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 7. ‘Lander Africanus. A musical drama,’ Penzance, 1834. 8. ‘Reliquiæ Seriæ, or Christian Musings. By Ἐλάχιστος,’ Lond. 1836.

[Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Cornubiensis, i. 12, iii. 1049; Pitman's Memorial of Francis Barham, 20, 121–3.]  BARHAM, THOMAS FOSTER, M.B. (1794–1869), physician and classical scholar, was the eldest son of Thomas Foster Barham [q. v.] The younger Barham was born at Hendon, in Middlesex, 10 Sept. 1794, and sent to Queens' College, Cambridge, qualifying as M.B. in 1820. After taking this degree he returned to Penzance, where he was physician to the dispensary, and in general practice for several years. About 1830 he removed to Exeter and became physician to the Exeter dispensary and institution for the blind. From early life he had been attached to the doctrines of unitarianism, and during the first part of his residence at Exeter actively supported the unitarian congregation which met at George's Chapel, Exeter. After a time he expressed an aversion to all dogmatic theology, as well as to the adoption of any sectarian name, and embodied his views on these points in a pamphlet entitled ‘Christian Union in Churches without Dogmatism.’ He moved to Newton Abbot, where he conducted religious service for himself, adhering in the main to the religious tenets of his old sect. Being possessed of considerable means, he abandoned the practice of medicine on his removal from Exeter, and gave himself up to good works and the pleasures of literature. He died at Highweek, near Newton Abbot, 3 March 1869, and was buried in Highweek churchyard 8 March. Dr. Barham published many theological works, including ‘A Monthly Course of Forms of Prayer for Domestic Worship’ and (in union with the Rev. Henry Acton) a volume of ‘Forms of Prayer for Public Worship.’ His chief work, which dealt with many social questions—such as temperance, cultivation of waste lands and small farms—was entitled ‘Philadelphia, or the Claims of Humanity’ (1858). The fame of his knowledge of the Greek language was not confined to his own country; his mastery of Greek was shown in his ‘Introduction to Greek Grammar, on a new plan,’ 1829; ‘Greek Roots in English Rhymes,’ 1837; and ‘The Enkheiridion of Hehfaistiown, with Prolegomena’ (highly commended in Grote's ‘Greece,’ iv. 107) ‘on Rhythm and Accent.’ A translation, in English hexameters, of the first book of the ‘Iliad’ was published after his death. He was a contributor to the ‘Monthly Repository’ from 1818, to the Transactions of the Cornish scientific societies, and to the Devonshire Association. The full titles of his books and his papers may be read in the ‘Bibliotheca Cornub.’ i. 13–14, iii. 1050.

[The Inquirer, 6, 13, 20 March 1869; Western Morning News, 15 March 1869; Register and Mag. of Biog. 1869, i. 306; Munk's Physicians, 1878, iii. 243.]  BARHAM, WILLIAM FOSTER (1802–1847?), poet, third son of Thomas Foster Barham (1766–1844) [q. v.], was born at Marazion, Cornwall, 22 Oct. 1802. He was educated in the grammar schools of Bodmin and Leeds, and then proceeded to Trinity College, Cambridge. He won the Porson prize in 1821 and 1822, and graduated B.A. in 1824 as twenty-second senior optime, second in the first class of the classical tripos, and second chancellor's medallist. He went out M.A. in 1827. His death occurred in Kent about 1847. He was the author of an unpublished poem on ‘Moskow.’ His Greek versions of portions of ‘Othello’ and ‘Julius Cæsar’ are printed in a volume of ‘Translations which have obtained the Porson Prize from 1817 to 1856,’ 2nd edit., Camb. 1857, pp. 16–23.

[Notes and Queries, 3rd series, iii. 266, 399, 455; Pitman's Memorial of Francis Barham, 20, 21, 23, 24, 28; Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Cornubiensis, iii. 1050; Romilly's Graduati Cantab. (1856) 18.]  BARING, ALEXANDER, first (1774–1848), financier and statesman, the second son of Sir Francis Baring [q. v.], who died in 1810, was born on 27 Oct. 1774. As his elder brother received an appointment in the service of the East India Company, Alexander was trained from early life in his father's financial house. The firm had numerous connections with the United States, and he was sent thither to strengthen and extend its business operations. While resident in America he married (23 Aug. 1798) Anne Louisa, eldest daughter of William Bingham, of Philadelphia, a member of the Senate of the United States. To this alliance, and to his acquaintance with the chief mercantile firms of America, he was much indebted in later life. Although he continued to assist in the management of the house, and became the head of the firm on the death of his father in 1810, he took an active part in the debates in the House of Commons on commercial affairs. He represented in turn Taunton (1806–26), Callington (1826–31), Thetford (1831–32), and North Essex (1833–35); of two of these


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Page:Eurypterids of the Devonian Holland Quarry Shale of Ohio.djvu/11

 {| width="700px" align="center" . 41, a. Pterygotus (Pterygotus) carmani, n. sp., paratype, PE5118 a, part of a pretelson; ✕ 1.25. Rh
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26 matters of both home and foreign policy, each showing that the energy of the veteran orator was scarcely diminished, especially in that department of oratory which Mr. Disraeli once described as 'that ornament of debate, invective'.

Time forbids me to invite your attention to any of these debates, stirring as they were. We must hasten on to the years 1774 and 1775, when Parliament was again called upon to deal with renewed troubles in America.

In 1772 and 1773 Lord Chatham had rarely been well enough to be in his place. But in May, 1774, when Lord North's Government brought in a Bill for quartering troops in America, he braced himself up for a fresh effort. It is, I think, the one of all his speeches which has the least colouring of invective. Its appeal, coming from such a man and at such an hour, is even pathetic.

I will quote but a few sentences. We must reserve ourselves for a later speech on almost the same subject but differing widely in its tone.

'My Lords,' he now says, 'I am an old man'—sixty-five in fact—'and would advise the noble Lords in office to adopt a more gentle method of governing America; for the day is not far distant when America may vie with these kingdoms, not only in arms but in arts also. It is no new doctrine, but has always been my received and unalterable opinion, and I will carry it to my grave, that this country had no right under heaven to tax America. Such proceedings will never meet with their wished-for success.... Rather I would urge you to adopt some lenient measures, which may lure them to their duty. Act like a kind and affectionate parent towards a child whom he tenderly loves.... Pass an amnesty on all their youthful errors. Clasp

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Rh them once more in your fond and affectionate arms; and, I will venture to affirm, you will find them children worthy of their sire.... The period is not far distant when our country will want the assistance of her most distant friends. But should the all-disposing hand of Providence prevent me from affording her my poor assistance, my prayers shall be ever for her welfare. Length of days be in her right hand, and in her left hand riches and honour. May her ways be ways of pleasantness, and all her paths be peace!'

This appeal, surely impressive and dignified, received but sixteen votes. The Government measure for sending out troops received fifty-seven.

Seven months afterwards, on January 20, 1775, just two months before Burke's celebrated speech on 'Conciliation with America', a debate arose in the Lords of a much sharper edge. Serious riots, clearly foreseen as the result of the policy which Chatham had condemned, had again broken out. Chatham himself moved 'to withdraw the troops from Boston'. 'I will not', he cried, 'desert for a moment the conduct of this weighty business from the first to the last. Unless nailed to my bed by the extremity of sickness, I will give it unremitted attention. I will knock at the door of this sleeping and confounded Ministry, and will rouse them to a sense of their danger.... I contend not for indulgence but for justice to America. But it is not repealing this or that Act of Parliament, it is not repealing a piece of parchment, that can restore America to our bosom. You must repeal her fears and her resentments, and you may then hope for her love and gratitude.... We shall be forced ultimately to retract. Let us retract while we can, not when we must. I say we must necessarily undo these violent, oppressive Acts. They must be repealed.

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. The last two tergites of the metasoma, however, can be described. The twelfth tergite, or pretelson (fig. 41, a), reveals through the midsection an elevated ridge that becomes more prominent posteriorly.

In the anterior part, this ridge comprises three to four elongated scales which grade into a simple, greatly thickened, elongated scale which occupies the entire ridge at the posterior part of the pretelson. The scales on the lateral parts of the pretelson are densely packed, large, semilunar or concentric in outline on the anterior part of the tergite, grading into more scattered and more sharply pointed scales. On the sides of the central ridge and at the base of the tergite the scales become more elongated. The pretelson is 58.0 mm. long. The preceding tergite, likewise, has a ridge of large scales on its posterior part (see fig. 42). The largest scale is 4.5 mm. long and 5.0 mm. wide. The telson is unknown.

Remarks.—Pterygotus (Pterygotus) carmani differs greatly from other species of the genus. From the New York Silurian Pterygotus (Pterygotus) cobbi Hall, and Pterygotus (Pterygotus) juvenis Clarke and Ruedemann and from the Bohemian Pterygotus (Pterygotus) barrandei (Semper) it differs in the much stouter and less well-developed


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28 You will repeal them. I pledge myself for it, that you will in the end repeal them. I stake my reputation on it. I will consent to be taken for an idiot if they are not finally repealed. Avoid, then, this humiliating necessity. With a dignity becoming your exalted situation, make the first advances to concord, to peace, and to happiness; for that is your true dignity, to act with prudence and justice. That you should be the first to concede is obvious....'

And then, as in the House of Commons nine years before he had quoted those two domestic lines of Prior,

so now he ends with the imperial lines from Virgil, perhaps still more familiar than that modern couplet to the Public School senators of that generation,

Or, if I may quote the feeling version of my very dear old Oxford friend, Professor Conington,

A special interest of a personal character attaches to this fine speech. Two hearers were present in the gallery, who have given us their impressions, neither of them, it must be owned, quite impartial, but each worth hearing. The first was the young William Pitt, then nearly fifteen and a half, already a venerable Undergraduate at our Pembroke College in his second year.

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 burton married for the second time, 17 Nov. 1858, at Bath House, Piccadilly, Louisa Caroline, third daughter of the Right Hon. James Alexander Stewart Mackenzie. He died at the Grange 23 March 1864, leaving one daughter, Mary Florence, who married 30 April 1884 Lord William Compton, afterwards fifth Marquis of Northampton; she died in 1902. From 1860 to 1864 he held the office of president of the Geographical Society, and in 1855 he was created a knight of the Legion of Honour.

[Burke's Peerage; Gent. Mag. 1864, xvi. 656–57.]  BARKER, ANDREW (d. 1577), merchant of Bristol, in partnership with his brother John, was for some years engaged in the adventurous and often disputed trade with the Spanish settlements. In 1570 one of their ships, named the Falcon, was seized at Terceira, the cargo confiscated, and the greater part of her crew sent to the galleys (State Papers: Elizabeth, Domestic, Addenda, xix. 13). In 1575 at Teneriffe the Inquisition laid hands on the captain and crew of their ship, the Christopher, and released them only on payment of fines which amounted to the value of the whole cargo. Andrew Barker thereupon fitted out two ships for a voyage of reprisals—the Ragged Staff, of which he himself took command, with one Philip Roche as master, and the Bear, commanded by Captain William Cox. They sailed from Plymouth on Whitsunday, 1576. At the Cape Verde Islands, at Trinidad, at Curaçao, and on the Spanish Main, they took several prizes, and collected a fair amount of booty. Afterwards, however, the crews became sickly and several of the men died. Then the officers quarrelled amongst themselves; Barker and Roche fought, and Cox, heading a mutiny, turned Barker and his adherents on shore in the Gulf of Honduras, where they were presently surprised by the Spaniards. Barker and some eight or nine with him were killed, others were wounded, the rest made good their escape and were admitted on board the Bear, which was still in the neighbourhood. Disaster now pursued the adventurers. Party after party was cut off. The Ragged Staff had early in the voyage proved to be unseaworthy, and had been sunk. All the accumulated treasure was in the Bear, and she was now overset in a squall. Only nine men escaped with their lives, and these, having made shift to build a small vessel and to return to England, were arrested at the suit of Andrew Barker's brother, John, and the chief of them sentenced to a long term of imprisonment.

[Hakluyt's Principal Navigations, &c. (Reprint, 1811), iv. 4.]  BARKER, BENJAMIN (1776–1838), landscape painter, son of Benjamin and brother of Thomas Barker [q. v.], called ‘Barker of Bath,’ resided at Bath, and between 1800 and 1821 exhibited occasionally at the Royal Academy. During the years 1813–20 he was a large exhibitor of views and landscape compositions at the Watercolour Society. He was also an exhibitor at the British Institution. There are three of his watercolour drawings in the South Kensington Museum. He was an artist of some skill and taste, but little power or originality. He died at Totnes after a lingering illness, 2 March 1838, aged 62. Thales Fielding engraved forty-eight of his landscapes in aquatint.

[Redgrave's Dictionary; Cat. of Nat. Gall. at South Kensington.]  BARKER, CHRISTOPHER (d. 1549), Garter king of arms, was the son of William Barker of Stokesley, Yorkshire, by Joan, daughter of William Carlille or Carlisle, and a relative of William or Christopher Carlisle, Norroy king of arms, who died in 1511. Barker was originally in the service of Sir Charles Brandon. On his creation as Viscount Lisle, Brandon attached Barker to his household as Lysley pursuivant (15 May 1513), and on the viscount's elevation to the rank of Duke of Suffolk, Barker was admitted by Henry VIII at Eltham into the office of Suffolk herald (1 Feb. 1516–17). Shortly afterwards he abandoned the duke's service for the College of Arms, and filled in succession the chief posts there. He was at first Calais pursuivant extraordinary, and afterwards Rougedragon pursuivant. In April 1522 he became Richmond herald at twenty marks a year. In 1524 he accompanied Sir Richard Wingfield and others on an embassy to Spain. Sir Richard died while abroad, and Barker solemnised the funeral. In 1529 he attended Tunstall, bishop of London, and Sir Thomas More on an embassy to Cambray in Flanders, and in 1530 accompanied the Earl of Wiltshire to Germany. In the capacity of Richmond herald he assisted at the formal creation of Anne Boleyn as Marchioness of Pembroke (1 Sept. 1532) and at her coronation on 29 May 1533. On 26 Nov. 1534 he promised a pension of 10l. to Thomas Tong, Clarencieux king of arms, if he should be promoted Garter king of arms, on the understanding that Tong should not himself apply for the post. In June 1536 Barker became Norroy king of arms, and on 9 July following was created Garter king. In 1544 he attended the Duke of Suffolk in


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Rh It would seem that at Cambridge a hundred and fifty years ago there was a gracious custom that whenever our great Cambridge orators, Prime Ministers or ex-Prime Ministers, were to make great speeches in Parliament, their sons were allowed a College Exeat for the night for the purpose of reporting to the University on the proficiency or consistency of their fathers.

If, Mr. Vice-Chancellor, such a custom has prevailed in your Colleges since the days that Oxford began to breed Prime Ministers, I can imagine that some youthful members of some famous College, perhaps some Ireland Scholars or some brilliant Presidents of the Union, may have availed themselves so habitually of this special privilege during the last hundred years, as to perplex the most indulgent Tutor and the least suspicious Dean.

It was, you will remember, in January, 1775, that Chatham delivered what I may be permitted to call his 'Tuque prior, tu parce' speech.

The next morning we find young Pitt, even then a critic, thus reporting to his mother, Lady Chatham:

'I can now tell you correctly. My father has slept well, without any burning in the feet or restlessness. He has had no pain, but is lame in one ankle near the instep, from standing so long. No wonder he is lame. His first speech lasted above an hour, and the second half an hour—surely the two finest speeches that ever were made before, unless by himself.'

Such is the criticism of a dear, a loving, and a wondrously gifted son, a boy of fifteen. The other critic is a very different personage, a man of full age, the shrewd, inventive, oracular American, Benjamin Franklin, the great man who, among many other oracular replies, settled one social question for ever without appeal.

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 cheliceral teeth, and in a considerably different arrangement of these teeth. From the New York Devonian P. (Pterygotus) elleri Ruedemann and the Montana Devonian P. (Pterygotus) montanensis Ruedemann, the stout, short teeth of P. (Pterygotus) carmani are sufficient to distinguish the Ohio form.

The species has been named in honor of Dr. J. Ernest Carman, Ohio State University, who discovered the fish-eurypterid fauna of the Holland Quarry shale.

The holotype (PE5105) and paratypes (PE5106–PE5112, PE5118 and PE5119) are in the collections of Chicago Natural History Museum.

The species is based on a single well-preserved, complete, free ramus of the chelicera. Inward bowing at the distal end indicates that it is the free ramus of the left chelicera. The specimen is broken through the midsection into two parts. Figure 43 is a composite of both parts (✕ 4).

The ramus is a short, stout structure tapering into a curved distal end. The inner margin, armed with teeth, is inclined with respect to the almost straight outer margin, resulting in an overall tapering form. The teeth are short and stout, in keeping with the overall robust aspect of the stem. These teeth are mostly of fairly uniform size, mainly lanceolate to rhomboidal, but some are truncated, giving a nearly quadrate appearance. The two distal teeth are badly worn but apparently were the largest. Wear is also apparent on the succeeding three teeth. No longitudinal ridges ("striations") occur on any of the teeth. The distal end is slightly curved inward; that is, in normal position the end would be curved inward toward the oral opening. The free ramus is estimated to have been 27.5 mm. long on the base and is 5 mm. wide at midsection.

Remarks.—The subgenus Pterygotus (Erettopterus) is poorly represented in North America but is well known in Scotland, England, and Saaremaa (Oesel). The form above described is the first record of the subgenus in the Devonian of North America. P. (Erettopterus) serratus differs greatly from the common P. (Erettopterus) bilobus (Salter) of the upper Silurian of Scotland in having the chela much thicker and in having short, stout teeth in contrast to the slender, curved teeth of the latter. From P. (Erettopterus) osiliensis Schmidt, the


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 command of the expedition to France ( Fœdera, xv. 52–3), and was subsequently with Henry VIII at Calais. In 1546 he was present at the trial of the Earl of Surrey, and in February 1547–8 assisted at the coronation of Edward VI. Shortly afterwards Barker was made a knight of the Bath; a special exemption had to be procured to enable him to accept the honour, as the officials of the College of Arms were legally ineligible for such distinctions, and on no other member of the college before or since has a like dignity been conferred.

Sir Christopher died at the close of 1549 or early in January 1549–50. His will bears date 3 Dec. 1549, and was proved on 6 April following. He was buried ‘in the Long Chapple next S. Faith's Church in S. Paul's.’ Sir Christopher possessed large house property in Lime Street, St. Nicholas and Ivy Lanes, London, and land at Wanstead. He owned a house in Paternoster Row. His property in Lime Street was left on the death of his wife to the Company of Vintners and their successors for ever. Sir Christopher was thrice married: first, to May, daughter and coheir of Robert Spacelby of Worcestershire, who died in 1520; secondly, to Alice or Eleanor, daughter of Richard Dalton, by whom he had two sons; and, thirdly, to Edith, daughter of John Boys of Godneston, near Sittingbourne, Kent, who died in September 1550. Sir Christopher's only children, his two sons Justinian and Christopher, by his second wife, both died before him. Justinin was born in 1523, became Rougecroix pursuivant and Rysbank pursuivant extraordinary late in the reign of Henry VIII, and died while in Spain before 1549. Edward Barker, a nephew, ultimately succeeded to Sir Christopher's property.

A portrait of Barker is given in the picture of the procession of Edward VI from the Tower of London to Westminster before his coronation. He is there riding with the lord mayor between the emperor's ambassador and the Duke of Somerset. The picture, formerly at Cowdray House, Sussex, was burnt in 1793, but an engraving was previously prepared by the Society of Antiquaries and was published in 1797. A reduced copy of the engraving appears in the New Shakspere Society's edition of Harrison's ‘England.’ Another portrait of Barker is given in Dallaway's ‘Inquiries into Heraldry.’

[Noble's History of the College of Arms; Carlisle's Family of Carlisle, 1822, pp. 371–2; Anstis's Register of the Garter, i. 376–9; Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII for the years 1523, 1529, 1530, 1532–3.]  BARKER or BARKAR, CHRISTOPHER (1529?–1599), queen's printer, was born about the year 1529, and is said to have been the grand nephew of Sir Christopher Barker, Garter king of arms, whose heir-at-law was Edward Barker, son of his brother John, and believed to have been the father of the printer. He appears to have had some fortune, and was originally a member of the Drapers' Company. Barker began to publish books in 1569, when the first entry in the ‘Registers of the Company of Stationers’ (, i. 398) under his name is a license for ‘Morning and Evening Prayer … made by the Lady Elizabeth Tirwitt,’ printed by H. Middleton in 1574. In 1569 he was not a member of the company, and did not own a press. ‘Certen prayers of master Bullion’ was licensed for him at the same time. In 1575 the Genevan bible was first printed in England, both in quarto and octavo form, as well as two editions of Whittingham's New Testament, all by T. Vautrollier for Barker. In the same year Middleton printed for him, for sale ‘at the signe of the Grassehopper,’ two editions of Gascoigne's ‘Glasse of Government,’ with a preface stating that ‘this work is compiled upon these sentences following set down by mee, C. B.,’ which indicates that the publisher had given some editorial supervision to the book. It contains the punning device of a man barking a tree, with the lines, A Barker if ye will In name, but not in skill. His first appearance as an actual printer was in 1576, when he produced two different versions of the Bible, each with the imprint, ‘Imprinted at London by Christopher Barkar (sic), dwelling in Powles Churchyard at the signe of the tygre's head.’ One of these versions was revised by Laurence Tomson, under-secretary to Sir Francis Walsingham, in whose service Barker had been, and whose armorial bearing was the tiger's head used by him.

In 1573 Elizabeth granted a patent of privilege, or the right of disposing of certain licenses, to Francis Flower ‘as her Majesty's printer of the Latin,’ farmed out by him to Vautrollier and others; and about 1575 a patent was granted to Sir Thomas Wilkes as the queen's printer of the English tongue. These and other printing privileges granted by Elizabeth were the subject of one of the earliest and most remarkable documents connected with the history of the English bible and the book-producing trade of this country. This was a representation to the crown of their griefs signed by 45 stationers and printers in the name of 140 others, and prov-


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30 He was once, they say, consulted by a friend on a delicate matter, probably not without parallel. How could his friend best discover if a lady to whom he was tentatively attached but not yet hopelessly engaged was possessed of any faults? What was the answer of the Pennsylvanian Sage, the illustrious inventor of the lightning conductor? 'Praise her,' he said, 'praise her before her female friends.'

Such was the man, or at least a part of the man, who on that 20th day of January was also present in the House of Lords. He was personally introduced, we are told, by Chatham himself, who esteemed him highly. And what was the impression left upon him?

'I was quite charmed', he says, 'with Lord Chatham's speech. He impressed me with the highest idea of him as a great and most noble statesman.' Writing afterwards to Lord Stanhope, Chatham's kinsman, he says, 'he is filled with admiration of that truly great man. He has seen in the course of his life sometimes eloquence without wisdom, and often wisdom without eloquence'—perhaps we might put it the other way—'but in the present instance he sees both united, and both, as he thinks, in the highest degree possible.'

This, you will remember, was early in 1775. For nearly two years Chatham was again a recluse, and for the same reason of health. In 1777, on May 30, he reappeared for the first time in the House of Lords, in all the sad pomp of ineradicable gout, wrapped in flannels and supported upon crutches. Again young William Pitt was present, just two days after his own eighteenth birthday, and again he sends his mother an almost rapturous report of what he had seen and heard. The subject was in substance the old one, the revolt in America, but two years had done their work. Of this the very first words of the crippled orator are a proof.

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Eurypterids of the Devonian Holland Quarry Shale of Ohio

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 ing that the right of printing the bible had been common to all printers up to that date, and that it had never been attached to the office of king's or queen's printer. The petition was signed by Barker as one of those who ‘do lyve by bookeselling, being free of other companies and also hindered by the same privileges’ (, i. 111). But Barker soon afterwards himself joined the ranks of the privileged, as he purchased from Wilkes, on 28 Sept. 1577, a very extensive patent, especially including the Old and New Testament in English, with or without notes of whatever translation. He was thus appointed ‘queen's printer.’ It may be pointed out that this was merely a commercial transaction between two private persons, and that the patent was not given with any view of insuring the production of accurate editions of the Scriptures. By a legal fiction the deed specified that it was granted on account of Barker's great improvement in the art of printing. The subsequent bible-patents take their rise from this.

He was made free of the Stationers' Company on 4 June 1578, began to take apprentices on 16 June, and was admitted to the livery on 25 June. From a broadside in the library of the Society of Antiquaries we learn that in October of the same year he issued a printed circular to the London companies offering copies of his large bible at the special terms of 24s. each bound, and 20s. unbound. The clerks of the companies were to receive 4d. apiece for every bible sold, and whenever the members of a company subscribed 40l. worth and upwards, a presentation copy was to be offered to the hall ( Catalogue, p. 23). About this time he changed the spelling of his name from Barkar to Barker. In December 1582 he addressed to the lord treasurer as warden a petition which contains a most interesting account of the Stationers' Company and the publishing trade of the time, together with a report on the printing patents granted between 1558 and 1582. After complaining of the abridgment of his own patent by those of Seres and Day, he says: ‘But as it is I haue the printing of the olde and the newe testament, the statutes of the Realme, Proclamations, and the boke of common prayer by name, and in generall wordes, all matters for the Churche. … Proclamations come on the suddayne, and must be returned printed in hast: wherefore by breaking of greater worke I loose oftentymes more by one Proclamacon, then I gayne by sixe, before my servantes can comme in trayne of their worke agayne. … Testamentes alone are not greatly commodious, by reason the prices are so small, as will scarcely beare the charges. The whole bible together requireth so great a somme of money to be employed in the imprinting thereof; as master Jugge kept the Realme twelve yere withoute, before he Durst adventure to print one impression: but I, considering the great somme I paid to Master Wilkes, Did (as some haue termed it since) gyve a Desperate adventure to imprint fower sundry impressions for all ages, wherein I employed to the value of three thowsande pounde in the terme of one yere and an halfe, or thereaboute’ (, i. 115).

Together with the other warden of the Stationers' Company, Francis Coldocke, Barker made a formal representation to Lord Burghley in 1583 on the dangers to be anticipated from the setting up of a printing press by the university of Cambridge (Cal. State Papers, Dom., 1581–90, p. 111). From an inquisition ordered to be made by the Bishop of London in the same year, we find that Barker owned five presses, being more than any one else except Wolfe. There were then in London twenty-three printers, who worked fifty-three presses, a number in Barker's opinion more than doubly sufficient for the whole of England and Scotland. There can be no doubt that between 1580 and 1586 the printing trade had fallen to a very prosperous state. Some of the smaller men had organised a system of unlawfully producing privileged books: John Wolfe was one of those of whom Barker had to complain in this respect. The quarrel raged for four or five years; eventually some of the richer members of the company gave up certain copyrights to their poorer brethren.

While elder warden, Barker was fined 20s. on 2 May 1586 ‘for reteyninge George Swinnowe [an apprentice] at his art of printinge a certen space before he presentid him, which is contrary to the ordonnance of the cumpanye’ (, ii. 858). From the year 1588 he carried on his business by deputies, George Bishop and Ralph Newbery, and retired to his country house at Datchet, near Windsor. On the disgrace of Wilkes in 1589, Barker obtained (8 Aug.) an exclusive patent from the queen for the lives of himself and his son Robert [q. v.] embracing ‘all and singular the statutes, books, pamphlets, acts of parliament, proclamations, injunctions, as of bibles and new testaments of all sorts, of whatsoever translation in the English tongue … imprinted or to be imprinted … also of all books for the service of God’ (Egerton MS. 1835, f. 167). Bacon House, in Noble Street, Aldersgate, was occupied by Barker and by his son. Cotton describes thirty-eight editions of the Bible or parts thereof bearing the name of Chr. Barker, and dating from 1575 to 1588, and thirty-four editions as having


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 been produced between 1588 and 1599 by his deputies. To Barker is first due the use of roman type in printing the Bible. He died at Datchet (where he lies buried) on 29 Nov. 1599, in the seventieth year of his age.

 BARKER, COLLET (1784–1831), Australian explorer, obtained a commission as captain in the 39th regiment, and served with that regiment in the Peninsular war; subsequently he was stationed in Ireland, till in 1828 he sailed for Australia, where, immediately on his arrival, he was appointed commandant of Raffles Bay, a small colony on the north coast. The colonial government was anxious to establish some settlements on this coast, in the hope of opening a trade with the natives of the Indian Archipelago through the medium of the Malays, and in 1824 settlers were sent to Melville Island, and in 1827 to Raffles Bay. The settlements did not prosper; Melville Island was abandoned in 1829, and when Barker arrived at Raffles Bay he found the settlers full of complaints of the hostility of the natives and of the unhealthiness of the climate. Scurvy was very prevalent, but Barker, by planting trees and vegetables, restored the health of the community, and his just treatment of the natives speedily removed their hostility. In the face of all opposition he insisted on forbearance and humanity on the part of the settlers, and by trusting himself alone into the hands of the natives and giving them other proofs of his justice and good feeling, he became possessed of great influence among them. Unfortunately, before the news of his success could reach the colonial government, the abandonment of the settlement was ordered, and Barker was appointed to the settlement at King George's Sound, on the south-west coast. Before leaving the district of Raffles Bay he explored the neighbourhood of Port Essington, and on his way to his new command he touched at the Swan River settlement and investigated the country near it. In April 1831 Governor Darling requested Barker to search for a communication between Lake Alexandrina and St. Vincent's Gulf. Captain Sturt had descended the Murray River and discovered the lake, but had not discovered its communication with the sea. Barker started on this expedition with a fellow explorer, Mr. Kent, and a few soldiers. He ascended Mount Lofty, descried the range to the east, named after him Mount Barker, and saw the plains upon which Adelaide, Norwood, and Kensington now stand. On 21 April, with Mr. Kent and two soldiers, he came to the outlet he was in search of, and, since none of the others could swim, he swam across alone to make some observations. But while separated from his companions he encountered some natives who speared him in revenge for ill treatment suffered at the hands of whites. Barker was an able officer and ‘a lover and follower of science,’ but he deserves chiefly to be remembered for his patient humanity towards the natives and its complete success. Captain Sturt, in an eloquent eulogium of his brother officer, says of him that ‘in disposition as in the close of his life he was in many respects similar to Captain Cook:’ like Captain Cook he suffered for the sins of others.

 BARKER, EDMOND (1721–1780?), physician, was born in 1721; his birthplace and parentage are unknown. He studied medicine at the university of Leyden, whose register is the only authority for his age and nationality. The entry of his matriculation, on 16 Sept. 1743, describes him as an Englishman, aged 22. He took his doctor's degree in 1747, and settled to the practice of his profession in London. In the winter of 1749, Dr. Johnson, as yet uncelebrated, and only winning his way to recognition, established the Ivy Lane Club, which met weekly at a ‘famous beefsteak house’ near St. Paul's; to this conversational society Barker was introduced by a fellow-student, Samuel Dyer. Sir John Hawkins, in his ‘Life of Johnson,’ has left character portraits of some of the members of the club; he describes Barker as a dissenter by education, a unitarian by religious profession, and a disciple of Lord Shaftesbury in philosophy. According to the same authority, Barker was an acute reasoner on ethics, a deep metaphysician, an excellent classical scholar, and a student of the Italian poets. He was, however, ‘a


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 thoughtless young man,’ so slovenly in his habits, dress, and appearance as to be a jest to his companions; and naturally he ‘succeeded ill in his profession.’ In this sketch there is one characteristic detail which may be accepted with a confidence that Hawkins does not always merit. Johnson, we are told, so often snubbed Barker for his unitarianism that his visits to the club became less and less frequent. Hawkins continues: ‘After leaving us’ [i.e. the Ivy Lane company] ‘he went to practice at Trowbridge, in Wiltshire, but at the end of two years returned to London, and became librarian to the College of Physicians in room of Edwards the ornithologist, and for some misbehaviour was displaced, and died in obscurity.’ The third part of Edwards's ‘Gleanings of Natural History,’ published in 1764, was translated by Barker from English into French, the work being printed in parallel columns in both languages. The books of the Royal College of Physicians show that he was ‘library-keeper’ to that body from 1760 to 1771; how much longer he held the position—which was one of small emolument, and probably consistent with the exercise of his profession—or for what reason he ceased to hold it, a gap in the college records prevents us from ascertaining. It appears, however, that by 1781 a successor had been found for him. Boswell knew nothing of Barker at first hand, and it seems almost certain that his intimacy with Johnson was not renewed after his return from Trowbridge. To the sombre sequel of his career as described by Hawkins no other evidence is opposed.

[Album Studiosorum, University of Leyden, 1875; Hawkins's Life of Johnson, 1787; Annals of Royal College of Physicians, 1753–81; Edwards's Gleanings of Natural History, 1764.]  BARKER, EDMUND HENRY (1788–1839), a classical scholar of greater industry than judgment, was the eldest son of the Rev. Robert Barker, vicar of Hollym and Welwick, and rector of Holmpton-in-Holderness, and was born at Hollym vicarage December 1788. He was entered at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1807 as a pensioner, and afterwards became a scholar of his college. Whilst at the university he gained medals for Greek and Latin epigrams, but quitted it through religious scruples without taking a degree. From 1810 to 1815 he lived in Dr. Parr's vicarage of Hatton, in Warwickshire; but at the end of that time the doctor's wife quarrelled with her guest, and Mr. Barker left the house. Shortly after this event he married Miss Manley, a lady who fortunately had some property settled on herself, and went to reside at Thetford in Norfolk, a circumstance which led him to append to his name on the title-pages of his works the mysterious letters O. T. N., which puzzled the scholars of foreign countries; but they meant nothing more than Of Thetford, Norfolk. His grandfather was the Rev. Thomas Barker, rector of Cherry-Burton, Yorkshire; but there had long been doubts whether Robert Barker, the vicar of Hollym, was born in wedlock or not. After ten years had been spent in accumulating evidence, E. H. Barker brought an action at the York assizes to prove his father's legitimacy, and gained a verdict in his favour. He thereupon endeavoured, on the ground of an alleged but lost will of his great-uncle, to establish his claim to the family estates of Potternewton, estates worth 3,000l. a year; but in this he was unsuccessful. Both Brougham and Scarlett were engaged in this cause (the tracts relating to which are now preserved in a bound volume in the British Museum), and its failure involved Barker in ruin. His library was sold, and he was cast into the Fleet prison. After some years he was released. But prudence and he were strangers to one another. He became more and more involved in rash adventures, and ultimately died, 21 March 1839, in a mean lodging-house near Covent Garden Market, leaving two daughters, who survived him. Five days later he was buried in the churchyard of St. Andrew's, Holborn.

Barker edited a vast number of editions, long since superseded, of the works of Greek and Latin authors, from the fables of Æsop to the speeches of Demosthenes. He translated Philip Buttmann's Greek grammar and C. J. Sillig's dictionary of the artists of antiquity. In conjunction with Professor George Dunbar, of Edinburgh, he compiled a Greek and English lexicon, which was well received by the public, and the same good fortune attended his edition of Lemprière's ‘Classical Dictionary.’ Many of the essays in his ‘Classical Recreations’ (1812) were written at Hatton and dedicated to Dr. Parr. Whilst living there he conceived the idea of reprinting the ‘Thesaurus Græcæ Linguæ,’ the famous work of Henry Stephens, the French printer of the sixteenth century. This enormous labour was finished in 1826, in twelve folio volumes, but the name of Barker did not appear as its editor. The omission was due to a very severe review by C. J. Blomfield, afterwards bishop of London, which appeared in the ‘Quarterly Review,’ xxii. 302–48 (1820). Barker retorted with an ‘Aristarchus Anti-Blomfeldianus;’ but


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 common Oesel form, it differs in the much stouter chela as well as the more prominently developed teeth. It may be easily distinguished from the associated P. (Pterygotus) carmani in the altogether different type of chela, as well as in the lack of prominent ridges ("striations") on the teeth. The latter characteristic serves to distinguish both forms even in small fragments of the teeth.

The holotype (PE5104 a and b) is in the collections of Chicago Natural History Museum.

This interesting species is based on a partial prosoma and three paddles of the swimming legs which indicate a form unlike any of the described dolichopterids. One of the paddles (PE5114) has been selected as the holotype.

The prosoma is represented by one specimen (PE5117) indicating an individual approximately 70 cm. in length. The specimen retains only the left side of the prosoma, with a faint outline of part of the left lateral eye, and without trace of the ocelli; figure 44 illustrates the parts known. The prosoma is rounded along the outer lateral angles and along the anterior margin. Anteriorly the lateral margins converge slightly. The margins are bounded by a narrow but pronounced ornamented rim which gives this form a distinctive appearance. This marginal rim is composed of a single row of flat, oblong, elevated structures (see fig. 44, a); it is narrow at the genal angles and is not developed on the posterior edge. Apart from this ornamented rim, the prosoma is smooth.

The compound eyes are not preserved except for the barely perceptible anterior margin of the left eye and a slight elevation that


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 it fell flat, though it was deemed of sufficient importance to be answered by J. H. Monk, subsequently bishop of Gloucester and Bristol, in the same review, xxiv. 376–400 (1821). In Barker's ‘Parriana; or Notices of the Rev. Samuel Parr, LL.D.,’ 1828–9, 2 vols., and in his posthumous ‘Literary Anecdotes and Contemporary Reminiscences of Professor Porson,’ 1852, 2 vols., may be found considerable information about those two scholars; but both works are deficient in discrimination and method. In the ‘Pamphleteer,’ xxi. 189–205 (1822), is the second edition of a vigorous and manly argument from Barker in support of the Greek cause; and in the same collection of pamphlets (xxvii. 415–30, 1826) is a tract to disprove the claims of Sir Philip Francis to the authorship of ‘Junius,’ a subject on which he addressed numerous printed letters to his friends between 1826 and 1830. To A. J. Valpy's ‘Classical Journal’ he was a frequent contributor from its third number to its close, and he also wrote in the ‘British Critic’ and the ‘Monthly Magazine.’ He is sometimes credited with the authorship of a few books for children, of some popularity in their day; but this statement can hardly be accepted by those who are familiar with his recognised volumes. Barker's powers of application were unbounded; but his critical acumen was inferior to his industry. He must rank in the annals of classical scholarship with Joshua Barnes.

[Literary Anecdotes of Porson, with Memoir of Barker in vol. i.; Gent. Mag. xi. 543–7 (1839), by B., i.e. George Burges; A. Blomfield's Life of C. J. Blomfield, i. 27–36.]  BARKER, FRANCIS (d. 1859?), Irish physician, graduated B.A. at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1793, and afterwards studied medicine at Edinburgh. He there became intimate with Sir Walter Scott. On taking a medical degree at Edinburgh he composed a thesis, ‘De invento Galvani,’ suggesting the identity of the nervous fluid and dynamical electricity. After residing in Waterford for five years, where he opened the first fever hospital in Ireland, he settled in Dublin; in 1808 was elected professor of chemistry there, and took the M.B. and M.D. degrees in 1810. He started the first Irish medical journal in conjunction with Dr. Todd. In 1804 he was elected senior physician to the Cork Street Hospital, and from 1820 to 1852 was secretary to the Irish board of health. He published many reports on fevers, and in 1821, in conjunction with Dr. Cheyne, a work on ‘Epidemic Fevers in Ireland.’ In 1826 he edited the Dublin Pharmacopœia. He died about 1859.

[Dr. Waller in Imperial Biog. Dict.; Cat. of Dublin Graduates, 1591–1868.]  BARKER, FREDERICK, D.D. (1808–1882), second bishop of Sydney and metropolitan of Australia, was grandson of William Barker, dean of Raphoe, 1757–1776, and the fifth son of the Rev. John Barker, vicar of Baslow by Bakewell, Derbyshire, who died 6 June 1824. Frederick Barker was born at Baslow on 17 March 1808. He was educated at Grantham School and Jesus College, Cambridge, where he took his B.A. degree in 1831 and proceeded M.A. in 1839. He was appointed 24 April 1831 to the perpetual curacy of Upton, a small village in Cheshire, where he ministered until 28 Sept. 1834, and then spent a few months (4 Oct. to 21 Dec. 1834) in Ireland in the service of the Irish Church Mission. In the beginning of 1835 he was appointed to the perpetual curacy of St. Mary's, Edgehill, Liverpool, and held this preferment for over nineteen years. In the course of his incumbency he manifested a warm interest in scriptural education. On account of failing health Barker was induced to accept from the patron, the Duke of Devonshire, the paternal vicarage of Baslow, which had fallen vacant by the death of his elder brother, the Rev. Anthony Auriol Barker, on 21 Dec. 1853. Before leaving Liverpool Barker published a volume entitled ‘Thirty-six Psalms, with Commentary and Prayer for Use in Families,’ London, 1854. Barker also contributed to ‘A Course of Sermons on the Principal Errors of the Church of Rome, preached in St. Andrew's Church, Liverpool, by Ten Clergymen of the Church of England,’ 1838; to ‘A Course of Sermons on Romanism, preached in St. Michael's Church, Liverpool, in 1838–9, by several Clergymen of the Church of England,’ 1840; and to ‘Twenty-two Sermons by different Clergymen, contributed in aid of the Erection and Endowment of a New Church at Grange in the Parish of Cartmel, Lancashire,’ 12mo, Liverpool, 2nd edition, 1854.

Barker had been scarcely three months in residence at Baslow, when he was selected by Archbishop Summer in August 1854 to succeed Dr. Broughton as bishop of Sydney, New South Wales. This office carried with it, by the queen's letters patent, dated 19 Oct. 1854, that of metropolitan of Australia. He was consecrated at Lambeth on St. Andrew's day, 30 Nov. 1854, and received the degree of D.D. per literas regias. He arrived in Sydney in May 1855. His predecessor had procured the erection of the sees of Tasmania


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renouncing everything which kept him alive, a new life—like the spring which blossoms again—sprang up in Michael Angelo's devastated heart, and love burnt with a brighter flame. But it was a form of love in which there was hardly a trace of either egoism or sensuality. It consisted in the mystical adoration of the beauty of a Cavalieri, in the religious friendship of Vittoria Colonna—the passionate communion of two souls in God. It consisted, also, in paternal tenderness for his orphan nephews, in pity for the poor and the weak, and in holy charity.

Michael Angelo's love for Tommaso dei Cavalieri is calculated to disconcert the minds of many, whether honest or dishonest. Even in the Italy of the closing days of the Renaissance it gave rise to unpleasant interpretations, and Aretino made outrageous allusions to it.


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 in 1842, and of Adelaide, Melbourne, and Newcastle, all in 1847; and Barker in his lifetime effected the formation of the additional dioceses of Perth 1856, Brisbane 1859, Goulburn 1863, Grafton and Armidale 1866, Bathurst 1869, Ballarat 1875, and North Queensland 1878. Thus Barker's primacy, as first constituted, extended over twelve separate dioceses, in which, one after the other, the principle of constitutional government was developed in conformity with the precedent set by the dioceses of Victoria and Sydney. The first synod of the latter diocese met on 5 Dec. 1866; and in addition to the diocesan synods thus initiated Barker succeeded in establishing a general synod, composed of clerical and lay representatives from the several diocesan synods, for the exercise of certain legislative and administrative authority over the whole church in Australia and Tasmania. The formation of this general synod, which met three times during Barker's primacy, the last time being in his absence in October 1881, was regarded as having perfected the constitution of the Australian church. Under this régime the diocese of Sydney continued more and more to prosper, and when state aid to religion was abolished in the colony, it was ordained by the legislature that Barker should continue to receive his government salary of 2,000l. a year. Funds were forthcoming for the building of churches and the maintenance of the clergy; a noble cathedral was erected and paid for, and the requisite buildings, endowments, and staff were provided for a college for the education of young men for the ministry. Barker's work was arduous; and he paid three visits to England for the purpose of advancing the diocesan and provincial interests committed to his care. His first wife died in Sydney in 1876: on his third visit to England he married his second wife, Mary Jane, the elder daughter of Edward Woods, Esq., of London, and returned to Sydney in October 1878. He paid a fourth visit to Europe in 1881 in the hope of recovery from an attack of paralysis; after revisiting Derbyshire, he proceeded to the Riviera for the winter of 1881–2. He died after four weeks' illness at San Remo on Thursday, 6 April 1882, and was buried at Baslow on the 18th of the same month. Barker's only episcopal publication appears to have been ‘A Charge delivered to the Clergy of the Diocese of Sydney, 23 Nov. 1858, at the Primary Visitation, &c.,’ 8vo, Sydney, 1859.

[Therry's Reminiscences of Thirty Years' Residence in New South Wales and Victoria, 2nd ed. 1863; Heaton's Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time, 1879; Times, 7 and 19 April; Church Times, 14 and 21 April; Guardian, 19 April; High Peak News, and Buxton Advertiser, 22 and 29 April; Record, 14 and 21 April and 18 Aug. 1882; and private information.]  BARKER, GEORGE (1776–1845), benefactor to Birmingham, was born in 1776. Notwithstanding his arduous duties as a solicitor, he devoted a large portion of his time both to scientific pursuits and to benevolent and social enterprises. He exerted himself with great energy to extend the advantages of the General Hospital, in behalf of which he was one of the chief promoters of the Birmingham musical festivals. He was the founder of the Birmingham Philosophical Society, and by his lectures on chemistry gave a considerable impetus to certain special manufactures. From the first he took a special interest in the inventions of Watt and Boulton; and it was chiefly owing to his exertions that an act was obtained for that ‘gigantic absurdity,’ as it was called, ‘the Birmingham railway.’ In recognition of his scientific acquirements he was in 1839 elected a member of the Royal Society. He died 6 Dec. 1845. His statue in marble is in the General Hospital.

[Gent. Mag. new ser. xxv. 324–5.]  BARKER, GEORGE ROBERT (1817–1861), colonel in the royal artillery, after studying at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, was appointed second lieutenant in the royal artillery in 1834. Not happening to be employed in any of the colonial wars of the next twenty years, he had no opportunity of showing his qualities; but in the Crimea, whither, as captain, he proceeded at the beginning of the struggle, he speedily attracted the favourable notice of Sir Colin Campbell, afterwards Lord Clyde, to whose division he was attached. He commanded a battery at Alma and Inkerman, was in command of the artillery in the expedition to Kertch, and commanded the batteries of the left attack at the fall of Sevastopol. He returned to England a colonel, and when the news of the mutiny led to the despatch of a force of royal artillery to India, he was at once selected for service in that country. Under his old chief he served, with the local rank of brigadier-general, in command of the artillery at the siege and capture of Lucknow. Subsequently, at the head of a mixed brigade, he defeated the mutineers in force at Jamoo, and captured the stronghold of Birwah, for which services he was made K.C.B. After the suppression


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Page:Eurypterids of the Devonian Holland Quarry Shale of Ohio.djvu/15

 {| width="700px" align="center" . 44. Restoration of prosoma of Dolichopterus asperatus, n. sp., based on a paratype, PE5117; natural size. . 45. Holotype of Dolichopterus asperatus, n. sp., PE5114. Paddle of swimming leg. Shading indicates preserved patches of test. Ruled line, one centimeter.
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 may represent the eye node. The node is probably arcuate, and the palpebral lobe covers most of the eye.

The prosoma measures 69 mm. in length, 79 mm. in width behind the compound eyes, and 99 mm. in width along the base. The compound eye node is 28.0 mm. long and possibly 10 mm. wide. It is 6.5 mm. from the anterior margin, 9.0 mm. from the lateral margin, and 50.0 mm. from the base of the prosoma. The preceding measurements are estimated. The marginal rim measures 0.8 mm. in width. The doublure along the base of the prosoma is 5.1 mm. wide.

A fragment of the ventral shield, or doublure, of the prosoma is present on the anterior part of the specimen. The part preserved is not sufficient to warrant description except to note that ornamentation is present. This consists of flat, slightly curved to linear scales parallel to the rim, with their crests pointing toward the marginal rim.

The fact that the scales point to the marginal rim indicates the independence of the ventral plates and the dorsal shield. This condition is better emphasized by Syntomopterus richardsoni. The doublure is rather wide and measures 21 mm. in width in the anterior part.

The distal part of the swimming legs is well represented by three specimens which further reveal this form as a distinct species. The holotype (PE5114) and two paratypes (PE5115 and PE5116) retain the seventh and eighth joints. These joints (together) form a semi-elliptical structure with numerous serrations, particularly on the last joint. Supplementary lobes are present, but their outline is impossible to detect. On specimen PE5116 a supplementary joint line occurs along the posterior distal part, and serrations were superimposed along the extreme end and also on the anterior part of the joint (see fig. 47), indicating supplementary lobes. The distinctive feature of the species is, however, the small but conspicuous row of spine-like projections that border the joints. These serrations vary in size within the species. The holotype measures 12 mm. in width at the seventh joint and 11.1 mm. at the eighth. The greatest width of specimen PE5115 is 11.8 mm.

Remarks.—This is the first reported occurrence of the genus in Devonian beds. It differs from all Silurian dolichopterids in the presence of the chain-like marginal rim of the prosoma, and particularly in the fine serrations that border the swimming leg paddles. It is a distinctive and easily recognizable species.

The holotype (PE5114) and paratypes (PE5115–PE5117) are in the collections of Chicago Natural History Museum.


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92 But the insults of an Aretino—such men are common to all ages—could not reach a Michael Angelo. "They formed in their hearts a Michelagniolo out of the stuff of which their own hearts was made."

No one possessed a purer soul than Michael Angelo. No one had a more religious conception of love. "I have often heard him speak of love," says Condivi, "and those who were present used to say that Plato did not speak otherwise. For my part, I know not what Plato said of it; but this I know well, in my long and intimate intercourse with him, I have never heard him utter any but the most honourable words, which had the effect of calming in young men the inordinate desires which agitated them."

But there was nothing literary and cold in this Platonic idealism: it was united to a frenzy of thought which made Michael Angelo the prey of everything which he considered beautiful. He knew this himself, and said one day when refusing an invitation from his friend Giannotti:

"When I see a man who possesses some talent or gift of intelligence, a man who knows how to do or to say something better than the rest of the world, I am constrained to fall in love with him, and then I give myself so completely to him that I no longer belong to myself.... You are all so highly gifted that if I accepted your invitation I should lose my liberty. Each of you would steal a portion of myself. Even the dancer and the lute player, if they were skilled in art, could do what they liked with me! Instead of being rested, fortified, calmed by your society, my soul would be torn and dispersed to


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 {| width="700px" align="center" . 46. Paddle of swimming leg of Dolichopterus asperatus, n. sp., paratype, PE5115. Shading indicates preserved patches of test. Ruled line, one centimeter.
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 * width="240px" | . 47. Distal end of paddle of swimming leg of Dolichopterus asperatus, n. sp., paratype, PE5116. Shading indicates preserved patches of test. Ruled line, one centimeter.
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 * }
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The prosoma is paraboloidal, very wide, straight along the base, and bordered with a wide marginal rim. The ventral shield is very narrow and band-like, and without sutures. The compound eyes, located slightly behind midsection, are crescentic, small, and close-set. The ocellar mound is located opposite the anterior part of the compound eyes. Ornamentation comprises large wart-like pustules, elongated and pointed at the margins.

Type species: Syntomopterus richardsoni, new species.

Remarks.—Syntomopterus differs greatly from other genera of the Stylonuridae. In some respects, particularly in the form of the


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 and the nearly centrally located eyes, Syntomopterus resembles some of the species included under Erieopterus in the family Eurypteridae. However, the arcuate eyes, with the wide palpebral lobe, located behind the middle of the cephalothorax, as well as the anterior position of the ocellar mound, the flat, wide marginal rim, the narrow, unjointed ventral shield and the pattern of the ornamentation, which is much like that of Stylonurus megalops (Salter), precludes its inclusion in that family and aligns it in the family Stylonuridae.

The wide, paraboloidal cephalothorax is in marked contrast to other Stylonuridae. However, the cephalothorax of Stylonurus myops Clarke, of the Silurian Shawangunk sandstone of New York, reveals similar widening, although the form is different from that of Syntomopterus. The New York Silurian Erieopterus pustulosus (Hall) has much in common with this form. In all references (Hall, 1859, p. 413; Pohlman, 1882, p. 41; and Clarke and Ruedemann, 1912, p. 201) the authors have described and figured the compound eyes as being the Eurypterus type of reniform eyes and not the arcuate type found in Syntomopterus. It is possible that the palpebral lobe has been broken out in the specimens described, though there is no reason to believe that those authors would not have noted that easily recognizable condition. The eyes of E. pustulosus are placed in front of midsection, whereas those of Syntomopterus are behind. The ornamentation of E. pustulosus is in some respects strikingly like that of Syntomopterus although it differs greatly in the presence of pointed scales; it also lacks the wide, flat, marginal rim of the latter—an important difference.

I recently studied the types of the British Downtonian Stylonurus megalops (Salter), and it was mainly on that basis that I arrived at the conclusion that the Ohio form was probably a stylonurid. The compound eyes are somewhat similar in having the wide palpebral lobes, but, above that, the ornamentation on the cephalothorax and on the wide marginal rim is of the same type, although not as pronounced or as densely distributed as in Syntomopterus richardsoni. The similarity, however, ends with the ornamentation, as the form of the cephalothorax and the position of the eyes are entirely different.

Few eurypterid genera have the compound eyes situated on the posterior half of the cephalothorax. Some that have are the Australian Silurian Melbournopterus and the Scottish Devonian Tarsopterella, both of which are included in the Stylonuridae.


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 Rh At once he went ashore at Haamea and rushed to see his family, leaving the buko branch outside the house. Afterwards he planted it, but because of his folly in not doing so immediately he landed the buko tree in Tonga neither speaks nor bears fruit. .

.

An Exhibition in London.

Superstitions die hard, but the German submarine campaign is prolonging the life of at least one of them. In Nelson's time there was a limited trade in cauls, then popularly believed to be sure charm against death at sea by drowning, and in those days a single specimen would fetch as much as £20. Since Nelson's time there has been less demand for these objects, and five years ago they sold at 2s. apiece. Now, thanks to the activities of the German under-water craft, they are being sold at the London Docks for £2 10s.

This is one of many interesting facts brought out by an exhibition of charms illustrating a faith in the supernatural that apparently still obtains in London. The collection, which has been got together by Mr. Edward Lovett, a member of the council of the Folk-Lore Society, is to be seen at the Southwark Central Library, Walworth Road. It has no relation to what may be called religious superstitions, but it shows how widespread is the belief, especially in East and South London, that the fortunes of individuals can be affected by some inanimate object deemed to be lucky or potent against disease.

Love charms, of course, are prominent. One that is shown is "dragon's blood" gum, red in colour, and it is claimed that if this is burnt at midnight, preferably on a Friday, it will not fail to win a lover. Mr. Lovett states that this practice still survives, and many young girls in London carry out these mystic rites religiously. Another charm of the same sort is the root of a little yellow wild flower (potentilla tormentilla). It also has to be


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100 burnt, but its efficacy lies in the fact that it renews a dead or waning affection rather than influences an existing one.

Medicinal charms form a large part of the collection. There are necklaces made of the stems of the night-shade which, if put around the neck of an infant, will help it to cut its teeth. A necklace of acorns is a specific against other infant ills. A knuckle-bone, carried in the pocket, will ward off rheumatism, the theory being that as the dead bone does not suffer from the complaint the disease will go into it. Another cure for rheumatism is a potato. A specimen shown was carried by a rheumatic subject for many years. A third charm against the same complaint is a small bottle containing mercury, hermetically sealed and covered with leather. Mr. Lovett states that it is sold in London by one of the largest chemists in the world.

Those who suffer from nightmare may welcome this prescription. A pair of horseshoes covered in blue and red cloth, or a string of stones, naturally perforated, should be hung up at the head of the bed. A necklet of blue beads will protect a child against bronchitis, while red beads or coral will avert sore throats. A small bag containing a tooth should be placed round the neck of an infant as an antidote against teething convulsions. Since the beginning of the war another charm against disease has been introduced by Belgian refugees—the wearing of cat's skin for rheumatism and chest troubles.

One of the most curious of the exhibits is a sheep's heart, pierced with pins and nails to break the spell of a black witch. It was prepared by an old woman who practised witchcraft in London as late as 1908. She learned the secret of the charm from her grandmother in South Devon, where it was popular with farmers. The black witches were supposed to bring about the death of sheep and cows by casting a spell over them, or by surreptitiously introducing the poisonous leaves of the yew tree into their food. By taking the heart of a sheep which had fallen victim to these machinations, piercing it with pins and nails, and hanging it up in the chimney, the spell was supposed to be broken.—The Times, 5th March, 1917.


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 BARKER, MATTHEW (1619–1698), nonconformist divine, was born at Cransley, Northamptonshire, in 1619. After completing his studies at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A., he taught a school at Banbury, Oxfordshire, until the outbreak of the civil war in 1641 compelled him to remove to London. There he was shortly afterwards chosen minister of St. James's, Garlick Hill. About five years subsequently he accepted the invitation of the London citizens, who resided in the summer at Mortlake in Surrey, to become lecturer there. On 25 Oct. 1648 he preached a sermon before the House of Commons at St. Margaret's, Westminster. In 1650 he was chosen incumbent of St. Leonard's, Eastcheap. Along with Joseph Caryl [q. v.] he was sent in 1659 to Scotland with a letter to General Monk from Dr. Owen in the name of the independent churches, and he also signed in January 1660 the renunciation and declaration of the congregational and public preachers in London against ‘the late horrid insurrection and declaration of rebellion in the saide city.’ Being displaced in 1662, he collected a congregation, who were allowed the morning use of the meeting-house at Miles Lane erected after the great fire of 1666. After continuing the duties of his office for several years amidst ‘many hazards and difficulties,’ he died on 25 March 1698.

He was the author of ‘Natural Theology, or the Knowledge of God from the Works of Creation, accommodated and improved to the service of Christianity,’ 1674; ‘Flores Intellectuales, or select Notions, Sentences, and Observations, collected out of several Authors and made publick, especially for the use of young Scholars entering into the Ministry,’ 1691; ‘A Christian standing and moving upon the Foundation’ (sermon preached before the House of Commons), 1650; a sermon on Mark ii. 20 in ‘Supplement to the Morning Exercises at Cripplegate,’ 1676; a sermon on John i. 7 in ‘Continuation of Morning Exercises,’ 1683; a sermon on Matt. xi. 24, published in ‘Casuistical Morning Exercises,’ 1690; and an appendix to ‘A Discourse of Family Worship’ by George Hammond, 1694. He also edited Everard's ‘Gospel Treasury Opened,’ and wrote the annotations on the ‘Thessalonians’ in Poole's ‘Continuation.’

[Wilson's Dissenting Churches, i. 463–5; Palmer's Nonconf. Memorial, i. 144–5; Dunn's Seventy-five Eminent Divines, pp. 100–2.]  BARKER, MATTHEW HENRY (1790–1846), a writer of sea tales, was born in 1790 at Deptford, where his father had attained some distinction as a dissenting minister. At an early age he joined an East Indiaman, and afterwards served in the royal navy, where, as he was without influence, he never rose beyond the rank of master's mate. Retiring from the service, he commanded a hired armed schooner, and was employed in carrying despatches to the English squadrons on the southern coasts of France and Spain. On one occasion he fell into the enemy's hands, and was detained for some months as prisoner of war. In 1825 he became editor of a West Indian newspaper, and was afterwards employed, from 1827 to 1838, in a similar capacity at Nottingham. Under the name of ‘The Old Sailor,’ he wrote a number of lively and spirited sea-tales, very popular in their day. He was naval editor of the ‘United Service Gazette,’ and a frequent contributor to the ‘Literary Gazette,’ ‘Bentley's Miscellany,’ and the ‘Pictorial Times.’ For some astronomical discoveries he was presented with a telescope by the Royal Astronomical Society. Working hard to the last, he died on 29 June, 1846. His chief works are: 1. ‘Land and Sea Tales,’ 2 vols., 1836. 2. ‘Topsail-sheet Blocks, or the Naval Foundling,’ 3 vols., 1838, of which a new edition was issued as recently as 1881. 3. ‘Life of Nelson,’ 1836. 4. ‘The Naval Club, or Reminiscences of Service,’ 3 vols., 1843. 5. ‘The Victory, or the Wardroom Mess,’ 3 vols., 1844. Most of his works were illustrated by George Cruikshank, with whom he was on intimate terms, and to whose ‘Omnibus’ he was the chief contributor.

[Pictorial Times, July 1846; information from Mr. R. G. Barker; British Museum Catalogue.]  BARKER, ROBERT (d. 1645), king's printer, son of Christopher Barker [q. v.], was made free of the Stationers' Company, per patrimonium, 25 June 1589, and was admitted to the livery on 1 July 1592. He began to take apprentices on 26 March 1593, and during the life of his father carried on business with his deputies, George Bishop and Ralph Newbery, with whom in 1592–3 he brought out the Latin bible edited by Fr. Junius. It is not known where he lived or had his office, but most probably it was in the same house as his father. The court of assistants of the Stationers' Company recognised, 3 Jan. 1599–1600, the letters patent of Queen Elizabeth of 8 Aug. 1589, granting him the reversion for life, after his father's death, of the office of queen's printer, with right of printing English bibles, books of common prayer, statutes, and proclamations. The first bible which


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This unusual species is based on the holotype (PE5120) and three paratypes (PE5121, PE5122, PE5123) which together retain all details of the prosoma, the doublure, and fragments of the tergites. It is a pleasure to name this unique species in honor of Dr. Eugene S. Richardson, Jr., Curator of Fossil Invertebrates at Chicago Natural

History Museum, who has contributed considerably to my study of the Eurypterida.

The prosoma is very wide, forming an almost perfect parabola, and is straight along the base. The lateral eyes are small and crescentic, and are covered by a conspicuous palpebral lobe; they are located slightly behind the center of the carapace and closer to each other than to the lateral margins (see figs. 48–50, 52). The ocelli are probably very small, as they were not detected. The ocellar mound, upon which the ocelli would be situated, was, however, preserved, and this occupies a nearly central position on the carapace, midway between and anterior to the center line of the compound eyes. A wide, prominent, flat marginal rim surrounds the carapace, becoming narrower toward the genal angles (see figs. 50, 51).

The ornamentation is highly distinctive and can be recognized even in small fragments in the black shale (see figs. 48, 50, 52). On the prosoma the central and posterior-central parts consist of


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 328

According to popular tradition in Belgium, Northern France, and also I have heard in the Rhine Valley, and faintly through other parts of Europe, there used to be a race of cave-dwellers known in French dialect as "Nutons" or sometimes "Gnutons." The Meuse Valley abounds in great rocky walls of calcareous cliffs, frequently containing caves. Generally there is one called the "Grotte des Nutons." In one place there are the "Grottes du Nuton," the several caves of the one Nuton, but the other way about is more common. They hid themselves away during the daytime, only coming out at night, and were very timid. They would do work for you if you left it at the entrance to the cave in the evening with something in payment. It should be food (especially milk) for preference, or pretty well anything except money. In the morning the gift would have disappeared and the work would be done. Their speciality was boot-mending, also mending pots and pans. According to some people there are still a few left, although most people believe them to be extinct.

Thus far the Walloon tradition as far as I have been able to collect it.

I have heard an old Irish nurse tell children that the fairies lived "in holes in the ground," that most of them were dead, but that a few still lived.

I have heard that they are known in Italy as "cavernicoli," but beyond a faint idea that magicians occasionally lived in caves I have been able to find no traces of them at Genoa.

.

A few years ago I had the opportunity of observing the habits and mode of life of various tribes of Mexican Indians, while I was engaged in exploring the little known tropical forests of some of the coastal provinces of Mexico. As these people inhabit the dense primeval forests of the Gulf coast, many of their superstitions naturally deal with the trees, the birds, and animals; some of which


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 bears his separate imprint is a quarto of the Genevan version brought out in 1600. In 1603 he had a special license ‘to print all statutes and libels for life,’ and in the following year, in reversion after John Norton, one ‘to print all books in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, Trimelius' Latin Bible, and all charts and maps.’ In 1609 and 1610 several large sums were paid him for printing, books, binding, parchment, and papers, supplied to parliament.

The most important publication we owe to him was the first edition of the authorised version of the English bible of 1611, sometimes known as King James's, printed by virtue of the patent. Two issues, both handsome folios, were produced in the same year. Contrary to Lord Mansfield's well-known opinion, James never paid a penny towards this great work. Indeed, William Ball, writing in 1651, informs us that ‘I conceive the sole printing of the bible, and testament, with power of restraint in others, to be of right the propriety of one Matthew Barker, citizen and stationer of London, in regard that his father paid for the amended or corrected translation of the bible 3,500l.: by reason whereof the translated copy did of right belong to him and his assignes’ (Treatise concerning the Regulating of Printing, p. 27). The anonymous author of ‘The London Printer his Lamentation’ in 1660 accused the Barkers of having kept in their possession the original manuscript of King James's version (Harleian Misc. iii. 293).

On 10 May 1603 King James had granted in reversion to Barker's eldest son, Christopher, the office of king's printer for life, and on 11 Feb. 1617 the same was granted to Robert, his second son, after determination to Robert the elder, and to Christopher, for thirty years. The rights were assigned by the Barkers to Bonham Norton and John Bill in 1627, and the assignment was confirmed by the king. Eight years later Robert, the second son, paid 600l. for the same patent in reversion, to be held by his own younger son. The bible patent remained in the family from 1577 to 1709, or a period of 132 years. It then fell into the hands of Baskett [q. v.]

In 1631 Barker took Martin Lucas into partnership, and they obtained a search warrant for persons suspected of importing editions of the English bible, testaments, and church books, contrary to the patent. Sixty bibles, introduced by a certain Michael Sparke, were seized in consequence at Bristol. An octavo edition of the bible, full of gross errors, was printed by ‘R. Barker … and the assignes of John Bill [i.e. Lucas]’ in 1631. One startling variant was ‘thou shalt commit adultery’ for the seventh commandment (Exod. xx. 14). This has caused the volume to be known as the ‘Wicked Bible;’ it is much sought after, and is of extreme rarity. The Star Chamber fined Barker 200l., and Lucas 100l., and ordered that all copies issued should be returned in order that the faulty sheets might be cancelled. The payment of the fines was to be respited if the printers would set up a fount of Greek type. The Star Chamber was not very relentless, as the fines were respited again and again until 1640. Whether the money was ever paid is questionable. William Kilburne (Dangerous Errors in several late printed Bibles, 1659) refers to the importation of spurious editions, full of errors, with the Barkers' imprint.

He had a lease from the crown in 1603 for twenty-two years of the manor of Upton near Windsor, at a rental of 20l., increased to 40l. two years after, in consideration of a payment of 300l. In one patent he was described as of Southley or Southlee in Bedfordshire. He married twice, the first wife being Rachel, daughter of William Day, afterwards bishop of Winchester, by whom he had three daughters and five sons, Christopher, Robert, Francis, Charles, and Matthew, of whom the first, second, and last entered into the printing business. His second wife was the widow of Nicholas Cage; she died 7 Feb. 1631–2.

Towards the end of his life Barker became involved in difficulties, and on 27 Nov. 1635 he was committed into the custody of the marshal of the king's bench. On 7 March 1642 the London printers petitioned against the four oppressive monopolies, being that of the Barkers, that of law books, that of Greek, Latin, and Hebrew books, and that of broadsides. Barker remained in the King's Bench prison until his death, which took place on 10 Jan. 1644–5.

[Ames's Typogr. Antiq. (1st ed.), 357–68; ib. (ed. Herbert), ii. 1090–3; Arber's Stationers' Registers, ii. iii. iv.; Cotton's Editions of the Bible, 1852; Cat. of Books in the British Museum to 1640; Eadie's English Bible; Anderson's Annals of the English Bible; Caxton Exhibition, 1877, Catalogue; Report from the Select Committee of the House of Commons on the Queen's Printer's Patent, 1860; Dugdale's Origines Juridiciales, 1680, p. 61; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1603–10, pp. 8, 20, 74, 574, 607, 650; ib. 1627–28, pp. 235, 249; ib. 1629–31, pp. 306, 485, 510; ib. 1634–5, pp. 175, 549; ib. 1635, p. 230; ib. 1640, pp. 84–5, 398; Nichols's Illustrations, iv. 164.]  BARKER, ROBERT (1729?–1789), for some time commander-in-chief in Bengal, and the first distinguished artillery officer of the East India Company, probably


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 {| width="700px" align="center" . 50. Reconstruction of prosoma of Syntomopterus richardsoni, n. sp., drawn mainly from holotype, PE5120; ✕ 2. A: Ventral side of marginal rim of doublure. The large elongated pustules are on the dorsal shield, seen from the inside. B, C: Dorsal side of marginal rim. . 51. Diagram of prosoma of Syntomopterus richardsoni, n. sp., to show general direction of axis of elongated pustules, forming flow of ornament pattern. Prosoma restored to approximate natural dimensions.
 * Eurypterids of the Devonian Holland Quarry Shale of Ohio figure 50.jpg
 * Eurypterids of the Devonian Holland Quarry Shale of Ohio figure 50.jpg
 * Eurypterids of the Devonian Holland Quarry Shale of Ohio figure 51.jpg
 * Eurypterids of the Devonian Holland Quarry Shale of Ohio figure 51.jpg
 * Eurypterids of the Devonian Holland Quarry Shale of Ohio figure 51.jpg
 * Eurypterids of the Devonian Holland Quarry Shale of Ohio figure 51.jpg
 * }

wart-like, round pustules of various sizes. Anteriorly, toward the marginal rim, these pustules are slightly elongated, and around the marginal rim they become more elongated, or elliptical (see fig. 50, A), grading into pointed, elongated scales in the region of the genal angles. This results in a "flow-like" pattern from a point anterior to the lateral eyes, around both sides of the prosoma to the genal angles (see fig. 51), a pattern which is characteristic of many Stylonuridae such as Ctenopterus, Melbournopterus, Stylonurus, and Tarsopterella, and which accentuates the double "pouch-like" structures of the prosoma in these genera.

The ornamentation of the marginal rim, however, contrasts greatly with that present on the rest of the carapace. Here the pattern is


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 first went out to India as a company's officer about 1749. Nothing is known about his birth or the exact date of his arrival in India, but in 1757 he held the rank of captain, and accompanied Clive to Calcutta in command of a contingent of royal and company's artillery. He was certainly never, as Major Stubbs asserts, in the royal artillery, but had doubtless been a company's officer in the coast or Madras army, and had attracted Clive's notice as an able artillery officer. He commanded the artillery at the capture of Chandernagore and at the battle of Plassey, and returned to Madras in 1758. In 1762 he had attained the rank of major, and accompanied the expedition to the Philippine islands from Madras under Colonel Draper. He commanded the artillery at the siege of Manilla, and received the highest praise from Colonel Draper, who remarks in his despatch that ‘Major Barker's fire was so violent that the breach soon appeared practicable.’ He seems to have returned to England with Draper, for in the next year he was knighted, when Draper was made a K.B. But he soon returned to India, and on 27 April 1764 Clive writes to the directors that ‘to command your artillery I would recommend Sir Robert Barker, whose abilities in that department have been exceeded by no officer that ever was in your service.’ The directors refused to appoint a commandant of their artillery, but Barker received in 1764 the local rank of colonel in the king's army, and in 1765 that of colonel of infantry in the company's service. He was now stationed at Allahabad, and occupied himself with science, sending home to the Royal Society, of which he had been elected a fellow, ‘Thermometrical Observations at Allahabad in 1767,’ published in the sixty-fifth volume of the ‘Philosophical Transactions.’ While at Allahabad he was promoted brigadier-general in 1770, and received the command of one of three brigades which then composed the Bengal army; he became likewise provincial commander-in-chief in Bengal to the great disgust of Sir R. Fletcher. In 1772 took place the most important event of his life. The Nabob of Oude was afraid that the Rohillas would join the Mahrattas and invade his country, and implored the English general's help. Sir Robert accordingly sent one of his aides-de-camp to the Rohillas and signed a treaty with them against the Mahrattas in May 1772. This treaty of Fyzabad the Rohillas kept, but, on a pretence of their having broken it, Warren Hastings afterwards sent a brigade to conquer them for the nabob. Before this Rohilla war, however, Sir R. Barker had resigned his command, for he disapproved of the reforms inaugurated in the army by Warren Hastings, and after a lively quarrel left India. Colonel Champion, who succeeded him, had to conduct the first Rohilla war. On reaching England Barker became M.P. for Wallingford in 1774, and soon afterwards married. He seems never to have spoken in parliament, but in March 1781 he was rewarded with a baronetcy for his consistent vote with the government. He had not sought re-election in 1780, and retired to a beautiful seat he had bought at Bushbridge near Godalming, where he had two great pictures painted for him by Tilly Kettle—one of himself concluding the treaty of Fyzabad, the other of the Nabob of Oude reviewing the English brigade. On 14 Sept. 1786 he gave important evidence on the Rohilla war before the select committee of the House of Commons, and on 14 Sept. 1789 died at Bushbridge. Sir Robert Barker's ability as an officer won him the friendship and esteem of Clive.

Besides the ‘Thermometrical Observations’ published by the Royal Society, Barker also contributed ‘Observations on a Voyage from Madras to England, 1774,’ and ‘The Process of Making Ice in the East Indies’ to vol. lxv., and an ‘Account of an Observatory of the Brahmins at Benares’ to vol. lxvii. of the ‘Philosophical Transactions.’

[There is a very short, incomplete notice of Sir R. Barker in Major Stubbs's History of the Royal Bengal Artillery, 2 vols., 1877; consult also Malcolm's Life of Clive, Gleig's Life of Warren Hastings, and Mill's History of India; for his services at Manilla see Draper's despatch in the Gent. Mag. for 1763, and for Kettle's paintings at his seat the Gent. Mag. for 1786.]  BARKER, ROBERT (1739–1806), reputed inventor of panoramas, was born at Kells, in the county of Meath, in 1739, and having taken up his residence in Edinburgh was first known there as a portrait and miniature painter and teacher of drawing. He is generally credited with the first invention of ‘panoramic’ representation, but, according to some authorities (Convers. Lex.), the principle is due to Professor Breisig of Danzig. Barker, however, painted and exhibited the first picture of the kind on a large scale, and there are several stories current as to the means by which the idea was first suggested to him. The most credible of these accounts is to the effect that, while sketching on the summit of Calton Hill at Edinburgh, his eye was struck with certain effects which suggested to him the possibility of painting a picture on a large cylindrical surface to represent the entire scene around him to the


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Translation:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Avot/Chapter 6/1

Hebrew Text

 * רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר:
 * כָּל הָעוֹסֵק בַּתּוֹרָה לִשְׁמָהּ זוֹכֶה לִדְבָרִים הַרְבֵּה,
 * וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא שֶׁכָּל הָעוֹלָם כֻּלּוֹ כְּדַאי הוּא לוֹ;

 * נִקְרָא רֵעַ, אָהוּב,
 * אוֹהֵב אֶת הַמָּקוֹם, אוֹהֵב אֶת הַבְּרִיּוֹת,
 * מְשַׂמֵּחַ אֶת הַמָּקוֹם, מְשַׂמֵּחַ אֶת הַבְּרִיּוֹת;

 * וּמַלְבַּשְׁתּוֹ עֲנָוָה וְיִרְאָה,
 * וּמַכְשַׁרְתּוֹ לִהְיוֹת צַדִּיק, חָסִיד, יָשָׁר וְנֶאֱמָן,
 * וּמְרַחַקְתּוֹ מִן הַחֵטְא,
 * וּמְקָרַבְתּוֹ לִידֵי זְכוּת;

 * וְנֶהֱנִין מִמֶּנּוּ עֵצָה וְתוּשִׁיָּה, בִּינָה וּגְבוּרָה,
 * שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: "לִי עֵצָה וְתוּשִׁיָּה אֲנִי בִינָה לִי גְבוּרָה;"

 * וְנוֹתֶנֶת לוֹ מַלְכוּת, וּמֶמְשָׁלָה וְחִקּוּר דִּין,
 * וּמְגַלִּין לוֹ רָזֵי תוֹרָה,
 * וְנַעֲשֶׂה כְּמַעְיָן הַמִּתְגַּבֵּר, וּכְנָהָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ פּוֹסֵק;

 * וְהֹוֶה צָנוּע וְאֶרֶךְ רוּחַ,
 * וּמוֹחֵל עַל עֶלְבּוֹנוֹ;

 * וּמְגַדַּלְתּוֹ וּמְרוֹמַמְתּוֹ עַל כָּל הַמַּעֲשִׂים.

English Translation

 * Rabbi Meir says:
 * Anyone who involves himself in Torah for its own sake merits many things,
 * and moreover the entire world is worthwhile for his sake;

 * He is called "friend," "beloved,"
 * "lover of the Ominpresent," "lover of [all] creatures,"
 * "delighter of the Ominpresent," "delighter of [all] creatures;"

 * He is clothed in humility and reverence,
 * and it prepares him to be righteous, devout, upright and trustworthy,
 * and it distances him from sin,
 * and draws him near to merit;

 * We enjoy from him counsel and comprehension, understanding and strength,
 * as it is said (Proverbs 8:14): "Mine is counsel and comprehension, I am understanding, mine is strength;"

 * It gives him kingship and dominion, and [the ability to] investigate in judgement,
 * and the secrets of the Torah are revealed to him,
 * and he becomes like an ever-strengthening spring, and like a river that does not stop;

 * He is modest and long-tempered,
 * and forgives insult to him;

 * And it enlarges him and raises him above all [that God] made.

Explanation
משנה אבות ו א


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 03.djvu/216

 very horizon. After surmounting many difficulties, he succeeded in producing a picture on this plan upon paper pasted on linen. This he took up to London and showed to Sir Joshua Reynolds, who deliberately pronounced the scheme impracticable, adding that he would cheerfully leave his bed at any time in the night to inspect such a work of art if it could be produced. Subsequently, when Barker had a panorama ready for exhibition at 28 Castle Street, Leicester Square, Sir Joshua did leave his breakfast-table, and walked in his dressing-gown and slippers to Castle Street to inspect the work, and congratulated the artist. Barker, aided by Lord Elcho, was enabled first to patent his invention, and then to carry out his plans. The first picture was painted in water-colour on a complete circle twenty-five feet in diameter, on a surface of paper pasted on canvas, and the work was carried out in the guard-room of the palace of Holyrood. It was first exhibited to the public in the Archer's Hall at Holyrood, and was subsequently exhibited at Glasgow. In November 1788 Barker came to London, where, in the summer of 1789, the view of Edinburgh was shown at No. 28 in the Haymarket. He then constructed a view of London, taken from the Albion Mills near Blackfriars Bridge, and exhibited this in the spring of 1792 in Castle Street, Leicester Square. This view was painted in distemper, and the drawings made for it were afterwards etched by Henry Aston Barker, aquatinted by Birnie, and published.

In 1793 Barker took the lease of a piece of ground in Leicester Place and Cranbourne Street, where he erected a large building for the exhibition of panoramas. Here he had three rooms, in the largest of which the circle of the picture was 90 feet in diameter. This was opened early in the year 1794 with a view of the grand fleet at Spithead. When this building was first projected, a joint-stock company was formed to enable Barker to carry out his scheme, and in this enterprise Lord Elcho took a prominent part; but the exhibition proved so profitable that Barker was soon enabled to purchase all the shares and make the property his own. He painted several other panoramic views which were exhibited in Leicester Square, and the work was carried on by his younger son, Henry Aston [q. v.] Barker married a daughter of Dr. Aston, an eminent physician of Dublin, and died on 8 April 1806 at his own house in West Square, Southwark, and was buried in Lambeth Church.

There are two portraits of Robert Barker: one engraved in 1802 by J. Singleton, after a picture by G. Ralph, and another engraved by Flight from a picture by Allingham.

[Gent. Mag. 1856; Art Journal, 1857; Lysons's Environs of London, Suppl.]  BARKER, SAMUEL (1686–1759), Hebraist, possessed of property in the vicinity of Lyndon, in the county of Rutland. He married Sarah, only daughter of William Whiston, in whose memoirs he is mentioned. He wrote several learned tracts, which were collected and published in one quarto volume after his death, together with a Hebrew grammar, on which he had long been engaged. He was the author of a letter, dated 7 Nov. 1723, to Mr. Wasse, rector of Aynho, Northamptonshire, concerning a passage in the Sigean inscription, which may be found in Bowyer's ‘Bibl. Liter.’ No. 10 (1724). The full title of the posthumously printed quarto volume referred to is ‘Poesis vetus Hebraica restituta; accedunt quædam de Carminibus Anacreonticis, de accentibus Græcis; de scriptura veteri Ionica, de literis consonantibus et vocalibus, et de pronunciatione linguæ Hebraicæ. Auctore Samuele Barker armigero, nuper de Lyndon, in com. Rotelandiæ,’ 1761, 4to.

[Watt's Bibl. Brit.; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ix. 680.]  BARKER, THOMAS (fl. 1651), is the author of ‘The Art of Angling: wherein are discovered many rare secrets very necessary to be known by all that delight in that recreation. Written by Thomas Barker, an ancient practitioner in the said art’ (1651), 12mo. In the dedicatory address to Lord Montague, the author tells us that he was born at Bracemeol in the liberty of Salop, ‘being a freeman and burgess of the same city.’ For more than sixty years he practised the art of angling, and ‘spent many pounds in the gaining of it.’ At the time of writing his treatise he was living in Westminster, and seems to have gained a livelihood by accompanying gentlemen on fishing expeditions, or giving instruction at home in the use of baits and tackle. The following invitation in the dedicatory address doubtless met a warm response:—‘If any noble or gentle angler, of what degree soever he be, have a mind to discourse of any of these wayes and experiments, I live in Henry the 7th's Gifts, the next door to the gatehouse in Westm.; my name is Barker; where I shall be ready, as long as please God, to satisfie them and maintain my art during life, which is not like to be long.’ Barker's remarks on fly-fishing are quoted in Walton's ‘Compleat Angler’


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 totally different, consisting of small crescentic scales which point anteriorly at the anterior part of the rim, but become orientated posteriorly to follow the rim around the carapace until they grade into pointed scales at the genal angles (see fig. 50, B, C). The ornamentation of the palpebral lobe comprises much smaller pustules than are found on the rest of the carapace (see figs. 48–50).

The ventral shield is a flattened, narrow and unjointed band, rounded at the periphery and with ornamentation quite unlike that

of the dorsal marginal rim. At the inside of the rim this comprises closely packed semilunar scales, which grade into thicker and less well-defined, scattered scales toward the margin. At a given position on the margin the scales on the ventral rim point outward, whereas those of the dorsal rim point toward the rear of the prosoma (see fig. 50, A, B, C). This condition accentuates the independence of the two rims and indicates that the dorsal rim of the prosoma and ventral shield apparently are separate and distinct structures meeting at a suture (not seen) on the periphery. This suture is suggested by the totally different ornamentation. No sutures were noted dividing the ventral shield into plates.

The holotype consists of two counterparts and is a nearly complete prosoma, lacking only a small area of the left genal angle. Measurements could be made, therefore, with considerable accuracy.