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Rh water canteen where he could get at it, which I did; he ultimately recovered. There was no use going on with the remaining three men, and I bade them stay where they were while I went back and brought up the rest of the brigade. This was a decidedly cool request, for there was really no possible point in letting them stay there while I went back; but at the moment it seemed perfectly natural to me, and apparently so to them, for they cheerfully nodded, and sat down in the grass, firing back at the line of trenches from which the Spaniards were shooting at them. Meanwhile, I ran back, jumped over the wire fence, and went over the crest of the hill, filled with anger against the troopers, and especially those of my own regiment, for not having accompanied me. They, of course, were quite innocent of wrongdoing; and even while I taunted them bitterly for not having followed me, it was all I could do not to smile at the look of injury and surprise that came over their faces, while they cried out, "We didn't hear you, we didn't see you go. Colonel; lead on now, we'll sure follow you." I wanted the other regiments to come, too, so I ran down to where General Sumner was and asked him if I might make the charge; and he told me to go and that he would see that the men followed. By this time everybody had his attention attracted, and when I leaped over the fence again, with Major Jenkins beside me, the


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158 Amadas, are of great importance. Since the great majority of the variants which have the child belong clearly to the compound type with The Ransomed Woman, it is only by reference to these three that one can say with assurance that the modified trait indicates no vital connection with The Two Friends. Yet with these in mind there can be little doubt about the matter. The story-tellers have simply extended the division of the hero's possessions from property and wife to child, a process perhaps made easier by the existence of such stories as The Child Vowed to the Devil and some forms of the Souhaits Saint Martin. This might have happened to any particular variant with equal facility. At the same time, the fact that the change was made in only three cases outside the group, which has The Ransomed Woman in combination, gives that family additional solidarity.

In Oliver, Lope de Vega, and Sir Amadas the motive of The Spendthrift Knight appears together with the change or combination just referred to. At first sight, it might appear that there was some essential connection between these two elements foreign to the main theme. Such does not seem to be the case, however, when the matter is further considered. At any rate, I am unable to discover any such link, and am inclined to ascribe the simultaneous appearance of these two factors to chance pure and simple. Neither one is more than a rather late and comparatively unimportant phenomenon as far as The Grateful Dead is concerned.

Not infrequently in the course of this study attention has been called to the substitution of a beast for the helping friend of the hero, and in a few cases to the transference of the ghost's entire rôle to an animal. While considering matters of greater importance, it

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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136 men of the various regiments which were already on the hill came with a rush, and we started across the wide valley which lay between us and the Spanish intrenchments. Captain Dimmick, now in command of the Ninth, was bringing it forward; Captain McBlain had a number of Rough Riders mixed in with his troop, and led them all together; Captain Taylor had been severely wounded. The long-legged men like Greenway, Goodrich, sharpshooter Proffit, and others, outstripped the rest of us, as we had a considerable distance to go. Long before we got near them the Spaniards ran, save a few here and there, who either surrendered or were shot down. When we reached the trenches we found them filled with dead bodies in the light blue and white uniform of the Spanish regular army. There were very few wounded. Most of the fallen had little holes in their heads from which their brains were oozing; for they were covered from the neck down by the trenches.

It was at this place that Major Wessels, of the Third Cavalry, was shot in the back of the head. It was a severe wound, but after having it bound up he again came to the front in command of his regiment. Among the men who were foremost was Lieutenant Milton F. Davis, of the First Cavalry. He had been joined by three men of the Seventy-first New York, who ran up, and, saluting, said,


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 cians. It was very probably their intention to have sent to them people who would very soon have put a fatal period to the million, had not Emanuel Baradas, with a number; of Abyssinians, and officers, and plenty of all things necessary, joined the patriarch on the 16th of June 1625; while their late conductors, conscious of misbehaviour, fled without seeking their hire.

five days they came to Fremona, where they staid till November; and, in December, arrived at Gorgora, where they were introduced to the king in his palace. Socinios ordered the patriarch to be placed on a feat equal in height to his own, on his right hand; and at that very audience, which was on the 11th of February 1626, it was settled chat the king should take an oath of submission to the see of Rome.

useless, vain, ridiculous ceremony; was accordingly celebrated on the nth of February, with all the pageantry of a heathen festival or triumph. The palace was adorned with all the pomp and vanity that the church of Rome, and especially that part of it, the Order of the Jesuits, had solemnly abjured. The patriarch, as a mark of his superiority over the Abunas, preached a sermon in the Portuguese language upon the primacy of the chair of St Peter, full of Latin quotations, which is said to have, had a wonderful effect upon the king and Sela Christos, neither of whom understood one word either of Latin or Portuguese.

part of the patriarch's discourse, which was applicable to Socinios's conversion, was answered by Melca Christos, governor of Samen, (himself a schismatic) in the language of Amhara, which neither the patriarch nor his


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Rh "Lieutenant, we want to go with you, our officers won't lead us." One of the brave fellows was soon afterward shot in the face. Lieutenant Davis's first sergeant, Clarence Gould, killed a Spanish soldier with his revolver, just as the Spaniard was aiming at one of my Rough Riders. At about the same time I also shot one. I was with Henry Bardshar, running up at the double, and two Spaniards leaped from the trenches and fired at us, not ten yards away. As they turned to run I closed in and fired twice, missing the first and killing the second. My revolver was from the sunken battleship Maine, and had been given me by my brother-in-law, Captain W. S. Cowles, of the Navy. At the time I did not know of Gould's exploit, and supposed my feat to be unique; and although Gould had killed his Spaniard in the trenches, not very far from me, I never learned of it until weeks after. It is astonishing what a limited area of vision and experience one has in the hurly-burly of a battle.

There was very great confusion at this time, the different regiments being completely intermingled—white regulars, colored regulars, and Rough Riders. General Sumner had kept a considerable force in reserve on Kettle Hill, under Major Jackson, of the Third Cavalry. We were still under a heavy fire, and I got together a mixed lot of men and pushed on from the trenches and ranch-houses which


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Rh seemed best to ignore this in order to avoid unnecessary confusion. The matter is of considerable importance, however, and must here be considered. The question that concerns us is whether the appearance of the beast is of any real moment in the development of the theme.

It is sufficiently clear that the well-known stories of grateful animals and ungrateful men, which were first traced by Benfey, have general outlines different from that of The Grateful Dead. Benfey's contention, however, that "konnte der Gedanke von der Dankbarkeit der Thiere schon tief genug auch im Occident einwurzeln, um auch in andere Märchen einzudringen und vielleicht selbst sich in Bildung von verwandten zur Anschauung zu bringen" should be kept in mind. This statement is truer than his later remark that fairies and other superhuman creations of fancy are substituted for animals, instancing our theme as such a case. To argue relationship from the entrance of either helpful beasts, fairies, or ghosts would be dangerous unless the stories in question had the same motive, since they are so frequently found in folkliterature. Indeed, as I have already remarked, one is scarcely called upon to explain the intrusion of thankful or helpful animals at any given point, in view of the fact that the device is almost universally known. Yet if it does not require justification, it may well be of service in the grouping of particular variants.

It is certainly worthy of notice that in eighteen forms of The Grateful Dead a beast appears. That these are of several different compound types would show, if it were not clear from what has been said above, that the appearance of an animal furnishes of itself no evidence of any actual amalgamation of narrative themes. It is rather a case where one stock figure of imagination's realm is substituted for another. The better-known character is perhaps more likely to replace the less-known

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138 we had just taken, driving the Spaniards through a line of palm-trees, and over the crest of a chain of hills. When we reached these crests we found ourselves overlooking Santiago. Some of the men, including Jenkins, Greenway, and Goodrich, pushed on almost by themselves far ahead. Lieutenant Hugh Berkely, of the First, with a sergeant and two troopers, reached the extreme front. He was, at the time, ahead of every one; the sergeant was killed and one trooper wounded; but the lieutenant and the remaining trooper stuck to their post for the rest of the afternoon until our line was gradually extended to include them.

While I was reforming the troops on the chain of hills, one of General Sumner's aides, Captain Robert Howze—as dashing and gallant an officer as there was in the whole gallant cavalry division, by the way—came up with orders to me to halt where I was, not advancing further, but to hold the hill at all hazards. Howze had his horse, and I had some difficulty in making him take proper shelter; he stayed with us for quite a time, unable to make up his mind to leave the extreme front, and meanwhile jumping at the chance to render any service, of risk or otherwise, which the moment developed.

I now had under me all the fragments of the six cavalry regiments which were at the extreme front,


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 that I hoped you would amend of the great sin, the having forsaken the faith of your ancestors. All this time the Virgin Mary was kneeling before her blessed Son, beseeching him to pardon you; and, upon the whole, it was agreed that, unless you repent in a fortnight's time, you should be punished in such a manner that you will not forget it presently."

desired them to ask the man, "How it was possible that, having so lately left the grave, his body should have so little of the emaciated appearance of one long buried, and be now in such good cafe, fat and fair?" To this he answered, "That, in paradise, he thanked God there was abundance of every thing; and people were very well used there, for he had lived upon good bread, and plenty of good wine, biskets, and sweetmeats." To which Socinios answered, "Tell him, after the pains he had taken, it would be wrong in me to keep him long from so good a place as this his paradise. Let him go and acquaint the person who sent him, I shall live and die in the Roman Catholic faith; and in order that he may deliver the message quickly in the other world, speed him instantly out of this, by hanging him upon the tree before the palace-gate."

love of the wine, sweetmeats, and other celestial food; seemed to have forsaken the ambassador. Upon hearing this message he recanted, and was pardoned at the joint petition of those of the court that were present, who concurred with the monk in thinking, that the message of the emperor was an indecent one, and ought not to be delivered; that having been in paradise once, was as much as fell to the lot of any one man, and that he should therefore remain upon


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Rh being the highest officer left there, and I was in immediate command of them for the remainder of the afternoon and that night. The Ninth was over to the right, and the Thirteenth Infantry afterward came up beside it. The rest of Kent's infantry was to our left. Of the Tenth, Lieutenants Anderson, Muller, and Fleming reported to me; Anderson was slightly wounded, but he paid no heed to this. All three, like every other officer, had troopers of various regiments under them; such mixing was inevitable in making repeated charges through thick jungle; it was essentially a troop commanders', indeed, almost a squad leaders', fight. The Spaniards who had been holding the trenches and the line of hills, had fallen back upon their supports and we were under a very heavy fire both from rifles and great guns. At the point where we were, the grass-covered hill-crest was gently rounded, giving poor cover, and I made my men lie down on the hither slope.

On the extreme left Captain Beck, of the Tenth, with his own troop, and small bodies of the men of other regiments, was exercising a practically independent command, driving back the Spaniards whenever they showed any symptoms of advancing. He had received his orders to hold the line at all hazards from Lieutenant Andrews, one of General Sumner's aides, just as I had received mine from


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160 than vice versa, but the latter event may happen if the obscurer figure will serve to enliven the tale.

Of the twenty variants in our cycle which have a thankful beast, Jewish has the simple theme; Servian IV. the combination with The Poison Maiden; Jean de Calais II., VII., and X., Simrock II., III., V., and VIII., and Oldenburgian the combination with The Ransomed Woman; and Walewein, Lotharingian, Tuscan, Brazilian, Basque I., Breton IV., V., and VI., and Simrock IX. the combination with The Water of Life.

Now in Jewish the hero is saved from shipwreck by a stone, carried home by an eagle, and there met by a white-clad man, who explains the earlier appearances. This is mere reinforcement of the tale by triplication, and implies nothing more than a certain vigour of imagination on the part of the story-teller. In Servian IV., where the hero spares a fish which he has caught, there appears, on the contrary, to be actual combination with The Thankful Beasts as a motive. The fish comes on the scene in human form, and fulfils the part of the grateful dead till the very end, when it leaps back into its element. As for the variants of the compound type with The Ransomed Woman there is considerable diversity, yet all of them have merely substitution, not combination. So in Jean de Calais II., VII. and X., which are closely allied with other members of the group so named, the beast appears, but in one case as a white bird, in the second as a fox, and in the third as a crow. That this is anything more than a substitution due to the story-teller's individuality cannot be admitted, though knowledge of The Thankful Beasts as a motive is not barred out. ''Simrock II. and VIII. are likewise nearly related to one another and to Jean de''

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140 Captain Howze. Finally, he was relieved by some infantry, and then rejoined the rest of the Tenth, which was engaged heavily until dark, Major Wint being among the severely wounded. Lieutenant W. N. Smith was killed. Captain Bigelow had been wounded three times.

Our artillery made one or two efforts to come into action on the firing-line of the infantry, but the black powder rendered each attempt fruitless. The Spanish guns used smokeless powder, so that it was difficult to place them. In this respect they were on a par with their own infantry and with our regular infantry and dismounted cavalry; but our only two volunteer infantry regiments, the Second Massachusetts and the Seventy-first New York, and our artillery, all had black powder. This rendered the two volunteer regiments, which were armed with the antiquated Springfield, almost useless in the battle, and did practically the same thing for the artillery wherever it was formed within rifle range. When one of the guns was discharged a thick cloud of smoke shot out and hung over the place, making an ideal target, and in a half minute every Spanish gun and rifle within range was directed at the particular spot thus indicated; the consequence was that after a more or less lengthy stand the gun was silenced or driven off. We got no appreciable help from our guns on July 1st. Our men were quick to realize


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Rh Calais, and they have the same adventitious substitution. Simrock V. and Oldenburgian are a similar pair, while Simrock III., which is otherwise allied to Bohemian, cannot be shown to have any vital connection with The Thankful Beasts as a motive. Of all these tales it can be said that they show some influence from such a theme without actual combination. Finally, all the variants of the type The Grateful Dead + The Water of Life, which have the animal substituted, belong to a well-defined and centralized group which has had independent existence for centuries. Here the entrance of the beast is of considerable importance to the classification and development of the theme.

Of the part which The Thankful Beasts as a motive has played in connection with The Grateful Dead it must be said that, on the whole, it has been of very secondary importance. It illustrates, as do The Spendthrift Knight and The Two Friends, how one current theme may touch and even influence another at several different points without becoming embodied with it. This trait or that may be absorbed as the motives meet, yet the two waves may go their way without mingling.

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Rh the defects of our artillery, but they were entirely philosophic about it, not showing the least concern at its failure. On the contrary, whenever they heard our artillery open they would grin as they looked at one another and remark, "There go the guns again; wonder how soon they'll be shut up," and shut up they were sure to be. The light battery of Hotchkiss one-pounders, under Lieutenant J. B. Hughes, of the Tenth Cavalry, was handled with conspicuous gallantry.

On the hill-slope immediately around me I had a mixed force composed of members of most of the cavalry regiments, and a few infantrymen. There were about fifty of my Rough Riders with Lieutenants Goodrich and Carr. Among the rest were perhaps a score of colored infantrymen, but, as it happened, at this particular point without any of their officers. No troops could have behaved better than the colored soldiers had behaved so far; but they are, of course, peculiarly dependent upon their white officers. Occasionally they produce non-commissioned officers who can take the initiative and accept responsibility precisely like the best class of whites; but this can not be expected normally, nor is it fair to expect it. With the colored troops there should always be some of their own officers; whereas, with the white regulars, as with my own Rough Riders, experience showed that the non-commissioned


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142 could usually carry on the fight by themselves if they were once started, no matter whether their officers were killed or not.

At this particular time it was trying for the men, as they were lying flat on their faces, very rarely responding to the bullets, shells, and shrapnel which swept over the hill-top, and which occasionally killed or wounded one of their number. Major Albert G. Forse, of the First Cavalry, a noted Indian fighter, was killed about this time. One of my best men. Sergeant Greenly, of Arizona, who was lying beside me, suddenly said, "Beg pardon, Colonel; but I've been hit in the leg." I asked, "Badly?" He said, "Yes, Colonel; quite badly." After one of his comrades had helped him fix up his leg with a first-aid-to-the-injured bandage, he limped off to the rear.

None of the white regulars or Rough Riders showed the slightest sign of weakening; but under the strain the colored infantrymen (who had none of their officers) began to get a little uneasy and to drift to the rear, either helping wounded men, or saying that they wished to find their own regiments. This I could not allow, as it was depleting my line, so I jumped up, and walking a few yards to the rear, drew my revolver, halted the retreating soldiers, and called out to them that I appreciated the gallantry with which they had fought and would


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Alexandria (Virginia)


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Rh be sorry to hurt them, but that I should shoot the first man who, on any pretence whatever, went to the rear. My own men had all sat up and were watching my movements with the utmost interest; so was Captain Howze. I ended my statement to the colored soldiers by saying: "Now, I shall be very sorry to hurt you, and you don't know whether or not I will keep my word, but my men can tell you that I always do;" whereupon my cow-punchers, hunters, and miners solemnly nodded their heads and commented in chorus, exactly as if in a comic opera, "He always does; he always does!" This was the end of the trouble, for the "smoked Yankees"—as the Spaniards called the colored soldiers—flashed their white teeth at one another, as they broke into broad grins, and I had no more trouble with them, they seeming to accept me as one of their own officers. The colored cavalrymen had already so accepted me; in return, the Rough Riders, although for the most part Southwesterners, who have a strong color prejudice, grew to accept them with hearty goodwill as comrades, and were entirely willing, in their own phrase, "to drink out of the same canteen." Where all the regular officers did so well, it is hard to draw any distinction; but in the cavalry division a peculiar meed of praise should be given to the officers of the Ninth and Tenth for their work, and under their leadership the


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Rh present in the sick-room, and after all was over she and the mother were sitting together in a downstairs room, when a slight noise was heard upstairs, rousing them both. The mother wanted to go up to the dead child, but the other restrained her. "You mown't [must not] go upstairs. It's Little Lucy. Yes, she's dead, ma'am, but her spirit bain i gone yet. We mown't disturb her."

(From the speaker herself, who died in 1904.)

.

The Story of the Wicked Sparrow.

Told by W. Shanavonian, first Dragoman to the American Embassy, Constantinople.

There was or there was not a sparrow that went out for a walk. After he had gone up hill and down dale a thorn ran into his foot. Then he returned to town and went to the baker and begged him to take out the thorn. The baker graciously did so, and threw the thorn into his oven. But the sparrow after a time returned to the baker and said:

"Baker, I want my thorn back."

The baker replied:

"But I have thrown it into the oven!"

"Yes," said the sparrow, "but nevertheless I want it back, or let me have a loaf of bread instead; my thorn or a loaf! "

And the sparrow used such language as children should never hear, and grown people should never repeat. The baker, in order to avoid any further trouble with the impudent sparrow, gave him the bread, with which he disappeared.

He went up hill and down dale until he came to a place where there was a flock of sheep and a number of shepherds who were just going to have their breakfast. But as the poor fellows had no bread they were throwing a quantity of earth into their milk.

The sparrow asked them:

"Brother shepherds, why are you throwing earth into your milk?"


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Rh we ordinarily call civilization, since otherwise it could not well be found so widely distributed over the earth in historical times. It evidently rests upon the notion that the soul, when separated from the body, could find no repose. Herodotus tells of the Egyptian law, which permitted a man to give his father's body in pledge, with the proviso that if he failed to repay the loan neither he nor any of his kin could be buried at all. The story, also related by Herodotus, of Rampsinit and the thief, which turns on the latter's successful attempt to rescue his brother's body, illustrates again the value that the Egyptians set upon burial. Their notion seems to have been that the more honour paid the dead, the more bearable would be their lot, though it was regarded as unenviable at best. Among the Magi of Persia, though both burial and burning were prohibited because of the sanctity of earth and fire, the bodies of the dead were cared for according to the strictest of codes, being left to the sun and air on elevated structures. In India the Rig-Veda bears witness to similar carefulness in the performance of this sacred duty.

In classical times belief in the necessity of proper burial was widespread. Patroclus, it will be remembered, appears to his friend Achilles, and admonishes him that he should not neglect the dead, at the same time giving a dire picture of the state of the unburied. Pausanias speaks of the conduct of Lysander as reprehensible in not burying the bodies of Philocles and the four thousand slain at Aegospotami, saying that the Athenians did as

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 312 And they said, "Because we have no bread."

Then the sparrow said, "Here, take my bread, and may it be sweet unto you! "

The shepherds thanked him, took the bread, brought fresh milk and enjoyed their breakfast. Then the sparrow went away, up hill and down dale, but soon he returned to the shepherds and said:

"Brother shepherds, I want my bread back!"

"But," they said, "you gave us your bread and said, 'may it be sweet unto you,' and we thanked you for it and have enjoyed it with our breakfast. We have eaten it, how can we give it back to you?" Then the sparrow used such language as children should never hear, and grown people should never repeat. And he said:

"I want my bread or I'll take a lamb; my bread or a lamb!"

Then the shepherds in order to be rid of the troublesome sparrow gave him the lamb which he demanded. On he went, up hill and down dale, until he came to a village which he saw was in a great state of animation. The villagers were wearing their best dress as if it were a day in Bairam, or an Easter Sunday. When he heard the music and saw young people dancing and waving their handkerchiefs he understood that there was a weddmg. As he approached he saw that near the bridegroom's house some butchers were on the point of slaying a huge shepherd dog. The sparrow asked them:

"Brother butchers, why do you slay that dog?" and they told him:

"As there are no sheep or cattle in this neighbourhood we had to slay this dog for the wedding feast." And he said to them:

"Take this lamb for the wedding feast, and may it be sweet unto you!"

While the sparrow went his way up hill and down dale, the lamb was nicely roasted and the guests enjoyed the feast. The wedding dinner was, however, hardly over when the sparrow came back and said, "I want my lamb!" "But," he was told, "kind sparrow, your lamb was roasted and enjoyed by the guests, so nothing of it remains. Wait for a few days and we will give you a better lamb. Now go away and leave us in peace."

The sparrow answered, "I will not go away, I will not leave you in peace, I want my own lamb and no other; and if you


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Constitution of Sri Lanka/Thirteenth Amendment

Section 1 Short title and date of operation
1. This Act may be cited as the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution and shall come into operation on such date as the President may, appoint, by Order published in the Gazette.

Section 2 Amendment of Article 18 of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
2. Article 18 of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (hereinafter referred to as the "Constitution") is hereby amended as follows:-
 * (a) by the renumbering of that Article as paragraph (1) of that Article;
 * (b) by the addition immediately after paragraph (1) of that Article of the following paragraphs: -
 * "(2) Tamil shall also be an official language.
 * (3) English shall be the link language.
 * (4) Parliament shall by law provide for the implementation of the provisions of this Chapter.".

Section 3 Amendment of Article 138 of the Constitution
3. Article 138 of the Constitution is hereby amended in paragraph (1) of that Article as follows: -
 * (a) by the substitution, for the words '. committed by any Court of First Instance n, of toe words " committed by the High Court, in the exercise of its appellate or original jurisdiction o~ by any Court of First Instance " ; and
 * (b) by the substitution, for the words "of which such Court of First Instance ", of the words " of which such High Court, Court of First Instance".

Section 4 Insertion of Chapter XVIIA in the Constitution
4. The following Chapter and Articles are hereby inserted immediately after Article 154, and shall have effect as Chapter XVIIA and Articles 154A to 154T, of the Constitution:-

 * 154A (Establishment of Provincial Councils)
 * (1) Subject to the provisions of the Constitution, a Provincial Council shall be established for every Province specified in the Eighth Schedule with effect from such date or dates as the President may appoint by Order published in the Gazette. Different dates may be appointed in respect of different Provinces.
 * (2) Every Provincial Council established under paragraph (1) shall be constituted upon the election of the members of such Council in accordance with the law relating to Provincial Council elections.
 * (3) Notwithstanding anything in the preceding provisions of this Article, Parliament may by, or under, any law provide for two or three adjoining Provinces to form one administrative unit with one elected Provincial Council, one Governor, one Chief Minister and one Board of Ministers and for the manner of determining whether such Provinces should continue to be administered as one administrative unit or whether each such Province should constitute a separate administrative unit with its own Provincial Council, and a separate Governor,

 * 154B (Chief Minister and Board of Ministers)
 * (1) There shall be a Governor for, each Province for which a Provincial Council has been established in accordance with Article 154a.
 * (2) The Governor shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand, and shall hold office, in accordance with Article 4(b), during the pleasure of the President.
 * (3) The Governor may, by writing addressed to the President, resign his office.
 * (4)
 * (a) The Provincial Council may, subject to sub-paragraph (b), present an address to the President advising the removal of the Governor on the ground that the Governor-
 * (i) has intentionally violated the provisions of the Constitution;
 * (ii) is guilty of misconduct or corruption involving the abuse of the powers of his office ; or
 * (iii) is guilty of bribery or an offence involving moral turpitude,
 * (b) No resolution for the presentation of an address to the President advising the removal of the Governor on the grounds referred to in sub-paragraph (a) shall be entertained by the Chairman of the Provincial Council or discussed at the Council, unless notice of such resolution is signed by not less than one-half of the whole number of members present.
 * (5) Subject to the preceding provisions of this Article, the Governor shall hold office for a period of five years from the date he assumes office.
 * (6) Every person appointed as Governor shall assume office upon taking or subscribing, the oath or making or subscribing the affirmation, set out in the Fourth Schedule before the President.
 * (7) Upon such assumption of office a Governor shall. cease to hold any other office created or recognized by the Constitution, and if he is a Member of Parliament, shall vacate his seat in Parliament. The Governor shall not hold any other office or place of profit.
 * (8)
 * (a) The Governor may, from time to time, summon ,he Provincial Council to meet at such time and place as he thinks fit, but two months shall not intervene between the last sitting in one session and the date appointed for the first sitting in the next session.
 * (b) The Governor may, from time to time, prorogue the Provincial Council.
 * (c) The Governor may dissolve the Provincial Council
 * (d) The Governor shall exercise his powers under this paragraph in accordance with the advice of the Chief Minister, so long as the Board of Ministers commands, in the opinion of the Governor, the support of the majority of the Provincial Council.
 * (9) Without prejudice to the powers of the President under Article 34 and subject to his directions the Governor of a Province shall have the power to grant a pardon to every person convicted of a offence against a statute made by the Provincial Council of that Province or a law made by Parliament on a matter in respect of which the Provincial Council has power to make statutes and to grant a respite or remission of punishment imposed by Court or any such person:
 * (10)
 * (a) The Governor may address the Provincial, Council and may for that purpose require the attendance of members.
 * (b) The Governor may also send messages to the Council either with respect to a statute then pending with the Council, or otherwise, and when a message is so sent the Council shall with all convenient despatch consider any matter required by the message to be taken into consideration.
 * (11) It shall be the duty of the Chief Minister of every Province-
 * (a) to communicate to the Governor of the Province all decisions of the Board of Ministers relating to the administration of the affairs of the Province me the proposals for legislation;
 * (b) to furnish such information relating to the administration of the affairs of the Province and proposals for legislation as the Governor may call for and
 * (c) if the Governor so requires, to submit for consideration of the Board of Ministers any matter or which a decision has been taken by a Minister but which has not been considered by the Board.
 * (12) Parliament shall by law or resolution make provision for the Salary, allowances, age of retirement and pension entitlement of holders of the office of Governor.

 * 154C (Exercise of executive powers by the Governor)
 * Executive power extending to the matters with respect to which a Provincial Council has power to make statutes shall be exercised by the Governor of the Province for which that Provincial Council is established. either directly or through Ministers of the Board of Ministers, or through officers subordinate to him, in accordance with Article 154F.

 * 154D (Member-ship of Provincial Council)
 * (1) A Provincial Council shall consist of such number of members as may be determined by or under law, having regard to the area and population of the Province for which that Provincial Council is established.
 * (2)
 * (a) A Provincial Council may at the commencement of the term of office of its members, decide, by resolution, to grant Members of Parliament elected for electoral districts, the limits of which fall within the Province for which that Provincial Council is established, the right to participate in proceedings of that Council
 * (b) So long as a resolution passed under sub-paragraph {a) is in force, a Member of Parliament elected for an electoral district, the limits of which fall within the Province for which that Provincial Council is established, shall have the right, during the term of office of that Council, to Speak in, and otherwise take part in, the proceedings of that Provincial Council and to speak in, and otherwise take part in, any committee of the Provincial Council of which he may be named a member but shall be entitled to vote thereat only if the resolution passed under sub-paragraph (a) so provides.
 * (c) The provisions of this paragraph shall cease to operate on the Gate of dissolution of the first Parliament.

 * 154E (Term of office)
 * A Provincial Council shall, unless sooner dissolved, continue for a period of five years from the date appointed for its first meeting -and the expiration of the said period of five years shall operate as a dissolution of the Council.

 * 154F (Board of Ministers)
 * (1) There shall be a Board of Ministers with the Chief Minister at the head and not more than four other Ministers to aid and advice the Governor of a Province in the exercise of his functions. The Governor shall, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice, except in so far as he is by or under the Constitution required to exercise his function or any of them in his discretion.
 * (2) If any question arises whether any matter is or is not a matter as respects which the Governor is by or under this Constitution required to act in his discretion, the decision of the Governor in his discretion shall be final, and the validity of anything done by the Governor shall not be called in question in any Court on the ground that he ought or 'ought not have acted on his discretion. The exercise of the Governor's discretion shall be on the President's directions.
 * (3) The question whether any, and if so what, advice was tendered by the Ministers to the Governor shall not be inquired into in any Court.
 * (4) The Governor shall appoint as Chief Minister, the member of the Provincial Council constituted for that Province who, m his opinion. is best able to command the support of a majority of the members of that Council:
 * (5) The Government shall, on the advice of the Chief Minister, appoint from among the members of the Provincial Council constituted for that Province, the other Ministers.
 * (6) The Board of Ministers shall be collectively responsible and answerable to the Provincial Council.
 * (7) A person appointed to the office of Chief Minister or member of the Board of Ministers shall not ,enter upon the duties of his office until he takes and subscribes the oath, or makes and subscribes the affirmation, set out in the Fourth Schedule.

 * 154G (Statutes of Provincial Councils)
 * (1) Every Provincial Council may, subject to the provisions of the Constitution. make statutes applicable to the Province for which it is established, with respect to any matter set out in List I of the Ninth Schedule (hereinafter 'referred to as "the Provincial Council List").
 * (2) No Bill for the amendment or repeal of the provisions of this Chapter or the Ninth Schedule shall become law unless such Bill has been referred by the President after its publication in the Gazette and before it is placed to the Order paper of Parliament, to every Provincial Council for the expression of its views thereon, within such period as may be specified in the reference, and--
 * (a) where every such Council agrees to the amendment or repeal, such Bill is passed by a majority of the Members of Parliament present and voting ; or
 * (b) where one or more Councils do not agree to the amendment or repeal such Bill is passed by the special majority required by Article 82. ,
 * (3) No Bill in respect of any matter •set out in the Provincial Council List shall become law unless such Bill has been referred by the President, after its publication in the Gazette and before it is placed on the Order Paper of Parliament, to every Provincial Council for the expression of its views thereon within such period as may be specified in the reference, and-
 * (a) where every such Council agrees to the passing of the Bill, such Bill is passed by a majority of the Members of parliament present ant voting ; or
 * (b) where one or more Councils do not agree to the passing of the Bill, such Bill is passed by the special majority required by Article 82 :
 * (4) Where one or more Provincial Councils request Parliament, by resolution, to make law on any matter set out in the Provincial Council List, Parliament may make law on that matter, applicable only to the Provinces for which those Provincial Councils are established, by a majority of Members of Parliament present and voting.
 * (5)
 * (a) Parliament may make laws with respect to any matter set out in List III of the Ninth Schedule (hereinafter referred to as " the Concurrent List") after such consultation with all Provincial Councils as Parliament may consider appropriate in the circumstances of each case.
 * (b) Every Provincial Council may, subject to the provisions of the Constitution, make statutes applicable to the Province for which it is established, with respect to any matter on the Concurrent List, after such consultation with Parliament as it may consider appropriate in the circumstances of each case.
 * (6) If any provision of any statute made by a Provincial Council is inconsistent with the provisions of any law made in accordance with the 1 receding provisions of this Article, the provisions of such law shall prevail and the provisions of such statute shall, to the extent of such inconsistency, be void.
 * (7) A Provincial Council shall have no power to make statutes on any matter set out ill List II of the Ninth Schedule (hereinafter referred to as the Reserved List"),
 * (8) Where there is a law with respect to any matter on the Provincial Council List in force on the date on which this Chapter comes into force, and a Provincial Council established for a Province subsequently makes a statute on the same matter and which is described in its long title as being inconsistent with that law, then, the provisions of the law shall, with effect from the date on which that statute receives assent and so long only as that statute is in force, remain suspended and be inoperative within that Province.
 * (9) Where there is a law with respect to a matter on the Concurrent List on the date on which this Chapter comes into force and a Provincial Council established for Province subsequently makes a statute on the same matter inconsistent with that law, the provisions of that law shall, unless Parliament, by resolution, decides to the contrary, remain suspended and be inoperative within that Province, with effect from the date on which that statute receives assent and so long only as that statute is in force,
 * (10) Nothing in this Article shall be read or construed as derogating from the powers conferred on Parliament by the Constitution to make laws, in accordance with the Provisions of the Constitution (inclusive of this Chapter). with respect to any matter, for the whole of Sri Lanka or any part thereof.
 * (11) Notwithstanding anything in paragraph (3) of this Article, Parliament may make laws, otherwise than in accordance with the procedure set out in that paragraph, in respect of any matter set out in the Provincial Council List for implementing any treaty, agreement or convention. with any other country or countries or any decisions made at an international conference, association, or other body.

 * 154H (Assent)
 * (1) Every statute made by a Provincial Council shall come into force upon such statute receiving assent as hereinafter provided.
 * (2) Every statute made by a Provincial Council shall be presented to the for his assent, forthwith upon the making thereof, and the Governor shall either assent to the statute or he may as seen as possible after the statute is presented to him for assent return it to the Provincial Council together with a message requesting the Council to reconsider the statute or any specified provision thereof and in particular, requesting it to consider the desirability of introducing such amendments as may be recommended in the message.
 * (3) Where a statute is returned to a Provincial Council by the Governor under paragraph (2), the Provincial Council shall reconsider the statute having regard to the Governor's message and may pass such statute with or without amendment end present it to the Governor for his assent.
 * (4) Upon presentation of a statute to the Governor under paragraph (3), the Governor may assent to the statute or reserve it for reference by the President to the Supreme Court, within one month of the passing of the statute for the second time, for a determination that it is not inconsistent with the provisions of the Constitution. Where upon such reference, -the Supreme Court determines that the statue is consistent with the Provisions of the Constitution, the Governor shall, on receipt by him of the Court's determination, assent to the statute. Where upon such reference, the Supreme Court determines that the statute is inconsistent with the provisions of the Constitution, the Governor shall withhold assent to the statute.

 * 154J (Public Security)
 * (1) Upon the making of a Proclamation under the Public Security Ordinance or the law for the. time being in force relating to public security, bringing the provisions of such Ordinance or law into operation on the ground that the maintenance of essential supplies and services, is threatened or that the security of Sri Lanka is threatened by war or external aggression or armed rebellion, the President may give directions to any governor as to the manner in which the executive power exercisable by the Governor is to be exercised. The directions so given shall be in relation to the grounds specified in such Proclamation for the making thereof.
 * (2) A Proclamation under the Public Security Ordinance or the law for the time being relating to public security, shall be conclusive for all purposes and shall not be questioned in any court and no Court or Tribunal shall inquire into, or pronounce on, or in any manner call in question, such Proclamation, the grounds for the making thereof, or the existence of those grounds or :my direction given under this Article.

 * 154K (Failure to comply with directions)
 * Where the Governor or any Provincial Council has failed to comply with, or give effect to, any directions given to such Governor or such Council under this Chapter of the Constitution, it shall be, lawful for the President to hold that a situation has arisen in which the administration of the Province cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution.

 * 154L (Failure of administrative)
 * (1) If the President, on receipt of a report from the Governor of the Province or otherwise, is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the administration of the Province cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution, the President may by Proclamation•-
 * (a) assume to himself all or any of the functions of the administration of the Province and all or any of the powers vested in, or exercisable by, the Governor or any body or authority in the Province other than the Provincial Council;
 * (b) declare that the powers of the Provincial Council, shall be exercisable by, or under the authority of, Parliament;
 * (c) make such incidental and consequential provisions as appear to the President to be necessary or desirable. for giving effect to the objects of the Proclamation.
 * (2) Any such Proclamation may be revoked or varied by a subsequent Proclamation.
 * (3) Every Proclamation under this Article shall be laid before Parliament and shall, except where it is a Proclamation removing a previous Proclamation, cease to operate at the expiration of fourteen days unless before, the expiration of that period it has been approved by a resolution of Parliament.
 * (4) A Proclamation so approved shall, unless earlier revoked, cease to operate on the expiration of a period of two months from the date " issue of the proclamation.
 * (5) Notwithstanding anything in this Article, the President may within fourteen days of his making a Proclamation under paragraph (1) and for the purpose of satisfying himself with referred to any of the matters referred to in that paragraph. appoint a retired Judge of the Supreme Court to inquire into and reports upon such matters within a period of sixty days. A Judge so appointed shall in relation to such inquiry have the powers of a Commissioner appointed under the Commissions of Inquiry Act. Upon receipt of the report of such Judge, the President may revoke the Proclamation made under paragraph (1).
 * (6) A Proclamation under this Article shall be conclusive for all purposes and shall not be questioned in any Court. and no Court or Tribunal shall inquire into, or pronounce on or in any manner call in question, such Proclamation or the grounds for making thereof.

 * 154M (Parliament to confer powers of Provincial Council to President)
 * (1) Where by a Proclamation issued under paragraph (l), of Article 154l, it has been declared that the powers of the Provincial Council shall be exercisable by, or under the authority, of Parliament, it shall be competent -
 * (a) for Parliament to confer on the President the power of the Provincial Council to make statutes and to authorize the President to delegate, subject to such conditions as he may think fit to impose, the power so conferred, on any other authority specified by him in that behalf.
 * (b) for the President to authorize, when Parliament is not in session, expenditure from the Provincial Fund of the Province pending sanction of such expenditure by Parliament.
 * (2) A statute made by Parliament or the President or other authority referred to in sub-paragraph (a) of paragraph (1), during the continuance in force of a Proclamation issued under paragraph (1) of Article 154l, shall continue in force until amended or repealed by the Provincial Council.

 * 154N (Financial instability)
 * (1) If the President is satisfied ,~hat a situation has arisen whereby the financial stability or credit of Sri Lanka or of any part of the territory thereof is threatened, he may by Proclamation make a declaration to that effect.
 * (2) A Proclamation issued under paragraph (1) -
 * (a) may be revoked or varied by a subsequent Proclamation ;
 * (b) shall be laid before Parliament;
 * (c) shall cease to operate at the expiration of two months, unless before the expiration of that period it has been approved by a resolution of Parliament.
 * (3) During the period any such Proclamation as is mentioned in paragraph (1) is in operation, the President may give directions to any Governor of a Province to observe such canons of financial propriety as may be specified in the directions. and to give such other directions as ,the President may deem necessary and adequate for the purpose.
 * (4) Notwithstanding anything in the Constitution any such direction may include -
 * (a) a provision requiring the reduction of salaries and allowances of all or any class of persons serving in connection with the •affairs of the Province;
 * (b) a provision requiring all statutes providing for payments into or out of, a Provincial Fund to be reserved for the Consideration of the President after they are passed by the Provincial Council.

 * 154P (High Court)
 * (1) There shall be a High Court for each Province with effect from the date on which this Chapter comes into force. Each such High Court shall be designated as the High Court of the relevant Province.
 * (2) The Chief Justice shall nominate. from among Judges of the High Court of Sri Lanka such number of Judges as may be necessary to each such High Court. Every such Judge shall be transferable by the Chief Justice.
 * (3) Every such High Court shall—
 * (a) exercise according to law, the original criminal jurisdiction of the High Court of Sri Lanka in respect of offences committed within the Province ;
 * (b) notwithstanding anything in Article 138 and subject to any law, exercise, appellate and revisionary jurisdiction in respect of convictions, sentences and orders entered or imposed by Magistrates Courts and Primary Courts within the Province;
 * (c) exercise such other jurisdiction and powers as Parliament may, by law. provide.
 * (4) Every such High' Court shall have jurisdiction to issue, according to law -
 * (a) orders in the nature of habeas corpus, in respect of persons illegally detained within the Province; and
 * (b) order in the nature of writs of certiorari, prohibition, procedendo, mandamus and quo warranto against any person exercising, within the Province, any power under—
 * (i) any law; or
 * (ii) any statutes made by the Provincial Council established for that Province,
 * (5) The Judicial Service Commission may delegate to such High Court, the power to inspect and report on, the administration of any Court of First Instance within the Province.
 * (6) Subject to the provisions of the Constitution and any law, any person aggrieved by a final order. judgment or sentence of any such Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction under paragraphs (3) (b) or (3) (c) or (4), may appeal therefrom to the Court of Appeal in accordance with Article 138.

 * 154Q (Functions, powers. election &c. of Provincial Councils)
 * Parliament shall by law provide for -
 * (a) the election of members of Provincial Councils and the qualifications for membership of such Councils ;
 * (b) the procedure for transaction of business by every such Council;
 * (c) the salaries and allowances of members of Provincial Councils; and
 * (d) any other matter necessary for the purpose of giving effect to the principles of provisions of this Chapter, and for any matters connected with. or incidential to, the provisions of this Chapter.

 * 154R (Finance Commission)
 * (1) There shall be a Finance Commission consisting of
 * (a) the Governor of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka ;
 * (b) the Secretary to the Treasury; and
 * (c) three other members to represent the three major communities each of whom shall be a person who has distinguished himself, or held high office, in the field of finance, law. administration, business or learning.
 * (2) Every member of the Commission shall, unless he earlier dies resigns or is removed from office, hold office for a period of three years.
 * (3) The Government shall, on the recommendation of. and in consultation with, the Commission, allocate from the Annual Budget, such funds as are adequate for the purpose of meeting the needs of the Provinces.
 * (4) It shall he the duty of the Commission to make recommendations to the President as to -
 * (a) the principles on which such funds as are granted annually by the Government for the use of Provinces, should be apportioned between the various Provinces; and
 * (b) any other matter referred to the Commission by the President relating to Provincial finance.
 * (5) The Commission shall formulate such principles with the objective of achieving balanced regional development in the country. and shall accordingly take into account-
 * (a) the population of each Province ;
 * (b) the per capita income of each Province ;
 * (c) the need progressively, to reduce social and economic disparities ; and
 * (d) the need, progressively. to reduce the difference between the per capita income of each Province and the highest per capita income among the Provinces.
 * (6) The Commission shall determine its own procedure and shall have such powers hi the performance of its duties as Parliament may, by law, confer on it.
 * (7) The President shall cause every recommendation made by the Finance Commission under this Article to be laid before Parliament, and shall notify Parliament as to the action taken thereon.
 * (8) No Court or Tribunal shall inquire into, or pronounce on, or in any manner entertain, determine or rule upon, any question relating to the adequacy of such funds, or any recommendation made, or principle formulated by, the Commission.

 * 154S (Special provision enabling Provincial Councils not to exercise powers under this Chapter)
 * (1) A Provincial Council may, by resolution, decide not to exercise its powers under Article 154g with respect to any matter Or part thereof set out in the Provincial Council List or the Concurrent List of the Ninth Schedule.
 * (2) Where a resolution has been passed by a Provincial Council under paragraph (1) and the terms of such resolution have been accepted by Parliament, by resolution, the powers of such Provincial Council under Article 154g shall be deemed not to extend to the matter specified in such resolution and Parliament ~ay make law, with respect to that matter, applicable to the Province for which that Provincial Council is established, otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of Article 154g.

 * 154T (Transitional measures)
 * The President may by Order published in the Gazette, take such action, or give such directions, not inconsistent with the provisions of the Constitution, as appears to him to be necessary or expedient for the purpose of giving effect to the provisions of this Chapter, or for the administrative changes necessary therefor, or for the purpose of removing any difficulties.".

Section 5 Amendment of article 155 of the Constitution
5. Article 155 of the Constitution is hereby amended by the insertion, immediately after paragraph (3) of that Article, of the following new paragraph:
 * "(3A) Nothing in the preceding provisions of this Constitution shall be deemed to prohibit the making of emergency regulations. under the Public Security Ordinance or the law for the time being in force relating to public security, with respect to any matter set out in the Ninth Schedule or having the effect of overriding. amending or suspending the operation of a statute made by a provincial Council.".

Section 6 Amendment of Article 170 of the Constitution
6. Article 170 of the Constitution is hereby amended by the substitution. in the definition of " written law ", for the words "and includes Orders,", of the words "and include:; statutes made by a Provincial Council, Orders.".

Section 7 Addition of Eighth and Ninth Schedules be the constitution
7. The following Schedules are hereby added immediately after the Seventh Schedule, and shall have effect as the Eighth and Ninth Schedules respectively of the Constitution.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bode, John Ernest


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Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 27, 1916.djvu/341

 Rh cannot give me back my lamb I shall take the bride instead; my lamb or the bride!"

The bride and bridegroom wept most bitterly, but their tears could not move the heart of the wicked sparrow. He insisted on having his lamb or the bride. Then the sparrow threatened them and used such language as children should never hear, and grown people never repeat, until the bridegroom's family decided, in order to avoid any further difficulty with the sparrow, to give him the bride. And they did so.

The sparrow took the bride and went away, up hill and down dale, until one day he met a man riding on a donkey and singing gaily to the accompaniment of his tambourine. The sparrow stopped the man and said:

"Friend, may you have prosperity! I want your tambourine!" And the man answered:

"My tambourine is too precious to be given away like that!" So the sparrow said:

"Take this beautiful bride and give me the tambourine instead," and the man took the bride in exchange for the tambourine. Then the sparrow, with his newly acquired tambourine, went up hill and down dale until he came to the banks of a river where there were willow trees. And he flew to the topmost branch of a willow tree and playing his tambourine began to sing:

And all of a sudden this wicked sparrow lost his balance, fell into the river and was seen no more.

Three apples fell from heaven; one for the story-teller; one for him to whom you have just listened; and one for him who has just spent his breath.

.


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144 colored troops did as well as any soldiers could possibly do.

In the course of the afternoon the Spaniards in our front made the only offensive movement which I saw them make during the entire campaign; for what were ordinarily called "attacks" upon our lines consisted merely of heavy firing from their trenches and from their skirmishers. In this case they did actually begin to make a forward movement, their cavalry coming up as well as the marines and reserve infantry, while their skirmishers, who were always bold, redoubled their activity. It could not be called a charge, and not only was it not pushed home, but it was stopped almost as soon as it began, our men immediately running forward to the crest of the hill with shouts of delight at seeing their enemies at last come into the open. A few seconds' firing stopped their advance and drove them into the cover of the trenches.

They kept up a very heavy fire for some time longer, and our men again lay down, only replying occasionally. Suddenly we heard on our right the peculiar drumming sound which had been so welcome in the morning, when the infantry were assailing the San Juan block-house. The Gatlings were up again! I started over to inquire, and found that


text: Category:Amendments to the Constitution of Sri Lanka


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Rh Lieutenant Parker, not content with using his guns in support of the attacking forces, had thrust them forward to the extreme front of the fighting line, where he was handling them with great effect. From this time on, throughout the fighting, Parker's Gatlings were on the right of my regiment, and his men and mine fraternized in every way. He kept his pieces at the extreme front, using them on every occasion until the last Spanish shot was fired. Indeed, the dash and efficiency with which the Gatlings were handled by Parker was one of the most striking features of the campaign; he showed that a first-rate officer could use machine-guns, on wheels, in battle and skirmish, in attacking and defending trenches, alongside of the best troops, and to their great advantage.

As night came on, the firing gradually died away. Before this happened, however. Captains Morton and Boughton, of the Third Cavalry, came over to tell me that a rumor had reached them to the effect that there had been some talk of retiring and that they wished to protest in the strongest manner. I had been watching them both, as they handled their troops with the cool confidence of the veteran regular officer, and had been congratulating myself that they were off toward the right flank, for as long as they were there, I knew I was perfectly safe in that direction. I had heard no rumor about retiring, Rh


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146 and I cordially agreed with them that it would be far worse than a blunder to abandon our position.

To attack the Spaniards by rushing across open ground, or through wire entanglements and low, almost impassable jungle, without the help of artillery, and to force unbroken infantry, fighting behind earthworks and armed with the best repeating weapons, supported by cannon, was one thing; to repel such an attack ourselves, or to fight our foes on anything like even terms in the open, was quite another thing. No possible number of Spaniards coming at us from in front could have driven us from our position, and there was not a man on the crest who did not eagerly and devoutly hope that our opponents would make the attempt, for it would surely have been followed, not merely by a repulse, but by our immediately taking the city. There was not an officer or a man on the firing-line, so far as I saw them, who did not feel this way.

As night fell, some of my men went back to the buildings in our rear and foraged through them, for we had now been fourteen hours charging and fighting without food. They came across what was evidently the Spanish officers' mess, where their dinner was still cooking, and they brought it to the front in high glee. It was evident that the Spanish officers were living well, however the Spanish rank and file were faring. There were three big iron


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Page:The Grateful Dead.djvu/180

164 much for the Medes after Marathon, and even Xerxes for the Lacedaemonians after Thermopylae. The story told by Cicero of Simonides gives definite proof of the concrete nature of the reverential feeling among both Greeks and Romans. Suetonius in his life of Caligula relates that when the emperor's body was left half burned and unburied, ghosts filled the palace and garden. An example of the mediaeval belief is found in the Middle High German Kudrun, written at the end of the twelfth century or the beginning of the thirteenth.

The Annamite tale cited in the third chapter and Servian VI., likewise summarized in connection with variants having the story-theme in simple form, bear witness to the effect that the widespread belief has had upon folk-tales now in circulation. The connection of these two tales with the märchen as such is so vague that they serve the end of illustrating its growth from popular belief rather than the relationship of one form to another. So also the story from Brittany, printed by Sébillot, which tells how a ghost came to workmen in a mill demanding Christian interment for its body then buried under the foundations, serves the same end, though no reward is mentioned. Sometimes the neglect of burial by a person brings unpleasant results to him, as is witnessed by a tale from Guernsey. A fisherman

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text:
Constitution of Sri Lanka/First Amendment

Section 1 Short title
1. This Act may be cited as the First Amendment to the Constitution.

Section 2 Amendment of Article 140 of the Constitution
2. Article 140 of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is hereby amended by the insertion immediately at the end of that Article of the following proviso:- " Provided that parliament may by law provide that in any such category of eases as may be specified in such law, the jurisdiction conferred on the Court of Appeal by the preceding provisions of this Article shall be exercised by the Supreme Court and not by the Court of Appeal.".

Section 3 Date of operation on this Act
3. The provisions of this Act shall be deemed to have come into operation on September 7, 1978.


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Page:The Grateful Dead.djvu/181

Rh to bury a body which he encountered on the coast, and, when he reached his home, found the ghost awaiting him. An Indian tale illustrates the belief that the dead become vampires when funeral rites are not performed.

In most versions of The Grateful Dead a corpse is left unburied either because creditors remain unpaid or the surviving relatives cannot pay for Christian burial. From sixteenth century Scotland we have evidence that the latter trait is based on actual custom. Sir David Lyndesaye, in The Monarche, while describing the exactions of the clergy, says:

This evidence for the widespread belief in the pious duty of burial and for the custom of withholding burial in cases where the dead man was poor, though it might easily be increased in bulk, makes very clear at least two matters. The tale of The Grateful Dead might have arisen almost anywhere and in almost any age since the time of the Egyptians. Again, when once it had been formed, it was likely to be reinforced or changed by the beliefs and customs prevalent in the lands to which it came.

The first matter at once suggests the question as to whether, after all, the märchen has not been more than once discovered by the imagination of story-tellers,—whether it has not sprung up again and again in different parts of the world like different botanical species,

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text:
Constitution of Sri Lanka/Second Amendment

Section 1 Short title
1. This Act may be cited as the Second Amendment to the Constitution.

Section 2 Amendment of Article 161 of the constitution
2. Article 161 of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is hereby amended by the' repeal of sub-paragraph (ii) of paragraph (d) of that Article and the substitution therefor, of the following new sub-paragraph:- "
 * (ii) Where during the duration of the First Parliament, a Member ceases, by resignation, expulsion or other wise, to be a member of the recognized political party to which he belonged upon or after the commencement of the Constitution, the Secretary. of such party shall, within two weeks of the date on which such Member 80 ceased to be a member of such party, communicate, in writing to the secretary-General of Parliament, the fact and date thereof. The Secretary-General shall upon receipt of such communication, submit it. to the Speaker.

Section 3 Retrospective effect of section 2 and savings & c.
3. The provisions of section 2 of this Act shall be deemed for all purposes, to have come into force upon the commencement of the Constitution, and accordingly, -
 * (a) the seat of a Member of Parliament shall be deemed never to have become vacant by reason of the operation of the provisions of the Constitution which are repealed by the provisions of section 2 of this Act:
 * (b) where at the hearing in any court or tribunal, of any application, suit or other proceeding, whether instituted before or after the commencement of this. Act, any question arises as to whether the seat of a Member of Parliament has become vacant by reason of such Member having ceased, by resignation, expulsion or otherwise, to be a member of the recognized political party to which he belonged upon the commencement of the Constitution, such question and any other question relating to the application of Article 161 (d) (ii) shall be determined in accordance with Article 161 (d) (ii) of the Constitution as amended by section 2 of this Act;
 * (c) where a Member of Parliament has ceased, prior to the date of commencement of this Act, to be member of the recognized political party to which he belonged upon the commencement of the Constitution, a communication relating thereto made, within two weeks of the date of commencement of this Act, to the Secretary-General of Parliament by the Secretary of such party, shall be deemed to be a communication made in compliance with Article 161 (d) (ii) of the Constitution as amended by section 2 of this Act; and
 * (d) where a Member of Parliament. has been expelled, prior to the date of commencement of this Act, from the recognized political, party to which he belonged upon the, commencement Constitution, .an application made by such Member, within one month of the date of commencement of this Act, to the Supreme Court for a determination that such expulsion was invalid, shall be deemed to be an application made In" compliance with Article 181 (d) (ii) of the Constitution as amended by section 2 of this Act.


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166 instead of being a single plant which has propagated itself through many centuries. In spite of the evident possibility that such sporadic development might have taken place, I cannot believe that it happened so. If we had to do with some vaguely outlined myth in which only the underlying idea was the same in the several groups of variants, and if this vague tale were narrated among peoples of absolutely no kinship to one another, say by the Indians of North America and the Zulus, one could have no reasonable doubt that similar conditions had produced similar tales. Such stories exist in numbers sufficient to render untenable the old hypothesis of Oriental origins in anything like the form in which it was held by Benfey or even Cosquin.

In cases like that of The Grateful Dead, however, the matter is entirely different. The theme is comparatively a complicated one, and it is found only in lands whose inhabitants are connected either by blood or by social and political intercourse. It has preserved its integrity for nearly a score of centuries, though suffering many changes of details, and a variety of combinations with other themes. To my mind such an involved relationship as that worked out in the preceding chapters proves conclusively that the story is one, that the connection between variants is more than fortuitous. Inductive logic makes the belief inevitable. Any other theory would involve us in a bewildering net of contradictions, from which escape could be found only in the avowal that nothing whatever can be known about narrative development.

If the seemingly inevitable conclusion be accepted that The Grateful Dead is an organism with a life history of its own, the question at once suggests itself as to when and where it came into being. As to its

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 was here granted to Noah, was not granted to his ons in common with him. His words are, As for the general community between Noah and his ons, which Mr. Selden will have to be granted to them, ix. Gen. 2. the text doth not warrant it. What warrant our author would have, when the plain expres words of cripture, not capable of another meaning, will not atisfy him, who pretends to build wholly on cripture, is not eay to imagine. The text ays, God bleed Noah and his ons, and aid unto them, i. e. as our author would have it, unto him : for, aith he, although the ons are there mentioned with Noah in the bleing, yet it may bet be undertood, with a ubordination or benediction in ucceion, Obervations, 211. That indeed is bet, for our author to be underlood, which bet erves to his purpoe ; but that truly may bet be undertood by any body ele, which bet agrees with the plain contruction of the words, and aries from the obvious meaning of the place; and then with ubordination and in ucceion, will not be bet undertood, in a grant of God, where he himelf put them not, nor mentions any uch limitation. But yet, our author has reaons, why it may bet be underfood o. The bleing, ays he in the following words, might truly be fulfilled, if the ons, either under or after their father, enjoyed a private dominion, Obfervations, 211. which is to ay, that a grant, whoe expres words give a joint title ix


text:
Constitution of Sri Lanka/Third Amendment

Section 1 Short title
1. This Act may be cited as the Third Amendment to the Constitution.

Section 2 Amendment of Article 31 of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
2. Article 31 of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (hereinafter referred to as the " Constitution ") is hereby amended as follows :-
 * (1) by the insertion, immediately after paragraph (3) of that Article, of the following paragraph : -
 * "(3A)
 * (a)
 * (i) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the preceding provisions of this Chapter, the President may, at any time after the expiration of four years from the commencement of his first term of office, by Proclamation, declare his intention of appealing to the People for a mandate to hold office, by election, for a further term.
 * (ii) Upon the making of a Proclamation under sub-paragraph (i) the Commissioner of Elections shall be required to take a poll for the election of the President.
 * (b) If, at any time after the date of Proclamation referred to in paragraph (a) and before the close of the poll at the election held in pursuance of such Proclamation, the President in office dies, such Proclamation shall be deemed to have been revoked with effect from the date of Such death and the election to be held in pursuance of such Proclamation shall be deemed to be cancelled. Toe vacancy in the office of President caused by such death shall be filled in accordance with the provisions of Article 40.
 * (c)
 * (i) If, at any time between the close of the poll at an election held under this paragraph and the declaration of the result of such election a candidate at such election dies, the Commissioner of Elections shall proceed with the count and declare the result of such election, notwithstanding the death of such candidate.
 * (ii) If the person entitled. to be declared elected as President is dead at the time of the declaration of the result of such. election. the Commissioner of Elections shall not declare the result of such election but shall take a fresh poll for the election of the President.
 * (iii) If by reason of the death referred to in sub-paragraph (i) there is a vacancy in the office of President, the Prime Minister shall act in the office of President during the period between the occurrence of such vacancy and the assumption of office by, the new President and shall appoint one of the other Ministers of the Cabinet to act in the office of Prime Minister :
 * (d) The person declared elected as President at an election held under this paragraph shall, if such person-
 * (i) is the President in office, hold office for a term of six years commencing on such date in the year in which that election is held (being a date after such election) or in the succeeding year, as corresponds to the date on which his first term of office commenced, whichever date is earlier ; or
 * (ii) is not the President in office, hold office for a term of six years commencing on the date on which the result of such election is declared.
 * (e) A person succeeding to the office of President under the provisions of Article 40 shall not be entitled to exercise the right conferred on a President by sub-paragraph (a) of this paragraph. (f) For the purposes of this paragraph, the first term of office of the first President referred to in Article 160 shall be deemed to have commenced on February 4,1978. " ;
 * (2) by the repeal of paragraph (4) of that Article and the substitution of the following paragraph therefor : -
 * "(4) Where a poll for the election of a President is taken, the term of office of the person elected as President at such election shall commence on the expiration of the term of office of the President in office :

Section 3 Amendment of Article 38 of the Constitution
3. Article 38 of the Constitution is hereby amended in sub-paragraph (d) of paragraph (1) of that Article by the substitution, for the words " one month", of the words " two weeks ".

Section 4 Amendment of Article 160 of the Constitution
34. Article 160 of the Constitution is hereby amended by the substitution, for the words " shall hold office ", of the words and figures "shall, subject to the provisions of Article 31, hold office ".


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Rh ultimate origin, however, only a very imperfect answer can be given. Surmise and theory are all that can aid us here. Liebrecht was of the opinion that the story was of European rather than Oriental origin, even though he did not accept Simrock's theory that it was Germanic. Notwithstanding the fact that most variants are European, this hypothesis seems to me very improbable. Tobit, the earliest variant which we possess, is distinctly Semitic in origin and colouring. Other versions from Asia, like Jewish, Armenian, and Siberian, though modern folk-tales, add weight to the evidence of the apocryphal story, especially since the one last named comes from a somewhat remote region where European narratives could not without difficulty have much direct influence. Of course it is possible to suppose that the theme came to the Semites from the West, and was by them disseminated in Asia; but the early date of Tobit renders it unlikely that such was the case. Certainly it is more reasonable from the evidence at hand to believe in the Oriental origin of the märchen. As to the particular region of Asia where it was probably first related, nothing can be said with security. Yet since there is no evidence that it has ever been known in India, Western Asia, and perhaps the region inhabited by the Semites, may be considered, at least tentatively, its first home.

The age of the theme cannot definitely be measured. It is possible, however, to say that it must have existed at least as early as the beginning of our era. Tobit is of assistance again here. As the book is believed to have been written during the reign of Hadrian (76-138 A.D.) and as it has the motive in a compound form, which is unlikely to have arisen immediately after the

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Constitution of Sri Lanka/Fourth Amendment

Section 1 Short title
1. This Act may be cited as the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution.

Section 2 Amendment of Article 161 of the Constitution
2. Article 161 of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is hereby amended by the repeal of paragraph (e) of that Article and the substitution therefor, of the following new paragraph :-
 * "(e) unless sooner dissolved, the First Parliament shall continue until August 4, 1989, and no longer, and shall thereupon stand dissolved, and the provisions of Article 70 (5) (b) shall, mutatis mutandis, apply.".


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174 one might add that, apart from helping to the settlement of such more general questions as those just mentioned, they throw light on the sources of particular literary worksbetter than does the haphazard search for parallels, and they often enable the student to see the relations between the literatures of neighbouring countries more clearly than he would be able to do without the perspective gained by a comparative consideration of a single theme in many lands. In ways like these the author hopes that this history of The Grateful Dead may be serviceable.

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Constitution of Sri Lanka/Fifth Amendment

Section 1 Short title
1. This Act may be cited as the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution.

Section 2 Amendment of Article 161 of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
2. Article 161 of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is hereby amended in sub-paragraph (iii) of paragraph (d) of that Article as follows:-
 * (a) by the substitution, for the words " in respect of which the vacancy occurred ;", of the words " in respect of which the vacancy occurred : " ; and
 * (b) by the addition, at the end of that sub-paragraph, of the following proviso :-


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168 simple story was first set afloat, there is little danger of over-statement in saying that the latter must have been known at least as early as the first part of first century A.D., or more probably before the birth of Christ. Any statement beyond this would rest on idle speculation.

After The Grateful Dead was once established as a narrative, its development can be traced with some degree of precision, though not without many gaps here and there. Its history is largely a matter of combinations with originally independent themes, with an occasional landmark in the form of a literary version. The most notable compounds into which it has entered are those with The Poison Maiden, The Ransomed Woman, and certain types connected with The Water of Life. That it entered into other minor compounds at various stages gives evidence that it retained its independence long after the first union took place, even though examples of the simple type are so hard to find and in some cases of such doubtful character.

Probably the first combination of the theme was with The Poison Maiden, which the valuable evidence of Tobit enables us to date as taking place as early as the middle of the first century and in western Asia. The Poison Maiden probably came originally from India by way of Persia, and was certainly widely distributed. Among the Semites it would naturally first meet any tale which had other than Indian origin, so that the existence of Tobit at so early a date is only what one would expect, looking at the matter in this retrospective fashion. The amalgamation of these two themes, when once they had come into the same region, was natural. They had the necessary point of contact in the treatment of the hero's wife by a helpful friend, who played an important part in each. In The Poison Maiden she

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Rh received short shrift, being possessed of a poisonous glance or bite, or of snakes ready to destroy the man who married her. In The Grateful Dead she was innocent, but had to be divided to satisfy the claims of a being who had helped her husband. The part of the friend was less well motivated in The Poison Maiden than in The Grateful Dead, so that it was natural for the themes to unite at a common point and produce a compound at once more complete and more thrilling than were the simpler forms. This combination must have been made not by a conscious literary worker, for, had it been, Tobit would surely stand less independent of the later versions than is actually the case, but by the tellers of folk-tales, in a manner quite unconscious and altogether unstudied. The stories combined of themselves, so to say.

From Semitic lands, if it was indeed there made, the compound seems to have travelled into Europe as well as into other parts of Asia. It has spread during the intervening centuries throughout the length and breadth of Europe, always remaining a genuinely popular tale. As far as my knowledge goes, it did not appear in literature from the time when the Hebrew book of Tobit was written till Peele's Old Wives' Tale was presented some fifteen centuries later on the English stage. In the nineteenth century it again appeared to the reading public in the version which the Dane Andersen made from a Norse folk-tale. Yet the story in all versions of the compound extant is unmistakably the same, though it has suffered more changes in detail than would be worth while to enumerate here,

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170 since they have already been noted in the chapter dealing with the type. The most important modification which it sustained was due to its meeting The Lady and the Monster and absorbing elements of that tale. How early this took place it is impossible to say, since George Peele's play is the only literary monument that helps to fix any date. A considerable stretch of time must, however, be allowed for the passage of a folk-tale from the extreme east of Europe to England. That the secondary combination was indeed made in eastern Europe admits of definite proof. All the known variants of The Grateful Dead + The Poison Maiden from the west have The Lady and the Monster as well, while three Slavic east-European versions are of this type. It follows that the compound must have been formed in the east and carried to the west, since otherwise the distribution should be precisely the opposite of that which obtains. Moreover, had the compound been made in Asia, it is improbable that it would have left such a comparatively feeble trace in the eastern part of the continent of Europe and later have conquered all the west. Other combinations, primary and secondary, have also arisen; but, if the collection of variants hitherto made is at all adequate, they are of inconsiderable importance.

Meanwhile, the simple theme of The Grateful Dead passed into Europe by other paths. Once over the border, it met a tale with which it readily combined,, producing a type not less influential than the one just mentioned. This new motive was The Ransomed Woman,, the origin of which is at present quite unknown. Though it is seemingly Oriental in character, all versions yet unearthed come from Europe, so that its provenance must be left in uncertainty. At all events, it was known in eastern Europe, and it was there in all probability that

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Constitution of Sri Lanka/Sixth Amendment

Section 1 Short title
1. This Act may be cited as the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution.

Section 2 Amendment or Article 101 or the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
2. Article 101 of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (hereinafter. referred t9 as "the Constitution") is hereby amended in sub-paragraph (h) of paragraph (1) of that Article by the substitution for the words " by election or otherwise ; and ", of the words and figures " by election or otherwise, or where, a recognized political party or independent group has been proscribed under Article 157A.; and.

Section 3 Insertion of Article 157A in the Constitution
3. The following Article is hereby inserted after Article 157, and shall have effect as Article 157A, of the Constitution :-
 * 157A (Prohibition against violation of territorial integrity of Sri Lanka)
 * (1) No person shall, directly or indirectly, in or outside Sri Lanka, support, espouse, promote, finance, encourage or advocate the establishment of a separate State within the territory of Sri Lanka.
 * (2) No political party or other association or organization shall have as one of its aims or objects the establishment of a separate State within the territory of Sri Lanka.
 * (3) Any person who acts in contravention of the provisions of paragraph (1) shall, on conviction by the Court of Appeal, after trial on indictment and according to such procedure as may be prescribed by law, -
 * (a) be subject to civic disability for such period not exceeding seven years as may be determined by such Court :
 * (b) forfeit his movable and immovable property other than such property as is determined by an order of such Court as being necessary for the sustenance of such person and his family ;
 * (c) not be entitled to civic rights for such period not exceeding seven years as may be determined by such Court ; and
 * (d) if he is a Member of Parliament or 8 person in such service or holding such office as is referred to in paragraph (l) of Article 165, cease to be such Member or to be in such service or to hold such office.
 * (4) Where any political party Of other association or organization has as one of its aims or objects the establishment of a separate State within the territory of Sri Lanka, any person may make an application to the Supreme Court for a declaration that such political party or other association or organization has as one ., of its aims or objects the establishment of a separate State within the territory of Sri Lanka. The Secretary or other officer of such Political party or other association or organisation shall be made a respondent to such application.
 * (5) Where the Supreme Court makes a declaration under paragraph (4) in relation to any political party or other association Of organization, in pursuance of an application made to it under that paragraph-
 * (a) that political party or other association or organisation shall be deemed, for all purposes to be proscribed and any member of such political party or other association or organization who is a Member of Parliament shall be deemed to have vacated his seat in Parliament with effect from the date of such declaration and any nomination paper submitted by such political party or other association or organization shall be deemed for all purposes to be invalid ;
 * (b) any person who holds office or is a member of that political party or other association or organization after the date of such declaration, shall be guilty of an and shall, on conviction, by the Court of Appeal after trial on indictment and according to such procedure as may be prescribed bylaw-
 * (i) be subject civic disability for such period not exceeding seven years as may be determined by
 * (ii) forfeit his movable and immovable property other than such property as is by an order of such, court as being necessary for the sustenance of such person . and his family;
 * (iii) not be entitled to civic rights. for such period not exceeding seven years may be determined by such court;
 * (iv) if he is a Member of Parliament or a person in such service or holds office referred to in paragraph (1) of Article 165, cease to be such Member Of to be in such service or hold such office.
 * (6) Use execution of any punishment imposed under paragraph (3)or sub-paragraph (b) of paragraph (5) shall be stayed or suspended pending the determination of say appeal against such punishment or the conviction in con-sequence of which such punishment was Imposed.
 * (7) Every officer or person who was or it required by, Article 32 or Article 53, Article 61 of Article 107 or Article 165 or Article 169 (12), to take and subscribe or to make and subscribe an oath or affirmation, every member of, or person in the service of, a local authority, Development Council, Pradeshiya Mandalaya, Gramodaya Mandalaya or public corporation and, every attorney-at-law shall-
 * (a) if such officer or person is holding office on the date of coming into force of this Article, make and subscribe, or take and subscribe, an oath or affirmation in the form set out in the Seventh Schedule, before such person or body if any, as is referred to in that Article, within one month of the date on which this Article comes into force ;
 * (b) if such person or officer is appointed to such office after the coming into force of this Article, make and subscribe or take and subscribe, an oath or affirmation, in the form set out in the Seventh Schedule, before such person or body, if any, as is referred to in that Article, within one month of his appointment to such office.
 * (8)
 * (a) Every person who is a Member of Parliament on the coming into force of this Article shall not be entitled to sit and vote in Parliament unless he takes and subscribes Or makes and subscribes an oath or affirmation in the form set out in the Seventh Schedule.
 * (b) Every person who is elected or nominated as a Member of Parliament on or after the coming into force of this Article shall not be entitled to sit and vote in Parliament unless he makes and subscribes or makes and subscribes an oath or affirmation in the form set out in the Seventh Schedule.
 * (9) No person who has taken and subscribed or made and subscribed an oath or affirmation in the form set out in the Seventh Schedule shall, notwithstanding any provision to the contrary in the Constitution, be required to take and subscribe or make and subscribe any other oath or affirmation required to be taken and subscribed or made and subscribed under the Constitution
 * (10) Parliament may, by resolution, determine such other categories of persons or officers to whom the provisions of paragraph (7) shall apply and thereupon, the provisions of such paragraph shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to, and in relation to, officers or persons of that category.
 * (11) The jurisdiction of the Court of Appeal in respect of its powers under this Article shall be exercised in the manner provided in sub-paragraph (iv) of the proviso to paragraph (2) of Article 146.
 * (12) In this Article, " civic rights " means-
 * (a) the right to obtain a passport ;
 * (b) the right to sit for any public examination ;
 * (c) the right to own any immovable property ;
 * (d) the right to engage in any trade or profession which requires a licence, registration or other authorization, by or under any written law.'.

Section 4 Amendment of Article 161 of the Constitution
4. Article 161 of the Constitution is hereby amended in paragraph (d) of that Article as follows :-
 * (1) in sub-paragraph (iii) of that paragraph, by the substitution, for the words " to fill such vacancy. Upon receipt of such nomination, the Commissioner ". of the following :-
 * (2) in the proviso to sub-paragraph (iii) of that paragraph by the substitution -
 * (a) for the words "within thirty days of his being required to do so ", of the following :-"within thirty days of his being required to do so and in the aforesaid manner "
 * (b) for the words " vacancy, then the Commissioner of Elections", of the words and figures " vacancy, or where such political party is deemed to be proscribed under Article 157A, then the Commissioner of Elections" ; and
 * (3) by the addition, immediately after sub-paragraph (iii) of that paragraph, of the following sub-paragraph ;-
 * " (iv) where a Member nominated 01 elected to fill any such vacancy as is referred to in sub-paragraph (i) or sub-paragraph (ii), being a Member who has taken and subscribed or made and subscribed, an oath or affirmation in the form set out in the Seventh Schedule, directly or indirectly, in or outside Sri Lanka, supports, espouses, promotes, ' finances, encourages or advocates the establishment of a separate State within the territory of Sri Lanka, any person may make an. application to the Court of Appeal for a declaration that such member has directly or indirectly, in or outside Sri Lanka, supported, espoused, promoted, financed, encouraged or advocated the establishment of a separate State within the territory of Sri Lanka.

Section 5 Amendment of Article 161 of the Constitution
5. The Constitution is hereby amended by the addition, at the end thereof, of the following Schedule which shall have effect as the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution :-