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 Abdomen with twelve segments, the anterior nine of which each carry a pair of branchia-bearing appendages. The next two posterior segments, tenth and eleventh, are simple, annular rings, the terminal segment or telson has a central spatulate section that, with its lateral swimmeret on each side, forms a broad caudal fin.

Surface of dorsal shield smooth.

Genotype.—Sidneyia inexpectans, new species.

Siratigraphic range.—The stratigraphic range is limited, so far as known, to a thickness of 130 feet in a dark siliceous shale forming a part of the Stephen formation and described as the Ogygopsis shale in 1908.

Geographic distribution.—On the slope of the ridge between Mount Wapta and Mount Field north of Burgess Pass, and about 3800 feet above Field on the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, British Columbia, Canada.

Observations.—Sidneyia is a most interesting type and one that I should have expected to find in an Ordovician rather than in a Middle Cambrian formation. It is associated with a large fauna, part of which is enumerated in the list of thirty-two species listed under the description of the Ogygopsis shale referred to above. The stratigraphic horizon in the British Columbia Cambrian section is over 6300 feet below the summit of the Cambrian series.

The short, broad, cephalo-thorax, the broad elliptical abdominal portion formed by the first nine segments, the elongate, narrow three posterior segments, the last taking the form of a broad caudal fin, all unite to give the type a scorpion-like appearance.

The genus dififers from all the genera of the Eurypterida in the form of the cephalo-thorax, smooth surface, presence of a very large epistoma, non-chelate antennae, absence of a metastoma, and (with the exception in Stylonurus) absence of a broad posterior pair of swimming appendages; also in the arrangement of the branchiae upon the nine anterior abdominal segments and in the presence of the broad caudal fin formed of the spatulate terminal section and swimmerets of the twelfth segment.

In this preliminary study and description some detail is omitted, but this will be worked out and inserted in the final study of the genus.

The generic name Sidneyia is proposed in recognition of the discovery of the type specimicns by my son, Sidney S. Walcott, in August, 1910.


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xliv "proved by inspection," as the mathematicians say.

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Cephalo-thorax.—Body elongate, with a thin epidermal skeleton or crust. Cephalo-thorax small, short and broad; in an entire dorsal shield having a length of 123 mm., the cephalo-thorax has a length of 15 mm. and a width of 56 mm.; surface depressed convex, as flattened in the shale; outline broadly rounded and almost transverse across the front, rounding gently at the antero-lateral angles before arching backward to the eye lobe where it curves slightly inward. The eye forms a distinct lobe a little more than one-third the length of the cephalo-thorax; it is situated close to the postero-lateral angle and has a narrow rim caused by a slight intermarginal depression. The posterior margin is transverse and without any intermarginal furrow. No traces of ocelli have been observed.

A very large transverse epistoma is attached to the ventral edge of the cephalo-thorax; in one example (pl. 5, fig. 3) it is nearly as wide as the cephalo-thorax and apparently quite as long, if not longer; the surface is smooth except for a slight intermarginal furrow which is indicated at the sides and posterior margin; the posterior outline is nearly transverse in the central portions and broadly curved at the sides; a large specimen having a width at the third abdominal segment of 87 mm. and a length of 143 mm. exclusive of the cephalo-thorax, has an epistoma 27 mm. in length and over 55 mm. in width. The ventral appendages of the cephalo-thorax will be described under the sub-heading Appendages.

Abdomen.—The abdomen has twelve segments as shown by fig. 1, pl. 2 and fig. 2, pl. 5. The anterior nine segments form a broad ellipse, the anterior end of which is attached to and merges into the outline of the cephalo-thorax; the length of these segments is about one-eighth of their width; the first segment terminates in a point equally converging from the front and back margins; in the second segment the convergence and curvature is greatest toward the front side and back of this the curvature of the front margin increases until there is a slight backward arching of the posterior margin so as to form a sharp point with the downward arching front margin; posteriorly the tenth and eleventh segments are nearly as long as wide, much narrower than the first nine segments and more than twice as long as the anterior segments from which they extend backward; they appear to be simple, annular rings; the twelfth or terminal segment has a central body, broadly oval in outline, that


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Rh reading for Bodasaph, since y and b in Arabic are only distinguished by a diacritical point. As we have already seen, Bodasaph is directly derived, through the Pehlevi, from Bodhisattva, the technical title of the man who is destined to attain Buddhahood, a description that exactly applies to the career of Josaphat. The very name, therefore, of the hero implies a conscious Buddhistic tendency in the original form of the legend, and tells against Dr. Kuhn's contention for a Pehlevi Christian original.

It is also probable that the first name in our title can also be traced back to India, but on the exact form, which was the original, learned opinion is not at present united: and a mere reporter, like myself, can only put the conflicting claims before the reader and allow him to take his choice. We have seen that Barlaam is merely a Syriac substitute for Balauvar. Dr. Kuhn points out, that in the Zend alphabet g and l are almost identical, while we have already seen that n and r might easily mistake themselves for one another. Consequently, this pundit suggests Bhagavan is the real original


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 extends backward from two-thirds to four-fifths of the distance to the posterior margin; at about half its length a wing-like extension continues backward and slightly outward to a transverse margin; on each side of the terminal segment (pl. 3, figs. 2-4), and attached to its anterior side, there is a lateral swimmeret that on the inside overlaps more or less the central terminal section and on the outside margin expands so as to form, with the central terminal section, a broad caudal fin suggestive of that occurring in the Schizopoda and Decapoda; it may be that there are more than one of the lateral swimmerets on each side, but if so they are so pressed in together as not to be distinguished. The anterior margin of each segment extends under the segment in front of it from one-fifth to one-third its length at the center, the underlap gradually narrowing to where it passes from beneath the segment near its outer termination; the anterior segment passes beneath the cephalo-thorax in the same manner.

Ventral appendages: Cephalo-thorax.—Cephalo-thorax with five pairs of movable appendages. The first or antennal pair are rather stout at the base, tapering gradually until they become very slender (pl. 2, fig. 1); the joints vary in length, they are usually a little wider than long for the first half of the length of the appendage, gradually becoming proportionately longer toward the outer end. One appendage shows over thirty joints beyond the edge of the carapace, and another from its length must have many more; each joint has a short, fine spine or fringe of spines at the anterior margin of the joint. The inner point of attachment of the first joint has not been seen as it is covered by either the epistoma or cephalo-thorax in all specimens.

The second pair of appendages is formed of long, slender joints; so far as known they extend only a little distance beyond the margin of the cephalo-thorax and terminate in a joint that has two or three short spines projecting from the outer end of it.

The simple form of the third pair of appendages is shown by fig. 1, pl. 5. They have a relatively large basal joint, the anterior inner margin of which is provided with six or more sharp spines that appear to have been used in connection with the basal joints of the fourth and fifth pair of appendages as manducatory organs. This appendage has broad, strong joints in small specimens (pl. 5, fig. 1) and in large specimens it is developed into a peculiarly constructed and complex chelate terminal section; this is formed of twelve or more joints of a forward curving appendage to which


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 WINCHESTER,. [See, d. 1219;, 1263–1326.] WINCHESTER, GODFREY (d. 1107), Latin poet. [See .]

WINCHESTER, GREGORY (fl. 1270), historian. [See .]

WINCHESTER, JOHN, or (d. 1460?), bishop of Moray, is said to have been an Englishman who came into Scotland in the retinue of James I on his return from England in 1424. His name (though there are contemporary instances of it as a surname in Scotland) suggests that he may have been a priest of the household of Cardinal Beaufort, bishop of Winchester, who was the uncle of James's queen and solemnised their marriage. From the beginning of James's actual reign Winchester appears as his trusted friend, and is constantly in attendance at court. In the church he is chaplain to the king, prebendary of Dunkeld, canon of Glasgow (1428), and provost of Lincluden (1435). In the same year he is bishop-elect of Moray, and receives certain payments for promoting the king's affairs at the court of Rome. His election was confirmed by the pope in 1436, and next year he was consecrated at Cambuskenneth. He held the see for twenty-three years (not thirteen, as Spottiswoode says), and obtained for it certain valuable privileges. His men were not to be distrained for ‘wapinschaw or hosting’ by either of his powerful neighbours, the earls of Moray and Huntly, but were to rise and pass with his own bailies, as other barons' men (1445). His town of Spynie was erected into a burgh of barony, and the church-lands of his diocese (which were in six counties—Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, Inverness, Ross, and Sutherland) were erected into one regality (1451), the latter being given him (says James II) in gratitude for ‘a multitude of services rendered to our late father, of cherished memory, and faithfully continued to ourselves.’

The records teem with notices of these services, rendered in the household, the exchequer, as lord-register, and as lord-treasurer, and ranging from payments ‘pro zucure et gingibero ad usum regis’ to embassies to England (1452), and especially supervision of the works at the royal castles of Linlithgow (which he visited along with James I in 1434), Stirling (1434), Urquhart (on Loch Ness), and Inverness (1458); and in the demolishing of the Douglases' island fortress of Lochindorb (1458) his deputy at the latter place, Calder of that ilk, carried the great iron door of Lochindorb to his seat, Cawdor Castle, where it may still be seen. The strengthening and demolishing of these castles respectively formed part of the policy of James I and James II, and Winchester was their adviser in regard to that policy, as well as in the acts by which it was carried out. From July 1457 to April 1458 James II spent his time mostly in the bishop's diocese, and Winchester entertained him at his palace of Spynie. On the king's return to the south, Winchester complained that the Earl of Huntly had seized his lands and was drawing his rents.

Winchester died on 1 April 1459 or 1460, and was buried in his cathedral at Elgin, in St. Mary's Isle, where his effigy remains. There are still in the north of Scotland families of the name who claim descent from him; they spring more probably from members of his household, who, following a northern custom, had, as his ‘baron's men,’ assumed his surname. He is said to have been a bachelor of the canon law. Spottiswoode, who, like Shaw and Keith, is in error in regard to the dates of his life, describes him as ‘a man of good parts.’

[Exchequer Rolls; Great Seal Registers; Registrum Moraviense; Keith's Catalogue of Scottish Bishops; Grub's Ecclesiastical History; Shaw's History of Moray; Young's Annals of Elgin.]  WINCHILSEA, [See, d. 1689, second ;, 1647–1730, siith ; , 1791–1858, .]

WINCHILSEA,. [See, d. 1720.]

WINDEBANK, FRANCIS (1582–1646), secretary of state, born in 1582, was the only son of Sir Thomas Windebank and his wife Frances, younger daughter of Sir Edward Dymoke of Scrivelsby, Lincolnshire (, Visit. of Lincolnshire, p. 42;, Scrivelsby, 1893, p. 71). His grandfather, Sir Richard Windebank, was serving at Calais in 1533 (Chron. of Calais, p. 137; Letters and Papers, xv. 750), at Guisnes in 1541, and was knighted in 1544. He acquired lands at Hougham, Lincolnshire (ib. xv. 831 [18]), and in 1547 was one of the council at Boulogne; he was deputy of Guisnes at the end of Edward's reign, and proclaimed Mary on 24 July 1553. He was in 1556 granted an annuity of a hundred marks for his ‘age and long service,’ but was still acting as deputy of Guisnes in 1560. His wife Margaret, daughter of Griffith ap Henry, was


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 are attached on the anterior side long spines carrying numerous smaller spines on the margin opposed to the main body of the appendage (pl. 4, fig. 4). There is also in this specimen a broad appendage of three joints attached to the outer posterior end of the basal joint. The features described are partially illustrated on pl. 4, by figs. 1-4. Fig. 3 illustrates some of the long spines where they are sufficiently separated to show the shorter secondary spines. Another unusual variation is illustrated by fig. 1. In the small specimen illustrated by fig. 2, pl. 2, it looks as though there were two jointed branches extending outward with small spines on their anterior margins. A larger series of specimens will undoubtedly enable us to interpret these chelate appendages more accurately but with our present information it seems probable that in the complex form represented by fig. 1, pl. 4, provision was made for capturing the numerous small phyllopod crustaceans and numerous annelids with which the bottom and adjacent water were abundantly supplied. It may be that the chelate, complex appendages were also used in fighting and that there was a marked difference in those belonging to the male and female.

The fourth pair of appendages so far as known have a small basal joint or gnathobase which has on its inner margin two strong spines, the form and size as compared with the gnathobases on the third and fifth pair of appendages is illustrated by fig. 1, pl. 5. The joints beyond the gnathobase are elongate and form a slender appendage that extends out beyond the third and fifth appendages. The terminal joint has three small spines projecting from its outer end.

Each of the fifth pair of appendages has a large basal joint or gnathobase, the inner margin of which is provided with short, strong spines. As far as can be determined from the material available for study, there are three or four strong, broad joints beyond the gnathobase, the outer of which are provided with fine setae or branchial filaments. The gnathobase is well shown by fig. 1, pl. 5, and the filaments on the outer joints by figs. 2 and 3, pl. 2.

Ventral appendages: Abdominal.—A number of specimens show more or less of traces of abdominal appendages on the first nine segments of the abdomen. None of these indicates the presence of a jointed appendage in any way comparable with the appendages of the cephalo-thorax, or the abdominal appendages of the trilobite. The appendages appear to be formed of clusters of branchial fringes attached to short lobes that are round or oval in outline and affixed to the ventral surface on each side of the abdomen at the outer


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 xlviii of balauhar. Unfortunately, he leaves us in the dark as to what Bhagavan means or implies. It is, of course, one of the titles given to the Buddha. Baron von Rosen, on the other hand, identifies Balauhar with an Arabic word, balahvar, used by the Arabic lexicographers to designate an Indian king. The reader will not be surprised to learn that the Arabic word is a simple adaptation of the Sanskrit bhattaraka. Both suggestions seem to me almost equally far-fetched. But the human -mind is incapable of remaining in a state of suspension à la Buridan. De Morgan said that he found most people had a decided view on the question whether platythliptic coefficients were positive or negative. Similarly, if one has to make a choice. Dr. Kuhn's


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 edge of its inner third, or they may be of a lamellated structure as shown by fig. 1, pl. 3, fig. 1, pl. 2, fig. 3, pl. 6. What is now known of these branchial clusters recalls very strongly the lamellated branchial fringes occurring in the cephalic portion of the trilobite Calymene senaria and in specimens of Neolenus serratus (see pl. 6, figs. 1 and 2) associated with Sidneyia inexpectans.

Observations.—In this preliminary notice of this remarkable crustacean I have not attempted to describe many minor features of the ventral appendages of the cephalo-thorax and abdomen. The combination of characters shown by the conformation of the dorsal shield and the grouping of the appendages indicates quite clearly a transition form between the Trilobita and Eurypterida. In view of larger collections being made available during the season of 1911 further description will be deferred.

Formation and locality.—Middle Cambrian: Stephen formation, Ogygopsis shale on west slope of ridge between Mount Field and Mount Wapta, about 3800 feet above Field on the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, British Columbia, Canada.

What is known of this genus is contained in the description of the type species. It differs markedly in form and surface from Sidneyia. From Pterygotus, Eurypterus, and other genera of the Eurypterida it differs in the character of the surface, epistoma, and abdominal segments.

Genotype.—Amiella ornata Walcott, which is associated with Sidneyia inexpectans in British Columbia.

The generic name is given in honor of Dr. Henry M. Ami, of the Geological Survey of Canada.

Of this species only one broken specimen of the dorsal shield is known. This shows that the body was elongate, narrow, and the abdomen formed of a number of large segments of which remains of seven are preserved; also a part of the cephalo-thorax.

Crust thin and compressed in the shale.

Cephalo-thorax.—The portion of the cephalo-thorax preserved (it may be only the epistoma) has been turned about, the dorsal shell of the cephalo-thorax having been loosened and displaced. If it is


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 buried in St. Edmund's, Lombard Street, on 10 Dec. 1558 (, Eccl. Mem. i. 22, ii. 174, Annals, i. 46; Cotton MS. Titus B. ii. f. 206; Cal. State Papers, For. 1547–53, p. 294; Acts P. C. 1554–6, p. 383; Notes and Queries, 8th ser. i. 23, 150). His son Sir Thomas owed his fortunes largely to his Lincolnshire neighbour, Sir William Cecil, who secured his appointment to the fourth stall in Worcester Cathedral in 1559, and sent him as travelling companion to his son Thomas (afterwards Marquis of Exeter). Many of Windebank's letters, describing his vain efforts to keep his charge straight and teach him French, and their travels in France and Germany during 1561 and 1562, are extant in the Record Office. He also took every opportunity of sending his patron lemon trees, myrtle trees, and tracts on canon and and civil law (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1547–1580, pp. 177–202). After his return he was made clerk of the signet, and occasionally acted as clerk of the privy council. He continued his friendly relations and correspondence with Burghley until the latter's death, and afterwards with Sir Robert Cecil (cf. Harl. MS. 6995, arts. 31, 39, 47, 49, letters wrongly ascribed to Sir Francis Windebank). He was knighted by James I on 23 July 1603, settled at Haines Hall, Berkshire, and died on 24 Oct. 1607. He left one son, Francis, and three daughters, of whom Mildred (d. 1630) married Robert Read of Linkenholt, Hampshire, and was mother of Thomas Read or Reade [q. v.] the royalist (Inq. post mortem, 6 James I, pt. ii. No. 200; Harl. MS. 1551, f. 57 b; Egerton Papers, pp. 134–5;, Gresham, i. 422 sqq.; Court and Times of James I, i. 175; Cal. State Papers, 1547–1610, passim; Cal. Hatfield MSS. vols. i–vii. passim).

Francis was baptised at St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, London, on 21 Aug. 1582 (Register, Harl. Soc., p. 15), and on 18 May 1599 matriculated from St. John's College, Oxford. He graduated B.A. on 26 Jan. 1601–2, and in the same year was entered a student in the Middle Temple. While at St. John's Windebank came much into contact with Laud, who exercised great influence upon his views and subsequent career. On 21 Feb. 1604–5 his father procured for him a grant of a clerkship of the signet, in reversion after Levinus Munck and Francis Gage, who themselves held only a reversionary interest in the office; and this somewhat distant prospect was no bar to a few years' sojourn on the continent. In the autumn of 1605 Windebank was at Paris, which he proposed to leave on 29 Jan. 1605–6 ‘to avoid the profligate English;’ the summer he spent in Germany, and the following winter in Italy; he was at Lucca in July 1607, and at Piacenza in October, returning to England in February 1607–8. Though the clerkship of the signet did not fall to him for some years, he was almost at once employed in that office. In 1629 he spoke of having served ‘nigh three apprenticeships’ (probably nearly twenty-one years) in the clerkship, and having passed through ‘the active and strict times of Lord Salisbury without check’ (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1628–9, p. 252), and he first got access to the king in 1611 (ib. 1611–18, p. 71). He was placed on the commission of the peace for Berkshire, and became clerk of the signet before 1624. He also served on various other commissions, in one of which George Wither [q. v.] was a colleague (12 Feb. 1627–8; ib. 1627–8, p. 557), and was able to befriend John Florio [q. v.] and Laud, who afterwards spoke of Windebank's ‘great love and care’ during his ‘great extremity,’ probably in 1614 (ib. 1619–23 p. 101, 1629–1631 p. 297).

Windebank's political importance had, however, been very slight, and the court was considerably surprised when, on 12 June 1632, Sir John Coke [q. v.] informed him that the king had ‘taken notice of his worth and long service,’ and selected him as Coke's colleague in the secretaryship in succession to Dudley Carleton, lord Dorchester [q. v.] He was sworn in ‘in the inner Star Chamber,’ took his seat at the council on the 15th, and was knighted on the 18th. Sir Thomas Roe [q. v.], himself a disappointed candidate, wrote, ‘There is a new secretary brought out of the dark.’ Windebank owed his appointment partly to Laud's friendship, but more to the influence of Richard Weston, first earl of Portland [q. v.], and Francis, lord Cottington [q. v.], with whose Spanish sympathies and Roman catholic tendencies he was in partial if not in full accord. The three formed an inner ring in the council, by whose advice Charles was mainly guided till 1640, and with whose help he frequently carried on negotiations unknown and in opposition to the rest of the council. He was one of those of whom Fontenay said in 1634, ‘L'interest les fait espagnolz, tirans plusieurs notables avantages du commerce et des passeports que le Cte d'Olivarès accorde aux marchands qui négotient pour eux’ (, v. 447). In 1633 he, Portland, and Cottington were appointed to negotiate in secret with the Spanish ambassador Necolalde (see Addit MS. 32093, ff. 57–91), and in March 1635 with Richelieu's envoy, the Marquis of Seneterre. On Port-


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 Rh suggestion seems to have more for it than Baron von Rosen's. For there is little doubt that, as a matter of fact, Barlaam is himself a variant of the Buddha, and thus a doublet of Josaphat. For Barlaam's speeches give very often the Buddhistic doctrine in the Buddha's own words: so that, in the last resort, our fable tells of the conversion of the man destined to be Buddha by a man who has already attained Buddhahood, and the title, "Barlaam and Josaphat," would adequately indicate the subject to Indian ears in the form Bhagavan Bodhisattvascha. We get the same doubling in the Buddha legend when the Buddha converts to his doctrines a rich merchant's son named Yasoda, who has himself performed the Great Renunciation, and whose history is therefore obviously a variant of the Buddha's.

We have seen that other names still retain traces of their Indian origin. Josaphat's tutor,


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 l Zardan, was, we saw, Buddha's charioteer, Chandaka. Kuhn gives several other examples, chiefly, however, derived from the Arabic version: for the Greek has, in most instances, substituted Biblical, or quasi-Biblical, names for the original. Thus, Josaphat's father, in the Arabic, Janaisar, becomes in the Greek, Abenner (2 Sam. iii. 6). The Bakis of the Arabic appears in double form in the Greek, as Araches and Nachor, the latter being derived from Genesis xi. Similarly, the magician Theudas is derived from Acts v. 37, and has only an accidental resemblance to Devadatta, the Judas of the Buddha legend. But, besides these merely formal proofs of Indian origin derived from the names, there is much internal evidence for the influence of Indian thought. Even the Greek text preserves traces of Buddhistic phraseology, as Dr. Berry has shown. Thus, in the earlier part of the book, where one of the king's nobles takes to the hermit's life, it is said of him "that with noble purpose he purified his senses by fasting and watching, and by the diligent study of sacred articles. And having delivered his soul from every kind of emotion he shone with the


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 the cephalo-thorax it has a nearly transverse posterior margin with slightly rounded lateral angles. The anterior outline is curved so as to give an inward slope to the sides and a rounded, slightly transverse section along the central portion. No traces of eyes. I am strongly inclined to the view that the part preserved is the large epistoma characteristic of the family Sidneyidae.

Abdomen.—There are traces of seven abdominal segments. In front of the epistoma? is the remnant of a segment which was largely broken away in exposing the epistoma?. The same is true of the anterior of the segments united in the abdomen; of this segment only a small fragment remains on the left side. The first fairly well preserved segment has a length of 13 mm. and a width of 30 mm. Before the anterior margin was removed it had a length of 16 mm. The next two segments are large and broad, and the last two narrow and long. All are more or less pushed one over the other so as to obscure their true proportions.

Surface.—The surface of all parts of the abdomen is ornamented by irregular, imbricating lines, roughly sub-parallel to the longitudinal axis of the abdomen, or else, toward the outer edges, subparallel to the gently curved outer margins of the segments. The epistoma? has much finer lines sub-parallel to its lateral margins.

Observations.—The outline of the body of this species suggests the form of Pterygotus bilobus Salter var. inornatus Woodward. The surface markings are unlike those of Pterogotus, Eurypterus, and other genera of the Eurypterida, as are also the proportions of the abdominal segments.

Formation and locality.—Middle Cambrian: Stephen formation, Ogygopsis shale, west slope of ridge between Mount Field and Mount Wapta, about 3800 feet above Field on the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, British Columbia, Canada.

A second species of this genus or a closely allied form occurs in the Redlichia chinensis zone of Indo-China. (See p. 19.) It is the oldest Merostome now known as it comes from the horizon of the Man-t'o shale formation of the upper Lower Cambrian terrane.


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 land's death, in that month, he was one of the commissioners to whose hands the treasury was entrusted, and his conduct in this office led to a breach of his long standing friendship with Laud. The cause was Windebank's consistent support of Cottington over the soap monopoly and his opposition to the archbishop's endeavours to check the peculation and corruption rampant in high quarters.

Windebank's Roman catholic tendencies found vent in his negotiations with the papal agent, Gregorio Panzani, with whom he was appointed by Charles in December 1634 to discuss the possibility of a union between the Anglican and Roman churches. ‘Morally and intellectually timid, the secretary was thoroughly alarmed at the progress of puritanism, and looked anxiously about for a shelter against the storm, of which he could avail himself without an absolute surrender of all the ideas which he had imbibed in his childhood and youth. By the side of Portland and Cottington he shows to advantage. If he was a weak man, he was not without a certain honesty of purpose; and if he missed the way in his searchings after truth, it was at least truth that he sought, and not pelf in this world and exemption from punishment in the other’ (, viii. 90). Anxious for the reunion of the churches, he thought it possible, were it not for jesuits and puritans, and suggested that the latter might be got rid of by sending them to the wars in Flanders. He proposed the despatch of a papal agent to reside with Queen Henrietta Maria, pointed out to Charles the advantage of having some one to excommunicate unruly subjects, and referred to the sacrilege committed by ‘that pig of a Henry VIII.’ Later on, in August 1639, he talked to Rossetti, Panzani's successor, ‘like a zealous catholic,’ and offered to give him any information of which he stood in need.

Meanwhile, in 1636, Juxon vainly endeavoured to effect a reconciliation between Laud and Windebank, and in July of the same year the secretary was in temporary disgrace. He was confined to his house in August for issuing an order for the conveyance of Spanish money to pay the Spanish army in the Netherlands, but was soon at liberty. In 1637 Charles sent him to the Spanish ambassador Oñate to propose one more secret and abortive treaty for the settlement of the palatinate difficulty, and in the same year he was engaged in an equally ineffectual attempt to induce Dutch fishermen to take out English licenses to fish in the Narrow Seas. In July 1638 he was one of the committee of the council consulted by Charles with regard to Scotland, and, like Arundel and Cottington, he voted for instant war. In May 1639 he was directed by the king to spread exaggerated reports as to the number of men at his disposal, and in June supported a scheme for compelling the city of London to contribute towards their equipment and maintenance. On 9 March 1639–40 he was returned to the Short parliament as member for Oxford University, and on 16 April he read to the house the Scots' letter to Louis XIII. In May he conveyed a letter from the queen to Rossetti, asking him to write to Rome for help in money and men; and even in June he saw no difficulty in collecting an army to fight the Scots. His unpopularity was so great that in the elections to the Long parliament even Oxford University preferred Sir Thomas Roe and John Selden, and Windebank found a seat at Corfe, for which he was returned on 22 Oct. He did not retain it long; for on 1 Dec. Glynne reported to the house that Windebank had signed numerous letters in favour of priests and jesuits, and Hyde declared that ‘it was not in the wit of man to save Windebank’ (Cal. Clarendon State Papers, i. 212; cf., Popish Royal Favourite, 1643, p. 22, and Rome's Masterpiece, 1644, p. 33). The house drew up ten articles, and sent for Windebank to answer them. The messengers were told that he was ill in bed, and that night he fled with his nephew and secretary, Robert Read, to Queenborough, whence he made his way in an open shallop to Calais (Addit. MS. 29569, f. 336 b; Harl. MS. 379, f. 75; Letters of Em. Lit. Men, p. 364; for the articles see Lansd. MS. 493, f. 188, Harl. MS. 1219 art. 29, 1327 art. 34, and 1769 art. 3).

Windebank's flight was the subject of some contemporary satire. In the ‘Stage-player's Complaint’ Quick refers to ‘the times when my tongue have ranne as fast upon the scaene as a Windebankes pen over the ocean’ (Notes and Queries, 4th ser. iii. 61); and in a print by Glover to illustrate ‘Four fugitives meeting, or a Discourse amongst my lord Finch, Sir Francis Windebanke, sir John Sucklin, and Doctor Roane’ (London, 1641, 4to, Brit. Mus.), Windebank is represented with a pen behind his ear. He was coupled with Laud in popular hatred, and in a ballad against the pair is described as ‘the subtle whirly Windebank’ (ib. 2nd ser. x. 110; cf. Cat. Brit. Mus. Satiric Prints).

From Calais Windebank wrote an eloquent appeal for compassion to Christopher,


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 Rh light of dispassionate calm." Again, at the end of the book, when Abenner becomes converted, a great multitude of his people are baptized, "both rulers and civil officers, soldiers and people," a distinct reference to the four castes of India.

But it is especially in the recently printed Bombay text of the Arabic version that we find the clearest and most conclusive proof of the complete identification of Josaphat and Barlaam in the original. Here we find, not alone the Great Renunciation, in which Josaphat, like Buddha, leaves power, wealth, love, and family ties behind him at the dead of night, but even the meditation under the Bo-Tree. In this version, indeed, the Buddha and his doctrines are especially referred to by name, as "al-Budd," and the dying Budasaph, like the dying Buddha, breathes his last in the arms of his favourite disciple Anand. Dr. Kuhn suggests that these details and references are due to interpolations by the Arabic translators from some of the lost Arabic books relating to Buddha, mentioned in the Fihrist. But this is all conjecture, and is mainly urged by Dr.


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 lii Kuhn to support his contention that the original of Barlaam literature was a Pehlevi Christian adaptation of Christian legends. For my part, I cannot see any evidence for any distinctive dogmatic colouring in the original. As is shown by a comparison with the Georgian, the distinctively Christian passages of the Greek version are interpolations peculiar to it (see App. I. vi., viii., ix., xiii.), or at least to its immediate Syriac source. Removing these interpolations, the original is seen to be entirely and characteristically Buddhistic in form and contents, and we cannot imagine such a work originating elsewhere than in India.

On the other hand, it seems likely that none of the Arabic versions represent completely the original Indian source of them all. They omit the veneration of Josaphat's relics, which is a distinct Buddhistic touch, as Liebrecht saw (Zur Volkskunde, 454-5). The detrition to which the proper names have been subjected in the Arabic text show a long course of transmission, and we cannot, therefore, depend


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 Concerning the Etruscans Dio says: "These facts about them have properly been recorded at this point in the story; elsewhere still other facts will be mentioned from time to time, in their proper places, whenever the course of the history, in setting forth the successive incidents, shall involve them. And this same principle must suffice also in

But the Rutuli, who occupied adjoining territory, had been previously hostile to the Latins, and now, setting out from the city of Ardea, they made war upon them. They had the support of Turnus, a distinguished man and a relative of Latinus, who had become angry with the latter because of Lavinia's marriage, for it was to him that the maiden had originally been promised, A battle took place, Turnus and Latinus both fell, and Aeneas gained the victory and his father-in-law's kingdom as well. After a time, however, the Rutuli secured the Etruscans as allies and marched against Aeneas; and in this war they won. But Aeneas

Now Latinus and Turnus, king of the Rutuli, perished in war at each other's hands, whereupon Aeneas became king. And when Aeneas also had been killed in war at Laurentum by the same Rutuli and Mezentius the Etruscan, while Lavinia his wife was pregnant of Silvius, Ascanius the son of


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 Rh implicitly upon it for even an approximate restoration of the Indian original. Yet sufficient remains of this for us to be enabled to come to a tolerably definite conclusion as to the early history of the Barlaam legend before it took its Greek form. That history may be shortly summarised as follows.

During the declining years of Buddhism in India, in the early centuries of our era, attempts were made by the Brahmins to adopt that side of the Buddhistic methods which had proved most attractive, namely, the method of teaching by parables. A number of the most striking of these were adopted by the Brahmins and placed in a beast-tale framework, and formed the Indian original of the Fables of Bidpai. In opposition to this, the Buddhists retold the legend of the Buddha in a form least adapted to arouse Brahmanistic opposition, but equally enriched with the most striking of Buddhistic parables. It recounted the attaining the Buddhahood by a Bodhisattva, or one destined to be a Buddha, owing to the teachings of a Bhagavan, or one who has already attained the Supreme State. This latter book received some such title as Bhagavan Bodhisattvascha,


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 first lord Hatton [q. v.] He defended himself from the charge of having been bribed by the Romanists to introduce popery into England, declared that he held the English church to be ‘not only a true and orthodox church, but the most pure and neere the primitive of any in the Christian world,’ and that he had not added one foot of land to the five hundred pounds' worth left him by his father—a poor return for their eighty years spent in the service of the state (Addit. MS. 59569, ff. 336–7). He wrote in a similar strain to Robert Devereux, third earl of Essex [q. v.]; but at Paris, where he arrived early in January 1640–1, his behaviour belied the pitiful tone of his letters. ‘He is as merry as if he were the contentedest man living,’ wrote Aylesbury to Hyde; and the letters of introduction which, in spite of his hasty flight, he had obtained from Charles I and Henrietta Maria smoothed his way in the French capital, where he was not likely to be popular on account of his Spanish sympathies. Probably with a view to increasing his difficulties, parliament in 1642 published an account of an alleged plot hatched by Windebank against the life of Louis XIII and Richelieu because they refused open aid to the royalists (New Treason plotted in France, being the Project of Finch and Windebank …, London, 4to). He also appears to have had a hand with his friend Walter Montagu [q. v.] in a scheme for rescuing Strafford from the Tower (Harl. MS. 379, f. 88; Letters of Em. Lit. Men, p. 369).

In spite of the dangers on which Windebank dilated to his son (Addit. MS. 27382, ff. 239–44) he remained in Paris till his death, with the exception of a visit to England in the autumn of 1642, when he was refused access to the king at Oxford. He was back at Paris in July 1643 (cf. Cal. Clarendon State Papers, i. 243), and died there on 1 Sept. 1646, having shortly before been received into the Roman catholic church (‘Mem. of the Capuchin Mission’ apud Court and Times of Charles I, ii. 400–1;, Church Hist. iii. 59).

By his wife, whose name has not been ascertained, Windebank had a large family. Laud referred in 1630 to his ‘many sons’ (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1629–31, p. 297). He had five at least, and four survived him. The eldest, Thomas, born about 1612, was intended to follow in his father's footsteps. He matriculated from St. John's College, Oxford, on 13 Nov. 1629, aged 17, but did not graduate. In 1631 his father secured for him the reversion of a clerkship of the signet, and soon afterwards he entered the service of the earl marshal. In 1635–6 he was travelling in Spain and Italy, whence he returned to take up his duties as clerk of the signet. He was M.P. for Wootton Basset in the Short parliament of 1640, sided with the king in the civil war, and was created a baronet on 25 Nov. 1645. He compounded on the Oxford articles (Cal. Comm. for Comp. p. 1465), and left a son Francis, on whose death in 1719 the baronetcy became extinct. The second son, Francis, was admitted a student of Lincoln's Inn on 19 March 1632–3 (Reg. 1896, i. 220), entered the service of Thomas Wentworth, first earl of Strafford (Strafford Letters, i. 256, 361–2, 369, 416), was made usher of the chamber to Prince Charles (ib. ii. 167), became a colonel in the royalist army, and was appointed governor of Bletchingdon House, near Oxford. This he surrendered at the first summons to the parliamentary forces in April 1645, and was consequently tried by a royalist court-martial and shot. He was married, and left a daughter Frances (, Original Letters, i. 84;, iii. 59; Notes and Queries, 8th ser. i. 150; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1661–2, p. 631). Another son, Christopher, born in 1615, was a demy of Magdalen College, Oxford, from 1630 to 1635 (, Reg. v. 124–7). He was then sent to Madrid ‘to understand that court,’ and lived for a time with the English ambassador, Sir Arthur Hopton [q. v.] In 1638 he made an imprudent marriage, which cost him his post, and on 5 Aug. 1639 Hopton suggested that his wife should be placed in a convent. Subsequently, being ‘a perfect Spaniard and an honest man,’ he was found useful as a guide and interpreter by English ambassadors at Madrid (, Rebellion, ed. Macray, bk. xii. § 103 note). The fifth son, John, baptised at St. Margaret's, Westminster, on 11 June 1618, was by Laud's influence admitted a scholar of Winchester in 1630 (, p. 174; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1629–31, p. 297). He matriculated from New College, Oxford, on 23 Sept. 1634, graduated B.A. on 5 April 1638 and M.A. on 22 Jan. 1641–2. He was fellow from 1636 to 1643, when apparently he went abroad. He compounded on 9 Aug. 1649, being fined only 10s., and was created M.D. on 21 June 1654 on Cromwell's letters as chancellor. In these letters it was stated that he had spent some time in foreign parts in the study of physic, and had practised for some years with much credit and reputation. He practised at Guildford, and was admitted honorary fellow of the Royal College of Physicians on 30 Sept. 1680. He


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 {|
 * colspan="5" align="center" | DESCRIPTION OF PLATE 2
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 * align="right" | PAGE
 * colspan="4" | Sidneyia inexpectans Walcott
 * align="right" | 24
 * - valign="top"
 * width="15px" |
 * 1.
 * style="text-indent:-10px;padding-left:10px;" | A large dorsal shield (natural size) flattened and somewhat broken by compression in the shale; an antenna projects out from each side in front of the eye, and, on the right-hand side, probably the fourth appendage of the cephalo-thorax which has been pushed back under the second segment of the abdomen. U. S. National Museum, Catalogue No. 57487.
 * - valign="top"
 * 2.
 * style="text-indent:-10px;padding-left:10px;" | Enlargement of the under side of a small cephalo-thorax to which are attached the antennae and four pairs of appendages. Only a portion of the epistoma is preserved. This is the only specimen in the collection preserving the appendages of the cephalo-thorax in their approximately normal position. ✕ 3. U. S. National Museum, Catalogue No. 57488.
 * - valign="top"
 * 3.
 * style="text-indent:-10px;padding-left:10px;" | A portion of the matrix of the specimen represented by fig. 1. ✕ 3.
 * style="text-indent:10px;padding-left:10px;" | The illustration on pls. 2-7 are from photographs taken by Mr. J. M. Jessup and slightly retouched by pencil.
 * }
 * style="text-indent:-10px;padding-left:10px;" | Enlargement of the under side of a small cephalo-thorax to which are attached the antennae and four pairs of appendages. Only a portion of the epistoma is preserved. This is the only specimen in the collection preserving the appendages of the cephalo-thorax in their approximately normal position. ✕ 3. U. S. National Museum, Catalogue No. 57488.
 * - valign="top"
 * 3.
 * style="text-indent:-10px;padding-left:10px;" | A portion of the matrix of the specimen represented by fig. 1. ✕ 3.
 * style="text-indent:10px;padding-left:10px;" | The illustration on pls. 2-7 are from photographs taken by Mr. J. M. Jessup and slightly retouched by pencil.
 * }
 * style="text-indent:10px;padding-left:10px;" | The illustration on pls. 2-7 are from photographs taken by Mr. J. M. Jessup and slightly retouched by pencil.
 * }
 * style="text-indent:10px;padding-left:10px;" | The illustration on pls. 2-7 are from photographs taken by Mr. J. M. Jessup and slightly retouched by pencil.
 * }
 * style="text-indent:10px;padding-left:10px;" | The illustration on pls. 2-7 are from photographs taken by Mr. J. M. Jessup and slightly retouched by pencil.
 * }


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 the case of other essential facts. For, while I shall recount the history of the Romans in full, to the best of my ability, outside of that only what has a bearing on their affairs will be recorded.

vanished from sight, being seen no more alive or dead, and he was honoured as a god among the Latins. Hence he was regarded by the Romans also as the founder of their race and they take pride in being called "Sons of Aeneas." The sovereignty over the Latins descended to his son Ascanius, who had accompanied his father from home; Aeneas had not yet had a child by Lavinia, though he left her pregnant. Ascanius was surrounded and besieged by the enemy, but by night the Latins attacked them and ended both the siege and the war.

As time went on the Latins multiplied and the majority of them abandoned Lavinium and built another town in a better location. To it they gave

Creusa became king. He completely conquered Mezentius, who, after steadily refusing to receive his embassies and seeking to subject all of Latinus' dependencies to an annual tribute, had finally engaged him in battle. When the Latins had waxed strong and moreover the thirtieth year was now at hand, they scorned Lavinium and founded a second city, named from the sow Alba Longa (i.e.


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title: Author:Alfred Bradley Gough


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 reply to a letter from him. It begins with a general discussion of the word ‘Tartarus’ and of the Greek and Hebrew words and phrases used in describing the state of man after death, and goes on to consider the Greek and Hebrew views on the state and place of the good, on a middle state, and on the place of the wicked with related subjects. A second edition was published at Rotterdam in 1693. He was a friend of Sir Thomas Browne [q. v.], and Simon Wilkin [q. v.], who had examined Windet's letters to Browne, states that they are uninteresting and pedantic. He died in Milk Street, London, on 20 Nov. 1664 (, Obituary, p. 62). Wood (Fasti Oxon. ii. 790) states that he left a quarto manuscript of Latin poems.

[Munk's Coll. of Phys. i. 273; Works; Wilkin's Sir Thomas Browne's Works, vol. i.]

WINDEYER, CHARLES (1780–1855), first recognised reporter in the House of Lords and Australian magistrate, son of Walter Windeyer, descended from the Swiss family of Wingeyer, canton of Berne, was born in Staffordshire in 1780. He was law reporter to the ‘Law Chronicle,’ and also connected with the ‘Times.’ Even after the House of Commons recognised the press gallery, the lords professed to ignore the presence of reporters, who were debarred the use of paper and pencil. Charles Windeyer was the first reporter ‘who had the courage to rest his notebook on their lordships' bar.’ Lord Eldon, who had strenuously opposed verbatim reporting, ‘proceeding to the bar to receive a deputation from his majesty's faithful commons, caught Mr. Windeyer's notebook with his robe, and it fell within the bar’ (Phonetic Journal, 19 Dec. 1885). The great tory chancellor picked up the scattered leaves (knowing full well what they contained) and courteously returned them with a smile to the young reporter. From that time forth the presence of the press was virtually recognised by the peers.

When Benjamin Disraeli was busy launching the ill-fated ‘Representative,’ he informed John Murray, the publisher, that he ‘had engaged S. C. Hall and a Mr. Windyer (?), sen., both of whom we shall find excellent reporters and men of business; the latter has been on the “Times”’ (Memoir of John Murray, ii. 206).

Charles Windeyer emigrated to New South Wales in 1828, with the intention of taking up land and becoming a settler; but, owing to the lack of officials with legal training and experience, was induced to accept the office of clerk of petty sessions, and afterwards became police magistrate for Sydney. His affairs suffered in the financial crash following 1842; but as a magistrate he was universally esteemed; he converted what was mere chaos into an orderly system, and the cause of public justice in Sydney was greatly advanced by his patient unremitting efforts. On his retirement the legislative council, in recommending a superannuation allowance, passed a vote adverting in high terms to his long and useful career.

Windeyer died in 1855. He married Ann Mary (d. 1864), daughter of Richard Rudd, on 8 Aug. 1805, by whom he had a son, Richard Windeyer [q. v.], the Australian politician. A bust of Charles Windeyer was placed in the central police office, Sydney, as a mark of public esteem.

[The Three Windeyers, Reporters, in Phonetic Journal, 19 Dec. 1885; Henniker-Heaton's Dict. of Australian Dates; private sources.]

WINDEYER, RICHARD (1806–1847), Australian reformer and statesman, son of Charles Windeyer [q. v.], was born in London on 10 Aug. 1806. He was educated partly in France, became writer and parliamentary reporter for the ‘Morning Chronicle,’ the ‘Sun,’ and ‘The Times.’ He is said to have helped to originate Dod's ‘Parliamentary Companion’.

He was intimately associated with Thomas Perronet Thompson [q. v.], with whom he co-operated as one of the first secretaries of the Anti-Cornlaw League, was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1834, and occupied 2 Pump Court until he emigrated to Australia in the following year, arriving in Sydney on 28 Nov. 1835, where, after the retirement of William Charles Wentworth [q. v.], he became a leader of the bar.

In August 1843 he was elected for the county of Durham to the first representative legislative council, and in conjunction with Wentworth, and afterwards with Robert Lowe (Viscount Sherbrooke) [q. v.], took a most prominent part as one of the popular leaders against the bureaucratic government of Sir George Gipps [q. v.], who feared his uncompromisingly radical opposition more than that of any other member of the council. ‘There is a barrister,’ wrote Mrs. Robert Lowe, before her husband had definitely decided to join the opposition, ‘a Mr. Windeyer, an undoubtedly clever man, who has a strong party opposed to the government—and the home government also; this man is a popular [elected] member; to oppose him and to conquer if possible is to be Robert's


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 main point’ (Life and Letters of Lord Sherbrooke, i. 189).

At this time New South Wales, with its province, Port Phillip (now the colony of Victoria), was in a state of financial depression amounting almost to general bankruptcy; and Windeyer brought forward his monetary confidence bill, based on the report of his select committee, which recommended the Prussian Pfandbriefe system; the bill was carried in the council but vetoed by the governor.

By his never-ceasing criticism and persistent attacks on the public expenditure, he earned the sobriquet of the ‘Joseph Hume of the council.’ His reforming zeal was as unselfish as it was thorough; and, in pursuance of this policy of economy, he voted against the salary of his own father, then police magistrate of Sydney. He held that Sir George Gipps's assessment for quit-rents was illegal, and refusing to meet the demand, an execution was put into his house, and his newly imported wine-vat seized. Acting on the advice of Lowe, he entered into an action against the government for trespass, but lost it. He originated the present jury act as well as the libel act of New South Wales. Throughout his public career he was an earnest supporter of public education, and a consistent advocate for the introduction into New South Wales of representative institutions and responsible government.

As a colonist Windeyer was one of the agricultural pioneers on the Hunter, and devoted much time and money to scientific farming and the draining of his land at Tomago. He was one of the first settlers in Australia to embark in the wine industry, and to import German and other foreign vignerons. He also introduced the first reaping-machines. He was always much beloved by the ‘emancipist’ class, and never had the slightest difficulty with his convict ‘assigned servants;’ while he was one of the very few pioneer settlers who displayed a sympathetic interest in the well-being of the aboriginal race. Windeyer's broad humanity in this respect is commended by an able writer who is altogether hostile to his political creed. ‘One of the hardest worked men in the colony took up the cause of the weak. Richard Windeyer, a barrister overwhelmed with briefs, which he conscientiously toiled at by day or by night, was at all hours in the legislative council as unflinching as in the supreme court. In the course of the session of 1845 he obtained a select committee of eight members to consider the condition of the aborigines’ (, Hist. of Australia, ii. 247–8). Despite his great practical ability and unremitting industry (though doubtless partly due to his devotion to public affairs), Windeyer's estate never recovered from the financial depression of 1842 and the two or three succeeding years. His health entirely broke down, and he was compelled to leave Sydney and relinquish his public work and private affairs. He died at the residence of his brother-in-law, William Henty, near Launceston, Tasmania, on 2 Dec. 1847. After his death his estate was compulsorily sequestrated, and his father was also compelled to go through the insolvent court; but the legislative council showed their practical respect for his memory by subscribing a sum for the benefit of the family, while the Tomago property was secured by the sacrifice of his widow's inheritance. When the news of his death reached Wentworth, he declared that ‘he had lost his right hand.’

Richard Windeyer was married at Speldhurst church to Marion (d. 1878), daughter of William Camfield of Groombridge Place and Burswood, Kent, on 25 April 1832. His only son, Sir William Charles Windeyer, is separately noticed.

[Personal information, kindly supplied by the late Sir William Windeyer, and researches made specially by Mr. Edward A. Petherick. Also Rusden's Hist. of Australia, vol. ii.; Patchett Martin's Life and Letters of Lord Sherbrooke, vol. i.; Burke's Colonial Gentry.]

WINDEYER, WILLIAM CHARLES (1834–1897), Australian legislator and judge, only son of Richard Windeyer [q. v.], born in Westminster on 29 Sept. 1834, and taken by his parents the following year to New South Wales. On the death of his father in 1847, which left the family in embarrassed circumstances, his mother was advised by Robert Lowe (Viscount Sherbrooke) to give him a classical and professional education, in which he undertook to assist her. In a letter of condolence to Lady Sherbrooke on her husband's death, Windeyer wrote (Sydney, 15 Aug. 1892): ‘After my father's death, when my mother was left very badly off, he proved himself a most generous friend, and to his kindness it was owing that my interrupted education was continued. … It was he who urged me to go to the bar as soon as I was old enough; the act which enables Australians to go to the bar of the colony having been passed by him’ (Life and Letters of Lord Sherbrooke, ii. 477).

Educated at King's school, Paramatta, he entered the university of Sydney on its first opening [see ], where, after a distinguished career, he became the first Australian graduate (M.A.


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 the name of Alba from its whiteness and from its length they called it Longa. Upon the death of Ascanius they chose as king the son born to Aeneas by Lavinia rather than the son of Ascanius, the reason for their preference being that Latinus was the former's grandfather. The new king's name was Silvius. And Silvius begat Aeneas, from Aeneas sprang Latinus, and Latinus was succeeded by Pastis. Tiberinus, who next became ruler, lost his life by falling into a river called the Albula. It was this river that was renamed the Tiber after him. Flowing through Rome, it serves many purposes of the city and is in the highest degree useful to the Romans. Amulius, a descendant of Tiberinus, displayed an overweening pride and dared to make himself a god; he went so far as to match the thunder with artificial thunder, to answer lightning with lightning, and to hurl thunderbolts. He met his end by the sudden overflow of the lake beside which his palace was built; it submerged both him and his palace. But Aventinus his son perished in warfare.

"long white"), and likewise called the mountain the Alban mount. But the images brought along from Troy twice returned to Lavinium all by themselves. After the death of Ascanius it was not his son lulus who became king, but Silvius, the son of Aeneas by Lavinia — or, according to some, Ascanius' son Silvius. Silvius begat another Aeneas, whose son was Latinus, whose son was Capys; Capys had a son Tiberinus, whose son was Amulius, whose son was Aventinus.


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 {|
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 * colspan="4" | Sidneyia inexpectans Walcott
 * align="right" | 24
 * - valign="top"
 * width="15px" |
 * 1.
 * style="text-indent:-10px;padding-left:10px;" | A portion of a branchial leaf or lamella showing something of the structure. ✕ 3. U. S. National Museum, Catalogue No. 57486.
 * - valign="top"
 * 2.
 * style="text-indent:-10px;padding-left:10px;" | Enlargement (✕ 2) of the posterior segments of a specimen showing what appears to have been the contents of the alimentary canal. U. S. National Museum, Catalogue No. 57489.
 * - valign="top"
 * 3.
 * style="text-indent:-10px;padding-left:10px;" | Enlargement (✕ 2) of the caudal fin of the specimen represented by fig. 2, pl. 5.
 * - valign="top"
 * 4.
 * style="text-indent:-10px;padding-left:10px;" | Enlargement (✕ 2) of the caudal fin of the specimen represented by fig. 1, pl. 2.
 * }
 * 3.
 * style="text-indent:-10px;padding-left:10px;" | Enlargement (✕ 2) of the caudal fin of the specimen represented by fig. 2, pl. 5.
 * - valign="top"
 * 4.
 * style="text-indent:-10px;padding-left:10px;" | Enlargement (✕ 2) of the caudal fin of the specimen represented by fig. 1, pl. 2.
 * }
 * 4.
 * style="text-indent:-10px;padding-left:10px;" | Enlargement (✕ 2) of the caudal fin of the specimen represented by fig. 1, pl. 2.
 * }
 * }


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 with honours in 1859). Admitted to the bar in 1857, he at first followed in the footsteps of his father and grandfather, and became law reporter on the staff of (Sir) Henry Parkes's journal, ‘The Empire.’ He entered parliament as a liberal for the Lower Hunter in August 1859, and on the dissolution in the following year was returned for West Sydney, for which he sat from 1860 to 1862 and from 1866 to 1872. In 1860 he initiated the volunteer movement in New South Wales, being gazetted major in 1868.

Having on six occasions declined office, Windeyer became solicitor-general, under Sir James Martin [q. v.], on 16 Dec. 1870. He was elected first member for the university of Sydney on 8 Sept. 1876, and occupied this seat until his retirement from politics. He was attorney-general from 1877 to 1879. He introduced the act enabling Australian barristers to become judges, the Married Women's Property Act (1879), and the Copyright Act (1879). He originated the Discharged Prisoners' Aid Society (1874), and he took a very active part in scholastic institutions and the public charities, and was chairman of the College for Women in the Sydney University, of which institution he became vice-chancellor in 1883, and chancellor in 1895.

From 1879 Windeyer was judge of the divorce and matrimonial causes court, and deputy judge of the vice-admiralty court. Great public commotion arose in New South Wales in connection with his verdicts in what are known as the ‘Mount Rennie’ and the ‘Deane’ cases, during which the judge was exposed to much adverse newspaper criticism and not a little unmerited abuse. In 1891 he was knighted. He resigned his Australian judgeship in August 1896, the New South Wales government desiring his elevation to the judicial committee of the privy council; but, in deference to the public opinion of the other colonies, Chief-justice Samuel James Way of South Australia was appointed.

At the desire of Mr. Chamberlain, secretary of state for the colonies, Windeyer consented to act as temporary judge of the supreme court of Newfoundland to try a special case of conspiracy, but he died suddenly at Bologna from paralysis of the heart on 11 Sept. 1897. Windeyer was an honorary LL.D. of Cambridge. He married, on 31 Dec. 1857, Mary Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. R. T. Bolton, vicar of Padbury, Buckinghamshire, who survived him, and by whom he left several children.

[Personal knowledge, and data supplied by Lady Windeyer and Miss Bolton. Sir Henry Parkes's Fifty Years in the Making of Australian History; Heaton's Dict. of Australian Dates; Mennell's Dict. of Australasian Biography; Burke's Colonial Gentry.]

WINDHAM. [See also .]

WINDHAM, CHARLES ASH (1810–1870), lieutenant-general, born at Felbrigg on 8 Oct. 1810, was fourth son of Admiral William Windham of Felbrigg Hall, Norfolk, and a great-nephew of William Windham [q. v.] He was educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and entered the Coldstream guards at the age of sixteen. His regimental commissions bore the following dates: ensign and lieutenant 30 Dec. 1826, lieutenant and captain 31 May 1833, captain and lieutenant-colonel 29 Dec. 1846. Windham accompanied the 2nd battalion of the Coldstream guards to Canada in January 1838, and served with them in that country during Papineau's rebellion, returning to England in the autumn of 1842. On 22 June 1849 he retired on half-pay.

On the outbreak of the Crimean war Windham was still on half-pay, but, having on 20 June 1854 been promoted to the rank of colonel, he was appointed assistant quartermaster-general of the 4th division of the army of the east, and accompanied his divisional commander, Lieutenant-general Sir George Cathcart [q. v.], to Constantinople and thence to the Crimea.

Windham landed with the 4th division on 14 Sept. 1854, and immediately attracted notice by his energetic performance of his duties. He was present at the battle of the Alma on 20 Sept., but the 4th division, being in reserve, was very slightly engaged. During the hazardous march of the allied armies from the valley of the Belbek to the position south of Sebastopol, Windham was sent by Cathcart to inform the senior naval officer on the Katcha station of the change of base to Balaclava, a service involving considerable risk. The 4th division was slightly engaged at the battle of Balaclava (25 Oct. 1854), occupying two of the redoubts from which the Turkish infantry had been driven. Windham highly distinguished himself at the battle of Inkerman (5 Nov. 1854), and, owing to the death of Cathcart and to the death of one brigadier of the division and the disablement of the other, he succeeded at an early period of the battle to the command of the 4th division. After the engagement he wrote the official report of the proceedings of the division during the battle.

Throughout the terrible winter of 1854 Windham exerted himself to the utmost to alleviate the sufferings of his own division


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 and of the army generally. Never absent from duty, he devoted his spare time to making daily personal visits to the base at Balaclava, with the object of obtaining supplies for his starving and frozen division. At the same time he incessantly plied both his immediate superiors and the headquarter staff of the army with advice and suggestions. In July 1855 he was made a companion of the order of the Bath, and in the following month he was given command of the 2nd brigade of the 2nd division, but did not receive the rank of brigadier-general.

Windham was selected to lead the storming party of the 2nd division at the assault on the Redan on 8 Sept. 1855. Although the assault failed, the gallantry of Windham's conduct earned the warm commendation of General (Sir) James Simpson [q. v.], who had succeeded Lord Raglan in the command of the army in the Crimea. Extraordinary enthusiasm was aroused when the descriptions of the assault, written by the special correspondents of the ‘Times’ and other papers, were published in England, and Windham became, in a moment, the best known and most popular man in his native country. On 2 Oct. 1855 he was promoted to the rank of major-general ‘for his distinguished conduct.’ On the day following the fall of Sebastopol he was appointed commandant of the portion of that town which was allotted to our army; and on the news of his promotion to major-general reaching the Crimea he was given command of the 4th division. A month later the command of the army was resigned by General Simpson, who was succeeded by Sir William John Codrington [q. v.], with Windham as his chief of the staff. He exerted himself indefatigably to fulfil the duties of his post and to render the Crimean army efficient and mobile.

On his return from the Crimea he was received with great honour, particularly in his native county of Norfolk. The gift of a sword of honour and the freedom of the city of Norwich were followed by his return to parliament as one of the two liberal representatives of East Norfolk (6 April 1857). His parliamentary career, however, was short. On the outbreak of the Indian mutiny he offered his services, and almost immediately was directed to proceed to Calcutta, where he arrived on 20 Sept. 1857, shortly after the capture of Delhi. Finding that Sir Colin Campbell [q. v.], the recently appointed commander-in-chief in India, destined him for the command of the Sirhind division, far from the scene of action, Windham volunteered to keep open the lines of communication if given the services of some of the disarmed regiments of the Bengal army. This offer was declined; but while proceeding to Umballa to join his division, Windham was placed by Sir Colin Campbell in command of the troops at Cawnpore. Sir Colin was about to move from this base to carry out the operations known generally as the second relief of Lucknow; and, considering it necessary that his force should be strengthened as rapidly as possible, he left Windham little freedom of action. Windham's force consisted at the time of the commander-in-chief's departure (9 Nov. 1857) of no more than five hundred mixed troops; but five days later, when it became clear that Cawnpore would be attacked by the Gwalior army before Sir Colin could return from Lucknow, Windham was authorised by the chief of the staff, Sir William Mansfield, to detain troops that arrived from down country. Thus it was that on 26 Nov., when Windham fought his first action as an independent commander, his forces consisted of about fourteen hundred of all arms, together with three hundred men left to garrison the Cawnpore entrenched position.

Windham had been directed by the commander-in-chief to place his troops within the entrenched position, and not to attack the enemy unless by so doing he could prevent a bombardment of the entrenchment. But on completing his arrangements for defence, he found that he would inevitably be bombarded if he awaited the attack of the enemy in the entrenchments, and that the only course that would enable him to preserve the bridge over the Ganges would be to take up a more advanced line of defence. The loss of this bridge would have rendered Sir Colin Campbell's position in Oude one of the utmost peril.

Windham asked (on 10 Nov.) permission to hold a line outside the town of Cawnpore, and the reply of the chief of the staff, written on the following day, clearly authorised him to do so, provided that he could secure his retreat from the advanced position to the entrenchment.

On 19 Nov. all communication with Lucknow suddenly ceased, and Windham discovered that the Gwalior contingent was rapidly approaching Cawnpore in three divisions. No reply reached him to several letters in which he begged for permission to attack the advancing enemy in detail, and thus it was that he decided at last to do so on his own responsibility, seeing in this action his only chance of holding the town, bridge, and entrenchment of Cawnpore against the overwhelming force that was about to attack him. On 24 Nov. he marched six miles to the


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 south-west of Cawnpore, and two days later he there fought a successful action against the centre division of the Gwalior troops under Tantia Topi, three thousand men, with six heavy guns, three of which were captured. After this successful action Windham marched back and took up a position from which he hoped to be able to cover Cawnpore against the attack of the combined forces of the three bodies of the Gwalior troops. Two days of severe fighting followed, in which he was forced back through the town of Cawnpore and lost his baggage, but held safely the bridge and entrenchment. The reason why he was not successful in protecting the town has never been generally known. It lies in the circumstance that one of his subordinate commanders seriously failed in his duty. Windham treated the offender with remarkable generosity, and it was not until several days later that the circumstance came to the knowledge of Sir Colin Campbell, who had meanwhile omitted all mention of Windham and his troops in his despatch of 2 Dec. 1857 describing the operations. This omission was repaired to a certain extent by a private letter from Sir Colin Campbell to H.R.H. the Duke of Cambridge (published in ‘The Crimean Diary and Letters of Sir Charles Windham’); but the public slight was never publicly withdrawn, nor was Windham again entrusted with a command in the field.

On the termination of the operations about Cawnpore, Windham was directed to leave the field army and to assume command of the Lahore division, to which he had been transferred. He remained in command at Lahore until March 1861, when he returned to England.

In June 1861 Windham was appointed colonel of the 46th regiment, and on 5 Feb. 1863 he became a lieutenant-general. In 1865 he received the honour of K.C.B., and on 3 Oct. 1867 was appointed to the command of the forces in Canada, which appointment he held until his death at Jacksonville in Florida on 2 Feb. 1870.

Windham married, first, in 1849, Marianne Catherine Emily, daughter of Admiral Sir John Beresford; and secondly, in 1866, Charlotte Jane, sister of Sir Charles Des Vœux, bart. His eldest surviving son, Captain Charles Windham, R.N., was born in 1851.

[The Crimean Diary and Letters of Sir Charles Windham, ed. Pearse, 1897; Official Records and Despatches; Adye's Cawnpore; Shadwell's Life of Clyde, 1887, ii. 24–30; Lord Roberts's Forty-one Years in India, 1897, i. 361–9, 377–80; Times, war correspondence (Sir W. H. Russell).]  WINDHAM, JOSEPH (1739–1810), antiquary, born at Twickenham on 21 Aug. 1739, at a house which was afterwards the residence of Richard Owen Cambridge [q. v.], was related to the Windham family of Norfolk. He was educated at Eton, proceeding to Christ's College, Cambridge, but did not graduate. In 1769 he returned from a prolonged tour through France, Italy, Istria, and Switzerland. He had a strong interest in matters connected with art, was well read in classical and mediæval writers, and made numerous drawings both of natural objects and of antiquities. He was also an excellent Italian scholar. While residing in Rome he made many sketches and plans of the baths, which he presented to Charles Cameron, by whom they were published in 1772 in his work on the ‘Baths of the Romans’ (London, fol.) Windham contributed a considerable part of the letterpress of the work as well as most of the letterpress of the second volume of ‘Antiquities of Ionia,’ published in 1797 by the Society of Dilettanti. He also assisted James Stuart (1713–1788) [q. v.] in the second volume of his ‘Antiquities of Athens.’ Windham was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries on 6 April 1775, and of the Royal Society on 8 Nov. 1781. He was also elected a member of the Society of Dilettanti in 1779. He possessed some knowledge of natural history, and acquired one of the best antiquarian libraries in the country. He died at Earsham House, Norfolk, on 21 Sept. 1810. He married, in 1769, Charlotte, daughter of Sir William de Grey, first baron Walsingham [q. v.] Windham's only publication in his own name was ‘Observations upon a Passage in Pliny's Natural History, relating to the Temple of Diana at Ephesus,’ which appeared in ‘Archæologia’ (vol. vi.).

[Gent. Mag. 1810, ii. 390, 488–90; Hist. Notices of the Soc. of Dilettanti, 1855; Cust's History of the Society of Dilettanti, 1898, passim.]  WINDHAM, WILLIAM (1750–1810), statesman, came of an old Norfolk family settled at Felbrigg, near Cromer, since the fifteenth century, whose name was the same originally as that of the town of Wymondham.

His father, Colonel (1717–1761), son of William Windham, M.P. for Sudbury 1722–7 and for Aldeburgh 1727 until his death in 1730, possessed distinguished military talent. Disputes with his father had caused him to live much on the continent. He travelled with Richard Pococke [q. v.] in Switzerland in 1741, and his ‘Letter from


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 an English Gentleman to Mr. Arland, giving an Account of a Journey to the Glacieres or Ice Alps of Savoy’ (1744), is one of the earliest printed accounts of Chamonix and Mont Blanc (see, Life of Stillingfleet; , Annals of Mont Blanc; , Le Mont Blanc, 1897, pp. 50–62; , William Windham et Pierre Martel, Genève, 1879). He also visited Hungary, and for some time was an officer in one of Queen Maria Theresa's hussar regiments. Returning to England, he vigorously supported Pitt's scheme for a national militia in 1756, and helped the Marquis Townshend to form the Norfolk militia regiment in 1757. He published in 1760 a ‘Plan of Discipline’ in quarto, with plates, which came into general use, and he sat in parliament for Aldeburgh in 1754. The statesman's father married Sarah Hicks, widow of Robert Lukin of Dunmow, Essex, and died of consumption on 30 Oct. 1761 at the age of forty-four.

William, the only son, was born on 3 May (O. S.) 1750 at No. 6 Golden Square, Soho. From 1762 to 1766 he was at Eton, where he was a contemporary of Fox, and was then placed with Dr. Anderson, professor of natural philosophy in the university of Glasgow. He attended the lectures of Robert Simson [q. v.], professor of mathematics, and pursued the study in later life, even composing three mathematical treatises, which, however, he never published. On 10 Sept. 1767 he entered University College, Oxford, as a gentleman commoner, and became a pupil of Robert Chambers. He was created M.A. on 7 Oct. 1782, and on 3 July 1793 he became an honorary D.C.L. Both at school and at college he was quick and industrious, but as a young man he was completely indifferent to public affairs, though distinguished both as a scholar and a man of fashion. Accordingly he refused Lord Townshend's offer of the secretaryship to the lord-lieutenant of Ireland, made while he was still at college, and left Oxford in 1771. Two years later he started with Commodore Constantine John Phipps (afterwards second baron Mulgrave [q. v.]) upon a voyage of polar exploration, but was compelled by sea-sickness to land in Norway and make his way home. He afterwards spent some time with the Norfolk militia, in which he attained the rank of major, and passed a couple of years abroad, chiefly in Switzerland and Italy. He also became known to Johnson and Burke. He was Johnson's favoured friend, attended him assiduously in his last days, and was a pall-bearer at his funeral. His attachment to Burke was such that he became his political pupil. He joined the Literary Club and attended its meetings almost till he died, and was also a member of the Essex Head Club.

Meantime he was gradually drawing towards a public career. He made his first public speech on 28 Jan. 1778 at a public meeting called to raise a subscription towards the cost of the American war, and opposed the project. He won some local repute by personal courage and promptitude in quelling a mutiny at Norwich, when the Norfolk militia refused to march into Suffolk, and in September 1780 he unsuccessfully contested Norwich. In 1781 he was a member of the Westminster committee, and came very near standing for Westminster in 1782. He, however, gradually drifted away from his earlier reforming opinions into a fixed antipathy to any constitutional change. In 1783 he became chief secretary to Northington, lord lieutenant of Ireland in the Portland administration, but resigned the post in August, nominally owing to ill-health, but in reality because he desired to give Irish posts to Irishmen, a policy not in favour with his superiors. After the dissolution in March 1784 he was one of the few coalition candidates who were successful, and was elected at Norwich on 5 April. For some time he acted steadily with the opposition, and Burke chose him in June to second his motion on the state of the nation. He spoke in 1785 on the shop tax and the Westminster scrutiny; he strongly supported the right of the Prince of Wales to be regent without restrictions in 1788, and in 1790 killed Flood's reform bill by the happy phrase that ‘no one would select the hurricane season in which to begin repairing his house.’ He was also one of the members charged with the impeachment of Warren Hastings, and undertook that part of the case which dealt with the breach of the treaty of 1774 with Faizulla Khan. He was re-elected at Norwich in 1790, and in February 1791 supported Mitford's catholic relief bill for England. Following Burke, by whom he continued to be largely guided, he took alarm at the French revolution, and in 1792 and 1793 was one of the most ardent supporters of the government's repressive legislation. He supported the proclamation against seditious meetings and the aliens bill, had a plan for raising a troop of cavalry in Norfolk, and on 11 July 1794, on Burke's advice, he somewhat reluctantly consented to take office under Pitt, with the Duke of Portland, Lord Fitzwilliam, and Lord Spencer (, Life of Burke, ii. 264). A secretaryship of state was at first


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 It is impossible for mortal man either to foresee all that is to happen or to find a way of turning aside the inevitable: of this very maiden [Rhea Silvia] were to be born the avengers of his crime.

So much for Lavinium and the Albans. But the history of the Romans begins with Numitor and Amulius, who were grandsons of Aventinus and descendants of Aeneas.

So much regarding Alba and the Albans; the story of Rome now begins. Aventinus begat Numitor and Amulius, — or Procas, according to some; and this man's sons, they say, were the aforesaid Numitor and Amulius. Numitor while king was driven out by Amulius, who killed Numitor's son Aegestes on a hunting party and made Silvia, or Rhea Ilia, the sister of Aegestes, and daughter of the aforesaid Numitor, a priestess of Vesta, so that she might remain a virgin. For he stood in dread of an oracle which declared that he should be slain by the children of Numitor. It was for this reason that he killed Aegestes and made his sister priestess of Vesta, that she might continue a virgin and childless. But she while drawing water in Mars' grove conceived, and bore Romulus and Remus. The daughter of Amulius by her entreaties saved her from being put


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 suggested for him, but eventually he became secretary at war, with a seat in the cabinet. This was the first time that the cabinet was opened to the holder of the secretaryship at war. His change of front was somewhat resented at Norwich, but he secured re-election, and from August to October was with the Duke of York's army in Flanders. He held that the royalists in the west of France deserved assistance, and was the person most responsible for the Quiberon expedition in July 1795. Vigorously supporting the continuance of war, and steadily opposing projects of reform, he only after a sharp fight saved his seat at Norwich, 25 May 1796. He held office till February 1801, when he resigned with Pitt. To the Irish union he had been at first opposed altogether, but consented to it in consideration of the promise that catholic disabilities should be removed. He had by no means always approved of Pitt's war policy, and had held that, as the war was fought for the restoration of the Bourbons, more efforts should have been made to assist the royalists in France. Much was done under his administration to increase the comfort of the troops. Their pay was raised, pensions were established, and the Royal Military Asylum was founded.

Windham's chance in opposition soon came. He had a rooted distrust of Napoleon, and strongly opposed the peace of 1802. He assisted Cobbett, whom he greatly admired, to found the ‘Political Register,’ and thoroughly agreed with its attacks on Addington. He spoke against the peace preliminaries on 4 Nov. 1801, and moved an address to the crown against the peace on 13 May 1802. As the peace was popular in the country, this attitude cost him his seat at Norwich in June 1802. He declined to contest the county, and accepted from the Grenville family the borough of St. Mawes in Cornwall, where he was elected on 7 July. This seat he held till November 1806, when he was elected for New Romney, and later in the same month for the county of Norfolk. This latter election was afterwards declared void, upon a petition alleging breaches of the Treating Act. Windham being thus ineligible for re-election for the same seat. Throughout these proceedings he retained his seat for New Romney till the dissolution of parliament 29 April 1807. At the general election in May he was returned for Higham Ferrers, and held that seat till his death.

Windham welcomed the renewal of hostilities with France. He had never supported a policy of fortifications or of large land forces, and when in office had considered the erection of martello towers a sufficient defence for the coast, his chief reliance being upon the fleet. He doubted too the value of volunteers, and made somewhat savage attacks upon them, but took part in the general movement in 1803, and raised a volunteer force at Felbrigg, and became its colonel. He now became leader of the Grenville party in the House of Commons, and engaged in the attack on Addington, but declined to join Pitt again in May 1804, owing to the king's objection to the admission of Fox to the ministry. He then found himself once more acting with Fox and opposing Pitt, and at the time of Pitt's death he incurred some hostility in consequence. He accepted the war and colonial office in Lord Grenville's administration, and on 3 April 1806 introduced a plan for improving the condition of the military forces, and making the army an attractive profession. With this object he passed bills for reducing the term of service and for increasing the soldiers' pay. He had begun the arrangements for the South American expedition when, with the rest of the ministry, he was dismissed in March 1807. In the previous year he had refused the offer of a peerage, preferring a career in the House of Commons, and he continued to devote himself to the conduct of the war and to criticism of the policy of his successor Castlereagh. On general policy, however, he held aloof from debate, and, from growing dislike of London, lived much in the country. His only conspicuous speeches in the later years of his life on civil topics were (14 May 1805) in favour of the Roman catholic claims, to which subject he returned in 1810, and on Curwen's bill for preventing the sale of seats in May 1809. As Castlereagh's proposals with regard to the militia ran counter to his own plan of 1806, he opposed the local militia bill in 1808, and, as he was adverse to a policy of scattered and, as he thought, aimless expeditions, he spoke against the Copenhagen expedition in 1807, and the Scheldt expedition in January 1810. On the other hand, he was a very warm supporter of the Spanish cause, and even began to learn Spanish with a view to a personal visit to Spain. In his view, however, the objective of the English force should have been the passes of the Pyrenees, and not Portugal, so as to cut off the French from Spain, and he thought that Moore ought to have been sent with a much larger force to the north of Spain, and there could and should have held his ground. The Peninsular war, once begun, was to be pressed with vigour, and such an expedition as that to Antwerp did not seem to Windham consistent with the successful


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 * 1.
 * style="text-indent:-10px;padding-left:10px;" | Outer portion of the third pair of appendages of the cephalo-thorax (✕ 2). In this there appears to have been a somewhat different development of parts as compared with those seen in figs. 3 and 4. U. S. National Museum, Catalogue No. 57490.
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 * 2.
 * style="text-indent:-10px;padding-left:10px;" | Another form of the outward extension of one of the third pair of appendages of the cephalo-thorax (✕ 2). This type reaches a very large size; one has a length of 65 mm. U. S. National Museum, Catalogue No. 57491.
 * - valign="top"
 * 3.
 * style="text-indent:-10px;padding-left:10px;" | Outer extension of a part of one of the outer portions of the compound chelate termination of a third appendage (✕ 2). The anterior arm, as shown in figs. 1 and 4, is broken away. U. S. National Museum, Catalogue No. 57492.
 * - valign="top"
 * 4.
 * style="text-indent:-10px;padding-left:10px;" | Outer portion of one of the third pair of appendages of the cephalo-thorax, showing on the jointed primary appendage large, elongated spines with spinose fringes and a short, jointed appendage attached to the posterior outer side of the gnathobase. ✕ 2. U. S. National Museum, Catalogue No. 57493.
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 * 3.
 * style="text-indent:-10px;padding-left:10px;" | Outer extension of a part of one of the outer portions of the compound chelate termination of a third appendage (✕ 2). The anterior arm, as shown in figs. 1 and 4, is broken away. U. S. National Museum, Catalogue No. 57492.
 * - valign="top"
 * 4.
 * style="text-indent:-10px;padding-left:10px;" | Outer portion of one of the third pair of appendages of the cephalo-thorax, showing on the jointed primary appendage large, elongated spines with spinose fringes and a short, jointed appendage attached to the posterior outer side of the gnathobase. ✕ 2. U. S. National Museum, Catalogue No. 57493.
 * }
 * 4.
 * style="text-indent:-10px;padding-left:10px;" | Outer portion of one of the third pair of appendages of the cephalo-thorax, showing on the jointed primary appendage large, elongated spines with spinose fringes and a short, jointed appendage attached to the posterior outer side of the gnathobase. ✕ 2. U. S. National Museum, Catalogue No. 57493.
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 * 1.
 * style="text-indent:-10px;padding-left:10px;" | The third, fourth, and fifth appendages of the cephalo-thorax, showing the gnathobases and something of the proportions of the appendages. ✕ 3. U. S. National Museum, Catalogue No. 57494.
 * - valign="top"
 * 2.
 * style="text-indent:-10px;padding-left:10px;" | A small, nearly entire dorsal shield flattened and broken by compression in the shale. The position of the visceral cavity beneath the abdomen is faintly indicated through the thin test. Natural size. U. S. National Museum, Catalogue No. 57495.
 * - valign="top"
 * 3.
 * style="text-indent:-10px;padding-left:10px;" | A large epistoma attached to the frontal rim of the cephalo-thorax and crowded back over the two anterior segments of the abdomen. Natural size. U. S. National Museum, Catalogue No. 57496.
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 * 4.
 * style="text-indent:-10px;padding-left:10px;" | Portion of a broken dorsal shield, showing parts of several abdominal segments which have been pushed one over the other. ✕ 2. U. S. National Museum, Catalogue No. 57499.
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 * 3.
 * style="text-indent:-10px;padding-left:10px;" | A large epistoma attached to the frontal rim of the cephalo-thorax and crowded back over the two anterior segments of the abdomen. Natural size. U. S. National Museum, Catalogue No. 57496.
 * colspan="4" | Amiella ornata Walcott
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 * 4.
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 * 4.
 * style="text-indent:-10px;padding-left:10px;" | Portion of a broken dorsal shield, showing parts of several abdominal segments which have been pushed one over the other. ✕ 2. U. S. National Museum, Catalogue No. 57499.
 * }


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 LIST OF THE ENGRAVINGS.

25. Baker’s


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 that God would diinherit him of his birth-right and make him of all men in the world the only tenant in common with his children? Obervations, 211.

§. 36. The prejudices of our own ill-grounded opinions, however by us called probable, cannot authorie us to undertand cripture contrary to the direct and plain meaning of the words. I grant, it is not probable, that Adam's private dominion was here abrogated : becaue it is more than improbable, (for it will never be proved) that ever Adam had any uch private dominion ; and ince parallel places of cripture are mot probable to make us know how they may be bet undertood, there needs but the comparing this bleing here to Noah and his ons after the flood, with that to Adam after the creation, i. Gen. 28. to aure any one that God gave Adam no fuch private dominion. It is probable, I confes, that Noah hould have the ame title, the ame property and dominion after the flood, that Adam had before it : but ince private dominion cannot conit with the bleing and grant God gave to him and his ons in common, it is a ufficient reaon to conclude, that Adam had none, epecially ince in the donation made to him, there are no words that expres it, or do in the leat favour it ; and then let my reader judge whether it may bet be undertood, when in the one place there is not one word for it, not to ay what has been above proved, that the


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 Romulus has been described as eighteen years old when he joined in settling Rome. He founded it around the dwelling of Faustulus; the place had been named Palatium.

to death, but the babes were given to Faustulus, a shepherd, husband of Laurentia, to be exposed beside the river Tiber. These the shepherd's wife took and reared; for it happened that she had at that time borne a dead child. When Romulus and Remus were grown they kept flocks in the fields of Amulius, but as they killed some of the shepherds of their grandfather Numitor a watch was set for them. When Remus was arrested, Romulus ran and told Faustulus, and he ran and related the whole story to Numitor. Finally Numitor recognized them as his own daughter's children. They with the assistance of many others killed Amulius, and after bestowing the kingdom of Alba on their grandfather Numitor made a beginning themselves of founding Rome in the eighteenth year of Romulus' life. [But prior to this great Rome,] which Romulus founded on the Palatine mount near the dwelling of Faustulus, [another Rome in the form of a square had been founded by a Romulus and Remus more ancient than these.]

Among these [i.e., children suckled by animals], according to Dio, were also the founders of Rome (that is to say, Remus and Romulus), who were suckled by a wolf, called by the Italians lupa; this name has been aptly applied as a term for courtesans.