text:
Talk:Patricia Cornwell

Archives
See Talk:Patricia Cornwell/archive for long sections of discussion removed from here. The discussion is still going on. Ortolan88 00:32, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Retained from previous discussion because not yet answered:

Did the move
Since consensus was reached a while ago, I went ahead and moved bulk of info from here to new page Portrait of a Killer. Some of the information from Walter Sickert can be moved there as well, some others to Jack the Ripper royal conspiracy theories, with summary info and links to those two articles. I am ignoring those who only want to prolong pointless arguments (see bottom of page) and am moving on to doing what was agreed upon by the majority of editors. The bulk of personal accusations below should probably be archived away after a while so the page can move on and not be cluttered by complaints that have nothing to do with the article in question. DreamGuy 19:54, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

Requests
This article needs to include:

 * The article says Cornwell was born in 1956, but that her dad left the family in 1952....?

 * Cornwell's other publications

 * Her notorious "affair" with the wife of an FBI agent, and other publicity coups

Jumbo 16:58, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Have completely reworked the bibliography and I think it is now complete. Barnabypage 14:58, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

Also should have controversy over her investigation into the death of Princess Diana. I think we have other publications all listed now, but it's be nice to have release dates of each next to their mention on the list. DreamGuy 19:54, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, what is up with her dad leaving her family 4 years before she was born? Clearly she was not born in 1956 but earlier. Lisapollison 02:03, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

Brief notes on all this
My own reaction when I find myself getting angry about an article I'm involved in on Wikipedia is to ignore the article from anywhere from 48 hours to the rest of my life. There are thousands of other articles I could be working on. I find it relaxing to go work on some other article, something I've worked on before, or something I see in Recent changs or New pages. Random page is guaranteed to turn up an article that needs some kind of work within three or four clicks. Some articles need expanding, others need their markup fixed, etc. The odds are that whoever I am getting hot about will not be interested in working on any of those articles. If all else fails, I do something else, not in the Wikipedia.

Now, to the topic at hand. I have not read everything on this and all the other talk pages about this controversy because the ratio of heat to light strongly favors the heat. In particular, I have not worked hard to sort out who is on what "side". I've just skimmed and skipped through it. I will nonetheless plunge in with some observations about what an encyclopedia might need on this topic and how to present it.

The main issue is, where is the best place to discuss Patricia Cornwall's theories regarding Walter Sickert and Jack the Ripper?

 * 1) I am personally not impressed with Patricia Cornwall's theory on Sickert and the Ripper, but it is certainly something people will want to read about in the Wikipedia.
 * 2) The actual article on Patricia Cornwall has not been improved by any of this discussion. It is weak, and overwhelmed by the Ripper material.
 * 3) Cornwall is a very successful mystery novelist and that aspect is pretty much lost in the sniping at her (however much it might be deserved). In particular, she paved the way for all the "crime scene" stuff that is a dominant form of police fiction on TV today, as well as a popular form of TV documentary.
 * 4) A while back, the material on Cornwall's Sickert theory was swamping the Jack the Ripper article. I pulled it all out, looked up Sickert in several art sources (not all of them on-line), in which he is prominently mentioned as a student of Whistler and successful artist himself, and influential to this day through his involvement in photography and graphic arts.  I wrote an article, which is still pretty much as I wrote it, and then added a "Ripper theory" summary to the Sickert article, also still pretty much there, which discusses not only Cornwall's book, but the people who preceded her on this theory.
 * 5) Nonetheless, as of today, and for the next few years, more people will look up Walter Sickert for the Ripper theory than for his artistic achievements. That's just the way it is.  Readers should be able to find this information.  It is better to have all material on the Sickert Ripper theory in one place, where it can be most easily maintained, and kept in context.
 * 6) My own belief is that the Sickert article is the best "one place" for that, with a cross reference to this article included, which is what I did, back then.
 * 7) However, this toxic theory of Cornwall's seems to poison everything it touches, so I believe that the very best solution is a separate article on the Sickert Ripper theory, linked to from the Cornwall article, the Sickert article, the Ripper article, the article listing all the proposed Ripper suspects, and anywhere else it comes up.
 * 8) That way, the discussions could center on the theory, and not on which article it ruins by its presence. As it is, both the Sickert article and the Cornwall article are less useful than they could be because of the distortion induced by the discussion of this Ripper business.
 * 9) Maybe Cornwall could look into who "really" wrote Shakespeare.

I hope these observations are helpful. Ortolan88 05:46, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I think I fully agree - a separate article on all Sickert-Ripper theories would be ideal. john k 08:39, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I would not object to this suggestion, however - do you not think that simply putting this information in the List of proposed Jack the Ripper suspects and perhaps retitling the page theories concerning the identity of Jack the Ripper would suffice? The possibility of Sickert as an accomplice rather than a suspect could then be discussed in context. IVoteTurkey 10:43, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * That article only contains paragraph summaries, not the kind of in depth information already on this page, let alone additional information found on the Sickert page. You keep trying to take from all the other articles and stuff everything onto one page. What you're proposing is the exact opposite of what everyone working on these pages has been doing and simply won't work. The Jack the Ripper content is rapidly expanding, with the main article spawning nine new related articles recently and the suspect list having in depth information on its suspects split off as a matter of standing policy. Considering the vast number of books devoted to Ripper suspects, the idea that information on suspects should be limited to one article is patently absurd and unworkable, which you would know if you actually were involved with maintaining the page, read the comments on the page, or listened to what anyone here was saying. DreamGuy 12:30, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * "That article only contains paragraph summaries" - exactly - plenty of room for expansion - what is the point in duplicating this information? Why not put everything here where each theory it can be discussed in context with the others? - it seems perfectly sensible to me. IVoteTurkey

 * ".. suspect list having in depth information on its suspects split off as a matter of standing policy" -policy? Where is this policy elaborated? IVoteTurkey

 * "the idea that information on suspects should be limited to one article is patently absurd and unworkable" - not at all - Encyclopaedia articles limited to 32k of text are never going to cover subjects with the same depth as conventional books. I see no reason why this related information should be spread all over the place like jam. It seems entirely sensisble - and far from "patently absurd" to keep it all in one place. You have to agree surely that these theories are best described in the context of one to another rather than isolating them and duplicating information across several articles? IVoteTurkey 13:24, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I have said that I have no objection to the idea of a separate article on Sickert/Ripper theories - but I am merely enquiring about what objections people have to my suggestion. - You had you say on that matter- thank you. IVoteTurkey 13:24, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Dreamguy - I am still waiting for you to give me an apology for threatening to ban me and accusing me doing all sorts of things that I haven't done. At the moment people are getting a biased view of my intentions regarding this subject because of the vitriol you have poured upon me. I would appreciate it if you could point out your error of judgement regarding your view of my actions and intentions so that readers who are coming to this page and have not read the in depth discussions can get a true impression. IVoteTurkey 13:09, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Just to re-state my position - I've just re-read Ortolan88's comments - he says "this toxic theory of Cornwall's seems to poison everything it touches" - that's something I concur with entirely - my original view was that this theory should therefore be flung back in the face of Cornwell and should be placed on her article rather than Sickert's. I have come round to the view that perhaps her theories should be placed with others about Sickert -but I still believe that it shouldn't poison Sickert's article. IVoteTurkey 13:24, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Proposed hierarchy:

 * Jack the Ripper – article primarily about the murders and the mystery surrounding the deaths, set the general context and point to:
 * List_of_proposed_Jack_the_Ripper_suspects – general article on the "Ripper-suspect industry", naming as many names as possible, with summaries of the "evidence". Some "suspects" won't be named anywhere else.  In a few cases, where the "evidence" takes up more space, and would overwhelm the "suspects" article, point to:
 * The Duke of Clarence as Jack the Ripper, a summary of that theory, which also points to the general biographical article Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence
 * Walter Sickert as Jack the Ripper, a summary of that theory, including the non-Cornwall theorists (the material now in the Sickert article), which points to the general biographical articles on Walter Sickert and Patricia Cornwall, etc.
 * James Maybrick – general biographical article on suspect who (unlike Sickert and Clarence) would not otherwise rate an encyclopedia article at all.  Same with others of the "Maybrick category".
 * All these subordinate articles point back to both List of proposed Jack the Ripper suspects and to the articles like The Duke of Clarence as Jack the Ripper, which might be better titled The Duke of Clarence proposed as Jack the Ripper suspect or some such. Same with Sickert.

To summarize, one article on Jack, one article on all suspects, individual articles on prominent suspects as suspects, separate articles on prominent suspects as themselves, few more articles on less prominent but notable suspects, and so forth.

I should add, despite all the rancor expressed here, it doesn't seem to me that anyone has acted in bad faith, everyone trying to make the articles better, but running up against that old problem of coming across the way you want to when people are typing at each other, so how about a round of electronic handshakes and then we refactor? Ortolan88 17:32, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Ortolan - you have the wisdom of Solomon. A perfectly sensisble proposal. While I'm happy to go along with the idea - I still personally question the necessity of having these separate (and difficultly titled) articles, when all that information could be adequately be included in an article titled theories concerning the identity of Jack the Ripper i.e. an expanded List of proposed Jack the Ripper suspects, I've yet to hear any decent response as to why this would not suffice.

There should be separate articles for a few because there's more to explain. One is the recent subject of a book by the most popular mystery writer, so there's a lot of interest there, to say the least, as amply demonstrated in the past few days, I think. The other was "almost" King of England and has been a "Ripper favorite" for 75 years or more. Those two alone would gradually take over the whole "all suspects" article. Some of the other "favorites", oh, say, Lewis Carroll, not to mention Dr. Tumblety or Michael Ostrog, have hardly made any impact at all. I believe we offer a clearer picture if we show Sickert and Clarence both separately and as part of a long long line of many other "Ripper favorites" over the years.

 * "..because there's more to explain" - yes - and there's plenty of room for that explanation on the current suspects page. It's only 17.5k at the moment. "... Those two alone would gradually take over the whole " - well they would certainly take up a aubstantial part of the article I proposed - but if they are the most discussed theories - then that seems highly appropriate for such a page, does it not?

No, because the other items on the "all suspects" pages are bullet entries of just a few lines each. It just doesn't work to mix long expository pieces of multiple-paragraph length about the royal line or the way women are posed in Sickert's picture with short takes on Ripper candidates. Better to include a few lines on that page about Sickert and Clarnece, then link to the real article. "For more detail see, ... ".

This isn't a matter of giving more validity to these two theories, its just the way people read, they don't like being asked to shift gears like that.

 * Well I simply don't buy that argument, I think you are coming up with and excuse to defend the position you have established rather than giving a genuine and valid reason why this state of affairs is in anyway better than the one I propose. But on this we will just have to agree to disagree. IVoteTurkey 08:33, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I am not coming up with excuses. In writing for the public, which I have been doing more than 40 years, when one part begins to overload the whole, you break it out. This is how you decide to start a new sentence, a new paragraph, a new section, a new chapter, or, in the case of Wikipedia, a new article. When the current sentence starts getting long – and some of mine are whoppers – you have to put a (full) stop to it. Same goes for a paragraph that's too long. There's almost always another topic sentence buried away in a long paragraph, two carriage returns and it's suddently easier to read. Et cetera. I just started an article on dog training. If I had put it in the dog article, it would have distorted it unduly, so I put it in its own place.

And yes, let's do come up with better titles than The Duke of Clarence proposed as Jack the Ripper suspect. PS - Such as The Duke of Clarence and Jack the Ripper and Walter Sickert and Jack the Ripper. PPS – I think something like this, for example, in the Sicekrt article:

 * Sickert's name is one of many on a list_of_proposed_Jack_the_Ripper_suspects. See Walter Sickert and Jack the Ripper for more information.

Ortolan88

 * Regarding "burying the hatchet" - it seems that DreamGuy lacks the will or humility to apologise first, so it falls upon me to do so in the hope of suitable reciprocation. DreamGuy - I apologise for antagonising you and I'm sorry that you found my interest in this subject to be "harrassment" - as Ortolan suggests there was certainly no bad feeling intended. IVoteTurkey 18:10, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Maybe he's out raking the leaves. That's where I've been. You got here first. Why not just apologize? Ortolan88 21:46, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I have already ^^^^ - I was referring to the lack of response over my request for an apology, that I first made several days ago, and which suggested to me that I should probably make the first move.  IVoteTurkey 23:07, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I think you are sincerely sorry you had the uproar with the other guy, but you can just apologize for yourself and let the other guy take whatever action he wants for himself. Ortolan88 05:14, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC) Later PS - I meant that you can apologize without attributing motives for not doing so to the other guy. There may be many reasons, creditable, not creditable, neutral, exculpatory, for not replying. I'm suggesting you just let the lack of a reply speak for itself. Ortolan88

 * That's what I've done ^^^^. IVoteTurkey 08:33, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I've come to this rather late, having just had a little fence with Turkey on an entirely unrelated matter in which he/she conceded with good grace and no rancour. DreamGuy on the other hand used the expression "some newbie with no history". I draw no particular conclusion from this other than that I judge people by there words and deeds. Having said that, I can see no justification for the criminally unbalancing effect the Ripper stuff has on the Sickert page. He was one of the great artists of his generation and described in the Guardian article linked above thus: regarded by some as the greatest British painter between Turner and Bacon. That is pretty damned illustrious company and the only place for scurrilous nonsense with no credible evidence to back it is 'elsewhere'. So whatever you do, do it pronto, please. My shiny Two New Pence worth. Icundell 20:23, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Hearing no objections
I'm thinking of going ahead and refactoring as I suggested above. Tomorrow. Ortolan88 00:32, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Re your request for more elegant titles, may I suggest something simple like Ripper suspects - Walter Sickert, Ripper suspects - Duke of Clarence, etc? Economical, free of tortured syntax, and has the avantage that they should get the same ranking on search engines (the victim pages, if there are any could be renamed in similar style). Icundell 12:13, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, well, unless Wikipedia starts paying me to be an editor it may not always be possible to hop in with objections with a day's notice. Regarding the plan, what I recommend is what we've already done elsewhere here... If we are talking about what only one major book says, break it out for an article about that book, like Jack the Ripper, Light-Hearted Friend. As proposed on the Duke of Clarence page, I think that article should be called something like Jack the Ripper royal conspiracy theories, as it covers more ground. After having thought this through, if we are going to break Walter Sickert as JtR discussion out, I think we can do this to avoid duplication and spreading things out too far by putting a short summary in his article like we did in Lewis Carroll's article (yanking any mention at all is completely wrong, for anyone still trying to suggest that) and then summarizing by somthing along the lines of "Walter Sickert features in some Jack the Ripper conspiracy theories and is also named as Jack the Ripper by Patricia Cornwell in Portrait of a Killer." As far as I know, all of the published Sickert theories fall into one camp or the other... either a Royal Conspiracy or Cornwell's crazed artist theory. (I *think* Overton-Fuller's book involves a royal conspiracy, haven;t bothered to read that one.) Since we already have text discussing the Royal Theory and one for the Cornwell theory, splitting it out would be pretty easy that way. DreamGuy 13:24, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * Hey that's a good idea - Jack the Ripper conspiracy theories  (your words) - well let's see...  we already have an article which lists the suspects at list of proposed Jack the Ripper suspects so we can pretty much use this (and the Prince Eddy and Sickert stuff) as the basis for this article. No wait -- we can't can we. Ohh well. IVoteTurkey

 * Are you even trying to make sense or are you just trying to be rude again? I said Jack the Ripper royal conspiracy theories, not what you just claimed I said, and those are a distinct minority subset of the list of all proposed suspects. And even if I had left off the word "royal" (which I didn't), most of the proposed Ripper suspects can't be construed as conspiracy theories by any stretch of the imagination. Please pay attention to what I say and the content of the articles in question before making snide statements which serve no useful purpose. DreamGuy 13:59, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * And, looks like I accidentally dropped "royal" on the second time I used the phrase, but it is clear from the first phrase (and the discussion of this issue on the Duke of Clarence page) what I was talking about... Not to mention that, as I said, most of the suspects on the list of proposed suspects have nothing to do with conspiracy theories. If IVoteTurkey actually took the time to read these things instead of jumping in with kneejerk snippy remarks we'd be a lot better off at this point. DreamGuy 14:05, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * DreamGuy I have had the good grace to make an apology in the hope that we can discuss things cordially - but as yet no reciprocal action has taken place on your part. Instead you continue to make personal remarks against me, which you have been doing from our very first interaction on this issue. So I have to add yet another item to littany of abuse I have taken from you. The paragraph above was very intended as a light-hearted joke based upon the slip-up you made. IVoteTurkey 14:13, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Dear lord, after all the harassment and snide remarks you aimed my way, including this "light-hearted joke", you pretend to have suffered a 'litany of abuse"? If you expect to be taken seriously with your apology you need to act like you mean it instead of attacking me some more and then pointing the finger my way. Move on already. DreamGuy 18:54, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * I have made no such "snide remarks" as you put it - I challenge you to point out these so-called snide remarks. All I have done is attempt to debate this subject sensibly, without recourse to insults. On the other hand you have continually - and from my very first edit - aimed vitriol in my direction - to the extent that I can list about a dozen occasions when you have directed personal remarks against me. It appears that I'm not alone in being a victim - see - and I have made no "attack" against since my apology IVoteTurkey

 * You clearly made an attack immediately above, and the sour grapes of someone caught at massive spamming and harassing me over being caught (link you provided) doesn't prove you are right, just that you are desperate to toss any accusation at me you can think of. Give it a rest. This has always been more about your ego than doing what is right for the articles, drop the chip off your shoulder and either play straight or leave the articles to the people who are willing to work together. DreamGuy 08:52, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)

FWIW the entry in Lewis Carroll is far too long in proportion to the credibility of the theory. It is up there with the Bible Code. All that is required is a brief mention and a link. Icundell 14:19, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Uh, Icundell, are you looking at a recent version of the article? The Ripper theory was removed and replaced with a brief mention and a link more than a week ago. If you are looking at the current article, I don't understand at all how you can consider two sentences (and a link) to be "far too long". Of course I also don't understand why you are mentioning on this talk page either. DreamGuy 18:54, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * Two sentences and a link? How about two paragraphs and a bunch of links (witht he link to the pertinent article twice)? And it is mentioned here because you cited it as a example of a way to do things. Yet as it stands it is more than is justifiable for a theory that is comprehensively debunked on its own page. Icundell 00:36, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but there are not two paragraphs and a link. It's two sentences and a link. The standard is to summarize, provide a link upon first mention of the article the link goes to, then clarify that further information can be found under a specific article (instead of spread out). This is how it is done on most of the pages. The second paragraph isn't about the Jack the Ripper accusation, it's a mention that Carroll thought about the killings and had a theory he thought sounded promising. I really question your objectivity if you think the amount of text here is "far" too long. But then it doesn't really matter, as clear consensus has already been reached on that particular topic on that talk page as well as here. Complaining about it further just demonstrates your obvious bias and why your thoughts on the matter should be disregarded as unhelpful. DreamGuy 08:52, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry, do you have anything other than an ad hominem? People who have the brass-bound audacity to disagree with you are no more or less biased that you. And NPOV is not a substitute for accuracy. Of course I have looked at the talk page and all I can say is that your concept of consensus is interesting. The link sould read "Author Richard Wallace has claim Lewis Carroll was Jack the Ripper. See Jack the Ripper, Light-Hearted Friend." and, since the article itself can find no merit in the theory, it should be relegated to the Miscellany or See also section in the Carroll article. Icundell 09:37, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

links to potentially contentious categories
Have removed drunk-driver and gay/lesbian categories. Suggest these should not be reinstated unless proof can be cited. A quick Google couldn't find any reference to Cornwell as a drunk driver and, while here has been speculation about her sexuality, I'm not sure she has ever come out as lesbian. Of course I'm happy to be corrected! Barnabypage 20:31, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Is it notable that her agent declines to comment when asked about Cornwell's alleged affair with Marguerite Bennett?

And I did a quick google and found a few DWI/DUI references.

 * Ref. the agent declining to comment, no, I don't think it's notable. OTOH if there is a category of "writers on gay and lesbian themes" or something like that (as opposed to "writers who are gay or lesbian") she could certainly be included there, as she has a prominent lesbian character - Lucy - in several books whose sexuality is more than incidental.

Ref. the DWI/DUI, what were the references? Barnabypage 15:12, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

 * We may not know whether or not Cornwell is a lesbian, but it is a matter of record that an FBI agent tried to kill his wife thinking that she was having an affair with Cornwell. I'm surprised that we don't mention it at all. -Willmcw 18:37, 11 December 2005 (UTC)
 * We should... As long as we stick to the verifiable facts. DreamGuy 03:53, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I made a stab at it. Please feel free to improve it in any way. -Willmcw 20:53, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

Coincidentally, The Dec. 12, 2005 issue of the Irish Independent had an interview with Cornwell in which she admits, I think for the first time, "I'm in a stable long-term relationship that I won't go into detail about." When directly asked if it was with a woman, she said, "Yes. So to all these people who think I'm all screwed up about relationships: I'm in one."

It also mentions the former FBI guy threatening to kill a priest and his ex, who was Cornwell's female lover at the time, and other solid biographical information, like the fact that she was molested as a child, anorexic as a teen, in the car crash for drunk driving after out partying with Demi Moore, etc.

Good luck on our parts that this came out right when we were discussing it.

Here's the link: "Me, stalkers and my lesbian lover"  DreamGuy 04:59, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

 * That is good timing. I guess my modest little edit can be expanded a bit. -Willmcw 08:14, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The FBI story was the basis for an episode of Law and Order in which a lesbian crime novelist blatantly based on Cornwell is almost killed because of an affair with the wife of an FBI agent. Paul B 20:33, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Is anything going to happen with the lesbian reference then? It doesn't look as if the page has been updated to include the information provided in DreamGuy's link. - mixvio 03:53, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The link on footnote 1 [in the body of the article] seems broken as of this posting. Mooveeguy 20:27, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

Major rewrite/expansion
Hello : ) I've collected a large number of sources to do a major rewrite/expansion. We need to source every detail of the article using verifiable reliable sources. This will make it easier to keep the false information out. Also Biographies of living persons needs to be followed to make sure the content is accurate and encyclopedic. FloNight   talk  16:11, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Not to be rude here, but "DUH" - Of course, that's how all articles are done. But then there is no false info in this article and your claim that there is is troubling. And I'm not sure what you mean by a major rewrite/expansion. Please give details here before you try to make dramatic changes. DreamGuy 16:50, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Hello DreamGuy, I beleive you know that Patricia Cornwell is a target of malicious editing. That is how it came to my attention. This article is very incomplete. It does not cover many aspects of her public life. I want to make sure all the information introduced is well sourced. I believe some of the information in the article is lacking sources. I plan to fix that also. Please do not revert my edits for the next 24 hours while I do the rewrite. I think you will be pleased with the outcome.

The current image needs to be moved down the page. Magazine covers need to be used for discussion about the magazine or an article in them. They should not be used merely to illustrate an article. There are lots of other photos available since she is a master of PR. After I find some that meet Wikipedia policy and guidelines, I will let other editors choose which one to use. FloNight  talk  17:42, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I added reference citations for the Sachs case. I looked at the inline link and it appears to go to an authoritative site but I can't really tell, plus there needs to be a backup citation in case the link goes dead. Thatcher131 04:29, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Good. When I checked yesterday, one of the links in the article was dead. FloNight   talk  12:44, 13 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Just trying to help. Per the citation policy, all embedded html links should be backup up by a complete bibliographic reference (title, author, publication, date) for that reason. Thatcher131 12:52, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

Sample of changes
Sample of changes planned by FloNight. This should give you an idea of the scope and quality of the my changes.
 * 1) Make current image meet Wikipedia fair use guidelines by: a) Adding the following text to the article edit space. -- FAIR USE of IMAGENAME.jpg: see image description page at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:IMAGENAME.jpg for rationale --  b) Substituting Template:Fair use in for current tag. c) Modifying the image page to comply with fair use policy. d) Rewriting the image caption. e) Discussing the Richmond magazine article in the text of the article. f) Moving the image down the page next to text discussing the article.
 * 2) Add a free copyright licensed image of Cornwell to top of article.
 * 3) Model article after other contemporary American writers.
 * 4) Rewrite/expand the introduction.
 * 5) Cite source for article text and remove dead article links.
 * 6) Discuss awards
 * 7) Discuss her PR for her new book.

I hope this answers your question. I plan to start work on the article today. FloNight  talk  12:44, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

Following the source
Source: "amend the website to remove the offending material" Article: "shut his website down" These disagree, please fix. --Zerotalk 14:03, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

Book sales
Does anyone have any reliable figure on how many books she has sold? Entheta 18:44, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Book of the Dead Release Date?
Originally said to be released on Nov. 28, 2006 (2006 being listed as the date in this article), the release date on Amazon.com has changed to Oct. 23, 2007link -- does anyone have any other information on this? --Somnilocus 13:44, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

It looks like the editing that was made on March, the 26th is not very reliable, nor objective...

Lesbian Marriage
I tried to edit the Text and Re-Add in the Material on Cornwells Lesbian Affair and now Lesbian Marriage in Boston. It seems 100% clear that she is a Lesbian. However, I am unable to add this proposed Change - QUE PASA (SEE Below)?

Cornwell had a lesbian affair, between 1991 and 1992, with a former FBI forensics instructor, Marguerite Bennett. It was revealed in 1996. FBI agent Eugene Bennett, who had been accused of filing $175,000 in fraudulent expense claims, which is wife lied about to protect him. Eugene Bennett went to prison and the couple divorced. When he was released in 1995 he tried to kill his wife in order to obtain $1,000,000 in life insurance and custody of their two children. On June 23, 1996, he took his wifes minister hostage and planted pipe bombs at the Northern Virginia Community College where Marguerite Bennett worked as a police lieutenant. For this he was found guilty of attempted murder (and several other accounts) by a jury on February 11, 1997, (despite an insanity claim) and recommended for 61 years in prison. On May 15 1997 he was sentenced to 23 years in prison. At this trial Mrs. Bennett testified that she and Ms. Cornwell had two intimate contacts but said the relationship had nothing to do with her divorce.

Ms. Cornwell subsequently came out as a Lesbian, moved to the Boston area, and as of 2007 married a Jewish woman under the recently court order changes in the state marriage laws. She worries about potential attackers, hides her address and has a body-guard.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by ITBlair (talk • contribs)

 * Something in the reference coding was screwing the page up so that none of the text that appeared after it showed up until another example of the screwed up code was used, with everything in the middle invisible. I fixed that both on the main article and here on talk when the copy and paste of the text screwed the rest of the page up also.

 * Major problem with the lesbian claims is that we need VERIFIABLE, RELIABLE sources. The New York Times article linked to for the first part did not include much of the information that paragraph was claiming, so I edited it down. Also, the new paragraph claiming Cornwell admitted to be a lesbian, marrying, etc. was completely unsourced. The link at the end ONLY confirms that she hired a bodyguard, and said it was for the stalker incident, not any lesbian marriage, as that paragraph insinuated. I've removed all claims from the article about lesbianism that do not have reliable, verifiable sources. I know earlier we had discussed an article where she admitted a long term relationship, and if that still exists we can include it and link to it, but other claims not supported by proof cannot stay. DreamGuy 17:26, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

I put in this link previously. http://www.boston.com/news/globe/living/articles/2007/06/07/crime_novelist_tries_to_ward_off_internet_attacker/  In it Ms. Cornwell admits to marrying a woman in MA (MA permits homosexual marriage) in an interview with the Boston Globe. 68.100.92.224 01:52, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

Another ref

 * Patricia Cornwell: 'Finally, I feel rooted somewhere': In her first British interview since 'marrying' her female partner, Patricia Cornwell explains why she kept quiet about her sexuality for years - and how her new life is transforming her forensically gory novels. Cassandra Jardine reports The London Telegraph Benjiboi —Preceding comment was added at 01:56, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

I am also adding a reference to an interview with the London Times in which Ms Cornwell discusses her marriage. Unlikelyheroine (talk) 23:55, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

Leather Apron
Dear Boss,

The Jack The Ripper section had a quote about the Litigation surrounding The Last Precinct, that's why I removed it. It's replicated elsewhere which makes the article thick like glue.

Dont mind me giving the trade name. Fūkkenwulf (talk) 12:18, 6 October 2008 (UTC)

BLP edit
I removed the following sentence per the WP:BLP policy:

As a teenager, Cornwell suffered from anorexia and as an adult suffered from substance abuse issues.

If you have a reliable source, feel free to add it back with a citation. Kaldari (talk) 03:59, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

 * The anorexia at least is now well sourced to interviews with Cornwell, as is her bipolar and depression. As for substance abuse: "she rammed the Mercedes into a stalled, empty van, flipped her car over three times ..." in 1993 after "polishing off a pitcher of Bloody Marys." Which is on the page as "while under the influence of alcohol", and sourced to the New York Times- 220  of  Borg 06:47, 17 March 2014 (UTC)

Cornwell and Capital Punishment
The line "she reversed her position in support of the death penalty" is badly written. Does that mean she was once anti- and is now pro-capital punishment, or the other way around? 45750born (talk) 19:53, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

Cornwell's connection to the National Forensic Academy
According to the biography blurb in the 2008 paperback edition of her novel "The Body Farm" (Berkley Books, New York), "Patricia Cornwell is the Director of Applied Forensic Science at the National Forensic Academy".

The National Forensic Academy (NFA) is part of the Law Enforcement Innovation Center (LEIC) at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. According to the LEIC website (http://leic.tennessee.edu/default.html), there is no direct mention of her in connection with the organization or the NFA, as a member of either the staff or the Board of Advisors. Although I cannot deny her connection with the NFA, I haven't found any verifiable sources to support her role as a Director, past or present. If the information is correct, it should be added to the article. So, I'm adding this comment in case anybody has verifiable information. Twistlethrop (talk) 00:07, 13 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Wow, it actually said that? Cornwell has no professional background or training in forensic science. In fact author Kathy Reichs, who is a recognized expert in the field, has chided Cornwell on pretending to have experience she does not have. Cornwell is a significantly large donor to the NFA, and I suppose it's possible she could have received some honorary title as a result, but I have never been able to track down one through official sources the times I tired. "Director" has such a specific job description I can't imagine they would have ever called her that. I don't know if the book blurb is some major editing mistake or what. DreamGuy (talk) 17:25, 16 September 2011 (UTC)

 * It's the first sentence, inside back cover, of the Berkley Novel edition of 2008. I agree, "Director of Applied Forensic Science" is a specific title.   There are some on-line sources that, on their own, would corroborate her holding of this position.  A Google search for the two phrases "director of applied forensic science" and "Patricia Cornwell" produces over 8000 results.  I'm sure that the majority comes from the same original source, wherever it is. It would be easy to interpret this as a fact and include it in this article.  Not me, though, without more verifiable sources. Twistlethrop (talk) 13:16, 6 October 2011 (UTC)

Marriage in 2005
How did Cornwell "marry" Staci Ann Gruber in 2005? Same sex marriages were not legal then.Royalcourtier (talk) 05:58, 19 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Legal in Massachusetts in 2004. Same-sex marriage in Massachusetts. That's how they "married", like anyone else.  Eve rgr een Fir  (talk) Please {{re}} 06:06, 19 May 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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contemporary with what?

 * Patricia Cornwell is a contemporary American crime writer.

If contemporary means only "living" or "recently active", isn't that implied by is? Or does it mean her writings are set near the present? —Tamfang (talk) 09:36, 10 November 2016 (UTC)

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Photograph
The photograph at the top of the article is heavily photoshopped in an attempt to make her look 30 years younger. The evidence is conspicuous to any photographer.

Can a more realistic photograph be used, given that this is intended to be an encyclopaedia? An image search finds plenty of realistic (as well as heavily edited) images.

There is irony in heavily falsified PR photographs of one who writes forensic detective fiction.

Early life misleading?
I have some evidence that Sam Daniels died decades after leaving the family (mhickslaw.com/about-us). The article implies otherwise. Cornwell was probably not left a cold parting note while still a child. 2603:8001:1E45:C981:7865:9225:70D3:51F2 (talk) 01:06, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

What's his real name?
Here in the english wiki they say Patricia Cornwell is his real name but was born Patricia Carroll Daniels. The Italian wiki says she changed her name to Patricia Daniels Cornwell, which means she retained the surname she was born with but changed it to a middle name with surname Cornwell. Is it something like that? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 176.206.25.215 (talk) 21:26, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Patricia Cornwell


text:
APM

APM, apm, or Apm may refer to:

Computer technology

 * Active policy management, a discipline within enterprise software
 * Advanced Power Management, a legacy technology in personal computers
 * Apple Partition Map, computer disk partition scheme
 * Application performance management, a discipline within systems management

Other

 * Accurate Pistonic Motion, a line of stereo speakers using square drivers manufactured by Sony
 * ArduPilotMega (APM), an open source unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platform
 * Attached Pressurized Module, the former name of the Columbus module of the International Space Station
 * Automated people mover, a driverless train often used in large airports

Social sciences and management

 * Agile project management, a style of project management for agile software development projects
 * Application portfolio management
 * Advanced Progressive Matrices, a subset of Raven's Progressive Matrices which is an intelligence test

Police and military

 * Australian Police Medal, awarded for distinguished service by a member of an Australian police force
 * Assistant Provost Marshal, a military role and title
 * Anti-personnel mine, a type of explosive used against people
 * Army of the Republic of Macedonia
 * A retired US Navy hull classification symbol: Mechanized artillery transport (APM)

United States

 * American Peace Mobilization, a communist front group active before the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II
 * American Poetry Museum, Washington D.C., USA
 * American Public Media, the production and distribution arm of Minnesota Public Radio (MPR)
 * Applied Micro Circuits Corporation, a fabless semiconductor company in the Silicon Valley
 * Associated Production Music, a large production music company

Mainland

 * Beijing apm, a shopping center and office tower in Beijing, China

Hong Kong and Macau

 * Apm (Hong Kong), a shopping centre and office tower in Kwun Tong, New Kowloon, Hong Kong

United Kingdom

 * Association for Project Management in the United Kingdom
 * K Sports F.C., a football club in England previously known as APM

Other

 * APM Monaco, a fashion jewelry company
 * APM Terminals, container terminal operator based in the Netherlands
 * Allied Peoples Movement, a Nigerian political party
 * Australian Paper Mills, former business in Melbourne
 * Association Professionnelle des Magistrats (APM), France

Other

 * Actions per minute, a term used in real-time strategy games
 * Aspartame, an artificial, non-saccharide sweetener

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: APM


text:
French press

A French press, also known as a cafetière, cafetière à piston, caffettiera a stantuffo, press pot, coffee press, or coffee plunger, is a coffee brewing device, although it can also be used for other tasks. The earliest known device was patented in 1852 in France by Jacques-Victor Delforge and Henri-Otto Mayer.

Name
In English, the device is known in North America as a French press or coffee press; in Britain and Ireland as a cafetière, after the brand, La Cafetière; in New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa as a coffee plunger, and coffee brewed in it as plunger coffee. In Italian, it is known as a caffettiera a stantuffo; in German as a Pressstempelkanne, Stempelkanne ("stamp pot"), Stabfilterkanne, Kaffeepresse ("coffee press") or Bistrokanne; in French as cafetière à piston, or simply as cafetière (also the usage in Dutch), though some speakers might also use genericized trademarks, such as Melior or Bodum.

Design history
Over the years, the French press has undergone several design modifications. The first coffee press, which may have been made in France, was the modern coffee press in its rudimentary form—a metal or cheesecloth screen fitted to a rod that users would press into a pot of hot water and coffee grounds. In 1852, two Frenchmen, a Paris metalsmith and a merchant, Henri-Otto Mayer and Jacques-Victor Delforge, patented a forerunner of the French press, that did not create a seal around the filter. A patent was filed by a Frenchman, Marcel-Pierre Paquet dit Jolbert, officially published on 5 August 1924.

In 1928, a coffee press was created by Milanese designers Giulio Moneta and Attilio Calimani which had a spring to seal the filter, and patented it in the United States in 1929. It underwent several design modifications through Faliero Bondanini, who patented his own version in 1958 and manufactured it in French clarinet factory Martin SA under the brand name Melior. Its popularity may have been aided in 1965 by its use in the Michael Caine film The Ipcress File. The device was litigated and further popularized across Europe by Melior-Martin, a French company, Household Articles Ltd. (La Cafetiere), a British company, and Bodum (Chambord), a Danish tableware and kitchenware company.

The modern French press consists of a narrow cylindrical beaker, usually made of glass or clear plastic, equipped with a metal or plastic lid and plunger that fits tightly in the cylinder and has a fine stainless steel wire or nylon mesh filter.

Operation

Coffee is brewed by placing coarsely ground coffee in the empty beaker and adding hot water, 93–96 C, in proportions of about 30 g of coffee grounds to 500 ml of water, more or less to taste. After brewing, the plunger is depressed, holding down the coffee grounds while the coffee is served.

A French press works best with coffee of a coarser grind, about the consistency of cooking salt. Finer coffee grounds, when immersed in water, have lower permeability, requiring an excessive amount of force to be applied by hand to lower the plunger and are more likely to seep through or around the perimeter of the press filter and into the coffee drink. Additionally, finer grounds will tend to over-extract and cause the coffee to taste bitter.

Some writers give the optimal time for brewing as around four minutes. Other approaches, such as cold brewing, require several hours of contact between the water and the grounds to achieve the desired extraction.

Plunging slowly prevents accidental scalding of the brewer and is purported to maximize the extraction of the oils and flavonoids from the ground bean. The mesh piston normally does not compress the coffee grounds, as most designs leave a generous space—about 30 mm—below the piston in its lowest position. If the brewed coffee is allowed to remain in the beaker with the used grounds, the coffee may become astringent and bitter, though this is an effect that some users of the French press consider desirable.

Variations
French presses are more portable and self-contained than other coffee makers. Travel mug versions exist, which are made of tough plastic instead of the more common glass, and have a sealed lid with a closable drinking hole. Some versions are marketed to hikers and backpackers not wishing to carry a heavy, metal percolator or a filter using drip brew.

Other versions include stainless steel, insulated presses designed to keep the coffee hot, similar in design to thermos flasks. Coffee filters commonly used in South Indian households are a stainless steel version but without insulation. The decant known as decoction is mixed immediately with milk and sugar to make kaapi.

One variation also called "French pull" or "reverse French press" uses a pull-design: the coffee grounds are placed in a mesh basket, which is then pulled into the lid after brewing, trapping the grounds out of the coffee. Others produce a similar effect by having shutters that can be closed via the top of the press, sealing the grounds off from the coffee entirely. French presses are also sometimes used to make cold brew coffee.

Another variation using a basket to hold the coffee grounds is called "American press", where the hot water is filled in first and then the basket is slowly pushed down (and sometimes also pulled up again) through the water column.

An all-in-one French press consists of a heating element that can receive its power from a 12-volt power source.

Other uses
In the same way as coffee, a French press can also be used in place of a tea infuser to brew loose tea. To some extent the tea will continue to steep even after the plunger is depressed, which may cause the tea remaining in the press to become bitter. It might thus be advisable to decant the tea into a serving vessel after preparation. The same French press should not be used for both tea and coffee unless thoroughly cleaned, as coffee residue may spoil the flavor of the tea. However, this method is more suitable for light teas and is not suitable for Indian Chai (which must be boiled) or Chinese tea (which tends to be diffused for a long time, with tea leaves reused as a rule).

A French press can also be used for straining broth from shellfish or other ingredients.

title: French press


text:
Richard Sambrook

Richard Sambrook is a British journalist, academic and a former BBC executive. He is Emeritus Professor in the School of Journalism, Media and Culture at Cardiff University. For 30 years, until February 2010, he was a BBC journalist and later, a news executive.

Early life and BBC career
Sambrook was educated at Maidstone Technical High School, the University of Reading (BA in English) and Birkbeck College, University of London (MSc in politics). His career began in local newspapers in South Wales.

His 30 years at the BBC were almost entirely in the news. He was successively a programme editor, news editor and Head of Newsgathering when the Corporation won many awards for its international news coverage. He merged radio and television news, and domestic and World Service newsgathering during this time, resulting in the world's largest broadcast news operation. He was acting Director of Sport in 2000, and became Director of News in 2001.

Sambrook defended in June/July 2003 what became the highly controversial Today programme report that the Blair government had in its September Dossier knowingly exaggerated claims relating to Iraq's supposed possession of weapons of mass destruction. On 20 July, he confirmed that Dr. David Kelly had been the source of the news item. He later gave evidence to the Hutton Inquiry into Kelly's apparent suicide.

He spent ten years on the management board of the BBC becoming successively Director of BBC Sport, Director of BBC News and finally Director of the World Service and Global News in September 2004. He oversaw major restructuring of the World Service, and its opening of Arabic and Persian television, as well as commercial interactive services. He is a frequent contributor to radio and TV coverage of media issues and writes regularly for The Conversation (website).

Other and subsequent roles
From 2010 until 2012, he was Global Vice Chairman and Chief Content Officer of the Edelman public relations agency. From January 2010 until 2017, he was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at the University of Oxford and a Professor of Journalism at Cardiff University. He devised and launched one of the first courses in computational journalism in partnership with the computer science department at Cardiff. He has published several books and research papers on journalism including on international news, the future of TV News and the role of impartiality in digital news. In 2020 the BBC commissioned him to review staff use of social media.

His non-executive roles have largely supported free speech and independent journalism. He is co-Chair of The Bureau for Investigative Journalism and Chair of The Frontline Club – London's press club for independent journalists. He is also Chair of the DMA Media group – a media services company.

From 2012 until 2018 he led the International News Safety Institute for which he chaired an inquiry into the deaths of journalists around the world. From 2006 to 2009, he was Vice President of the European Broadcasting Union and represented public broadcasters on the advisory group to the UN's Internet Governance Forum. He was a trustee of the free-speech NGO Article 19 for six years and was a member of the leadership committee of the Global Media AIDS Initiative, established by UN Secretary General Kofi Annan in 2004. He was on the advisory board of the British Council and was formerly Chairman of the BBC's international charity, the World Service Trust (now BBC Media Action). He was a Trustee of the WWF-UK from 2010-2016. He is a Fellow of the Royal Television Society and of the Royal Society of Arts.

Personal life
Sambrook is married with two children.

title: Richard Sambrook


text:
Power management

Power management is a feature of some electrical appliances, especially copiers, computers, computer CPUs, computer GPUs and computer peripherals such as monitors and printers, that turns off the power or switches the system to a low-power state when inactive. In computing this is known as PC power management and is built around a standard called ACPI which superseded APM. All recent computers have ACPI support.

Motivations
PC power management for computer systems is desired for many reasons, particularly:
 * Reduce overall energy consumption
 * Prolong battery life for portable and embedded systems
 * Reduce cooling requirements
 * Reduce noise
 * Reduce operating costs for energy and cooling

Lower power consumption also means lower heat dissipation, which increases system stability, and less energy use, which saves money and reduces the impact on the environment.

Processor level techniques
The power management for microprocessors can be done over the whole processor, or in specific components, such as cache memory and main memory.

With dynamic voltage scaling and dynamic frequency scaling, the CPU core voltage, clock rate, or both, can be altered to decrease power consumption at the price of potentially lower performance. This is sometimes done in real time to optimize the power-performance tradeoff.

Examples:
 * AMD Cool'n'Quiet
 * AMD PowerNow!
 * IBM EnergyScale
 * Intel SpeedStep
 * Transmeta LongRun and LongRun2
 * VIA LongHaul (PowerSaver)

Additionally, processors can selectively power off internal circuitry (power gating). For example:
 * Newer Intel Core processors support ultra-fine power control over the functional units within the processors.
 * AMD CoolCore technology get more efficient performance by dynamically activating or turning off parts of the processor.

Intel VRT technology split the chip into a 3.3V I/O section and a 2.9V core section. The lower core voltage reduces power consumption.

Heterogeneous computing
ARM's big.LITTLE architecture can migrate processes between faster "big" cores and more power efficient "LITTLE" cores.

Operating system level: hibernation
When a computer system hibernates it saves the contents of the RAM to disk and powers down the machine. On startup it reloads the data. This allows the system to be completely powered off while in hibernate mode. This requires a file the size of the installed RAM to be placed on the hard disk, potentially using up space even when not in hibernate mode. Hibernate mode is enabled by default in some versions of Windows and can be disabled in order to recover this disk space.

In GPUs
Graphics processing unit (GPUs) are used together with a CPU to accelerate computing in variety of domains revolving around scientific, analytics, engineering, consumer and enterprise applications. All of this comes with some drawbacks, the high computing capability of GPUs comes at the cost of high power dissipation. Much research has been done over the power dissipation issue of GPUs and many techniques have been proposed to address this issue. Dynamic voltage scaling/dynamic frequency scaling (DVFS) and clock gating are two commonly used techniques for reducing dynamic power in GPUs.

DVFS techniques
Experiments show that conventional processor DVFS policy can achieve power reduction of embedded GPUs with reasonable performance degradation. New directions for designing effective DVFS schedulers for heterogeneous systems are also being explored. A heterogeneous CPU-GPU architecture, GreenGPU is presented which employs DVFS in a synchronized way, both for GPU and CPU. GreenGPU is implemented using the CUDA framework on a real physical testbed with Nvidia GeForce GPUs and AMD Phenom II CPUs. Experimentally it is shown that the GreenGPU achieves 21.04% average energy savings and outperforms several well-designed baselines. For the mainstream GPUs which are extensively used in all kinds of commercial and personal applications several DVFS techniques exist and are built into the GPUs alone, AMD PowerTune and AMD ZeroCore Power are the two dynamic frequency scaling technologies for AMD graphic cards. Practical tests showed that reclocking a GeForce GTX 480 can achieve a 28% lower power consumption while only decreasing performance by 1% for a given task.

Power gating techniques
Much research has been done on the dynamic power reduction with the use of DVFS techniques. However, as technology continues to shrink, leakage power will become a dominant factor. Power gating is a commonly used circuit technique to remove leakage by turning off the supply voltage of unused circuits. Power gating incurs energy overhead; therefore, unused circuits need to remain idle long enough to compensate this overheads. A novel micro-architectural technique for run-time power-gating caches of GPUs saves leakage energy. Based on experiments on 16 different GPU workloads, the average energy savings achieved by the proposed technique is 54%. Shaders are the most power hungry component of a GPU, a predictive shader shut down power gating technique achieves up to 46% leakage reduction on shader processors. The Predictive Shader Shutdown technique exploits workload variation across frames to eliminate leakage in shader clusters. Another technique called Deferred Geometry Pipeline seeks to minimize leakage in fixed-function geometry units by utilizing an imbalance between geometry and fragment computation across batches which removes up to 57% of the leakage in the fixed-function geometry units. A simple time-out power gating method can be applied to non-shader execution units which eliminates 83.3% of the leakage in non-shader execution units on average. All the three techniques stated above incur negligible performance degradation, less than 1%.

title: Power management


text:
Ron Yary

Anthony Ronald Yary (born July 16, 1946) is an American former football offensive tackle who played in the National Football League (NFL), primarily for the Minnesota Vikings, and also for the Los Angeles Rams. He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1987 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2001. Yary gave credit for his Pro Football Hall of Fame induction to his former coaches, John Ashton (high school) John McKay (college) and Bud Grant (professional). He also praised his position coaches Marv Goux, Dave Levy, John Michaels and Jerry Burns.

Early life
Yary attended Bellflower High School in Los Angeles County, California, and then spent one season at Cerritos College in 1964. In October 2001, the school named the football field Ron Yary Stadium. While attending Bellflower High School, Yary starred in football, baseball, and basketball.

College career
Yary was born in Chicago and attended Cerritos College in the fall semester of 1964. He then in the spring semester of (1965) transferred to the University of Southern California, where he was a member of Phi Kappa Psi fraternity. As a sophomore in 1965, Yary was voted the Pac-8 defensive lineman of the year and All-West Coast for his play at defensive tackle. As a junior, he was moved to the offensive line where he was a consensus All-American as a junior in 1966 and a unanimous All-American choice in 1967, his senior year. He was the 1967 winner of both the Outland Trophy and the Knute Rockne Award, awards that annually go to the nation's top collegiate lineman. Yary was the first USC Trojan to win the Outland. In Yary's senior year of 1967 the Trojans won the NCAA football national championship under Coach John McKay. During Yary's three seasons, the Trojans compiled a 24-7-1 record. In 1987 Yary was inducted to the College Football Hall of Fame. He was inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame on December 30, 2012, representing USC.

Professional career
Yary was the first overall pick of the 1968 NFL draft by the Minnesota Vikings, who had traded Fran Tarkenton to the New York Giants for that selection, becoming the first offensive lineman ever to be selected first overall. He played from 1968 to 1981 with the Minnesota Vikings, and 1982 with the Los Angeles Rams. During Yary's tenure with the Vikings, the team won 11 division titles. During that period, Minnesota won the 1969 NFL championship and NFC titles in 1973, 1974 and 1976, and played in Super Bowls IV, VIII, IX and XI where Yary was one of 11 Players to have played in all four games for the Vikings. Yary was named All-Pro 6 consecutive seasons (1971–76) and 2nd Team All-Pro in 1970 and 1977 and was an All-NFC choice from 1970 through 1977. He played in seven consecutive Pro Bowls, and was a major force in a Minnesota team that was highly successful throughout the 1970s. In addition to his All-pro honors, Yary was voted the NFC Offensive Lineman of the Year three times (1973–75) by the NFLPA and was named the NFL Outstanding Blocker of the Year by the 1,000 yard Club for 1975.

Yary won the starting right tackle job (military duty forced him to miss first three games) on the Vikings offensive line in his second season and remained as a fixture at that spot throughout his Minnesota tenure. He was voted to the 1970s All-Decade First Team after the 1979 season.

Yary was also durable and played in spite of injuries. He missed only two games due to injuries—both coming in 1980 with a broken ankle—in 14 years in Minnesota. Later that same year, he continued to play in spite of a broken foot. He was inducted to the Vikings Ring of Honor in 2000. He became a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2001. He was the last offensive lineman to ever be drafted first overall until Orlando Pace was selected by Rams in 1997.

Personal life
Yary is married to his wife Jamie and has two sons, Jack (born 2001) and Grant (born 2005) and a daughter, Kinley (born c. 2010). Yary resides in Murrieta, California, and once co-owned a sports photography business with his brother Wayne, who bought Ron out in 2001. His son Jack was a tight end for Murrieta Valley High School, and was committed to play at University of Washington before dropping out of the program.

title: Ron Yary


text:
Pallas's cat

The Pallas's cat (Otocolobus manul), also known as the manul, is a small wild cat with long and dense light grey fur, and rounded ears set low on the sides of the head. Its head-and-body length ranges from 46 to 65 cm with a 21 to 31 cm long bushy tail. It is well camouflaged and adapted to the cold continental climate in its native range, which receives little rainfall and experiences a wide range of temperatures.

The Pallas's cat was first described in 1776 by Peter Simon Pallas, who observed it in the vicinity of Lake Baikal. Since then, it has been recorded across a large region in Central Asia, albeit in widely spaced sites from the Caucasus, Iranian Plateau, Hindu Kush, parts of the Himalayas, Tibetan Plateau to the Altai-Sayan region and South Siberian Mountains. It inhabits rocky montane grasslands and shrublands, where the snow cover is below 15-20 cm. It finds shelter in rock crevices and burrows, and preys foremost on lagomorphs and rodents. The female gives birth to between two and six kittens in spring.

Due to its widespread range and assumed large population, the Pallas's cat has been listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List since 2020. Some population units are threatened by poaching, prey base decline due to rodent control programs, and habitat fragmentation as a result of mining and infrastructure projects.

The Pallas's cat has been kept in zoos since the early 1950s. 60 zoos in Europe, Russia, North America and Japan participate in Pallas's cat captive breeding programs.

Taxonomy
Felis manul was the scientific name used by Peter Simon Pallas in 1776, who first described a Pallas's cat that he had encountered near the Dzhida River southeast of Lake Baikal. Several Pallas's cat zoological specimens were subsequently described:
 * Felis nigripectus proposed by Brian Houghton Hodgson in 1842 was based on three specimens from Tibet.
 * Otocolobus manul ferrugineus proposed by Sergey Ognev in 1928 was an erythristic specimen from the Kopet Dag mountains.

Otocolobus was proposed by Johann Friedrich von Brandt in 1842 as a generic name. Reginald Innes Pocock recognized the taxonomic rank of Otocolobus in 1907, described several Pallas's cat skulls in detail and considered the Pallas's cat an aberrant form of Felis.

In 1951, John Ellerman and Terence Morrison-Scott considered
 * the nominate subspecies Felis manul manul to be distributed from Russian Turkestan to Transbaikalia;
 * F. m. nigripecta to be distributed in Tibet and Kashmir;
 * F. m. ferruginea occurring from southwestern Turkestan and the Kopet Dag mountains to Afghanistan and Balochistan.

Since 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group recognises only two subspecies as valid taxa, namely:
 * O. m. manul syn. O. m. ferrugineus in the western and northern part of Central Asia from Iran to Mongolia;
 * O. m. nigripectus in the Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan.

Phylogeny
Phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear DNA in tissue samples from all Felidae species revealed that the evolutionary radiation of the Felidae began in Asia during the late Miocene around. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA of all Felidae species indicates a radiation at around. The Pallas's cat is estimated to have genetically diverged from a common ancestor with the genus Prionailurus between based on analysis of nuclear DNA. Based on analysis of mitochondrial DNA, it diverged from a common ancestor with Felis.

Characteristics
The Pallas's cat's fur is light grey with pale yellowish-ochre or pale yellowish-reddish hues. Some hair tips are white and some blackish. Its fur is greyer and denser with fewer markings visible in winter than in the summer. The forehead and top of the head are light grey with small black spots. It has two black zigzag lines on the cheeks running from the corner of the eyes to the jaw joints. Its chin, whiskers, lower and upper lips are white. It has narrow black stripes on the back, consisting of five to seven dark transversal lines across the lower back. Its grey tail has seven narrow black rings and a black tip. The underfur is 40 mm long and 19 μm thick, and the guard hairs up to 69 mm long and 93 μm thick on the back. Its fur is soft and dense with up to 9000 /cm2.

The Pallas's cat's ears are grey with a yellowish tinge on the back and a darker rim, but with whitish hair in front and in the ear pinnae. Its rounded ears are set low on the side, such that it can peer over an object and show only a relatively small part of the head above the eyes without depressing the ears. This can give its face a look of ferocity and unrest. Its eyes are encircled by white. The iris is yellowish, and its pupils contract to small circular disks in sunlight. Among the Felinae, it shares this trait of round pupils with Puma, Herpailurus and Acinonyx species.

The Pallas's cat is about the size of a domestic cat (Felis catus). Its stocky posture with the long and dense fur make it appear stout and plush. Its head-to-body is 46 to 65 cm long with a 21 to 31 cm long tail. It weighs 2.5 to 4.5 kg. Its body is stout, and its skull is rounded with a short nasal bone, an enlarged cranial part and rounded zygomatic arches. Its orbits are large and directed forward. Its legs are short with short and sharp retractile claws.

The skull of males is 87-95 mm long and 66-74 mm wide at the base. Females have a 84-96 mm long and 65-68 mm wide skull. The lower carnassial teeth are powerful, and the upper carnassials are short and massive. The first pair of upper premolars is absent. The dental formula is. It has a bite force at the canine tip of 155.4 newtons and a bite force quotient at the canine tip of 113.8.

The mitochondrial genome of the Pallas's cat consists of 16,672 base pairs containing 13 protein-coding, 22 transfer RNA and two ribosomal RNA genes and one non-coding RNA control region.

Distribution and habitat
The Pallas's cat's range extends from the Caucasus eastward to Central Asia, Mongolia and adjacent parts of Dzungaria and the Tibetan Plateau. It inhabits montane shrublands and grasslands, rocky outcrops, scree slopes and ravines in areas, where the continuous snow cover is below 15-20 cm. In the southwestern part of its range, the habitat of the Pallas's cat is affected by cold and dry winters, and moderate to low rainfall in warm summers. The typical vegetation in this part consists of small shrubs, sagebrush (Artemisia), Festuca and Stipa grasses. In the central part of its range, it inhabits hilly landscapes, high plateaus and intermontane valleys that are covered by dry steppe or semi-desert vegetation, such as low shrubs and xerophytic grasses. The continental climate in this region exhibits a range of 80 C-change between the highest and lowest air temperatures, dropping to −50 C in winter.

The Greater Caucasus region is considered climatically suitable for the Pallas's cat. In Armenia, an individual was killed near Vedi in the mountains of Ararat Province in the late 1920s. In January 2020, an individual was sighted about 140 km farther north in Tavush Province; the habitat at this location transitions from semi-desert to montane steppe at an elevation of about 570 m. Records in Azerbaijan are limited to a Pallas's cat skin found in Karabakh and a sighting of an individual in Julfa District, both in the late 20th century.

On the Iranian Plateau, two Pallas's cats were encountered near the Aras River in northwestern Iran before the 1970s. In the area, an individual was captured at an elevation of about 1500 m near Azarshahr in East Azerbaijan Province in 2008. In the same year, a camera trap recorded a Pallas's cat on the southern slopes of the central Alborz Mountains in Khojir National Park shortly after heavy snowfall. Farther east in the Alborz Mountains, an individual was recorded among rocks at an elevation of 2441 m in 2016. In the Aladagh and Kopet Dag Mountains, the Pallas's cat was recorded inside and in the vicinity of protected areas. In the south of the Zagros Mountains, an individual was caught in a corral used by transhumant pastoralists in Abadeh County in 2012. The surrounding area consists of rocky steppe habitat dominated by mountain almond (Prunus scoparia), Astragalus and Artemisia. In the Hindu Kush, a Pallas's cat was observed sunbathing at the fringe of a rocky high-elevation plain near Dasht-e Nawar in Afghanistan's Koh-i-Baba range in April 2007. The Pallas's cat was also photographed multiple times in Bamyan Province between 2015 and 2017. In Pakistan's Qurumber National Park in Gilgit-Baltistan, an individual was recorded on a ridge in a juniper dominated forest at 3445 m in July 2012.

In the Transcaspian Region, its presence was first reported in the Kopet Dag mountains and in the vicinity of the Tedzhen and Murghab Rivers in the late 19th century. In Turkmenistan's Sünt-Hasardag Nature Reserve, a camera trap recorded an individual in 2019. The Pallas's cat is allegedly also present in Köpetdag Nature Reserve.

Historical records of the Pallas's cat are known in the Surxondaryo Region and Gissar Range along the border of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. In Kyrgyzstan, it is present at high elevations of Sarychat-Ertash State Nature Reserve and in the foothills of the Alay Range. In 2013, a dead female was found in a valley near Engilchek, Kyrgyzstan. In Kazakhstan, it inhabits the highlands and steppes of central and east Kazakhstan Region, the periphery of the Betpak-Dala Desert, the northern Balkhash District and the Tarbagatai Mountains.

In the South Siberian Mountains, it inhabits grasslands on the Ukok Plateau and in the Altai, Kuray and Saylyugem Mountains. It is also present in Chagan-Uzun and Argut river basins, Mongun-Taiga, Uvs Lake Basin, Sayano-Shushenski Nature Reserve, Tunkinsky National Park, Lake Gusinoye basin and in the interfluves of the Selenga, Chikoy and Khilok rivers. In the eastern Sayan Mountains, its presence was documented for the first time in 1997. In Transbaikal, it inhabits montane steppes at elevations of 600-800 m, where annual rainfall ranges from 150 to 400 mm. In 2013, an individual was observed on the Vitim Plateau.

The Pallas's cat inhabits the semi-desert steppe of Ikh Nartiin Chuluu Nature Reserve in Mongolia. In Khustain Nuruu National Park and Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park, it prefers rocky and rugged habitats that provides cover and camouflage. On the Tibetan plateau, two Pallas's cats were observed in undulating alpine meadow amidst plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) colonies at 4087 m in western China's Qumarlêb County in 2001. One of them swam across an irrigation channel. In Gêrzê County, an individual was sighted in desert steppe habitat at an elevation of 5050 m in 2005. In 2011, the Pallas's cat was photographed in an alpine meadow in the core area of Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve. In Ruoergai, it was observed at several places in habitat that was frequented by pastoralists and their livestock herds.

The presence of the Pallas's cat in the Himalayas was first reported in Ladakh's Indus valley in 1991. In Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary, Pallas's cats were sighted close by riverbanks at elevations of 4202 and 4160 m in 2013 and 2015. In Gangotri National Park, a Pallas's cat was photographed in rocky alpine scrub at 4800 m in 2019. In Sikkim, an individual was observed on a rocky slope at an elevation of 5073 m in the vicinity of Tso Lhamo Lake in 2007. In December 2012, the Pallas's cat was recorded for the first time in the Nepal Himalayas. It was photographed in the upper Marshyangdi river valley in alpine pastures at elevations of 4200 m and 4650 m in Annapurna Conservation Area. In Shey-Phoksundo National Park, Pallas's cat scat was detected at 5593 m in 2016, the globally highest record to date. In January 2012, it was recorded for the first time in Bhutan, namely in rolling hills dominated by glacial outwash and alpine steppe vegetation in Wangchuck Centennial National Park. In autumn 2012, it was also photographed at an elevation of 4122 m in Jigme Dorji National Park. In 2019, scat samples of two individuals were found in Sagarmatha National Park, providing the first genetic evidence of the cat's presence in the eastern Himalayas.

Behaviour and ecology
The Pallas's cat is solitary. Of nine Pallas's cat kittens observed in captivity, only the two males scent marked by spraying urine.

The Pallas's cat uses caves, rock crevices and marmot burrows as shelter. In central Mongolia, 29 Pallas's cats were fitted with radio collars between June 2005 and October 2007. They used 101 dens during this time, including 39 winter dens, 42 summer dens and 20 dens for raising kittens. The summer and winter dens usually had one entrance with a diameter of 15.6 to 23.4 cm. They resided in the summer dens for 2–21 days, and in the winter dens for 2–28 days. Summer and maternal dens were close to rocky habitats with little direct sunlight, whereas winter dens were closer to ravines. The home ranges of 16 females varied from 7.4 to 125.2 km2. The home ranges of nine males varied from 20.9 to 207.0 km2 and overlapped those of one to four females and partly also those of other males. The sizes of their home ranges decreased in winter.

In an unprotected area in central Mongolia, Pallas's cats were mainly crepuscular between May and August, but active by day from September to November. Pallas's cats recorded in four study areas in the western Mongolian Altai mountains were also active during the day, but with a lower frequency at sites where livestock was present.

Hunting and diet
The Pallas's cat is a highly specialised predator of small mammals, which it catches by stalking or ambushing near exits of burrows. It also pulls out rodents with its paws from shallow burrows. In the Altai Mountains, remains of long-tailed ground squirrel (Urocitellus undulatus), flat-skulled shrew (Sorex roboratus), Pallas's pika (Ochotona pallasi) and bird feathers were found near breeding burrows of Pallas's cats. In Transbaikal, it preys on Daurian pika (Ochotona dauurica), steppe pika (O. pusilla), Daurian ground squirrel (Spermophilus dauricus) and young of red-billed chough (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax). Scat samples of the Pallas's cat collected in the bufferzone of Khustain Nuruu National Park in central Mongolia contained foremost remains of Daurian pika, Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), Mongolian silver vole (Alticola semicanus) and remains of passerine birds, beetles and grasshoppers. Brandt's vole (Lasiopodomys brandtii) dominated in the diet of Pallas's cats in Mongolia's Sükhbaatar Province after the irruptive growth of this vole population during 2017 to 2020. Scat found in Shey-Phoksundo National Park contained remains of pika species and of woolly hare (Lepus oiostolus). Remains of a cypriniform fish were found in Pallas's cat scat in Gongga Mountain Nature Reserve.

Reproduction and life cycle
The female is sexually mature at the age of about one year. She is in estrus for 26 to 42 hours. Gestation lasts 66 to 75 days.

A captive male Pallas's cat housed under natural lighting conditions showed increased aggressive and territorial behaviour at the onset of the breeding season, lasting from September to December. Its blood contained three times more testosterone than in the non-breeding season, and its ejaculate was more concentrated with more normal sperm forms and a higher motility of sperm.

In the wild, the female gives birth to a litter of two to six kittens between the end of April and late May. The newborn kittens' fur is fuzzy, and their eyes are closed until the age of about two weeks. A newborn male kitten born in a zoo weighed 89 g, measured 12.3 cm and had a 5.5 cm long tail.

In central Mongolia, seven females with kittens were observed using 20 dens for 4–60 days. Their maternal dens were either among rocks, or in former burrows of the Tarbagan marmot (Marmota sibirica), and had at least two entrances. In Iran, a Pallas's cat was observed using cavities of aged Greek juniper (Juniperus excelsa) as breeding dens for a litter of four kittens.

Two-month-old kittens weigh 500-600 g, and their fur gradually grows longer. They start hunting at the age of about five months and reach adult size by the age of six to seven months.

Threats
In China, Mongolia and Russia, the Pallas's cat was once hunted for its fur in large numbers of more than 10,000 skins annually. In China and the former Soviet Union, hunting of the Pallas's cat decreased in the 1970s when it became legally protected. Mongolia exported 9,185 skins in 1987, but international trade has ceased since 1988. However, domestic trade of its skins and body parts for medicinal purposes continues in the country, and it may be hunted throughout the year.

Cases of herding dogs killing Pallas's cats were reported in Iran, Kazakhstan and the Altai Republic. Pallas's cats have also fallen victim in traps set for small mammals in Kazakhstan and in the Altai Republic. In Transbaikal, the Pallas's cat is threatened by poaching. In Mongolia, the use of the rodenticide bromadiolone in the frame of rodent control measures in the early 21st century poisoned the prey base of carnivores and raptors. In the Sanjiangyuan region of the Tibetan Plateau, 54147 km2 of grassland was poisoned between 2005 and 2009, leading to an estimated loss of 50000-80000 t of pika biomass. The Pallas's cat may be negatively affected by habitat fragmentation due to mining and infrastructure projects.

Conservation
On the IUCN Red List, the Pallas's cat is classified as Least Concern since 2020 because of its wide-spread range and assumed large global population. It is listed in CITES Appendix II. Hunting it is prohibited in all range countries except Mongolia. Since 2009, it is legally protected in Afghanistan, where all hunting and trade with its body parts is banned. On the Mongolian Red List of Mammals, it is listed as Near Threatened since 2006. In China, it is listed as Endangered. In Turkmenistan, it is proposed to be listed as Critically Endangered due to the scarcity of contemporary records.

In captivity
Between 1951 and 1979, the Beijing Zoo kept 16 Pallas's cats, but they lived for less than three years. In 1984, the Pallas's cat was designated as a priority species for captive breeding of the American Association of Zoos and Aquariums's Species Survival Plan. Almost half of the kittens born in member zoos died within the first 30 days, reaching the highest mortality rate in captivity of any small wild cat.

Zoos in the former Soviet Union received most of the wild-caught Pallas's cats from the Transbaikal region and a few from Mongolia. Moscow Zoo initiated a studbook for the Pallas's cat in 1997. Since 2004, the Pallas's cat international studbook has been managed by the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, which also coordinates the captive breeding program for the Pallas's cat within the European Endangered Species Programme. As of 2018, 177 Pallas's cats were kept in 60 zoos in Europe, Russia, North America and Japan.

In 2011, a female Pallas's cat was artificially inseminated for the first time with semen from the male at the Cincinnati Zoo. After 69 days, she gave birth to four kittens, of which one was stillborn.

Etymology
'Manul' is the Pallas's cat's name in the Kyrgyz language. It is called 'manol' in the Mongolian language. The common name 'Pallas's cat' was coined by William Thomas Blanford in honour of Peter Simon Pallas.

In popular culture
The Pallas's cat is featured in a Russian Internet meme known as "Pet the cat" introduced in 2008; the meme is a picture of a Pallas's cat that invites the reader to pet it in the image's caption. In 2012, the Pallas's cat became the mascot of Moscow Zoo.

title: Pallas's cat


text:
Drip coffee

Drip coffee is made by pouring hot water onto ground coffee beans, allowing it to brew while seeping through. There are several methods for doing this, including using a filter. Terms used for the resulting coffee often reflect the method used, such as drip-brewed coffee, or, somewhat inaccurately, filtered coffee in general. Manually brewed drip coffee is typically referred to as pour-over coffee. Water seeps through the ground coffee, absorbing its constituent chemical compounds, and then passes through a filter. The used coffee grounds are retained in the filter, while the brewed coffee is collected in a vessel such as a carafe or pot.

History
Commercial paper coffee filters were invented in Germany by Melitta Bentz in 1908 and are commonly used for drip brew all over the world. In 1944, Willy Brand developed an automatic drip-brewer utilizing circular paper filters in Switzerland. In 1954, one of the first electric drip brewers, the Wigomat invented by Gottlob Widmann, was patented in Germany. Drip brew coffee makers largely replaced the coffee percolator (a device combining boiling, drip-brewing and steeping) in the 1970s due to the percolator's tendency to over-extract coffee, thereby making it bitter. One benefit of paper filters is that the used grounds and the filter may be disposed together, without a need to clean the filter. Permanent filters are also common, made of thin perforated metal sheets, fine plastic mesh, porous ceramics or glazed porcelain sieves that restrain the grounds but allow the coffee to pass, thus eliminating the need to have to purchase separate filters which sometimes cannot be found in some parts of the world. These add to the maintenance of the machine but reduce overall cost and produce less waste.

Characteristics
Brewing with a paper filter produces clear, light-bodied coffee. While free of sediments, such coffee is lacking in some of coffee's oils and essences; they have been trapped in the paper filter. Metal, nylon or porcelain mesh filters do not normally remove these components.

It may be observed, especially when using a tall, narrow carafe, that the coffee at the bottom of the coffeepot is stronger than that at the top. This is because less flavor is available for extraction from the coffee grounds as the brewing process progresses. A mathematical argument has been made that delivering comparable strength in two cups of coffee is nearly achieved using a Thue–Morse sequence of pours. This analysis prompted a whimsical article in the popular press.

Cultural impact
Filter coffee is central to Japanese coffee culture and connoisseurship.

In South India, filter coffee brewed at home is known as Kaapi and is a part of local culture. Most houses have a stainless-steel coffee filter and most shops sell freshly roasted and ground coffee beans. Some popular filter coffee brands include Mysore café, Hill coffee (Suresh healthcare), Cothas Coffee (Bangalore) and Narasu's Coffee (Salem). It is common in South India and Louisiana to add chicory to coffee to give it a unique taste and flavour.

Methods
There are a number of methods and pieces of equipment for making drip-brewed coffee.

Manual pour-over coffee preparation
Pour-over methods are popular ways of making specialty drip coffee. The method involves pouring water over a bed of coffee (sometimes also called cake) in a filter-lined conical or cylindrical chamber typically consisting of a filter and a suitable filter holder. The filtering can be with paper, cloth, plastic, ceramics, or metal.

The quality of the resulting coffee is extremely dependent on the technique of the user, with pour-over brewing being a popular method used in the World Brewers Cup.

The pour-over coffee preparation method typically starts by pouring a small amount of hot water over the coffee grounds and allow it to sit for about half a minute before continuing the pouring. This pre-wetting, called blooming, will cause carbon dioxide to be released in bubbles or foam from the coffee grounds and helps to improve the taste.

There are several manual drip-brewing devices on the market, offering more control over brewing parameters than automatic machines, and which incorporate stopper valves and other innovations that offer greater control over steeping time and the proportion of coffee to water. There also exist small, portable, single-serving drip brew makers that only hold the filter and rest on top of a mug or cup, making them a popular option for backcountry campers and hikers. Hot water is poured in and drips directly into the cup.

Different filter shapes and sizes exist, most notable the (paper) coffee filter systems introduced by Melitta (1908, 1932, 1936, 1965), Chemex (1941) and Hario (2004).

Cafetière du Belloy and similar coffee makers
Manual drip coffee makers include the so-called French drip coffee pot (invented in 1795 by François Antoine Henri Descroizilles and manufactured by a metal-smith in Rouen, then popularized by bishop Jean-Baptiste de Belloy  for why it became known as Cafetière du Belloy in Paris since 1800  to the point that it was sometimes incorrectly attributed to the bishop himself ), the Grègue (café grègue, café coulé, etc.) originating from La Réunion and also common in Louisiana, and the so-called Arndt'sche Caffee-Aufgussmaschine (Quedlinburg, Germany, c. 1900). French drip devices emerged from the earlier coffee biggins where cloth filters would be fully inserted into the pot for steeping instead of drip filtering. French drip coffee pots don't use paper filters but a permanent filter featuring many small round drilled holes made out of (enameled) metal, ceramics or porcelain. A cafetière du Belloy was originally made out of tin, later versions were made out of silver, copper, ceramics or porcelain. The Grègue and the Arndt'sche Caffee-Aufgussmaschine are built out of (enameled) metal. To avoid sediments in the coffee, coarsely ground coffee has to be used.

Around 1895, skyblue enameled metal coffee pots named Madam Blå were introduced in Denmark by Glud & Marstrand. They looked similar to French drip coffee pots, but used cotton filters and were available in 18 sizes for up to 50 cups of coffee.

The Drip-O-lator is an American coffee pot for making drip coffee patented in 1921 and in 1930 and manufactured in Massillon, Ohio, or Macon, Georgia, United States. The production of Drip-O-lators ceased in the middle of the twentieth century. The pots have become collectibles similar to bric-à-brac.

In the 1930s, the German company Melitta produced a series of manual coffee makers called Kaffeefiltriermaschine ("coffee filtering machine"). They worked on the principle of French drip coffee pots, but used a paper filter and allowed to pour the whole amount of water at once instead of having to pour several times.

Flip coffee pots
A less familiar form of drip brewing is the reversible or "flip" pot commonly known as Napoletana (1819) and late-19th century variants like the Russian reversible pot aka Russian egg, the reversible Potsdam cafetière aka Potsdam boiler, or the Arndt'sche Sturzmaschine (c. 1920).

Karlsbad-style coffee makers
A variant of the category of French drip coffee pots is the group of "Bohemian" coffee pots including the original Karlsbad coffee makers, historically produced by several mostly Bohemian porcelain manufacturers since 1878 up into the first half of the 20th century, and variants produced by Porzellanfabrik Siegmund Paul Meyer (SPM) / Porzellanfabrik Walküre since 1910,    Friesland Porzellan (FPM). In contrast to French drip coffee pots which feature round holes, they all use a special double-layered cross-slitted strainer made from through-glazed porcelain. Before World War I, they were very popular in the Viennese coffee house culture. The special kind of drip coffee they produce is called a Karlsbader ("Karlsbad coffee").

System Büttner coffee makers
System Büttner coffee makers are a type of coffee makers featuring a special permanent through-glazed porcelain filter with triangularly-arranged slits and a valving mechanism to combine steeping with drip-brewing. They were invented in 1926 by the coffee roaster Carl A. Büttner (Berlin, Germany) and produced up into, at least, the 1940s by the porcelain manufacturer Bauscher (company) (Weiden, Germany) for various German coffee roasters and distributors.

Electric drip-coffee makers
One of the first electrical drip coffee makers was the German Wigomat, patented in 1954. In the early 1970s electrical drip coffee makers became more common, causing a decline in manual drip coffee preparation methods until the 2010s, and the near-extinction of coffee percolators. Among the early electrical drip coffee machines was a machine designed by two former Westinghouse engineers and sold under the brand Mr. Coffee in the early 1970s.

It normally works by admitting water from a cold-water reservoir into a flexible hose in the base of the reservoir leading directly to a thin metal tube or heating chamber (usually, of aluminium), where a heating element surrounding the metal tube heats the water. The heated water moves through the machine using the thermosiphon principle. Thermally induced pressure and the siphoning effect move the heated water through an insulated rubber or vinyl riser hose, into a spray head, and onto the ground coffee, which is contained in a brew basket mounted below the spray head. The coffee passes through a filter and drips down into the carafe. A one-way valve in the tubing prevents water from siphoning back into the reservoir. The carafe, usually made of glass, rests on a warming plate that keeps the brewed coffee warm. A thermostat attached to the heating element turns off the heating element as needed to prevent overheating the water in the metal tube (overheating would produce only steam in the supply hose), then turns back on when the water cools below a certain threshold. For a standard 10–12 cup drip coffeemaker, using a more powerful thermostatically controlled heating element (in terms of wattage produced), can heat increased amounts of water more quickly using larger heating chambers, generally producing higher average water temperatures at the spray head over the entire brewing cycle. This process can be further improved by changing the aluminium construction of most heating chambers to a metal with superior heat transfer qualities, such as copper.

Throughout the latter part of the 20th century, a number of inventors patented various coffeemaker designs using an automated form of the drip brew method. Subsequent designs have featured changes in heating elements, spray head, and brew-basket design, as well as the addition of timers and clocks for automatic-start, water filtration, filter and carafe design, drip stop, and even built-in coffee grinding mechanisms.

title: Drip coffee