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Notes on various insects, Dingle, Co. Kerry, July 1854

NOTES ON VARIOUS INSECTS CAPTURED OR OBSERVED IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF DINGLE, CO. KERRY, IN JULY, 1854. So few districts in Ireland are, as yet, known entomologically the study of insects appearing to have been the last in attracting attention from most Irish naturalists hitherto that the briefest records of species found in any new locality become of value, as tending to furnish a better knowledge of their relative distribution throughout the country. With the view of promoting this object, and of supplying a guide to those who may hereafter visit the same district, I submit to the Association the following notes on various insects captured or observed by Mr. Haliday and myself, while spending a week at Dingle, last July. The paucity of the numbers will, at once, strike the reader ; but he must not forget the shortness of our stay, or the season of the year, which is not so prolific, in most insects, as the earlier and later portions of the summer ; at the same time, as the weather was very favourable (except on one unfortunate occasion, that of our ascent of Mount Brandon), we must confess that our opinion of the district, as a whole, is, that it is decidedly barren, and by no means one for any entomologist to visit, who is not prepared to sacrifice the filling of his boxes to the chance of finding some new or rare species. That the latter is not an improbability, however, is evident from our discovery of one or two new Diptera, and of the larva of one of the Microlepidoptera, besides the capture of several specimens of Tetanops myopina (of which but a single British specimen had before been known), and of several Lepidoptera, &c., new to Ireland. Thus much by way of preface. The localities are enumerated in the order in which we visited them, with lists of the various species found at each common and uncommon. Ferriter's Cove a small inlet of the sea, close to Ballyoughteragh, which is a coast-guard station between Dunurlin and Sybil Head. Under stones and seaweed, Staphylinus maxillosus (with the var. ciliaris, Stephens, not uncommon), Omalium rivulare, Diglossa mersa and its larva (the first instance on record of the occurrence of this species on the west coast of Ireland), Serica brunnea. On the sand-hills, Broscus cephalotes, Calathus mollis, Cytilus varius, Coccinella 11 notata, Otiorrhynchus atroapterus, Philopedon geminatus, Quedius fuliginosus, Philonthus varius, Oxytelus depressus, nitidulus, Stenus speculator, Bombi in the flowers of Eryngium ; Asilus cingulatus, Thereva annulata, cincta, Aphrosylus ferox (var. with legs and antennae black), Anthomyia albula. Fin., Actora sestuum, Ochthiphila flavipalpis, Chlorops rufifrons ; Tetanops myopina (rare), not so much among the sea-reed, as on the sand more thinly sprinkled with low tufts of Triticum, &c. Lucina fasciata was looked for, but not found. On the banks of a little stream winding through a hollow below the coast-guard station, Anchomenus albipes, Schoenomyza littorella, Beris clavipes in extraordinary abundance on Umbellifera in flower. From this spot we ascended Sybil Head, a hill gradually sloping at the land side, but presenting to the Atlantic a precipitous face of 900 feet. Half way up the hill, a specimen of Myllaena gracilis was found ; Synuchus vivalis, Calathus cisteloides, Harpalus ruficornis, fulvipes, Cryptohypnus obscurus, Cremastus spectator, Porphyrops cirripes, Dolichopus atripes, nigripennis. On the summit, Otiorrhynchus monticola, a minute Phora, having much the appearance of a Chersodromia, as well as many more common insects, such as as well as many more common insects, such as Tachinus rufipes, Philonthus varius, Anisotoma picea, Brachypterus urticae, Athous haemorrhoidalis, Haltica tabida, &c. Many small moths were flying among the tufts of grass, and might have rewarded attention, but we did not disturb them, our attention being almost confined to Coleoptera and Diptera. The same remark is applicable to other localities visited by us, particularly to Mount Brandon ; however, it was only the diurnal Micros that were in any plenty ; for the entire neighbourhood appeared singularly destitute as regarded butterflies. Our next entomological day was spent at the lovely Bay of Ventry, at the end of which are sands of some extent, and at the angle nearest the village itself a little stream, the sedgy banks of which looked very tempting ; nor did they altogether disappoint us, as the following testify : Elaphrus riparius, cupreus, Trechus aquaticus, Anchomenus marginatus, dorsalis, Calathus mollis, cisteloides, Harpalus ruficornis, seneus, Amara familiaris, Loricera pilicornis, Broscus cephalotes, Carabus granulatus, Serica brunnea, Onthophagus nuchicornis, Aphodius merdarius, sordidus, &c., Simplocaria semistriata, Philopedon geminatus, Coccinella 11 notata ; Pompilus plumbeus, Tryphon elongator, Cremastus spectator, Meteorus rubens, Microgaster russatus, Eurytoma verticillata (?) ; Stratiomys viridula, Actora aestuum ; Gelechia marmorea in abundance, a species not before noted as Irish. But a more interesting spot was the Blasquet Islands, the most westerly extremity of Europe, which we were peculiarly fortunate in reaching, as it is only in fair weather they can be visited in safety. The Great Blasquet rises to a considerable elevation from the sea, and is inhabited but at one side, that looking towards the land, and facing Dunquin ; where, on the sunny slope of the hill, various crops of grain, &c., are cultivated with very fair success. Here, curiously enough, though we were hardly able to spend two hours in collecting, there appeared much greater vigour of insect life than at any spot on the main land (of the same extent) ; and the cliffs and sandy coves rewarded our search with Cicindela campestris, Carabus granulatus, Cychrus rostratus, Nebria brevicollis, Bembidium flavipes, celere, littorale, rufescens, Trechus aquaticus, rubens, Bradycellus fulvus, pubescens, Harpalus ruficornis, aeneus, Amara fulva, familiaris,Pterostichus melanarius, nigrita, Anchomenus Isevis, albipes, Synuchus vivalis, Calathus mollis, Ocypus olens, Staphylinus maxillosus, Quedius molochinus, Philonthus fucicola, umbratilis (?), Aleocharaobscurella, Horaalotasocialis, Tachyporns chrysomelinus, Stenus speculator, Aploderus caelatus, Silpha atrata, var. subrotundata, opaca, Cercyon melanocephalum, Simplocaria scmistriata, Serica brunnca, Adrastus limbatus, Otiorrhynchus monticola, rufifrons, Haltica tabida, Sphajroderma testacea; Mellinus arvensis, Odynerus parietum ; Pieris brassicse; Pachyrrhina histrio, Scatopse bifilata,W/A., Leptis lineola, Empis stercorea, Tachydromia arrogans, Platypalpus flavipes, Coelopa frigida, Actora cestuum, Halithea fucorum, maritima, Orygraa luctuosa, Sepsis cynipsea, Piophila atrata, Psilomyia bicolor (on Tanacetum vulgare), &c. Among these are included two or tbree species (Bradycellus pubescens, &c.) found on Beginnish, a smaller island, tenanted by sheep only. The following day was fixed for ascending Mount Brandon (3,130 feet in height), which, according to the last survey, is the second highest mountain in Ireland, yielding only to the two summits of the Reeks, Carrantuohil and Cahir. At first we seemed to have obtained an auspicious morning, for it was the first on which we had seen the summit clear of mist, and the sun shone pleasantly as we went up ; but mountain mists are proverbially unworthy of trust, and when we had almost reached the summit, at a little past noon, one of them came on, and, gradually thickening into a dense rain, compelled us to descend far more speedily than was at all agreeable, with but scanty trophies of our attempt. Leistus montanus, Calathus nubigena, Arpedium brachypterum, were looked for without success on the summit. Only the following were noted as occurring so high up : Cychrus rostratus, Carabus catenulatus, Nebria nivalis (abundantly, the red-legged variety scarce), Patrobus excavatus, Trechus aquaticus, Othius 6 punctatus, Xantholinus punctulatus, Quedius variabilis (?), Falagria obscura, Lesteva bicolor (var. collina, with short wings and elytra), Catops montivagus (?). On the ascent, Carabus granulatus, Notiophilus aquaticus (the usual dark variety of the hills), Aphodius rufipes (abundant), Ceutorhynchus ericae, Thrips ericae, Ulopa ericas, Tipula excisa, Sch., Porphyrops cirripes, Dolichopus atripes, Campsicnemus curvipes, &c. Our last day was devoted more entirely to collecting than any o the previous had been ; other objects of interest connected with the people of the district having divided our attention with its fauna. Starting by the Ventry road we crossed the mountains to Smerwick Bay, and commencing near the rocky extremity where stood an ancient Spanish castle, Fort de L'Or, we searched, for some time, along the edge of the sea, where the Ogham stones lately stood, and then turning inland, across the extensive sands of Gallerus, ended our investigations by the banks of a rivulet which winds its way through them for a considerable distance. The list beneath will show that, with the exception, perhaps, of the small spot explored on the Great Blasquet, Smerwick formed decidedly the best place for collecting that it was our lot to find. On the rocks left bare by the ebbing tide, among multitudes of the ordinary Diptera occurring in such situations, a new species of Aphrosylus* was found, along with A. ferox ; Geranomyia unicolor on the face of the cliffs,; Canace nasica, Gelochia marmorea, abundant among the tufts of sea reed the larva of G. atrella on Anthyllis vulneraria Sitones tibiellus on the same the pupa of Agrotis fumosa in the sand ; also, Depressaria badiella (not hitherto recorded as Irish), liturella, with Ephippiphora brunnicliiana. At Gallerus sands, Carabus clathratus (dead, far out towards the sea), Cercyon melanocephalum, haemorrhoidale, Aegialia globosa, Phylloperthahorticola(var. suturalis), Aphodius fimetarius (var. autumnalis), Cytilus varius, Philopedon geminatus, Otiorrhynchus atroapterus. In the streamlet, Gyrinus marinus, Orectochilus villosus, Hydroporus depressus, reticulatus, &c., Ploa minutissima; on its banks, Elaphrus riparius, cupreus, Anchomenus marginatus, albipes, Harpalus fulvipes, Pterostichus nigrita, Hydrocampa nymphaealis, potamogalis, and Harpalyce chenopodiaria, Bembidium littorale, Adrastus limbatus, Omalium rivulare, Staphylinus pubescens, Quedius fuliginosus, Xantholinus punctulatus, Aleocharalanuginosa. To the above must be added the produce of a morning's walk to Conner Hill, and some species taken at Dingle itself, or on our way to and from Ventry Tinea fuscipunctella, Otiorhynchus monticola, Ste., Cionus scrophulariae ; Drapetis lunata, not rare under stones, on a rushy bank, at the entrance to the Causeway leading to Burnham, before the dew was off the grass, for in the afternoon it was scarcely to be found. Near the summit of the pass at Conner Hill (about 1,000 feet elevation) occurred Leistus spinilabris, Pterostichus melanarius, nigrita, Harpalus fulvipes, Olisthopus rotundatus, Patrobus excavatus, Trechus aquaticus, Quedius variabilis, &c. ; Tipula excisa, Sch., Diamesa ammon, Wlk., waltlii, Bibio pomonae, Leptis scolopacea, Tachypeza nervosa, Dolichopus atripes, Porphyrops cirripes, &c. As an appendix to what I have now detailed, I think it right to add some species found after Mr. Haliday and I had parted company, and while we were each yet within the limits of the county Kerry. An endeavour on my part to find Pelophila borealis at Killarney, in the locality indicated by Mr. Furlong namely, under stones, on the margin of the Lower Lake, close to the Lake Hotel produced a few specimens of Argutor erythropus, Anchomenus albipes, laevis, Agabus bipustulatus, and Orectochilus villosus. Mr. Haliday has furnished the following notes of proceedings along the southern shore of Dingle Bay, &c. :A. H. H. crossed in a small boat from Ventry to Coolnanna Creek, near Cahirciveen ; the favour of the wind quickly failing, and the current setting fast down the bay, caused a rather tedious pull across, under a heavy drizzle, which nearly hid the coasts. This left time only for a walk to Valentia ferry about sunset; the evening wet and blustery ; neither time nor tide favouring entomological researches. The only beetle seen on the shore was Anchomenus lavis. The shingle swarmed with the usual Diptera, Coelopa, Orygma, Halithea, Limosina. On some tufts of sea-pink, yet spared by the fretting tide, a few Aphrosylus ferox ; and among the wet gravel a single specimen of Clunio marinus* was observed, which, however, eluded capture in its slippery habitat. The only locality where this species had been found previously having been since cut off and altered by a railway embankment, its occurrence in another and very remote part of the coast, was not without interest. Proceeding next morning to Rossbegh, a few days were spent in renewing acquaintance with the varied and lovely scenery around that sequestered spot. Some entomological notes were made, though several species found on a former visit, at a later season of the year, were missed on this occasion. On the shore at Carragh Creek, Cillenus lateralis occurred the first recorded instance of its western range in this island ; Diglossa mersa and larva, Cercyon littorale and depressum (f ) .Diptera were numerous ; Campsicnemus loripes in profusion ; C. alpinus occurred on the wet rocks, with Hydrophorus nebulosus ; Porphyrops cirripes along with pulicarius, Aphrosylus ferox, Coelopa sciomyzina, Medeterus jaculus, truncorum, muralis, Glenanthe ripicola.(f) In the bed of little runlets of the ebbing tide, Scatella aestuans in myriads, rising with an audible buzz ; with these, in smaller numbers, Canace nasica* and Anthophilina gracilis. Nanodes lythri was in abundance on Lythrum, and Haltica lutescens on Labiate. At the mouth of Glanbegh river, Bembidium tibiale; Sericostoma collare, rather common among the bushes ; and Hilara flavipes in clouds over the stream. Rossbegh. sands produced Tetanops myopina (f), Chersodromia incana; Anthrocera tilipendulae, Leucania impura, Agrotis tritici (in several instances dead, adhering to the heads of the sea-reed), A. fumosa, Gelechia marmorea, with its parasite Bracon marmoreus, n. sp. (of the same division as B. stabilis, Wsm.) ; Colletes fodiens, Crabro dimidiatus; Onthophagus fracticornis, and nuchicornis, Saprinus asneus, nitidulus, with other coprophagous beetles, especially Cercyones and Aphodii, among which the small yellowish var. of A. fimetarius, which is properto the downs, merdarius and sordidus; Dromius foveolus, and Corticaria cylindrica, Mnhm. (?), at the roots of the sea-reed ; Apion (?) on the stems. At the extreme point of the sands, connected by an isthmus of gravel, overflowed by the tide, the hollows are deeper, and the reeds more luxuriant, intermixed with Serratula arvensis, Pteris aquilina, and tangled, in parts, •	Figured. t Described and figured.
 * A. celtiber, described and figured in this number.

with the creeping Rosa spinosissima. Here Cryptophagus ulicis was common in the flowers of Serratula, no furze being near ; Lycaena alexis and Camptogramma bilineata flitted among the reeds ; Oxybelus uniglumis nestled in the hollows, and a new Dolichopus was found.* Along the inner edge of the sands, where a flat grassy margin bounds the tide, two specimens of Hydrophorus praecox appeared, but not H. lacustris, of which several specimens had been found in September of a former year. Rhaphium maritima; was abundant, and singularly variable in size. The next halting-place was at Milltown, near the Castlemaine river, the "slob" (silt) of which, banked off from the marshy meadows that skirt it, offered very tempting spots ; here a waving forest of tall reeds, among which the rising tide was noiselessly stealing ; again, a reach bordered with Carices and Aster tripolium, the consolidated mud outlying strewed with river waifs, with here and there a gravelly bank guarding a flat patch of sward ; the embankment rank with a variety of herbage, and the drains fringed with tall Umbelliferae. But the produce was not proportionate to the promise. The Coleoptera were few, chiefly Homalotas, Steni, and Ochthebii, O. bicolor, rufomarginatus,f on the mud among the stems of the reeds, O. punctatus at the confluence of the Laune and Castlemaine rivers. Coccinella 7 punctata and 13 punctata in plenty on Aster ; Strophosomus retusus, Apion craccae on the herbage of the embankment. Loricera ccerulescens, Bembidium concinnum, aeneum, obtusum, assimile, Pterostichus erythropus, on the slob ; Anchomenus micans by the bed of the Laune. Neither Amara convexiuscula nor Paederus riparius occurred, which were taken previously by Mr. Furlong in this neighbourhood. Of Lepidoptera, Harpalyce populata, Crambus culmellus, and aquilellus were the most abundant ; Cerapteryx graminis, Apamea didyma, and Leucania pallens, also occurring among the reeds. On the spikes of Carices, &c., a Phloeothrips was common, which might have passed for P. statices, did not the paler colour of the larva, occurring with it, mark specific difference. A large Arytaena (sonchi, Frst ?) was common on an umbelliferous plant on the shore. Diptera were abundant, but not in great variety. Chrysops relictus as frequent as the Haematopotae, Empis livida, Scatophaga scybalaria, Notiphila uliginosa, Myopa ferruginea, Sericomyia borealis, Helophilus pendulus, Dolichopus diadema, plumipes, nubilus, Rhaphium maritimaa, flavicolla, pallipes, pumilum, Porphyrops spinigerellus, pulicarius, cirripes, Chrysotus spp., a Geomyza,! seemingly nondescript, among the reeds on the slob. Culex detritus was abundant ; Corethra plumicornis less so. Towards the bay, Glochina stigmatica was not rare on the short herbage, with Symplecta stictica, similis (?). Between Killorglin and Glen Carragh there are a number of small lakes, with peaty and gravelly bottoms. Here Gyrinus marinus and minutus were in profusion, with Hydropori of common kinds ; but Gyrinus bicolor, found here by Mr. Furlong, was sought for in vain ; G. natator was scarce, and G. celox not observed at all ; Corynoneura minutissima, Mg., abundant along the borders. The only specimen of Carabus clathratus found (living) during this excursion, was here ; Anchomenus marginatus also. From Rossbegh, a visit to Blackstones, reached by a short and romantic ride over the hills, afforded a few hours collecting among the native woods of the valley. Coleoptera were singularly scarce here ; a few Cyphones, Halticae, and Coccinellae ; little beside. Phryganidae abundant, Chimarrha marginata the most striking among them. Among the gnats, Aedes cinereus occurred here first. Wiedemannia bistigma was hawking about the foaming edges of the " black stones" above the bridge. In an open, marshy spot, among the bushes, occurred Eriocephala allionella, Encyrtus scutellaris, Dolichopus notatus, &c., and Aleuodes quercus and Phibalocera quercana on the oak. The best capture of this day was a specimen of Melicerta ochroleuca, Steph., on an oak, another having been taken a few weeks before at Blarney, which, with one found many years since at Holywood, in a like situation, and the mutilated specimen in the late Mr. Stephens's collection, upon which the genus was founded, are all the examples known of its occurrence hitherto. Described and figured in the present No. (Heptamelus ochroleucus.) A few days spent at Killarney returning, (in the first week in August), afforded little to note. Aedes cinereus occurred again, chiefly in a disused swampy gravel-pit, at the entrance of the causeway which leads to Dinis island. Leja pulchella on umbelliferous flowers by the road below Tore mountain, where it was first found by Mr. Curtis. Brachystoma longicornis, Diadocidia ferruginosa, Mycetobia pallipes, Dolichopus discifer, atratus, atripes, serosus. Sphegina clunipes, and Peplomyza litura, not unusual in the woods ; Leiopus nebulosus and Strangalia armata. Othius pilicornis (first found here by Mr. Furlong), under bark of felled pines, with Khizophagus cribratus (?). Ocypus olens was in unusual abundance. Ascending Mangerton, by Glen-na-cappul, a white-flowered variety of Pedicularis palustris was observed, not rare, on the hill side, east of the middle lake of the glen ; and near the precipitous masses of rock which guard the upper outlet, dripping with moisture, and tufted with Sedum rhodiola and other Alpine plants, Leistus spinilabris occurred, at an elevation of more than 2,000 feet. On the summit of the mountain, enveloped in a cold, driving mist, Leistus montanus was sought in vain on this occasion, only Nebria nivalis and Lathrobium elongatum occurring under stones resting on the black peat. A walk up the gap of Dunlo afforded an apterous Aphis, at the roots of Ranunculus flammula, in such plenty that the ground seemed sprinkled with little flocks of bluish-white wool ; and the banks of a rivulet, near the Black Lakes, produced Cryptostemma alienum.* About the rocks in the upper lake some specimens of a Halithea were observed, but the ticklish footing did not admit of their capture. This genus is usually confined to the sea coast, so that the attention of other visitors is invited to determine what species it is which frequents the lake.
 * Described and figured, D. praetextus. t Figured. t G. cinculata, described and figured.


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 patches at a time, as to ensure a constant supply of the young succulent grass for the flocks at all times. The Australian Agricultural Company's land seemed to be extremely well watered in this part of their grant, but notwithstanding the more luxuriant aspect of the country hereabouts, I believe their sheep thrive better on the open plains on the other side of the mountains. In the evening I arrived at the first sheep-station belonging to the company, after passing the grave of two shepherds, who had been killed by the blacks at this place. The convict overseer who had charge of this station, gave me better fare than one generally gets at similar establishments, viz. mutton-chops, new milk, a comfortable mattress, and a feed of maize for my horse. There were six shepherds at this station, and several old black women, who had resorted thither, seemed to be of great service, in helping to look after the sheep, bringing in firewood, &c.

April 22nd.—I quitted this morning the hut of my attentive host, who rejoiced in the euphonouseuphonious [sic] appellation of "Darby Joe," it being a common practice among the men in New South Wales, to bestow some slang names on the stockmen and shepherds in charge of out-stations, such as "happy Jack," "long Ned," "black Bill," "curly Tom," &c. The track led me over some high forest hills well clothed with grass, and of rich soil, whilst several of the adjacent ranges were invaded to their summits by a brush of myrtle, iron-bark, turpentine, &c. I then

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Author:William Thomas Sampson

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title: Author:William Thomas Sampson


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Printz, Johan

PRINTZ, Johan, yō'hän prïnts, Swedish colonial governor in America: b. Bottneryd, Sweden, about 1600; d. 1663. He fought in Germany in the Thirty Years War with the rank of a lieutenant-colonel of artillery in the Swedish army, but having surrendered Chemnitz in Saxony to the enemy, was deprived of his rank. In 1641, however, he regained the

good will of the Crown, was raised to the nobility and made the third Governor of the colony established by the Swedes on the Delaware River in 1638. He landed at Fort Christina in 1643 and until his departure from the colony in 1658 maintained the prosperity of the settlement, upheld the Swedish claims, almost unaided, against the English under Sir Edmund Plowden and Lamberton, and against his near neighbors, the Dutch. He built forts on the island of Tinicum near the mouth of the Schuylkill below Philadelphia, at Wilmington, and at New Castle, exerting much influence over the Indians along the Delaware and protecting his trade with them. At Tinicum he built himself a rude mansion, known as “Printz Hall.” The influx of settlers during his rule was made up of a good class of farmers who dealt fairly with the Indians and established a precedent of kindliness and justice acted upon so successfully afterward by William Penn. The only record of Printz after he returned to Sweden is that he was made a general, and in 1658 was appointed governor of Jönköping. Consult Acrelius, ‘History of New Sweden’ (extracts in ‘Old South Leaflet,’ No. 96); Smith, ‘The Thirteen Colonies’ (1901); Winsor, ‘Narrative and Critical History of America’ (1889).


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Prinzip, Gabrilo

PRINZIP, Gabrilo, Serbian assassin: b. Serajevo, Bosnia, about 1893; d. a prisoner in an Austrian fortress near Prague, 30 April 1918. Though an Orthodox Serb and a member of the Greater Serbian party, he was an Austrian subject, the son of a small innkeeper of Serajevo. It was he who fired the three shots from a Browning pistol which killed the Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria and his morganatic wife, the Duchess of Hohenberg, in Serajevo on 28 June 1914. At the time a mere schoolboy and a printer's “devil,” Prinzip may be credited with having precipitated the European War by furnishing the Austrian government with a suitable pretext for war against Serbia. He was immediately arrested after firing the shots and subsequently sentenced to imprisonment for life. Prinzip confessed, on 2 July 1914, that he had previously informed the Pan-Serbian Union of his intention to murder the Archduke.


text: Folk-Lore/Volume 23/Obituary/Andrew Lang


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Prionidæ

PRIONIDÆ, a family or subfamily of longicorn beetles distinguished from its allies by the margined and usually toothed thorax. They are mostly insects of large size and robust form. Their larvæ are large, soft grubs with small heads but powerful jaws, which bore in wood and are very destructive. They rest in a nearly straight position, not bent or doubled. A number of conspicuous species are found in the United States, several of the most common belonging to the genus Prionus, in which the thorax bears three marginal teeth on each side, the joints of the long antennæ fit into one another in an intricate fashion and number from 12 to 27. These insects are nocturnal, and the males are said to fight fiercely for possession of the females. One of the larest species is P. brevicornis, a common black beetle, which flies about in a heedless fashion at dusk. The huge larvæ, as large as a man's finger, live for three years; and are very injurious to the roots of poplar and other trees. A smaller and more slender beetle is Orthosoma unicolor which bores passages through the roots of grape vines.

Other species are less destructive, confining their attacks chiefly to the dead wood of stumps and decaying tree trunks. Consult Fabicius, ‘System Eleutheratorum’; Olivier, ‘Entomologia ou Histoire Naturelle des Insects’; Gyllenhal, ‘Insects Suecica’; Dejean, ‘Species Général des Coléoptères.’


text: Folk-Lore/Volume 23/Obituary/Andrew Lang: Folklorist and Critic


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Mercedes

 * Mercedes by Elizabeth Stoddard
 * Mercedes by Henry Harland

title: Mercedes


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 traversed an excellent tract of grazing country, consisting of undulating forest land, lightly wooded by blue-gums and apple-trees. In this part, I travelled for many miles without seeing a single forest-oak, (Casuarina torulosa), which forms, almost universally, a sort of underwood to the larger trees of the genus Eucalypti, in the forests of New South Wales; the swamp odk,(Casuarina paludosa), was however very abundant along the water-courses and chains of water-holes, where it seemed to take the place of the brush vegetation, so universally prevalent in the channels of drainage more to the northward, nearer Port Macquarie. I soon passed another sheep-station situated on a gentle eminence. My attention was now drawn to the birds in this part of the country, for since I had left the Manning I had not seen any of the parrot tribe, with the exception of the Rosella or Nonpareil parroquet, a bird extremely common throughout the colony generally, but of which I had never seen a single specimen during the long time that I had been at the MacLeay river. The whistling magpie was in almost every tree, and is also a common bird in Australia generally, but I have never seen it at the MacLeay or Nambucca rivers. A few miles farther on, a fine flat extends to Gloucester, a large agricultural and cattle farm belonging to the Company. The superintendent of this establishment lives in a neat cottage, with substantial offices, and an excellent garden. Having been invited to take some refreshment, I


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 stopped here nearly an hour. The situation of Gloucester is very picturesque. An extensive flat has been cleared of trees, divided into paddocks, and brought under cultivation, and now presented the appearance of a wide yellow plain, from the dry wheat stubble, and ripened maize which covered it. On the verge of the flat, an abrupt range of densely wooded hills, called "the Buckets," rose to an altitude of about 1200 feet above the plain, their summits being crowned by precipitous masses of naked rock of fantastic contour, which reminded me of some of the castled crags of the Rhine. After leaving Gloucester, the country continued to be tolerably grassy, but the soil was very inferior to what I had passed over to the northward of that station. I next passed a horse station belonging to the Company, and rode through a large troop of mares and foals feeding in a flat. The range dividing the basin of the Manning, from the valley of the Karuah river, was next crossed by the track. There were several sheep-stations on the other side, but the country seemed to be more suitable for cattle than sheep. At one of these sheep-stations there were several Spanish shepherds. I next passed Talligarra, the Company's chief sheep-station, where there are some substantial buildings and stores; and in the evening arrived at the village of Stroud, the head-quarters of the Company, where I was hospitably entertained by Mr. White, the superintendent of stock.


text:
Author:Henry Harland

Works

 * Edited The Yellow Book (1894–1897)

Novels

 * Grey Roses (1895)
 * Comedies and Errors (1898)
 * The Lady Paramount (1902)
 * The Cardinal's Snuff-box (1903)
 * My Friend Prospero (1903)
 * The Royal End: A Romance (1909)

Short stories

 * "Sophia Paulovna Eczardy" in Short Stories (1891) December
 * "There Be Jews and Jews" in Short Stories (1892) December
 * Mademoiselle Miss and Other Stories (1893)
 * "Mademoiselle Miss"
 * "The Funeral March of a Marionette"
 * "The Prodigal Father"
 * "A Sleeveless Errand"
 * "A Light Sovereign"
 * "A Responsibility" in The Wave {1894}. August 18
 * "When I Am King" in The Wave {1894}. November 17
 * A Latin-Quarter Courtship. (1896)
 * "A Latin Quarter Coutship" - originally "A Land of Love" first published in Lipponcott's Magazine, August 1887.
 * "Mr. Sonnenschein's Inheritance"
 * "Lilith"
 * "Mrs. Ormizon's Dinner Party"
 *  At the Court of the Corsican in "The Saturday Evening Post"" (1900). October 20.
 * The Bag of Gold in "Frank Leslie’s Popular Monthly" (1903). May
 * My Friend Prospero in "McClure’s" (1903). June.
 * The Big Peach in "Frank Leslie’s Popular Monthly" (1903). August.
 * Castles Near Spain, The Golden Book Magazine, Dec, 1926
 * A Latin-Quarter Courtship. (1896)
 * "A Latin Quarter Coutship" - originally "A Land of Love" first published in Lipponcott's Magazine, August 1887.
 * "Mr. Sonnenschein's Inheritance"
 * "Lilith"
 * "Mrs. Ormizon's Dinner Party"
 *  At the Court of the Corsican in "The Saturday Evening Post"" (1900). October 20.
 * The Bag of Gold in "Frank Leslie’s Popular Monthly" (1903). May
 * My Friend Prospero in "McClure’s" (1903). June.
 * The Big Peach in "Frank Leslie’s Popular Monthly" (1903). August.
 * Castles Near Spain, The Golden Book Magazine, Dec, 1926
 *  At the Court of the Corsican in "The Saturday Evening Post"" (1900). October 20.
 * The Bag of Gold in "Frank Leslie’s Popular Monthly" (1903). May
 * My Friend Prospero in "McClure’s" (1903). June.
 * The Big Peach in "Frank Leslie’s Popular Monthly" (1903). August.
 * Castles Near Spain, The Golden Book Magazine, Dec, 1926
 * The Big Peach in "Frank Leslie’s Popular Monthly" (1903). August.
 * Castles Near Spain, The Golden Book Magazine, Dec, 1926

Plays

 * The Light Sovereign: A Farcical Comedy in Three Acts (c. 1917) - co-authored with Hubert Crackanthorpe

Novels

 * Mrs. Peixada (1886)
 * As it was Written: a Jewish musician's story (1887)
 * A Land of Love (1887)
 * Grandison Mather, or, An account of the fortunes of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Gardiner (1889)
 * My Uncle Florimund (1888)
 * Two Voices] (1890)
 * Two Women Or One?: From the Mss. of Dr. Leonard Benary (1890)
 * Mea Culpa: A Woman's Last Word (1891) - originally published in 3 volumes.
 * The Yoke of the Thorah. (1896)

Translation

 * Fantasy: A Novel by Matilde Serao (1890)

title: Author:Henry Harland


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 April 23rd.—This morning I accompanied Mr. White, before breakfast, through the village of Stroud, to see some of the horses and bulls belonging to the Company. I found that Stroud presented a different aspect to the colonial townships in other parts of New South Wales; there was quite an English look about it, exemplified in the neat little gardens belonging to the mechanics in the service of the Company, and the roses and honeysuckles which diffused a grateful perfume on their verandahs and door-ways.

There is a signal want in Australia, even among the higher classes, of that just appreciation of the beauties of nature, and that innate taste in taking advantage of them, to enhance the picturesque effect of their neatly-arranged dwelling-houses, which, according to Washington Irving, characterize the English nation, from the peer to the peasant. There are some places in New South Wales, few and far between, where considerable taste has been displayed in the arrangement of the grounds, but in general the ne plus ultra of colonial landscape gardening is a square patch of land, laid out in straight walks, and surrounded by hideous pailings, whilst no flowers, or even culinary vegetables, enliven the dwellings of the labouring classes, unless some stray melon or pumpkin sends its long shoots round their huts.

I saw here at Stroud, some Chilians from Valparaiso, who were employed in breaking in some


text:
Author:Wilhelm Schmidt

Works

 * (in German)

title: Author:Wilhelm Schmidt


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8 comprised within a space of two hundred yards, and in exterior design they are precisely alike. They are in the shape of a Greek cross, and the transverse section reproduces in half relief the façade of a palace. In the topmost section there rests a rectangular stage ornamented with two rows of human figures, each containing fourteen persons in different costumes, designed to represent the various satrapies of the Empire. Upon it the king is seen standing on a dais; before him is an altar upon which the sacred fire is burning, and above floats the image of Ormuzd. The second tomb from the east is the only one that bears an inscription, and from it we learn that it was the resting place of the great Darius. The façade has four tablets of inscriptions, two in Persian and one each in the Susian and Babylonian languages. The Persian text inscribed in the upper limb of the cross is the best preserved and the most difficult of access. It consists of sixty lines and contains a second and later list of the provinces of the Empire (Inscription NR). Beneath it, between the half colmuns in the transverse section, is another Persian inscription, originally of about the same length, but so mutilated that only fifteen lines have been partly copied (Inscription NRb). The names of three of the great officers of the Crown have also been recovered (Inscriptions NRc,d,e), and quite recently the names of seven supporters of the throne have been added.

Ascending the valley of the Polvar, at a distance of forty miles to the north of Persepolis the traveller reaches another large group of Achaemenian ruins, which it is now generally admitted represent Pasargadae, the city of Cyrus. The early travellers were attracted by a curious edifice standing among them which they were told was the Tomb of the Mother of Solomon; but it was not till the nineteenth century that its


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68 a class of men as any other), that the fairer the fruit's rind and the more delectable its bloom, the closer are packed the ashes within it. The very jargon of the hunting-field connects cunning with a mask. And so perhaps came man's anger at the embellishment of women—that lovely mask of enamel with its shadows of pink and tiny pencilled veins, what must lurk behind it? Of what treacherous mysteries may it not be the screen? Does not the heathen lacquer her dark face, and the harlot paint her cheeks, because sorrow has made them pale?

After all, the old prejudice is a-dying. We need not pry into the secret of its birth. Rather is this a time of jolliness and glad indulgence. For the era of rouge is upon us, and as only in an elaborate era can man by the tangled accrescency of his own pleasures and emotions reach that refinement which is his highest excellence, and by making himself, so to say, independent of Nature, come nearest to God, so only in an elaborate era is woman perfect. Artifice is the strength of the world, and in that same mask of paint and powder, shadowed with vermeil tinct and most trimly pencilled, is woman's strength.

For see! We need not look so far back to see woman under the direct influence of Nature. Early in this century, our grandmothers, sickening of the odour of faded exotics and spilt wine, came out into the daylight once more and let the breezes blow around their faces and enter, sharp and welcome, into their lungs. Artifice they drove forth, and they set Martin Tupper upon a throne of mahogany to rule over them. A very reign of terror set in. All things were sacrificed to the fetish Nature. Old ladies may still be heard to tell how, when they were girls, affectation was not; and, if we verify their assertion in the light of such literary authorities as Dickens, we find that it is absolutely true. Women appear to have been in those days utterly natural in their conduct

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text:
Author:Arnold van Gennep

Works

 * (in French).

title: Author:Arnold van Gennep


text:
Author:Lewis Campbell Bruce

Works

 * (Medical (in part))

title: Author:Lewis Campbell Bruce


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Page:The Yellow Book - 01.djvu/77

Rh against that other great sign of a more complicated life, the love for cosmetics. No longer is a lady of fashion blamed if, to escape the outrageous persecution of time, she fly for sanctuary to the toilet-table; and if a damosel, prying in her mirror, be sure that with brush and pigment she can trick herself into more charm, we are not angry. Indeed, why should we ever have been? Surely it is laudable, this wish to make fair the ugly and overtop fairness, and no wonder that within the last five years the trade of the makers of cosmetics has increased immoderately—twentyfold, so one of these makers has said to me. We need but walk down any modish street and peer into the little broughams that flit past, or (in Thackeray's phrase) under the bonnet of any woman we meet, to see over how wide a kingdom rouge reigns. We men, who, from Juvenal down to that discourteous painter of whom Lord Chesterfield tells us, have especially shown a dislike of cosmetics, are quite yielding; and there are, I fancy, many such husbands as he who, suddenly realising that his wife was painted, badbade [sic] her sternly, “Go up and take it all off,” and, on her reappearance, bad her with increasing sternness, “Go up and put it all on again.”

But now that the use of pigments is becoming general, and most women are not so young as they are painted, it may be asked curiously how the prejudice ever came into being. Indeed, it is hard to trace folly, for that it is inconsequent, to its start; and perhaps it savours too much of reason to suggest that the prejudice was due to the tristful confusion man has made of soul and surface. Through trusting so keenly to the detection of the one by keeping watch upon the other, and by force of the thousand errors following, he has come to think of surface even as the reverse of soul. He supposes that every clown beneath his paintandpaint and [sic] lip-salve is moribund and knows it, (though in verity, I am told, clowns are as cheerful a

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User:TalBot/soft redirect maintenance/March 2011/redirects

 * A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Butler, Joseph (theologian) → A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Butler, Joseph
 * Alcohol, a Dangerous and Unnecessary Medicine/Preface to Second Edition → Alcohol, a Dangerous and Unnecessary Medicine/Preface to the Second Edition
 * Author:E. C. Rutherford → Author:R. C. Rutherford
 * Author:Francis, Day & Hunter → Portal:Francis, Day & Hunter Ltd.
 * Author:Indiana General Assembly → Portal:Indiana General Assembly
 * Author:Marcus Witmark & Sons → Portal:Marcus Witmark & Sons
 * Author:Thomas Williams (1847–1913) → Author:Thomas Williams (1847-1913)
 * Naya Kashmir(New Kashmir) → Naya Kashmir
 * The New International Encyclopædia/Fuga, Fernando → The New International Encyclopædia/Fuga, Ferdinando
 * UN General Assembly Resolution 112 → United Nations General Assembly Resolution 112
 * UN General Assembly Resolution 140 → United Nations General Assembly Resolution 140
 * UN General Assembly Resolution 1541 → United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1541
 * UN General Assembly Resolution 448 → United Nations General Assembly Resolution 448
 * Legislative documents/England/Charles I → Portal:Acts of the Parliament of England/Charles I
 * Legislative documents/England/Charles II → Portal:Acts of the Parliament of England/Charles II
 * Legislative documents/England/Commonwealth (first period) → Portal:Acts of the Parliament of England/Commonwealth (first period)
 * Legislative documents/England/James I → Portal:Acts of the Parliament of England/James I
 * Speeches → Portal:Speeches


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66 temples, great ladies (does not Lucian tell us?) did not scruple to squander all they had upon unguents from Arabia. Nero's mistress and unhappy wife, Poppæa, of shameful memory, had in her travelling retinue fifteen—or, as some say, fifty—she-asses, for the sake of their milk, that was thought an incomparable guard against cosmetics with poison in them. Last century, too, when life was lived by candle-light, and ethics was but etiquette, and even art a question of punctilio, women, we know, gave the best hours of the day to the crafty ing of their faces and the towering of their coiffures. And men, throwing passion into the wine-bowl to sink or swim, turned out thought to browse upon the green cloth. Cannot we even now in our fancy see them, those silent exquisites round the long table at Brooks', masked, all of them, “lest the countenance should betray feeling,” in quinze masks, through whose eyelets they sat peeping, peeping, while macao brought them riches or ruin? We can see them, those silent rascals, sitting there with their cards and their rouleaux and their wooden money-bowls, long after the dawn had crept up St. James' and pressed its haggard face against the window of the little club. Yes, we can raise their ghosts—and, more, we can see many where a devotion to hazard fully as meek as theirs. In England there has been a wonderful revival of cards. Roulette may rival dead faro in the tale of her devotees. Her wheel is spinning busily in every house and ere long it may be that tender parents will be writing to complain of the compulsory baccarat in our public schools.

In fact, we are all gamblers once more, but our gambling is on a finer scale than ever it was. We fly from the card-room to the heath, and from the heath to the City, and from the City to the coast of the Mediterranean. And just as no one seriously encourages the clergy in its frantic efforts to lay the spirit of chance, that has thus resurged among us, so no longer are many faces set against

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text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Anu

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Anu


text:
Author:Adolf Bastian

Works

 * African Travels (Afrikanische Reisen)
 * (Der Mensch in der Geschichte)
 * The Peoples of East Asia (Die Völker des östlichen Asien)
 * (Die Geschichte der Indochinesen)
 * Travels in Burma in the Years 1861 and 1862 (Reisen in Birma in den Jahren 1861–1862)
 * Travels in Siam in the Year 1863 (Reisen in Siam im Jahre 1863)
 * Travels through Cambodia and Cochinchina (Reise durch Kambodja nach Cochinchina)
 * Travels in the Indian Archipelago... (Reisen im indischen Archipel. Singapore, Batavia, Manilla und Japan)
 * Travels in China... (Reisen in China von Peking zur mongolischen Grenze und Rueckkehr nach Europa)

title: Author:Adolf Bastian


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Page:Discovery and Decipherment of the Trilingual Cuneiform Inscriptions.djvu/38

Rh similarity to the tomb of Cyrus, described by Arrian, struck the imaginative Morier, the author of 'Hajji Baba.' At the same time a single line inscription was found repeated on several pillars with the legend: 'I am Cyrus, the King, the Achaemenian' (Inscription M).

The discovery of the Achaemenian ruins and inscriptions, to which we have briefly called attention, dates from the beginning of the seventeenth century. Till then Persia was almost entirely unknown to European travellers, and only a few scattered notices of the Persepolitan ruins come to us earlier. The first of these dates back to the end of the fifteenth century, and is due to a Venetian ambassador, Giosafat Barbaro, who visited the country in 1472. The account of his mission was not, however, published till 1545. He tells us that a day's journey from Camara he came to a great bridge across the 'Bindamyr,' which he heard had been built by Solomon. Not far distant he perceived a hill where on a level spot, stood forty columns, called from that circumstance 'Cilminar.' Some of them are in ruins, but from what remains it is evident the building was formerly very beautiful. Above the terrace there rises a rock on which human figures of gigantic size are sculptured, and over them appears a figure which resembles 'God the Father in a circle.'  'Dio Padre in uno tondo,'  p. 46. Elsewhere he observed a tall figure on horseback who he was told was Samson, and others clothed after the French fashion. 'Two days distant from this place is a place called Thimar, and another two days farther we come to a village where there is a sepulchre, in


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  383; Gent. Mag. 1774, xliv. 333–4, 335, 543; Annual Register 1777, pp. 16–18; Haydn's Book of Dignities (1851); Official Return of Lists of Members of Parliament, pt. ii. pp. 80, 85, 98, 109, 131; Brit. Mus. Cat.]

FOX, HENRY EDWARD (1755–1811), general, was the third son who reached manhood of Henry Fox, first lord Holland [q. v.], by Lady Georgiana Caroline Lennox, eldest daughter of the second Duke of Richmond, and younger brother of the celebrated orator and statesman, Charles James Fox [q. v.] He was born on 4 March 1755, and a curious quotation from one of his father's letters in 1764, when the boy was but nine years old, shows what his disposition then was. ‘Harry,’ he writes, ‘has a little horse to ride, and the whole stable full to look after. He lives with the horse, stinks, talks, and thinks of nothing but the stable, and is not a very good companion’ (, Early Life of Charles James Fox, p. 276). After a short time at Westminster School, Fox was gazetted to a cornetcy in the 1st or king's dragoon guards in 1770, from which he was promoted lieutenant into the 38th regiment in 1773. This regiment was then quartered at Boston in America, and Henry Fox served all through the war of American independence. On 14 Feb. 1774 he was promoted captain; in 1775 he served at Concord and at the battle of Bunker's Hill; in 1776 he was present at the battles on Long Island and of White Plains; in 1777 he was at the battle of Brandywine and in the advance on Philadelphia, and on 12 July 1777 he was promoted major into the 49th regiment. This regiment was placed under orders for the West Indies, but before it started Fox was promoted lieutenant-colonel of the 38th regiment on 12 Oct. 1778. He continued to serve until the end of the American war of independence, and it is curious to notice that while Charles James Fox was inveighing against the war with the Americans, his brother Henry was constantly employed in it. On his return to England he was received, perhaps for this reason, with the greatest favour by the king, who made him one of his aides-de-camp with the rank of colonel on 12 March 1783. In 1786 he married Marianne, daughter of William Clayton, and sister of the Baroness Howard de Walden. On 20 Dec. 1793 he was promoted major-general, and soon after offered a command in the army under the Duke of York in Flanders. He joined this army during the retreat through Belgium, and was posted to the command of the brigade formerly commanded by Major-general Ralph Abercromby, consisting of the 14th, 37th, and 53rd regiments. With this brigade he served at the battles of Roubaix and Mouveaux, and on 23 May 1794 he performed his greatest feat of arms, the repulse of the whole French army at Pont-à-Chin. He was upon the extreme right of the retreating army, when he was isolated and attacked in force, and his gallant stand and the successful extrication of his brigade is the brightest feature in the history of the whole war in Flanders from 1793 to 1795. On 28 June 1795 Fox was appointed colonel of the 10th regiment, and on 26 June 1799 he was promoted lieutenant-general. On 25 July 1801 he was appointed a local general in the Mediterranean, with his headquarters at Minorca, where he remained until the signature of the peace of Amiens, and in 1803 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the forces in Ireland. His tenure of office there was signalised by the outbreak and the suppression of the rebellion of Robert Emmet, when Fox was seized with the panic which assailed all the Castle authorities, and made elaborate preparations for dispersing the wretched pikemen, who were easily defeated by the ordinary night guard before the troops had begun to concentrate. In 1804 Fox was appointed lieutenant-governor of Gibraltar, which, as the titular governor, the Duke of Kent, did not reside there, practically meant governor of that important fortress. From this office he was removed, after his brother's accession to office in 1806, to the command of the army in Sicily, and he was also appointed ambassador to the court of Naples, then residing at Palermo. Sir John Moore was his second in command, and as Fox was in very bad health, Moore really undertook the entire management of both military and diplomatic matters. When Fox assumed the command, Major-general John Stuart had just won the victory of Maida, and the queen of Naples pressed his successor to undertake a similar expedition on a larger scale, and thus drive the French from Naples. But Fox knew that Stuart's success was very much due to chance, and that it would be ridiculous for the English to leave the island of Sicily for the mainland, where Murat could soon outnumber them. He was the more determined to refuse, since by the directions of his government he had materially weakened his army by sending five thousand men, under Major-general Mackenzie Fraser, to Egypt. This conflict with the Neapolitan court continued until 10 July 1807, when the new English ministry recalled Fox, and after a time replaced him in the supreme military and civil command by Lord William Bentinck. Soon after his return to England Fox was promoted general on 25 July 1808, and made governor of Portsmouth, where he died on 18 July 1811. He


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 which they say the mother of Solomon is buried. Upon it is a kind of chapel on which are engraven Arabic characters denoting "Mother of Solomon." This place they call Messeth Sulcimen, or Temple of Solomon. The door looks towards the east.' Such is the earliest account in modern times of the famous ruins of Persepolis and Pasargadae, although Barbaro was quite unaware of their identity. It will be observed that he also visited Naksh-i-Rustam, and saw in the Sassanian bas-relief of Rustam the figure of Samson. It is possible that the notes of his journey were fuller than the published account, and they may have fallen into the hands of Sebastiano Serlio, a Bolognese architect. A few years before the appearance of the 'Viagi,' Serlio published his celebrated treatise on Architecture, which enjoyed extraordinary popularity, and was translated into many languages. In it he gives a drawing of the façade of an edifice which he had heard was supported by a hundred colunms. He had never seen it or its ruins, and seems to have had no idea where the building had stood, though he apparently gives us to understand that it was Grecian. The drawing shows a building with ten columns in front, adorned with Corinthian capitals, and supporting a second story of four colunms and architrave. He had heard that only a few of the columns remained above ground, but he decided to present his readers with his conception of what it must have resembled. He ventures so far as to give the dimensions of the columns, although he anticipates that the whole thing will be flouted as a chimera or a dream. He thus gives us the first of a long series of conjectural 'restorations,' with which successive generations of architects have enlivened their


text: Author:Theodor Waitz

title: Author:Theodor Waitz


text: The Blue Fairy Book/Little Red Riding-hood


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 editions of his work on the Antiquities of Trim. He died 17th July 1862, aged 67, and was interred beside the church where he had ministered for forty-three years.

Butler, Walter, was a scion of the family of Ormond, who, with his brother James, emigrated to Germany early in the 17th century, and entered the Imperial service. Both obtained command of regiments, and served with distinction under Tilly and Wallenstein in many of the actions of the Thirty Years' War. When it became evident to Walter that Wallenstein was turning traitor to the Emperor, and going over to the enemy, he conspired with several other officers, and caused the assassination of that great commander, at Egra, on 25th February 1634. For this crime he was created a Count of the Empire, and large estates in Bohemia, still held by his descendants, were settled on him. Mr. F. Prendergast, who gives an exhaustive account of the transaction, thus apologises for him: "This deed of Walter Butler may have prevented a train of consequences the most momentous; and if the manner of executing it forbids us to call the act, with Carve, heroic, the circumstances, as now stated, will, I trust, go far to relieve Butler's character from the infamy which has hitherto rested upon it, and to exhibit him in the light of an officer impelled by a stern sense of duty, in a critical hour, to use the best and only means remaining to him to protect his sovereign's crown." He died in Wirtemberg shortly after the battle of Nordlingen, at which he distinguished himself, in September 1634, and was buried with great pomp at Prague. He or his brother left a bequest to found a college of Irish Franciscans in that city.

Butler, William, a well-known alchemist, the pretended discoverer of the philosopher's stone, and of a powder for bringing the dead to life, was born in Clare about 1534. He died at sea, on his passage to Spain, 29th January 1617.

Butler, William Archer, Rev., was born near Clonmel about 1814, of Catholic parents. At the age of sixteen he became a Protestant, and entering Trinity College, obtained a scholarship in 1832, and distinguished himself by his learning, and by his poetic contributions to the Dublin University Magazine. As Professor of Moral Philosophy, his lectures were remarkable for their elegance and profound reasoning. The latter part of his life was devoted principally to the duties of his parish of Raymoghy, in Raphoe. He died after a short illness, 5th July 1848. His Letters on Mr. Newman's Theory of Development attracted considerable attention. Sir W. Hamilton thus writes of his Lectures on Ancient Philosophy: "I have seen enough of them to be convinced of their great scientific value, and am much gratified in finding so important a subject treated with so much learning and acuteness."

Byrne, Myles, Chef-de-Bataillon in the service of France, and officer of the Legion of Honour, was born at Monaseed, County of Wexford, 20th March 1780. But a youth, he entered with ardour into the hopes and plans of the United Irishmen. On 3rd June 1798 he joined the body of insurgents under Rev. John Murphy, encamped at Corrigrua, County of Wexford. Next morning this force, consisting of about 10,000 men, armed chiefly with pikes, without artillery, and with but few muskets, and little ammunition, marched on Gorey. Their passage was opposed by troops under Colonel Walpole. He was killed in a skirmish that ensued, his force routed, and his three pieces of artillery with ammunition were captured. Gorey was then occupied, and insurgent levies flocked in from all directions. The 5th and 6th June were spent in drilling and reconnoitring. On the 7th Carnew was taken and burned, and a hill close by occupied as a camp. Next day Carnew was evacuated, and preparations made for an attack on Arklow. This town was garrisoned in force by the military, and was attacked by the insurgents on the 9th June. Byrne commanded a division of pikemen. The battle was hotly contested for some time, but eventually the insurgents had to withdraw, having suffered fearful losses. The Rev. Michael Murphy, one of their bravest leaders, was killed in this engagement. Several days were spent in aimless marches, the want of an efficient commander-in-chief being greatly felt: provisions and ammunition began to grow scarce, and the insurgent army, attended by crowds of followers, was further encumbered by the numbers of wounded, whose sufferings they were unable properly to alleviate, and whom they dared not leave behind to the mercy of the soldiers and yeomanry. An attack on Newtownbarry failed, and the southern division of the insurgents was defeated with terrible slaughter at New Ross. The scattered bands, weakened by death, disease, and exposure, gradually concentrated on Vinegar Hill, over Enniscorthy. There, on 21st June, they made their last stand, and in it Byrne took a distinguished part. Attacked at early dawn by overwhelming columns of troops under General Lake, they fought with the fury of despair, but were before long defeated, and broke down the hill, through an opening humanely 65


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122 let any man come away with me." When I shook hands with him I thought he would surely die; yet he recovered.

The most serious loss that I and the regiment could have suffered befell just before we charged. Bucky O'Neill was strolling up and down in front of his men, smoking his cigarette, for he was inveterately addicted to the habit. He had a theory that an officer ought never to take cover—a theory which was, of course, wrong, though in a volunteer organization the officers should certainly expose themselves very fully, simply for the effect on the men; our regimental toast on the transport running, "The officers; may the war last until each is killed, wounded, or promoted." As O'Neill moved to and fro, his men begged him to lie down, and one of the sergeants said, "Captain, a bullet is sure to hit you." O'Neill took his cigarette out of his mouth, and blowing out a cloud of smoke laughed and said, "Sergeant, the Spanish bullet isn't made that will kill me." A little later he discussed for a moment with one of the regular officers the direction from which the Spanish fire was coming. As he turned on his heel a bullet struck him in the mouth and came out at the back of his head; so that even before he fell his wild and gallant soul had gone out into the darkness.

My orderly was a brave young Harvard boy,


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 left one son, Henry Stephen Fox [q. v.], diplomatist, and two daughters, the elder married to General Sir Henry Bunbury, bart., and the younger to General Sir William Napier, K.C.B.

FOX, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL, third of Holland in the county of Lincoln, and  of Foxley in the county of Wilts (1773–1840), only son of Stephen, second lord Holland, by Lady Mary Fitzpatrick, daughter of John, earl of Upper Ossory, was born at Winterslow House, Wiltshire, on 21 Nov. 1773. He was saved by his mother at the risk of her own life in a fire which destroyed the house on 9 Jan. 1774. His father died on 26 Dec. 1774, his mother in 1778, and he was brought up by his maternal grandfather and his uncle, [q. v.] He was educated at Eton, whence he proceeded, 19 Oct. 1790, to Christ Church, Oxford, where he was created M.A. on 20 June 1792. Among his friends at school and college were Lord Carlisle, Canning, Hookham Frere, and Robert (‘Bobus’) Smith. During the long vacation of 1791 he visited Paris, was introduced to Lafayette and Talleyrand, and returned to England in 1792 after visiting Denmark and Prussia. His guardians, to quench a premature interest in politics, sent him abroad in March 1793. He travelled in Spain and in Italy, where he met Nelson (at Leghorn), and settled at Florence in the autumn of 1794. Early in 1796 he returned to England, through Germany, with the wife of Sir Godfrey Webster [see ]. She continued to reside with him in England, and then gave birth to a son, whom he acknowledged for his own. Sir Godfrey Webster obtained a decree for a separation in February 1797 (Ann. Reg. 1797, Chron. p. 12). Lord Holland took his seat in the house of peers on 5 Oct. 1796, where, on 9 Jan. 1798, he made his maiden speech in the debate on the Assessed Taxes Bill. In spite of an ungraceful action and hesitating delivery he showed himself a useful recruit to the whig party. A clear and terse protest against the bill, which he entered on the journals of the house, was the first of a long series of similar documents afterwards collected and published under the title of ‘Opinions of Lord Holland.’ He at once became the recognised exponent in the House of Lords of his uncle's policy, resisting in the most determined manner suspensions of the Habeas Corpus Act, openly countenancing the United Irishmen, denouncing the union with Ireland as both unjust and impolitic, and afterwards endeavouring to insert a clause for the admission of Roman catholics to seats in parliament. In 1800 a royal license was granted to Lord and Lady Holland jointly (18 June) to take ‘the name of Vassall only after their own respective christian names’ (Heralds' Coll. I. 36, 20) [see ]. In 1807 they adopted the signature Vassall Holland, although Vassall was no part of the title. In the summer of 1800 Lord Holland paid a short visit to North Germany, returning to England, under a passport obtained through Talleyrand, by way of the Netherlands and France in the autumn. On the conclusion of the peace of Amiens in 1802 the Hollands went to Paris, and were presented to the first consul. From Paris they travelled to Spain, where they remained, chiefly at Madrid, until the spring of 1805. They returned to England in time to permit of Lord Holland's speaking in support of Lord Grenville's motion for a committee to consider the petition of the Irish Roman catholics for the removal of their disabilities (10 May 1805). The United States having sent commissioners to England to complain of various alleged infringements of their rights as a neutral power committed by English naval commanders, Lord Holland was appointed (20 Aug. 1806) with Lord Auckland to negotiate with Messrs. Monroe and Pinckney, the American plenipotentiaries, an adjustment of the dispute. A treaty was concluded on 31 Dec., making some concessions, but as the question of impressment was left unsettled, President Jefferson refused to submit it to the senate for ratification, and it accordingly lapsed (, Memoirs of the Whig Party in my Time, ii. 98–103;, Life of Jefferson, ii. 247). Though in right of his wife the owner of extensive plantations in Jamaica, Lord Holland was a consistent advocate of the emancipation of the slaves in the West Indies, and throughout life supported all measures against the slave trade. On 27 Aug. 1806 he was sworn of the privy council, and on 15 Oct. he entered the cabinet of All the Talents as lord privy seal, and was dismissed with his colleagues in March 1807. Lord Holland accompanied Sir David Baird to Corunna in September 1808, thence he passed into Spain, where he made a prolonged tour, returning in the autumn of 1809. On his return he moved (30 May) the second reading of the


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 bill for the abolition of capital punishment in cases of stealing, took part in the debate on the state of the nation and the king's illness (27 Dec.), and led the opposition to the proposal to establish the regency by legislation (4 Jan. 1811). He moved for a return of all informations issued ex officio by the attorney-general between 1 Jan. 1801 and 31 Dec. 1810. The motion was negatived after a prolonged debate. On 21 May he energetically opposed Sidmouth's measure for licensing dissenting ministers. In the debate on the orders in council (28 Feb. 1812) he urged the expediency of an immediate rescission of the order of November 1807 prohibiting the trade with France to all the world; later on he supported the catholic claims, proposed to regulate the law of ex-officio information, and was in favour of treating with Napoleon as emperor. He vehemently attacked the treaty with Sweden (2 April 1813), by which England agreed, in consideration of some commercial concessions, to abet the Swedish designs on Norway. He visited Murat at Naples in 1814. On 8 April 1816 he vigorously opposed the bill for the detention of Napoleon as a prisoner of war, arguing that the detention must be justified by the law of nations or not at all. In 1817 he moved for papers relating to Napoleon's treatment at St. Helena. After the insurrection in Barbadoes, he moved (28 June 1816) for an inquiry into the condition of the negroes. He energetically opposed the various repressive measures which were carried out by Lord Sidmouth in 1817 and 1818. He also opposed the Foreign Enlistment Bill, introduced in order to prevent persons being enlisted on British soil for the service of the insurgent Spanish colonies. Lord Holland took comparatively little public action in the case of Queen Caroline beyond expressing emphatically (7 June 1820) his disapproval of the ministerial plan of investigation by a secret committee, and supporting a regular legal procedure. During the following period he consistently supported the whig policy in regard to domestic and foreign affairs. He supported the cause of the Greeks, proposed forcible intervention in favour of Donna Maria on the usurpation of the Portuguese throne by Dom Miguel in 1828, and strongly condemned ministers in 1830 for preventing her adherents who had sailed from Plymouth from landing at Terceira. When at last the whigs were restored to power by the reform agitation, Lord Holland became chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster (25 Nov.) in Lord Grey's administration. He held the place, with the exception of the brief interregnum in 1832 between Lord Grey's resignation (10 May) and his recall (18 May), until the dismissal of Lord Melbourne's administration (14 Nov. 1834). He accepted the same place on Lord Melbourne's second administration (23 April 1835), and held it until he died, after a short illness at Holland House, on 22 Oct. 1840. He was buried on 28 Oct. in Millbrook Church, near Ampthill, Bedfordshire (the family seat). The following lines were found in his handwriting on his dressing-table after his death:—

A portrait of him (half-length) by Leslie is at Holland House, and another, by the same artist (full-length, with Lady Holland and John Allen), is in the possession of Earl Grey. At Holland House also are his portrait by Fabre and his bust by Nollekens; his statue by Watts is in the grounds. Greville, who knew him well, speaks of his ‘imperturbable temper, unflagging vivacity and spirit, his inexhaustible fund of anecdote, extensive information, sprightly wit,’ and ‘universal toleration and urbanity’ (Mem. 1837–52, i. 341). Brougham is equally complimentary to his engaging social qualities as well as to his high statesmanship and political magnanimity (Statesmen of the Time of George III, 1843, iii. 329, 340; Memoirs, iii. 446). Sydney Smith declares that ‘there never existed in any human being a better heart, or one more purified from all the bad passions, more abounding in charity and compassion, and which seemed to be so created as a refuge to the helpless and the oppressed.’ In his premeditated speeches, though closely reasoned and occasionally witty, he never escaped from his early defects; he was, however, more effective in his replies (, Statesmen of the Time of George III, 1843, iii. 329, 332, 340; Memoirs, iii. 446;, Essays, 7th ed., iii. 213; , Memoir of the Rev. Sydney Smith, i. 282). Lord Holland had lawful issue by Lady Holland, two sons, viz. Stephen, who died in 1800, and Henry Edward, who succeeded to the title and estate; and two daughters, viz. Mary Elizabeth, who married in 1830 Thomas Atherton, third baron Lilford, and Georgiana Anne, who died in her tenth year. Lord Holland appears to have had rather more than the ordinary dilettante's appreciation of art, but no ear whatever for music. He was an accomplished scholar not only in the classical but in the modern languages, and made some trifling contributions to literature. These are:  ‘Observations on the Tendency of a Pam-


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  entitled “Sound Argument Dictated by Common Sense,”’ London, 1795, 8vo, anon., showing that Horne's arguments against the pseudo-prophet Brothers were much of a kind with those of freethinkers against the Hebrew prophets.  ‘Secession’ and ‘The Yeoman,’ 1798–9. Two satires in imitation of Juvenal, suggested by the course of events in Ireland, apparently printed for private circulation only. Lord Holland says that he infused into them, if little of the poetry and force, at least much of the bitterness of the original (Memoirs of the Whig Party in my Time, i. 134). . Chapter ix. of the ‘Annual Register’ for 1806, dealing with the abortive negotiations with France.  ‘Some Account of the Lives and Writings of Lope Felix de Vega Carpio,’ London, 1806, 8vo, anon. (republished with Lord Holland's name, together with the ‘Life of Guillen de Castro,’ London, 1817, 8vo).  ‘Three Comedies from the Spanish,’ London, 1807, 8vo (two from Calderon, one from Antonio de Solis).  ‘A Dream,’ London, 1818 (printed for private circulation, a dialogue between George III, Sir Thomas More, Bacon, Locke, Berkeley, and other eminent personages on education and the encouragement of letters by the state).  ‘Sketch of a Constitution for the Kingdom of Naples, suggested in 1815 to the Duca di Gallo,’ London, 1818, 8vo, reprinted in 1848, 8vo.  ‘Letter to the Rev. Dr. Shuttleworth, warden of New College, Oxford,’ London, 1827, 8vo (on the Roman catholic question).  ‘Parliamentary Talk, or the Objections to the late Irish Church Bill, considered in a Letter to a Friend abroad, by a Disciple of Selden,’ 3rd ed., with additions, London, 1836, 8vo (this elicited a reply entitled ‘Irish Church, by a Pupil of Canning,’ London, 1836, 8vo).  Two translations from Ariosto, printed in vol. v. of W. S. Rose's translation of the ‘Orlando Furioso.’ He wrote introductions and prefaces to Fox's ‘James II,’ Townshend's ‘Dissertation on the Poor Laws,’ ‘Dobledo's Letters on Spain’ (Blanco White), and edited Waldegrave's ‘Memoirs’ and Horace Walpole's ‘George II.’ A brief epistle in verse, ascribed to Lord Holland, is printed in the article on him in Jerdan's ‘National Portrait Gallery,’ 1833, and a sonnet by him on the Greek question, written in 1827, will be found in ‘Notes and Queries,’ 4th ser. viii. 414.

After his death the protests entered by Lord Holland in the journals of the House of Lords were collected and edited by Dr. Moylan of Lincoln's Inn, barrister-at-law, under the title of ‘The Opinions of Lord Holland as recorded in the Journals of the House of Lords from 1797 to 1841,’ Lond. 1841, 8vo (see review of this work, Essays, iii. 205). ‘Foreign Reminiscences,’ a miscellaneous collection of anecdote and gossip, often piquant, sometimes scandalous, concerning various persons of distinction whom Lord Holland had met in his travels abroad, accepted apparently without any very careful scrutiny, and thrown together in a loose and desultory way, was edited by his son Henry Edward, lord Holland, London, 1850, 8vo, and translated into French. It was highly praised in the ‘Edinburgh Review’ (January 1851), and savagely denounced by Croker in the ‘Quarterly Review’ in the following March as little less than a scandalous libel. The bulk of the anecdotes seem to be fairly authentic, but Lord Holland was misled, by his lively sympathy with the revolutionary movement of his time, to give undue credit to stories disparaging some of the prominent actors on the other side. It was followed by a more serious contribution to the history of that eventful period, viz. Lord Holland's ‘Memoirs of the Whig Party during my Time’ (also edited by his son), London, 1852, 2 vols. 8vo. This work covers the period from Lord Holland's first entrance into public life to 1809. It is written with commendable precision, lucidity, and conciseness, and, its author having been during that period rather the whig party itself in the House of Lords than its leader, constitutes a first-hand historical authority of great value. Lord Holland also spent much of his leisure time in collecting materials for a life of Fox, which were subsequently edited by Lord John Russell, and published under the title of ‘Memorials and Correspondence of Charles James Fox,’ Lond. 1853, 3 vols. 8vo.

FOX, HENRY STEPHEN (1791–1846), diplomatist, only son of General [q. v.], by Marianne Clayton, sister of Lady Howard de Walden, was born on 22 Sept. 1791. He was educated at Eton and matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, 26 Jan. 1809, but soon sought a diplomatic and political career. Deprived by the tory supremacy of any chance of preferment, and inheriting little from his father, Fox spent his time in the fashionable world, where he made himself popular by his wit and charming manners. He was a friend of all the whigs and well known in the clubs. After


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 in assisting the escape of Charles to Normandy. When the prince was obliged to leave France in 1654, Clarendon persuaded him to entrust the management of his household affairs unreservedly to Fox, ‘a young man bred under the severe discipline of the Lord Peircy, … very well qualified with languages, and all other parts of clerkship, honesty, and discretion, that were necessary for the discharge of such a trust’ (Hist. of the Rebellion, Oxf. edit. bk. xiv. par. 89). Under Fox's discreet stewardship the prince, wherever he might choose to fix his court, was never without the means of living in comfort. ‘Mr. Fox,’ writes Ormonde to Charles from Breda, 9 Aug. 1658, ‘knows to a stiver what money you can depend upon’ (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1658–9, p. 104). At Spa he won the favour of the king's sister, the widowed Princess of Orange, and was employed subsequently in several important missions to her, as well as to other great persons in Holland. He was able to procure frequent and regular supplies of money for the royal household. Charles intended rewarding him by a grant of the place of cofferer of the household, but finding William Ashburnham held already the reversion, he granted Fox, by a special instrument dated at Brussels 23 Nov. 1658, an honourable augmentation to his arms out of the royal ensigns and devices, to wit, ‘in a canton Azure, a Fleur de Lis, Or’ (Addit. MS. 15856, f. 89 b). Fox was the first to bring his master the news of Cromwell's death, and to salute him as the real king of Great Britain. The king afterwards employed Fox on various secret missions to England, as one the royalists could thoroughly rely on. With Sir Edward Walker, Garter king at arms, he was sent to the Hague in May 1660 to adjust the ceremonies for the king's public reception there. After the Restoration Fox's fortunes rose rapidly. Ormonde, then lord high steward, nominated him first clerk of the board of green cloth. In October 1660 he received a grant of the remainder of the lease of part of the manor of East Meon, Hampshire, to the value of 400l. a year, which had been forfeited by the treason of Francis Allen, goldsmith and alderman of London (ib. 1660–1661, p. 337, 1661–2, p. 131). In March 1661 he became receiver and paymaster of two regiments of guards appointed for the king's safety upon the outbreak of Venner's plot in the preceding January (ib. 1660–1, p. 556). During the same year he was constituted paymaster-general, an enormously lucrative office. He deigned, however, to accept the receivership of the garrison at Portsmouth, 20 Feb. 1662, with the nominal fee of 100l. a year (ib. 1661–2, p. 279). The people of Salisbury, ‘for the love they bore to a gentleman who did them the honour of owing his birth to their neighbourhood,’ chose him as their member, 30 Nov. 1661, in succession to Francis Swanton, deceased. He was knighted 1 July 1665. Despite his position at court he contrived to maintain his independence. He strenuously asserted the integrity of Clarendon, and voted against his impeachment, 12 Nov. 1667, ‘although he was in a manner commanded by the king to act in a contrary part.’ On 27 Feb. 1678–9 he was elected for Westminster. In November 1679 he became one of the lords commissioners of the treasury, and his name appeared in every subsequent commission except that of July 1684, when Laurence, earl of Rochester, was lord treasurer. He was, however, reinstated in the following September. In December 1680, having been gazetted first commissioner of horse, he resigned his office of paymaster-general, but contrived that his eldest son, Charles Fox, should share it along with Nicholas Johnson. On Johnson's death in April 1682 Fox made interest to have it solely conferred on his son, who three years afterwards was independent enough to vote with the opposition against granting money to James II until grievances had been redressed. On 18 Feb. 1684 Fox was made sole commissioner of horse.

Fox's places brought him enormous profits. In 1680 his friend Evelyn computed him to be worth at least 200,000l., ‘honestly got and unenvied, which is next to a miracle.’ Evelyn himself tells how Fox contrived to escape the jealousy of his colleagues. At the height of his prosperity he continued ‘as humble and ready to do a courtesy as ever he was’ (Diary, ed. 1850–2, ii. 147–8). He made an intelligible use of his riches. He showed his regard to his birthplace, Farley, by building a church, and in 1678 a set of almshouses and a charity school, there. ‘In the North Part of Wilts he built a Chancel intirely new.’ He built almshouses at Broome, Suffolk, and at Ashby, Northamptonshire. He also erected the church of Culford in Suffolk. At Redlinch in Somersetshire he founded a charity school, in addition to repairing the church. Canon Richard Eyre, who preached his funeral sermon, tells us that ‘he pew'd the body of the cathedral church of Sarum in a very neat manner, suitable to the neatness of that church, to which he was many other ways a great benefactor’ (p. 18 n.). After twenty years at the pay office he thought of a magnificent device for restoring to the army some part of the fortune which he had got by it. He inspired Charles in 1681 with that


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160 such matters are regulated by the unvarying perpetual law which, like all of the laws of Perfect Wisdom, have and always will produce like results from like causes.

It should never be forgotten that, as has been well said: "Natural justice is the conformity of human laws and actions to natural order, and this collection of physical and moral laws existed before any positive institutions among men.  And while their observance produces the highest degree of prosperity and well-being among men, the non-observance or transgression of them is the cause of the extensive physical evils which afflict mankind.  If such a natural law exists, our intelligence is capable of understanding it; for, if not, it would be useless, and the sagacity of the Creator would be at fault.  As, therefore, these laws are instituted by the Supreme Being, all men and all states ought to be governed by them.  They are immutable and irrefragible, and the best possible laws: therefore necessarily the basis of the most perfect government, and the fundamental rule of all positive laws, which are only for the purpose of upholding natural order, evidently the most advantageous for the human race.  * * *  How could man understand the necessity of labor to obey the irresistible instinct of his preservation and well-being, without conceiving at the same time that the instrument of labor, the physical and intellectual qualities with which he is endowed by nature, belongs to him exclusively, without perceiving that he is master and the absolute proprietor of his person, that he is born and should remain free?

But the idea of Liberty cannot spring up in the mind without associating with it that of property, in the absence of which the first would only represent an illusory right, without an object. The freedom the


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 idea of founding an asylum at Chelsea for disabled soldiers, the credit of which is generally ascribed to Nell Gwyn. In furthering the enterprise through all its stages he derived assistance from Evelyn (Diary, ii. 159, 163). His contribution to the building and maintenance fund was above 13,000l. (, Funeral Sermon, p. 8 n.)

On James coming to the throne a peerage was offered to Fox on the condition of his turning Roman catholic. He adhered, however, manfully to his religion. The priests then intrigued to have him removed from the commission of the treasury, but the king had sense enough to insist on keeping Fox and Godolphin as members of an otherwise inexperienced board. He was also suffered to retain his clerkship of the green cloth. On 26 March 1685 he was returned once more for Salisbury. Greatly to James's anger he opposed the bill for a standing army, though he otherwise endeavoured to serve him faithfully. When the Prince of Orange landed, Compton, bishop of London, attempted to tamper with the fidelity of Fox. Fox refused to take an active part against his old master. His anonymous biographer, however, can only say that ‘he never appeared at his highness's court to make his compliments there till the king had left the country.’ William, who had dined with him when on a visit to England, 23 July 1681, soon won him over to his side. In February 1689–1690 Luttrell heard that Fox ‘hath lately kist his majesties hand, and is received into favour’ (Historical Relation of State Affairs, 1857, ii. 16). The next month he took his seat once more at his accustomed boards. Thenceforward whatever changes might occur at the treasury Fox's name was always on the new commission. On 9 Nov. 1691 he succeeded, on the death of Sir William Pulteney, in being returned a second time for Westminster, and he was re-elected by the same constituency on 29 Oct. 1695. In May 1692, James, having arrived at La Hogue, excepted Fox by name in his declaration promising pardon to all who returned to their allegiance. In 1696–7 Fox was a rival with Montague for the place of first commissioner, but at length withdrew from the competition, though not with a very good grace. He wished it to be notified in the ‘London Gazette’ that the place had been offered to him and declined by him. This would have been an affront to Montague. But from tenderness to Fox the promotion of his rival was not announced in the ‘London Gazette’ (, Hist. of Engl. ch. xxi.). By a commission, which bears the date 1 Feb. 1696–7, Fox succeeded Henry Frederick Thynne in the office of treasurer and receiver-general to the queen dowager, ‘Sir Christopher Musgrave haveing refused it;’ it is certain that Charles Fox was acting as such by 1700 (, Angliæ Notitia, ed. 1700, pt. iii. p. 515). On 26 Jan. 1698–9 Fox was chosen member for Cricklade, Wiltshire, in place of Charles Fox, who elected to serve for Salisbury, and was returned again 7 Jan. 1700–1. Upon Anne's accession he wished to retire into private life, but by the queen's express desire he led the commons in procession at her coronation, 23 April 1702, and also acted for a time as first commissioner of horse. He consented to be chosen for Salisbury, 15 March 1713–14, in succession to his son, who had died in the preceding September. In 1685 he had purchased a copyhold estate at Chiswick, Middlesex, on which he built a villa, which excited the admiration of William III, but not that of Evelyn (, Environs, ii. 209;, ii. 169, 175). There he died, 28 Oct. 1716, and was buried at Farley (the date, ‘23 Sept.,’ is wrongly given on his monument). Ninety years later his grandson, Charles James Fox [q. v.], died in the same place. About 1654 he married Elizabeth, daughter of William Whittle of Lancashire, and sister of Sackvill Whittle, chief surgeon to Charles II, by whom he had seven sons and three daughters. Charles, the eldest son, who was named after his godfather, Charles II, died childless in September 1713, and was buried at Farley (, Funeral Sermon on C. Fox, Esq.) Five other sons, who died young, were buried in Westminster Abbey (, Westminster Abbey Registers). Of the two surviving daughters, Elizabeth, the elder, married, 27 Dec. 1673, Charles, third lord Cornwallis, a disreputable gambler. Evelyn (ii. 156–7) gives an amusing sketch of the ‘grave and dexterous courtesy’ with which Fox foiled Lady Sunderland's attempt to secure his younger daughter Jane for her son, Lord Spencer. Jane Fox was married in 1686 to George, fourth earl of Northampton. Lady Fox died 11 Aug. 1696, ‘much lamented by the poor for her charity’ (, iv. 96), and was buried at Farley. In his seventy-seventh year, Fox, ‘unwilling that so plentiful an estate should go out of the name, and being of a vegete and hale constitution,’ married as his second wife, 11 July 1703, Christian, daughter and coheiress of Francis Hopes, rector, first of Haceby and afterwards of Aswarby, both in Lincolnshire (, p. 262, n. 3). By this lady, who was then in her twenty-sixth year, Fox became the father of four more children: Stephen (b. 1704), afterwards Earl of Ilchester; Henry (b. 1705), first Lord


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 Holland [q. v.]; a daughter, Christian, twin with Henry (d. 1708); and another daughter, Charlotte, married in July 1729 to Edward, third son of William, fifth lord Digby. The second Lady Fox dying at Bath, 17 Feb. 1718–1719, was buried at Farley. In the picture at Holland House Sir Godfrey Kneller endows her ‘with small and pretty features, and hair and complexion as dark as her grandson's.’

Fox's reputation for courtesy, kindliness of disposition, and generosity has been amply confirmed by Evelyn. Pepys, too, has much to say in commendation of the paymaster, who confided to him the secrets whereby he was enabled to make such large profits (Diary, ed. Bright, iv. 206). He does not forget to celebrate the ‘very genteel’ dinners of his host, while Lady Fox and her seven children noted for their comeliness received unstinted praise, ‘a family governed so nobly and neatly as do me good to see it’ (ib. v. 335). Fox's portrait by Lely has been engraved by Scriven; of that by J. Baker there are engravings by Simon, Earlom, and Harding (, Cat. of Engraved Portraits, ii. 158). A large mass of his official papers and correspondence is preserved in the Additional Manuscripts in the British Museum.

[Memoirs of the Life of Sir Stephen Fox, kt. 8vo, London, 1717 (reprinted fol. London, 1807, and 8vo, London, 1811); Richard Eyre's Sermon preach'd at the Funeral of Sir Stephen Fox, kt. 8vo, London, 1716; Richard Eyre's Sermon preach'd at the Funeral of Charles Fox, esq., 4to, Oxford, 1713; Historical Register, 1716, i. 546–7; Trevelyan's Early Hist. of C. J. Fox, ch. i.; Collins's Peerage (Brydges), iii. 260, iv. 529, v. 382; Le Neve's Pedigrees of the Knights (Harl. Soc.), p. 197; Cal. State Papers (Dom. Ser.); Evelyn's Diary (1850–2); Pepys's Diary (Bright); Luttrell's Relation of State Affairs (1857); Noble's Continuation of Granger's Biog. Hist. i. 150–1; Chester's London Marriage Licences (Foster), col. 508; Chester's Westminster Abbey Registers; Lysons's Environs, ii. 155, 208–10; Hoare's Wiltshire, Hundred of Alderbury, sub ‘Farley;’ Notes and Queries, 1st ser. ix. 271, xi. 325, 395, 2nd ser. i. 301, 410, ix. 419, 5th ser. iii. 416, iv. 114; Memorials and Correspondence of C. J. Fox (Russell), vol. i. bk. i.; Earl Russell's Life and Times of C. J. Fox, vol. i. ch. i.; Will of Sir Stephen Fox (P. C. C. 133, Fox); Will of Sackvill Whittle (P. C. C. 52, North); Cal. Clarendon State Papers; Cal. State Papers, Treas., 1692–1719.]

FOX, TIMOTHY (1628–1710), nonconformist divine, was born in 1628, and educated at Birmingham, whence he proceeded to Christ's College, Cambridge. He was admitted by the commissioners of the great seal to the rectory of Drayton, Staffordshire, but on being ejected by the Bartholomew act of 1662 he settled for a while in a neighbouring town, where he made a shift to live by his pen and the help of relations, till the Oxford act forced him to remove, and rent a farm in Derbyshire. Afterwards, in May 1684, he was committed to Derby gaol upon that act, not for any exercise of religion, but merely for coming to see his son, then an apprentice in that town, and remained a prisoner until the following November. He again suffered imprisonment when Monmouth was in the west, on this occasion in Chester gaol. No cause whatever was assigned for his detention. After enduring a month's confinement he was released on finding ample security for his good behaviour. From the time of his ejectment he preached in private as he had opportunity, and after public liberty was granted, he opened a meeting in his own house at Caldwell, Derbyshire, where he preached twice a day and catechised. He died in May 1710.

[Calamy's Nonconf. Memorial, ed. Palmer, 1802, iii. 232–3.]

FOX, WILLIAM (1736–1826), founder of the Sunday School Society, son of J. Fox, renter of the Clapton Manor estate, Gloucestershire, was born at Clapton 14 Feb. 1736. The youngest of a large family he was left fatherless in early childhood. He had extraordinary resolution, and at the age of ten formed business plans which were afterwards completely realised. He ultimately became lord of the manor of Clapton. Fox was apprenticed to a draper and mercer at Oxford in 1752, and before the expiration of his indentures his master gave up to him his house and shop and stock of goods, valued at about 4,000l. Fox married in 1761 the eldest daughter of Jonathan Tabor, a Colchester merchant. Three years later he removed to London, and entered upon a large business in Leadenhall Street. Impressed with the degradation of the poorer classes of the population, he endeavoured unsuccessfully, by the aid of members of both houses of parliament, to move the government in their behalf. About 1784, when he became the proprietor of Clapton, he began his humanitarian work unaided, not only clothing all the poor of the parish—men, women, and children—but founding a free day school. Writing to Robert Raikes in 1785 he stated that long before the establishment of Sunday schools he had designed a system of universal education, but had met with little support from the clergy and laity, who were alarmed by the magnitude of the undertaking. A meeting was held at Fox's instance in the Poultry, London, on 16 Aug. 1785, when it was


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Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 23, 1912.djvu/433

 TRANSACTIONS OF THE FOLK-LORE SOCIETY.

GUY FAWKES' DAY.

BY CHARLOTTE S. BURNE.

(Read at Meeting, March 20th, 1912.)

recrudescence of old customs in modern shapes, and the assumption of common forms by practices which have different origins, are matters of firstrate importance to the proper understanding and appreciation of folklore. The changing forms of a given custom, and the history of the circumstances and influences which have led to changes in any ascertained case, are therefore worth noting and recording.

The observance of the Fifth of November has an interest of its own. It shares with the Twenty-ninth of May, and with that alone, the peculiarity of being a specially English Calendar festival, referable to a known political event. But the distribution of the observance seems to be somewhat unequal, and the manner of it varies in different places. In the following notes I propose to call attention to these variations, and to suggest that some features at least of the celebration may have descended to it from an earlier festival

To begin with London:—We are all familiar with the. sight of parties of little boys carrying effigies about the streets on the fifth of November, shouting rhymes and