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Rh them are quite impassable. Consequently the path winds about a good deal, and you may be said to walk two miles to get ahead one.

"The floor of the crater is hardly the same from week to week, and if I should make a map of it, and describe the place very carefully, you might not know it if you come here a year from now. In many places it is so hot that you cannot walk on it. Lava cools very slowly, and the thicker the bed of it the longer the time it requires for cooling.

"The Hawaiians say that the volcano is under the control of the Goddess Pele; she is a capricious deity, and you never know for any great length of time beforehand what she will do. Whenever the mood strikes her she orders an eruption, and straightway the fires are lighted, the mountain trembles, and the earth all around is violently shaken. Flames burst forth from the crater and shoot high in air, and sometimes the floor of the whole area is lifted and tossed like the waves of the sea. Kilauea may be said to be constantly active, as the fires never cease; but there are periods of great activity followed by seasons of comparative quiet.


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 TABLE OF CASES.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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36 "Over the floor of the great crater we picked our way for nearly three miles to the Burning Lakes; and what do you suppose these lakes are?

"Their name describes them, as they are literally burning lakes—lakes of fire so hot that if you should be foolish enough to try to bathe in them, or so unfortunate as to fall into their waves, you would be burned up in less than a minute. We had to climb up a steep bank of lava to get in sight of them, and then what a spectacle was presented!

"There were two little lakes or ponds, five or six hundred feet in diameter, and separated by a narrow embankment which the guide said was occasionally overflowed, and either covered entirely or broken down for a while. These lakes are on the top of a hill formed by the cooling of the lava, and at the time we saw them their surface was perhaps one hundred feet below the point where we stood on the outer edge or rim. The wind blew from us over the lakes, and carried away the greater part of the smoke and the fumes of sulphur; but in spite of the favoring breeze we were almost choked by the noxious gases that rose from the burning lava, and the numerous crevices in the solid banks where we stood.

"I said the bank was formed by the cooling of the lava; I should rather say by its hardening, as it was far from cool. It was so hot that it burned our feet through the soles of our thick shoes, and we stood first on one foot and then on the other, as turkeys are said to stand on a hot plate. Fred sat down to rest, but he stood up again in less than half a minute, as it was like sitting on a hot stove. We had brought a canteen of water which the guide placed on the ground near us; when I went to pick it up for a drink, the air and exertion having made me very thirsty, it was so hot that I burned my fingers in trying to hold it. The water in the canteen was like a cup of tea as good housewives like to pour it steaming from the kettle.

"Our faces were blistering with the heat that rose from the surface of the lakes, and then we scorched our hands in trying to protect our faces. We were blinded and suffocated; we coughed and spluttered, and found it difficult to speak, and in a little while concluded we had had quite enough of the lakes. We used our eyes rapidly, as there was a great deal to look at, and the whole scene was such as does not often come into one's opportunities.

"The molten lava seethed, bubbled, boiled, and rolled below us, its surface covered with a grayish and thin crust, out of which rose irregular circles and patches of fire that seemed to sweep and follow one


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Rh another from the circumference to the centre of the lake. Every minute or so the lava in the centre of the lake bulged up and broke into an enormous bubble or wave which sometimes rose twenty or thirty feet into the air, and then broke and scattered just as you see a bubble breaking in a kettle of boiling paste or oatmeal porridge. I know the comparison is a homely one, but I can't think of anything that will better describe what we saw.

"The bank of the lake down near where the lava came against it was red-hot, and so you may imagine if you can a mass of liquid fire rolling and surging against a solid one. One of the lakes was much more agitated than the other, and the liquid lava seemed to break upon its sides very much like a sea upon a rocky shore. Owing to the half-plastic condition of the lava, it could not break into surf and spray like the waves of the ocean, but it made a dull roar, something like that of the Pacific on the beach near San Francisco just after the subsidence of a storm.

"The surface of the lava changes its height from time to time. The guide said it occasionally rose until it overflowed the sides of the basin enclosing the lakes, and formed streams that spread out over the level area of the great crater. Sometimes it sank so that it was fully four hundred feet from the edge of the rim down to the lava; but whether it was high or low, there was never a time when it was wholly inactive.

"The guide called our attention to cones which had formed on the rim of the lake; they were caused by the cooling of the lava around vent-holes, and as successive jets of lava were thrown up and cooled


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38 they had formed cones fifteen or twenty feet high, and some of them as much as thirty feet. When the height became so great that the lava sought an outlet elsewhere, it generally left a hole in the top of the cone. We looked down some of these holes and saw the seething massof lava threatening each moment to rise and destroy the very frail foundation where we were standing. The guide said there was little real danger, as the lava had receded since the cones were formed. I observed that the crust where we stood was not more than a foot or so in thickness; and as the lava is very brittle, the spot was certainly not a safe one. Besides, the fumes that rose from the vent-holes were absolutely stifling; and though the sight was a fascinating one, it was impossible to remain there long, owing to the difficulty of breathing.


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Rh "We have visited volcanoes in other parts of the world, but none that equalled this, and never have we seen anything to compare with the Burning Lakes of Kilauea. What a magnificent sight it must be to see an eruption of Kilauea or Mauna Loa—especially the latter, as it is much the larger of the two. Just now it is quiet, but when it does break out it is, I believe, the greatest volcano in the world. Let me give you a few figures:

"Mauna Loa has had eight great eruptions in forty years, an average of one eruption every five years. It is 13,700 feet high, and in several of its eruptions it has sent streams of lava fifty miles in length to the sea. The flow of these streams is slow, usually requiring eight or ten days, and sometimes longer, to cover the distance from the mountain to the sea. In one eruption it was estimated that 38,000,000,000 cubic feet of lava were poured out, and in another 17,000,000,000. Kilauea is properly a spur of Mauna Loa, and less than 4000 feet high, but nevertheless it is the largest constantly active volcano in the world.

"When the lava from Mauna Loa reaches the sea there is an immense cloud of steam rising from the point where the molten mass enters the water; the ocean is heated for miles around, and fishes by millions perish from the heat. The ground all over the island is devastated, earthquakes are frequent, and altogether Hawaii must be an unpleasant place of residence at that time.

"We got back to the hotel about five o'clock in the afternoon, thoroughly tired out with the day's excursion, which had given us so


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40 many curious and terrible sights. It has been an experience which we shall long remember."

Our friends wanted to visit the great crater of Haleakala, on the island of Maui, in order to be able to compare an extinct volcano with a live one, but time did not permit. They talked with a gentleman who had been there, and that, said Fred, was the next best thing to seeing with their own eyes. Here is the substance of what they learned concerning Haleakala:

"You have a ride of about twelve miles to reach the summit, and you ought to go up so as to sleep at the top and get the view at sunrise. There is no house there, but of this there is no need, as there are several caves in the lava—they are really broken lava-bubbles, which are each large enough to shelter half a dozen persons comfortably. Of course you must have a guide and must carry plenty of blankets, or you will suffer from the cold. Water and wood can be found near the top of the mountain.

"The crater of Haleakala is thirty miles in circumference, or ten miles across, and it is two thousand feet from the edge of the rim that surrounds it to the floor of the crater; over this floor are spread ten or twelve smaller craters and cones, some of them large enough to be good-sized mountains by themselves, as they are nearly, if not quite, a thousand feet high.

"You can descend into the great crater if you wish, and there is a path by which you can traverse it; but it is very necessary that you should not turn from the path, as the lava is so sharp that it would endanger your horse's feet to go even a few yards over it. Stick to the route, and implicitly obey your guide."

Fred obtained a map of Haleakala, which we give on the following page. It shows the shape of the crater and the openings at either end, where the lava is supposed to have made an outlet for itself; these openings are called Koolau Gap and Kaupo Gap, the former being something more than two miles across, and the latter a trifle less.

Before leaving Hilo, Doctor Bronson arranged for a schooner to meet the party at a point on the Puna coast, which was easily reached in a day's ride from the crater of Kilauea. Before sunset they had paid the guide for the hire of the horses and his own wages, and the evening saw them dashing through the waters on the way to Honolulu. The trade-wind bore them swiftly along; Hawaii is to windward of Oahu, and while it takes a schooner or other sailing-vessel four or five days to beat from Honolulu to Hilo, the return journey can be made


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180


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182


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Page:A history of Chile.djvu/146

 José de San Martín.

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 ish-Americans objected to the monopolies and the official arrogance of the mother country, the peasantry had far more to complain of in the burdens which fell most heavily upon them. A rebellion broke out in Peru, where the native classes were more oppressed than in Chile. An Inca descendent, José Gabriel Condorcanqui, called Tupac Amaru after his ancient progenitor, aroused the long suffering people to such zeal that they took up arms. He defeated the Spaniards at Sangarara, November 13th, 1780, and a few days afterward published the causes which had led to the revolt. He addressed letters to the bishops and other officers, proposing changes of the existing oppressive measures ; his proposals were rejected with disdain.

In 1781, Condorcanqui was defeated at Checacupe, where with his family he was taken prisoner. Hideous cruelties were perpetrated upon the captives by the Spanish courts, and terrible was the vengeance wreaked upon the patriots; but their deaths did not end the revolt. It was not until the year 1783, that the rebellion was finally put down ; but the death of Tupac Amaru was as a bugle blast resounding through Spanish-America. He had not died in vain, for an attempt was soon made to ward off the storm in Peru by a few measures of reform; such as abolishing the repartimientos, which held the natives to a species of serfdom, modifying the rules respecting forced labor, and doing away with the obnoxious office-of corregidor. Tupac Amaru had accomplished more than had Don José Antequera fifty years before, in his attempts to reform abuses and establish a representative government in Paraguay.

Ubalde succeeded no better in Peru in 1805; he rekindled the fires of patriotism, but paid the penalty in death. In 1809, patriot forces were defeated at Huaqui; General Belgrano led a patriot army from Buenos

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About WikiProject NARA
The United States National Archives and Records Administration is an independent agency of the United States government charged with preserving and documenting government and historical records. It holds a huge quantity of information, much of which falls under What Wikisource Includes. However, many records, while nominally available to the public, are not easily accessed over the Internet. This WikiProject aims to co-ordinate and oversee the addition of valuable works from NARA in the Wikisource corpus. It provides a common discussion area, lists of works that are wanted, in progress, needing work, and ready for "normal" proofreading to begin.

It is hoped that this project will attract users from outside Wikisource, and there is plenty to do without being acquainted with the full Wikisource system (although if we can persuade new users to stay, so much the better!).

If you are new to WikiProject NARA, please read /Getting involved/ for a guide on basic workflow, as well a list of users who can help you.

People on the ground
This summer, we are lucky to have a Wikimedian, Dominic, on the ground at NARA who can source documents for us that are incomplete, damaged or not accessible over the normal NARA web interface.

Project map

 * Wikisource talk:WikiProject NARA: General talk about WikiProject:NARA.
 * /Getting involved/: A guide on getting involved in this project.
 * /To retrieve/: A list of works that are wanted from NARA.
 * /To prepare/: Works that have been retrieved from NARA and need basic Wikisource groundwork doing, such as collating to DjVu, OCR, index creating and linking to and from the relevant Portals.
 * /Completed/: Works that have been prepared for normal editing.

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Related links

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title: Wikisource:WikiProject NARA


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Wikisource talk:WikiProject NARA

This page is for general discussion of WikiProject NARA. Inductiveload—talk/contribs  03:02, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

Can anyone make headings for the table, on the page "Works to prepare", like the headings under the list, to make the table look neater? Then I'll add the rest of the works to the table. Digipoke (talk) 17:56, 25 June 2011 (UTC)
 * As you can see, templates, tables, and general page layout are not my specialty. ;-) Inductiveload has been doing a lot of great work whipping this project into shape. Your suggestion is a good idea, and, really, I'd appreciate anything anyone can do to make that page as a whole more organized and useful. It's becoming a bit of a mess already, and it's just the beginning. Dominic (talk) 13:34, 27 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I've asked Inductiveload, just waiting for a response. Digipoke (talk) 17:02, 28 June 2011 (UTC)

I've found another Report of the Joint Committee. It's different to the one in the table and is also under Category:Washington Monument. Not sure what to do with it. Digipoke (talk) 19:15, 2 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Also Appeal for a Sixteenth Amendment. Different from the index in the table.

Portal and Active Projects
I have just added this project to active projects so that it will appear in the list of active projects that Wikisource is undertaking. I have had to double guess where you are going to add and display your pages in the Portal namespace, so I am taking a guess at Portal:US National Archives. If that all suits, for those who are active in the project and wish to display that banner in their user space, there is some code that you can grab and/or advertise. — billinghurst  sDrewth  11:46, 13 July 2011 (UTC)

 * I forgot to mention that I've created the portals National Archives and Records Administration and National Archives and Records Administration Collection (aka Portal:NARA Collection). The former for the NARA in general and the latter for the all of the files added from their scans.  I hadn't noticed this post before creating the portal so, if a different name is required, feel free to move as normal. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 02:00, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

Mixup
What is identified here as 'Memorial from the ladies of Steubenville, Ohio, protesting Indian removal' is in fact a memorial on slavery, its ARC link goes to the correct memorial. Prosody (talk) 19:48, 13 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Found the ARC link for our memorial. Prosody (talk) 19:53, 13 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I moved the original file to File:Memorial written by Josephine Griffing asking that women be commissioned to assist with the care and education of the freedmen.jpg and corrected the metadata. I've kept the metadata for the Indian removal under its file name, and will locate and upload the correct file for it soon. Dominic (talk) 20:15, 13 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Okay, correct TIFF uploaded in place of the old one now, too. Dominic (talk) 21:59, 13 July 2011 (UTC)

Posters
I'm wondering how best we can transcribe and present the posters that have been recently listed. Commons has a gadget for overlapping notes, maybe an admin can pull it in here? Prosody (talk) 12:22, 23 July 2011 (UTC)
 * That would be cool, as long as there is also plain transcription text next to it for easier reading and searching. We can annotate locally, but it seems like it be more useful to annotate the images on Commons and display it here. Dominic (talk) 14:18, 25 July 2011 (UTC)

NARA blog post
I want to thank you all for being awesome. :-) Just to let you know, today I used my guest post on the National Archives' "The Text Message" blog, the blog by NARA's textual records division, to shine a spotlight on Wikisource: . (Unfortunately, the images aren't working on the blog right now, or we'd get a picture of the document up, too.) Dominic (talk) 15:03, 25 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Good post! I'm going to circulate a link to it to help better explain the point and function of WikiSource to the pack of netizens I run with in meat-space. The extra NARA advertising can't hurt. Again; nicely done. -- George Orwell III (talk) 21:57, 25 July 2011 (UTC)

Is there some french ?
Hi,

First, I have to congratulate you for this amazing project.

Then, I have a little question : is there texts in French in the NARA collection ? (maybe things before the Louisiana Purchase for example)

Cdlt, VIGNERON (talk) 19:53, 27 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Sorry for the belated response. There are three (1 2 3) WW1 propaganda posters in French. Prosody (talk) 23:16, 15 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Also, some Italian? --Aubrey (talk) 14:30, 6 September 2011 (UTC)

Propaganda poster information database
I just found the Hoover Institution Political Poster Database, which appears to have some additional information to what's already provided by the NARA database. Prosody (talk) 22:40, 20 August 2011 (UTC)

Mixup
What we have listed as File:Eyewitness Statement of Lawrence Marunchuk, Sergeant, Company D, Second Battalion (Airborne), 501st Infantry, 101st... - NARA - 305386.tif is actually the second page of Eyewitness Statement of 1LT Cleo C. Hogan]. Its ARC link points to the correct document. Prosody (talk) 16:09, 17 September 2011 (UTC)

Videos
I noticed there are several links to video files in the Completed section. Wikisource has the technical capacity to transcribe video, I'm not familiar with it but it could be an interesting avenue to pursue. Prosody (talk) 16:12, 17 September 2011 (UTC)
 * That would be fantastic. I put those there because these are videos that Wikimedians have digitized and uploaded themselves, so NARA will be adding them to its catalog or linking them at some point. Dominic (talk) 22:50, 18 September 2011 (UTC)

Two (physical) copies of the same document
these two are separate copies of the same message. Prosody (talk) 10:38, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
 * They look different to me. JeepdaySock (talk) 11:46, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Oops, wrong links. This one and this one. Prosody (talk) 19:56, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Yep looks like, separate physical copies with identical content (accepting placement of unclassified stamp) are scanned one after the other. JeepdaySock (talk) 17:58, 13 January 2012 (UTC)

Who is maintaining the Dashboard
How familiar are you guys with this? I think this is a great idea but how is it updated? Many of the works linked are validated for six months. One is typed up without understanding wiki text in a way that I can't even attempt fixing it until I get on a real computer. I could barely manage to copy the title on my tablet. Three people separate tried to work on that many months ago. Optionally the dashboard directs people come to the front page of the NARA wikiproject, which is not exactly useful for figuring out where to start. The "getting involved" page is a bit of a dead end really. If we are having novice editors directed here we need a better way of helping them find what they can work on. We need some way to know what documents are on the dashboard (if they ever change?) so we can watchlist them and help new users. We also need a way to get documents off the dashboard when completed. Has anyone here been following this feature at all? I never heard of it before Wikimania, but I kind of assumed there must be a group working with on it. But now that I have really looked at what is there in detail, I am wondering if I am the only one here that has looked at it closely in months.--Birgitte SB  03:23, 7 August 2012 (UTC)

 * User:Dominic is/was "Wikipedian in Residence at the US National Archives". Looks like Special:Contributions/Dominic activity has slowed or stopped. JeepdaySock (talk) 15:11, 7 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Did you ever see the dashboard link before? I took a very cursory look at history of the documents featured there. It does seem to have been bringing in some editors that so not seem to have Wikipedia accounts. It seems to me, that thos could be really promising of it were properly supported.--Birgitte SB  02:14, 8 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Not really, I have just been giving this page a casual watch. JeepdaySock (talk) 10:37, 8 August 2012 (UTC)

Reference sources
I've seen elsewhere that a old government published Handbook of American Indians in its various editions and formats is still counted among the more reliable reference sources on American Indian topics. I haven't gotten very far in the various articles related to the Bibliography of encyclopedias yet, but there seem to be at least a few other old and/or PD government publications which are counted among the better available reference sources. Would anyone here have any interest in maybe uploading images of any such, and/or proofreading them? John Carter (talk) 16:56, 31 December 2014 (UTC)

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Wikisource:WikiProject NARA/To retrieve

Please add works that you would like to be retrieved from NARA to the list below. Please provide as much information as you can, including the ARC reference, as this will help us to locate that work. Please add only works that you think are valuable or that you have a personal interest in, as the users on the ground at NARA are only human!

When works have been located and uploaded to Commons (or other appropriate file-hosting service if the data is not Commons-ready), it should be moved to the Work preparation list.

Searching
Basically there are three ways to search NARA for possibly interesting WS-hostable stuff
 * Archival Research Catalog (ARC)
 * Access to Archival Databases (AAD)
 * Our Archives Wiki (OAW)

The list

 * Photograph, Suffrage Parade, 1913ARC 593561
 * Voting Rights Act of 1965 ARC 299909
 * Incredibly, the poor-quality black and white scans (from microfilm?) on that catalog page are the only digital copy we have of this important work, except the first and last page only, which were scanned for a past online exhibit. I have requested that this, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ARC 299891 be rescanned in high-quality color, and there is a good chance they will be done relatively soon because they are a high priority. I'm not yet sure at what pace they work or what "soon" means by their standards, though, so this will be our first experiment. Dominic (talk) 19:50, 8 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Readable versions of the VRA and CRA are already available at Page:United_States_Statutes_at_Large_Volume_79.djvu/477 and Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 78.djvu/283. —Spangineer (háblame) 17:31, 9 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, finding the text of these laws, which are all printed in publications like that, is not an issue. What we are working on getting is a high-quality scan of the original copy signed by the president. Dominic (talk) 18:06, 9 June 2011 (UTC)

Stockleave (talk) 19:11, 13 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Unratified Amendments, compiled 1810 - 1985ARC 3988063
 * Petitions and Memorials, compiled 1813 - 1968ARC 559822
 * Civil Rights Act of 1964 Files, compiled 1968 - 1968, documenting the period 1963 - 1966ARC 1622796
 * Transcript of 1946 Hearings of the Closed Military Hearing in Jerusalem: Concerning internal security, illegal immigration, illegal armaments and terrorism in JerusalemARC 1374033
 * Early American Libertarian Theory: Freedom of the Press from Zenger to Jefferson ARC 5665527
 * ABC of AnarchismARC 2133324
 * Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman Convicted of Conspiracy against Draft LawARC 533643
 * The Seventeenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution -- this is an important political issue currently, and there is a peer review of the Wikipedia article about the amendment currently underway. -Pete (talk) 18:58, 8 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Photography of Dorothea Lange -- there are a few photos here and here, but it looks as though there are many more in the archives? -Pete (talk) 21:08, 29 December 2011 (UTC)
 * There are a couple of thousand in commons:Category:Dorothea Lange Most of these come from the NARA mass upload. We used NARA's authority control to automatically add the Dorothea Lange creator template and category to the Commons image uploads, so anything uploaded by NARA so far and credited to Lange in their metadata will appear there. Do you see any other photos in the NARA collection that haven't yet been digitized, or are digitized but not uploaded in high-resolution? Dominic (talk) 00:03, 30 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Ah, OK. Ignore this request then, sorry -- thanks for the explanation, I'll explore those. -Pete (talk) 19:14, 30 December 2011 (UTC)
 * The three items linked on this page: http://www.digitalvaults.org/tags/o/oregon.html There do not appear to be high-resolution scans available on this site. -Pete (talk) 16:15, 31 December 2011 (UTC)

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Translation:Imperial Decree on Day Nineteen of May (lunar calendar)

Decree 1
Yesterday, boxer criminals created disturbances in Peking City, and orders were issued to Infantry Commander Yamen arrest the bandit leaders, and to conduct thorough search patrols. Criminals that created rumors and social unrest were arrested and executed. Last night, inside Peking City, there was arson and destruction going on as usual, there were agitators openly yelling "kill, kill, kill", using weapons searching for revenge, and some murders did occur. These rampant disturbances were tolerated by the Imperial soldiers, city gates were opened freely for the bandits, common people were all frightened, and peaceful life was gone. Right under the Imperial throne, we have these uncontrolled disturbance, and if no severe punishments are carried out, unseen disasters will loom on the horizon. I hereby order Infantry Commander to command various Imperial soldiers, plus Shenji Division, Tiger Gods Division, with Horse cavalry, in addition to Wuwei Middle Troop, to suppress these bandits, to intensify searching patrols, and to arrest and execute immediately all criminals with weapons who advocate killing. Imperial soldiers are not to tolerate any criminals, all criminal leaders are to be arrested. Criminal followers and accomplices are to be disbanded and expelled from Peking City. All Boxer shrines are to be dismantled. Zaiyin, Yigong, Fuliang, Zaizou are to inspect street patrols, and any inefficient patrols should be sanctioned and punished. The traffic on all the city gates should be carefully monitored. Chongxun, Xiangpu, Lishen, Yilibu, Kemonge, Yinxin, Songhe, Sepuge, Deyun are each to be stationed at nine gates, to monitor the traffic, outside the five gates, all the five gates royal magistrates should conduct carefully. Prince Qing, Prince Duan, Prince Zailiang, Grand Scholar Ronglu, to police and inspect all the officials and all the soldiers, cavalry and infantry, to carry out this decree in full capacity. Any wrong attitudes resulting in errors and mishaps will be severely dealt with. Guangxu Emperor signed here.

Decree 2
Li Hongzhang is to come to Peking via the fastest way. Deshou is appointed as deputy Viceroy of Liangguang. Yuan Shikai is to come to Peking with his troops via the fastest way. If Yuan Shikai is to have urgent matter to attend to, an able military commander should be chosen to come to Peking. Yulu is ordered to send this decree as a telegram to Li Hongzhang and Yuan Shikai, no delay is permitted. This decree is to be sent via 600 miles fast horse relay mail system. Signed by Guangxu Emperor.

Decree 3
Recently Righteous Boxer members and Christian converts were seeking revenge against each other, bandits began to take advantage and to burn and loot, extreme disturbances occur outside and inside Peking City. This is an order for various provinces viceroys, to swiftly select cavalry and infantry, according to the capacity of individual province, to send able commanders equipped with numbers of divisions to march towards Peking day and night and be ready for deployment. This is an urgent request, no delay is permitted. This decree is to be sent via 600 miles fast horse relay mail system. Signed by Guangxu Emperor.

Decree 4
Recently Righteous Harmony Boxer members and Christian converts were seeking revenge against each other, rumors abundant, criminals are taking the opportunity to stage burning and looting. All the foreign diplomats sites, should be carefully protected, Ronlu is to send an efficient troops of Wuwei Middle Troop swiftly, to the Peking Legation Quarter, to protect all the diplomatic buildings, no errors are to be tolerated. If any of the diplomatic staff and families wish to go to Tientsin, Ronlu should provide adequate protection along the way, but due to the broken up of the railway line, there might not be a 100% safe land trip. The diplomatic personals should stay where they are, wait for the reopening of the railway, then decide on circumstances, according to each individual case. Signed by the Emperor.

Decree 5
Now that the war has been started by foreign powers, Peking is under curfew, the detailed defense of the city, should be well prepared. Yude, Guangzhon, Fuzhen, Jinxin, Enyou, Guiheng, Fengche, Xilangai, these eight officials should conduct 24 hour search patrol. All eight official are under Zaixun's command. No error shall be tolerated.

 * Original Chinese text:西巡迴鑾始末/卷1


text:
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title: Wikisource:WikiProject NARA/Completed


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Non-Wikisource users
If you are not a Wikisource user, welcome! You can get involved in many ways. Please create an account and then sign up below.

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 * Dominic. Our man on the ground. Dominic is the source of our works from NARA.
 * Inductiveload. (Admin, bot-owner at WS and Commons) General groundwork and work preparation. I have no particular aim in this project other than helping to keep it running smoothly. I can do OCR work, DjVu conversion and collation, as well as Wikisource specific things like index page creation or grinding templates. I prefer non-standard and fiddly jobs, as the easy ones can be done by others! Please feel free to ask on my talk page for any help, or in IRC where I frequently reside.
 * ResidentScholar. I can help a little or at least help give you a good start.  While sub-categorizing the entries in the "United States history" category, I had discovered that over the course of Wikisource's existence, our contributors had taken an interest to supply numerous United States government documents relevant to the history of the United States.  They can be found at Category:American state papers, and that category could act as a seedling to provide the first works to be upgraded with scans and proofreading.
 * Jeepday I can help with the less technical questions of new volunteers, as well as general housekeeping tasks. As an Admin at both Wikisource and Wikipedia, I have some familiarity with them both. JeepdaySock (talk) 10:55, 8 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Sam Wilson. I'm interested in helping with anything: retrieving scans, preparing djvus, uploading, index pages, whatever; and of course proofreading.  Particularly anything to do with Fremantle.  I'm also keen to hear more from Dominic about the whole process of working with NARA, because I'm working on getting a similar thing (albeit much smaller!) going with my local history archive, and there's a certain amount of confusion about why the WMF would be of any use.  — Sam Wilson ( Talk • Contribs ) … 00:05, 9 June 2011 (UTC)
 * User:BirgitteSB I can help with proofreading, setting up index pages, and setting up transcluded pages. Basically most anything on the text side of things.--Birgitte SB  00:35, 10 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Michelle Gallaway. Happy to do some of the legwork with proofreading.  MichelleG (talk) 12:06, 11 June 2011 (UTC).
 * Pete. Getting reasonably comfortable with Wikisource practices. Happy to pitch in where I can. -Pete (talk) 19:13, 7 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Aude happy to help, including transcribing videos. Aude (talk) 16:23, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Ammcmillin Glad to be a part of this! Willing to help wherever possible, including transcription and proofreading. Ammcmillin (talk)12:21, 23 December 2011 (UTC)

How can I help. Just let me know. Lisa Holinde Waco, TX Would like to help. tpulliam67
 * User:Utgardsloki. I would love to help transcribe, proofread, manage files, etc.. -User: Utgardsloki
 * User:Janautical. I am a student archivist at my university and have some experience with archiving. I would absolutely love to participate in this project! I am willing to do anything that anyone needs any help with.
 * Sharon Wilson. I'm especially interested in supporting NARA's work to make archival material more accessible. I'm a retired government documents librarian with experience working with federal publications.--Sharon Wilson 01:26, 20 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Slowking4 scanathons, uploading photos 03:50, 21 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Rino Landa. As an aspiring Librarian with passion for technological integration & digital instruction I'm very interested in supporting NARA's innovative partnership with the GLAM WikiProject and putting to use my undergraduate archival and digitization experience at Yale University in supporting this endeavor; I'm also very interested applying my Spanish fluency to translating documents/pages as needed. 00:13 April 22, 2012 (UTC)
 * Bettenandi Glad to help in any way, especially in transcription and proofreading. Will be pursuing a higher degree in Archival Records and Administration and am eager to learn all that I can.
 * Thepoodlechef Glad to help!
 * Tagmo Count me in. --Tagmo (talk) 00:38, 29 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Cassandra McGuire. I am a graduate student/archivist-in-training eager to learn and help with this project. I have experience with transcription and proofreading but am willing to do whatever is most needed.
 * Risk Engineer. Like others, I am especially interested in supporting NARA's work to make archival material more accessible. I'm a retired Federal engineer with experience working with federal publications. I am especially interested in working on the US DOT portal and its subsidiary agencies. I have lot of materials from agency operations in the 1990 to 2010 period that are not available on the public websites. I plan to move this material up to WikiSource to support sister projects articles and materials. I am pleased to help in other areas as I can. Risk Engineer (talk) 22:23, 27 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Beleg Tâl. Just puttering away, upload/proofread/validate/transclude. —Beleg Tâl (talk) 14:30, 31 July 2015 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Bjung

— billinghurst  sDrewth  04:07, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bjung


text: Category:Qing Dynasty Imperial Decrees

title: Category:Qing Dynasty Imperial Decrees


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Page:Australia, from Port Macquarie to Moreton Bay.djvu/153

 hastened to outbid each other at the Government sales by auction, and purchased at exorbitant rates, sections and allotments of land which they had probably never seen, and which were often hundreds of miles from Sydney, and in situations such, that if they had only listened to the dictates of common sense, they must have perceived that they were often paying for their land ten times more than it was worth. When the Government thus set the example of exciting competition for land, the same spirit, of course, prevailed in all private land sales; innumerable plans of fine-towns and cities, (at least on paper,) divided into red and green allotments, with reserves for market-places, churches, parks, cemeteries, &c. were prominently displayed in every corner of the auctioneers' sale-rooms in Sydney; and it mattered little where the sites for these projected towns had been chosen; whether one hundred or five hundred miles from Sydney, the allotments were certain to be eagerly bought up. Most of them might be appositely compared to the famous American city of Eden, in Boz's new work; and at the present time, many of the allotments of some of these imaginary towns might be purchased for fewer pence, than they were, at one time, supposed to be worth pounds. Indeed, in the prosperous times, three or four years ago, scarcely any one purchased land for its fertility, or capability of being converted into good farms; for not one person in a hundred built on, or improved the ground


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Page:Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile - In the Years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, and 1773 volume 2.djvu/293

 Galla advanced in their usual manner, burning and destroying churches and villages, and murdering without mercy all that were so unfortunate as to fall into their hands. The king bore these excesses of his enemy with the patience of a good general, who saw they contributed to his advantage. He therefore did not offer to check any of their disorders, but by not refilling rather hoped to encourage them. He had an army in number superior, and this was seldom the case; but in quality there was no comparison, five of the king's troops being equal to twenty of the enemy, and this was the general proportion in which they fought. He, therefore, contented himself with choosing proper ground to engage, and improving it by ambushes such as the nature of the field permitted or suggested.

was the 7th of January 1608, early in the morning, that the Galla presented themselves to Socinios in battle, in a plain below Ebenaat, surrounded with small hills covered with wood. The Galla filled the whole plain, as if voluntarily devoting themselves to destruction, and from the hills and bushes were destroyed by fire-arms from enemies they did not see, who with a strong body took possession of the place through which they entered, and by which they were to return no more.

that day, for what particular reason does not appear, distinguished himself among the midst of the Galla, by fighting like a common soldier. It is thought by the historians of those times, that he had received advice while at Coga, that his son-in-law Julius intended to rebel, and therefore he meant to discourage him by comparison of their personal abilities. This, however, is not probable; the


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 he had bought; the principal motives which influenced these speculators in their purchase of land, was because it was near some Government village, reserve, or else possessed a frontage to some river or road, which would cause it to look well on paper, and consequently resell to advantage, if redivided into small lots, and called "a town," with some grand euphonous appellation. Many persons also threw away their money in the purchase of land they had never seen, and were totally unacquainted with, with no other reason for so doing than the notion that all land in the Australian colonies must go on increasing in value, whatever might be the price originally paid for it.

Another cause of the present involved state of affairs, has been the boundless extravagance of all classes of the community, and the consequent enormous importation, in proportion to the population of New South Wales, of mere articles of luxury, such as carriages, jewellery, plate, the most expensive furniture, rare wines and liqueurs, &c. To this may be added the great consumption of imported articles, which the colony was perfectly able to produce itself, such as hams, bacon, butter, cheese, beef, flour, wine, fruits, pickles, &c. &c.

The fall in the price of wool, and the cessation in the emigration of persons of capital to the Australian colonies materially assisted also in producing the present depression.

Whatever may be the predominant cause of the


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Page:Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile - In the Years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, and 1773 volume 2.djvu/408

 hill above them, saw their opportunity, and fell suddenly upon the spoilers, and cut all the soldiers of Begemder to pieces. A considerable part of the Inaches fell also; but the rest, joining themselves with the Portuguese in one body, made good their retreat to the head-quarters.

destruction of the corn everywhere around them, and the impossibility of bringing provisions there, as they were situated in the midst of their enemies, obliged the king to think of returning before the rebels should collect themselves, and cut off his retreat. And it was with great difficulty, and still greater loss, he accomplished this, and retired to Dancaz, abandoning Lasta as soon as he had subdued it, but leaving Begemder almost a prey to the rebels whom he had conquered in Lasta.

being now determined upon another campaign against Lasta, and for the relief of Begemder, ordered his troops to hold themselves in readiness to march as soon as the weather should permit. But an universal discontent had seized the whole army. They saw no end to this war, nor any repose from its victories obtained with great bloodshed, without spoil, riches, or reward; no territory acquired to the king, nor nation subdued; but the time, when they were not actually in the field, filled up with executions and the constant effusion of civil blood, that seemed to be more horrid than war itself. They, therefore, positively refused to march against Lasta; and the prince was deputed by them to inform the king, that they did not say the Roman faith was a bad one, as they did not understand it, nor desire to be instructed; that this was an affair which entirely regarded themselves, and no one would pretend to say there was


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Page:A Compendium of Irish Biography.djvu/90

 left by their opponent in his columns. Byrne says: "I had been in many combats and battles, but I never before witnessed such a display of bravery and intrepidity as was shown all along our line." Wexford was occupied by the military next day, and the work of execution, transportation, and reprisals commenced. Byrne kept command of a small force. Marching over the old battle-ground of Foulkesmill, they turned north through Killan. On the 23rd they attacked Goresbridge, and were joined by a party of colliers from Castlecomer. Here he had to deplore the murder of several prisoners in cold blood, and other atrocities, committed by his men in revenge for the picketing, pitch-caps, and executions to which the peasantry had been exposed before the hostilities commenced. Castlecomer was unsuccessfully attacked; and about 26th June, the now diminished band of pikemen returned into Wexford through Scollagh Gap. With his wounded brother, he paid a furtive visit home to bid farewell to his mother and sister, and after being engaged in a few skirmishes with the troops, joined Michael Dwyer and General Holt in the glens of Wicklow. On 10th November he managed to escape into Dublin, disguised as a car driver. He passed the next few years as clerk in a timber yard. In the winter of 1802-'3, he was introduced to Robert Emmet, and, following the example of most of the insurgent refugees in Dublin, entered with enthusiasm into his plans. Byrne made contracts for arms with gunsmiths, prepared pike handles, and other necessary materials of war. When the eventful 23rd July arrived, Byrne's part in the arrangements was to command a body of men in readiness at a rendezvous on the Coal (now Wellington) Quay. Like all Emmet's plans, this miscarried. Byrne was, according to his own account, ready with his contingent, but the first news that reached him was of the fracas in Thomas-street and Emmet's flight to Rathfarnham. Two days afterwards he had an interview with Emmet, when it was arranged that Byrne should go to Paris, and endeavour to procure assistance from the French government, In an American vessel, he managed to escape from Dublin to Bordeaux, whence he proceeded to Paris, and was quickly in communication with the refugees there. But all hopes of French intervention were over. Entering the French army, he served with distinction in Spain, the Low Countries, and Germany. He continued in the army after the Restoration, and in 1830 was appointed Chef-de-Bataillon. His Memoirs, edited by his wife, though lacking in arrangement, are full of interesting particulars of the varied scenes he passed through, and abound with valuable biographical notices and personal details of the Irish exiles in France. He died in Paris on the 24th of January 1862 (aged nearly 82), in the arms of a beloved wife, and was interred at Montmartre. His widow writes of the last few days of his life: "He was [then] greatly grieved at the civil war between the States of the North and South; but he felt hopeful of the ultimate result, and had no fear of the Union being broken up; on the contrary, he expected it would probably be stronger than ever, and also be purified from the blot of slavery. His aspirations for the emancipation and regeneration of Italy were equally ardent. His love of freedom and the well-being of his fellow-creatures was confined to no country or race, and he was ever ready and active to do good and to serve others." To the last, his love of Ireland and interest in her affairs continued unabated. He is described by those who knew him in his latter days, as a singularly noble-looking old man—erect and soldierlike to the last; with all the polish of a perfect gentleman; genial in his manners, and full of anecdotes of various scenes through which he had passed. His widow was living in in-firm health in 1877.

Cade, John, said to have been an Irishman, a physician, whose real name was Aylmer, was induced in the summer of 1450 to assume the name of Mortimer, and to head a rising of Kentishmen, ostensibly as a protest against certain fines and taxes, really in the interest of Richard, Duke of York. He encamped, says Grafton the chronicler, "in good order of battaile" at Blackheath, and sent messages to Henry VI. and his council, "with louyng wordes, but with malicious entent." Henry marched against the insurgents, who retreated to Sevenoaks. There they defeated a detachment sent against them—the leaders of same. Sir Humphrey and Sir William Stafford, falling in the encounter. Henry VI. appeal's to have retreated into Warwickshire, committing to the Tower the unpopular Treasurer of England, Lord Say. We are told that Cade apparelled himself in the rich armour of the Staffords, "and so with pompe and glorie returned agagne towarde London," his forces being considerably augmented by contingents from Sussex and Surrey. He first entered Southwark, and then London itself, and he struck his sword on London stone, saying: "Now is Mortimer lorde of this citie;" after which, we are told by  66


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 present deplorable state of affairs in Sydney, I do not think that confidence and a healthy tone will reappear among the commercial community of that city, until all those traders and merchants, (who are not able to meet their engagements and are now striving to hang back from the fatal goal of insolvency, to which they must perforce arrive, sooner or later,) pass away, and are succeeded by a new class of merchants, possessing the full confidence of respectable houses in England; men, for instance, totally unconnected with all previous colonial transactions, and consequently never involved in that frantic mania for speculating so far beyond their means, and those reprobative practices of mutual accommodation, partial discounting, systematic bill-dishonouring, &c. which have stamped a stigma on the mercantile community of New South Wales, that will require a long time to efface in the minds of those persons in England who have suffered from their connection with that colony.

The distress, which has existed among the flock-masters of New South Wales, and the distress of the merchants and traders, are, in my opinion, much more independent of each other than is generally supposed. The grand cause of the ruin of so many of the settlers has been the depreciation in the value of stock; sheep having fallen, in a very short time, from upwards of £2. per head to about half a crown, and cattle from £9. or £10. to £1. Of course those who bought sheep and cattle at these high prices,


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Page:Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile - In the Years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, and 1773 volume 2.djvu/294

 king's character was established, and nothing more could be added to it. However that may be, all turned to the disadvantage of the Galla. No general or other officer thought himself entitled to spare his person more than the king; all fought like common soldiers; and, being the men best armed and mounted, and moil experienced in the field, they contributed in proportion to the slaughter of the day. About 12,000 men on the part of the Galla were killed upon the spot; the very few that remained were destroyed by the peasants, whilst 400 men only fell on the part of the king, so it was a massacre rather than a battle.

now resolved to try his fortune against: the impostor Jacob, and with that resolution he crossed Lamalmon, descending to the Tacazzè in his way to Sire. Here, as on the frontiers of his province, he was met by Sela Christos, who brought Peter Paez along with them. Both were kindly received by the king, who encamped in the large plain before Axum, in consequence of a resolution he had long taken of being crowned with all the ancient ceremonies used on this occasion by former kings, while the royal residence was in the province of Tigré.

was on the 18th of March, according to their account, the day of our Saviour's first coming to Jerusalem, that this festival began. His army consisted of about 30,000 men. All the great officers, all the officers of state, and the court then present, were every man dressed in the richest and gayest manner. Nor was the other sex behind-hand in the splendour of their appearance. The king, dressed in crimson damask, with a great chain of gold round his neck, his head bare, mounted upon a horse richly caparisoned, advanced


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Page:Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile - In the Years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, and 1773 volume 2.djvu/398

 obedience. Intelligence of this party came to three Shums, commanders of small districts, two of them sons-in-law of the king, the third a very loyal subject. These three sent to Asca Georgis, to propose that, at a stated time, they should, each with his own men, fall separately upon the son of Za Selasse, and interrupt his entertainment.

was executed with great order and punctuality. In the height of the festival, the rebels were surrounded by an unexpected enemy. To think of fighting was too late, nor was there time for flight. The greatest part of the army was cut to pieces with little resistance. The new governor saved himself among the rest by the goodness of his horse, leaving Billetana Gueta, or chief matter of the household of the rebel Melca Christos, dead upon the spot, with about 4000 of his men. Among the plunder were taken 32 kettle-drums, which alone were evidence sufficient of the greatness of the slaughter.

the happy turn Socinios's affairs had taken had given him leisure to pass this winter at home, and in greater quiet than he had done in former ones, yet the calm which it had produced was of very short duration. The people of Lasta, perceiving some of the prince's army busy in destroying their harvest when almost ripe, came down suddenly upon them from the mountain, and put them to flight with very great slaughter. The blame of this was laid upon Sela Christos, who might have prevented the calamity; and this accusation, with many others, were brought against him to the king by Lesana Christos.


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 sures, supposed to be concealed in the mountains, are the objects of the search of the Abyssinians to this day.

children of those that were slain were sold for slaves by the king; and all the Falasha in Dembea, in the low countries immediately in the king's power, were ordered upon pain of death to renounce their religion, and be baptised. To this they consented, seeing there was no remedy; and the king unwisely imagined, that he had extinguished, by one blow, the religion which was that of his country long before Christianity, by the unwarrantable butchery of a number of people whom he had surprised living in security under the assurance of peace. Many of them were baptised accordingly, and they were all ordered to plow and harrow upon the sabbath-day.

king next sent orders to Sela Christos, and Kefla governor of Gojam, that, assembling their troops, they should transfer the war into Bizamo, a province on the south side of the Nile, called also in the books a kingdom. Through this lies the road of the merchants leading to Narea. It is inhabited by several clans of Pagans, which together make the great division of these nations into Boren, and Bertuma Galla.

army passed the Nile, laying waste the whole country, driving off the cattle, collecting the women and children as slaves, and putting all the men to the sword; without these people, though they make constant inroads into


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 tirely to pieces; and, as he thought the whole matter then at an end, he ordered his drums to beat, and his trumpers to found, in token of victory.

rest of the Galla, who were now dispersed through the province, but at no great distance, burning and destroying, as their custom is, and who left this body behind them only to secure their retreat across the river, returned all to their colours, upon hearing the drums and trumpets of Kasmati Buco, whom they did not know to be so near; and, as, soon as he came in fight, despising his small number, they surrounded them on every side. Buco immediately saw that he was a lost man; but, considering the multitude of the enemy, and the unprepared state of the province, he thought his own life and those of his followers could not be better employed than by obstinately fighting to disable the enemy so as to put it out of their power to pursue the ruin of the country further; throwing himself furiously into the thickest of the Galla, he, at first onset, killed four of the most forward of their leaders, and made himself a lane through the troops opposing him; and he was now got without their circle, when some of his officers seeing him, cried to him to make the best of his way, as affairs were desperate, and not to add by his death to the misfortunes of that day.

this he paused, as recollecting himself for a moment; but, disdaining to survive the loss of his army, he threw himself again among the Galla, where his men were still fighting, carrying victory wherever he went. His horse was at last wounded, and, being otherwise young and untrained, became ungovernable. It was necessary to quit him, when, drawing his sword, and leaping upon the ground, he


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 were ruined by their rapid and unprecedented depreciation in value.

The cause of sheep having originally attained so high a value was the high price of Australian wool in the London market, and the great influx of emigrants of capital from Great Britain, who all eagerly purchased flocks of sheep at any price, under the idea of making rapid fortunes. When however, from various causes, the emigration of persons of capital was diverted from New South Wales to other colonies, the surplus sheep found no buyers, for the number of wethers required by the butchers, &c. was a mere trifle compared with the supply. The flock-masters, being thus unable to sell their surplus sheep, became panic-struck; for most of them were-more or less embarrassed by engagements contracted with the supposed certainty of being able to meet them by a sale of some of their sheep; moreover, as the wool scarcely paid the expenses of its production, leaving the increase for profit only, the notion became prevalent that sheep were all but valueless. The price of sheep therefore fell to two or three shillings per head; and to increase the mischief, those merchants and other persons who had been so forward in giving credit to the supposed prosperous sheep-owners of New South Wales, now pounced upon their flocks at this critical moment, and the sheriff was constantly engaged in selling sheep by execution all over the colony. At some of these forced sales


text:
User talk:117.198.152.175

Welcome

Hello, and welcome to Wikisource! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

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You are welcome to continue editing articles without logging in, but you may wish to  [ create an account] . Doing so is free, requires no personal information, and provides several benefits. For one thing, if you continue to edit without a username, your IP address is used to publicly identify you.

In any case, I hope you enjoy donating your time to grow the Wikisource library that is free for everyone to use! In discussions, please sign your comments using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically produce your IP address (or username if you're logged in) and the date. If you need help, ask me on my talk page, or ask your question here (click  [ edit] ) and place  before your question. Again, welcome! — billinghurst  sDrewth  07:07, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:117.198.152.175


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 sheep have been sold for cash, for less than one shilling per head, scarcely half the value of a skin!

Matters continued in this bad state until Mr. Frederick Ebsworth of Sydney suggested the plan of slaughtering and boiling down sheep, for their skins and tallow. The feasibility of this suggestion was immediately felt by most of the flock-masters in the colony; numerous experiments were made as soon as possible at various places, and the result was extremely satisfactory, as the quality of the tallow was very good, and the quantity, yielded by sheep in average condition, was quite equal to the most sanguine expectations.

All these experiments have appeared in the columns of the Sydney Morning Herald, the leading journal of the colony, and the strenuous advocate of the necessity of creating new articles of export.

In consequence of the discovery of this novel way of turning sheep to account, extensive sheep-boiling establishments have been formed in eligible situations near the coast, to boil down the sheep, sort and pack the tallow, skin, wool, &c. The following advertisement, respecting one of these establishments at Hunter's River, is extracted from "The Australian," of October 3rd, 1843, and will shew to the reader the expenses attending the conversion of sheep into tallow.

" having engaged a competent superintendent to boil down his own surplus sheep, is willing to


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 the settlers in the districts of the Hunter, Wellington, Liverpool Plains, and New England, at the following charges:—

"The proprietor of the sheep will have to pay the freight of the wool and tallow to Sydney; or, if he should wish it to be paid for him, he must, before boiling the sheep, give notice of such to the superintendent at Windermere, who will take, at his option, wool at 1s. per lb., or tallow at 2½d. per lb., in payment of all charges: the freight of wool being 7s. per bale to Sydney, and of tallow 1s. per cwt. The goods will be shipped on board the steamer on account and risk of the proprietor.

"Grass will be provided gratis, and shepherds will receive rations at a moderate charge. And if required by the master, the wages coming to them will be paid, and deducted at the above rates.

"Such of the hind legs as may be required for the use of the establishment, will be allowed for at ½d. per lb.

" The offal and refuse of the carcase, after extracting the tallow, to belong to the establishment."

This sheep-boiling process was in full operation for two months before I left the colony, and it has now been ascertained, from the experience acquired since


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User talk:Buaidh

— billinghurst  sDrewth  07:13, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Buaidh


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 its commencement, that (making every allowance for the expenses of slaughtering, boiling down the fat, packing, freight, duty, &c.) the probable value of sheep of the ordinary average condition will be about five shillings per head. I see by some of the late Sydney papers, that tallow in Sydney is only quoted at £26. per ton; some of it has, however, lately arrived in London, it was much approved of, and sold as well as the best P.V.C. tallow, the prices obtained for it being upwards of £40. per ton.

It will be easy to show, that this suggestion of Mr. Ebsworth, joined with the present moderate rate of shepherds' wages, has again rendered sheep a most profitable and safe investment for capital; but as many persons, especially in England, consider it the greatest folly to kill sheep for their mere skins and fat, when such a large sum is derived yearly from their wool, I will first make a few observations in defence of the practice of "sheep-boiling." Among those who ridicule it, is the editor of the late Sydney Gazette, who, in the Colonial Gazette, in a long article on the state of New South Wales, deprecates the plan of slaughtering sheep for tallow in the following terms. "As drowning men are said to catch at straws, so have many flock-masters caught at the trap of killing and boiling down their sheep


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 these thoughts of his youth, and others were destroyed before his death. However, the few which remain suffice to call up his passions.

The oldest poem seems to have been written in Florence about 1504:

"How happy I lived, Cupid, so long as I was allowed to resist your passion victoriously! Now, alas! my breast is wet with tears—I have felt your strength. ...."

Two madrigals, written between 1504 and 1511, and probably addressed to the same woman, are poignantly expressive:

"Who is it leads me by force to you . . . Alas! Alas! Alas! . . . closely enchained? And yet I am free! . . ."

"How is it possible that I am no longer myself?

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 O God! O God! O God! . . . Who has torn me from myself? . . . Who can do more for me than I myself? O God! O God! O God! . . ."

On the back of a letter of December 1507, written in Bologna, was the following juvenile sonnet, the sensual affectation of which evokes a vision of Botticelli:

"Light and with flowers well decked, how happy is the crown upon her golden head of hair! How the flowers eagerly press upon her forehead, seeing who will be the first to kiss it! The dress which encircles her breast and spreads below is happy the livelong day. The golden tissue is never tired of caressing her cheeks and neck. Still more precious is the fortune of the gold-edged ribbon which lightly presses upon the breast which it envelops. Her belt seems to say: 'I would ever embrace you . . .' Ah! . . . what then would my arms not do!"

In a long poem of an intimate character—a sort of confession, which it is difficult to quote exactly—Michael Angelo described, with a singular crudity of expression, his love anguish:

"When I remain a day without seeing you I can find

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 peace nowhere. When I see you, you are to me what food is to one who is hungry … When you smile at me or motion to me in the street, I take fire like powder … When you speak to me, I blush, lose my voice, and suddenly my great desire vanishes. …"

Then come sorrowful lamentations, such as:

"Ah! infinite suffering, which tears my heart, when it thinks that she whom I love so much loves me not! How shall I live? …"

These lines, also, are written next to some studies for the "Madonna" of the Medici Chapel:

"Alone, I remain burning in the shade, when the sun deprives the world of its rays. Every one rejoices, but I, stretched on the ground and stricken with sorrow, moan and weep."

Love is absent from Michael Angelo's powerful sculpture and paintings, which he reserved for only his most

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" Mr. Fairbanks."

"Why, good-morning, Mr. Slavin, but—quite formal, aren't you?" said Ralph with a smile.

It was the second day after the factory fire. Ralph and Knight, both busy at their duties, had been visited by Slavin.

He came up the ladder and into the switch tower with a certain slow dignity of manner that made Ralph stare.

"Hello, Slav," nodded old Jack Knight carelessly.

"How do you do—sir?" answered Slavin with rigid courtesy as he sank to the armchair—always a welcome visitor, nowadays.

"Bust me!" whispered Knight with a keen glance at Slavin, and suppressing a quick snicker—"what's in his crop now, Fairbanks?"

Ralph wondered, too. He stole a second furtive look at Slavin. Then he had to turn his head aside to hide a smile. Rh

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222 Slavin sat like a statue. The one impelling motive of his life at present, it seemed, was to suggest the idea that he had weighty matters on his mind.

He looked like a being struggling with the most momentous responsibilities. His eye ran over the long array of levers as if he had been officially delegated to inspect them. His bearing was—profound.

Ralph noticed a change in his general dress. So did Knight, and in a hoarse, undertoned guffaw he observed to his young assistant:

"The spell is on, and he's got himself up regardless!"

Knight could hardly hold himself in. The old veteran had seen every phase of railroad régime and railroad vanity in his long career. At a glance he had guessed what was up with Young Slavin.

Ralph noticed that Slavin wore a new head gear. It was a direct copy of the touring cap affected by the depot master.

The top button of Slavin's coat was a brass one. It was either a conductor's or a Pullman porter's official insignia—at a distance Ralph could not tell which.

Sticking out from one of Slavin's coat pockets was an assortment of folders. Ralph recognized

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Rh them as including all the official time schedules of the Great Northern.

Besides that, in his hand Slavin carried a somber-looking, flexible-covered book. This suggested some technical engineering or scientific work.

Slavin consulted its pages as he sat in the armchair. Ralph and Knight scented fun in the air. They went on silently with their duties.

This grew irksome to Slavin. He finally arose to his feet, and began restively pacing about the switch tower.

"H'm," he observed at length. "Saw a great article on the combustion of coal gases in locomotives, last night."

"That so?" nodded Knight, and proceeded to whistle industriously.

Slavin looked hurt at the repulse. In a minute or two he blurted out again:

"I see there's a new invention for economizing steam in short-run engines. Sort of studying up things, see? This here book"

"What book is it, Slavin?" inquired Ralph pleasantly.

"Yes, what's this high jinks in railroad education you're firing at us?" demanded Knight, suddenly seizing the volume from Slavin's hand. "Oh, my! hold me! ha! ha!" roared the veteran

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224 towerman. "Listen, Fairbanks: 'Technical Topography of High Grade Elevations in Asiatic Railways.' Oh, me! Oh, my! Slavin, you take the cake!"

"Mr. Knight, I didn't come here to have my feelings trampled on," spoke Slavin in tones of offended dignity.

"Right, old son. You came here to show how hard you'd got the railroad fever—hey, you spoony? Why, it's sticking out all over you. I had it once. They all get it at first. Why, you ambitious young lunkhead," cried Knight, slapping Slavin's shoulder with a hearty whack that nearly knocked him over, "you're simply tickled to death about something, and I can tell it in three words."

"What is it, Mr. Knight?" asked Ralph innocently.

"'Got a job!'"

"Good!" cried Ralph, grasping Slavin's hand in congratulation. "Is it true?"

"Why, yes, it is," answered Slavin proudly. "So, what's the harm in trying to post up, hey?"

"My son," observed Knight in a patriarchal fashion, "posting up and looking railroady is all right, but there's many a long, tough reach in plain buttons, and a long distance away from combustion and high grades, before you even

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Rh begin to guess what you know about practical railroading. Who did you see—the master mechanic?"

"No—depot master."

"What—not put on duty here with us?" exclaimed Ralph in a really pleased tone.

"That's it," announced Slavin grandly.

"Well, I am truly glad," said Ralph.

"So am I," put in Knight—"I'll catch your mistakes like a true friend, and help you along like a brother."

"I am not going to make any mistakes," declared Slavin confidently.

"Oho! aint?" said Knight softly.

"No, sir. I've watched you two closely. It's simple. You get 7. Pull 7. Muscle does it."

"That so?" continued old Jack, in a slow, pitying drawl. "Well, well! Now, just to demonstrate, suppose you take a test?"

"I'm your man!" cried Slavin, pulling off his coat and striking an attitude.

"Double switch," called out Knight—"18 and 19."

Slavin wavered, Knight had called out two levers way down the line, rarely used. Slavin's eyes ran the long array. Then he got his bearings, and swung his arms down into the battery with a ponderous swoop.

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226 His great strong fists clasped the lever handles in a really admirable manner, and he looked the prodigy of muscle he claimed to be.

"Open 'em up!" shouted Knight.

Slavin bent to his task.

"Pull—you lubber, pull!" yelled old Jack Knight.

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text: Ralph in the Switch Tower/Chapter 27

title: Ralph in the Switch Tower/Chapter 27


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" won't move!" cried Young Slavin disgustedly. "They don't budge. Oh, rot on you! guying a fellow," and he slunk back to the armchair in chagrin.

Old Jack laughed till the tears ran down his cheeks. He had tricked his new apprentice into a "grand-stand" display at two levers that had been wedged tight shut and out of use for a month.

He rallied the would-be railroader for a few minutes. Then in his kind-spirited way he took up the matter seriously.

He told Slavin just what his initial duties would be: sweeping out the tower, keeping the fuel supply handy, oiling the lever and rod sockets, cleaning the widows [sic].

Slavin was somewhat disappointed at this dreary routine. When, however, Knight recited his own early experience and what it led to in proficiency and promotion, Slavin became more resigned. Rh

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228 "It looks good," he said longingly. "The day I draw more than board and lodging wages and pull a lever, I'll give you two a banquet. Say, I can hardly wait to begin!"

"When do you begin, Slavin?" asked old Jack.

"Next Monday."

Slavin hung around the switch tower till Knight went away in answer to a 'phone call from the limits tower. Then he sidled up to Ralph.

"Been waiting to tell you," he said in a low tone.

"Something about Van?"

"Yes."

"Did you get any word from him?"

"This morning. Came to the rear jail window, where I wait for him. Said just one word."

"What was it?"

"'To-night.'"

"That was all?"

"Someone inside interrupted him, I think, so that was all."

"'To-night,'" repeated Ralph musingly. "I wonder what he means?"

"Action to-night, of course. Something is going to happen. Last night—you remember what he told me?"

"Yes, Van said he felt sure that Slump and

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Rh Bemis had the documents stolen from Mrs. Davis."

"That's it," nodded Slavin. "You know Slump wrote a sassy letter to old Farrington."

"So you told me."

"Farrington paid no attention to it. Then Van overheard these two precious schemers concocting a new note. It told old Farrington that they had something better than merely knowing where a certain woman was."

"They meant Mrs. Davis."

"Of course. In this last note they said that they had some very valuable papers belonging to Mrs. Davis. They threatened that if Farrington didn't get them out of that jail inside of forty-eight hours, they would send for Ralph Fairbanks and turn the papers over to him."

"This is getting interesting," remarked Ralph.

"And exciting. Oh, something is sure to drop, soon. That old miser will never go any twenty thousand dollars' bonds on those two scape-graces."

"It is not likely," said Ralph. "Do you think Farrington paid any attention to the second note?"

"I think he did."

"Why so?"

"As I left the jail, I saw his coachman come

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230 out of the building. He had an empty basket on his arm. I think he had been taking some food and such fixings to Ike Slump & Co."

"And the latest is Van's 'To-night'," mused Ralph. "Slavin, you will keep a close watch on things, won't you? I believe affairs are very near a crisis."

"I'll not miss anything," Slavin assured Ralph —"least of all you, when there's any important word to report."

Ralph was restless and expectant all that evening at home. He sat up till ten o'clock, hoping that Slavin might bring him some word.

None came, however. He went to bed, and as usual left the house for the switch tower at 7.30 in the morning.

Just as Ralph neared the depot yards, a small boy with a bundle of papers under his arm darted down the street.

Ralph remembered that this was "paper day." He paused and listened as the lad shouted out his wares.

"Extry! extry!" he called.

"Here, boy—what have you got extra?" asked a passer-by.

"Full account of the great Stanley Junction jail escape!"

"What's that?" cried Ralph irrepressibly.

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Rh "Hey, never mind—I'll tell you," pronounced Slavin's voice suddenly at his elbow. "I'm out of breath. Just missed you at your house, and ran all the way here after you."

"Slavin, what is this I hear—a jail escape?"

"Yes—Slump and Bemis. It seems someone smuggled some tools in to them yesterday."

"Farrington's man."

"That's how I figure it out," assented Slavin. "Anyhow, they discovered that the prisoners were gone about midnight. I didn't hear of it until about an hour ago. I hurried to the road detective. He got a 'phone from Van Sherwin at the jail about two o'clock this morning. It was to wire to the jailer to give him his liberty."

"What—Van gone, too!" exclaimed Ralph.

"That's the way it looks. I just came from the jail. They had let Sherwin go. The jailer said he had left a note. For Ralph Fairbanks. I took it to deliver. Here it is."

Ralph eagerly tore open the letter Slavin handed him.

It contained Van's signature in initials, and one line only. This read:

"Got track of Mrs. Davis—I have the stolen papers."

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text: Ralph in the Switch Tower/Chapter 28

title: Ralph in the Switch Tower/Chapter 28


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 CHAPTER XXIX

GUESSING

was marking some initials on the current date on a big calendar hanging up on the door of the coat closet of the depot switch tower.

It was his third day of service. As old Jack Knight came up the trap ladder, his grim face broke into an expression of sincere approbation. He took a keen look around the place.

"Neat and tidy," he observed. "You'll do, Slavin. But what's those hieroglyphics on that calendar for?"

"Oh, just a memoranda," explained the new tower hand, with a conscious flush.

"'P. I. N.' eh?" said Knight.

The initials were blue-penciled in the date space of each of the three days of Slavin's employment.

"Yes, sir."

"What's the answer? Something about a coupling pin?"

"Naw. Those initials, Mr. Knight, represent Rh

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Rh the boiling down of the rules for employes printed on the card of instructions."

"That so?"

"Yes, sir, Promptness, Industry, Neatness. I'm trying to fill that bill."

"You've done it so far," observed old Jack. "I hear you show up an hour before time."

"Can't sleep, thinking of my grand luck!" chuckled Slavin.

"You're certainly all the time fussing around, if that's industry," went on Knight. "Those windows shine like headlights. You've oiled up everything till the lack of creaking makes a fellow lonesome. As to neatness—well, if you haven't actually scrubbed the floor here!"

"I thought it needed it," said Slavin.

"Keep it up, son," encouraged old Jack. "You're making a fine beginning."

Slavin went singing and whistling about his work the whole day long. It did Ralph's heart good, when he arrived, to see his protégé happy, industrious, and headed in the right direction.

Things were going on famously smooth and satisfactory at the switch tower. A friend of old Farrington's, and by no means of Ralph's, one Bardon, an inspector, had looked over the layout with a critical eye the day previous.

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234 "You'll find no flaws here, friend," old Jack had announced.

Bardon had to admit that the switch tower regime was in perfect working order.

Since the escape of Ike Slump and Mort Bemis and the new disappearance of Van Sherwin, not a clew as to the course or whereabouts of the missing trio had reached either Ralph or his friends.

There had been a big row up at the jail, and one of the under officers had been discharged under suspicion.

It was evident that someone had smuggled tools and ropes into the jail, for these were found in the cell through the forced window of which Slump and Bemis had escaped.

These could hardly have passed proper inspection, if hidden in food or clothing brought to the prisoners by outsiders.

"Of course old Farrington's man did the job," asserted Slavin.

"Of course he did," assented Ralph. "It was the cheapest way of giving his troublesome pensioners their liberty."

Van's message to Ralph had a very encouraging tone to it. He evidently had a clew to Mrs. Davis' place of confinement, and "he had the stolen documents."

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Rh As the days went by, however, Ralph began to grow anxious, and his mother shared his worry. Ralph had told her everything concerning the rifled tin box. Mrs. Fairbanks was mainly troubled over the possible imprisonment and mistreatment of Mrs. Davis.

"The poor lady has suffered a great deal of trouble." she remarked. "Her mind was none too strong. It is wicked to torture her further, Ralph, can we do nothing to force Mr. Farrington to tell where she is?"

"He would deny having ever heard of Mrs. Davis," asserted Ralph convincedly. "Of course, if any mishap or failure comes to Van, and he doesn't report soon, I will see a lawyer and try and compel Farrington to some action. He is a shrewd, cruel man, though, mother. I am afraid our only hope is in Van, or the recapture of Slump and Bemis."

"Have they tried to find them?"

"Mr. Adair has been searching for them everywhere. He believes that Farrington assisted in their escape, and gave them a large amount of money to leave the country."

Gasper Farrington was not having a very happy time of it. Ralph decided this that morning, as he noticed the magnate pass on the other side of the street.

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236 Farrington looked bent, old, and troubled. He had sustained a total loss at the factory fire. His tricky methods were becoming known to the public. He was losing the respect of people. This he realized, and showed it both in bearing and face.

Ralph was thinking about all this about three o'clock in the afternoon, when the depot master's messenger came up the tower ladder. He had a pocketful of mail.

"Postal card for you, Fairbanks," he said.

Ralph took the card and went to the window to inspect it. The postal was blurred over and wrinkled, back and front. It looked as if it had been posted after being wetted by snow or rain, or in some stage of its transmission had fallen into a mess of wet dirt.

Its address was clear enough. It bore a railway mail postmark. On its reverse side the letters had run with the moisture.

"From Van," said Ralph, setting himself the difficult task of deciphering the blurred lines. "I know his handwriting, and it is signed 'V.' It was written in a hurry, that looks certain. What has he to say?"

Ralph conned the imperfect message over and over. After many interruptions, at the end of fully half an hour's careful study, these were the

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Rh only coherent words he could formulate from the blurred scrawl:

"hurry—and important. Don't miss telling—Slump—Bemis—Wednesday evening—safe—bank shipment—express—found out, and special freight—sure to be there—not later—near South Dover—don't delay a minute—will soon—back at Stanley Junction."

"What is he trying to tell me?" murmured Ralph in a puzzled and anxious way, after a third and fourth reading of the perplexing message.

He finally gave up guessing what the missing links in the postal screed might be.

"One thing is certain," reflected Ralph. "Wednesday evening something is on the books. The only other definite clew is South Dover. Does he mean for me to meet him there? Does he mean that Slump and Bemis are in that neighborhood? There is something about a bank shipment, express, and special freight. That means the railroad is somehow interested. 'Don't miss,' he writes, 'don't delay.' I won't," resolved Ralph keenly. "I wouldn't dare to, with such a word from Van. He has kept mum all along. Now that he does speak out, it certainly means something important."

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238 Ralph thought things over for another half-hour, and then made up his mind what he would do.

He consulted the train schedules. Then he explained to Knight the necessity for a brief absence from duty. Without seeing Slavin, who had been sent for some report blanks to the depot, Ralph hurried home.

He told his mother about the postal card, dressed for the trip down the road, and caught the 4.30 train. Ralph was cordially invited to a seat in the cab by his loyal old friend, Engineer Griscom.

It was nearly dusk when the train reached South Dover. The place was only a name. There was not a building within a mile of the tool sheds and water tank that marked the spot.

The train slowed up for Ralph, who jumped off. He waved his hand to Griscom in adieu, and looked all about him.

South Dover was a switching and make-up point for the accommodation of Dover freight transfers. It had a dozen sidings and spurs. Freight coming into Dover on a north destination was switched here, and made ready to be taken up by through trains.

A man on a track bicycle had just set some

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Rh lights. He whirled away towards Dover as Ralph stood looking about him.

No other human being was in sight. On a near siding stood half a dozen freight cars. Over on another track, near the water tower, stood a dead freight dummy.

"I can't make out much here," reflected Ralph. "No one in sight, no indication why Van mentioned the place."

He strolled over to the dead locomotive. Its tender was full of coal. Ralph opened the furnace door. Everything was ready to kindle up, and the gauge showed a full water supply.

"I see," mused Ralph. "There is to be some switching, or a night run. I don't know how soon, though. Well, I'll hang around a bit. Something may develop."

Ralph walked down the short line of freights, casually inspecting the cars. As he came to the last one he dodged back in a very lively fashion.

Climbing up the embankment to the left were four persons. They had just emerged, it seemed, from thick underbrush lining the tracks.

Two of them were grown men—bearded, rough-looking fellows, resembling tramps.

The other two persons of the group had a prompt and distinct interest to Ralph. He at once recognized Ike Slump and Mort Bemis.

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240 They were coming directly towards the freights. Ralph saw the danger of discovery.

The door of the car next to the last box freight was ajar.

Ralph leaped up into the car just as Ike Slump reached the top of the railroad embankment.

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text: Ralph in the Switch Tower/Chapter 29

title: Ralph in the Switch Tower/Chapter 29