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 known species of eurypterids throughout the world; B, the horizons in which the remains occur, with particular reference to the fades exhibited and to the exact stratigraphical position; C, the mode of occurrence of the remains, whether well preserved or fragmentary, whether a single fragment or a large number of individuals; and finally, D, the other fossils, if there are any, which occur associated with the eurypterids. These facts are all summarized in tables I-III on pp. 37–49 and in the list of faunal associates on pp. 84–91. The second chapter is a résume of the various opinions which have been held regarding the habitat of the Eurypterida. The next three chapters (III, IV and V) deal with the three chief lines of evidence which may be adduced to determine any fossil habitat, namely, the bionomic characters of the faunas, the lithogenesis of the formations in which the remains occur, and the type of migration and dispersal, marine or fluviatile, indicated by the relations existing between species and genera in synchronous faunas and by the phyletic relationships in successive horizons. In these three chapters general principles are first discussed and criteria are established for recognizing various types of habitats, sediments, and fossil faunas; the application of these criteria to the eurypterid problem is then given in detail. The conclusion reached by the author after the study of all available data and in the light of manifold theoretic considerations is that: the eurypterids throughout their entire phylogenetic history lived in the rivers.

Aside from the work done on the literature, a large amount of material has been studied, including hundreds of typical specimens of eurypterids, thin sections of some of the waterlimes, the collections of the rock types from the eurypterid-bearing horizons of Europe collected by Professor A. W. Grabau and now in the Palaeontological Museum of Columbia University; further, a number of the best sections in the field have been visited. When the present paper was nearly finished there appeared Clarke and Ruedemann's exhaustive Monograph on the Eurypterida of New York (39), which, with Woodward's Monograph of the British Fossil Crustacea, gives us the most illuminating and comprehensive work on the Eurypterida. Many important points in the ontogeny and phylogeny of the eurypterids are here set forth for the first time, and all of the North American species are described in great detail and figured in a volume of plates that surpass all former illustrations.


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 I wish to express my thanks to Dr. R. Ruedemann, who allowed me to study the large collection of New York eurypterids at the State Museum in Albany; to Dr. C. D. Walcott, who showed me the large Beltina fauna and the beautiful specimens of Limulava from the Middle Cambric Stephen shale of Canada in the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, D. C; and to Mr. McIntosh at the Museum of the Natural History Society, St. John, New Brunswick, for information about the age of the Little River Plant beds and for the privilege of being allowed to inspect the type material from those beds.

To the courtesy and helpfulness of Mr. Henry R. Howland, Superintendent of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, I owe the opportunity of studying every specimen of eurypterid in the museum of that Society. Furthermore, Mr. Howland loaned me a number of specimens to describe, and I was thus able to show the existence of two species of a pulmonale gastropod, Hercynella, in the Bertie waterlime. It was because of Mr. Howland's interest in papers dealing with the geological problems of the Buffalo region that the present contribution appears in the Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences.

With the fullest appreciation for the inspiration and guidance which I have received, I gladly acknowledge my indebtedness to Professor Amadeus W. Grabau. He was one of the first to advocate the fluviatile habitat of the eurypterids and one of my earliest geological recollections was of a discussion between him and a number of men who argued for the marine habitat, a discussion to which I listened with the utmost interest although I was then not in a position to weigh the evidence brought forward on either side. More than four years ago Professor Grabau suggested that I take up the problem, with the purpose of marshalling all of the available evidence in proof of an hypothesis which he had strong theoretic reasons for believing to be true. Throughout the work I have profitted by the helpful criticisms and keen suggestions of a man who has made such problems his specialty for twenty-five years, and without whose assistance this paper certainly could not have been written. The method of treatment which I have used is based upon the principles of interpretational geology expounded in the Palaeontological Laboratory of Columbia University, and with the hope that this paper shall not prove unworthy of the teachings there set forth, I informally dedicate it to the American School of Philosophic Geologists, among the leaders of whom Professor Grabau stands so preëminent.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: The Habitat of the Eurypterida/Introduction


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From all over the world there have been recorded fourteen genera and between 150 and 160 species of eurypterids. Of these considerably more than half occur in the Siluric, about a third occurring in the Upper Siluric alone. No remains have been found in beds higher than the Permic, and until 1882 it was supposed that there were none below the Siluric. In that year Walcott discovered a few fragments in the Utica shale, of Upper Ordovicic age, and an even more remarkable fauna in the Pre-Cambric Belt Terrane of Montana. In 1901 Beecher discovered an almost perfect eurypterid in the Upper Cambric of Missouri. These discoveries, together with several more recent ones from the Ordovicic, show that the Eurypterida ranged from the Pre-Cambric through the Permic, reaching their acme in numbers, development and diversity of types in the Upper Siluric. In the following review of the occurrence North America alone will be considered first and then the rest of the world. Until the Monograph on the Eurypterida of New York appeared there was no one book containing all the information about the North American species, and it was necessary for one in quest of such knowledge to search laboriously through state reports and numerous periodicals. Now all the data have been systematically brought together and greatly added to, so that it will be unnecessary to dwell at great length upon the American formations. For the rest of the world, unfortunately, there is no one book to which the student may be referred, so that one is compelled to consult the literature of each country in each continent thus gradually bringing together the work that has been done. Because the foreign periodicals and books now out of print are inaccessible to many, a more detailed account will be given of the distribution, and the nature and correlation of the formations in other countries than is required for America.

. The earliest representative of the eurypterids is Beltina danai discovered by Walcott in the Greyson shales in the


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52 materials with which to ensure the safety of a town, by entrusting the garrison and all the strong places in their hands.

Tuesday, 3d May. At ten o'clock, whilst we were at breakfast, a message was brought informing us that the flag was hoisted on the fort, and that the Tartar was in sight. I immediately mounted my horse, accompanied by Mr. Barcaistegie, and rode up the side of the hill called the Quebrada, to witness the interesting object. Before twelve o'clock, Lieut. Morgan came on shore to see if I had arrived, and, a few hours after, Captain Brown himself also landed. I was glad to find I had not detained him, and, as he was in a hurry to depart, it was settled that I should go on board the next day.

The street in which my host, the acting consul, lived, was not large, but it was one of the best, and contained the most respectable houses in the town. Towards the evening, an assembly of the inhabitants had collected before the house, and a dance was struck up in the open air. The music consisted of


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 middle part of the Belt Terrane in Montana. The remains are very numerous, most of them being exceedingly thin films flattened in a calcareous shale and showing no definite surface markings (288, 21). Weller has collected specimens from the Altyn limestone at the type locality north of Altyn in the valley of Swift Current Creek, Montana, at the base of the Appekunny Mountains where the remains are embedded in a fine calcarenyte matrix and show surface markings (288, 40, pl. 7, fig. 4). Specimens have also been collected from the Altyn limestone at about the same horizon near Johnson Creek on The Continental Divide, Alberta, Canada. These show surface markings, and have been referred by Walcott to B. danai (288, 40, pl. 7, figs. 2, 2a, 3).

In a recent communication from Dr. Walcott, I have his statement about the occurrence of the merostome remains in the different sections. In the southeastern area of the Big Belt Mountains he found a series of sandy shales and sandstones between the top of the Newland limestone and the base of the Greyson; these carried Beltina. In the sections in the Little Belt Mountains Walcott found it difficult to determine whether the shales carrying Beltina belonged to the Greyson or to the Newland. In the Northern Montana section the merostome remains are found in the lower portion of the Altyn limestone, so that, concludes Walcott, "the correlation on the basis of fossil evidence is that the Greyson and Altyn are about the same age." The fossils from the Altyn limestone were identified by Walcott as Beltina danai, and Clarke and Ruedemann agree that the fragments are remains of merostomes. They are, however, skeptical about the correlation of the Altyn with the Belt terrane and they are justified in this skepticism so long as the correlation is based upon the fossils alone, for if the organic remains in the Belt terrane are not eurypterids and are not the same as those in the Altyn, then the correlation is unfounded. Furthermore, the palaeontological evidence alone would not be sufficient for correlation, and, if, as I believe, these Pre-Cambric formations are to be regarded as of continental origin, then neither physical nor faunal data will lead to correlations, since the same lithological successions will be repeated time and again in different localities and in addition the synchroneity of river faunas is difficult to establish.

Thus at present it is impossible to say which authority is to be accepted. Walcott plans to do more work on these sections in the


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 course of which he may find better preserved fragments in the Belt terrane, leaving no doubt as to the nature of the organisms; or, he may find other structural and stratigraphic evidence for the correlation. "On the basis of lithologic characteristics," he says, "the Altyn would be correlated with the Newland limestone, and the Grinnell and Appekunny with the arenaceous series above the Newland limestone." But he further points out that "In deposits of the character of those of the Algonkian in Montana, lithologic characteristics are really of very little value over extended areas, as most of the calcareous formations are in the form of great lentils, and these are not comparable with the calcareous deposits of the Palaeozoic."

. In the Middle Cambric there are undoubted marine Merostomata, discovered by Walcott in 1910 in the Stephen formation in British Columbia, Canada. He has described two genera, Sidneyia and Amiella, referring them to the Eurypterida in the sub-order Limulava. As will be shown later, these forms are not true eurypterids, and need, therefore, no further mention here.

The only unquestionable eurypterid from the Cambric is Beecher's Strabops thacheri from the Potosi limestone at Flat River, St. François county, Missouri (19, pl. VII). Of this species a single specimen was found for which the genus was erected. It is a nearly complete individual, the dorsal aspect of which is well shown, though none of the appendages are visible. It occurs in a yellowish, argillaceous calcilutyte from one of the lower members of the Potosi. The slab upon which Strabops occurs contains no other organic remains, but Beecher has described a collection made by Nason from these same beds in which there is an abundant marine fauna consisting of fragments of trilobites with a few brachipods and other forms (Hyolithes and a small Platyceras) (20, 362, 363). It is to be regretted that Beecher did not, or was not able to specify more exactly the stratum in which he found the eurypterid, for the Potosi limestone in the Flat River section is 350 feet thick, not counting the 106 feet of slates and conglomerate below and another 100 above, all of Potosi age, and of course, it is by no means certain that the marine fossils occurred in the same bed with the eurypterid. In fact, so far as the material is concerned, this seems not to have been the case.

. From the Ordovicic until just recently only one occurrence had been noted, that of Echinognathus clevelandi Walcott,


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 described from the Utica shale of Holland Patent, New York (281), where one cephalic appendage and a portion of a thoracic somite were found. On the same piece of slate with these fragments Walcott found two characteristic Utica fossils, Leptobolus insignis and Triarthrus becki, and from the same locality comes a large graptolite fauna including Dendrograptus tenuiramosus, Climacograptus bicornis, as well as Schizocrania filosa and Endoceras proteiforme.

Lately there have been some extremely interesting discoveries of eurypterids in the Normanskill and Schenectady shales and sandstones (Black River and early Trenton age, respectively) of the Mohawk and Hudson valleys. Professor G. H. Chadwick has very recently found eurypterid remains in the sandstones of the Broom Street Quarry at Catskill, New York, in the Normanskill beds which until then had yielded only a graptolite fauna. Clarke and Ruedemann have described the species and also the beds from which they come. The eurypterids are very abundant in the sandstones though poorly preserved, but in the intercalated black shales, while less numerous they show better preservation. They are associated with graptolites and plant remains. Six species have been described by Clarke and Ruedemann. Eurypterus chadwicki, Eusarcus linguatus, Dolichopterus breviceps, Stylonurus modestus, Pterygotus ? (Eusarcus) nasutus, P. normanskillensis. Entire individuals are absent, the fauna being made up chiefly of carapaces.

The first profuse Upper Ordovicic fauna is found in the Schenectady shales (Trenton age), originally referred to the Frankfort. A preliminary notice of these specimens which appeared in 1910 (38, 31) shows that these remains "usually in fragmentary condition, abound most freely in fine-grained black shale, intercalated between thick calcareous sandstone beds. . . . . but they also occur in the sandy passage beds between the two. The sandy shales are full of organic remains, partly of the supposed seaweed Sphenothallus (Sphenophycus) latifolium Hall and partly of what appear to be large unidentified patches of eurypterid integument. In the black shales the eurypterid remains are rarer, but their surface sculpture is excellently retained, and here their organic associates are Climacograptus typicalis and Triarthrus becki. As a result of imperfect retention of these eurypterids in the rocks where they most abound and their sparseness in the shales which have best preserved them, we are still left in ignorance of the full composition of the assemblage, but it is safe to say genera, species and individuals were abundant at this early


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 period and the evolution of distinctive characters. . . . had progressed to so sharp a differentiation that we are compelled to carry back farther in history, some of the commoner generic designations. These remains in the Frankfort [Schenectady] shale are distributed through fully 1500 feet of strata off a northeast-southwest coast line in an area of maximum deposition." Clarke and Ruedemann have described eleven species Eurypterus megalops, E. pristinus, E. ? (Dolichopterus ?) stellatus, Eusarcus triangulatus, E. ? longiceps, Dolichopterus frankfortensis, D. latifrons, Hughmilleria magna, Pterygotus nasutus, P. prolifica, Stylonurus ? limbatus.

A few fragments found as early as 1874 in the upper part of the Cincinnati group near Clarkesville, Clinton County, Ohio, were originally described by S. A. Miller (174) as Megalograptus welchi, under the mistaken supposition that they represented a graptolite, but were later determined by A. F. Foerste to be eurypterid remains. The specimens are much broken, representing two endognathites with one postabdominal segment. They occur in a blue marl three feet above a wave-marked layer of limestone, in the Liberty beds where they are associated with a typical marine fauna mainly of crinoids and some trilobites.

. Lower Siluric or Niagaran. In the Lower Siluric are several cases of the presence of eurypterid remains in marine formations. Hall's species of Eurypterus prominens from the Clinton greenish sandstone of Cayuga County, New York, was described from a single cephalon, and an unidentified species of Eurypterus is recorded from the Arisaig of Nova Scotia (39, 87). Whiteave's Eurypterus (Tylopterus) boylei from the Guelph dolomites of Ontario is a species founded upon a single somewhat crushed, but otherwise nearly complete individual. It is found in a porous, coarse-grained dolomite, and shows an unusually thickened exoskeleton, a thickening common in other members of the Guelph fauna and indicating, according to Clarke and Ruedemann, extremely saline conditions (39, 218).

Quite recently a new eurypterid horizon has been discovered by M. Y. Williams in the shales overlying the Lockport and underlying the Guelph of Ontario, Canada. Along the banks of the Eramosa River between Rockwood and Guelph the top of the Lockport formation is exposed, and is seen to consist of a series of "thin-bedded, dark


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 grey or chocolate brown, bituminous dolomites which at some localities include bituminous shales," and to which Williams has given the name Eramosa beds (303, 1).

The bituminous nature of the dolomites and intercalated shales is indicative of near-shore conditions, and since these succeed the more purely marine facies of the typical Lockport, a shoaling or withdrawal of the sea, with a greater dominance of terrestrial sedimentation, is implied. The fauna is confined within some six inches of the bituminous shales and though fragments of a dozen or more species, including one eurypterid, have been found in abundance, not even generic identifications could be made with certainty. Williams gives the following list (303, 3):
 * Eusarcus logani Williams
 * Monomorella cf. orbicularis Billings
 * Orthis ? near tenuidens Hall
 * Spirifer radiatus Sowerby ?
 * Anoplotheca ? sp.
 * Lichenalia concentrica Hall
 * Orbiculoidea subplana (Hall)
 * Camarotoechia whitei (Hall)?
 * Whitfieldella nitida Hall?
 * Meristina ? sp.
 * Conularia niagarensis Hall?
 * Conularia sp.

The Lower Siluric occurrences, thus, are in formations containing undoubted and abundant marine faunas, but the eurypterids are represented either by fragments, or, in the case of the Guelph specimen, by a single though nearly perfect individual.

A recent discovery of considerable interest is the finding by Professor Van Ingen of Princeton University, of eurypterid remans in what appears to be the Tuscarora and associated beds of Swatara Gap, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania (39, 418, 419). In beds carrying Arthrophycus harlani ? he found: Another bed labeled 182 B 23 has afforded a carapace not
 * 1) Eurypterus maria. Large and small carapaces.
 * 2) Dolichopterus cf. otisius. Medium sized carapace.
 * 3) Stylonurus myops. Large and small carapaces.
 * 4) Hughmilleria shawangunk. Large carapace.
 * 5) Pterygotus cf. globiceps. Small carapace.
 * 6) Swimming leg of a Pterygotus or Hughmilleria.


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 from Eurypterus maria. A bed, said to occur between a horizon containing what is apparently a Clinton fauna (B 8x) and one containing a Rochester (or Lockport) fauna (B 19x) and numbered B 16 h, contained the following remains:
 * 1) Small carapaces, belonging to species closely related to or identical with Eurypterus maria, Hughmilleria shawangunk and Pterygotus globiceps.
 * 2) A patch of integument with finely preserved sculpture identical with that ascribed to Stylonurus sp.
 * 3) Stylonurus myops. Fragmentary, medium sized carapace.
 * 4) Coxa, probably belonging to Hughmilleria.
 * 5) Small telson of an Erettopterus.

Middle Siluric or Salinan. In the Middle Siluric of North America are several interesting occurrences of eurypterids, and the first appearance of well preserved individuals in large numbers. Specifically indeterminable fragments of Hughmilleria and carapaces of Dolichopterus (cf. D. otisius) or Hughmilleria have been found along the Pennsylvania-Maryland border in a hard black shale which is "sandy at the top and pitted by rust-stained worm-tubes" (267, 5), and which is interbedded between two sandstone members of the Keefer sandstone member of the McKenzie formation at the base of the Salina.

Of far greater interest and importance, however, are the faunas of the Pittsford and Shawangunk shales of New York and Pennsylvania. At Pittsford, Monroe County, New York, five species (or varieties) of eurypterids have been found: Eurypterus pittsfordensis Sarle, Hughmilleria socialis Sarle, H. socialis var. robusta Sarle, Pterygotus monroensis Sarle and Stylonurus (Ctenopterus) multispinosus Clarke and Ruedemann. This fauna is represented by numerous individuals, many of them well preserved, and by many fragments, but typical marine fossils are absent from the shales, although crustacea such as Emmelezoe decora and Pseudoniscus roosevelti occur. The eurypterids are here preserved in a remarkable state of perfection, the fauna being found in two thin layers of the black shales (lower one 1 foot 2 inches thick, upper one 10 inches thick) (240, 1082) and the eurypterids are in such abundance that some layers are "literally packed" with the remains. The entire fauna from these beds as reported by Sarle (240, 1081) is: Phyllocarida, 2; Synxiphosura, 1; Eurypterida, 6.

In the associated dolomitic layers were found Graptolitida, 1; Annelida (denticles), 3; Brachiopoda, 1; Pelecypoda, 1; Cephalopoda, 2; Ostracoda, 1.


text:
A Time of Great Trial

Good evening. To the United States Corps of Cadets, to the men and women of our armed services and to my fellow Americans: I want to speak to you tonight about our effort in Afghanistan — the nature of our commitment there, the scope of our interests and the strategy that my Administration will pursue to bring this war to a successful conclusion. It is an honor for me to do so here — at West Point — where so many men and women have prepared to stand up for our security and to represent what is finest about our country.

To address these issues, it is important to recall why America and our allies were compelled to fight a war in Afghanistan in the first place. We did not ask for this fight. On September 11, 2001, 19 men hijacked four airplanes and used them to murder nearly 3,000 people. They struck at our military and economic nerve centers. They took the lives of innocent men, women and children without regard to their faith or race or station. Were it not for the heroic actions of the passengers onboard one of those flights, they could have also struck at one of the great symbols of our democracy in Washington and killed many more.

As we know, these men belonged to al-Qaeda — a group of extremists who have distorted and defiled Islam, one of the world's great religions, to justify the slaughter of innocents. Al-Qaeda's base of operations was in Afghanistan, where they were harbored by the Taliban — a ruthless, repressive and radical movement that seized control of that country after it was ravaged by years of Soviet occupation and civil war, and after the attention of America and our friends had turned elsewhere.

Just days after 9/11, Congress authorized the use of force against al-Qaeda and those who harbored them — an authorization that continues to this day. The vote in the Senate was 98 to 0. The vote in the House was 420 to 1. For the first time in its history, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization invoked Article 5 — the commitment that says an attack on one member nation is an attack on all. And the United Nations Security Council endorsed the use of all necessary steps to respond to the 9/11 attacks. America, our allies and the world were acting as one to destroy al-Qaeda's terrorist network and to protect our common security.

Under the banner of this domestic unity and international legitimacy — and only after the Taliban refused to turn over Osama bin Laden — we sent our troops into Afghanistan. Within a matter of months, al-Qaeda was scattered, and many of its operatives were killed. The Taliban was driven from power and pushed back on its heels. A place that had known decades of fear now had reason to hope. At a conference convened by the U.N., a provisional government was established under President Hamid Karzai. And an International Security Assistance Force was established to help bring a lasting peace to a war-torn country.

Then, in early 2003, the decision was made to wage a second war in Iraq. The wrenching debate over the Iraq war is well known and need not be repeated here. It is enough to say that for the next six years, the Iraq war drew the dominant share of our troops, our resources, our diplomacy and our national attention — and that the decision to go into Iraq caused substantial rifts between America and much of the world.

Today, after extraordinary costs, we are bringing the Iraq war to a responsible end. We will remove our combat brigades from Iraq by the end of next summer, and all of our troops by the end of 2011. That we are doing so is a testament to the character of our men and women in uniform. Thanks to their courage, grit and perseverance, we have given Iraqis a chance to shape their future, and we are successfully leaving Iraq to its people.

But while we have achieved hard-earned milestones in Iraq, the situation in Afghanistan has deteriorated. After escaping across the border into Pakistan in 2001 and 2002, al-Qaeda's leadership established a safe haven there. Although a legitimate government was elected by the Afghan people, it has been hampered by corruption, the drug trade, an underdeveloped economy and insufficient security forces. Over the last several years, the Taliban has maintained common cause with al-Qaeda, as they both seek an overthrow of the Afghan government. Gradually, the Taliban has begun to take control over swaths of Afghanistan while engaging in increasingly brazen and devastating acts of terrorism against the Pakistani people.

Throughout this period, our troop levels in Afghanistan remained a fraction of what they were in Iraq. When I took office, we had just over 32,000 Americans serving in Afghanistan, compared to 160,000 in Iraq at the peak of the war. Commanders in Afghanistan repeatedly asked for support to deal with the re-emergence of the Taliban, but these reinforcements did not arrive. That's why, shortly after taking office, I approved a long-standing request for more troops. After consultations with our allies, I then announced a strategy recognizing the fundamental connection between our war effort in Afghanistan and the extremist safe havens in Pakistan. I set a goal that was narrowly defined as disrupting, dismantling and defeating al-Qaeda and its extremist allies, and pledged to better coordinate our military and civilian effort.

Since then, we have made progress on some important objectives. High-ranking al-Qaeda and Taliban leaders have been killed, and we have stepped up the pressure on al-Qaeda worldwide. In Pakistan, that nation's army has gone on its largest offensive in years. In Afghanistan, we and our allies prevented the Taliban from stopping a presidential election, and — although it was marred by fraud — that election produced a government that is consistent with Afghanistan's laws and constitution.

Yet huge challenges remain. Afghanistan is not lost, but for several years it has moved backwards. There is no imminent threat of the government being overthrown, but the Taliban has gained momentum. Al-Qaeda has not re-emerged in Afghanistan in the same numbers as before 9/11, but they retain their safe havens along the border. And our forces lack the full support they need to effectively train and partner with Afghan security forces and better secure the population. Our new commander in Afghanistan — General McChrystal — has reported that the security situation is more serious than he anticipated. In short: the status quo is not sustainable.

As cadets, you volunteered for service during this time of danger. Some of you have fought in Afghanistan. Many will deploy there. As your Commander in Chief, I owe you a mission that is clearly defined and worthy of your service. That is why, after the Afghan voting was completed, I insisted on a thorough review of our strategy. Let me be clear: there has never been an option before me that called for troop deployments before 2010, so there has been no delay or denial of resources necessary for the conduct of the war. Instead, the review has allowed me ask the hard questions and to explore all of the different options along with my national security team, our military and civilian leadership in Afghanistan, and with our key partners. Given the stakes involved, I owed the American people — and our troops — no less.

This review is now complete. And as Commander in Chief, I have determined that it is in our vital national interest to send an additional 30,000 U.S. troops to Afghanistan. After 18 months, our troops will begin to come home. These are the resources that we need to seize the initiative while building the Afghan capacity that can allow for a responsible transition of our forces out of Afghanistan.

I do not make this decision lightly. I opposed the war in Iraq precisely because I believe that we must exercise restraint in the use of military force and always consider the long-term consequences of our actions. We have been at war for eight years, at enormous cost in lives and resources. Years of debate over Iraq and terrorism have left our unity on national security issues in tatters and created a highly polarized and partisan backdrop for this effort. And having just experienced the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression, the American people are understandably focused on rebuilding our economy and putting people to work here at home.

Most of all, I know that this decision asks even more of you — a military that, along with your families, has already borne the heaviest of all burdens. As President, I have signed a letter of condolence to the family of each American who gives their life in these wars. I have read the letters from the parents and spouses of those who deployed. I have visited our courageous wounded warriors at Walter Reed. I have traveled to Dover to meet the flag-draped caskets of 18 Americans returning home to their final resting place. I see firsthand the terrible wages of war. If I did not think that the security of the United States and the safety of the American people were at stake in Afghanistan, I would gladly order every single one of our troops home tomorrow.

So no — I do not make this decision lightly. I make this decision because I am convinced that our security is at stake in Afghanistan and Pakistan. This is the epicenter of the violent extremism practiced by al-Qaeda. It is from here that we were attacked on 9/11, and it is from here that new attacks are being plotted as I speak. This is no idle danger, no hypothetical threat. In the last few months alone, we have apprehended extremists within our borders who were sent here from the border region of Afghanistan and Pakistan to commit new acts of terror. This danger will only grow if the region slides backwards and al-Qaeda can operate with impunity. We must keep the pressure on al-Qaeda, and to do that, we must increase the stability and capacity of our partners in the region.

Of course, this burden is not ours alone to bear. This is not just America's war. Since 9/11, al-Qaeda's safe havens have been the source of attacks against London and Amman and Bali. The people and governments of both Afghanistan and Pakistan are endangered. And the stakes are even higher within a nuclear-armed Pakistan, because we know that al-Qaeda and other extremists seek nuclear weapons, and we have every reason to believe that they would use them.

These facts compel us to act along with our friends and allies. Our overarching goal remains the same: to disrupt, dismantle and defeat al-Qaeda in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and to prevent its capacity to threaten America and our allies in the future.

To meet that goal, we will pursue the following objectives within Afghanistan. We must deny al-Qaeda a safe haven. We must reverse the Taliban's momentum and deny it the ability to overthrow the government. And we must strengthen the capacity of Afghanistan's security forces and government so that they can take lead responsibility for Afghanistan's future.

We will meet these objectives in three ways. First, we will pursue a military strategy that will break the Taliban's momentum and increase Afghanistan's capacity over the next 18 months.

The 30,000 additional troops that I am announcing tonight will deploy in the first part of 2010 — the fastest pace possible — so that they can target the insurgency and secure key population centers. They will increase our ability to train competent Afghan security forces and to partner with them so that more Afghans can get into the fight. And they will help create the conditions for the United States to transfer responsibility to the Afghans.

Because this is an international effort, I have asked that our commitment be joined by contributions from our allies. Some have already provided additional troops, and we are confident that there will be further contributions in the days and weeks ahead. Our friends have fought and bled and died alongside us in Afghanistan. Now, we must come together to end this war successfully. For what's at stake is not simply a test of NATO's credibility — what's at stake is the security of our Allies and the common security of the world.

Taken together, these additional American and international troops will allow us to accelerate handing over responsibility to Afghan forces and allow us to begin the transfer of our forces out of Afghanistan in July of 2011. Just as we have done in Iraq, we will execute this transition responsibly, taking into account conditions on the ground. We will continue to advise and assist Afghanistan's security forces to ensure that they can succeed over the long haul. But it will be clear to the Afghan government — and, more importantly, to the Afghan people — that they will ultimately be responsible for their own country.

Second, we will work with our partners, the U.N. and the Afghan people to pursue a more effective civilian strategy so that the government can take advantage of improved security.

This effort must be based on performance. The days of providing a blank check are over. President Karzai's inauguration speech sent the right message about moving in a new direction. And going forward, we will be clear about what we expect from those who receive our assistance. We will support Afghan ministries, governors and local leaders that combat corruption and deliver for the people. We expect those who are ineffective or corrupt to be held accountable. And we will also focus our assistance in areas — such as agriculture — that can make an immediate impact in the lives of the Afghan people.

The people of Afghanistan have endured violence for decades. They have been confronted with occupation — by the Soviet Union, and then by foreign al-Qaeda fighters who used Afghan land for their own purposes. So tonight, I want the Afghan people to understand — America seeks an end to this era of war and suffering. We have no interest in occupying your country. We will support efforts by the Afghan government to open the door to those Taliban who abandon violence and respect the human rights of their fellow citizens. And we will seek a partnership with Afghanistan grounded in mutual respect — to isolate those who destroy, to strengthen those who build, to hasten the day when our troops will leave and to forge a lasting friendship in which America is your partner and never your patron.

Third, we will act with the full recognition that our success in Afghanistan is inextricably linked to our partnership with Pakistan.

We are in Afghanistan to prevent a cancer from once again spreading through that country. But this same cancer has also taken root in the border region of Pakistan. That is why we need a strategy that works on both sides of the border.

In the past, there have been those in Pakistan who have argued that the struggle against extremism is not their fight and that Pakistan is better off doing little or seeking accommodation with those who use violence. But in recent years, as innocents have been killed from Karachi to Islamabad, it has become clear that it is the Pakistani people who are the most endangered by extremism. Public opinion has turned. The Pakistani army has waged an offensive in Swat and South Waziristan. And there is no doubt that the United States and Pakistan share a common enemy.

In the past, we too often defined our relationship with Pakistan narrowly. Those days are over. Moving forward, we are committed to a partnership with Pakistan that is built on a foundation of mutual interests, mutual respect and mutual trust. We will strengthen Pakistan's capacity to target those groups that threaten our countries, and have made it clear that we cannot tolerate a safe haven for terrorists whose location is known and whose intentions are clear. America is also providing substantial resources to support Pakistan's democracy and development. We are the largest international supporter for those Pakistanis displaced by the fighting. And going forward, the Pakistani people must know: America will remain a strong supporter of Pakistan's security and prosperity long after the guns have fallen silent, so that the great potential of its people can be unleashed.

These are the three core elements of our strategy: a military effort to create the conditions for a transition, a civilian surge that reinforces positive action and an effective partnership with Pakistan.

I recognize that there are a range of concerns about our approach. So let me briefly address a few of the prominent arguments that I have heard and which I take very seriously.

First, there are those who suggest that Afghanistan is another Vietnam. They argue that it cannot be stabilized and we are better off cutting our losses and rapidly withdrawing. Yet this argument depends upon a false reading of history. Unlike Vietnam, we are joined by a broad coalition of 43 nations that recognizes the legitimacy of our action. Unlike Vietnam, we are not facing a broad-based popular insurgency. And most importantly, unlike Vietnam, the American people were viciously attacked from Afghanistan and remain a target for those same extremists who are plotting along its border. To abandon this area now — and to rely only on efforts against al-Qaeda from a distance — would significantly hamper our ability to keep the pressure on al-Qaeda and create an unacceptable risk of additional attacks on our homeland and our allies.

Second, there are those who acknowledge that we cannot leave Afghanistan in its current state but suggest that we go forward with the troops that we have. But this would simply maintain a status quo in which we muddle through and permit a slow deterioration of conditions there. It would ultimately prove more costly and prolong our stay in Afghanistan, because we would never be able to generate the conditions needed to train Afghan security forces and give them the space to take over.

Finally, there are those who oppose identifying a time frame for our transition to Afghan responsibility. Indeed, some call for a more dramatic and open-ended escalation of our war effort — one that would commit us to a nation-building project of up to a decade. I reject this course because it sets goals that are beyond what we can achieve at a reasonable cost and what we need to achieve to secure our interests. Furthermore, the absence of a time frame for transition would deny us any sense of urgency in working with the Afghan government. It must be clear that Afghans will have to take responsibility for their security and that America has no interest in fighting an endless war in Afghanistan.

As President, I refuse to set goals that go beyond our responsibility, our means or our interests. And I must weigh all of the challenges that our nation faces. I do not have the luxury of committing to just one. Indeed, I am mindful of the words of President Eisenhower, who — in discussing our national security — said, "Each proposal must be weighed in the light of a broader consideration: the need to maintain balance in and among national programs."

Over the past several years, we have lost that balance and failed to appreciate the connection between our national security and our economy. In the wake of an economic crisis, too many of our friends and neighbors are out of work and struggle to pay the bills, and too many Americans are worried about the future facing our children. Meanwhile, competition within the global economy has grown more fierce. So we simply cannot afford to ignore the price of these wars.

All told, by the time I took office, the cost of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan approached a trillion dollars. Going forward, I am committed to addressing these costs openly and honestly. Our new approach in Afghanistan is likely to cost us roughly $30 billion for the military this year, and I will work closely with Congress to address these costs as we work to bring down our deficit.

But as we end the war in Iraq and transition to Afghan responsibility, we must rebuild our strength here at home. Our prosperity provides a foundation for our power. It pays for our military. It underwrites our diplomacy. It taps the potential of our people and allows investment in new industry. And it will allow us to compete in this century as successfully as we did in the last. That is why our troop commitment in Afghanistan cannot be open-ended — because the nation that I am most interested in building is our own.

Let me be clear: none of this will be easy. The struggle against violent extremism will not be finished quickly, and it extends well beyond Afghanistan and Pakistan. It will be an enduring test of our free society and our leadership in the world. And unlike the great power conflicts and clear lines of division that defined the 20th century, our effort will involve disorderly regions and diffuse enemies.

So as a result, America will have to show our strength in the way that we end wars and prevent conflict. We will have to be nimble and precise in our use of military power. Where al-Qaeda and its allies attempt to establish a foothold — whether in Somalia or Yemen or elsewhere — they must be confronted by growing pressure and strong partnerships.

And we cannot count on military might alone. We have to invest in our homeland security, because we cannot capture or kill every violent extremist abroad. We have to improve and better coordinate our intelligence so that we stay one step ahead of shadowy networks.

We will have to take away the tools of mass destruction. That is why I have made it a central pillar of my foreign policy to secure loose nuclear materials from terrorists, to stop the spread of nuclear weapons and to pursue the goal of a world without them. Because every nation must understand that true security will never come from an endless race for ever more destructive weapons — true security will come for those who reject them.

We will have to use diplomacy, because no one nation can meet the challenges of an interconnected world acting alone. I have spent this year renewing our alliances and forging new partnerships. And we have forged a new beginning between America and the Muslim world — one that recognizes our mutual interest in breaking a cycle of conflict and that promises a future in which those who kill innocents are isolated by those who stand up for peace and prosperity and human dignity.

Finally, we must draw on the strength of our values — for the challenges that we face may have changed, but the things that we believe in must not. That is why we must promote our values by living them at home — which is why I have prohibited torture and will close the prison at Guantánamo Bay. And we must make it clear to every man, woman and child around the world who lives under the dark cloud of tyranny that America will speak out on behalf of their human rights and tend to the light of freedom, and justice, and opportunity, and respect for the dignity of all peoples. That is who we are. That is the moral source of America's authority.

Since the days of Franklin Roosevelt and the service and sacrifice of our grandparents, our country has borne a special burden in global affairs. We have spilled American blood in many countries on multiple continents. We have spent our revenue to help others rebuild from rubble and develop their own economies. We have joined with others to develop an architecture of institutions — from the United Nations to NATO to the World Bank — that provide for the common security and prosperity of human beings.

We have not always been thanked for these efforts, and we have at times made mistakes. But more than any other nation, the United States of America has underwritten global security for over six decades — a time that, for all its problems, has seen walls come down, markets open, billions lifted from poverty, unparalleled scientific progress and advancing frontiers of human liberty.

For unlike the great powers of old, we have not sought world domination. Our union was founded in resistance to oppression. We do not seek to occupy other nations. We will not claim another nation's resources or target other peoples because their faith or ethnicity is different from ours. What we have fought for — and what we continue to fight for — is a better future for our children and grandchildren, and we believe that their lives will be better if other people's children and grandchildren can live in freedom and access opportunity.

As a country, we are not as young — and perhaps not as innocent — as we were when Roosevelt was President. Yet we are still heirs to a noble struggle for freedom. Now we must summon all of our might and moral suasion to meet the challenges of a new age.

In the end, our security and leadership does not come solely from the strength of our arms. It derives from our people — from the workers and businesses who will rebuild our economy, from the entrepreneurs and researchers who will pioneer new industries, from the teachers that will educate our children, and the service of those who work in our communities at home, from the diplomats and Peace Corps volunteers who spread hope abroad, and from the men and women in uniform who are part of an unbroken line of sacrifice that has made government of the people, by the people and for the people a reality on this Earth.

This vast and diverse citizenry will not always agree on every issue — nor should we. But I also know that we, as a country, cannot sustain our leadership nor navigate the momentous challenges of our time if we allow ourselves to be split asunder by the same rancor and cynicism and partisanship that has in recent times poisoned our national discourse.

It is easy to forget that when this war began, we were united — bound together by the fresh memory of a horrific attack and by the determination to defend our homeland and the values we hold dear. I refuse to accept the notion that we cannot summon that unity again. I believe with every fiber of my being that we — as Americans — can still come together behind a common purpose. For our values are not simply words written into parchment — they are a creed that calls us together and that has carried us through the darkest of storms as one nation, as one people.

America, we are passing through a time of great trial. And the message that we send in the midst of these storms must be clear: that our cause is just, our resolve unwavering. We will go forward with the confidence that right makes might, and with the commitment to forge an America that is safer, a world that is more secure and a future that represents not the deepest of fears but the highest of hopes. Thank you, God bless you, God bless our troops and may God bless the United States of America.

title: A Time of Great Trial


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Page:Narrative of an Official Visit to Guatemala.djvu/73

CH. IV.] guitars played to good time, which was rendered more distinct and marked by the spectators, many of whom accompanied it by tattooing with their fingers on the benches or any thing else near them equally convenient for the purpose. Two or three of them who had unemployed guitars, and were not acquainted with the use of the strings, or perhaps with the tune which was playing, shewed a wonderful dexterity in the use of their fingers, by thrumming on the back of the instrument with such correctness as to give the stress and feeling of the air in the most perfect manner, without the intonation and cadence of the notes. There were relays of dancers as well as of musicians, so that the amusement was kept up, without intermission, for two or three hours. The dance was, throughout, a repetition of the Spanish bolero in its original, unscientific, form. A couple of each sex were not only partners, but danced entirely independent of all the rest, and when they were tired they made room for another party. They begin


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 A recent discovery by Professor Gilbert van Ingen has brought to light some eurypterid remains from a loose block found lying in Oriskany Creek, 3 miles south of Clinton, New York. Three carapaces and several other fragments were found, the block also being "full of lingulas and orbiculoideas" (39, 421). A new species, Eusarcus vaningeni Clarke and Ruedemann was made, to include these specimens which closely resemble E. cicerops of the Shawangunk of Otisville and may represent the adult of that species.

From the shale beds in the Shawangunk conglomerate at Otisville, Orange County, New York, a large fauna of eurypterids has been obtained, but other fossils except Ceratiocaris are absent. Here in the Shawangunk Mountains of Eastern New York is a great series 630 feet thick of the Shawangunk grit resting upon the Hudson River shales. The series consists of alternating shales varying from 2 to 6 inches in thickness, and conglomerates or sandstones from 1 to 50 feet thick, the shale bands containing the merostomes. Some of the specimens though only 2.5 mm. long "are perfectly preserved and are by far the youngest and smallest yet recorded. In regard to the occurrence Clarke says: "In the Shawangunk section we have a fauna constantly repeating itself through a thickness of 650 feet which elsewhere appears only and briefly at the base of the Salina" (36, 303). The perfect specimens are all of young individuals, adults being represented only by fragments. The species recorded are: 1. Eurypterus maria Clarke, 2. Eusarcus? cicerops Clarke, 3. Dolichopterus otisius Clarke, 4. D. stylonurus Clarke and Ruedemann, 5. Stylonurus (Ctenopterus) cestrotus Clarke, 6. S. (Ctenopterus) sp. α, β, γ, 7. S. myops Clarke, 8. S. sp., 9. Hughmilleria shawangunk Clarke, 10. Pterygotus globiceps Cl. and R.

From the middle part of the Shawangunk grit of Delaware Water Gap, Pennsylvania, intercalated black shales similar to those in New York have furnished eurypterids. These were discovered by Mr. Paul Billingsley of Columbia University, who collected a large amount of material and who reports that the fragments are all dissociated, the carapaces commonly occurring by themselves, and separated from the abdominal segments, as if arranged by violent currents. Professor G. van Ingen and Mr. J. C. Martin have also collected extensively from this section. From their large number of specimens Clarke and Ruedemann have been able to identify Nos. 1, 3, 7, 9, 10 of the list of species recorded from the Shawangunk of Otisville, and they make the comment that "Unfortunately, the maceration,


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 already so prevalent in much of the eurypterid material at Otisville, has at the Delaware Water Gap reached such a destructive degree that the shale is filled with a mass of comminuted eurypterid fragments" (39, 417).

Upper Siluric or Monroan. The Bertie waterlime of New York of Upper Monroan age has long been famous for the wonderful eurypterid fauna which it contains. This has been found in two localities: (1) in the quarries in North Buffalo, Erie County, and (2) in Herkimer County; there are scattered occurrences of single species in other localities, which will be referred to below. The quarries at Buffalo have yielded the largest number of remains, the specimens having been sent in great numbers to museums all over the world, and the rock has now been so well worked over that probably no new disclosures will be made. For purposes of study of the entire fauna of the Bertie the large collection in the Museum of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences offers excellent opportunities. The Bertie contains the largest eurypterid fauna of any one formation in the world, there being recorded fourteen species (39, 89) referred to four genera: Eurypterus (5 sp.), Pterygotus (5 sp.), Eusarcus (1 sp.), and Dolichopterus (3 sp.). The specimens are for the most part astonishingly well preserved, but other organisms are extremely rare. In the Museum above referred to are a few specimens of marine organisms obtained from the formation which furnished the eurypterids. One slab of the waterlime about 1¼ inches thick shows on one side an Orthoceras undulatum which is very much worn, the siphuncle being exposed and the surface macerated (No. 13310 E 1639 of Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. Coll.) and on the other side is a well preserved Eurypterus head (11461 E 976). There is one other specimen of O. undulatum (13309, E 1638) of a very carbonaceous nature. There are a number of specimens of Trochoceras gebhardi, but as a rule these are found in a rock not of the character typical of the Bertie layers bearing the eurypterids. In one case it is arenaceous and not a calcilutyte (13353 E 1682), containing two fragmentary specimens. The slabs containing the Trochoceras do not have eurypterid remains on them, with one exception (13345 E 1674) in which there is a eurypterid claw on a slab showing an imperfect T. gebhardi. Associated with the eurypterids are a number of well preserved gastropod shells belonging to a genus which is also known from the Monroe formation of Michigan. This genus is Hercynella and it is represented at Buffalo by two species H. patelliformis O'Connell and H. bufaloensis O'Connell (200).


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 Seven specimens of Lingula sp. Hall occur on one of the slabs. Leperditia alta and a large number of pelecypods of the genus Goniophora, but labeled Leperditia alta occur on a slab which probably does not come from the Buffalo region, but is more likely from Ohio, judging from the lithological character. Finally, there are a number of specimens of Ceratiocaris acuminata associated on the same slabs with the eurypterids and showing a preservation as perfect as theirs, these being the only fossils which do show this. Number 11453 E 968 contains Eurypterus lacustris and a large specimen of Ceratiocaris acuminata, the former with head shield and body separated, but both beautifully preserved. The plant remains are important, for many of the specimens of Eurypterus are found lying embedded in Buthotrephis lesquereuxi, and in one case there is a large mass of Buthotrephis at the side and on top of a Eurypterus (13329 E 1657). (Some of these specimens of Buthotrephis are now regarded as graptolites.) There are three specimens of the plant ? form, Chondrites graminiformis, two of which are excellently preserved (13273 E 1602 and 13312 E 1641 Pohlman's type ). At Waterville, Oneida County, New York, a small scorpion Proscorpius osborni Whitfield has been found in a good state of preservation in the Bertie waterlime.

A remarkable fact in connection with the occurrence of the eurypterids in the Bertie is their distribution in two distinct basins or "pools," the "Herkimer pool" on the east and the "Buffalo pool" on the west. These pools, while prolific in species and individuals, have, however, only two species in common, so far as published data show. Further search may reveal more forms in common, but it is certainly a significant fact that the abundantly represented species of the two areas are distinct, when the horizon is the same, and the localities only a few hundred miles distant. The following list gives the specimens for each pool, representative or identical species being apposed (39, 92 footnote):


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Portal:Malaria

Scientific articles

 * An Address on the Hæmatozoa of Malaria by William Osler (1887)
 * An Address on the Hæmatozoa of Malaria by William Osler (1887)
 * An Address on the Hæmatozoa of Malaria by William Osler (1887)
 * An Address on the Hæmatozoa of Malaria by William Osler (1887)

Other works

 * "Malaria", an anonymous poem

title: Portal:Malaria


text:
Sword Blades and Poppy Seed/Sword Blades and Poppy Seed

A drifting, April, twilight sky, A wind which blew the puddles dry, And slapped the river into waves That ran and hid among the staves Of an old wharf. A watery light Touched bleak the granite bridge, and white Without the slightest tinge of gold, The city shivered in the cold. All day my thoughts had lain as dead, Unborn and bursting in my head. From time to time I wrote a word Which lines and circles overscored. My table seemed a graveyard, full Of coffins waiting burial. I seized these vile abortions, tore Them into jagged bits, and swore To be the dupe of hope no more. Into the evening straight I went, Starved of a day's accomplishment. Unnoticing, I wandered where The city gave a space for air, And on the bridge's parapet I leant, while pallidly there set A dim, discouraged, worn-out sun. Behind me, where the tramways run, Blossomed bright lights, I turned to leave, When someone plucked me by the sleeve. "Your pardon, Sir, but I should be Most grateful could you lend to me A carfare, I have lost my purse." The voice was clear, concise, and terse. I turned and met the quiet gaze Of strange eyes flashing through the haze.

The man was old and slightly bent, Under his cloak some instrument Disarranged its stately line, He rested on his cane a fine And nervous hand, an almandine Smouldered with dull-red flames, sanguine It burned in twisted gold, upon His finger. Like some Spanish don, Conferring favours even when Asking an alms, he bowed again And waited. But my pockets proved Empty, in vain I poked and shoved, No hidden penny lurking there Greeted my search. "Sir, I declare I have no money, pray forgive, But let me take you where you live." And so we plodded through the mire Where street lamps cast a wavering fire. I took no note of where we went, His talk became the element Wherein my being swam, content. It flashed like rapiers in the night Lit by uncertain candle-light, When on some moon-forsaken sward A quarrel dies upon a sword. It hacked and carved like a cutlass blade, And the noise in the air the broad words made Was the cry of the wind at a window-pane On an Autumn night of sobbing rain. Then it would run like a steady stream Under pinnacled bridges where minarets gleam, Or lap the air like the lapping tide Where a marble staircase lifts its wide Green-spotted steps to a garden gate, And a waning moon is sinking straight Down to a black and ominous sea, While a nightingale sings in a lemon tree.

I walked as though some opiate Had stung and dulled my brain, a state Acute and slumbrous. It grew late. We stopped, a house stood silent, dark. The old man scratched a match, the spark Lit up the keyhole of a door, We entered straight upon a floor White with finest powdered sand Carefully sifted, one might stand Muddy and dripping, and yet no trace Would stain the boards of this kitchen-place. From the chimney, red eyes sparked the gloom, And a cricket's chirp filled all the room. My host threw pine-cones on the fire And crimson and scarlet glowed the pyre Wrapped in the golden flame's desire. The chamber opened like an eye, As a half-melted cloud in a Summer sky The soul of the house stood guessed, and shy It peered at the stranger warily. A little shop with its various ware Spread on shelves with nicest care. Pitchers, and jars, and jugs, and pots, Pipkins, and mugs, and many lots Of lacquered canisters, black and gold, Like those in which Chinese tea is sold. Chests, and puncheons, kegs, and flasks, Goblets, chalices, firkins, and casks. In a corner three ancient amphorae leaned Against the wall, like ships careened. There was dusky blue of Wedgewood ware, The carved, white figures fluttering there Like leaves adrift upon the air. Classic in touch, but emasculate, The Greek soul grown effeminate. The factory of Sevres had lent Elegant boxes with ornament Culled from gardens where fountains splashed And golden carp in the shadows flashed, Nuzzling for crumbs under lily-pads, Which ladies threw as the last of fads. Eggshell trays where gay beaux knelt, Hand on heart, and daintily spelt Their love in flowers, brittle and bright, Artificial and fragile, which told aright The vows of an eighteenth-century knight. The cruder tones of old Dutch jugs Glared from one shelf, where Toby mugs Endlessly drank the foaming ale, Its froth grown dusty, awaiting sale. The glancing light of the burning wood Played over a group of jars which stood On a distant shelf, it seemed the sky Had lent the half-tones of his blazonry To paint these porcelains with unknown hues Of reds dyed purple and greens turned blues, Of lustres with so evanescent a sheen Their colours are felt, but never seen. Strange winged dragons writhe about These vases, poisoned venoms spout, Impregnate with old Chinese charms; Sealed urns containing mortal harms, They fill the mind with thoughts impure, Pestilent drippings from the ure Of vicious thinkings. "Ah, I see," Said I, "you deal in pottery." The old man turned and looked at me. Shook his head gently. "No," said he.

Then from under his cloak he took the thing Which I had wondered to see him bring Guarded so carefully from sight. As he laid it down it flashed in the light, A Toledo blade, with basket hilt, Damascened with arabesques of gilt, Or rather gold, and tempered so It could cut a floating thread at a blow. The old man smiled, "It has no sheath, 'Twas a little careless to have it beneath My cloak, for a jostle to my arm Would have resulted in serious harm. But it was so fine, I could not wait, So I brought it with me despite its state." "An amateur of arms," I thought, "Bringing home a prize which he has bought." "You care for this sort of thing, Dear Sir?" "Not in the way which you infer. I need them in business, that is all." And he pointed his finger at the wall. Then I saw what I had not noticed before. The walls were hung with at least five score Of swords and daggers of every size Which nations of militant men could devise. Poisoned spears from tropic seas, That natives, under banana trees, Smear with the juice of some deadly snake. Blood-dipped arrows, which savages make And tip with feathers, orange and green, A quivering death, in harlequin sheen. High up, a fan of glancing steel Was formed of claymores in a wheel. Jewelled swords worn at kings' levees Were suspended next midshipmen's dirks, and these Elbowed stilettos come from Spain, Chased with some splendid Hidalgo's name. There were Samurai swords from old Japan, And scimitars from Hindoostan, While the blade of a Turkish yataghan Made a waving streak of vitreous white Upon the wall, in the firelight. Foils with buttons broken or lost Lay heaped on a chair, among them tossed The boarding-pike of a privateer. Against the chimney leaned a queer Two-handed weapon, with edges dull As though from hacking on a skull. The rusted blood corroded it still. My host took up a paper spill From a heap which lay in an earthen bowl, And lighted it at a burning coal. At either end of the table, tall Wax candles were placed, each in a small, And slim, and burnished candlestick Of pewter. The old man lit each wick, And the room leapt more obviously Upon my mind, and I could see What the flickering fire had hid from me. Above the chimney's yawning throat, Shoulder high, like the dark wainscote, Was a mantelshelf of polished oak Blackened with the pungent smoke Of firelit nights; a Cromwell clock Of tarnished brass stood like a rock In the midst of a heaving, turbulent sea Of every sort of cutlery. There lay knives sharpened to any use, The keenest lancet, and the obtuse And blunted pruning bill-hook; blades Of razors, scalpels, shears; cascades Of penknives, with handles of mother-of-pearl, And scythes, and sickles, and scissors; a whirl Of points and edges, and underneath Shot the gleam of a saw with bristling teeth. My head grew dizzy, I seemed to hear A battle-cry from somewhere near, The clash of arms, and the squeal of balls, And the echoless thud when a dead man falls. A smoky cloud had veiled the room, Shot through with lurid glares; the gloom Pounded with shouts and dying groans, With the drip of blood on cold, hard stones. Sabres and lances in streaks of light Gleamed through the smoke, and at my right A creese, like a licking serpent's tongue, Glittered an instant, while it stung. Streams, and points, and lines of fire! The livid steel, which man's desire Had forged and welded, burned white and cold. Every blade which man could mould, Which could cut, or slash, or cleave, or rip, Or pierce, or thrust, or carve, or strip, Or gash, or chop, or puncture, or tear, Or slice, or hack, they all were there. Nerveless and shaking, round and round, I stared at the walls and at the ground, Till the room spun like a whipping top, And a stern voice in my ear said, "Stop! I sell no tools for murderers here. Of what are you thinking! Please clear Your mind of such imaginings. Sit down. I will tell you of these things."

He pushed me into a great chair Of russet leather, poked a flare Of tumbling flame, with the old long sword, Up the chimney; but said no word. Slowly he walked to a distant shelf, And brought back a crock of finest delf. He rested a moment a blue-veined hand Upon the cover, then cut a band Of paper, pasted neatly round, Opened and poured. A sliding sound Came from beneath his old white hands, And I saw a little heap of sands, Black and smooth. What could they be: "Pepper," I thought. He looked at me. "What you see is poppy seed. Lethean dreams for those in need." He took up the grains with a gentle hand And sifted them slowly like hour-glass sand. On his old white finger the almandine Shot out its rays, incarnadine. "Visions for those too tired to sleep. These seeds cast a film over eyes which weep. No single soul in the world could dwell, Without these poppy-seeds I sell." For a moment he played with the shining stuff, Passing it through his fingers. Enough At last, he poured it back into The china jar of Holland blue, Which he carefully carried to its place. Then, with a smile on his aged face, He drew up a chair to the open space 'Twixt table and chimney. "Without preface, Young man, I will say that what you see Is not the puzzle you take it to be." "But surely, Sir, there is something strange In a shop with goods at so wide a range Each from the other, as swords and seeds. Your neighbours must have greatly differing needs." "My neighbours," he said, and he stroked his chin, "Live everywhere from here to Pekin. But you are wrong, my sort of goods Is but one thing in all its moods." He took a shagreen letter case From his pocket, and with charming grace Offered me a printed card. I read the legend, "Ephraim Bard. Dealer in Words." And that was all. I stared at the letters, whimsical Indeed, or was it merely a jest. He answered my unasked request: "All books are either dreams or swords, You can cut, or you can drug, with words. My firm is a very ancient house, The entries on my books would rouse Your wonder, perhaps incredulity. I inherited from an ancestry Stretching remotely back and far, This business, and my clients are As were those of my grandfather's days, Writers of books, and poems, and plays. My swords are tempered for every speech, For fencing wit, or to carve a breach Through old abuses the world condones. In another room are my grindstones and hones, For whetting razors and putting a point On daggers, sometimes I even anoint The blades with a subtle poison, so A twofold result may follow the blow. These are purchased by men who feel The need of stabbing society's heel, Which egotism has brought them to think Is set on their necks. I have foils to pink An adversary to quaint reply, And I have customers who buy Scalpels with which to dissect the brains And hearts of men. Ultramundanes Even demand some finer kinds To open their own souls and minds. But the other half of my business deals With visions and fancies. Under seals, Sorted, and placed in vessels here, I keep the seeds of an atmosphere. Each jar contains a different kind Of poppy seed. From farthest Ind Come the purple flowers, opium filled, From which the weirdest myths are distilled; My orient porcelains contain them all. Those Lowestoft pitchers against the wall Hold a lighter kind of bright conceit; And those old Saxe vases, out of the heat On that lowest shelf beside the door, Have a sort of Ideal, "couleur d'or". Every castle of the air Sleeps in the fine black grains, and there Are seeds for every romance, or light Whiff of a dream for a summer night. I supply to every want and taste." 'Twas slowly said, in no great haste He seemed to push his wares, but I Dumfounded listened. By and by A log on the fire broke in two. He looked up quickly, "Sir, and you?" I groped for something I should say; Amazement held me numb. "To-day You sweated at a fruitless task." He spoke for me, "What do you ask? How can I serve you?" "My kind host, My penniless state was not a boast; I have no money with me." He smiled. "Not for that money I beguiled You here; you paid me in advance." Again I felt as though a trance Had dimmed my faculties. Again He spoke, and this time to explain. "The money I demand is Life, Your nervous force, your joy, your strife!" What infamous proposal now Was made me with so calm a brow? Bursting through my lethargy, Indignantly I hurled the cry: "Is this a nightmare, or am I Drunk with some infernal wine? I am no Faust, and what is mine Is what I call my soul! Old Man! Devil or Ghost! Your hellish plan Revolts me. Let me go." "My child," And the old tones were very mild, "I have no wish to barter souls; My traffic does not ask such tolls. I am no devil; is there one? Surely the age of fear is gone. We live within a daylight world Lit by the sun, where winds unfurled Sweep clouds to scatter pattering rain, And then blow back the sun again. I sell my fancies, or my swords, To those who care far more for words, Ideas, of which they are the sign, Than any other life-design. Who buy of me must simply pay Their whole existence quite away: Their strength, their manhood, and their prime, Their hours from morning till the time When evening comes on tiptoe feet, And losing life, think it complete; Must miss what other men count being, To gain the gift of deeper seeing; Must spurn all ease, all hindering love, All which could hold or bind; must prove The farthest boundaries of thought, And shun no end which these have brought; Then die in satisfaction, knowing That what was sown was worth the sowing. I claim for all the goods I sell That they will serve their purpose well, And though you perish, they will live. Full measure for your pay I give. To-day you worked, you thought, in vain. What since has happened is the train Your toiling brought. I spoke to you For my share of the bargain, due." "My life! And is that all you crave In pay? What even childhood gave! I have been dedicate from youth. Before my God I speak the truth!" Fatigue, excitement of the past Few hours broke me down at last. All day I had forgot to eat, My nerves betrayed me, lacking meat. I bowed my head and felt the storm Plough shattering through my prostrate form. The tearless sobs tore at my heart. My host withdrew himself apart; Busied among his crockery, He paid no farther heed to me. Exhausted, spent, I huddled there, Within the arms of the old carved chair.

A long half-hour dragged away, And then I heard a kind voice say, "The day will soon be dawning, when You must begin to work again. Here are the things which you require." By the fading light of the dying fire, And by the guttering candle's flare, I saw the old man standing there. He handed me a packet, tied With crimson tape, and sealed. "Inside Are seeds of many differing flowers, To occupy your utmost powers Of storied vision, and these swords Are the finest which my shop affords. Go home and use them; do not spare Yourself; let that be all your care. Whatever you have means to buy Be very sure I can supply." He slowly walked to the window, flung It open, and in the grey air rung The sound of distant matin bells. I took my parcels. Then, as tells An ancient mumbling monk his beads, I tried to thank for his courteous deeds My strange old friend. "Nay, do not talk," He urged me, "you have a long walk Before you. Good-by and Good-day!" And gently sped upon my way I stumbled out in the morning hush, As down the empty street a flush Ran level from the rising sun. Another day was just begun.


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Author:Thorvaldur Thoroddsen

Works

 * (Geography and Statistics)

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 "The species common to both are Dolichopterus macrochirus and Pterygotus cobbi, both of which are quite rare, while the predominant species in both places are unlike. It is not believed that these differences necessarily express distinct stratigraphic horizons, as both lie near the top of the waterlime succession, but rather indicate original regional separation into distinct lagoons or pools . . . . which we may assume to have been synchronous. There is, in the face of the difference suggested, a certain degree of approximation in the two expressed by such vicarious species as E. remipes and E. lacustris, P. macrophthalmus and P. bufaloensis, which may well mean distinctions due to geographic isolation. The Herkimer pool is well restricted and its faunule cannot be traced very far towards the west; the Buffalo E. lacustris, however, appears alone as far east as Union Springs, Cayuga County, and as far west as Bertie, Ontario. Another difference in these faunas is the preponderating great size of all the species in the Buffalo pool, and, by contrast, the small size of and abundant young among the Herkimer county species;. . . . That the smaller creatures lived in conditions of shallower water is evinced by the sun-dried and cracked rock surfaces of their matrix, while such evidences are wanting in the Buffalo pool. . . ." (39, 92). Eurypterus remipes, one of the common forms in the Herkimer pool, is also obtained from the Rondout waterlime above the Cobleskill at Seneca Falls, Seneca county, New York.

The Manlius limestone of uppermost Monroan age has yielded fragments of Eurypterus microphthalmus from various localities in New York and also from Ohio. The type, a single cephalon, came from a loose boulder near Cazenovia, Madison county, New York, containing also fragments of Spirifer vanuxemi from which the age of the boulder was determined. One nearly entire specimen was found in the drift of Onondaga Valley, near Syracuse, New York. Of the number of carapaces now in the New York State Museum, one was collected "in the town of Litchfield in Manlius limestone, not less than 100 feet above the Eurypterus horizon in the Bertie waterlime" (39, 194). Professor Whitfield's type of E. eriensis (now regarded by Clarke and Ruedemann to be the same as E. microphthalmus Hall) came from the hydraulic limestones, the Put-in-Bay dolomite, of Beach Point, Put-in-Bay Island, Lake Erie, Ohio.

There is one more Siluric fauna to be noted and that is the one in the Kokomo waterlime of Indiana. Clarke and Ruedemann, following Schuchert correlate the Kokomo with the Noblesville of


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 Northern Indiana (Schuchert 255, 467), which is in turn correlated with the Lockport of New York. The latter correlation may stand, but the former is not supported by palaeontological evidence. In a private communication from E. M. Kindle, who has written quite an extensive paper on the Stratigraphy of the Niagara of Northern Indiana (139), the following comment is made in reference to the statement that the Kokomo eurypterids are found in the Lockport-Noblesville horizon: "This reference of course is an unfortunate error and is presumably based upon a correlation of the Kokomo limestone and the Noblesville limestone of Indiana which is undoubtedly erroneous. There is practically nothing in common between the faunas of the Noblesville and the Kokomo. The lithology of the beds is quite as unlike as their faunas so that there is absolutely no ground for correlating these two distinct faunas." Since Kindle has done considerable work in the region and made extensive collections of the fossils, his statement is of importance. Palaeontologically it appears that the Kokomo is surely not earlier than Salinan and is more probably Monroan, corresponding to one of the waterlimes in New York. The eurypterid remains are very thin films, scarcely more than impressions, so that scale markings often are not visible. The preservation is not nearly so perfect as in the Bertie waterlime of New York. There are at least 40 feet of limestone, characterized by thin lamination of bedding planes and the presence of eurypterids. Above this horizon is a series of limestones, not thinly laminated, containing a rather rich brachiopod fauna, but with the eurypterids the only other fossils are ceratiocarids. The brachiopod fauna, so far as is possible to learn from the literature, occurs at a different level from that in which the merostomes are found (Foerste, 67, 6–8). Four species have been reported from the merostome beds: Eurypterus ranilarva Cl. and R., E. (Onychopterus) kokomoensis Miller and Gurley, Eusarcus newlini (Claypole) and Stylonurus (Drepanopterus) longicaudatus Cl. and R., giving altogether a fairly large fauna and one that is sufficiently well preserved for purposes of characterization.

. The Devonic of America shows a great decline of the eurypterids, so far as we can judge from the fossil record, for, while in the Siluric there had been an ever-increasing number of species and of individuals, in the Devonic, on the other hand, there are no representatives in the Lower and Middle, and it is not until the very top of the Upper that a few stragglers are found. The first, a


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 undetermined Pterygotus mentioned by Billings, is from the Grand Greve limestone of Lower Devonic age. Remains of Pterygotus have also been found in the lower marine Devonic at Dalhousie. Finally, near Campbellton, New Brunswick, "in some indurated limestones containing fish remains of probably Upper Devonic age" are also eurypterid remains which Clarke and Ruedemann have described as Pterygotus atlanticus. An extremely incomplete and problematic form is a two-jointed fragment from the lower beds of the Portage sandstones of Italy, Yates County, New York. Originally described by Dawson as a plant (Equisetides wrightiana Dawson), it was later placed among the eurypterids by Hall as Stylonurus (?) wrightiana and is now so recognized by Clarke and Ruedemann. There is but a single fragment, part of a jointed appendage apparently. A number of fragments of Stylonurus, originally described as Stylonurus excelsior by Hall and which Beecher used in making the restoration which he called Stylonurus lacoanus, have all been united by Clarke and Ruedemann under the species Stylonurus (Ctenopterus) excelsior. There are only two specimens, one a complete carapace from the Catskill beds at Andes, Delaware County, New York, and another more fragmentary carapace from the same formation in Pennsylvania. Eurypterus beecheri Hall described from the Chemung of Pennsylvania has proved to be the same as Stylonurus beecheri.

. From the Waverly beds of Warren, Warren County, Pennsylvania, a single eurypterid was described by Hall and Clarke in 1888 as Eurypteris approximatus. No complete description of this form is given anywhere, but the figure in the Palaeontology of New York, Volume VII, plate 27, figure 6, (106), shows the one specimen that has been found in which there are the cephalon and nine somites. This form is regarded by Clarke and Ruedemann as one of several phylogerontic species of Eurypterus which constitute the end members in different lines of development in North America and mark the decline of the race.

. In the Carbonic (Pennsylvanic) are found four species of Eurypterus in Pennsylvania; Eurypterus (Anthraconectes) mazonensis Meek and Worthen (170) in the Coal Measures of Mazon Creek, Ill.; two species in the Carbonic of Nebraska, and two doubtful species from St. John, New Brunswick. Particular attention should be called to Eurypterus (Anthraconectes) mansfieldi which C. E. Hall has figured (98, pl. IV), showing the form just as it was found lying on ferns in a very perfect state of preservation, in the lower Productive


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 King, and say if he will give thee what thou must have, thou wilt get her for him. If he will give thee a ship full of meat, and a ship full of bread, it will succeed. Great giants dwell on the lake, and if thou takest no meat with thee for them, they will tear thee to pieces, and there are the large birds which would pick the eyes out of thy head if thou hadst no bread for them." Then the King made all the butchers in the land kill, and all the bakers bake, that the ships might be filled. When they were full, the little white horse said to Ferdinand the Faithful, "Now mount me, and go with me into the ship, and then when the giants come, say,

and when the birds come, thou shalt again say,

then they will do nothing to thee, and when thou comest to the castle, the giants will help thee. Then go up to the castle, and take a couple of giants with thee. There the princess lies sleeping; thou must, however, not awaken her, but the giants must lift her up, and carry her in her bed to the ship." And now everything took place as the little white horse had said, and Ferdinand the Faithful gave the giants and the birds what he had brought with him for them, and that made the giants willing, and they carried the princess in her bed to the King. And when she came to the King, she said she could not live, she must have her writings, they had been left in her castle. Then by the instigation of Ferdinand the Unfaithful, Ferdinand the Faithful was called, and the King told him he must fetch the writings from the castle, or he should die. Then he went once more into the stable, and bemoaned himself and said, "Oh, my dear little white horse, now I am to go away again, how am I to do it?" Then the little white horse said he was just to load the ships full again. So it happened again as it had happened before, and the giants and the birds were satisfied, and


text: Talk:The Original Fables of La Fontaine

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 Coal Measures in Beaver County, Pennsylvania. Eurypterus stylus of Hall from the Venango beds is probably the same as E. (Anthraconectes) mansfieldi, both type specimens being compressed longitudinally, but otherwise appearing the same. Eurypterus (Anthraconectes) pennsylvanicus C. E. Hall described from a single small carapace from Pithole City, Venango County, Pennsylvania is probably allied to E. mansfieldi, according to Clarke and Ruedemann (39, 428). A few fragments called by Hall E. ? potens also occur in Pennsylvania. The Carbonic eurypterids are in productive coal beds associated with plants and land animals. The fauna and flora at Mazon Creek have been especially studied by Meek and Worthen (170) from whose report the following associates of Eurypterus mazonensis are taken:
 * A Xiphosuran Euproöps danae M. and W.
 * An isopod Acanthotelson stimpsoni M. and W.
 * also A. eveni M. and W.
 * Decapoda: Palaeocaris typus M. and W.
 * Anthrapalaemon gracilis M. and W.
 * Myriopoda: Euphoberia armigera M. and W.
 * Arachnida: Pulmonia: Eoscorpius carbonarius M. and W.
 * Mazonia woodiana M. and W.
 * Architarbus rotundatus Scudder
 * Cock-roach: Mylacris anthracophila Scudder
 * Other insects: Miamia danae Scudder
 * Chrestotes lapidae Scudder

The remains from the Coal Measures of Nebraska were found by Barbour in an outcrop one mile south of Peru in the bluffs facing the Missouri River (10). The formations exposed there consist of alternating shale and limestone changing rapidly to a shale which finally merges into a massive sandstone. In this last bed there occurred a shaly band composed of thin, irregularly shaly layers, seldom half an inch thick, alternating with micaceous sand. This whole band was scarcely a foot thick and extended for over three hundred feet. Even within the band it was only the topmost two inches of the shale seams which yielded eurypterid remains. These were found in considerable abundance, forty specimens so far having been obtained in an area of as many square feet. The chitinous shells, probably representing merely the shed exoskeletons, have in all cases been reduced to carbonaceous films, but except where these are very thin they are in a good condition of preservation so that the grosser anatomy and surface markings can be seen and even some of the minute sculpturing.


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 Barbour has described only one species, Eurypterus (Anthraconectes) nebraskensis. It is represented by a large number of individuals and undoubtedly as the beds are worked over a great many more specimens will be obtained. They are for the most part in good condition, though seemingly representing only the exuviæ. The individuals are small, averaging two inches in length, the largest not being even three inches long. Barbour figures and describes, but does not name a second form which he thinks may be a species different from E. nebraskensis.

The faunal associates listed by Barbour are: "innumerable leaves, stems and fragments of certain land plants, conspicuously Neuropteris pinnules, stems of Calamites, and leaf-whorls of Asterophyllites . . . . Intimately associated with the eurypterids were considerable amounts of actual plant tissue, preserved as such since Carboniferous times." (10, 507–8).

Two species, ''Eurypterus ? pulicaris Salter from the Little River plant bed no. 2 of St. John, New Brunswick, and Eurypterella ornata'' Matthew are so doubtfully identified that Clarke and Ruedemann do not consider even their eurypterid origin as certain. (39, 93) The horizon at which they were found was originally supposed to be Devonic, but is now known to be Carbonic.

. Lower Siluric Llandovery-Wenlock. The earliest eurypterid remains that have been found anywhere outside of North America, are the fragments of Pterygotus problematicus from the May Hill sandstone of upper Llandovery age, found in Eastnor Park near Ledbury, Herefordshire, England. A single chelate appendage was found associated with Nucula eastnori, Pentameri and Stricklandiniae. The Mayhill sandstone is a basal one resting by overlap upon various earlier members of the series even upon the Shineton (Dictyonema) shales at Wenlock Edge. There is everywhere a marked break and unconformity between the underlying beds and the May Hill sandstone, indicating that the latter was laid down by an advancing sea, if it was not a terrestrial (fluviatile) sandstone reworked by the sea.

In the Wenlock of the Pentland Hills, Scotland, occurs the first large eurypterid fauna of Europe. The rock containing the eurypterids is "an irregularly fissile, fine-grained sandstone, containing a


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 considerable amount of structureless carbonaceous matter distributed in thin layers" (Laurie, 145, 151). The only other fossil which Malcolm Laurie found in the rock at the time of his first discovery was Dictyocaris ramsayi, but since then Peach and Horne have made a large collection of other types. In 1898 Laurie added some new discoveries from Gutterford Burn, and among these the one specimen of a scorpion, much crushed and lying imbedded in the carbonaceous matter. In the Pentland Hills the Wenlock formation is a yellowish sandstone and conglomerate, showing cross-bedding and in some places ripple marks, and is exposed in several inliers in the Old Red Sandstone, later formations having been eroded. Extensive collections have been made here by Henderson, Brown and Laurie, the latter describing a number of new species. One of the best sections is seen along Gutterford Burn, a tributary of the Esk, where the following specimens have been collected, the determinations having been made by Laurie.
 * Bembicosoma pomphicus Laurie.
 * Stylonurus (Drepanopterus) pentlandicus (Laurie).
 * S. (Drepanopterus) bembicoides (Laurie).
 * S. (Drepanopterus) lobatus (Laurie).
 * Eurypterus conicus Laurie.
 * E. minor Laurie.
 * Eusarcus scoticus (Laurie).
 * Eurypterus 3 sp. undet.
 * Stylonurus elegans Laurie.
 * S. macrophthalmus Laurie.
 * S. ornatus Laurie.
 * Slimonia dubia Laurie.
 * Dictyocaris ramsayi Salter.
 * Palaeophonus loudonensis Laurie.

Upper Siluric or Ludlow. The Ludlow of England has yielded eight species of eurypterids all in a most fragmentary condition, making it difficult to determine forms accurately. They all come from the Ludlow outcrops in Shropshire and Herefordshire. From the Aymestry limestone there are some remains which have been doubtfully referred to Pterygotus problematicus. This same species appears again and again throughout the remainder of the Siluric, being rare in the Upper Ludlow group, but becoming more common towards the top of the Temeside group in the Ludlow district. Eurypterus acuminatus Salt. and E. linearis are rare in the Upper Ludlow, the former


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54, approaching to, and retiring from, each other; then sometimes the one and sometimes the other advances, the other retrograding in proportion; then there is an appearance of disdain, by a stamp of the foot, which is repeated by the other, then a milder advance which is also repeated,—but every body knows what a Spanish bolero is, and why should I describe it; I can only say it was danced with as much decency, and, I believe, innocence, on this occasion, as I ever saw it. As the night advanced, the street was lighted with large flambeaux of pine wood, which burned furiously, and, from their numbers, gave a brilliant and dazzling light. By ten o'clock, the dancers were tired, and the spectators, having smoked their due number of cigars, retreated to beds, which would have made a Witney manufacturer a bankrupt even to look upon.


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 made gentle by the meat. When they came to the castle, the white horse told Ferdinand the Faithful that he must go in, and that on the table in the princess's bed-room lay the writings. And Ferdinand the Faithful went in, and fetched them. When they were on the lake, he let his pen fall into the water; then said the white horse, "Now I cannot help thee at all." But he remembered his flute, and began to play on it, and the fish came with the pen in its mouth, and gave it to him. So he took the writings to the castle, where the wedding was celebrated.

The Queen, however, did not love the King because he had no nose, but she would have much liked to love Ferdinand the Faithful. Once, therefore, when all the lords of the court were together, the Queen said she could do feats of magic, that she could cut off any one's head and put it on again, and that one of them ought just to try it. But none of them would be the first, so Ferdinand the Faithful, again at the instigation of Ferdinand the Unfaithful, undertook it and she hewed off his head, and put it on again for him, and it healed together directly, so that it looked as if he had a red thread round his throat. Then the King said to her, "My child, and where hast thou learnt that?" "Yes," she said, "I understand the art; shall I just try it on thee also?" "Oh, yes," said he. But she cut off his head, and did not put it on again; but pretended that she could not get it on, and that it would not keep fixed. Then the King was buried, but she married Ferdinand the Faithful.

He, however, always rode on his white horse, and once when he was seated on it, it told him that he was to go on to the heath which he knew, and gallop three times round it. And when he had done that, the white horse stood up on its hind legs, and was changed into a King's son.

127.—THE IRON STOVE.

the days when wishing was still of some use, a King's son was bewitched by an old witch, and shut up in an


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CH. V.]

, my valet, who was one of the handsomest Creolian lads I had seen, had a love affair in Mexico. He cried lustily when I told him, on setting off, that I must take him to England: now that he had been with the Juez de Letras and acquitted, he was in high spirits; he asked me to give him a written character to the Commission, and also a mare which I bought at Xalapa on my first arrival in the country: as I had no positive evidence against the poor fellow, I gave him both. In order to replace him, I had applied to the old Spanish merchant, Don Juan M—a, who told me he knew of a man whose honesty he could answer for: he was the barber and bleeder of the hospital to which


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 iron stove in a forest. There he passed many years, and no one could deliver him. Then a King's daughter came into the forest, who had lost herself, and could not find her father's kingdom again. After she had wandered about for nine days, she at length came to the iron stove. Then a voice came forth from it, and asked her, "Whence comest thou, and whither goest thou?" She answered, "I have lost my father's kingdom, and cannot get home again." Then a voice inside the iron stove said, "I will help thee to get home again, and that indeed most swiftly, if thou wilt promise to do what I desire of thee. I am the son of a far greater King than thy father, and I will marry thee."

Then was she afraid, and thought, "Good Heavens! "What can I do with an iron stove?" But as she much wished to get home to her father, she promised to do as he desired. But he said, "Thou shalt return here, and bring a knife with thee, and scrape a hole in the iron." Then he gave her a companion who walked near her, but did not speak, but in two hours he took her home; there was great joy in the castle when the King's daughter came home, and the old King fell on her neck, and kissed her. She, however, was sorely troubled, and said, "Dear father, what I have suffered! I should never have got home again from the great wild forest, if I had not come to an iron stove, but I have been forced to give my word that I will go back to it, set it free, and marry it." Then the old King was so terrified that he all but fainted, for he had but this one daughter. They there fore resolved they would send, in her place, the miller's daughter, who was very beautiful. They took her there, gave her a knife, and said she was to scrape at the iron stove. So she scraped at it for four-and-twenty hours, but could not bring off the least morsel of it. When day dawned, a voice in the stove said, "It seems to me it is day outside." Then she answered, "It seems so to me too; I fancy I hear the noise of my father's mill."

"So thou art a miller's daughter! Then go thy way at once, and let the King's daughter come here." Then she went away at once, and told the old King that the man outside there, would have none of her—he wanted the