text:
Areopagitica

Areopagitica; A speech of Mr. John Milton for the Liberty of Unlicenc'd Printing, to the Parlament of England is a 1644 prose polemic by the English poet, scholar, and polemical author John Milton opposing licensing. Areopagitica is among history's most influential and impassioned philosophical defences of the principle of a right to freedom of speech and expression. Many of its expressed principles have formed the basis for modern justifications of that right.

Background
Areopagitica was published on 23 November 1644 at the height of the English Civil War. It takes its title in part from Areopagitikos (Ἀρεοπαγιτικός), a speech written by Athenian orator Isocrates in the 4th century BC. (The Areopagus is a hill in Athens, the site of real and legendary tribunals, and was the name of a council whose power Isocrates hoped to restore.) Some argue that it is more importantly also a reference to the defence that St Paul made before the Areopagus in Athens against charges of promulgating foreign gods and strange teachings, as recorded in.

Like Isocrates, Milton (who was not a member of parliament) did not mean his work to be an oral speech to that assembly. Instead, it was distributed via pamphlet, thus defying the same publication censorship which he argued against. As a radical, Milton had supported the Presbyterians in Parliament, and would later work as a civil servant for the new republic, but in this work he argued forcefully against Parliament's 1643 Ordinance for the Regulating of Printing, also known as the Licensing Order of 1643, in which Parliament required authors to have a licence approved by the government before their work could be published.

According to the British Library, "State control of printing was introduced by Henry VIII and continued into the 17th century. In April 1638, political agitator John Lilburne was arrested for importing subversive books. He was fined £500 and flogged for the two miles between the Fleet Prison and the pillory. Milton wrote his pamphlet as a protest against Lilburne's treatment." This issue was personal for Milton, as he had suffered censorship himself in his efforts to publish several tracts defending divorce (a radical stance which met with no favour from the censors). In particular, The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce (1643), which he published anonymously and unlicensed, was condemned by the Puritan clergy as being heretical and intending to foster sexual libertinism, and it was cited in petitions to parliament as evidence of the need to reinstall a system of prepublication licensing. Areopagitica is full of Biblical and classical references which Milton uses to strengthen his argument. This is particularly fitting because it was being addressed to the Calvinist Presbyterians who composed Parliament at that time.

According to George H. Sabine, the Areopagitica presumed and was written for an engaged public: "Its basic principle was the right and also the duty of every intelligent man as a rational being, to know the grounds and take responsibility for his beliefs and actions. Its corollary was a society and a state in which decisions are reached by open discussion, in which the sources of information are not contaminated by authority in the interest of party, and in which political unity is secured not by force but by a consensus that respects variety of opinion."

Synopsis
Before presenting his argument, Milton defends the very idea of writing a treatise such as Areopagitica. He compliments England for having overcome the tyranny of Charles I and the prelates, but his purpose is to voice his grievances. Milton defends this purpose, holding that to bring forth complaints before the Parliament is a matter of civil liberty and loyalty, because constructive criticism is better than false flattery. He concludes his introduction by encouraging Parliament to obey "the voice of reason" and to be "willing to repeal any Act" for the sake of truth and upright judgment.

Origins of licensing system
Milton begins with historical evidence noting that Ancient Greece and Rome did not adhere to the practice of licensing. In some cases, blasphemous or libellous writings were burnt and their authors punished, but it was after production that these texts were rejected rather than prior to it. Milton argues that a work should be "examined, refuted, and condemned" rather than prohibited before examination. Milton points out that licensing was first instituted by the Catholics with the Inquisition. This fact appealed to Parliament's religious beliefs since it was dominated by Protestants, and there were conflicts between the Protestants and Catholics in England. Milton provides historical examples of the aftermath following the Inquisition, including how there were popes in Rome beginning in the 14th century who became tyrannical licensers. For example, Pope Martin V became the first to prohibit the reading of heretical books, and then in the 16th century the Council of Trent and Spanish Inquisition prohibited texts that were not even necessarily heretical, but only unfavourable to the friars.

Use of books and reading
Milton precedes his argument by discussing the purpose of reading. He mentions that Moses, David, and Paul were all learned, which reminds his Protestant audience that being learned involves reading "books of all sorts". He argues that this includes even the "bad" or heretical books, because we can learn from their wrongs and discover what is true by considering what is not true. Milton's point is that God endowed every person with the reason, free will, and conscience to judge ideas for themselves, so the ideas in a text should be rejected by the reader's own choice, not by a licensing authority. Also, the mind is not corrupted simply by encountering falsehood. Milton points out that encountering falsehood can actually lead to virtuous action, such as how St. Paul's converts had privately and voluntarily burned Ephesian books considered to be "magick".

Usefulness of licensing order
Milton then argues that Parliament's licensing order will fail in its purpose to suppress scandalous, seditious, and libellous books: "this order of licencing conduces nothing to the end for which it was fram'd". The order was meant to rectify manners by preventing the spread of an "infection" caused by bad books. Milton objects, arguing that the licensing order is too sweeping, because even the Bible itself had been historically limited to readers for containing offensive descriptions of blasphemy and wicked men. Milton also points out that Parliament will not protect the ignorant from bad books by this order, because the books would more likely have been read by the learned anyhow. Furthermore, whatever bad ideas were written can still be taught through word of mouth or otherwise, so "infection" or corruption is not prevented. Milton's point is that licensing books cannot possibly prevent societal corruption (it is "far insufficient to the end which it intends"), so there is no viable stopping point: "If we think to regulat Printing, thereby to rectifie manners, we must regulate all recreations and pastimes, all that is delightful to man". Finally, Milton also points out that, if there are even licensers fit for making these judgments, then the possibility of error in licensing books is still great, and the amount of time that the job would take is impractical.

Harmfulness of licensing order
Milton argues that licensing is "a dishonour and derogation to the author, to the book, to the privilege and dignity of Learning". This is because many authors will produce a written work with genuinely good intentions only to have it censored by what amounts to a subjective, arbitrary judgment of the licenser.

Milton also thinks that England needs to be open to truth and understanding, which should not be monopolised by the government's standards. Faith and knowledge need exercise, but this order will lead to conformity and laziness. Licensing will hinder discovery of truth by the government's prejudice and custom, because there will always be more truth to be found that we do not yet know of. Milton thinks that licensing could potentially hinder God's plans, since it gives the licenser the power to silence others.

Conclusion
Milton recognises individual rights, but he is not completely libertarian in Areopagitica as he argues that the status quo ante worked best. According to the previous English law, all books had to have at least a printer's name (and preferably an author's name) inscribed in them. Under that system, Milton argues, if any blasphemous or libellous material is published, those books can still be destroyed after the fact. "Those which otherwise come forth, if they be found mischievous and libellous, the fire and the executioner will be the timeliest and the most effectual remedy, that mans prevention can use." Milton seeks a means by which to ensure that authors and publishers remain culpable for any "mischievous" or "libellous" work that they produce. Regardless, Milton certainly is not without remorse for the libellous author, nor does he promote unrestricted free speech. In addition, he admits that his tolerance is limited: "I mean not tolerated Popery, and open superstition, which as it extirpats all religions and civill supremacies, so it self should be extirpate, provided first that all charitable and compassionate means be used to win and regain the weak and the misled." According to Nicholas McDowell, the second part of the forecited statement is usually left out by those quoting the first part to show that Milton was, at heart, a religious bigot, and that his ideas about free speech and intellectual liberty have little to teach us about liberalism today. (Whether the second half of the statement is actually an effective mitigation to the bigotry is a question eminently suited for discussion.)

Critical response
Areopagitica did not persuade the Presbyterians in Parliament to invalidate the prepublication censorship component of the Licensing Order of 1643; freedom of the press in this sense was not achieved until 1695, when the Parliament chose not to renew the order. However, as Milton's treatise has been overwhelmingly praised, but it was unsuccessful because the objective did not appeal to the target audience. Milton and the Presbyterians had together abolished the Star Chamber under Charles I, but now that they were not being oppressed and they held the power, the Presbyterians in Parliament no longer held to their defence of freedom of the press. Through the Licensing Order of 1643, they were set on silencing the more radical Protestants, the Independents as well as works supporting the King which had begun to appear in London. Milton's treatise is his response to that licensing order, which clearly came at a time when he and the Parliament were already at odds.

In addition, by the time Milton wrote Areopagitica he had already unsuccessfully challenged Parliament in other areas of privilege and right. Milton's divorce tracts proved too radical for his immediate day, as did this work. Milton's ideas were ahead of his time in the sense that he anticipated the arguments of later advocates of freedom of the press by relating the concept of free will and choice to individual expression and right. Milton's treatise "laid the foundations for thought that would come after and express itself in such authors as John Locke and John Stuart Mill".

However, although Milton's ideas were initially resisted by the Puritans, they were incorporated into the official charter of the Puritan church within a few years. The Westminster Confession of Faith, written between 1643 and 1650, allows for divorce on two grounds: infidelity and abandonment. The Westminster Confession of Faith states: "Adultery or fornication, committed after a contract, being detected before marriage, giveth just occasion to the innocent party to dissolve that contract. In the case of adultery after marriage, it is lawful for the innocent party to sue out a divorce, and after the divorce to marry another, as if the offending party were dead."

Modern references to Areopagitica
A quotation from Areopagitica is prominently displayed over the entrance to the renovated Main Reading Room of the New York Public Library: "A good Booke is the precious life-blood of a master spirit, imbalm'd and treasur'd up on purpose to a life beyond life".

The Supreme Court of the United States has referred to Areopagitica, in interpreting the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, to explain the Amendment's protections. The Court has cited Areopagitica by name in four cases. Most notably, the Court cited Areopagitica in the landmark case New York Times Co. v. Sullivan to explain the inherent value of false statements. The Court cited Milton to explain the dangers of prior restraint in Times Film Corporation v. City of Chicago. Later, Justice Douglas concurred in Eisenstadt v. Baird, citing the pamphlet to support striking down restrictions on lecturing about birth control. Finally, Justice Black cited Areopagitica when he dissented from the Court's upholding of restrictions on the Communist Party of the United States against a free speech and free association challenge in Communist Party of the United States v. Subversive Activities Control Board. In each instance, Milton is cited by the Court's members to support a broad and expansive protection of free speech and association.

Editions

 * ; includes Arber's introduction and the text of the Star Chamber decree 11-07-1637 and orders of the House of Commons 29-01-1642, 9-03-1643 and of the Lords and Commons 14-06-1643
 * ; includes Arber's introduction and the text of the Star Chamber decree 11-07-1637 and orders of the House of Commons 29-01-1642, 9-03-1643 and of the Lords and Commons 14-06-1643
 * ; includes Arber's introduction and the text of the Star Chamber decree 11-07-1637 and orders of the House of Commons 29-01-1642, 9-03-1643 and of the Lords and Commons 14-06-1643

title: Areopagitica


text:
1855 in music

Events

 * February 17 – Franz Liszt gives the first performance of his Piano Concerto No. 1, conducted by Hector Berlioz.
 * March–June – Richard Wagner stays in London to conduct a series of concerts.
 * June 13 - Twentieth opera of Giuseppe Verdi "Les vêpres siciliennes" (The Sicilian Vespers) is premiered in Paris.
 * July 5 – Jacques Offenbach inaugurates performances of operettas as director of his own theater, the Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens.
 * Late autumn – Mily Balakirev meets Mikhail Glinka in Saint Petersburg. Their friendship cements the former's ambition to foster Russian nationalist music.
 * November 27 – Piano Trio No. 1 of Brahms is given its first public performance at Dodsworth's Hall in Manhattan on Broadway at 11th Street. It is the earliest performance of Brahms' music in the United States
 * December 3 – The Piano Trio in G minor by Bedřich Smetana is given its first public performance in Prague.
 * Tchaikovsky takes private music lessons with Rudolph Kündinger, who tells Tchaikovsky's father that he saw nothing to suggest a future composer.

Bands formed

 * Black Dyke Mills Band re-formed after failure of its immediate predecessor, the Queenshead Band in Queensbury, West Yorkshire, England.

Popular music

 * Stephen Foster – "Come Where My Love Lies Dreaming"
 * George Martin Lane – "The Lone Fish Ball"
 * Caroline Norton – "Juanita"
 * words Septimus Winner (as "Alice Hawthorne") music Richard Milburn – "Listen to the Mocking Bird"

Classical music

 * Georges Bizet – Symphony in C
 * Franz Berwald – Piano Concerto in D
 * Eduard Franck – String Quartet in F minor op. 49
 * Charles Gounod – Symphony No. 1 in D
 * Stephen Heller
 * 2 Tarantelles, Op.85
 * Im Walde, Op.86
 * Friedrich Hermann – Capriccio No.1 for 3 Violins, Op.2
 * Franz Liszt
 * Prelude and Fugue on B-A-C-H
 * Les préludes, S.97
 * Prometheus, S.99
 * 3 Lieder aus Schillers "Wilhelm Tell", S.292
 * Wie singt die Lerche schön, S.312
 * Anton Rubinstein – Quintet for Piano and Winds Op. 55 (probably from this year)
 * Camille Saint-Saëns
 * Six Bagatelles for piano, Op. 3
 * Quintet for Piano and Strings, Op. 14
 * Bedřich Smetana – Piano Trio in G minor, Op. 15
 * Louis Spohr – 6 Gesänge, Op.154

Opera

 * George Frederick Bristow – Rip van Winkle
 * Fromental Halévy – L'inconsolable
 * Jacques Offenbach – one-act operettas
 * Ba-ta-clan
 * Les deux aveugles
 * Giuseppe Verdi – Les vêpres siciliennes

Musical theatre

 * Po-ca-hon-tas, or The Gentle Savage (Music: James Gaspard Maeder, Book and Lyrics: John Brougham) Broadway production opened Wallack's Lyceum Theatre on December 24 and transferred to the Bowery Theatre on June 28, 1856. Featuring John Brougham as John Smith.

Births

 * January 20 – Ernest Chausson, composer (d. 1899)
 * February 15 – Gustav Hollaender, composer (died 1915)
 * February 18 – Vera Timanova, Russian pianist
 * March 12 – Eduard Birnbaum, cantor (died 1920)
 * April 18 – Josef Gruber, composer (died 1933)
 * May 2 – Theodore Moses Tobani, composer (died 1933)
 * May 9 – Julius Röntgen, composer (d. 1932)
 * May 10 – Carl Kiefert, conductor (died 1937)
 * May 11 – Anatoly Lyadov, conductor, composer and music teacher (d. 1914)
 * June 5 – Hanuš Wihan, cellist (died 1920)
 * June 17 – Fritz Kauffmann, composer (died 1934)
 * July 25 – Edward Solomon, pianist, conductor and composer (died 1895)
 * August 2 – Cornélie van Zanten, opera singer and teacher (d. 1946)
 * August 27 – Domenico Salvatori, castrato singer (d. 1909)
 * September 6 – Ferdinand Hummel, composer (died 1928)
 * September 9 – Michele Esposito, pianist and composer (d. 1929)
 * October 16 – William Barclay Squire, musicologist (died 1927)
 * October 30 – Károly Aggházy, composer (died 1918)
 * November 1 – Guido Adler, musicologist (died 1941)
 * November 6 – Paul Kalisch, singer (d. 1946)
 * December 7 – Gunhild Rosén, ballerina
 * December 23 – Alan Gray, composer (died 1935)
 * December 26 – Arnold Mendelssohn, composer (died 1933)

Deaths

 * January 25 – Gaetano Rossi, librettist (b. 1774)
 * February 1 – Claus Harms, researcher of Lutheran hymns (b. 1778)
 * February 27 – Louis Lambillotte, composer and music palaeographer (b. 1796)
 * March 17 – Ramon Carnicer, conductor and composer (b. 1789)
 * April 12 – Pedro Albéniz, pianist and composer (b. 1795)
 * April 30 – Henry Rowley Bishop, composer (b. 1786)
 * July 19 – Karl Keller, composer and flautist (b. 1784)
 * September 27 – August Lanner, conductor and composer (b. 1835)
 * November 9 – Domenico Cosselli, operatic bass-baritone (b. 1801)
 * November 21 – Olea Crøger, collector of Norwegian folk tunes (b. 1801)
 * November 25 – Thomas Commuck, composer (born 1804)
 * December 2 – Frédéric Bérat, songwriter and composer (b. 1801)
 * Marie Antoinette Petersén, singer and member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music (b. 1771)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1855 in music


text:
John C. Dvorak

John C. Dvorak (born 1952) is an American columnist and broadcaster in the areas of technology and computing. His writing extends back to the 1980s, when he was a regular columnist in a variety of magazines. He was vice president of Mevio, and has been a host on TechTV and TWiT.tv. He is currently a co-host of the No Agenda podcast.

Early life
Dvorak was born in 1952 in Los Angeles, California. He is a nephew of sociologist August Dvorak, creator of the Dvorak keyboard.

Periodicals
Dvorak started his career as a wine writer.

He has written for various publications, including InfoWorld, PC Magazine (two separate columns since 1986), MarketWatch, BUG Magazine (Croatia), and Info Exame (Brazil). He has been a columnist for Boardwatch, Forbes, Forbes.com, MacUser, MicroTimes, PC/Computing, Barron's Magazine, Smart Business, and The Vancouver Sun. (The MicroTimes column ran under the banner Dvorak's Last Column.) He has written for The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, MacMania Networks, International Herald Tribune, The San Francisco Examiner and The Philadelphia Inquirer, among numerous other publications.

Dvorak created a few tech running jokes. In episode 18 of TWiT (This Week in Tech) he claimed that, thanks to his hosting provider, he "gets no spam."

Books
Dvorak has written or co-authored over a dozen books, including Hypergrowth: The Rise and Fall of the Osborne Computer Corporation with Adam Osborne and Dvorak's Guide to Desktop Telecommunications in 1990, Dvorak's Guide to PC Telecommunications (Osborne McGraw-Hill, Berkeley, California, 1992), Dvorak's Guide to OS/2 (Random House, New York, 1993) with co-authors Dave Whittle and Martin McElroy, Dvorak Predicts (Osborne McGraw-Hill, Berkeley, California, 1994), ''Online! The Book (Prentice Hall PTR, October, 2003) with co-authors Wendy Taylor and Chris Pirillo and his latest e-book is Inside Track 2013''.

Awards and honors
The Computer Press Association presented Dvorak with the Best Columnist and Best Column awards. He was also the winner of the American Business Editors Association's national gold award in 2004 and 2005, for Best Online Columns of 2003 and 2004, respectively.

He was the creator and lead judge of the Dvorak Awards (1992–1997).

In 2001, he received the Telluride Tech Festival Award of Technology.

He has received the title of Kentucky Colonel, the highest title of honor awarded by the Commonwealth of Kentucky.

In July, 2016, Dvorak and co-host Adam Curry won the "Best Podcast" Podcast Award for No Agenda, in the News & Politics category.

TV and online media
Dvorak was on the start-up team for CNET Networks, appearing on the television show CNET Central. He also hosted a radio show called Real Computing, and later 'Technically Speaking' on NPR, as well as a television show on TechTV (formerly ZDTV) called Silicon Spin.

He appeared on Marketwatch TV and This Week in Tech, a podcast audio and now video program hosted by Leo Laporte and featuring other former TechTV personalities such as Patrick Norton, Kevin Rose, and Robert Heron. Dvorak was once banned from the show. In March 2006, he started a new show called CrankyGeeks, where he led a rotating panel of "cranky" tech gurus in discussions of technology news stories of the week. The last episode (No. 237) aired on September 22, 2010.

In 2007, Mevio hired Dvorak as vice president and Managing Editor for a new Mevio TECH channel, where he manages content from existing Mevio tech programming. He also hosted the show "Tech5", where he discussed the day's tech news in approximately five minutes; it ended production in late 2010. He co-hosts a podcast with Mevio co-founder Adam Curry called No Agenda. The show is a conversation about the week's news, happenings in the lives of the hosts and their families, and restaurant reviews from the dinners Dvorak and Curry have together when they are in the same city (usually San Francisco). Curry usually has more outlandish opinions of the week's news or world events, while Dvorak plays the straight man in the dialogue.

Since early 2011, Dvorak has been one of the featured "CoolHotNot Tech Xperts," along with Chris Pirillo, Jim Louderback, Dave Graveline, Robin Raskin, Dave Whittle, Steve Bass, and Cheryl Currid, at CoolHotNot's web site, He shares his "Loved List" of favorite consumer electronics, his "Wanted List" of tech products he'd like to try, and his "Letdown List" of tech products he found disappointing.

Dvorak hosted the show X3, which, like the defunct Tech 5, was a short tech-focused cast. Unlike Tech 5, it was in video format, with two co-hosts. The last update was 24 June 2012.

Since September 2009, Dvorak has hosted the DH Unplugged podcast with personal money manager Andrew Horowitz.

He is a co-founder, with Gina Smith and the late Jerry Pournelle, of the web site aNewDomain.net, where he is also a columnist.

In September 2015, Leo Laporte infamously "banned" Dvorak—his long-time friend and frequent guest—from TWiT for comments Dvorak made on Twitter. In reply to Dvorak's comments that Laporte was biased, Laporte told Dvorak "you won't ever have to worry about it again", insinuating that he never wanted Dvorak back on TWiT. Dvorak returned to TWiT on December 23, 2018.

Criticism and advocacy for new technology
On February 19, 1984, in an article in The San Francisco Examiner, Dvorak listed the mouse as one of many reasons Apple Inc.'s Macintosh computer might not be successful: "The Macintosh uses an experimental pointing device called a ‘mouse’. There is no evidence that people want to use these things." In 1987 he revisited the article and recanted, writing "The Mac mouse is great. I've been converted."

In 1985, following Steve Jobs leaving Apple, Dvorak wrote, "Maybe when the smoke clears, we will have heard the last of Steve Jobs as guru, seer, visionary and hapless victim too ... He'll go the way of pet rock, electric carving knives, silly putty, Tiny Tim, and the three-tone paint job. Let's hope so."

In the May 26, 1987 edition of PC Mag, Dvorak investigated the origin of the term nerd, crediting and quoting Theodor S. Geisel (Dr. Seuss) with coining the phrase in 1950 having "never heard the word before."

In his 2007 article for MarketWatch regarding the iPhone, Dvorak wrote, "If [Apple's] smart, it will call the iPhone a 'reference design' and pass it to some suckers to build with someone else's marketing budget. Then it can wash its hands of any marketplace failures. [... ] It should do that immediately before it's too late." Although he later admitted having been wrong about its success, he criticized Apple's iPad when it first appeared in 2010, stating that it was no different from other previous tablets that had failed: "I cannot see it escaping the tablet computer dead zone any time soon."

Dvorak has mentioned in the past that he is a fan of MorphOS and used the Video Toaster in its heyday.

In 2018 he wrote an article on Medium in which he claimed he was fired from PC Magazine because of an article he wrote that questioned the safety of 5G.

Criticism of Creative Commons
In 2005, Dvorak wrote "Creative Commons Humbug", an opinion piece criticizing Creative Commons licensing.

Personal life
Dvorak married Mimi Smith-Dvorak on August 8, 1988. He is listed as a minister of the Universal Life Church. He said on show #600 of No Agenda that he occasionally posts online under the pseudonym Mark Pugner.

title: John C. Dvorak


text:
1854 in music

Events

 * February 27 – Robert Schumann unsuccessfully attempts suicide by throwing himself from a bridge into the River Rhine.
 * June 13 – Anthony Faas patents the 1st US accordion, having made improvements to both the keyboard, and to enhance the sound (11,062). US patent No.US11062A
 * Anton Rubinstein begins a four-year concert tour of Europe, establishing his reputation as the leading piano virtuoso of his generation.
 * Richard Wagner completes Das Rheingold.

Published popular music

 * "Hard Times Come Again No More" w.m. Stephen Collins Foster
 * "(I Dream of) Jeanie With the Light Brown Hair" w.m. Stephen Collins Foster
 * "Maggie by My Side" Stephen Collins Foster
 * "Old Dog Tray" Stephen Collins Foster
 * "What Is Home Without A Mother" w.m. Septimus Winner
 * "Willie We Have Missed You" Stephen Collins Foster

Classical music

 * Hector Berlioz – L'enfance du Christ
 * Charles Gounod – Chant de paix
 * Franz Liszt – Les préludes
 * Henri Wieniawski – Le carnaval russe for violin and piano
 * Johannes Brahms
 * Piano Trio No. 1, Op. 8 (revised in 1889)
 * Variations on a Theme by Robert Schumann in F-sharp minor, Op. 9, for piano. The theme is from Op. 99, Bunte Blätter.
 * Ballades, Op. 10
 * Fourteen Variations on a Hungarian Melody, in D major, Op. 21 No. 2
 * Charles Sandys Packer – "City of Sydney Polka"

Opera

 * Karel Miry – La Lanterne magique (opera in 3 acts, libretto by Hippoliet van Peene, premiered on March 10 in Ghent)
 * Franz Schubert – Alfonso und Estrella (premiered June 24 by Franz Liszt in Weimar, thirty-two years after it was composed)

Births

 * January 21 – Georges Ernest Street, composer (died 1908)
 * January 31 – William Hall Sherwood, composer (died 1911)
 * February 5 – Laura Emeline Newell, hymnist and songwriter (died 1916)
 * March 10 – Dolores Paterno, composer (died 1881)
 * March 14 – Fred Whishaw, musician (died 1934)
 * April 13
 * António D'Andrade, opera singer (d. 1942)
 * William Henry Drummond, lyricist (died 1907)
 * April 30 – Alexandre Rey Colaço, pianist (died 1928)
 * May 1 – Percy French, songwriter (died 1920)
 * May 5 – Antonio Smareglia, composer (died 1929)
 * May 6 – Laura Joyce Bell, contralto singer and actress (d. 1904)
 * May 13 – Paul Klengel, violinist (died 1935)
 * May 15 – Pavel Pabst, pianist (died 1897)
 * May 17 – Georges Gillet, oboist (died 1920)
 * May 18 – Bernard Zweers, composer (died 1924)
 * June 14 – Frederik Rung, composer (died 1914)
 * June 19 – Alfredo Catalani, composer (died 1893)
 * June 27 – Ladislao Bonus, Filipino composer (died 1908)
 * July 3 – Leoš Janáček, composer (d. 1928)
 * July 10 – John Lloyd Williams, musician (died 1945)
 * July 14 – Alexander Kopylov, violinist and composer (d. 1911)
 * August 23 – Moritz Moszkowski, composer (died 1925)
 * August 24 – Alfred Dudley Turner, composer (some sources have b.1853) (d.1888)
 * October 16 – Oscar Wilde, poet and lyricist (died 1900)
 * October 22 – James A. Bland, minstrel performer (died 1911)
 * October 30 – Julie Rivé-King, pianist (died 1937)
 * September 1 – Engelbert Humperdinck, composer (d. 1921)
 * September 22 – Ovide Musin, violinist (died 1929)
 * November 1 – W. Paris Chambers, composer (died 1913)
 * November 6 – John Philip Sousa, composer (d. 1932)
 * November 14 – Dina Edling, opera singer (d. 1935)

Deaths

 * January 12 – Philip Klitz, composer (born 1805)
 * February 4 – Iwan Müller, clarinetist (born 1786)
 * March 3 – Giovanni Battista Rubini, operatic tenor (born 1794)
 * March 26 – Emilie Hammarskjöld, pianist, singer and composer (born 1821)
 * April 18 – Józef Elsner, composer and teacher (born 1769)
 * April 30 – James Montgomery, hymnist (born 1771)
 * May 1 – Jean Coralli, dancer and choreographer (born 1779)
 * May 3 – William Beale, composer (born 1784)
 * May 18 – Henry Lemoine, composer and music publisher (born 1786)
 * May 31 – Vatroslav Lisinski, composer (born 1819)
 * June 17 – Henriette Sontag, operatic soprano (born 1806) (cholera)
 * July 14 – Louis-Pierre Norblin, cellist (born 1781)
 * August 21 – August Ferdinand Anacker, composer (born 1790)
 * October – Luigi Tarisio, violin dealer and collector (born c. 1790)
 * November 2 – Anton Pann, poet, musicologist and composer (born c. 1790)
 * November 17 – Alberich Zwyssig, composer of the Swiss national anthem (born 1808)

title: 1854 in music


text:
1853 in music

Events

 * March 5 – The American-German piano company Steinway & Sons is founded by Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg.
 * October – Louis Niedermeyer reorganizes and re-opens the school known as the École Choron, which becomes the École Niedermeyer.
 * October 1 – The piano manufacturer C. Bechstein Pianofortefabrik is founded by Carl Bechstein in Berlin.
 * October 22 – The overture to Tannhäuser is performed in Boston Music Hall by the Germania Musical Society conducted by Carl Bergmann. It is the first American performance.
 * November 1 – Richard Wagner begins composing the music for The Ring of the Nibelung.
 * Louis Moreau Gottschalk returns the United States after eleven years in Europe.
 * Brahms meets Joseph Joachim and Robert and Clara Schumann.
 * Julius Blüthner founds Blüthner (piano manufacturer) in Leipzig, Germany.

Published popular music

 * Danmarks gamle Folkeviser collected by Svend Grundtvig
 * "Farewell My Lilly Dear" by Stephen Foster
 * "My Cottage Home" w.m. Alice Hawthorne
 * "My Old Kentucky Home" by Stephen Foster
 * "P'tit quinquin" (in Picard) by Alexandre Desrousseaux
 * "The Yellow Rose of Texas"

Classical music

 * Franz Berwald
 * Piano Trio No. 4 in C major
 * Piano Quintet No. 1 in C minor
 * Johannes Brahms – Piano Sonata No. 1, Piano Sonata No. 3
 * Ida Henriette da Fonseca
 * Der Abschied
 * Byrons Statue
 * Die Erwartung
 * Granen ved Lougen
 * Regnbuen
 * Wechsellied zum Tanze
 * Zum neuen Jahr
 * William Henry Fry – Santa Claus, Christmas Symphony
 * Louis Moreau Gottschalk – The Banjo, Op. 15
 * Charles Gounod – Méditation sur le Premier Prélude de Piano de S. Bach, later known as Ave Maria (Bach/Gounod)
 * Franz Liszt
 * Piano Sonata in B minor
 * Hungarian Rhapsodies 1–15
 * Camille Saint-Saëns
 * Piano Quartet in E major
 * Symphony No. 1 in E♭ major
 * Robert Schumann, Johannes Brahms and Albert Dietrich – F-A-E Sonata
 * Henryk Wieniawski – Violin Concerto No. 1

Opera

 * Victor Massé – Les noces de Jeannette
 * Karel Miry – Anne Mie (opera in 1 act, premiered on October 9 in Antwerp)
 * Giuseppe Verdi
 * Il trovatore (premiered on January 19 at Teatro Apollo in Rome)
 * La traviata (premiered on March 6 at La Fenice in Venice)

Births

 * May 17 – Carolina Östberg, opera singer (d. 1929)
 * July 24 – Alessandro Parisotti, composer and music editor (d. 1913)
 * November 23 – Giuseppina Bozzachi, ballerina (d. 1870)
 * December 22 – Teresa Carreño, pianist, singer, conductor and composer (d. 1917)
 * December 30 – André Messager, composer (d. 1929)
 * date unknown
 * Alfonso Rendano, pianist (d. 1931)
 * Maria Westberg, ballerina (d. 1893)

Deaths

 * January 16 – Matteo Carcassi, guitarist and composer (b. 1792)
 * March 15 – Giovanni Ricordi, violinist (b. 1785)
 * October 3 – George Onslow, composer (b. 1784)
 * October 29 – Pierre-Joseph-Guillaume Zimmermann, pianist, composer and music teacher (b. 1785)
 * October 30 – Pietro Raimondi, composer (b. 1786)
 * December 5
 * Johann Peter Heuschkel, oboist, organist and composer (b. 1773)
 * Jeanette Wässelius, operatic soprano
 * date unknown – James Hill, folk musician (b. c. 1811)

title: 1853 in music


text:
1852 in music

Events

 * March 24 – First performance of Fredrik Pacius' opera Kung Karls jakt, the first to be composed in Finland, in Helsinki with a Swedish language libretto by Zachris Topelius.
 * May 15 – Teatro Comunale Alighieri, the opera house in Ravenna, is inaugurated with a production of Meyerbeer's Robert le diable followed by Giovanni Pacini's Medea.
 * Michael William Balfe sets off for Danzig to visit his daughter.
 * Charles Gounod improvises a melody over the C major Prelude from Book 1 of Bach's Well Tempered Clavier. It is published the next year as 'Méditation sur le Premier Prélude de Piano de S. Bach' later to be known as Ave Maria.
 * Franz Liszt conducts a performance of the 1838 opera Benvenuto Cellini by Hector Berlioz at Weimar. This revives the French composer's career which has been stagnant.
 * The earliest known performance of Wagner's music in the United States takes place as an arrangement of one of the finales from Tannhäuser is performed by the Germania Musical Society conducted by Carl Bergmann.

Popular music

 * Stephen Foster – "Massa's in de Cold Cold Ground"
 * S.M. Grannis – "Do They Miss Me At Home?" (lyrics by Carolina A.Mason)
 * John Howson – "Christmas Present Polka"
 * Gustav Reichardt – "Des Deutschen Vaterland" (words by Ernst Moritz Arndt)
 * author unknown
 * "Norah and Dermot"
 * "Lundu"

Classical music

 * Johannes Brahms – Piano Sonata No. 2
 * Matteo Carcassi – Etudes, Op.60
 * Niels Gade – Symphony No.5, Op.25
 * Mikhail Glinka – Mazurka in C major
 * Stefano Golinelli – 24 Preludes, Op.69
 * Alfred Jaell – Reminiscences sur 'Norma', Op.20
 * Theodore Kirchner – 20 Piano Pieces, Op.2
 * Franz Liszt – Fantasie und Fuge über den Choral Ad nos, ad salutarem undam, S.259
 * Joachim Raff – Zwei Lieder with words by Gotthold Logau
 * Luigi Ricci – Tarantella Napoletana from the opera "La Festa di Piedigrotta".
 * Johann Strauss, Jr.
 * Orakel-Sprüche Walzer, Op. 90
 * Maskenfest-Quadrille, Op. 92
 * Kaiser-Jäger-Marsch, Op. 93
 * Rhadamantus-Klänge Walzer, Op. 94
 * Promenade-Quadrille, Op. 98
 * Frauenkäferln Walzer, Op. 99
 * Vöslauer Polka, Op. 100
 * Mephistos Höllenrufe Walzer, Op. 101
 * Albion-Polka, Op. 102
 * Vivat! Quadrille, Op. 103
 * Windsor-Klänge Walzer, Op. 104
 * 5 Paragraphe aus dem Walzer Codex, Op. 105
 * Harmonie-Polka, Op. 106
 * Großfürsten-Marsch, Op. 107
 * Die Unzertrennlichen Walzer, Op. 108
 * Tête-à-Tête-Quadrille, Op. 109
 * Elektro-magnetische Polka, Op. 110
 * Blumenfest-Polka, Op. 111
 * Melodien-Quadrille, Op. 112
 * Sachsen-Kürassier-Marsch, Op. 113
 * Liebes-Lieder Walzer, Op. 114
 * Wiener Jubel-Gruss-Marsch, Op. 115
 * Hofball-Quadrille, Op. 116
 * Annen-Polka, Op. 117
 * Lockvögel Walzer, Op. 118
 * William Vincent Wallace
 * Fantasie elegante sur des themes de 'Don Pasquale'
 * Happy Birdling of the Forest, Op. 63
 * Henri Wieniawski
 * Polonaise de concert, Op. 4
 * Adagio élégiaque, Op. 5
 * Violin Concerto No.1, Op. 14

Opera

 * Fromental Halévy – La Juif errant
 * Fredrik Pacius – Kung Karls jakt

Births

 * January 8 – Maurice Kufferath, editor and conductor (died 1919)
 * January 26 – Frederick Corder, translator and composer (died 1932)
 * January 29 – Sir Frederic Hymen Cowen, pianist, conductor and composer (d. 1935)
 * February 17 – Hans Bischoff, pianist and musician (died 1889)
 * March 6 – Josef Bayer, composer and music director (d. 1913)
 * April 5 – Franz Eckert, bandmaster and composer (d. 1916)
 * April 14 – Henrique Oswald, composer (d. 1931)
 * May 23 – Mathilda Grabow, opera singer (d. 1940)
 * June 23 – Raoul Pugno, organist, pianist and composer (d. 1914)
 * June 28 – Hans Huber, composer (d. 1921)
 * July 3 – Rafael Joseffy, pianist and composer (d. 1915)
 * July 4 – Alfred Grünfeld, arranger and composer (died 1924)
 * July 6
 * John Albert Delany composer, conductor (d. 1907)
 * Otto Neitzel, composer and pianist (d. 1920)
 * José Jackson Veyán, librettist (died 1935)
 * August 13 – Robert Hausmann, cellist (died 1909)
 * September 18 – Francis Money-Coutts, 5th Baron Latymer, librettist (died 1923)
 * September 30 – Sir Charles Villiers Stanford, composer (d. 1924)
 * October 12 – Max Friedlaender, German musicologist (died 1934)
 * November 21 – Francisco Tárrega, guitarist and composer (d. 1909)
 * November 23 – James Kwast, pianist (died 1927)
 * date unknown – George Barnet Gardiner, folk song collector (died 1910)

Deaths

 * February 25 – Thomas Moore, poet and songwriter (b. 1779)
 * March 5 – Sophie Gay, librettist (b. 1776)
 * March 7 – Jacopo Ferretti, librettist (b. 1784)
 * March 15 – Antoine de Lhoyer, guitarist and composer (b. 1768)
 * June 6 – Tommaso Marchesi, composer (b. 1773)
 * July 5 – Mikhail Zagoskin, lyricist and librettist (born 1789)
 * July 17 – Salvadore Cammarano, librettist (b. 1801)
 * August 17 – Sveinbjörn Egilsson, lyricist (born 1791)
 * September 20 – Anton Weidinger, trumpet virtuoso (b. 1767)
 * October 6 – Stephen Codman, composer (b. 1796)
 * November 12 – Georg Hellmesberger, Jr., violinist and composer (b. 1830)
 * date unknown – Ulrika Åberg, ballerina (b. 1771)

title: 1852 in music


text:
1851 in music

This article is about music-related events in 1851.

Events

 * February – Operatic tenor Sims Reeves returns to perform in Dublin with his new wife, soprano Charlotte Emma Lucombe.
 * February 6 – Schumann's Symphony No. 3 receives its première in Düsseldorf, the composer conducting.
 * March 11 – Giuseppe Verdi's opera Rigoletto is first performed at La Fenice in Venice.
 * April 5 – Jenny Lind visits the Mammoth Cave in Kentucky, USA.
 * July 23 – Richard Wagner writes down the leitmotif for the "Ride of the Valkyries".
 * Operatic baritone Hans von Milde marries soprano Rosa Agthe.
 * Eight-year-old Adelina Patti sings in public for the first time.

Published popular music

 * "Cora, the Indian Maiden's Song" – w. Shirley Brooks m. Alexander Lee
 * "Old Folks at Home" (Way Down Upon the Swanee River) by Stephen Foster
 * "Ring, Ring, de Banjo" by Stephen Foster
 * "I Would Not Die in Summer Time" by Stephen Foster
 * "Laura Lee" by Stephen Foster

Classical music

 * Woldemar Bargiel
 * Piano Trio No. 1 in F major, Op. 6
 * String Quartet No.3, Op.15b
 * Johannes Brahms
 * Scherzo in E-flat minor for solo piano, Op. 4
 * Heimkehr (Homecoming) for voice and piano, Op. 7 No. 6
 * Stephen Heller – Pensées fugitives, Op.30
 * Franz Liszt
 * Transcendental Études for Piano, S 139
 * Grandes études de Paganini
 * Johann Kaspar Mertz – Fantaisie über 'Don Juan', Op.28
 * Jacques Offenbach – Concerto Rondo for cello and orchestra.
 * George Onslow – Wind Quintet Op. 81
 * Anton Rubinstein – Symphony No. 2 (Ocean) (first version)
 * Robert Schumann
 * Symphony No. 4 from 1841, revised
 * Violin Sonata No. 1
 * Violin Sonata No. 2
 * Der Rose Pilgerfahrt, oratorio
 * Mädchenlieder, Op. 103
 * 7 Lieder, Op. 104
 * 6 Gesänge, Op. 107
 * Piano Trio No. 3, Op. 110
 * 3 Gedichte, Op. 119
 * Julius Cäsar Ouverture, Op. 128
 * 3 Fantasiestücke, for piano
 * Märchenbilder, for piano and viola
 * Adrien-François Servais
 * Souvenir de la Suisse, Op.10
 * 6 Caprices for Cello, Op.11
 * Hugo Staehle – 6 Lieder, Op.2

Opera

 * Félicien-César David – La Perle du Bresil
 * Charles Gounod – Sapho
 * Albert Lortzing – Die Oprnprobe
 * Joachim Raff – König Alfred
 * Giuseppe Verdi – Rigoletto

Births

 * January 25 – Jan Blockx, pianist, composer and music teacher (d. 1912)
 * January 27 – Gaspar Villate, composer (d. 1891)
 * February 12 – Anna Yesipova, pianist (d. 1914)
 * March 27
 * Ruperto Chapí, composer (d. 1909)
 * Vincent d'Indy, composer (d. 1931)
 * May 1 – Ludvig Hegner, composer (d. 1923)
 * May 6
 * Aristide Bruant, French singer (d. 1925)
 * Jean-Alexandre Talazac, operatic tenor (d. 1896)
 * May 7 – Julius Buths, pianist, conductor and composer (d. 1920)
 * May 17 – Victor Bendix, pianist, conductor and composer (d. 1926)
 * June 3 – Theodore Baker, musicologist (died 1934)
 * June 11 – Oscar Borg, composer (d. 1930)
 * June 12 – Pol Plançon, operatic bass (d. 1914)
 * August 8 – Walborg Lagerwall, Swedish violinist (d. 1940)
 * October 11 – Josif Marinković, composer (d. 1931)
 * October 16 – Viggo Bielefeldt, composer (d. 1909)
 * November 5 – Émile Pierre Ratez, composer (d. 1934)
 * November 16 – Minnie Hauk, operatic soprano (d. 1929)
 * probable – Marie Heilbron, operatic soprano (d. 1886)

Deaths

 * January 21 – Albert Lortzing, composer (b. 1801)
 * January 24 – Gaspare Spontini, composer (b. 1774)
 * February 20 – Josef Alois Ladurner, Austrian composer and pedagogue (b. 1769)
 * March 6
 * Alexander Alyabyev, composer (b. 1787)
 * Emma Hartmann, composer (b. 1807)
 * April 8 – John Parry (Bardd Alaw), harpist and composer (b. 1776)
 * July 4 – Martin-Joseph Mengal, composer (b. 1784)
 * July 17 – Béni Egressy, composer and librettist (b. 1814)
 * August 8 – James Shudi Broadwood, piano-maker (b. 1772)
 * October 8 – George Alexander Lee, singer, songwriter and opera producer (b. 1802)
 * December 1 – Carl Dahlén, ballet dancer and choreographer (b. 1770)

title: 1851 in music


text:
1850 in music

Events

 * August 28 (anniversary of Goethe's birth) – Richard Wagner's romantic opera Lohengrin (including the Bridal Chorus) premières under the direction of Franz Liszt at the Staatskapelle Weimar. Hans von Bülow attends and makes the decision to give up law and pursue music. His mother is convinced by two letters she receives from Liszt and Wagner.
 * Jenny Lind tours America, with Julius Benedict as her accompanist.
 * Soprano Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient marries her third husband, landowner Heinrich von Bock.
 * Charles Gounod meets the soprano Pauline Viardot in Rome. She convinces him to compose opera.
 * Johannes Brahms meets the violinist Ede Reményi, whom he will accompany on several tours for the next couple of years.
 * Wagner, under a pseudonym, writes an antisemitic article on "Jewishness in Music" in Neue Zeitschrift für Musik.

Published popular music

 * Stephen Foster
 * "Camptown Races"
 * "Ah! May the Red Rose Live Alway"
 * "Molly Do You Love Me?"
 * "Nelly Bly"
 * M. S. Pike – "Home Again"
 * "I Have Got The Blues To Day!" w. Miss Sarah M. Graham, m. Gustave Blessner
 * "What Are The Wild Waves Saying" w. Joseph Edwards Carpenter m. Stephen Glover

Classical music

 * J S Bach – The Brandenburg Concertos published for the first time
 * Hector Berlioz – La Fuite en Égypte (later incorporated into l'Enfance du Christ)
 * Ernesto Cavallini – Elégie for clarinet and piano
 * Carl Czerny – Album élégant des dames pianistes, Op. 804
 * Louise Farrenc – Sonata for violin and piano in A, Op. 39
 * Niels Gade – Symphony No. 4
 * Ferdinand Hiller – 4 Gesänge, Op.41
 * Édouard Lalo – Piano Trio no. 1 in C minor
 * Franz Liszt – Prometheus
 * Anton Rubinstein
 * Piano Concerto No. 1 in E minor, Op. 25
 * Dimitri Donskoy
 * Camille Saint-Saëns - Symphony in A Major
 * Robert Schumann – Symphony No. 3 op. 97 in E-flat, Cello Concerto Op. 129 in A minor
 * Louis Spohr – String Quintet No. 7 in G minor (of 7)
 * Johann Strauss Jr.
 * Kaiser Franz Josef Marsch, Op. 67
 * Aeols-Töne Walzer, Op. 68
 * Die Gemütlichen Walzer, Op. 70
 * Künstler-Quadrille, Op. 71
 * Scherz-Polka, Op. 72
 * Frohsinns-Spenden Walzer, Op. 73
 * Lava-Ströme Walzer, Op. 74
 * Sofien-Quadrille, Op. 75
 * Attaque-Quadrille, Op. 76
 * Wiener Garnison Marsch, Op. 77
 * Rendez-vous Polka, Op. 78
 * Robert Volkmann – Piano Trio No. 2 op. 5 in B-flat minor

Opera

 * Daniel Auber – L'enfant prodigue
 * Paul Wranitzky – La Tempesta
 * Robert Schumann – Genoveva
 * Richard Wagner – Lohengrin
 * Nicola De Giosa – Don Checco

Births

 * January 4 – Max Kalbeck, librettist and music critic (died 1921)
 * January 6 – Xaver Scharwenka, pianist and composer (d. 1924)
 * January 13 – Leon Francis Victor Caron, French-Australian conductor and composer (d. 1907)
 * February 18 – Sir George Henschel, Prussia-born singer, conductor, composer, founder of London Symphony Orchestra (d. 1934)
 * March 5 – Daniel B. Towner, composer (d. 1919)
 * March 9 – Alexandre Luigini, composer (d. 1906)
 * March 18 – Olefine Moe, opera singer (d. 1933)
 * March 19 – Elias Oechsler, composer (d. 1917)
 * March 26 – Amalia Riégo, opera singer (d. 1926)
 * April 25 – Luise Adolpha Le Beau, German composer (d. 1927)
 * July 3 – Alfredo Keil, composer and painter (d. 1907)
 * July 4 – Ole Olsen, Norwegian composer (d. 1927)
 * July 5 – Aloÿs Claussmann, French organist (died 1926)
 * September 9 – Leopoldo Miguez, composer (d. 1902)
 * September 21 – Hans Sitt, German violinist, teacher and composer (d. 1922)
 * November 10 – Arthur Goring Thomas, composer (d. 1892)
 * December 1 – Peter Erasmus Lange-Müller, Danish composer (d. 1926)
 * December 9 – Emma Abbott, singer (d. 1891)
 * December 13 – Iver Holter, conductor and composer (d. 1941)
 * December 20 – Theo Marzials, composer, singer and poet (d. 1920)
 * December 21 – Zdeněk Fibich, Czech composer (d. 1900)
 * December 29 – Tomás Bretón, composer (d. 1923)

Deaths

 * February 15 – Elisabeth Forsselius, actress and singer (b. 1771)
 * March 19 – Adalbert Gyrowetz, composer (b. 1763)
 * March 25 – Francesco Basili, conductor and composer (b. 1767)
 * April 3 – Václav Tomášek, pianist and composer (b. 1774)
 * May – Ludwig Schuberth, composer (b. 1806)
 * July 28 – Stefano Pavesi, composer (b. 1779)
 * August 22 – Nikolaus Lenau, lyricist and poet (born 1802)
 * October 12 – Luigia Boccabadati, operatic soprano (b. 1800)
 * October 14 – Alexandrine-Caroline Branchu, operatic soprano (b. 1780)
 * November 6 – Christopher Meineke, organist and composer (b. 1782)
 * December 3 – Andrei Sychra, guitarist and composer (b. c. 1773)

title: 1850 in music


text:
Londoner

Londoner may refer to:

 * Londoner, a person from or living in London, the capital of England and the UK
 * Londoner, a person from or living in London, Ontario, Canada
 * The Londoner, a former newspaper in London, England
 * The Londoner Macao, a casino resort on the Cotai Strip, Macau.
 * The Londoners, or Londyńczycy, a Polish TV drama series set in London
 * Londoner v. City and County of Denver, an important case in United States administrative law

title: Londoner


text:
1849 in music

Events

 * April 16 – Giacomo Meyerbeer's grand opera Le prophète is premièred (after a decade in preparation) by the Paris Opera at the Salle Le Peletier with Pauline Viardot (who has collaborated extensively in the production) in the mezzo-soprano role, her first with the Opera. Stage effects include electric light, ballet on roller skates and the use of saxhorns. The audience includes Napoleon III (new Emperor of France), Berlioz, the terminally ill Chopin, and Turgenev. Its world tour begins on July 24 in London.
 * May 3–9 – Richard Wagner is an active participant in the May Uprising in Dresden, suppressed by the Kingdom of Saxony, and is forced to flee to Zürich.
 * September 22 – Johann Strauss I fails to turn up to a banquet in honour of Field Marshal Joseph Radetzky von Radetz, where he is expected to perform a new work. His absence is explained by the fact that he had contracted scarlet fever from one of his illegitimate children while working on the new composition; he dies a few days later in Vienna aged 45.
 * October 30 – Funeral of Frédéric Chopin (who has died aged 39, probably of pericarditis aggravated by tuberculosis) at La Madeleine, Paris, followed by burial of his body at Père Lachaise Cemetery.
 * November – Hungarian pianist and composer Stephen Heller makes his first visit to London on a concert tour.
 * The autograph manuscript of Bach's Brandenburg Concertos is rediscovered in the archives of Brandenburg by Siegfried Wilhelm Dehn.

Classical music

 * Hector Berlioz – Te Deum
 * Jakob Dont – 24 Etudes or Caprices, Op. 35
 * Stephen Heller – 25 Etudes, Op. 47
 * Karol Lipinski – Fantaisie sur des airs napolitains nationaux, Op. 31
 * Franz Liszt
 * Dante Sonata
 * Tasso
 * Totentanz
 * Funérailles
 * Hans Christian Lumbye
 * Amalia Vals
 * Caroline Polka Mazurka
 * Ludvig Norman – Piano Trio No. 1 in D major, Op. 4
 * Robert Schumann
 * Fantasiestücke, Op. 73
 * Manfred Op. 115, overture and Incidental music
 * 3 Romances for Oboe and Piano
 * Johann Strauss, Jr.
 * Annika-Quadrille, Op. 53
 * Burschen-Lieder Walzer, Op. 55
 * Einheits-Klänge Walzer, Op. 62
 * Fantasiebilder Walzer, Op. 64
 * D'Woaldbuama, Op. 66

Opera

 * Giacomo Meyerbeer – Le prophète
 * Otto Nicolai – The Merry Wives of Windsor
 * Lauro Rossi – Il domino nero
 * Ambrose Thomas – Le caïd
 * Giuseppe Verdi – La battaglia di Legnano

Popular music

 * "Dolcy Jones" by Stephen Foster
 * "Nelly Was a Lady" by Stephen Foster
 * "Once in Royal David's City", words: Cecil Frances Alexander, music: Henry Gauntlett. The words were written as a poem by Mrs Alexander in 1848.
 * "Santa Lucia" (first published version)

Births

 * May 25 – Thomas "Blind Tom" Wiggins, composer and pianist (d. 1908)
 * May 26 – Hubert von Herkomer, artist and composer (d. 1914)
 * July 4 – Antonina Miliukova, wife of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (d. 1917)
 * July 18 – Anna Judic, entertainer (d. 1911)
 * July 22 – Géza Zichy, disabled pianist (d. 1924)
 * August 18 – Benjamin Godard, violinist and composer (d. 1895)
 * August 20 – Selina Dolaro, actress and singer (d. 1889)
 * September 22 – Olena Falkman, concert vocalist (d. 1928)
 * December 4 – Ernesto Köhler, flautist and composer (d. 1907)
 * December 14 – François Cellier, conductor and composer (d. 1914)

Deaths
·
 * February 8 – François Antoine Habeneck, violinist and conductor (b. 1781)
 * May 11 – Otto Nicolai, composer (b. 1810)
 * June 3 – François de Fossa, guitarist and composer (b. 1775)
 * June 10 – Friedrich Kalkbrenner, pianist and composer (b. 1785)
 * September 25 – Johann Strauss I, composer (b. 1804)
 * October 17 – Frédéric Chopin, pianist and composer (b. 1810)
 * December 14 – Conradin Kreutzer, conductor and composer (b. 1780)
 * December 29 – Dionisio Aguado, guitarist and composer (b. 1784)
 * Unknown day – Júlia Gusztinyi, soprano

title: 1849 in music


text:
1848 in music

Events

 * January 1–April 28 – Richard Wagner completes his opera Lohengrin.
 * January – Franz Liszt takes up the full-time post of conductor to the Weimar court orchestra.
 * March 18 – The premiere of Fry's Leonora in Philadelphia is the first known performance of an grand opera by an American composer.
 * March 18–22 – Five Days of Milan: Uprising causes temporary closure of La Scala and postponement of the première of Mercadante's opera La schiava saracena.
 * April 1 – Der Ring des Nibelungen: Composition of the poem: Richard Wagner first records his intention to write the music drama that becomes Der Ring des Nibelungen ("The Ring of the Nibelung").
 * April 21–November 23 – Frédéric Chopin visits London and Scotland.
 * May 13 – "Maamme", the national anthem of Finland, written by German-born composer Fredrik Pacius and Swedish-speaking Finnish poet Johan Ludvig Runeberg, is performed for the first time.
 * June – Bedřich Smetana briefly helps man the barricades on the Charles Bridge in Prague during the revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire, having written some patriotic works in the spirit of the time.
 * July 25 – The National Anthem of Uruguay is officially declared.
 * September – Charles Hallé is invited to Manchester, having moved from Paris to Britain due to the French Revolution of 1848.
 * October (late) – Chopin writes his last will and testament at a friend's house in Edinburgh.
 * November 16 – Chopin makes his last public appearance on a concert platform, at the Guildhall, London.
 * Returning from exile, Cuban dance band leader Claudio Brindis de Salas is imprisoned for two years by the island's authorities.
 * Giuseppe Verdi wishes to replace soprano Eugenia Tadolini as Lady Macbeth for the first Naples performance of his opera Macbeth on the grounds that her voice and appearance are too beautiful. This year she creates two new rôles, Giovanna in Carlo Boniforti's Giovanna di Fiandra (February 8 at La Scala, Milan) and Paolina in Donizetti's Poliuto (November 30 at the Teatro di San Carlo, Naples) and makes her London debut as a lead singer in the title role of Donizetti's Linda di Chamounix opposite Sims Reeves at Her Majesty's Theatre (March).

Classical music

 * Ida Henriette da Fonseca – Aly og Gulhyndy
 * Louis Moreau Gottschalk - Bamboula
 * George Onslow – Quintet for Piano and Strings No. 2 in G major
 * Jules Perrot – Faust, ballet
 * Alfredo Piatti – Air Baskyrs, Op. 8
 * Pietro Raimondi – Putifar-Giuseppe-Giacobbe (oratorio)
 * Adrien Francois Servais – Le Barbier de Séville, Op. 6
 * Robert Schumann – Bilder aus Osten, Op. 66
 * Johann Strauss I – Radetzky March

Opera

 * Giuseppe Verdi – Il corsaro
 * William Henry Fry - Leonora (the first known performance of an opera by an American composer on March 18, 1845)

Popular music

 * "Give Me My Arrows And Give Me My Bow" by Samuel Lover
 * "Oh! Susanna!" by Stephen Foster
 * "Ben Bolt" by Nelson Kneass
 * "Simple Gifts"

Musical theater

 * Maritana New York production opened at the Bowery Theatre on May 4 and ran for 3 performances

Births

 * January 21 – Henri Duparc, composer (died 1933)
 * February 27 – Hubert Parry, composer, teacher and music historian (died 1918)
 * March 15 – William J. McCoy, composer (died 1926)
 * April 28 – Ludvig Schytte, Danish composer, pianist, and teacher
 * June 1 – Otto Malling, organist and composer (died 1915)
 * July 11 – Joaquim Antônio da Silva Calado, choro composer and flautist (died 1880)
 * July 31 – Robert Planquette, composer and songwriter (died 1903)
 * August 1 – František Kmoch, conductor and composer (died 1912)
 * September 15 – Wilhelm Fitzenhagen, cellist and composer (died 1890)
 * October 8 – Pierre De Geyter, composer (died 1932)
 * November 11 – William Seidel, band instrument manufacturer (died 1922)
 * November 26 – Mark Warshawsky, Yiddish-language folk poet and composer. (died 1907)
 * December 27 – George Ratcliffe Woodward, composer (died 1934)
 * December 30
 * Frances Allitsen, composer (died 1912)
 * David Jenkins, composer (died 1915)

Deaths

 * January 5 – Ferdinando Orlandi, opera composer (b. 1774)
 * January 23 – Márk Rózsavölgyi, violinist and composer (b. 1789)
 * January 31 – Thomas Welsh, singer and composer (b. c. 1780)
 * February 16 – Sophie Stebnowska, singer, actress and harpsichordist (b. 1753)
 * March 29 – Hugo Staehle, composer (b. 1826)
 * April 8
 * Louis Adam, pianist and composer (b. 1758)
 * Gaetano Donizetti, composer (b. 1797) (syphilis)
 * April 24 – François van Campenhout, opera singer, conductor and composer (b. 1779)
 * May 10 – Eliodoro Bianchi, Italian opera singer (b. 1773)
 * August 5 (or 6) – Nicola Vaccai, opera composer (b. 1790)
 * October 27 – Alexander Egorovich Varlamov, composer, early exponent of the Russian art song (b. 1801)
 * date unknown – Timothy Olmstead, psalmodist (b. 1759)

title: 1848 in music


text:
Joseph H. Ball

Joseph Hurst Ball (November 3, 1905 – December 18, 1993) was an American journalist, politician and businessman. Ball served as a Republican senator from Minnesota from 1940 to 1949. He was a conservative in domestic policy and a  leading foe of labor unions. He helped draft the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947. Ball was best known for his internationalism and his support for a postwar world organization, that became the United Nations. However, after 1945, he was an opponent of the Marshall Plan.

United States Senator
When Senator Ernest Lundeen, an isolationist, was killed in a plane crash, Stassen appointed Ball to fill the remaining two years of Lundeen's term. One of the youngest persons ever to become a U.S. senator, Ball, at thirty-five, was also the first senator to be required to register for conscription. After being sworn in on October 14, 1940, Ball stunned isolationist Republicans in his first speech on the Senate floor, calling for the United States to aid Britain as "a barrier between us and whatever designs Hitler and his allies may have on this continent".

He opposed the liberalism of the New Deal, but he supported Franklin Roosevelt's foreign policy and supported the Lend-Lease program on March 8, 1941, in spite of overwhelmingly negative letters from his constituents. The change in sentiment was best illustrated by the editorial pages of the Fairmont Daily Sentinel, as quoted in an article in The New Republic. When he had first been appointed, the Sentinel ran an editorial with the headline, "Joe Ball for U.S. Senator! Good God!"; upon Ball's re-election, the Sentinel ran another editorial entitled "Joe Ball for U.S. Senator! Thank God!"

Ball was elected to the Senate in the 1942 election, receiving 47% of the vote against Farmer-Labor, Independent and Democratic opposition. Because Ball's 1940 appointment had been set to expire on the day of the next senatorial election rather than the expiration of Lundeen's term, Ball ceased being senator on the day that he won a six-year term. Ball then took office again, as a freshman senator on January 3, 1943, and served until January 3, 1949. In 1943, he was one of four Senate sponsors of the bill to establish what would become the United Nations.

In the 1944 U.S. presidential election, Ball refused to support Republican nominee Thomas E. Dewey, the governor of New York, and instead crossed party lines to endorse Franklin Roosevelt. Ball denounced Dewey for making his position on foreign policy so unclear that both isolationists and internationalists "could find comfort and support in what he said". Ball's support for Roosevelt, which may have proved critical to victory in Minnesota, won praise from his senatorial colleague Carl Hatch, a New Mexico Democrat, who said that Ball had "placed his country above his party".

In 1948, Ball was soundly defeated for Senate reelection by Mayor Hubert H. Humphrey of Minneapolis, a 37-year-old liberal Democrat and civil rights advocate.

During the 1950s, Ball came to the public defense of several people whom Senator Joseph R. McCarthy accused of having Communist leanings.

Ball had never stopped writing his column for the Pioneer Press, even during his service in the United States Senate. He therefore returned to the news business and continued to comment on American foreign policy in a newsletter. He worked as an executive in the shipping industry until he retired in 1962. Ball then moved to a farm in Front Royal, Virginia where he raised Black Angus cattle. His wife Elisabeth died in May 1990 and their son Peter died in August 1990. Three years later, Ball died at the Bethesda Rehabilitation and Nursing Center in Chevy Chase, Maryland, at the age of 88 after suffering a stroke.

Pre-Senate career
Ball was born in Crookston, Minnesota, on November 3, 1905, and graduated from high school in 1922. He financed his education at Antioch College by planting corn on borrowed land and held jobs during his two years there as a telephone linesman, a construction worker, and a factory employee. In 1925, he transferred to Eau Claire Normal, and then to the University of Minnesota, but never earned a degree. In 1927, he got a reporting job at the Minneapolis Journal. When he sold a story to a pulp magazine for $50, he quit to become a freelance writer, and spent a year writing paperback fiction before returning to journalism, this time for the St. Paul Pioneer Press. In 1934, he became the paper's state political reporter, and befriended assistant county attorney Harold Stassen, a fellow Republican. As a columnist in the Pioneer Press, Ball was critical of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Democratic-majority in Congress, but he also opposed isolationism in foreign policy. In the meantime, Stassen was elected governor of Minnesota.

Ball married Elisabeth Josephine Robbins on April 28, 1928. They had two daughters and a son.

title: Joseph H. Ball


text:
Neutrophil

Neutrophils (also known as neutrocytes, heterophils or polymorphonuclear leukocytes) are a type of white blood cell. More specifically, they form the most abundant type of granulocytes and make up 40% to 70% of all white blood cells in humans. They form an essential part of the innate immune system, with their functions varying in different animals.

They are formed from stem cells in the bone marrow and differentiated into subpopulations of neutrophil-killers and neutrophil-cagers. They are short-lived (between 5 and 135 hours, see ) and highly mobile, as they can enter parts of tissue where other cells/molecules cannot. Neutrophils may be subdivided into segmented neutrophils and banded neutrophils (or bands). They form part of the polymorphonuclear cells family (PMNs) together with basophils and eosinophils.

The name neutrophil derives from staining characteristics on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) histological or cytological preparations. Whereas basophilic white blood cells stain dark blue and eosinophilic white blood cells stain bright red, neutrophils stain a neutral pink. Normally, neutrophils contain a nucleus divided into 2–5 lobes.

Neutrophils are a type of phagocyte and are normally found in the bloodstream. During the beginning (acute) phase of inflammation, particularly as a result of bacterial infection, environmental exposure, and some cancers, neutrophils are one of the first responders of inflammatory cells to migrate toward the site of inflammation. They migrate through the blood vessels and then through interstitial space, following chemical signals such as interleukin-8 (IL-8), C5a, fMLP, leukotriene B4, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in a process called chemotaxis. They are the predominant cells in pus, accounting for its whitish/yellowish appearance.

Neutrophils are recruited to the site of injury within minutes following trauma and are the hallmark of acute inflammation; however, due to some pathogens being indigestible, they may not be able to resolve certain infections without the assistance of other types of immune cells.

Structure

When adhered to a surface, neutrophil granulocytes have an average diameter of 12–15 micrometers (μm) in peripheral blood smears. In suspension, human neutrophils have an average diameter of 8.85 μm.

With the eosinophil and the basophil, they form the class of polymorphonuclear cells, named for the nucleus' multilobulated shape (as compared to lymphocytes and monocytes, the other types of white cells). The nucleus has a characteristic lobed appearance, the separate lobes connected by chromatin. The nucleolus disappears as the neutrophil matures, which is something that happens in only a few other types of nucleated cells. Up to 17% of female human neutrophil nuclei have a drumstick-shaped appendage which contains the inactivated X chromosome. In the cytoplasm, the Golgi apparatus is small, mitochondria and ribosomes are sparse, and the rough endoplasmic reticulum is absent. The cytoplasm also contains about 200 granules, of which a third are azurophilic.

Neutrophils will show increasing segmentation (many segments of the nucleus) as they mature. A normal neutrophil should have 3–5 segments. Hypersegmentation is not normal but occurs in some disorders, most notably vitamin B12 deficiency. This is noted in a manual review of the blood smear and is positive when most or all of the neutrophils have 5 or more segments.

Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cells in the human body (approximately 1011 are produced daily); they account for approximately 50–70% of all white blood cells (leukocytes). The stated normal range for human blood counts varies between laboratories, but a neutrophil count of 2.5–7.5 × 109/L is a standard normal range. People of African and Middle Eastern descent may have lower counts, which are still normal. A report may divide neutrophils into segmented neutrophils and bands.

When circulating in the bloodstream and inactivated, neutrophils are spherical. Once activated, they change shape and become more amorphous or amoeba-like and can extend pseudopods as they hunt for antigens.

The capacity of neutrophils to engulf bacteria is reduced when simple sugars like glucose, fructose as well as sucrose, honey and orange juice were ingested, while the ingestion of starches had no effect. Fasting, on the other hand, strengthened the neutrophils' phagocytic capacity to engulf bacteria. It was concluded that the function, and not the number, of phagocytes in engulfing bacteria was altered by the ingestion of sugars. In 2007 researchers at the Whitehead Institute of Biomedical Research found that given a selection of sugars on microbial surfaces, the neutrophils reacted to some types of sugars preferentially. The neutrophils preferentially engulfed and killed beta-1,6-glucan targets compared to beta-1,3-glucan targets.

Life span

The average lifespan of inactivated human neutrophils in the circulation has been reported by different approaches to be between 5 and 135 hours.

Upon activation, they marginate (position themselves adjacent to the blood vessel endothelium) and undergo selectin-dependent capture followed by integrin-dependent adhesion in most cases, after which they migrate into tissues, where they survive for 1–2 days. Neutrophils have also been demonstrated to be released into the blood from a splenic reserve following myocardial infarction.

Neutrophils are much more numerous than the longer-lived monocyte/macrophage phagocytes. A pathogen (disease-causing microorganism or virus) is likely to first encounter a neutrophil. Some experts hypothesize that the short lifetime of neutrophils is an evolutionary adaptation. The short lifetime of neutrophils minimizes propagation of those pathogens that parasitize phagocytes (e.g. Leishmania ) because the more time such parasites spend outside a host cell, the more likely they will be destroyed by some component of the body's defenses. Also, because neutrophil antimicrobial products can also damage host tissues, their short life limits damage to the host during inflammation.

Neutrophils will be removed after phagocytosis of pathogens by macrophages. PECAM-1 and phosphatidylserine on the cell surface are involved in this process.

Chemotaxis
Neutrophils undergo a process called chemotaxis via amoeboid movement, which allows them to migrate toward sites of infection or inflammation. Cell surface receptors allow neutrophils to detect chemical gradients of molecules such as interleukin-8 (IL-8), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), C3a, C5a, and leukotriene B4, which these cells use to direct the path of their migration.

Neutrophils have a variety of specific receptors, including ones for complement, cytokines like interleukins and IFN-γ, chemokines, lectins, and other proteins. They also express receptors to detect and adhere to endothelium and Fc receptors for opsonin.

In leukocytes responding to a chemoattractant, the cellular polarity is regulated by activities of small Ras or Rho guanosine triphosphatases (Ras or Rho GTPases) and the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks). In neutrophils, lipid products of PI3Ks regulate activation of Rac1, hematopoietic Rac2, and RhoG GTPases of the Rho family and are required for cell motility. Ras-GTPases and Rac-GTPases regulate cytoskeletal dynamics and facilitate neutrophils adhesion, migration, and spreading. They accumulate asymmetrically to the plasma membrane at the leading edge of polarized cells. Spatially regulating Rho GTPases and organizing the leading edge of the cell, PI3Ks and their lipid products could play pivotal roles in establishing leukocyte polarity, as compass molecules that tell the cell where to crawl.

It has been shown in mice that in certain conditions neutrophils have a specific type of migration behaviour referred to as neutrophil swarming during which they migrate in a highly coordinated manner and accumulate and cluster to sites of inflammation.

Anti-microbial function
Being highly motile, neutrophils quickly congregate at a focus of infection, attracted by cytokines expressed by activated endothelium, mast cells, and macrophages. Neutrophils express and release cytokines, which in turn amplify inflammatory reactions by several other cell types.

In addition to recruiting and activating other cells of the immune system, neutrophils play a key role in the front-line defense against invading pathogens, and contain a broad range of proteins. Neutrophils have three methods for directly attacking microorganisms: phagocytosis (ingestion), degranulation (release of soluble anti-microbials), and generation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs).

Phagocytosis

Neutrophils are phagocytes, capable of ingesting microorganisms or particles. For targets to be recognized, they must be coated in opsonins – a process known as antibody opsonization. They can internalize and kill many microbes, each phagocytic event resulting in the formation of a phagosome into which reactive oxygen species and hydrolytic enzymes are secreted. The consumption of oxygen during the generation of reactive oxygen species has been termed the "respiratory burst", although unrelated to respiration or energy production.

The respiratory burst involves the activation of the enzyme NADPH oxidase, which produces large quantities of superoxide, a reactive oxygen species. Superoxide decays spontaneously or is broken down via enzymes known as superoxide dismutases (Cu/ZnSOD and MnSOD), to hydrogen peroxide, which is then converted to hypochlorous acid (HClO), by the green heme enzyme myeloperoxidase. It is thought that the bactericidal properties of HClO are enough to kill bacteria phagocytosed by the neutrophil, but this may instead be a step necessary for the activation of proteases.

Though neutrophils can kill many microbes, the interaction of neutrophils with microbes and molecules produced by microbes often alters neutrophil turnover. The ability of microbes to alter the fate of neutrophils is highly varied, can be microbe-specific, and ranges from prolonging the neutrophil lifespan to causing rapid neutrophil lysis after phagocytosis. Chlamydia pneumoniae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae have been reported to delay neutrophil apoptosis. Thus, some bacteria – and those that are predominantly intracellular pathogens – can extend the neutrophil lifespan by disrupting the normal process of spontaneous apoptosis and/or PICD (phagocytosis-induced cell death). On the other end of the spectrum, some pathogens such as Streptococcus pyogenes are capable of altering neutrophil fate after phagocytosis by promoting rapid cell lysis and/or accelerating apoptosis to the point of secondary necrosis.

Degranulation
Neutrophils also release an assortment of proteins in three types of granules by a process called degranulation. The contents of these granules have antimicrobial properties, and help combat infection. Glitter cells are polymorphonuclear leukocyte neutrophils with granules.

Neutrophil extracellular traps
In 2004, Brinkmann and colleagues described a striking observation that activation of neutrophils causes the release of web-like structures of DNA; this represents a third mechanism for killing bacteria. These neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) comprise a web of fibers composed of chromatin and serine proteases that trap and kill extracellular microbes. It is suggested that NETs provide a high local concentration of antimicrobial components and bind, disarm, and kill microbes independent of phagocytic uptake. In addition to their possible antimicrobial properties, NETs may serve as a physical barrier that prevents further spread of pathogens. Trapping of bacteria may be a particularly important role for NETs in sepsis, where NETs are formed within blood vessels. Finally, NET formation has been demonstrated to augment macrophage bactericidal activity during infection. Recently, NETs have been shown to play a role in inflammatory diseases, as NETs could be detected in preeclampsia, a pregnancy-related inflammatory disorder in which neutrophils are known to be activated. Neutrophil NET formation may also impact cardiovascular disease, as NETs may influence thrombus formation in coronary arteries. NETs are now known to exhibit pro-thrombotic effects both in vitro and in vivo. More recently, in 2020 NETs were implicated in the formation of blood clots in cases of severe COVID-19.

Tumor Associated Neutrophils (TANS)
TANs can exhibit an elevated extracellular acidification rate when there is an increase in glycolysis levels. When there is a metabolic shift in TANs this can lead to tumor progression in certain areas of the body, such as the lungs. TANs support the growth and progression of tumors unlike normal neutrophils which would inhibit tumor progression through the phagocytosis of tumor cells. Utilizing a mouse model, they identified that both Glut1 and glucose metabolism increased in TANs found within a mouse who possessed lung adenocarcinoma. A study showed that lung tumor cells can remotely initiate osteoblasts and these osteoblasts can worsen tumors in two ways. First, they can induce SiglecFhigh-expressing neutrophil formation that in turn promotes lung tumor growth and progression. Second, the osteoblasts can promote bone growth thus forming a favorable environment for tumor cells to grow to form bone metastasis.

Clinical significance
Low neutrophil counts are termed neutropenia. This can be congenital (developed at or before birth) or it can develop later, as in the case of aplastic anemia or some kinds of leukemia. It can also be a side-effect of medication, most prominently chemotherapy. Neutropenia makes an individual highly susceptible to infections. It can also be the result of colonization by intracellular neutrophilic parasites.

In alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, the important neutrophil elastase is not adequately inhibited by alpha 1-antitrypsin, leading to excessive tissue damage in the presence of inflammation – the most prominent one being emphysema. Negative effects of elastase have also been shown in cases when the neutrophils are excessively activated (in otherwise healthy individuals) and release the enzyme in extracellular space. Unregulated activity of neutrophil elastase can lead to disruption of pulmonary barrier showing symptoms corresponding with acute lung injury. The enzyme also influences activity of macrophages by cleaving their toll-like receptors (TLRs) and downregulating cytokine expression by inhibiting nuclear translocation of NF-κB.

In Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), a mutation in the pyrin (or marenostrin) gene, which is expressed mainly in neutrophil granulocytes, leads to a constitutively active acute-phase response and causes attacks of fever, arthralgia, peritonitis, and – eventually – amyloidosis.

Hyperglycemia can lead to neutrophil dysfunction. Dysfunction in the neutrophil biochemical pathway myeloperoxidase as well as reduced degranulation are associated with hyperglycemia.

The Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) is also used in diagnosis and prognosis. ANC is the gold standard for determining severity of neutropenia, and thus neutropenic fever. Any ANC < 1500 cells / mm3 is considered neutropenia, but <500 cells / mm3 is considered severe. There is also new research tying ANC to myocardial infarction as an aid in early diagnosis. Neutrophils promote ventricular tachycardia in acute myocardial infarction.

In autopsy, the presence of neutrophils in the heart or brain is one of the first signs of infarction, and is useful in the timing and diagnosis of myocardial infarction and stroke.

Pathogen evasion and resistance
Just like phagocytes, pathogens may evade or infect neutrophils. Some bacterial pathogens evolved various mechanisms such as virulence molecules to avoid being killed by neutrophils. These molecules collectively may alter or disrupt neutrophil recruitment, apoptosis or bactericidal activity.

Neutrophils can also serve as host cell for various parasites that infects them avoding phagocytosis, including:

 * Leishmania major – uses neutrophils as vehicle to parasitize phagocytes
 * M. tuberculosis
 * M. leprae
 * Yersinia pestis
 * Chlamydia pneumoniae

Neutrophil antigens
There are five (HNA 1–5) sets of neutrophil antigens recognized. The three HNA-1 antigens (a-c) are located on the low affinity Fc-γ receptor IIIb (FCGR3B :CD16b) The single known HNA-2a antigen is located on CD177. The HNA-3 antigen system has two antigens (3a and 3b) which are located on the seventh exon of the CLT2 gene (SLC44A2). The HNA-4 and HNA-5 antigen systems each have two known antigens (a and b) and are located in the β2 integrin. HNA-4 is located on the αM chain (CD11b) and HNA-5 is located on the αL integrin unit (CD11a).

Subpopulations

Two functionally unequal subpopulations of neutrophils were identified on the basis of different levels of their reactive oxygen metabolite generation, membrane permeability, activity of enzyme system, and ability to be inactivated. The cells of one subpopulation with high membrane permeability (neutrophil-killers) intensively generate reactive oxygen metabolites and are inactivated in consequence of interaction with the substrate, whereas cells of another subpopulation (neutrophil-cagers) produce reactive oxygen species less intensively, don't adhere to substrate and preserve their activity. Additional studies have shown that lung tumors can be infiltrated by various populations of neutrophils.

Video
Neutrophils display highly directional amoeboid motility in infected footpad and phalanges. Intravital imaging was performed in the footpad path of LysM-eGFP mice 20 minutes after infection with Listeria monocytogenes.

title: Neutrophil


text:
1847 in music

Events

 * February 28 – Fire breaks out during a performance and destroys the Großherzoglichen Hoftheater in Baden. Most of the audience perishes because the theatre doors cannot be opened from the inside.
 * March 3 – I Lombardi alla prima crociata is performed at Palmo's Opera House in New York City, the first presentation of a Verdi opera in the United States.
 * March 14 – Verdi's Macbeth is premiėred at the Teatro della Pergola in Florence, Italy.
 * Franz Liszt gives up performing in public.
 * Vladimir Stasov publishes a monograph on Mikhail Glinka's use of folk motifs in his music.

Popular music

 * "Cantique de Noël" ("O Holy Night") w. (Fr) Placide Cappeau (Eng) John Sullivan Dwight m. Adolphe Adam
 * "Dinah Dear" by Philip Klitz
 * "Miss Ginger" by Philip Klitz
 * "Roll On Silver Moon" by Joseph W. Turner

Classical music

 * Franz Berwald – A Rustic Wedding
 * Frederic Chopin
 * Waltz Opus 64 No.1 (Minute)
 * Waltz Op. 64. No. 2
 * August Freyer – Concert Variations, Op.2
 * Franz Liszt
 * Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2
 * Glanes de Woronince
 * Most of the Harmonies poétiques et religieuses
 * Felix Mendelssohn – String Quartet No. 6
 * Jacques Offenbach – Concerto Militaire for cello and orchestra
 * Robert Schumann
 * Symphony No. 2
 * Piano Trio No. 1
 * Henryk Wieniawski – Grand Caprice Fantastique Op. 1

Opera

 * Francisco Asenjo Barbieri – Il Buontempone
 * Giovanni Bottesini – Cristoforo Colombo
 * Friedrich von Flotow – Martha
 * Ivar Hallstrom – Hvita frun på Drottningholm (libretto by Frans Hedberg)
 * Karel Miry – Brigitta (opera in 3 acts, libretto by Hippoliet van Peene, premiered on June 27 in Ghent)
 * Giuseppe Verdi – Macbeth
 * William Vincent Wallace – Matilda of Hungary

Births

 * January 1 – Rudolf Tillmetz, flute virtuoso, music teacher and composer (d. 1915)
 * February 15 – Robert Fuchs, composer and music teacher (d. 1927)
 * March 2 – Richard Temple, singer, actor and theatre director (d. 1912)
 * March 9 – Axel Grandjean, conductor and composer (d. 1932)
 * June 28 – Sveinbjörn Sveinbjörnsson, composer (d. 1927)
 * July 12 – Karl Heinrich Barth, pianist and music teacher (d. 1922)
 * July 21 – Víctor Mirecki Larramat, cellist and music teacher (d. 1921)
 * October 21 – Giuseppe Giacosa, librettist for some of Puccini's operas (d. 1906)
 * November 1 – Emma Albani, soprano (d. 1930)
 * November 30 – August Klughardt, conductor and composer (d. 1902)
 * December 1 – Agathe Backer Grøndahl, pianist and composer (d. 1907)
 * December 9 – George Grossmith, comic writer and performer (d. 1912)
 * December 18 – Augusta Holmès, composer (d. 1903)
 * December 28 – James Frederick Swift, organist and composer (d. 1931)
 * date unknown – Emma Fursch-Madi, operatic soprano (d. 1894)

Deaths

 * January 6 – Tyagaraja, Carnatic music composer (b. 1767)
 * April 23 – Erik Gustaf Geijer, writer and composer (b. 1783)
 * May 14 – Fanny Mendelssohn, pianist and composer (b. 1805; stroke)
 * June 11 – Heinrich Bärmann, clarinet virtuoso (b. 1784)
 * June 18 – Lisette Stenberg, actress and musician (b. 1770)
 * July 19 – Johann Wilhelm Wilms, composer (b. 1772)
 * September 4 – František Vladislav Hek, writer and composer (b. 1769)
 * September 25 – Emma Albertazzi, English contralto (b. 1814)
 * November 4 – Felix Mendelssohn, pianist, conductor and composer (b. 1809)
 * November 20 – Henry Francis Lyte, hymnist (born 1793)
 * date unknown – Cyrill Demian, piano and organ maker (b. 1772)
 * date unknown – Francesco Molino, guitarist and composer (b. 1775)

title: 1847 in music


text:
1846 in music

Events

 * June 28 – Adolphe Sax patents the saxophone.
 * August 16 – Gioachino Rossini marries artist's model Olympe Pélissier.
 * Electric spotlighting is installed at the Paris Opera.

Published popular music

 * "Lijepa naša domovino" Croatian national anthem m. Josip Runjanin w. Antun Mihanović (written in 1835)
 * "The Indian's Prayer"    w. Anonymous, m. I.B. Woodbury
 * "There's a Good Time Coming" by Stephen Foster
 * "Well-A-Day" by George Linley
 * "When the Swallows Homeward Fly"    w.m. Franz Abt

Oratorio

 * César Franck – Ruth
 * Felix Mendelssohn – Elijah

Classical music

 * Hector Berlioz – La damnation de Faust
 * Anton Bruckner
 * Tantum ergo, WAB 41, 42
 * "Ständchen", WAB 84.2
 * Frederic Chopin
 * Polonaise-Fantaisie
 * Barcarolle
 * Cello Sonata
 * Carl Czerny – Impromptu Fugué, Op.776
 * Heinrich Wilhelm Ernst – Rondo Papageno, Op.20
 * Henry Litolff – Concerto Symphonique No 3 in E-flat, Op. 45 (approximately 1846)
 * Fanny Mendelssohn
 * 4 Lieder for Piano, Op.2
 * Allegretto (C♯ minor), H-U 420 (Op.4, No.2)
 * Felix Mendelssohn – Lauda Sion, Op. 73
 * Jules Perrot – Catarina or La Fille du Bandit (ballet)
 * František Škroup – Clarinet Trio, Op.27

Opera

 * Julius Benedict – The Crusaders
 * Eduard James Loder – The Night Dancers
 * Albert Lortzing – Der Waffenschmied
 * Johan Peter Emilius Hartmann – Liden Kirsten, Op.44, premiered May 12 in Copenhagen
 * Saverio Mercadante – Orazi e Curiazi
 * Karel Miry – Wit en zwart (opera in 1 act, with libretto by Hippoliet van Peene, premièred on January 18 in Ghent)
 * Franz von Suppé – Poet and Peasant (24 August, Theater an der Wien, Vienna)

Births

 * January 2 – Sándor Erkel, Hungarian composer, son of Ferenc Erkel
 * February 24 – Luigi Denza, composer (d. 1922)
 * February 26 – Amanda Forsberg, ballerina (date of death unknown)
 * February 27 – Joaquín Valverde Durán, flautist, conductor and composer (d. 1910)
 * March 7 – Peppino Turco, songwriter (d. 1907)
 * March 11 – Constance Bache, composer (died 1903)
 * March 29 – Louise Pyk, Swedish opera singer (d. 1929)
 * April 2 – Albert Périlhou, organist, pianist and composer (d. 1936)
 * April 5 – Arthur Byron, tenor (d. 1890)
 * May 2 – Zygmunt Noskowski, conductor and composer (d. 1909)
 * May 22 – Francis Hueffer, music critic (d. 1889)
 * June 23 – Anton Svendsen, violinist (died 1930)
 * July 2 – Rosina Brandram, opera singer and actress (d. 1907)
 * July 3 – Achilles Alferaki, composer (died 1919)
 * July 22 – Alfred Perceval Graves, lyricist (died 1931)
 * July 29 – Sophie Menter, pianist and composer (d. 1918)
 * August 17 – Marie Jaëll, composer (died 1925)
 * August 24 – Paul Rougnon, pianist and composer (d. 1934)
 * September 21
 * Catherine Chislova, ballerina (d. 1889)
 * Juliana Walanika, the "Hawaiian Nightingale", court singer (d. 1931)
 * October 20 – Johan Amberg, composer (d. 1928)
 * November 7 – Ignaz Brüll, pianist and composer (d. 1907)
 * November 23 – Ernst von Schuch, conductor (d. 1914)
 * date unknown
 * José María de Arteaga y Pereira, composer (died 1913)
 * Valentina Serova, composer (d. 1924)

Deaths

 * February 3 – Joseph Weigl the younger, composer and conductor (b. 1766)
 * February 13 – Johann Bernhard Logier, music teacher (b. 1777)
 * February 18
 * William Hawes, choirmaster (b. 1785)
 * Gottlob Schuberth, musician (born 1778)
 * February 22 – Carel Anton Fodor, Dutch pianist and conductor (b. 1768)
 * April 16 – Domenico Dragonetti, double-bass player (b. 1763)
 * April 24 – Girolamo Crescentini, castrato singer (b. 1766)
 * July 23 – Christian Heinrich Rinck, organist and composer (b. 1770)
 * August 10 – Johann Simon Hermstedt, clarinettist (b. 1778)
 * August 27 – Gottfried Wilhelm Fink, music theorist (born 1783)
 * September 14 – Carl Almenräder, bassoonist and composer (b. 1786)
 * November 1 – Franz Anton Ries, violinist (b. 1755)
 * November 30 – Maria Severa Onofriana, Portuguese singer and guitarist, considered the founder of fado (b. 1820)
 * December 12 – Eliza Flower, musician and composer (b. 1803)
 * December 25 – Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma, Maharajah of Travancore, musician, composer and patron of the arts (b. 1813)
 * date unknown
 * Dede Efendi, composer (b. 1778)
 * Mykola Ovsianiko-Kulikovsky, subject of a famous musical hoax
 * Sophie Weber, singer (b. c. 1763)

title: 1846 in music


text:
1844 in music

Events

 * May 27 – Joseph Joachim plays the solo part in Beethoven's violin concerto with Mendelssohn conducting the London Philharmonic. Later this year he meets Robert and Clara Schumann.
 * October 15 – Johann Strauss Jr. makes his performance debut at Dommayer's Casino in Hietzing.
 * November 25 – Seth Gingras music by Michael William Balfe and libretto by Alfred Bunn has its American premiere at the Park Theatre, New York City.
 * Thomas Tellefsen becomes a pupil of Frédéric Chopin.
 * Jacques Offenbach converts to Catholicism and marries Herminie d'Alcain.

Popular music

 * "Buffalo Gals" w. The Ethiopian Serenaders (published 1848), m. John Hodges originally entitled "Lubly Fan"
 * "The Blue Juniata" Marion Dix Sullivan (w. & m.)
 * "Open Thy Lattice, Love" w. George Pope Morris, m. Stephen Collins Foster
 * "Skip To My Lou" Trad. US

Classical music

 * Charles Valentin-Alkan – Gigue et air de ballet, Op.24
 * Hector Berlioz – Roman Carnival Overture
 * César Franck – Eglogue, Op.3
 * Adolf Gutmann – 2 Nocturnes, Op.8
 * Henry Litolff – Concerto Symphonique No 2 in B minor, Op. 22
 * Felix Mendelssohn
 * Spring Song m.
 * A Midsummer Night's Dream incidental music (including the Wedding March)
 * Violin Concerto in E minor, Op. 64
 * Léon de Saint-Lubin – 2 Salonstücke, Op.47
 * Louis Spohr – 6 Duettini, Op.127
 * Johann Strauss Jr.
 * Sinngedichte
 * Gunstwerber
 * Herzenslust
 * Joseph W. Turner – When I Left Thy Shores o Naxos
 * William Vincent Wallace – La gondola, Op.18

Opera

 * Georges Bousquet – L'Hôtesse de Lyon
 * Friedrich Flotow – Alessandro Stradella
 * Saverio Mercadante – Leonora, premiered December 5 in Naples
 * Giuseppe Verdi
 * I due Foscari
 * Ernani

Births

 * January 14 – Clara Kathleen Rogers, American singer and composer (d. 1931)
 * January 29 – Charles G. Conn, instrument manufacturer (d. 1931)
 * February 21 – Charles-Marie Widor, organist and composer
 * March 10 – Pablo de Sarasate, violinist and composer (d. 1908)
 * March 18 – Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, composer (died 1908)
 * March 19 – Auguste Kolár, pianist (died 1878)
 * April 9 – László Erkel, Hungarian composer, son of Ferenc Erkel
 * April 30 – Richard Hofmann, composer (died 1918)
 * May 8 – Hermann Graedener, conductor and composer (d. 1929)
 * May 21 – Amy Fay, pianist (died 1928)
 * June 3 – Émile Paladilhe, composer (d. 1926)
 * August 24 – Gustav Hinke, oboist (died 1893)
 * September 11 - Carl Bohm, pianist and composer (d. 1920)
 * September 22 – William Stevenson Hoyte, composer (died 1927)
 * December 5 – Sir Frederick Bridge, organist and composer (d. 1924)
 * Date unknown – Olga Sandberg, Swedish ballerina

Deaths

 * January 15 – Joseph Mazzinghi, composer (b. 1765)
 * January 30 – John Addison, double-bass player and composer (b. 1765)
 * April 6 – Francis Johnson, black composer and band-leader
 * May 21 – Giuseppe Baini, church composer and music critic (b. 1775)
 * July 11 – Yevgeny Baratynsky, lyricist (born 1800)
 * July 13 – Johann Baptist Gänsbacher, composer (b. 1778)
 * July 29 – Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart, pianist and composer, son of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 * September 4 – Oliver Holden, composer and hymn-writer (b. 1765)
 * November 9 – Uri Keeler Hill, composer (b. 1780)
 * December 9 – Franz Seraph von Destouches, composer

title: 1844 in music


text:
1843 in music

Events

 * February 6 – The Virginia Minstrels perform the first minstrel show (Bowery Amphitheatre, New York City).
 * May 22 – Gottfried Kinkel marries fellow musician Johanna Mockel.
 * November 13 – Gaetano Donizetti's final opera Dom Sébastien is premiered at the Paris Opera.
 * December 26 – Following the première of his last opera, Hernani, Alberto Mazzucato retires from composing in order to become a full-time music teacher.
 * Approximate date – Euphonium invented.
 * August Conradi becomes organist of the Invalidenhaus, Berlin.
 * Hector Berlioz writes Grand traité d'instrumentation et d'orchestration modernes, Op. 10

Popular music

 * "Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean" by Thomas Becket
 * "I Dreamt I Dwelt in Marble Halls" w. Alfred Bunn m. Michael William Balfe from the light opera The Bohemian Girl
 * "Old Dan Tucker", usually attributed to Dan Emmett
 * "Then You'll Remember Me" w. Alfred Bunn m. Michael William Balfe from the light opera The Bohemian Girl

Classical music

 * Dionisio Aguado – Nuevo método para guitarra, Op. 6
 * Ernesto Cavallini – Concert Fantasia on motives from 'La sonnambula'
 * Frédéric Chopin
 * Impromptu No. 3 in G-flat major, opus 51
 * Ballade No. 4 in F minor, opus 52
 * Mazurkas, Op.56
 * Waltz in A minor, B.150
 * Moderato in E major, B.151
 * August Conradi – Symphony No. 1
 * Carl Czerny – 8 Nocturnes romantiques de différents caractères, Op.604
 * Carl Filtsch
 * Premières pensées musicales, Op.3
 * Overture for orchestra in D major
 * Niels Gade – Symphony No. 2
 * Miska Hauser – Mes adieux a Varsovie, Op.5
 * Johanna Kinkel – 6 Lieder, Op.18
 * Sebastian Lee – 40 Études mélodiques et progressives, Op.31
 * Franz Liszt
 * Album Leaf in E major S.166a
 * Élégie sur des motifs du Prince Louis Ferdinand de Prusse, S.168
 * Ländler in A-flat major, S.211
 * Gaudeamus igitur, S.240
 * Canzone Napolitana, S.248
 * Il m'aimait tant, S.271
 * Die Zelle in Nonnenwerth, S.274
 * Es war ein König in Thule, S.278
 * Der du von dem Himmel bist, S.279
 * Die tote Nachtigall, S.291
 * Réminiscences de 'Robert le diable', S.413
 * Hans Christian Lumbye
 * Tivolis Rutschbane Galop (dated August 11)
 * Tivolis Damp-Caroussellbane Galop (dated August 26)
 * Tivolis Gondol Galop (dated September 3)
 * Felix Mendelssohn
 * Cello Sonata No. 2 in D major, Op. 58
 * Die erste Walpurgisnacht, secular cantata, opus 60 (première in Leipzig, February 2)
 * Joachim Raff – 4 Galop-caprices, Op.5
 * Robert Schumann − Paradise and the Peri, secular oratorio, opus 50 (premiere in Leipzig, December)
 * Johann Strauss – Lorelei Rhein Klänge op. 154 ("Echoes of the Rhine Loreley")
 * Pauline Viardot – Album de Mme. Viardot-Garcia

Opera

 * 27 November – Michael William Balfe's The Bohemian Girl debuts in London at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane
 * Julius Benedict – The Bride of Venice
 * Gaetano Donizetti – Don Pasquale
 * Giovanni Pacini – Medea
 * Giuseppe Verdi – I Lombardi
 * Richard Wagner – The Flying Dutchman
 * Fromental Halévy – Charles VI, premiered March 15 in Paris

Births

 * January 22 – Caroline Montigny-Rémaury, pianist (died 1913)
 * February 6 – Frederic William Henry Myers, lyricist (died 1901)
 * February 10 – Adelina Patti, soprano (died 1919)
 * February 14 – Louis Diémer, pianist (died 1919)
 * February 24 – Violet Fane, lyricist (died 1905)
 * February 25 – Narciso Serradell, Mexican composer (died 1910)
 * March 6 – Arthur Napoleão dos Santos, Brazilian pianist and composer, instrument dealer and music publisher (died 1925)
 * March 16
 * Louis Gregh, composer and publisher (died 1915)
 * Gustave Sandré, composer (died 1916)
 * April 4 – Dr. Hans Richter, conductor (died 1916)
 * April 8 – Asger Hamerik, composer (died 1923)
 * May 2 – Karl Michael Ziehrer, Austrian composer and bandmaster (died 1922)
 * May 20 – Miguel Marqués, Spanish composer and violinist (died 1918)
 * May 29 – Émile Pessard, French composer (died 1917)
 * June 13 – Adolf Neuendorff, German-American composer, conductor, pianist and violinist (died 1897)
 * June 15 – Edvard Grieg, Norwegian composer (died 1907)
 * June 16 – David Popper, cellist and composer (died 1913)
 * June 19 – Charles Edouard Lefebvre, French composer (died 1917)
 * June 20 – Fyodor Stravinsky, opera singer and father of Igor Stravinsky (died 1902)
 * July 9 – Ralph E. Hudson, American hymnwriter (died 1901)
 * August 4 – Flor van Duyse, Belgian composer and musicologist (died 1910)
 * August 5 – James Scott Skinner, Scottish dancing master, violinist, fiddler, and composer (died 1927)
 * August 20 – Christina Nilsson, operatic soprano (died 1921)
 * August 26 – Georg August Lumbye, Danish composer, son of Hans Christian Lumbye (died 1922)
 * September 4 – Ján Levoslav Bella, Slovak composer (died 1936)
 * November 2 –
 * Elek Erkel, Hungarian composer, son of Ferenc Erkel (died 1893)
 * Caryl Florio, composer (died 1920)
 * November 16 – George Hendrik Witte, composer (died 1929)
 * November 28 – Émile Bernard, French composer and organist (died 1902)
 * December 3 – Franz Xaver Neruda, Danish cellist and composer (died 1915)
 * December 13 – George Stephanescu, Romanian composer (died 1925)
 * December 22 – Julius Bechgaard, Danish composer (died 1917)
 * date unknown – Eduard Holst, Danish composer

Deaths

 * January 7 – Franz Schoberlechner, pianist (born 1797)
 * January 11
 * Auguste Andrade, singer (born 1793)
 * Antoine Bournonville, dancer, singer and actor, 82
 * Francis Scott Key, poet and songwriter, 63
 * March 9 – Christian August Pohlenz, conductor and composer, 52
 * April 14 – Josef Lanner, Viennese composer, 42 (typhoid)
 * May 3 – Franz Xaver Gebel, conductor, composer and music teacher, 55 or 56
 * May 4 – Eduard Rottmanner, organist and composer, 33
 * May 12 – Johann Georg Lickl, composer and piano teacher, 74
 * July – Nehemiah Shumway, composer of sacred music, 81
 * July 9 – Karoline Pichler, lyricist (born 1769)
 * July 24 – Carl Julius Adolph Hugo Hoffmann, composer (born 1801)
 * July 29 – Domenico Reina, operatic and bel canto tenor, 47
 * August 29 – Charles Jane Ashley, cellist and secretary of the Royal Society of Musicians, 70
 * date unknown
 * Therese Jansen Bartolozzi, pianist (born c.1770)
 * Agnes Franz, lyricist (born 1794)
 * Knut Luraas, Hardingfele fiddler (born 1782)

title: 1843 in music