Scotland', which is a bit confusing. If you think the inclusion of 'Archaeological sites in England' within 'List of archaeological sites by country' then please revert, but be aware that many English sites won't be accessible via this list. I intend to put the 'Archaeology of Scotland' (Category:Archaeology of Scotland) as a sub category within this list. Again revert if I have messed up. 2A00:23C4:D896:6000:A5E3:DA3B:AE05:702D (talk) 21:09, 30 January 2018 (UTC)


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Talk:Manhattan distance

What is the reason for giving the full formula for the $$L_m$$ metric and then specifying m=1? It seems that it would be less confusing to eliminate m completely. - Molinari 22:32 8 Jul 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Manhattan distance


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Death Row Records

Death Row Records is an American record label that was founded in 1991 by The D.O.C., Dr. Dre, Suge Knight, and Dick Griffey. The label became a sensation by releasing multi-platinum hip-hop albums by West Coast-based artists such as Dr. Dre (The Chronic), Snoop Dogg (Doggystyle) and 2Pac (All Eyez on Me) during the 1990s. At its peak, Death Row was making over US $150 million a year.

By the late 1990s, the label began to decline after the death of its star artist, 2Pac, imprisonment of Suge Knight, and the departures of Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg. Although Death Row was enjoying financial success, it was embroiled in controversies, lawsuits, and violence by its artists and associates.

Death Row Records filed for bankruptcy in 2006 and was auctioned to WIDEawake Entertainment for $18 million on January 15, 2009. The owner of WIDEawake went bankrupt in 2012; the label was sold to Entertainment One, and it then became a division of Hasbro until April 2021, when eOne Music was sold to the Blackstone Group. Snoop Dogg bought Death Row from MNRK Music Group in February 2022, intending to revive the label.

1987–1992: Origins and the first generation
In 1987, N.W.A's Dr. Dre signed to Eazy-E's Ruthless Records. As head of production at the label, Dr. Dre produced a large number of Ruthless projects, many of them successful; feeling the pressures of having to produce so many acts and feeling he was underpaid, Dr. Dre became frustrated with Ruthless. After the departure of Ice Cube in 1989 over financial disagreements with Jerry Heller, Suge Knight and the D.O.C. went over the books with a lawyer. Convinced that Jerry Heller and Eazy-E were dishonest, they approached Dr. Dre about forming a label with them, away from Heller and Eazy-E. Allegedly using strong-arm tactics, Suge Knight was able to procure contracts from Eazy-E for the D.O.C., Dr. Dre, Jewell, and Michel'le.

Dr. Dre and Suge Knight along with partners the D.O.C. and Dick Griffey began the process of starting a record label and music partnership in anticipation of Dr. Dre's departure from Ruthless. Although the name of their new music venture was originally called Future Shock, both the D.O.C and Suge Knight's business associate Michael "Harry-O" Harris have claimed to have suggested changing the name of the new label to 'Def Row' (a play on Def Jam), but rights to the name were already owned by the Unknown DJ, who also happened to be one of Dre's former music associates in the 1980s. Unknown stated in an interview that he created the name "Def Row" for a potential deal to start another record label under Morgan Creek. However he later sold the naming rights to Dr. Dre and his partners in July 1991 and by 1992 the name changed to its eventual title of Death Row Records. Knight approached Michael "Harry-O" Harris, a businessman imprisoned on drug and attempted murder charges. Through David Kenner, an attorney handling Harris's appeal, Harry-O set up Godfather Entertainment, a parent company for the newly christened Death Row.

Knight approached Vanilla Ice (Robert Van Winkle), using management connections with Mario "Chocolate" Johnson, claiming Johnson had produced and co-written the song "Ice Ice Baby", and had not received royalties for it. After consulting with Alex Roberts, Knight and two bodyguards arrived at The Palm in West Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, where Van Winkle was eating. After shoving Van Winkle's bodyguards aside, Knight sat down in front of Van Winkle, staring at him before asking "How you doin'?" Similar incidents were repeated on several occasions, including alleged attempts to lure Vanilla Ice into a van filled with Bloods and Crips, before Knight showed up at Vanilla Ice's hotel suite on the 15th floor of the Bel Age Hotel, accompanied by Johnson and a member of the Los Angeles Raiders. According to Vanilla Ice, Knight took him out on the balcony by himself, and implied he would throw Vanilla Ice off unless he signed the rights to the song over to Knight; Van Winkle's money helped fund Death Row. Death Row was initially located at the intersection of Westwood Blvd and Wilshire Blvd, later to be relocated to the intersection of Wilshire Blvd. and San Vicente Blvd.

1992–1995: The Chronic, Doggystyle, and other releases
With the help of Kenner, Knight began signing young, inner-city California-based artists and arranged for Death Row Records to contribute to the soundtrack for the 1992 film, Deep Cover. The single, "Deep Cover", established Dr. Dre as a solo artist and a young Snoop Doggy Dogg as his protégé. Work soon began on The Chronic, Dr. Dre's debut solo album, which heavily featured Snoop and the rest of the label's core roster.

The album, which was released on December 15 and peaked at number 3 on the Billboard Top 200, went on to sell 5.7 million records worldwide, popularizing the distinctive style of G-Funk. The Death Row roster consisted of Dre, Snoop, Daz, Kurupt, Nate Dogg, Lady of Rage, the D.O.C., Jewell, RBX, and many more. Later on, Death Row artist Lil 1/2 Dead's contract was sold to Priority Records where he released his debut album The Dead Has Arisen.

After Snoop Dogg found solo success through his features on The Chronic, Dre began producing Snoop Dogg's debut album Doggystyle; throughout 1993. Snoop's debut was released on November 23, 1993 due to public demand and high pressure from retailers. Though unfinished, it outperformed The Chronic at Quadruple Platinum, and garnered similarly glowing reviews. Soon after the release of the album, Snoop Dogg was charged with murder, fueling the debate that politicians C. Delores Tucker and vice presidential candidate Dan Quayle sparked by criticizing gangsta rap for being against American values, degrading to black women, and encouraging violence towards police officers. Throughout 1994, Death Row Records released the soundtracks Above the Rim and Murder Was the Case.

On November 22, 1994, at the offices of The Brotherhood Crusade in Los Angeles, Suge Knight and several artists from Death Row such as Tha Dogg Pound as well as DJ Quik distributed nearly 2,000 turkeys to the public. Death Row also donated turkeys the following year as well.

On March 13, 1995, Death Row Records hosted a private party at the El Rey Theatre, where Kelly Jamerson, a Rolling 60's Crip, was severely beaten by several Bloods, who were allegedly from Suge Knight's inner circle. As a result of his injuries, Jamerson died the next day at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center.

1995–1996: Signing 2Pac, Bad Boy Records feud, Dr. Dre's departure
After an August visit to see 2Pac at Clinton Correctional Facility in northern New York state, Suge traveled southward to New York City to join Death Row's entourage to the 2nd Annual Source Awards ceremony. Already reputed for strongarm tactics on the Los Angeles rap scene, after giving a brief comment of support for Shakur, Suge used his brief stage time mainly to disparage Sean "Puff Daddy" Combs, boss of Bad Boy Records, the label then leading New York rap scene. Knight criticized Combs for his habit of ad-libbing on his artists' music as well as making numerous cameo appearances in his artists' music videos. Suge then invited artists seeking the spotlight for themselves to join Death Row. Eventually, Puff recalled that to preempt severe retaliation from his Bad Boy crew, he had promptly confronted Suge, whose reply—that he had meant Jermaine Dupri, of So So Def Recordings, in Atlanta—was politic enough to deescalate the conflict.

Still, among the fans, the previously diffuse rivalry between America's two mainstream rap scenes had instantly flared already. And while in New York, Suge visited Uptown Records, where Puff, under its founder Andre Harrell, had started in the music business through an internship. Apparently without paying Uptown, Suge obtained the releases of Puff's prime Uptown recruits Jodeci, its producer DeVante Swing, and Mary J. Blige, all then signing with Suge's management company.

On September 24, 1995, at Jermaine Dupri's birthday party at the Platinum House nightclub in Atlanta, Georgia, Bad Boy's entourage entered a heated dispute with Suge and Suge's friend Jai Hassan-Jamal "Big Jake" Robles, a Campanella Park Piru Bloods gang member and Death Row bodyguard. According to eyewitnesses, including a Fulton County sheriff working there as a nightclub bouncer, Puff had heatedly disputed with Suge inside the club. Several minutes later, outside the club, Puff's childhood friend and own bodyguard, Anthony "Wolf" Jones was involved in a heated altercation with others that ultimately led to Robles being fatally shot while entering a Limousine.

The attorneys of Puff and Jones both denied any involvement by their clients, while Puff's lawyer added that Puff had not even been with his bodyguard that night. Over 20 years later, the case remains officially unresolved, and Jones himself was fatally shot in Atlanta in November 2003 during an altercation with the Black Mafia Family. Yet immediately and persistently, Suge blamed Puff, cementing the enmity between the two bosses, whose two record labels dominated the rap genre's two mainstream centers.

In October 1995, Knight visited 2Pac in prison again and posted $1.4 million bond. 2Pac began work on his Death Row album, kicking off his tenure by insulting the Notorious B.I.G., Junior M.A.F.I.A. and Puff Daddy (the founder of Bad Boy Records), whom he accused of setting him up to be robbed and shot at Quad Studios on November 30, 1994, as well as Mobb Deep, Jay-Z, A Tribe Called Quest, De La Soul, Jimmy Henchman, the Fugees and Nas. Tha Dogg Pound's debut album, Dogg Food, continued the label's streak of commercial successes; its members – rappers Kurupt and Daz Dillinger – then joined Snoop in ridiculing New York rappers with their single "New York, New York", featuring Snoop Dogg. The video, set in New York City, New York, was also heightened when the set was fired upon in a drive-by. After the shooting, Snoop Dogg and Tha Dogg Pound filmed scenes kicking down a building in New York. The single provoked a response called '"L.A., L.A." by East Coast rappers Capone-N-Noreaga, Tragedy Khadafi, and Mobb Deep.

Another report was that Sam Sneed was beaten in one of the label's meetings by a group of Death Row affiliates, led by Suge Knight and 2Pac. According to Daz Dillinger, the reason this happened was that Sam Sneed had too many East Coast rappers in his "Lady Heroin" music video. Disillusioned with the direction of Death Row, artists RBX and the D.O.C. chose to leave, after which Suge Knight exercised tighter control over the rest of the roster. Dogg Food was not produced by Dr. Dre but was mixed by Dr. Dre, a further testament to Dre's dwindling involvement with Death Row. Dr. Dre also grew tired of Knight's violence within the label, although he contributed toward two tracks on 2Pac's All Eyez on Me. The rest of the tracks on the album, however, were mostly produced by Daz Dillinger and Johnny J, despite Dr. Dre being nominally titled as Executive Producer. 2Pac's behavior reportedly became erratic as he continued his verbal wars with the Notorious B.I.G., Bad Boy Records, Puff Daddy, Mobb Deep, and Prodigy, including many violent confrontations with many of those rappers at some points. On March 22, 1996, due to the infighting, Dr. Dre officially left Death Row Records to found Aftermath, which provoked 2Pac to turn against Dr. Dre.

Suge Knight's relationship with MC Hammer dates back to 1988. With the success of Hammer's 1994 album, The Funky Headhunter, Hammer signed with Death Row in 1995, along with his close friend, Tupac. The label did not release the album of M.C. Hammer's music (titled Too Tight), although he did release versions of some tracks on his next album. However, Hammer did record tracks with Shakur and others, most notably the song "Too Late Playa" (along with Big Daddy Kane and Danny Boy). After the death of Tupac in 1996, MC Hammer left the label.

1996–2001: Tupac Shakur's murder, Suge Knight's incarceration, and decline
Formerly a united front of artists, Death Row's roster fractured into separate camps. Daz, now head producer, worked on Snoop Dogg's second album Tha Doggfather, which featured Bad Azz and Techniec of his LBC Crew, Warren G and Nate Dogg of his group 213 and Tha Dogg Pound. 2Pac shut himself into the studio with Hurt-M-Badd and Big "D", crafting The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory - unlike All Eyez on Me, it was devoid of high-profile Death Row guest appearances, instead showcasing The Outlawz and Bad Azz, and had a much darker tone. Suge Knight was now barely reachable by his staff, and employees were assaulted as punishment for not following orders.

In New York City for the MTV Video Music Awards, 2Pac was interviewed on Death Row East, an East Coast branch of Death Row. It was also during this time that Alex Roberts and David Kenner had been seen at Suge Knight's Vegas Club 662, in discussion about the possibility of having Roberts' New York underworld connections help pave the way for Death Row East. Though names from Big Daddy Kane and The Wu-Tang Clan to Eric B. and Craig Mack were mentioned, the label never formed; On September 7, 1996, Suge Knight and 2Pac were caught on surveillance camera at the MGM Grand Hotel in Las Vegas attacking gang member Orlando Anderson, who was a member of the Southside Compton Crips street gang. Later that night, 2Pac was shot four times in a drive-by shooting in the front seat of Suge Knight's BMW 750iL waiting at a red traffic light at crossroads; en route to Knight's Las Vegas Club 662; despite living six days in critical condition, 2Pac died on September 13, 1996. He was 25 years old.

2Pac's "The Don Killuminati: 7 Day Theory" was released in November 1996, just one week before Snoop Dogg's "Tha Doggfather", which both achieved Multi-Platinum sales. The following months, Death Row released Death Row Greatest Hits, Christmas on Death Row, Gridlock'd, and Gang Related. Nate Dogg's album, G-Funk Classics, Vol. 1 was supposed to be released on January 14, 1997, but got shelved due to issues at Death Row Records, despite getting released independently as a double disc the following year.

On February 28, Suge Knight was convicted of parole violation and sentenced to nine years in prison, causing Interscope to drop their distribution deal with the label.

Suge Knight's control over the label diminished, as Nate Dogg was able to leave, followed by Snoop Dogg and Kurupt. The Lady of Rage left after the release of her solo album Necessary Roughness to pursue an acting career, so did Michel'le with Hung Jury. Daz Dillinger departed in 1999 after the release of his debut album Retaliation, Revenge and Get Back, but produced for Big C-Style, and he later formed D.P.G. Recordz. During Knight's incarceration, Death Row released Suge Knight Represents: Chronic 2000 and Too Gangsta for Radio, which both received negative reviews. Both albums had the label's new signees, Tha Realest and YGD Tha Top Dogg, who were criticized for imitating the styles, looks, and vocals of 2Pac and Snoop Dogg. Also, Dead Man Walkin', a Snoop Dogg compilation of unreleased recordings, was released without his authorization.

2001–2005: Knight's release, return to prison, second generation
Maintaining artistic control from behind bars, Suge Knight launched smear campaigns against his former artists, most notably Snoop Dogg, death threats were exchanged, and Snoop Dogg responded by publicly dissing Suge Knight, leaving the label, and later releasing a diss track named "Pimp Slapp'd", critically acclaimed by music magazine Complex. The label supported itself with releases pulled from vaults—most successfully various posthumous 2Pac albums, along with Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg re-releases. He signed new talent, including Crooked I, who had been lighting up the Californian underground with his rhyming ability, particularly the Wake Up Show with Sway & King Tech.

On August 6, 2001, Suge Knight was released from prison. Despite bad blood, Kurupt would again sign with Suge Knight in exchange for the position of Vice President, which sparked a feud between himself and Daz Dillinger and Snoop Dogg. He began work on Against tha Grain; his verbal feud with his former partners continued from 2002 to 2005. The same year, Knight decided to enter the UK market with Death Row Records operating as an independent record label in conjunction with the Ritz Music Group, a company known for its success with Irish country music artists such as Daniel O'Donnell The joint-venture signed British R&B singer Mark Morrison to a five-year deal with Death Row Records UK, with a single called "Thank God It's Friday" and an album called Innocent Man scheduled for a 2002 release. However, the single did not chart in the UK and the album ended up being released by footballer Kevin Campbell's record label 2 Wikid, before being re-issued in 2006 by Mona Records.

Left Eye, member of the R&B girl group TLC signed with Death Row after finishing her solo deal with Arista who released her first album Supernova in 2001. At this time, Death Row changed into Tha Row Records. Lopes joined to record a second solo album under the pseudonym N.I.N.A. (New Identity Not Applicable), while also working on TLC's new album 3D. N.I.N.A. was canceled after her death in April 2002. The album was leaked online in 2011.

After promoting his new talent from prison, directing a campaign against his former artists and exacerbating the conflict between Daz Dillinger, Snoop Dogg and Kurupt, Suge had still yet to release any albums by his new artists. After Kurupt's second departure, Against tha Grain was released; soon after, citing dissatisfaction with serving five years on the label and seeing no release, Rapper Crooked I left Death Row, eventually filing a gag order on Knight to prevent him from interfering with him finding a new deal. Petey Pablo, who had signed in 2005 and started the never-released album Same Eyez on Me, left along with rapper Tha Realest in 2006.

2006–2022: Bankruptcy, closure, WIDEawake, Hasbro
On April 4, 2006, both Death Row Records and Suge Knight simultaneously filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection following the appointment of a Receiver to acquire and auction off assets of both Death Row Records and Suge Knight in the civil case filed by Lydia Harris. Among those listed as unsecured creditors to Death Row include the Harrises ($107 million), the Internal Revenue Service ($6.9 million), Koch Records ($3.4 million), Interscope Records ($2.5 million) and a number of artists previously signed to the label. Suge Knight eventually lost control of Death Row Records and his personal assets when Chapter 11 Trustees took over both cases.

On January 15, 2009, Death Row Records was successfully auctioned for $18 million to Ontario-based WIDEawake Entertainment Group that was founded in 2008 by Lara Lavi, with financing from New Solutions Financial Corporation. On January 25, 2009, a public auction was held for everything found in Death Row's office after it filed for bankruptcy. Of note was the Death Row electric chair which went for US$2,500. Lavi was removed from WIDEawake and Robert Thompson-So of New Solutions took over day-to-day operations. Lavi then sued her former company WIDEawake, along with New Solutions and Thompson-So in New York County Court on November 19, 2009.

WIDEawake issued previously unreleased material from such artists as Kurupt, Danny Boy, Crooked I, Sam Sneed, LBC Crew, Jewell and O.F.T.B. Dr. Dre's, The Chronic Re-Lit was released on September 1, 2009 and contained The Chronic remastered with seven unreleased songs featuring Snoop Dogg, CPO, Kurupt, Jewell, and a bonus DVD containing a Dr. Dre interview, a Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg mini movie, and television commercials for the original The Chronic. The album also contained a scene from an unfinished feature film entitled, SAIGON, CA, which was to launch WIDEawake's film studio. Death Row The Lost Sessions Vol 1 by Snoop Dogg was released October 13, 2009 and contained 15 previously unreleased tracks, including some produced by Dr. Dre. Death Row: The Ultimate Collection was released on November 24 and was a special box set containing three audio CDs (one greatest hits disc and two discs of unreleased content), one DVD of music videos including the unreleased Dr. Dre music video "Puffin' On Blunts".

On December 5, 2012, Jonathan Hay, a former Death Row publicist reported through HipHopDX that New Solutions Financial Corporation, the Canadian company that owned WIDEawake Death Row, had gone bankrupt and sold both the label and catalog to a publicly held company in a deal that would be closed on December 10. In 2013, Entertainment One purchased the rights to the Death Row catalog. New Solutions Financial Corporation was eventually exposed as an alleged Ponzi scheme.

On August 23, 2019, American toy company Hasbro announced a $4 billion purchase of eOne, making them the owners of Death Row Records. In April 2021, Hasbro and Entertainment One announced it would sell-off eOne Music to The Blackstone Group, which its acquisition was completed in June 2021.

2022–present: Revival through Snoop Dogg and third generation
On February 9, 2022, ahead of the release of his next album and his appearance in the Super Bowl LVI halftime show, Snoop Dogg announced that he would acquire the rights to the Death Row Records trademarks from MNRK Music Group (the renamed eOne Music). The sale did not immediately include rights to the label's catalog, but it was reported that he was nearing a deal to acquire the catalogs of himself and other Death Row artists from MNRK. On February 11, 2022, Snoop Dogg released his third studio album on Death Row Records, marking a 26-year lapse from the label after Tha Doggfather album.

Snoop Dogg's purchase of Death Row Records did not include the rights to Tupac or Dr. Dre's albums originally which those rights have been reverted back to Interscope Records. On March 4, 2022, in an interview with Tidal, Snoop Dogg stated he acquired the rights to all the albums previously released on Death Row Records, including his debut studio album Doggystyle and Dr. Dre's The Chronic. Despite the interview, Dr. Dre's lawyer, Howard King, later refuted the "false reports" two days later, stating that Dre still retains total control of The Chronic, which came back to streaming services on February 1, 2023. On April 18, 2022, it was announced that Death Row Records would have its own streaming service, which pays higher royalties to its artists than main music streaming services.

In December 2022, Snoop Dogg sold a stake of Death Row's catalogue to former Apple Music's Global Creative Director Larry Jackson's music label Gamma. During the onset of 2023, Jane Handcocks's World of Women and October London's The Rebirth of Marvin were released. On February 12, 2023, Snoop Dogg announced that Death Row's catalogue would return to TikTok via association with music distribution company SoundOn. Death Row's catalogue returned to all music streaming services on March 9, 2023.

Gang violence
Death Row Records has been referred to as "the most controversial record label in history", due to Suge Knight's practice of hiring gang members and the gang-related violence which plagued the record label. Knight, who was a member of the Mob Piru Bloods, hired gang members from his set, as well as other sets, including the Fruit Town Piru and Lueders Park Piru. There have been several murders committed by gang members affiliated with Death Row Records. Furthermore, many of the Bloods who worked for the record label would eventually be murdered.

Murder of William "Rat" Ratcliffe
In 1995, an aspiring rapper and member of the Bounty Hunter Bloods named William "Rat" Ratcliffe was pressuring Suge Knight to sign him to Death Row Records. After Ratcliffe confronted Knight with 10 other Bounty Hunter Bloods, Knight ordered Wardell "Poochie" Fouse, who was a fellow Mob Piru member, to kill Ratcliffe.

Murder of the Notorious B.I.G.
After the murder of Tupac Shakur, Knight was incarcerated due to probation violations. Knight held Sean Combs, the CEO of Bad Boy Records, responsible for the death of Shakur and sought revenge. Through his then-girlfriend Theresa Swann, the incarcerated Knight contacted Wardell Fouse and hired him to kill The Notorious B.I.G. Swann was given $25,000, of which $13,000 would go to Fouse.

During the initial investigation into Wallace's murder, Fouse was not a suspect, as detective Russell Poole's prime suspects were the LAPD officer David Mack and Mack's friend Amir Muhammed (Harry Billups). After Poole resigned from the department in 1999, the case stalled. After the case was reopened in 2006, the lead detective, Greg Kading, concluded that Wardell Fouse was the shooter. As Fouse was murdered in 2003, no charges were pressed against him.

Feud between the Mob Piru and Fruit Town Piru
By the early 2000s, a rivalry had developed between the Mob Piru Bloods and the Fruit Town Piru Bloods, resulting in the deaths of several Mob Pirus associated with Death Row Records, including (but not limited to):

 * Alton "Buntry" McDonald, who was shot dead on April 3, 2002, allegedly by George Williams, who also went by the nicknames "G" or "Ponytail".
 * Henry "Hendog" Smith, who designed the logo for Death Row Records. Smith was shot dead on October 16, 2002. Smith was killed by a member of the Denver Lanes Bloods.
 * Wardell "Poochie" Fouse, who was shot dead on July 24, 2003.

This feud started when George "G" Williams, who worked as a bodyguard for Suge Knight, was fired after he failed to return two Death Row Records cars which he borrowed. After Williams was fired, he became a close associated of Rodrick Cardale "Lil Rod" Reed, a Fruit Town Piru member. The pair are alleged to be behind the murders of the Mob Piru Bloods from Death Row Records.

title: Death Row Records


text:
Talk:Standard ML

Talk
This page currently reads like a list of press releases for various implementations of SML. I'd like to add a bit more history and general background on SML to the top of the page (should get this posted at some point). I'm also thinking of trimming down the current content to a list of implementations, perhaps with no associated text at all (just the links), or maybe with a quick summary of the differences between them. But in its current form it seems no good. -- Vrable 22:39 8 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Very nice plan! And be bold! :-) --Menchi 02:37 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Fine by me too. I've been meaning to do so at some point, but haven't gotten around to it yet.  The last time I planned to I got distracted by Type polymorphism, and wrote an article about that instead that might be useful to link to from a future article on this page.

 * The infopage on SML at the SML/NJ site may be of use as a factual source: http://www.smlnj.org/sml.html --Delirium 02:40 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

other SMLs?
Moved from the article:

Comment: shouldn't this page also mention SML - simple markup language? (http://xmlhack.com/read.php?item=116)

I don't have any comment (other than to note that the link appears broken). Neilc 04:09, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Requested move
At the moment, Standard ML is a redirect to SML programming language. Given that SML is just an abbreviation for the official name Standard ML shouldn't that be the other way around? (And shouldn't it be SML (programming language) anyway?) -- Tobias Bergemann 06:09, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * support. Well, this name seems to be fairly standard on WP for the naming of programming language articles: See Java programming language, C programming language, Scheme programming language, ML programming language, Python programming language, Haskell programming language. But there are some that violate this, like C_plus_plus, Perl, Objective-C, Ocaml. Since the name of the language is officially "Standard ML", and that is unlikely to be an ambiguous title, I think this move makes sense. Go for it! — brighterorange  (talk) 13:51, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Note: I cannot use the move function to rename/move SML programming language to Standard ML: Standard ML, while being a redirect page, has a change history, and so the move requires the assistance of a Wikipedia administrator. -- Tobias Bergemann 16:19, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

The use of the suffix programming language for pages like SML programming language may be a historical relict as this hack was needed on Ward's wiki which required CamelCase for page titles and therefore didn't support titles consisting of a single word. I am surprised to find that this use is apparently mandated by the Wikipedia naming conventions for languages which at the same time mandate the creation of a parenthesed redirect page SML (programming language) so that the pipe trick can still be used. -- Tobias Bergemann 16:04, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Based on the conventions page, it seems clear that "Standard ML" would be allowed, since that wouldn't conflict with anything else. The sooner we can get away from holdovers from old-school wiki hacks, the better. ;) — brighterorange  (talk) 17:09, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Discision
Page moved, have a great day :)! Ryan Norton T 12:07, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

reversal in Haar wavelet example
The Haar wavelet example is nice, but doesn't it get some of the signs wrong? Because it reverses the order with each decomposition level, the differences for every odd decomposition level are wrong. The order reversal itself is also not what one might expect in the result. I think it should be:

- fun haar l = let fun aux [s] [] d = d @ [s] | aux [] s d = aux s [] d            | aux (h1::h2::t) s d = aux t (s @ [h1 + h2]) (d @ [h1 - h2]) | aux _ _ _ = raise Empty in aux l [] [] end; val haar = fn : int list -> int list

For example:

- haar [1, 2, 3, 4, ~4, ~3, ~2, ~1]; val it = [~1,~1,~1,~1,~4,~4,20,0] : int list

Joriki 03:43, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Other languages with formal specification(?)
It is unique among widely used languages in that it has a formal specification

Is this completely correct? I understand that the R5RS specification for Scheme is highly formal ("The current language standard is only 50 pages, including a denotational semantics for the language core"). Standard Prolog also seems to have a formal semantics, though only in an "informative" annexe of the standard, apparently due to standards politics (see p. VIII of the Front Matter to Prolog: The Standard: Reference Manual, ISBN 978-3540593041). Both of these languages seem to be fairly widely used, at least by the standard of ML if not Java or C. There are also things like XQuery and RDF which have formal specifications but aren't general-purpose programming languages. (And in the future, ECMAScript 4 will apparently use an extended ML as a definitional interpreter.)

Surely Algol is the standard to reach for when you're looking for an example of a language which had a complete formal specification completed in advance of its first implementation? This reads more like a technical commercial for SML to me. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.42.71.124 (talk) 22:02, 9 July 2015 (UTC)

It's probably worth underlining that it's the formally specified semantics that make ML exceptional, as of course many programming languages at least have formal (or mostly-formal) grammars.

Finally, simply speaking of a "formal specification" could be misleading here. While of course it means (roughly) "mathematically rigorous specification" here, a reader could plausibly read it as "specification formally ratified by some organisation" - think of ISO standards and the like. --138.251.254.113 02:52, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

R5RS does give a formal semantics only for a subset of the defined language. R6RS has improved this, but still does not cover the entire language. Also, unlike with SML, the formal semantics for Scheme is not normative. Same with Prolog. So maybe the sentence should be rephrased to saying that SML "is unique among general purpose programing languages in that it has a complete, normative formal specification".

Something should also be added about the mechanized correctness proof that was done at CMU over the last years. 77.183.233.185 (talk) 09:22, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

Naming Conventions
Some of the examples (especially mergesort) violate standard naming conventions usually used in SML (camel-casing and lower-case value identifiers). This should be made consistent. If nobody objects, I would go ahead changing that. 77.183.233.185 (talk) 09:25, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

Unexplained operators
The article makes use of fundamental operators (like ::) that are not explained. This makes the understanding of the article (for non ML programmers) difficult. I should like to add small paragraphs or sentences to cover those operators. I'd be happy to do this but I'm not an ML programmer :) Stkni

Possible bug/omission in one of the code examples
I tried out the code at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_ML#Module_system in Isabelle which allows to embed ML code between theories. I'm using a development version on Isabelle which uses Poly/ML 5.3.0

The possible bug/omission is at the following line in the code block showing an example of functors fun bftQ (q: 'a tree queue) : 'a list =

Poly/ML complains with the following error message: Type constructor (queue) has not been declared

When the above line is changed to

fun bftQ (q: 'a tree Q.queue) : 'a list = then the error disappears. I believe we have to reference 'queue' through 'Q'. I cannot ascertain whether this error happens for other SML implementations as well, hence I'mm not correcting it in the page. If you feel this is indeed an error, please correct it, else kindly ignore and delete this message.Harsha (talk) 18:46, 14 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I think Poly/ML may be toast; at least the link to polyml.org is broken Fairflow (talk) 23:19, 21 October 2013 (UTC)

History?
Who created it? Where? How long has it been around? Is there a body responsible for changes and updates to the definition? -- Chetvorno TALK 06:35, 12 November 2011 (UTC)

 * I second this, particularly the when part.--Prosfilaes (talk) 21:14, 5 February 2013 (UTC)

Missing parametrized type explanation
It's not clear what  means. It first appeared in Module system chapter described as parameterized type queue of queues. Here is better explanation:

http://www.csc.villanova.edu/~dmatusze/resources/ocaml/ocaml.html#Identifiers — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:1028:83D4:42DE:225:22FF:FEF6:293 (talk) 15:17, 10 November 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Standard ML


text:
Grafton, New South Wales

Grafton (Bundjalung-Yugambeh: Gumbin Gir) is a city in the Northern Rivers region of the Australian state of New South Wales. It is located on the Clarence River, on a floodplain, approximately 608 km by road north-northeast of the state capital Sydney.

The closest major cities, Brisbane and the Gold Coast, are located across the border in South East Queensland. At the 2021 census, Grafton had a population of 19,255. The city is the largest settlement and, with Maclean, the shared administrative centre of the Clarence Valley Council local government area, which is home to over 50,000 people in all.

History
Before European settlement, the Clarence River marked the border between the Bundjalung and Gumbaynggirr peoples, and so descendants of the speakers of both language-groups can now be found in the Grafton region.

Grafton, like many other settlements in the area, was first opened up to European settlement by the cedar-getters. An escaped convict, Richard Craig, explored the district in 1831. With the wealth of "red gold" cedar just waiting for exploitation, he was given a pardon and one hundred pounds to bring a party of cedar-getters on the cutter Prince George to the region. Word of such wealth to be had did not take long to spread. One of the arrivals on the Susan in 1838, pioneer John Small, first occupied land on Woodford Island. 'The Settlement' (as the embryonic Grafton was then imaginatively named) was established shortly after.

In 1851 Governor FitzRoy officially named the town Grafton, after his grandfather, the Duke of Grafton, who had served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1768 to 1770. Grafton was proclaimed a city in 1885. Local industries include logging, beef cattle, fishing/prawning, sugar, manufacturing and tourism.

The Grafton Bridge, connecting the main townsite with South Grafton, opened in 1932. It completed the standard-gauge rail connection between Sydney and Brisbane, also forming a vital link for the Pacific Highway. Previously the only way to travel from Grafton to South Grafton was via ferry. As a result, South Grafton developed quite a separate identity, and in fact had its own municipal government from 1896 to 1956.

The introduction of fluoride to the town water supply in 1964 was accompanied by protest which became physical. The fluoride plant was blown up the night before commencement, the dentist supporting fluoridation received bomb threats against his family and later pro- and anti-fluoridation float participants at the annual Jacaranda Festival came to blows and a gun was produced.

Heritage listings
Grafton has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Duke Street: Christ Church Cathedral
 * 170 Hoof Street: Grafton Correctional Centre
 * North Coast railway: Grafton Bridge
 * 95 Prince Street: Saraton Theatre
 * 150 Victoria Street: Arcola, Grafton

Demographics
At the 2021 census, Grafton had a population of 19,255.

According to the Census:
 * Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 10.4% of Grafton's population.
 * 87.1% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 1.4% and New Zealand 0.7%.
 * 90.5% of people spoke only English at home.
 * The most common responses for religion were No Religion 37.8%, Anglican 20.9%, and Catholic 18.2%.

Climate
Grafton has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa, Trewartha: Cfal) with significantly more rainfall in summer than in winter. Rainfall is lower than in stations directly on the coast, but monthly rain totals can often surpass 300 mm. The wettest month since records began was March 1974 when Cyclone Zoe produced a monthly total of 549.0 mm, whilst during periods of anticyclonic control and strong westerly winds monthly rainfall can be very low; for instance in August 2017 only 0.2 mm fell. Grafton gets around 115.2 clear days on an annual basis.

Grafton like many NSW regional centres, is affected by heatwaves in the summer months. On 12 February 2017 Grafton recorded a maximum temperature of 46.3 °C (115.3 °F), the city's highest recorded temperature since records began in 1966. Winter has a relatively high diurnal range.

Culture
Grafton is known and promoted as the Jacaranda City, in reference to its tree-lined streets and to the annual Jacaranda Festival. Inaugurated in 1935, Jacaranda is held each October/November. A half-day public holiday is observed locally on the first Thursday of November, the Festival's major focal day. During the 1963 festival, inventor John W. Dickenson demonstrated on the Clarence River the first hang glider that was controlled by weight shifts of the pilot from a swinging control frame – the birth of modern hang gliding.

A half-day public holiday is also observed for the Grafton Cup horse race, held each year on the second Thursday in July. It is the high point of the city's annual Racing Carnival—Australia's largest and richest non-metropolitan Carnival—which takes place over a fortnight in that month. Grafton is the birthplace of several renowned country music players. Local artist Troy Cassar-Daley received four Golden Guitar awards at the 2006 Tamworth Country Music Awards—the largest and most prestigious country music awards in Australia. At the same event Samantha McClymont, the 2005/2006 Grafton Jacaranda Queen and sister of Brooke McClymont, also received an award for her country music talent.

A vision of Grafton with its numerous brilliantly-flowered trees in bloom is immortalised in Australian popular music in Cold Chisel's song Flame Trees, written by band member Don Walker, who had lived in Grafton during his formative years.

Sports
The most popular sport in Grafton is Rugby league. There are two clubs from Grafton in the Group 2 Rugby League competition; the Grafton Ghosts and their arch-rival South Grafton Rebels. The two clubs each have a rich history, and derbies between the clubs have been known to draw attendances in excess of 3000 people.

Other sports such as soccer, Rugby union, Australian rules and Field Hockey are also played in Grafton.

Notable buildings
Christ Church Cathedral, designed by John Horbury Hunt, was consecrated in 1884 and is the seat of the Anglican Diocese of Grafton.

Schaeffer House is a historic 1900 Federation house and contains the collection of the Clarence River Historical Society, which was formed in 1931.

Transportation
The Murwillumbah railway line was extended to Grafton in 1905; The North Coast Line reached South Grafton's railway station from Sydney in 1915. Pending the opening of the combined road and rail bascule bridge in 1932, Grafton had a train ferry to connect the two railways. Clarence Valley Regional Airport is the airport that services Grafton.

Until bypassed in May 2020, the Pacific Highway, the main North–South road route through Eastern Australia, passed through Grafton and linked it to the Gwydir Highway, one of the primary east–west routes through Eastern Australia.

Busways is the operator for local routes, as well as out-of-town routes to Junction Hill, Jackadgery/Cangai, Copmanhurst, and Maclean and Yamba.

Lawrence Bus Service operates a shopper service, as well as school service on school days, to and from Lawrence.

Northern Rivers Buslines operates a weekday service to Lismore via Maclean, Evans Head and Coraki.

NSW TrainLink operates a coach service to Byron Bay, connecting off the train from Sydney. It also offers a coach service to Moree via Glen Innes, connecting from the train from Brisbane.

Industry
From 1904 to 1917 the Grafton Copper Mining Company operated a copper mine, smelter and tramway at Cangai, more than 100 km from Grafton via the Clarence and Mann rivers, today about 70 km over the Gwydir Highway. From 1952 to 1997, first as an independent company, then owned by Tooheys since 1961, the Grafton brewery provided Grafton Bitter to the North Coast. The nearby Harwood Mill is the oldest working sugar mill in New South Wales.

Newspapers
The daily online-only newspaper of Grafton is The Daily Examiner, owned by News Corp Australia.

Radio stations

 * 2GF 89.5 FM (commercial)
 * FM 104.7 (commercial)
 * Triple J 91.5 FM/96.1 FM
 * ABC Northern Rivers 738 AM/94.5 FM
 * ABC Classic FM 97.9 FM/95.3 FM
 * Radio National 99.5 FM/96.9 FM
 * Sky Sports Radio Racing Radio 101.5 FM
 * Life FM 103.1 (community)
 * Raw FM 87.6
 * Vision Christian Radio 1611 AM/88.0 FM

Television channels
Pay television services are provided by Foxtel.
 * Seven (Formerly Prime7), 7HD, 7two, 7mate, 7Bravo, 7flix, ishop tv, Racing.com, owned and operated by the Seven Network.
 * Nine (NBN Television); 9HD, 9Gem, 9Gem HD, 9Go!, 9Life, Extra, owned and operated by the Nine Network.
 * 10, 10HD, 10 Bold, 10 Peach, Sky News Regional, TVSN, Gold – (10 Northern NSW, owned by WIN Corporation), (Network 10 affiliated channels).
 * ABC Television including ABC, ABC TV Plus, ABC Me and ABC News, part of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation
 * Special Broadcasting Service, SBS, SBS Viceland, SBS Food, SBS World Movies, SBS WorldWatch and NITV

Of the three main networks, NBN produces an evening news bulletin containing regional, national and international news, screening every night at 6:00pm on Channel 9. Seven News produces a mid north coast news bulletin screening weeknights at 6:00pm. WIN Television's WIN News produces news updates throughout the day, broadcast from the Wollongong studios.

Public schools

 * Copmanhurst Public School
 * Gillwinga Public School
 * Grafton High School
 * Grafton Public School
 * South Grafton High School
 * South Grafton Public School
 * Westlawn Public School

Independent schools

 * Clarence Valley Anglican School (formerly The Cathedral School)
 * McAuley Catholic College
 * St. Joseph's Primary School
 * St. Mary's Primary School
 * St. Andrew's Christian School

Defunct public schools
A large number of small (mostly one-teacher) public schools existed in the Grafton and Clarence Valley areas in the past. These schools have included:
 * Alumny Creek 1872–1969
 * Angowrie 1895–1899
 * Billys Creek 1946–1963
 * Calliope 1890–1983
 * Carr's Creek 1877–1964
 * Clouds Creek 1943–1964
 * Coalcroft 1875–1971 (originally known as Coaldale till 1912)
 * Coldstream Lower 1873–1966
 * Eatonsville 1881–1961
 * Glenferneigh 1928–1967
 * Kungala 1926–1977
 * Lawrence Lower 1883–1955
 * Mororo 1886–1939
 * Palmers Channel 1869–1975 (originally known as Taloumbi till 1907)
 * Seelands 1889–1967
 * Shark Creek 1877–1927
 * Smalls Forest 1885–1971
 * South Arm 1871–1967
 * Southgate 1867–1875
 * Stockyard Creek 1882–1895
 * Swan Creek 1870–1994
 * Trenayr 1901–1970 (originally known as Milers Waterholes till 1912)
 * Tullymorgan 1886–1971 (originally known as Cormicks Creek till 1911)
 * Tyndale 1868–1975
 * Ulgundah Island Aboriginal 1908–1951 (near Maclean)
 * Woodford Leigh 1869–1956
 * Woombah 1872–1953

Military history
During World War II, Grafton was the location of RAAF No.6 Inland Aircraft Fuel Depot (IAFD), completed in 1942 and closed on 29 August 1944. Usually consisting of 4 tanks, 31 fuel depots were built across Australia for the storage and supply of aircraft fuel for the Royal Australian Air Force and the US Army Air Forces at a total cost of £900,000 ($1,800,000).

Notable people
Notable people who were born or lived in Grafton include:

 * James Armah (born 1976, moved to Grafton in 2016) professional dual Commonwealth champion boxer
 * Michael Balk, actor and producer
 * Zoe Buckman (born 1988), Olympic middle-distance runner
 * Troy Cassar-Daley (born 1969), country musician
 * Fanny Cohen (born 1887), headmistress
 * Matthew Colless (born 1960) astronomer and director of the Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics (RSAA) at the Australian National University (ANU). He was for nine years previously the director of the Australian Astronomical Observatory (AAO), Australia's national optical observatory.
 * Peter Drysdale (born 1938), economist
 * Adam Eckersley, musician
 * Havelock Ellis (1859–1939), pioneer sexologist, held the position of assistant master at a local private grammar school during 1877.
 * Nick Emmett, rugby league player
 * Jim Eggins (1898–1952), politician
 * Gary Foley (born 1950), Aboriginal activist, academic, writer
 * Charles Hercules Green (1919–1950), officer
 * George Green (1883–unknown), rugby league player
 * Ernest Henry (1904–1998), Olympic swimmer
 * Henry Kendall (1839–1882)
 * Andrew Landenberger (born 1966), Olympic sailor and medalist
 * Robyn Lambley (born 1965), politician
 * Carly Leeson (born 1998), cricketer
 * Jimmy Lisle (1939–2003), rugby league and rugby union player
 * Brent Livermore (born 1976), field hockey midfielder
 * Ryan Maskelyne (born 1999), Olympic swimmer, competing for Papua New Guinea
 * The McClymonts, country music group consisting of sisters Brooke, Samantha and Mollie
 * Frank McGuren (1909–1990), politician
 * Iven Giffard Mackay (1882–1966), Lieutenant General
 * David Marchant AM (born 1954), railway industry executive
 * Bill McLennan (born 1942), statistician
 * Chris Masters (born 1948), journalist
 * Gillian Mears (born 1964), author
 * James Lionel Michael, poet and solicitor (moved to Grafton 1861, died in Grafton 1868)
 * Tony Mundine (born 1951), boxer
 * Warren Mundine (born 1956), politician
 * Kevin Nichols (born 1955), track cyclist
 * Sir Earle Page (1880–1961), 11th Prime Minister of Australia, 1939
 * Geoff Page (born 1940) poet
 * Ruby Payne-Scott (1912–1981), pioneer in radiophysics and radio astronomy
 * Frank Partridge (1924–1964), recipient of the Victoria Cross
 * Cameron Pilley (born 1982), squash player
 * Bessie Pocock RRC (1863–1946), was welcomed back after WWI with a teaset and timepiece
 * Eddie Purkiss (born 1934), rugby union player
 * Tyrone Roberts (born 1991), Newcastle Knights and Gold Coast Titans footballer
 * Michael Rush (1844–1921), rower
 * Lindsay Gordon Scott (1898–1941), architect
 * Henry Ernest Searle (1866–1889), rower
 * Sir Grafton Elliot Smith (1871–1937), anatomist and palaeoanthropologist
 * Tse Tsan-tai (1872–1938), Chinese revolutionary
 * James Tully (1877–1962), politician
 * William Edward Vincent (1823–1861), founded The Daily Examiner
 * Brenda Walker (born 1957), writer
 * Don Walker (born 1951), musician
 * Arthur Bache Walkom (1889–1976), palaeobotanist and museum director
 * Bill Weiley (1901–1989), politician
 * Edith Alexandra White, (1901–1988) WW2 matron
 * Danny Wicks (born 1985), rugby league player
 * Graham Wilson, rugby league footballer of the 1960s
 * Walter George Woolnough (1876–1958), geologist
 * Beau Young (born 1974), singer-songwriter, surfer

title: Grafton, New South Wales