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The Ramayana/Book II/Canto IX: The Plot

As fury lit Kaikeyí's eyes She spoke with long and burning sighs:

'This day my son enthroned shall see, And Ráma to the woods shall flee. But tell me, damsel, if thou can, A certain way, a skilful plan That Bharat may the empire gain, And Ráma's hopes be nursed in vain.'

The lady ceased. The wicked maid The mandate of her queen obeyed, And darkly plotting Ráma's fall Responded to Kaikeyí's call.

'I will declare, do thou attend, How Bharat may his throne ascend. Dost thou forget what things befell? Or dost thou feign, remembering well? Or wouldst thou hear my tongue repeat A story for thy need so meet? Gay lady, if thy will be so, Now hear the tale of long ago, And when my tongue has done its part Ponder the story in thine heart. When Gods and demons fought of old, Thy lord, with royal saints enrolled, Sued to the war with thee to bring His might to aid the Immortals' King. Far to the southern land he sped Where Dandak's mighty wilds are spread, To Vaijayanta's city swayed By S'ambara, whose flag displayd The hugest monster of the sea. Lord of a hundred wiles was be; With might which Gods could never blame Against the King of Heaven he came. Then raged the battle wild and dread, And mortal warriors fought and bled; The fiends by night with strength renewed Charged, slew the sleeping multitude. Thy lord, King Das'aratha, long Stood fighting with the demon throng, But long of arm, unmatched in strength, Fell wounded by their darts at length. Thy husband, senseless, by thine aid Was from the battle field conveyed. And wounded nigh to death thy lord Was by thy care to health restored. Well pleased the grateful monarch sware To grant thy first and second prayer. Thou for no favour then wouldst sue, The gifts reserved for season due; And he, thy high-souled lord, agreed To give the boons when thou shouldst need. Myself I knew not what befell, But oft the tale have heard thee tell, And close to thee in friendship knit Deep in my heart have treasured it. Remind thy husband of his oath, Recall the boons and claim them both, That Bharat on the throne be placed With rites of consecration graced, And Ráma to the woods be sent For twice seven years of banishment. Go, Queen, the mourner's chamber seek, With angry eye and burning cheek; And with disordered robes and hair On the cold earth lie prostrate there. When the king comes still mournful lie, Speak not a word nor meet his eye, But let thy tears in torrent flow, And lie enamoured of thy woe. Well do I know thou long hast been, And ever art, his darling queen. For thy dear sake, O well-loved dame, The mighty king would brave the flame, But ne'er would anger thee, or brook To meet his favourite's wrathful look. Thy loving lord would even die Thy fancy, Queen, to gratify, And never could he arm his breast To answer nay to thy request. Listen and learn, O dull of sense, Thine all-resistless influence. Gems he will offer, pearls and gold: Refuse his gifts, be stern and cold. Those proffered boons at length recall, And claim them till he grants thee all. And O my lady, high in bliss, With heedful thought forget not this. When from the ground his queen he lifts And grants again the promised gifts, Bind him with oaths he cannot break And thy demands unflnching, make. That Ráma travel to the wild Five years and nine from home exiled, And Bharat, best of all who reign. The empire of the land obtain. For when this term of years has fled Over the banished Ráma's head, Thy royal son to vigour grown And rooted firm will stand alone. The king, I know, is well inclined, And this the hour to move his mind. Be bold: the threatened rite prevent, And force the king from his intent.'

She ceased. So counselled to her bane Disguised beneath a show of gain, Kaikeyí in her joy and pride To Manthará again replied: 'Thy sense I envy, prudent maid; With sagest lore thy lids persuade. No hump-back maid in all the earth, For wise resolve, can match thy worth. Thou art alone with constant zeal Devoted to thy lady's weal. Dear girl, without thy faithful aid I had not marked the plot he laid.

Full of all guile and sin and spite Misshapen hump-backs shock the sight: But thou art fair and formed to please, Bent like a lily by the breeze. I look thee o'er with watchful eye, And in thy frame no fault can spy; The chest so deep, the waist so trim, So round the lines of breast and limb. Thy cheeks with moonlike beauty shine, And the warm wealth of youth is thine. Thy legs, my girl, are long and neat, And somewhat long thy dainty feet, While stepping out before my face Thou seemest like a crane to pace. The thousand wiles are in thy breast Which Sambara the fiend possessed, And countless others all thine own, O damsel sage, to thee are known. Thy very hump becomes thee too, O thou whose face is fair to view, For there reside in endless store Plots, wissard wiles, and warrior lore. A golden chain I'll round it fling When Ráma's flight makes Bharat king: Yea, polished links of finest gold, When once the wished for prize I hold With naught to fear and none to hate, Thy hump, dear maid, shall decorate. A golden frontlet wrought with care, And precious jewels shalt thou wear: Two lovely robes around thee fold, And walk a Goddess to behold, Bidding the moon himself compare His beauty with a face so fair. With scent of precious sandal sweet Down to the nails upon thy feet, First of the household thou shalt go And pay with scorn each battled foe.' Kaikeyi's praise the damnel heard, And thus again her lady stirred, Who lay upon her beauteous bed Like fire upon the altar fed: 'Dear Queen, they build the bridge in vain When swollen streams are dry again. Arise, thy glorious task complete, And draw the king to thy retreat.' The large-eyed lady left her bower Exulting in her pride of power, And with the hump-back sought the gloom And silence of the mourner's room. The string of priceless pearls that huug Around her neck to earth she flung, With all the wealth and lustre lent By precious gem and ornament. Then, listening to her slave's advice, Lay, like a nymph from Paradise.

As on the ground her limbs she laid Once more she cried unto the maid: 'Soon must thou to the monarch say Kaikeyi's soul has past away, Or, Ráma banished as we planned, My son made king shall rule the land. No more for gold and gems I care, For brave attire or dainty fare. If Ráma should the throne ascend, That very hour my life will end.'

The royal lady wounded through The bosom with the darts that flew Launched from the hump-back's tongue Pressed both her hands upon her side, And o'er and o'er again she cried With wildering fury stung: 'Yes, it shall be thy task to tell That I have hurried hence to dwell In Yama's realms of woe, Or happy Bharat shall be king, And doomed to years of wandering Kaus'alyá's son shall go. I heed not dainty viands now Fair wreaths of flowers to twine my brow, Soft balm or precious scent: My very life I count as naught, Nothing on earth can claim my thought But Ráma's banishment.' She spoke these words of cruel ire; Then stripping off her gay attire, The cold bare floor she pressed. So, falling from her home on high, Some lovely daughter of the sky Upon the ground might rest. With darkened brow and furious mien, Stripped of her gems and wreath, the queen In spotless beauty lay, Like heaven obscured with gathering cloud, When shades of midnight darkness shroud Each star's expiring ray.

title: The Ramayana/Book II/Canto IX: The Plot


text:
The Ramayana/Book II/Canto X: Das'aratha's Speech

As Queen Kaikeví thus obeyed The sinful counsel of her maid She sank upon the chamber floor, As sinks in anguish, wounded sore, An elephant beneath the smart Of the wild hunter's venomed dart. The lovely lady in her mind Resolved the plot her maid designed, And prompt the gain and risk to scan She step by step approved the plan. Misguided by the hump back's guile She pondered her resolve awhile, As the fair path that bliss secured The miserable lady lured,

Devoted to her queen, and swayed By hopes of gain and bliss, the maid Rejoiced her lady's purpose known, And deemed the prize she sought her own. Then bent upon her purpose dire, Kaikeyí with her soul on fire, Upon the floor lay, languid, down, Her brows contracted in a frown. The bright-hued wreath that bound her hair, Chains, necklets, jewels rich and rare, Stripped off by her own fingers lay Spread on the ground in disarray, And to the floor a lustre lent As stars light up the firmament. Thus prostrate in the mourner's cell, In garb of woe the lady fell, Her long hair in a single braid, Like some fair nymph of heaven dismayed. The monarch, Ráma to install, With thoughtful care had ordered all, And now within his home withdrew, Dismissing first his retinue. Now all the town has heard, thought he, What joyful rite the morn will see. So turned he to her bower to cheer With the glad news his darling's ear. Majestic, as the Lord of Night, When threatened by the Dragon's might, Bursts radiant on the evening sky Pale with the clouds that wander by, So Das'aratha, great in fame, To Queen Kaikeyí's palace came. There parrots flew from tree to tree, And gorgeous peacocks wandered free, While ever and anon was heard The note of some glad water-bird. Here loitered dwarf and hump-backed maid, There lute and here sweet music played. Here, rich in blossom, creepers twined O'er grots with wondrous art designed, There Champac and As'oka flowers Hung glorious o'er the summer bowers, And mid the waving verdure rose Gold, silver, ivory porticoes. Through all the months in ceaseless store The trees both fruit and blossom bore. With many a lake the grounds were graced; Seats gold and silver, here were placed; Here every viand wooed the taste, It was a garden meet to vie E'en with the home of Gods on high.

Within the mansion rich and vast The mighty Das'aratha passed: Not there was his beloved queen On her fair couch reclining seen. With love his eager pulses beat For the dear wife he came to meet, And in his blissful hopes deceived, He sought his absent love and grieved. For never had she missed the hour Of meeting in her sumptuous bower, And never had the king of men Entered the empty room till then. Still urged by love and anxious thought News of his favourite queen he sought, For never had his loving eyes Found her or selfish or unwise. Then spoke at length the warder maid, With hands upraised and sore afraid: 'My Lord and King, the queen has sought The mourner's cell with rage distraught.' The words the warder maiden said He heard with soul disquieted, And thus as fiercer grief assailed, His troubled senses wellnigh failed. Consumed by torturing fires of grief The king, the world's imperial chief, His lady lying on the ground In most unqueenly posture, found. The aged king, all pure within, Saw the young queen resolved on sin, Low on the ground, his own sweet wife, To him far dearer than his life, Like some fair creeping plant uptorn, Or like a maid of heaven forlorn, A nymph of air or Goddess sent From Swarga down in banishment. As some wild elephant who tries To soothe his consort as she lies Struck by the hunter's venomed dart, So the great king disturbed in heart. Strove with soft hand and fond caress To soothe his darling queen's distress, Aud in his love addressed with sighs The lady of the lotus eyes: 'I know not, Queen, why thou shouldst be Thus angered to the heart with me. Say, who has alighted thee, or whence Has come the cause of such offence That in the dust thou liest low, And rendest my fond heart with woe, As if some goblin of the night Had struck thee with a deadly blight, And cast foul influence on her Whose spells my loving bosom stir? I have Physicians famed for skill, Each trained to cure some special ill: My sweetest lady, tell thy pain, And they shall make thee well again. Whom, darling, wouldst thou punished see? Or whom enriched with lordly fee?

"Weep not, my lovely Queen, and stay This grief that wears thy frame away Speak, and the guilty shall be freed, The guiltless be condemned to bleed. The poor enriched, the rich abased. The low set high, the proud disgraced. Mv lords and I thy will obey, All slaves who own thy sovereign sway; And I can ne'er my heart incline To check in aught one wish of thine. Now by my life I pray thee tell The thoughts that in thy bosom dwell, The power and might thou knowest wel. Should from thy breast all doubt expel, I swear by all my merit won, Speak, and thy pleasure shall be done. Far as the world's wide bounds extend My glorious empire knows no end. Mine are the tribes in eastern lands, And those who dwell on Sindhu's sands: Mine is Suráshtra, far away, Suvíra's realm admits my sway. My best the southern nations fear, The Angas and the Vaugas hear. And as lord paramount I reign O'er Magadh and the Matsyas' plain, Kos'al, and Kási's wide domain: All rich in treasures of the mine. In golden corn, sheep, goats, and kine. Choose what thou wilt. Kaikeyi, thence: But tell me, O my darling, whence Arose thy grief, and it shall fly Like hoar-frost when the sun is high.'

She, by his loving words consoled, Longed her dire purpose to unfold, And sought with sharper pangs to wring The bosom of her lord the king.

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text:
The Ramayana/Book II/Canto XI: The Queen's Demand

To him enthralled by love, and blind,

Pierced by his darts who shake the mind, Kaikeyi with remorseless breast

Her grand purpose thus expressed: "O King, no insult or neglect Have I endured, or disrespect. One wish I have, and faith would soe That longing granted, laid, by thee. Now pledge thy word if thou incline

To listen to this prayer of mine, Then I with confidence will speak, And thou shalt hear the boon I seek.'

Ere she had ceased, the monarch fell, A victim to the lady's spell, And to the deadly snare she set Sprang, like a roebuck to the net. Her lover raised her drooping head, Smiled, playing with her hair, and said: 'Hast thou not learnt, wild dame, till now That there is none so dear as thou' To me thy loving husband, save My Rama bravest of the brave! By him my race's high-souled heir, By him whom none can match, I swear, Now speak the wish that on thee weighs: By him whose right is length of days, Whom if my fond paternal eye Saw not one hour I needs must die,-- I swear by Rama myd ear son, Speak, and thy bidding shall be done. Speak, darling; if thou choose, request To have the heart from out my breast; Regard my words, sweet love, and name The wish thy mind thinks fit to frame. Nor let shy soul give way to doubt: My power should drive suspicion out. Yea, by my merits won I swear, Speak, darling, I will grant thy prayer,'

The queen, ambitious, overjoyed To see him by her plot decoyed. More eager still her aims to reach, Spoke her abominable speech: 'A boon thou grantest, nothing loth, And swearest with repeated oath. Now let the thirty Gods and three My witnesses, with Indra, be. Let sun and moon and planets hear, Heaven, quarters, day and night, give ear. The mighty world, the earth outspread, With birds of heaven and demons regard; The ghosts that walk in midnight shade, And household Gods, our present aid, A every being great and small To hear and mark the oath I call.'

When this the archer king was bound, With treacherous arts and oaths unwound, She to her beauteous lord subdued, By blinding love, her speech renewed: 'Rememer, King, that long-past day Of Gods' and demons' battle fray. And how thy foe in doubtful strife Had nigh bereft thee of thy life. Remember, it was only I Preserved thee when about to die, And thou for watchful love and care Wouldst grant my first aud second prayer. Those offered boons, pledged with thee then, I now demand, O King of men,

Of thee, O Monarch, good and just, Whose righteous soul observes each trust. If thou refuse thy promise sworn, I die, despised, before the morn. These rites in Ráma's name begun Transfer them, and enthrone my son. The time is come to claim at last The double boon of days long-past, When Gods and demons met in fight. And thou wouldst fain my care requite. Now forth to Dandak's forest drive Thy Ráma for nine years and five, And let him dwell a hermit there With deerskin coat and matted hair. Without a rival let my boy The empire of the land enjoy, And let mine eyes ere morning see Thy Ráma to the forest flee.'


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The Ramayana/Book II/Canto XII: Dasaratha's Lament

The monarch, as Kaikeyi pressed With cruel words her dire request, Stood for a time absorbed in thought While anguish in his bosom wrought. Does some wild dream my heart assail! Or do my troubled senses fail! Does some dire portent scare my view? Or frenzy's stroke my soul subdue?' Thus as he thought, his troubled mind In doubt and dread no rest could find, Distressed and trembling like a deer Who sees the dreaded tigress near. On the bare ground his limbs he thres, And many a long sigh he drew, Like a wild snake, with fury blind, By charms within a ring confined. Once as the monarch's fury woke, 'Shame on thee!' from his bosom broke, And then in sense-bewildering pain He fainted on the ground again. At length, when slowly strength returned, He answered as his eyeballs burned With the wild fury of his ire Consuming her, as 'twere, with fire: 'Fell traitress, thou whose thought design The utter ruin of my line, What wrong have I or Ráma done? Speak murderess, speak thou wicked one, Seeks he not evermore to please Thee with all sonlike courtesies? By what persuasion art thou led To bring this ruin on his head? Ah me, that fondly unaware I brought thee home my life to snare, Called daughter of a king, in truth A serpent with a venomed tooth! What fault can I pretend to find In Ráma praised by all mankind, That I my darling should forsake? No, take my life, my glory take: Let either queen be from me torn, But not my well-loved eldest-born, Him but to see is highest bliss, And death itself his face to miss. The world may sunless stand, the grain May thrive without the genial rain, But if my Ráma be no nigh My spirit from its frame will fly. Enough, thine impious plan forgo, O thou who plottest sin and woe. My head before my feet, I kneel, And pray thee some compassion feel, O wicked dame, what can have led Thy heart to dare a plot so dread? Perchance thy purpose is to sound The grace thy son with me has found; Perchance the words that, all these days, Thou hast said in Ráma's praise, Were only feigned; designed to cheer With flatteries a father's ear. Soon as thy grief, my Queen, I knew, My bosom felt the anguish too. In empty halls art thou posessed, And subject to anothers' hest? Now on Ikshváku's ancient race Falls foul disorder and disgrace, If thou, O Queen, whose heart so long Has loved the good should choose the wrong Not once, O large-eyed dame, hast thou Been guilty of offence till now, Nor said a word to make me grieve, Nor will I now thy sin believe. With thee my Ráma used to hold Like place with Bharat lofty-souled. As thou so of the, when the pair Were children yet, wouldst fain declare. And can thy righteous soul endure That Ráma glorious, pious, pure, Should to the distant wilds be sent For fourteen years of banishment? Yea, Ráma Bharat's self exceeds In love to thee and sonlike deeds, And, for deserving love of thee, As Bharat, even so is he. Who better than that chieftain may Obedience, love, and honour pay, They dignity with care protect, Thy slightest word and wish respect? Of all his countless followers none Can breathe a word against my son; Of many thousands not a dame Can hint reproach or whisper blame. All creatures feel the sweet control Of Ráma's pure and gentle soul. The pride of Manu's race he binds To him the people's grateful minds. He wins the subjects with his truth,

The poor with gifts and gentle ruth, His teachers with his docile will, The foemen with his archer skill. Truth, purity, religious zeal, The hand to give, the heart to feel. The love that ne'er betrays a friend, The rectitude that naught can bend, Knowledge, and meek obedience grace My Ráma pride of Raghu's race. Canst thou thine impious plot design 'Gainst him in whom these virtues shine, Whose glory with the sages vies, Peer of the Gods who rule the skies! From him no harsh or bitter word To pain one creature have I heard, And how can I my sin address, For thee, with words of bitterness? Have mercy, Queen: some pity show To see my tears of anguish now, And listen to my mournful cry, A poor old man who soon must die. Whate'er this sea-girt land can boast Of rich and rare from coast to coast, To thee, my Queen, I give it all: But O, thy deadly words recall: O see, my suppliant hands entreat, Again my lips are on thy feet: Save Ráma, save my darling child, Nor kill me with this sin defiled.' He grovelled on the ground, and lay To burning grief a senseless prey, And ever and anon, assailed By floods of woe he wept and wailed, Striving with eager speed to gain The margent of his sea of pain.

With fiercer words she fiercer yet The hapless father's pleading met: 'O Monarch, if thy soul repent The promise and thy free consent, How wilt thou in the world maintain Thy fame for truth unsmirched with stain? When gathered kings with thee converse, And bid thee all the tale rehearse. What wilt thou say, O truthful King, In answer to their questioning? 'She to whose love my life I owe, Who saved me smitten by the foe, Kaikeyí, for her tender care, Was cheated of the oath I sware. Thus wilt thou answer, and forsworn Wilt draw on thee the princes' scorn. Learn from that tale, the 'Hawk and Dove,' How strong for truth was Saivya's love. Pledged by his word the monarch gave His flesh the suppliant bird to save. So King Alarka gave his eyes, And gained a mansion in the skies.

The Sea himself his promise keeps, And ne'er beyond his limit sweeps. My deeds of old again recall, Nor let thy bond dishonoured fall. The rights of truth thou wouldst forget Thy Ráma on the throne to set, And let thy days in pleasure glide, Fond King, Kaus'alyá by thy side. Now call it by what name thou wilt, Justice, injustice, virtue, guilt, Thy word and oath remain the same, And thou must yield what thus I claim. If Ráma be anointed, I This very day will surely die, Before thy face will poison drink, And lifeless at thy feet will sink. Yea, better far to die than stay Alive to see one single day The crowds before Kaus'alyá stand And hail her queen with reverent hand. Now by my son, myself, I swear, No gift, no promise whatsoe'er My steadfast soul shall now content, But only Ráma's banishment.'

So far she spake by rage impelled, And then the queen deep silence held. He heard her speech full fraught with ill, But spoke no word bewildered still, Gazed on his love once held so dear Who spoke unlovely rede to hear; Then as he slowly pondered o'er The queen's resolve and oath she swore. Once sighing forth, Ah Ráma! he Fell prone as falls a smitten tree. His senses lost like one insane, Faint as a sick man weak with pain, Or like a wounded snake dismayed, So lay the king whom earth obeyed. Long burning sighs he slowly heaved, As, conquered by his woe, he grieved, And thus with tears and sobs between His sad faint words addressed the queen:

'By whom, Kaikeyí, wast thou taught This flattering hope with ruin fraught? Have goblins seized thy soul, O dame, Who thus canst speak and feel no shame? Thy mind with sin is sicklied o'er, From thy first youth ne'er seen before. A good and loving wife wast thou, But all, alas! is altered now. What terror can have seized thy breast To make thee frame this dire request, That Bharat o'er the land may reign, And Ráma in the woods remain? Turn from thine evil ways, O turn, And thy perfidious counsel spurn, If thou would fain a favour do To people, lord, and Bharat too. O wicked traitress, fierce and vile, Who lovest deeds of sin and guile,

What crime or grievance dost thou see, What fault in Ráma or in me? Thy son will ne'er the throne accept If Ráma from his rights be kept, For Bharat's heart more firmly yet Than Ráma's is on justice set. How shall I say, Go forth, and brook Upon my Ráma's face to look, See his pale cheek and ashy lips Dimmed like the moon in sad eclipse? How see the plan so well prepared When prudent friends my counsels shared, All ruined, like a host laid low Beneath some foeman's murderous blow? What will these gathered princes say, From regions near and far away? 'O'erlong endures the monarch's reign, For now he is a child again.' When many a good and holy sage In Scripture versed, revered for age, Shall ask for Ráma, what shall I Unhappy, what shall I reply? 'By Queen Kaikeyí long distressed I drove him forth and dispossessed.' Although herein the truth I speak, They all will hold me false and weak. What will Kaus'alyá say when she Demands her son exiled by me? Alas! what answer shall I frame, Or how console the injured dame? She like a slave on me attends, And with a sister's care she blends A mother's love, a wife's, a friend's. In spite of all her tender care, Her noble son, her face most fair, Another queen I could prefer And for thy sake neglected her, But now, O Queen, my heart is grieved For love and care by thee received, E'en as the sickening wretch repents His dainty meal and condiments. And how will Queen Sumitrá trust The husband whom she finds unjust, Seeing my Ráma driven hence Dishonoured, and for no offence? Ah! the, Videhan bride will hear A double woe, a double fear, Two whelming sorrows at one breath, Her lord's disgrace, his father's death. Mine aged bosom she will wring And kill me with her sorrowing, Sad as a fair nymph left to weep Deserted on Himálaya's steep. For short will be my days, I ween, When I with mournful eyes have seen My Ráma wandering forth alone And heard dear Sítá sob and moan. Ah me! my fond belief I rue. Vile traitress, loved as good and true, As one who in his thirst has quaffed, Deceived by looks, a deadly draught. Ah! thou hast slain me, murderess, while Soothing my soul with words of guile, As the wild hunter kills the deer Lured from the brake his song to hear. Soon every honest tongue will fling Reproach on the dishonest king; The people's scorn in every street The seller of his child will meet, And such dishonour will be mine As whelms a Bráhman drunk with wine. Ah me, for my unhappy fate, Compelled thy words to tolerate! Such woe is sent to scourge a crime Committed in some distant time. For many a day with sinful care I cherished thee, thou sin and snare, Kept thee, unwitting, like a cord Destined to bind its hapless lord. Mine hours of ease I spent with thee, Nor deemed my love my death would be, While like a heedless child I played, On a black snake my hand I laid. A cry from every mouth will burst And all the world will hold me curst, Because I saw my high-souled son Unkinged, unfathered, and undone; 'The king by power of love beguiled Is weaker than a foolish child, His own beloved son to make An exile for a woman's sake. By chaste and holy vows restrained, By reverend teachers duly trained. When he his virtue's fruit should taste He falls by sin and woe disgraced.' Two words will all his answer be When I pronounce the stern decree, 'Hence, Ráma, to the woods away,' All he will say is, I obey. O, if he would my will withstand When banished from his home and land. This were a comfort in my woe; But he will ne'er do this, I know. My Ráma to the forest fled, And curses thick upon my head, Grim Death will bear me hence away, His world-abominated prey. When I am gone and Ráma too. How wilt thou those I love pursue? What vengeful sin will be designed Against the queens I leave behind? When thou hast slain her son and me Kaus'alyá soon will follow: she Will sink beneath her sorrows' weight, And die like me disconsolate, Exist, Kaikeyí, in thy pride, And let thy heart be gratified, When thou my queens and me hast hurled, And children, to the under world. Soon wilt thou rule as empress o'er My noble house unvext before. But then to wild confusion left,

Of Ráma and of me bereft. If Bharat to thy plan consent And long for Ráma's banishment, Ne'er let his hands presume to pay The funeral honours to my clay Vile foe, thou cause of all mine ill, Obtain at last thy cursed will. A widow soon shalt thou enjoy The sweets of empire with thy boy. O Princess, sure some evil fate First brought thee here to devastate, In whom the night of ruin lies Veiled in a consort's fair disguise. The scorn of all and deepest shame Will long pursue my hated name, And dire disgrace on me will press, Misled by thee to wickedness. How shall my Ráma, whom, before, His elephant or chariot bore, Now with his feet, a wanderer, tread The forest wilds around him spread? How shall my son, to please whose taste, The deftest cooks, with earrings graced, With rivalry and jealous care The dainty meal and cates prepare-- How shall he now his life sustain With acid fruit and woodland grain? He spends his time unvext by cares, And robes of precious texture wears: How shall he, with one garment round His limbs recline upon the ground? Whose was this plan, this cruel thought Unheard till now, with ruin fraught, To make thy son Ayodhyá's king, And send my Ráma wandering? Shame, shame on women! Vile, untrue, Their selfish ends they still pursue. Not all of womankind I mean. But more than all this wicked queen. O worthless, cruel, selfish dame, I brought thee home, my plague and woe. What fault in me hast thou to blame, Or in my son who loves thee so? Fond wives may from their husbands flee, And fathers may their sons desert, But all the world would rave to see My Ráma touched with deadly hurt. I joy his very step to hear, As though his godlike form I viewed; And when I see my Ráma near I feel my youth again renewed. There might be life without the sun, Yea, e'en if Indra sent no rain, But, were my Ráma banished, none Would, so I think, alive remain. A foe that longs my life to take, I brought thee here my death to be, Caressed thee long, a venomed snake, And through my folly die, Ah me! Ráma and me and Lakshman slay, And then with Bharat rule the state; So bring the kingdom to decay, And fawn on those thy lord who hate, Plotter of woe, for evil bred, For such a speech why do not all Thy teeth from out thy wicked head Split in a thousand pieces fall? My Ráma's words are ever kind, He knows not how to speak in ire: Then how canst thou presume to find A fault in him whom all admire? Yield to despair, go mad, or die, Or sink within the rifted earth; Thy fell request will I deny, Thou shamer of thy royal birth. Thy longer life I scarce can bear, Thou ruin of my home and race, Who wouldst my heart and heartstrings tear, Keen as a razor, false and base. My life is gone, why speak of joy? For what, without my son, were sweet? Spare, lady, him thou canst destroy; I pray thee as I touch thy feet.' He fell and wept with wild complaint. Heart-struck by her presumptuous speech, But could not touch, so weak and faint, The cruel feet he strove to reach.


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Ralph in the Switch Tower

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Author:Charles Moore Watson

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 There are only two things which can give any man a right to expect that when he speaks the whole country will listen: namely, genius and authority. Probably no one will ever contend that Sir Stafford Northcote was an orator, or even a good speaker. But by proof of unblemished character, and by assiduous, conscientious, and able public service he rose to be the recognized leader of his party in the House of Commons; and it is simply because he speaks as one having authority,—and not as the scribes of the Press,—that he is as sure of a heedful hearing as is Mr. Gladstone, who adds genius and noble oratory to the authority of established leadership. The leaders of English public life have something besides weight of character, prestige of personal service and experience, and authority of individual opinion to exalt them above the anonymous Press. They have definite authority and power in the actual control of government. They are directly commissioned to control the policy of the administration. They stand before the country, in parliament and out of it, as the responsible chiefs of their parties. It is their business to lead those parties, and it is the matter-of-course custom of the constituencies to visit upon the parties the punishment due for the mistakes made by these chiefs. They are at once the servants and scapegoats of their parties.

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Translation:Imperial Decree of declaration of war against foreign powers

For more than 200 years, the Court had always acted in deep kindness to those foreigners of great distances. Our ancestors had always treated them with respect. During the reign of Daoguang Emperor and Xianfeng Emperor, said foreigners began to be allowed to trade with China, and yet they begged for the permission to preach the teaching of Christ, since the teaching was for the good of the people; the Court also granted permission to do so. At the beginning those preachers did behave according to our customs. Unexpectedly, however, in the last 30 or so years, despite China's kindness, they began to act aggressive, insulting our country, invading our land, trampling over our citizenry, and blackmailing our valuable goods. The Royal Court had been lenient to accommodate their demands, but these foreigners had turned aggressive and unreasonable, their attitude had been worsening by the day. They try to bully everyone, including the common citizenry, blaspheming our holy men and our gods. Our good people had built up hatred inside the hearts, and everyone is asking for revenge. This is why those Boxers were burning churches and killing Chinese Christian converts. The Imperial Court had decided not to send in the military to offer protection, to prevent hurting our good people. The Court had issued decrees to ban the Boxers from attacking the foreigners, offered protection for the foreign legations, and compensation to Chinese Christians converts. Only the other day the Court had issued a decree to mediate between the Boxers and the Chinese Christians; after all, they are all our people. The Royal Court had done it's best to treat foreigners with kindness. Besides being ungrateful, they have been blackmailing more. Recently they requested to administer the Taku Forts, intending on shaking the stability of the capital [Peking] using military might.

In the past, the Royal court had treated this foreigners like one would treated one's own neighbors, never did the court offend them. They called themselves educated nations, yet they do whatever they like here in China, just because they have strong army and powerful weapons, they have wanted to break off the good relationship with China? His Majesty Guangxu Emperor had been on this throne near 30 years, treating all the people like my own children and grandchildren, Baixing also treat me as the Emperor of Heaven. The Empress Dowager Cixi has reshaped the Universe, her benevolence and good deed is everywhere, the people feel deep in the soul, all the ancestors do agree with her, all the gods also moved by her, Her Excellency has done what previous dynasty had not done. His Majesty Guangxu Emperor has informed the ancestor temple with tears, has pledged holy commitment with teacher and students, we shall not live a miserable and submissive life, be shamed in history for the next ten thousands years, we should fight this war in a big way, to see who is the male, who is the female. The Court officials had been gathering for days, to work out strategy and to reach consensus. In provinces adjacent to Peking and Shandong, hundreds of thousands of Boxers have gathered on free will, even 5 feet tall boys would take up weapons to safeguard the homeland. The foreigners have cunning and deceptive plans, we hold the rules from heaven, the foreigners relied on brute force, we have the support of the heart of the people. China has many loyal patriots, they are not afraid to die. We have more than 20 provinces, [a] huge population of 400 millions, it is not difficult to put out the foreigners fierce fire, to showcase the might of our nation. The royal court will generously reward those who fight bravely on the front line, will also reward those who donate money in preparation of the war. The royal court will immediately execute traitors who escape from the battle field, or anyone who collaborate with the enemy, no one should hope for any leniency. All my court officials and people under the Heaven, we all have the heart of loyalty, to release the combined anger of both the human and gods. I have big expectation. His majesty sign here.

Other decrees issued on the same day
The Righteous Harmony Boxers who have now grouped around Peking and Tiantsin, they are not yet belong to any Imperial Command. I hereby order Prince Zaixun and Grand Scholar Ganyi to form a joint command for the boxers. Also order Left Wing Command Yinnian, Right Wing Command Yinxu, deputy Right Wing Command Zailan, to assist the joint command. Wenriu is to be the Wing captain. All the righteous boxer should do their best towards the monarchy, to share the same hatred, and to fight one common enemy, only unity will bring success, must always keep the spirit up, is of the outmost importance.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Camphausen, Otto

CAMPHAUSEN,, (1812-96). A Prussian statesman. He was born in Hünshoven, studied at the universities of Bonn, Heidelberg, Munich, and Berlin, in 1844 was elected councilor at Treves, and in 1845 became a member of the Ministry of Finance. In 1869 he was appointed Finance Minister. His administration, resourceful and cautious, marked a change from conditions of economic depression to those of great prosperity. Made accountable by his opponents for a subsequent reaction, attacked by even the Liberals, and at odds with Bismarck respecting the tobacco tax, he resigned with the rank of Minister of State.


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 2 WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 17th, 1903.

(Prof. York Powell) in the Chair.

The minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The election of Dr. A, S. Cuming, Mrs. Cartwright, Miss Marsden, Mr. Carey Drake, and the Michigan State Library as members of the Society was announced.

The resignations of Mr, O. Elton, Mr. J. Rogers Rees, and Mr. R. Blakeborough were also announced.

Miss E. M. Grafton exhibited a corn-baby from Harston, in Cambridgeshire [Plate III.], upon which Miss Burne offered some observations; and Mr. P. J. Heather exhibited some post-cards with photographs illustrative of marriage customs in Brittany.

The Chairman read a paper entitled "Some Folklore from Jerusalem" by Miss Goodrich Freer, and exhibited several objects illustrative of the paper, and presented by her to the Society, including a metal (silver) amulet, and a picture of Rachel's Tomb, with prayers encircling it, used as a charm; on which Dr. Gaster offered some observations.

The Secretary, in the absence of Mr. Nutt through illness, read a translation made by himself of the fourteenth-century Latin MS. discovered by Professor Kittredge in the Bodleian Library upon which Mr. Nutt's promised paper on "Arthur and the Werwolf" was based [p. 40]; and a discussion followed, in which Dr. Gaster, Mr. Gomme, and the President took part.

The meeting terminated with votes of thanks to Miss Grafton, Miss Goodrich Freer, Mr. Heather, and Mr. Milne for their papers, exhibits, and presentations.

The following books and pamphlets which had been presented to the Society since the 24th June were laid upon the table, viz.:

Iowa Journal of History and Politics, October 1903, presented by the Iowa State Historical Society;


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Rh  der vergleichenden Literatur geschichte, part i., by A. N. Jellinck, presented by the author; Journal of the Anthropological Institute, vol. xxxiii., by exchange; The Scottish Historical Review, No. 1, October 1903, presented by the Publishers; Report of the Government Museum and Connemara Public Library, 1902-3, presented by the Government of Madras; Guernsey Folklore, by Sir E. MacCulloch, presented by Mr. E. Clodd; The American Antiquarian, vol. xxv., No. 5, presented by the American Antiquarian Society; Les Pastorales Basques, by G. Hérelle, presented by the Author; Matèriaux pour l'Ethnologie ukraïne-ruthene, vol. v., edited by Th. Volkor; Portugalia, vol. i., parts i. and iv., 1899-1903; Report on the Restoration of Ancient Monuments at Anuradhapura, Ceylon, by F. O. Oertel, presented by the Government of Ceylon.

WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 20th, 1904.

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(Prof. York Powell) in the Chair.

The minutes of the last Annual Meeting were read and confirmed.

The Annual Report, Statement of Accounts, and Balance Sheet for the year 1903 were duly presented, and upon the motion of Mr. Gomme, seconded by Mr. Nutt, it was resolved that the same be received and adopted.

Balloting papers for the election of President, VicePresidents, Council, and Officers having been distributed, Mr. Longworth-Dames and Mr. Milne were nominated by the Chairman as scrutineers for the ballot.

Mr. R. Webb then exhibited and described a number of objects forming the kit of a Bondé medicine-man, from East Central Africa, for which he received a hearty vote of thanks [p. 68 and Plate I.].


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The New International Encyclopædia/Wilhelm, Karl

WILHELM,, (1815-73). A German musician, composer of “Die Wacht am Rhein.” He was born at Schmalkalden, studied at Cassel, under Spohr, and at Frankfort under André and Aloys Schmitt. He was director of the Crefeld Liedertafel from 1839 to 1864, and composed numerous male choruses for it. “Die Wacht am Rhein” was first sung by a large chorus on the occasion of the silver wedding of the Prince of Prussia (afterwards William I.), in 1854, but did not attain its wide popularity until the outbreak of the Franco-German War in 1870. Wilhelm received the title of ‘Royal Prussian Musical Director’ in 1860, and four years later received a gold medal from Queen (later Empress) Augusta and was granted a pension of 3000 marks. He died at Schmalkalden.


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18 us, that we see dissensions in all parts of the empire, an universal spirit of distrust and dissatisfaction, and a total loss of respect towards us in the eyes of foreign powers. But this writer, with all his boasted candour, has not told us the real cause of the evils he so pathetically enumerates. I shall take the liberty to explain the cause for him. Junius, and such writers as himself, occasion all the mischief complained of, by falsely and maliciously traducing the best characters in the kingdom. For when our deluded people at home, and foreigners abroad, read the poisonous and inflammatory libels that are daily published with impunity, to vilify those who are any way distinguished by their good qualities and eminent virtues: when they find no notice taken of, or reply given to these slanderous tongues and pens, their conclusion is, that both the ministers and the nation have been fairly described; and they act accordingly. I think it therefore the duty of every good citizen to stand forth, and endeavour to undeceive the public, when the vilest arts are made use of to defame and blacken the brightest characters among us. An eminent author affirms it to be almost as criminal to hear a worthy man traduced, without attempting


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Rh his justification, as to be the author of the calumny against him. For my own part, I think it a sort of misprision of treason against society. No man therefore who knows Lord Granby, can possibly hear so good and great a character most vilely abused, without a warm and just indignation against this Junius, this high priest of envy, malice, and all uncharitableness, who has endeavoured to sacrifice our beloved commander in chief at the altars of his horrid deities. Nor is the injury done to his Lordship alone, but to the whole nation, which may too soon feel the contempt, and consequently the attacks of our late enemies, if they can be induced to believe, that the person, on whom the safety of these kingdoms so much depends, is unequal to his high station, and destitute of those qualities which form a good general. One would have thought that his Lordship's services in the cause of his country, from the battle of Culloden to his most glorious conclusion of the late war, might have entitled him to common respect and decency at least; but this uncandid indecent writer has gone so far as to turn one of the most amiable men of the age into a stupid, unfeeling, and senseless being; possessed, indeed,


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20 of a personal courage, but void of those essential qualities which distinguish the commander from the common soldier.

long, uninterrupted, impartial, I will add, a most disinterested friendship with Lord Granby, gives me the right to affirm, that all Junius's assertions are false and scandalous. Lord Granby's courage, though of the brightest and most ardent kind, is among the lowest of his numerous good qualities; he was formed to excel in war by nature's liberality to his mind as well as person. Educated and instructed by his most noble father, and a most spirited as well as excellent scholar, the present bishop of Bangor, he was trained to the nicest sense of honour, and to the truest and noblest sort of pride, that of never doing or suffering a mean action. A sincere love and attachment to his King and country, and to their glory, first impelled him to the field, where he never gained aught but honour. He impaired, through his bounty, his own fortune; for his bounty, which this writer would in vain depreciate, is founded upon the noblest of the human affections, it flows from a heart melting to goodness from the most refined humanity.


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Rh Can a man, who is described as unfeeling, and void of reflection, be constantly employed in seeking proper objects on whom to exercise those glorious virtues of compassion and generosity? The distressed officer, the soldier, the widow, the orphan, and a long list besides, know that vanity has no share in his frequent donations; he gives, because he feels their distresses. Nor has he ever been rapacious with one hand to be bountiful with the other; yet this uncandid Junius would insinuate, that the dignity of the commander in chief is depraved into the base office of a commission broker; that is, Lord Granby bargains for the sale of commissions; for it must have this meaning, if it has any at all. But where is the man living who can justly charge his Lordship with such mean practices? Why does not Junius produce him? Junius knows that he has no other means of wounding this hero, than from some missile weapon, shot from an obscure corner: He seeks, as all such defamatory writers do,


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22 to raise suspicion in the minds of the people. But I hope that my countrymen will be no longer imposed upon by artful and designing men, or by wretches, who, bankrupts in business, in fame, and in fortune, mean nothing more than to involve this country in the same common ruin with themselves. Hence it is, that they are constantly aiming their dark and too often fatal weapons against those who stand forth as the bulwark of our national safety. Lord Granby was too conspicuous a mark not to be their object. He is next attacked for being unfaithful to his promises and engagements: Where are Junius's proofs ? Although I could give some instances, where a breach of promise would be a virtue, especially in the case of those who would pervert the open, unsuspecting moments of convivial mirth, into sly, insidious applications for preferment, or party systems, and would endeavour to surprise a good man, who cannot bear to see any one leave him dissatisfied, into unguarded promises. Lord Granby's attention to his own family and relations is called selfish. Had he not attended to them, when fair and just opportunities presented themselves, I should have thought him


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Rh unfeeling, and void of reflection indeed. How are any man's friends or relations to be provided for, but from the influence and protection of the patron? It is unfair to suppose that Lord Granby's friends have not as much merit as the friends of any other great man: If he is generous at the public expence, as Junius invidiously calls it, the public is at no more expence for his Lordship's friends, than it would be if any other set of men possessed those offices. The charge is ridiculous!

last charge against Lord Granby is of a most serious and alarming nature indeed. Junius asserts, that the army is mouldering away for want of the direction of a man of common abilities and spirit. The present condition of the army gives the directest lie to his assertions. It was never upon a more respectable footing with regard to discipline, and all the essentials that can form good soldiers. Lord Ligonier delivered a firm and noble palladium of our safeties into Lord Granby's hands, who has kept it in the same good order in which he received it. The strictest care has been taken to fill up the vacant


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24 commissions, with such gentlemen as have the glory of their ancestors to support, as well as their own, and are doubly bound to the cause of their king and country, from motives of private property, as well as publick spirit. The adjutant-general, who has the immediate care of the troops after Lord Granby, is an officer that would do great honour in any service in Europe, for his correct arrangements, good sense and discernment upon all occasions, and for a punctuality and precision which give the most entire satisfaction to all who are obliged to consult him. The reviewing generals, who inspect the army twice a year, have been selected with the greatest care, and have answered the important trust reposed in them in the most laudable manner. Their reports of the condition of the army are much more to be credited than those of Junius, whom I do advise, to atone for his shameful aspersions, by asking pardon of Lord Granby and the whole kingdom, whom he has offended by his abominable scandals. In short, to turn Junius's own battery against him, I must assert, in his own words, "that he has given strong assertions without proof, declamation without argument,


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Rh and violent censures without dignity or moderation." WILLIAM DRAPER.

7. February, 1769. SIR,

OUR defence of Lord Granby does honour to the goodness of your heart. You feel, as you ought to do, for the reputation of your friend, and you express yourself in the warmest language of your passions. In any other cause, I doubt not, you would have cautiously weighed the consequences of committing your name to the licentious discourses and malignant opinions of the world. But here, I presume, you thought it would be a breach of friendship to lose one moment in consulting your understanding; as if an appeal to the public were no more than a military coup de main, where a brave man has no rules to follow, but the dictates of his courage. Touched with your generosity, I freely


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26 forgive the excesses into which it has led you; and, far from resenting those terms of reproach, which, considering that you are an advocate for decorum, you have heaped upon me rather too liberally, I place them to the account of all honest unreflecting indignation, in which your cooler judgment and natural politeness had no concern. I approve of the spirit, with which you have given your name to the public; and, if it were a proof of any thing but spirit, I should have thought myself bound to follow your example. I should have hoped that even my name might carry some authority with it, if I had not seen how very little weight or consideration a printed paper receives even from the respectable signature of Sir William Draper.

begin with a general assertion, that writers, such as I am, are the real cause of all the public evils we complain of. And do you really think, Sir William, that the licentious pen of a political writer is able to produce such important effects? A little calm reflection might have shewn you, that national calamities do not arise from the description, but from the real character and conduct of ministers. To have supported your


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Rh assertion, you should have proved that the present ministry are unquestionably the best and brightest characters of the kingdom; and that, if the affections of the colonies have been alienated, if Corsica has been shamefully abandoned, if commerce languishes, if public credit is threatened with a new debt, and your own Manilla ransom most dishonourably given up, it has all been owing to the malice of political writers, who will not suffer the best and brightest characters (meaning still the present ministry) to take a single right step for the honour or interest of the nation. But it seems you were a little tender of coming to particulars. Your conscience insinuated to you that it would be prudent to leave the characters of Grafton, North, Hillsborough, Weymouth, and Mansfield, to shift for themselves; and truly, Sir William, the part you have undertaken is at least as much as you are equal to.

disputing Lord Granby's courage, we are yet to learn in what articles of military knowledge nature has been so very liberal to his mind. If you have served with him, you ought to have pointed out some instances of able disposition, and well-concerted


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28 enterprize, which might fairly be attributed to his capacity as a general. It is you, Sir William, who make your friend appear awkward and ridiculous, by giving him a laced suit of tawdry qualifications, which nature never intended him to wear.

say, he has acquired nothing but honour in the field. Is the ordnance nothing? Are the Blues nothing? Is the command of the army, with all the patronage annexed to it, nothing? Where he got these nothings I know not; but you at least ought to have told us when he deserved them.

to his bounty, compassion, &c. it would have been but little to the purpose, though you had proved all that you have asserted. I meddle with nothing but his character as commander in chief; and though I acquit him of the baseness of selling commissions, I still assert that his military cares have never extended beyond the disposal of vacancies; and I am justified by the complaints of the whole army, when I say that, in this distribution, he consults nothing but parliamentary interests, or the gratification of his immediate dependents. As to his servile submission


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Rh to the reigning ministry, let me ask, whether he did not desert the cause of the whole army, when he suffered Sir Jeffery Amherst to be sacrificed, and what share he had in recalling that officer to the service? Did he not betray the just interest of the army, in permitting Lord Percy to have a regiment? And does he not, at this moment, give up all character and dignity as a gentleman, in receding from his own repeated declarations in favour of Mr. Wilkes ?

the two next articles I think we are agreed. You candidly admit, that he often makes such promises as it is a virtue in him to violate, and that no man is more assiduous to provide for his relations at the public expence. I did not urge the last as an absolute vice in his disposition, but to prove that a careless disinterested spirit is no part of his character; and as to the other, I desire it may be remembered, that I never descended to the indecency of enquiring into his convivial hours. It is you, Sir William Draper, who have taken pains to represent your friend in the character of a drunken landlord, who deals out his promises as liberally as his liquor, and will suffer no man to leave his table


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30 either sorrowful or sober. None but an intimate friend, who must frequently have seen him in these unhappy disgraceful moments, could have described him so well.

last charge, of the neglect of the army, is indeed the most material of all. I am sorry to tell you, Sir William, that in this article, your first fact is false: and as there is nothing more painful to me than to give a direct contradiction to a gentleman of your appearance, I could wish that, in your future publications, you would pay a greater attention to the truth of your premises, before you suffer your genius to hurry you to a conclusion. Lord Ligonier did not deliver the army (which you, in classical language, are pleased to call a palladium) into Lord Granby's hands. It was taken from him, much against his inclination, some two or three years before Lord Granby was commander in chief. As to the state of the army, I should be glad to know where you have received your intelligence. Was it in the rooms at Bath, or at your retreat at Clifton? The reports of reviewing generals comprehend only a few regiments in England, which, as they are immediately under the royal inspection, are perhaps,


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Rh in some tolerable order. But do you know any thing of the troop's in the West Indies, the Mediterranean, and North America, to say nothing of a whole army absolutely ruined in Ireland? Enquire a little into facts, Sir William, before you publish your next panegyric upon Lord Granby, and believe me, you will find there is a fault at head-quarters, which even the acknowledged care and abilities of the adjutant-general cannot correct.

me now, Sir William, to address myself personally to you, by way of thanks for the honour of your correspondence. You are by no means undeserving of notice; and it may be of consequence, even to Lord Granby to have it determined, whether or no the man who has praised him so lavishly, be himself deserving of praise. When you returned to Europe, you zealously undertook the cause of that gallant army, by whose bravery at Manilla your own fortune had been established. You complained, you threatened, you even appealed to the public in print. By what accident did it happen, that in the midst of all this bustle, and all these clamours for justice to your injured troops, the name of


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32 the Manilla ransom was suddenly buried in a profound, and, since that time, an uninterrupted silence? Did the ministry suggest any motives to you, strong enough to tempt a man of honour to desert and betray the cause of his fellow soldiers? Was it that blushing ribband which is now the perpetual ornament of your person? Or, was it that regiment, which you afterwards (a thing unprecedented among soldiers) sold to colonel Gisborne? Or was it that government, the full pay of which you are contented to hold, with the half-pay of an Irish colonel? And do you now, after a retreat not very like that of Scipio, presume to intrude yourself, unthought-of, uncalled-for, upon the patience of the public? Are your flatteries of the commander in chief directed to another regiment, which you may again dispose of on the same honourable terms? We know your prudence, Sir William; and I should be sorry to stop your preferment.

JUNIUS.


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Rh

17. February 1769. SIR,

RECEIVED Junius's favour last night; he is determined to keep his advantage by the help of his mask; it is an excellent protection, it has saved many a man from an untimely end. But whenever he will be honest enough to lay it aside, avow himself, and produce the face which has so long lurked behind it, the world will be able to judge of his motives for writing such infamous invectives. His real name will discover his freedom and independency, or his servility to a faction. Disappointed ambition, resentment for defeated hopes, and desire of revenge, assume but too often the appearance of public spirit: but be his designs wicked or charitable, Junius should learn that it is possible to condemn measures, without a barbarous and criminal outrage against men. Junius delights to mangle carcases with


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34 a hatchet; his language and instrument have a great connection with Clare-market; and, to do him justice, he handles his weapon most admirably. One would imagine he had been taught to throw it by the savages of America. It is, therefore, high time for me to step in once more to shield my friend from this merciless weapon, although I may be wounded in the attempt. But I must first ask Junius, by what forced analogy and construction the moments of convivial mirth are made to signify indecency, a violation of engagements, a drunken landlord, and a desire that every one in company should be drunk likewise? He must have culled all the flowers of St. Giles's and Billingsgate, to have produced such a piece of oratory. Here the hatchet descends with ten-fold vengeance: but, alas! it hurts no one but its master! For Junius must not think to put words into my mouth, that seem too foul even for his own.

friend's political engagements I know not; so cannot pretend to explain them, or assert their consistency. I know not whether Junius be considerable enough to belong to any party. If he should be so, can he affirm, that


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174 grows in our estimation on a second and third perusal. I have not yet received the History of Chichester, I mention this not because I would hasten its arrival before it is convenient, but fancy it may have miscarried. My wife joins me in wishing you a merry Christmas. Remembering our happy Christmas at lovely Felpham, our spirits seem still to hover round our sweet cottage and round the beautiful Turret. I have said seem, but am persuaded that distance is nothing but a phantasy. We are often sitting by our cottage fire, and often we think we hear your voice calling at the gate. Surely these things are real and eternal in our eternal mind, and can never pass away. My wife continues well, thanks to Mr. Birch's Electrical Magic, which she has discontinued these three months,—I remain your sincere and obliged

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43.

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South Molton Street,

28th December 1804.

,—The death of so excellent a man as my generous advocate is a public loss, which


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 176 ten pounds, I thought it was due on "The Shipwreck" (which it was), but I did not advert to the twelve guineas which you lent me when I made up thirty pounds to pay our worthy Seagrave in part of his account. I am therefore that twelve guineas in your debt, which if I had considered, I should have used more consideration, and more ceremony also, in so serious an affair as the calling on you for more money; but, however, your kind answer to my request makes me doubly thank you.

The two cartoons which I have of "Hecate" and "Pliny" are very unequal in point of finishing: the "Pliny" in a sketch, though admirably contrived for an effect equal to Rembrandt. But the "Hecate" is a finished production, which will call for all the engraver s nicest attention. Indeed it is more finished than "The Shipwreck"; it is everbody['s] favourite who have seen it, and they regularly prefer it to "The Shipwreck" as a work of genius. As to the price of the plates, Flaxman declares to me that he will not pretend to set a price upon engraving. I think it can only be done by some engraver. I consulted Mr. Parker on the subject, before I decided on "The Shipwreck," and it was his opinion, and he says it still is so, that a print of that size cannot be done under thirty guineas, if finished, and, if a sketch, fifteen guineas; as, therefore, "Hecate" must be a


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Rh he has adhered to one set of men and measures? Is he sure, that he has never sided with those whom he was first hired to abuse? Has he never abused those he was hired to praise? To say the truth, most men's politics sit much too loosely about them. But, as my friend's military character was the chief object that engaged me in this controversy, to that I shall return.

asks what instances my friend has given of his military skill and capacity as a general? When and where he gained his honour? When he deserved his emoluments? The united voice of the army which served under him, the glorious testimony of prince Ferdinand, and of vanquished enemies, all Germany will tell him. Junius repeats the complaints of the army against parliamentary influence. I love the army too well, not to wish that such influence were less. Let Junius point out the time when it has not prevailed. It was of the least force in the time of that great man, the late Duke of Cumberland, who, as a prince of the blood, was able as well as willing to stem a torrent which would have overborne any private subject. In time of war, this influence is small. In peace, when


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 Rh those who knew him can best estimate, and to those who have an affection for him like yours, is a loss that only can be repaired in eternity, where it will indeed with such abundant felicity, in the meeting him a glorified saint who was a suffering mortal, that our sorrow is swallowed up in hope. Such consolations are alone to be found in religion, the sun and the moon of our journey; and such sweet verses as yours in your last beautiful poem must now afford you their full reward.

Farewell, Sweet Rose! Thou hast got before me into the celestial city. I also have but a few more mountains to pass: for I hear the bells ring and the trumpets sound to welcome thy arrival among Cowper's glorified band of spirits of just men made perfect.

Now, my dear Sir, I will thank you for the transmission of ten pounds to the dreamer over his own fortunes: for I certainly am that dreamer; but though I dream over my own fortunes, I ought not to dream over those of other men, and accordingly have given a look over my account book, in which I have regularly written down every sum I have received from you; and though I never can balance the account of obligations with you, I ought to do my best at all times and in all circumstances. I find that you was right in supposing that I had been paid for all I have done; but when I wrote last


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 Rh finished plate, I consider thirty guineas as its price, and the "Pliny" fifteen guineas.

Our dear friend Hawkins is out of town, and will not return till April. I have sent to him, by a parcel from Col. Sibthorpe's, your desirable poetical present for Mrs. Hawkins. His address is this: To John Hawkins, Esq., Dallington, near Northampton. Mr. Edwards is out of town likewise.

I am very far from showing the portrait of Romney as a finished proof. Be assured that with our good Flaxman's good help, and with your remarks on it in addition, I hope to make it a "supernaculum." "The Shipwreck," also, will be infinitely better the next proof. I feel very much gratified at your approval of my "Queen Catherine": beg to observe that the print of "Romeo and the Apothecary" annexed to your copy is a shamefully worn-out impression, but it was the only one I could get at Johnson's. I left a good impression of it when I left Felpham last in one of Heath's Shakespeare: you will see that it is not like the same plate with the worn-out impression. My wife joins me in love and in rejoicing in Miss Poole's continued health.—I am, dear Sir, yours sincerely,

.


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 178 PS.—I made a very high finished drawing of Romney as a companion to my drawing of the "Head of Cowper" (you remember), with which Flaxman is very much satisfied, and says that when my print is like that I need wish it no better, and I am determined to make it so at least. W. B.

44.

To William Hayley.

22nd January 1805.

,—I hope this letter will outstrip Mr. Phillips's, as I sit down to write immediately on returning from his house. He says he is agreeable to every proposal you have made, and will himself immediately reply to you. I should have supposed him mad if he had not: for such clear and generous proposals as yours to him he will not easily meet from anyone else. He will, of course, inform you what his sentiments are of the proposal concerning the three dramas. I found it unnecessary to mention anything relating to the purposed application of the profits, as he, on reading your letter, expressed his wish that you should yourself set a price, and that he would, in his letter to you, explain his reasons for wishing it. The idea of publishing one volume


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Rh of Palmerston. I should start, and almost wonder where I was, if I heard it from the second Pitt, from Sir Robert Peel, from Lord Shaftesbury, from Mr. Gladstone.

V

I fear, my friends, if any friend is still remaining, that I may have wearied you with these long extracts from a single speech. If it was an error of judgement, it was an error deliberately hazarded. I wished to show you Chatham at his best; and this his last speech in the House of Commons has always seemed to me at least equal to any of those which have been well reported, and one which most vividly portrays the man. To venture on a rather vulgar phrase, it is Chatham all over. His fire, his intrepidity, his passion for freedom, his self-confidence, his contempt for opponents, his terse, crisp, simple, idiomatic words, all are here. You feel as you listen to him, that there is behind him, so to speak, a rich hinterland—a grand historic Past. As General Conway said of him in this very debate, 'Whatever falls from that gentleman falls from so great a height as to make a deep impression.'

Something of the same kind was felt, so I seem to remember, between the summer of 1846 and the fatal 28th of June, 1850, when Sir Robert Peel, driven from what is called 'power', spoke at rare intervals on matters of grave moment. He had become, as only the greatest become, a historical as well as a political figure. He spoke with authority. He had done great things, and not a few hoped that he might live to do more.

So it was with Pitt in 1766, and for a time the general expectation seemed likely to be gratified. On the 18th

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 , but a survey of the larger collection of specimens since gathered from the Bertie waterlime of Buffalo leaves no doubt that there are numerous examples with equally broad swimming legs which are not otherwise distinguishable from   and that furthermore there occur transitional forms between the two in this regard.

The additional characters, the stronger sculpturing, etc., are taken from the type specimen [op. cit. pl. 82, fig. 1] which also retains a swimming leg not shown in the figure. This specimen differs markedly in state of preservation from the great majority of the Buffalo specimens, in not being preserved in a black, perfectly attenuated film, but in bas-relief and with a light brown film, upon which the scales distinctly show. This different preservation is due to the conservation of the fossil, not in the mud rock of the typical waterlime, but in a lighter, dolomitic, slightly coarser grained, somewhat uneven bedded rock that contains  and. This forms the top stratum of the Bertie, at Buffalo, directly underlying the Cobleskill. There are two other specimens from this bed in the Museum of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences and one in the State Museum, all of which retain the surface ornamentation in like distinctness and one of which possesses the broad swimming legs of ; but in all other characters they are indistinguishable from , especially in regard to the carapace.

We have for these reasons here placed  with   as a variety distinguished by its tendency to a broadening of the swimming legs, and consider the other distinctive characters cited by the author of the species as due to the preservation of the material. It may be added that the exposure of the elevated anterior band of the segments and of the line of scales at its posterior margin is due to a pulling of the integument before entombment.


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22 of March the Bill to repeal the Stamp Act received the Royal Assent. A few weeks afterwards, the Ministry of Lord Rockingham, which passed it, was dismissed by the King, and on the 30th of July Mr. Pitt became Prime Minister as Lord Privy Seal, and, to the general amazement, entered the House of Lords as the Earl of Chatham.

To-day we are dealing with this great man not directly as a Statesman but as an Orator. We shall therefore pass over the mysterious illness which almost at once unnerved him, and for just three years and a half secluded him from the public eye. It was a veritable eclipse. While it lasted, grievous things were done. At home the liberty of the subject was wantonly invaded. Abroad fresh wrongs were inflicted on America, wrongs which no timely legislation could any longer repeal.

At length, at the beginning of 1770, Lord Chatham returned to Parliament, I had almost said returned to life. As Macaulay says of this startling resurrection, 'It was a strange recovery. Men had been in the habit of talking of him as of one dead; and, when he first showed himself at the King's levée, started as if they had seen a ghost.'

I hope that some of my hearers know and admire as much as I do the fascinating book published some thirty-two years ago by my dear friend, Sir George Trevelyan, under the title of The Early Years of Charles James Fox. If so, they will remember his brilliant chapter on 'the effect produced by the re-appearance of Chatham'; how he compares it with the breathless scene in Measure for Measure, where Lucio pulls aside the cowl of the Friar, and discloses the features of the Ruler who has returned at the moment when he is least expected, to call his Deputy to account for the evil deeds that had been done in his name.

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Hall. Palaeontology of New York. 1859. 3: 411*, pl. 82, fig. 1

This species was based on a single specimen, now in the State Museum [ pl. 20, fig. 1]. Its distinguishing characters are thus given in the original description: "The entire body is proportionally shorter, the carapace shorter and broader than in . The swimming feet are shorter, and the terminal palette a little more developed than in   or , and the upper abdominal joints differ less from the thoracic joints in length, while the last one is alate on the two lateral edges, a feature not observed in any other species."

The aspect of the type is that of a specimen which has distinctly suffered contraction by a shoving together of the segments and, mindful of the strange changes in aspect resulting from a pushing or pulling of the segments, especially in cast-off integuments, one might reasonably infer that all the above cited differences, save the alate lateral edges of the last segment, were largely of casual origin. The other specimen figured on plate 19 which is more favorably preserved, exhibits the same and additional distinctive characters while it is clearly but partially contracted in the preabdominal region and distended in the postabdominal. The most striking new character in this specimen is the presence of four to five long spines on each segment of the endognathites, instead of but one or two in all other members of the genus. The combined evidence of the two specimens leaves no doubt that we have to regard  a peculiar aberrant type of Eurypterus. The following are the characters of this species:

Description. Body of small size, short but broad and compact. The carapace is about one sixth the length of the body, the latter a little more than three times as long as wide.


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Rh So now, when the Absentee at last returns, there is at once a centrifugal sauve qui peut. The Cabinet of Grafton, that still in a way bears the name of Chatham, suddenly dissolves, as by a kind of spontaneous combustion. One member after another vanishes into space, each in his different way conscience-stricken. The scene-painting is not unworthy of Tacitus or Carlyle. The author triumphantly attains his object, which is to show the amazing political influence which the veteran statesman even then exercised.

Our present object is far humbler and much more limited. It is to give some impression of the way in which he spoke.

At the time of his return to Parliament there were two main questions which during those eight years, the years in which, in Macaulay's phrase, 'Junius had taken the field,' were chiefly agitating the minds of Englishmen. The one was the controversy as to John Wilkes. The other was the renewal of virtual hostilities with the American colonies. The first involved the liberty of the English citizen. The second involved the disruption of the British Empire.

As regards Wilkes and his repeated expulsions from the House of Commons, after repeated re-elections by his Middlesex constituents, Chatham had convinced himself that the House of which he had so long been the ornament was now exercising its power tyrannically. 'I have considered the matter,' he says in his first utterance on returning to Parliament on January 9, 1770, 'I have considered it with most serious attention, and as I have not in my own breast the smallest doubt that the present universal discontent of the nation arises from the proceedings of the House of Commons upon the expulsion of Mr. Wilkes, I think that we ought, in our Address, to state that matter to the King. I have drawn up an amendment to the Address.'

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 Carapace relatively very broad and short, its length to width as 6 : 10–11; the character of the margins as in ; the lateral eyes relatively small (one fifth of length of carapace), in front of center, far apart, halfway between median line and lateral margin. Ocelli not seen.

Abdomen. The preabdomen is contracted in both specimens, in the second less than in the type. Its length is to its width as 2 : 3+. It probably contracted more rapidly at the last tergites than the associated species of Eurypterus, but not so much as the two specimens, in which the last sternites are somewhat shoved together would indicate. The tergites have not been seen, except the first in the hypotype, specimen 2, where it is a narrow band, 11 times as wide as long. The operculum and other sternites apparently do not differ from those of  except in being relatively somewhat wider.

In the type specimen the postabdomen occupies four ninths of the length of the body without the telson; it is about one fifth longer than wide at its beginning and its total length surpasses its anterior width by about one fifth. At the posterior extremity it has decreased to one third of its anterior width. The first segment is about four times as wide as long, the last is one seventh longer than wide. Its most striking feature is the long alae, resembling those of  in relative size and form. Like the latter they were probably somewhat variable.

The telson spine occupies in the type but little less than one third of the length of the body, as against more than one fourth in the other species. Although the abdomen is contracted, it is manifest that the spine is relatively long. Otherwise it does not differ from that of. It is five times as long as its anterior width.

Appendages. But one (the third) endognathite has been seen, its last four segments projecting beyond the head shield. In the type the basal portions of all endognathites are withdrawn under the carapace and have been artificially exposed. The endognathite exhibits four spines on its fifth, five on its sixth and four on its seventh segment, all of which seem


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24 It was on this occasion that Lord Mansfield, the Lord Chief Justice, made his oracular declaration that he had never delivered any opinion upon the legality of the proceedings of the House of Commons on the Middlesex election. 'He had locked it up in his own breast, and it should die with him.' He strongly objected to Chatham's amendment, which was negatived by an overwhelming majority, the Address to the King being carried by 203 to 36.

It was in the course of this debate that, pleading for the liberty of the citizen to a very unpropitious audience, Chatham gave utterance to some of his best-remembered sayings.

'It is to your ancestors, my Lords, it is to the English Barons that we are indebted for the laws and constitution we possess. Their virtues were rude and uncultivated, but they were great and sincere. Their understandings were as little polished as their manners, but they had hearts to distinguish right from wrong. They had heads to distinguish truth from falsehood. They understood the rights of humanity, and they had spirit to maintain them. My Lords, I think that history has not done justice to their conduct, when they obtained from their Sovereign that great acknowledgement of national rights contained in Magna Charta. They did not confine it to themselves alone, but delivered it as a common blessing to the whole people.

'They did not say, "These are the rights of the great Barons," or "These are the rights of the great Prelates". No, my Lords, they said, in the simple Latin of the times, Nullus liber homo, and provided as carefully for the meanest subject as for the greatest.

'These are uncouth words, and sound but poorly in the ears of scholars, neither are they addressed to the criticism of scholars, but to the hearts of freemen. These three words, Nullus liber homo, have a meaning which

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36 discontent and faction have the surest means to operate, especially in this country, and when, from a scarcity of public spirit, the wheels of government are rarely moved but by the power and force of obligations, its weight is always too great. Yet, if this influence, at present, has done no greater harm than the placing Earl Percy at the head of a regiment, I do not think that either the rights, or best interests, of the army, are sacriiiced and betrayed, or the nation undone. Let me ask Junius, If he knows any one nobleman in the army, who has had a regiment by seniority? I feel myself happy in seeing young noblemen of illustrious name and great property come among us. They are an additional security to the kingdom from foreign or domestic slavery. Junius needs not be told, that should the time ever come, when this nation is to be defended only by those, who have nothing more to lose than their arms and their pay, its danger will be great indeed. A happy mixture of men of quality with soldiers of fortune, is always to be wished for. But the main point is still to be contended for, I mean, the discipline and condition of the army, and I must still maintain, though contradicted by Junius, that it was never upon


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Rh a more respectable footing, as to all the essentials that can form good soldiers, than it is at present. Junius is forced to allow, that our army at home may be in some tolerable order; yet, how kindly does he invite our late enemies to the invasion of Ireland, by assuring them, that the army in that kingdom is totally ruined! (The colonels of that army are much obliged to him.) I have too great an opinion of the military talents of the lord-lieutenant, and of all their diligence and capacity, to believe it. If, from some strange, unaccountable fatality, the people of that kingdom cannot be induced to consult their own security, by such an effectual augmentation as may enable the troops there to act with power and energy, is the commander in chief here to blame? Or, is he to blame, because the troops in the Mediterranean, in the West Indies, in America, labour under great difficulties, from the scarcity of men, which is but too visible all over these kingdoms! Many of our forces are in climates unfavourable to British constitutions: their loss is in proportion. Britain must recruit all these regiments from her own emaciated bosom, or, more precariously, by Catholicks from Ireland. We are likewise subject to the


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Rh interests us all. They deserve to be remembered. They are worth all the Classics. Let us not, then, degenerate from the glorious example of our ancestors. Those Iron Barons (for so I may call them when compared with the Silken Barons of modern days) were the guardians of the people; yet their virtues, my Lords, were never engaged in a question of such importance as the present. A breach has been made in the constitution. The battlements are dismantled, the citadel is open to the first invader. The walls totter. The place is no longer tenable. What then remains for us but to stand foremost in the breach, to repair it, or to perish in it?'

Am I disrespectful to a great name if I dare to fancy that some of the more cynical of my audience—if indeed there can be any cynics in Oxford on a May day like this—may be tempted to say of these last sentences what Mr. Burke said of Chatham more generally, 'He talks fustian'? Even if this harsh verdict be recorded, it will hardly be extended to one other short sentence with which we will take leave of this once celebrated speech:

'My Lords, I am sensible of the importance and difficulty of this great crisis. At a moment such as this we are called upon to do our duty without dreading the resentment of any man. But if apprehensions of this kind are to affect us, let us consider what we ought to respect most, the representative or the collective body of the people. My Lords, five hundred gentlemen are not ten millions; and if we must have a contention, let us take care to have the English nation on our side.'

It will, I think, be agreed that in these last words there is no 'fustian'.

VI.

This speech was, as we have seen, delivered early in the January of 1770. It was followed up by at least four other speeches in the same year on pressing

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38 fatal drains to the East Indies, to Senegal, and the alarming emigrations of our people to other countries: Such depopulation can only be repaired by a long peace, or by some sensible bill of naturalization.

now take the liberty to talk to Junius on my own account. He is pleased to tell me, that he addresses himself to me personally, I shall be glad to see him. It is his impersonality that I complain of, and his invisible attacks; for his dagger in the air is only to be regarded, because one cannot see the hand which holds it; but had it not wounded other people more deeply than myself, I should not have obtruded myself at all on the patience of the public.

how a plain tale shall put him down, and transfuse the blush of my ribband into his own cheeks. Junius tells me, that at my return, I zealously undertook the cause of the gallant army, by whose bravery at Manilla my own fortunes were established; that I complained, that I even appealed to the public. I did so; I glory in having done so, as I had an undoubted right to vindicate my own character, attacked by a Spanish memorial,


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 to be of uniform length and slender when compared with those of other species of Eurypterus. It seems hence, that in this species, not only the two usual spines at the distal edge are present, but also that the rudimentary spines at their bases, seen in other species and one or more accessory spines have grown out to the full size of the first pair.

The swimming legs are equally distinct from those of the associated Eurypteri in several features. The coxa is distinctly broader, corresponding to the great basal width of the carapace. Its length and width are subequal. The second and third segments are annular. The fourth, fifth and sixth are notably stronger and wider than in  and , though not differing otherwise, while the seventh is remarkably short and wide, having the general form of the corresponding segment of   var. , but being much smaller relatively to the whole leg. The eighth segment also, forming with the seventh, the oar blade, is notably smaller than in other species. The terminal, rudimentary segment, as already remarked by Hall is a little larger than in.

The metastoma is like that of. The female and male appendages, seen in these specimens, do not appear to differ from those of either  or   except that the terminal paired lobes in the female appendage are shorter than in   and correspond to those of   or.

Ornamentation. Only interior views of the integument have been obtained and hence the character of the ornamentation has remained unobserved, except for the two converging rows of spines on the postabdominal segments and a few traces of subtriangular scales, indicating a sculpturing very much like in.

Measurements. The carapace of the type is 31 mm long and about 58 mm wide; that of the hypotype measures 33 × 55 mm; the eyes of the latter are 6.8 mm long. The preabdomen of the type measures 40.4 × 71 mm, both measurements being but approximate on account of


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Rh and to assert the rights of my brave companions. I glory likewise, that I have never taken up my pen, but to vindicate the injured. Junius asks by what accident did it happen, that, in the midst of all this bustle, and all the clamours for justice to the injured troops, the Manilla ransom was suddenly buried in a profound, and, since that time, an uninterrupted silence? I will explain the cause to the public. The several ministers, who have been employed since that time have been very desirous to do justice from two most landable motives, a strong inclination to assist injured bravery, and to acquire a well-deserved popularity to themselves. Their efforts have been in vain. Some were ingenuous enough to own, that they could not think of involving this distressed nation into another war for our private concerns. In short, our rights for the present, are sacrificed to national convenience; and I must confess, that, although I may lose five-and-twenty thousand pounds by their acquiescence to this breach of faith in the Spaniards, I think they are in the right to temporize, considering the critical situation of this country, convulsed in every part by poison infused by anonymous, wicked, and incendiary writers.


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40 Lord Shelburne will do me the justice to own, that, in September last, I waited upon him with a joint memorial from the admiral Sir S. Cornish and myself, in behalf of our injured companions. His lordship was as frank upon the occasion as other secretaries had been before him. He did not deceive us, by giving any immediate hopes of relief.

would basely insinuate, that my silence may have been purchased by my government, by my blushing ribband, by my regiment, by the sale of that regiment, and by half-pay as an Irish colonel.

Majesty was pleased to give me my government, for my service at Madras. I had my first regiment in 1757. Upon my return from Manilla, his Majesty, by Lord Egremont, informed me, that I should have the first vacant red ribband, as a reward for many services in an enterprize, which I had planned as well as executed. The Duke of Bedford and Mr Grenville confirmed those assurances many months before the Spaniards had protested the ransom bills. To accommodate Lord Clive, then going upon a most important service to Bengal, I waved my


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Rh claim to the vacancy which then happened. As there was no other vacancy until the Duke of Grafton and Lord Rockingham were joint ministers, I was then honoured with the order, and it is surely no small honour to me, that in such a succession of ministers, they were all pleased to think that I had deserved it; in my favour they were all united. Upon the reduction of the 79th regiment, which had served so gloriously in the East-Indies, his Majesty, unsolicited by me, gave me the 16th of foot as an equivalent. My motives for retiring afterwards are foreign to the purpose; let it suffice, that his Majesty was pleased to approve of them; they are such as no man can think indecent, who knows the shocks that repeated vicissitudes of heat and cold, of dangerous and sickly climates, will give to the best constitutions in a pretty long course of service. I resigned my regiment to colonel Gisborne, a very good officer, for his half-pay, and 1200l. Irish annuity; so that, according to Junius, I have been bribed to say nothing more of the Manilla ransom, and sacrifice those brave men, by the strange avarice of accepting three hundred and eighty pounds per ann. and giving up eight hundred! If this be bribery, it is not


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Rh.

In a Ms. (Cod. Gaster, No. 1562), written mostly by a certain Thomas Parker in the years 1693-5 and containing astrological horoscopes and nativities, there are towards the end also a few charms, written by the same hand. The Ms. has evidently passed from the first writer into the hands of others addicted like him to the study of astrology, and they have added between the two original sections a number of other nativities and sundry notes of a mixed character, among which is, for example, Lord Wharton's Satyr on ye Judge, 1726, which is the latest date mentioned in the Ms. But that part of it which is written by Parker is the most interesting. It includes a manual of leechcraft, or, better, of "astronomicall elections for physick and chyrurgery depending upon the place and course of the moone." He has compiled also a perpetual calendar for Easter and an "Almanack for 34 yeares," from 1696 to 1731; short chronologies and descriptions of natural phenomena, the number of parish churches in every shire and the number of shires in England and Wales; "Of the cause of severall things" in a poem, and 15 distiches on vapour, rain, hail, earthquakes; etc. He knows Latin and Greek, and writes the Greek words in Greek letters. He also gives us the names and the Seals of the seven Archangels, viz. Michael, Gabriel, Samael, Raphael, Sachiel, Anael, Asael, and Gapriel (?) and "five infernal kings":—Sitrael, Malanta, Thamaor, Falaur, and Sitrami; and on the last page but two (f. 157b) we find the following stanza:—

Sufficient has now been said to characterise the writer of this Ms., who must have found the charms in the original from which he took most of the materials of his book.

I am reproducing them here exactly as they are in the Ms.


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42 the bribery of these times. As to my flattery, those who know me will judge of it. By the asperity of Junius's style, I cannot indeed call him a flatterer, unless he be as a cynic or a mastiff; if he wags his tail, he will still growl, and long to bite. The public will now judge of the credit that ought to be given to Junius's writings, from the falsities that he has insinuated with respect to myself. WILLIAM DRAPER.

21. February, 1769. SIR,

Should justly be suspected of acting upon motives of more than common enmity to Lord Granby, if I continued to give you fresh materials or occasion for writing in his defence. Individuals who hate, and the public who despise, have read your letters, Sir William, with infinitely more satisfaction than mine. Unfortunately