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Barclay of five months, during which he composed a treatise on ‘Universal Love,’ and wrote a letter of remonstrance to Archbishop Sharp.

After his release Barclay joined Penn and George Fox in a visit to Germany, and they had an interview with the Princess Palatine, which has been described by Penn. In 1679 Barclay was again arrested, but released after three hours' detention. By this time he, like Penn, was enjoying favour at court. He frequently saw the Duke of York during his government of Scotland, and was a friend and cousin of James's adherent, Perth. In 1679 he obtained a charter from the crown, in consideration of the services of himself and his father, constituting the lands of Ury a ‘free barony, with criminal and civil jurisdiction;’ and his charter was confirmed by an act of the Scotch parliament in 1685. He probably hoped to use the privilege on behalf of his sect. Another appointment was more useful for the same purpose. In 1682 a body of twelve quakers, under the auspices of his friend Penn, acquired the proprietorship of East New Jersey. In 1683 the Duke of York gave a patent of the province to the proprietors, who had added to their body twelve associates, including Perth and Barclay. Barclay was appointed nominal governor, with right to appoint a deputy at a salary of 400l. a year, and with a share of 5,000 acres of land. One of his brothers, John, settled in the province, and another, David, died on his passage thither. The constitution of the province was intended to be a practical application of the quaker theory of toleration, and to provide an asylum to the persecuted.

Barclay continued to reside at Ury, where his father died, 12 Oct. 1686. He continued to have much influence with James. In a ‘Vindication,’ written in 1689 (Reliquiæ Barclaianæ), he defends himself against the suspicion, explicable by his intimacy with James and Perth, of being a Jesuit and a catholic. His wife and seven children were a sufficient proof that the first suspicion was groundless, and he denies that he had any leaning to catholicism, though he confessed to loving many catholics. He says that he never saw James till 1676; but he believed in the sincerity of James's zeal for liberty of conscience, and, he adds, ‘I love King James, and wish him well.’ Barclay admits that he used his influence with James on behalf of his friends, but denies that he had ever spoken of public affairs. He had received no pecuniary favour, except a sum of 300l. in payment of a debt incurred by his father on behalf of Charles I. He disowns, he says, all political bias; but he held that every established government would be found to favour the doctrine of passive obedience maintained by the quakers. It is said that Barclay visited James at the time when William was expected. Barclay asked whether no terms of accommodation could be arranged; and James replied that he could consent to anything not unbecoming a gentlemen, except the abandonment of liberty of conscience. (This is stated on the authority of his widow in the Genealogical Account, p. 86.) Barclay visited the seven bishops in the Tower, to justify a statement of which they had complained, that they had been the cause of the death of quakers, but assured them that the statement should not be used to raise prejudice against them.

In his later years Barclay seems to have published nothing except (in 1686) an English version of a letter to a Herr Paets in defence of the quaker theory of personal inspiration, originally written in Latin in 1676. It has been praised as a pithy exposition of his principles.

He died at Ury 3 Oct. 1690. He left three sons and four daughters, who were all alive fifty years after his death. His wife died 14 Dec. 1722, in the seventy-sixth year of her age.

Barclay's great book, ‘The Apology,’ is remarkable as the standard exposition of the principles of his sect, and is not only the first defence of those principles by a man of trained intelligence, but in many respects one of the most impressive theological writings of the century. In form it is a careful defence of each of the fifteen theses previously published. It is impressive in style; grave, logical, and often marked by the eloquence of lofty moral convictions. It opens with a singularly dignified letter to the king, dated 25 Nov. 1675. The essential principle (expressed in the second proposition) is that all true knowledge comes from the divine revelation to the heart of the individual. He infers that the authority of the scriptures gives only a ‘secondary rule,’ subordinate to that of the inward light by which the soul perceives the truth as the eyes perceive that the sun shines at noonday. The light is given to every man, though obscured by human corruption, and therefore the doctrine of reprobation is ‘horrible and blasphemous.’ All men, christian or heathen, may be saved by it. The true doctrines of justification, perfection, and perserverance are then explained and distinguished from the erroneous doctrines of catholics and protestants which, according to him, imply rather a change in the outward relation than the transformation of the soul which accepts


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Barclay the divine light. He then proceeds to deduce the special doctrines of the quakers in regard to the ministry, worship, and the sacraments from the same principle, rejecting what seems to him to be outward and mechanical; and (in the fourteenth proposition, on the power of the civil magistrate) argues against all exercise of conscience by secular authority. The last proposition defends the quaker repugnance to outward ceremonies and worldly recreations. Barclay's affinity to the so-called Cambridge Platonists and to the mystical writers is obvious. He quotes Smith's select discourses with approval; and speaks with reverence of ‘Bernard and Bonaventure, Taulerus, Thomas à Kempis,’ and others who have ‘known and tasted the love of God.’ His recognition of a divine light working in men of all creeds harmonises with the doctrine of toleration, which he advocates with great force and without the restrictions common in his time. For this reason he was accused of leaning towards deism, and is noticed with respect by Voltaire. In fact, if we dropped the distinction which with him is cardinal between the divine light and the natural reason, many of his arguments would fall in with those of the freethinkers, who agreed with him in pronouncing external evidences to be insufficient, though with a very different intention. Barclay's principal writings are as follows: 1. ‘Truth cleared of Calumnies,’ 1670. 2. ‘William Mitchel unmasqued,’ 1672. 3. ‘Seasonable Warning to the Inhabitants of Aberdeen,’ 1672. 4. ‘Catechism and Confession of Faith,’ [1673]. 5. ‘Theses Theologiæ,’ 1675. 6. ‘The Anarchy of Ranters,’ 1676. 7. ‘Apology for the true Christian Divinity, as the same is set forth and preached by the people called in scorn Quakers,’ 1678: a version of the ‘Theologiæ veræ Christianæ Apologia,’ published at Amsterdam, 1676. 8. ‘Universal Love, considered and established upon its right foundation,’ 1677. 9. ‘The Apology vindicated,’ 1679. 10. ‘The Possibility and Necessity of an Inward and Immediate Revelation,’ 1686: an English version of a Latin letter to Paets, written in 1676.

The ‘Catechism’ and ‘Apology’ have been frequently reprinted; and the ‘Apology’ has been translated into Dutch, German, French, Spanish, Danish, and (part of it) into Arabic.

Barclay's works were collected in 1692 into a folio volume, called ‘Truth Triumphant,’ with a preface attributed to Penn. They were republished in three volumes in 1717–18, and have also been published in America. Full details and references to some manuscripts still unpublished are given in Smith's Catalogue.

[A Short Account of the Life and Writings of R. Barclay, 1802; Genealogical Account of the Barclays of Urie, 1740; the same edited by H. Mill, 1812; Life by Wilson Armistead (adding little to the above), 1850; Reliquiæ Barclaianæ, a (lithographed) collection of letters, privately printed 1870 (a copy in the British Museum); Life by Kippis, in the Biographia Britannica; Diary of Alexander Jaffray, by John Barclay, (1833); Besse's Collection of the Sufferings of Quakers, vol. ii.; Smith's Catalogue of Friends' Books; Sewel's and Croese's Histories of the Quakers.]  BARCLAY, ROBERT (1774–1811), lieutenant-colonel, entered the army as an ensign in the 38th regiment on 28 Oct. 1789, and embarked with his regiment for the East Indies, where he signalised himself in most of the actions fought there in 1793. He was so distinguished by his talents and courage that he was promoted to a lieutenancy on 31 May 1793, and to a company on 8 April 1795, and on both occasions out of his turn. Having been taken prisoner by the enemy, he suffered much in captivity, and in the year following his promotion he returned to England. Though entitled to six months' leave, he hastened to rejoin his regiment, then in the West Indies.

His distinguished qualities having become known to Lieutenant-general Sir John Moore, he was promoted to a majority in the 52nd on 17 Sept. 1803, and on 29 May 1806 to a lieutenant-colonelcy. In 1808 he accompanied Sir John Moore in the expedition to Sweden, and afterwards to Portugal. He was mentioned in despatches for his distinguished conduct at the battle on the Coa on 24 June 1810. He afterwards commanded a brigade, at the head of which, when charging the French on the heights of Busaco, he received a wound below the left knee. For his conduct at Busaco he was again honourably mentioned in despatches. His wound obliged him to leave the service, and he died from the effects of it on 11 May 1811.

[Historical Record of the 52nd Regt. p. 122; Despatches of Field-Marshal the Duke of Wellington, iv. 184–306; Army Lists.]  BARCLAY, ROBERT  (1779- 1864), pedestrian. [See .]

BARCLAY, ROBERT (1833–1876), ecclesiastical historiographer, was born 4 Aug. 1833 at Croydon. He was the younger son of John Barclay (b. 1797, d. 1838), a lineal descendant of the apologist in a younger

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Author:Winfrid Oldfield Burrows

Works

 * The Mystery of the Cross
 * (Religion)
 * (Religion)

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Barclay branch, the editor of Alexander Jaffray's diary (1833) and other biographical works, of whom his son remarks that ‘perhaps no member of the Society of Friends, excepting Sewell, the historian, ever had a more intimate acquaintance with the literature, both printed and manuscript, of the early Society of Friends’ (On Membership, p. 46). After passing through a preparatory school at Epping, he went to the Friends' school at Hitchin, conducted by Isaac Brown, afterwards head of the Flounders Institute, Ackworth. His education was finished at Bruce Grove House, Tottenham. He attained a good knowledge of botany and chemistry, was fond of electrical experiments, and had skill as a water-colour artist. Trained to business at Bristol, he bought, in 1855, a London manufacturing stationery concern (in Bucklersbury, afterwards in College Street and Maiden Lane), taking into partnership his brother-in-law, J. D. Fry, in 1867. In March 1860 he patented an ‘indelible writing paper’ for the prevention of forgery, the process of manufacturing which he described in a communication to the Society of Arts. Both at home and abroad he was interested in efforts for the evangelisation of the masses; though not ‘recorded’ as a minister of the Society of Friends (to which body he belonged), he preached in their meetings and missions. A posthumous volume gives thirty-six of his sermons, which were usually written, an uncommon thing with Friends. In 1868 he delivered a lecture on the position of the Society of Friends in relation to the spread of the gospel during the last sixty years. He endorsed the view of Herbert Skeats (Hist. of the Free Churches, 1868) that the early Society of Friends was the first home mission association, and was anxious to see the body regaining its position as an aggressive christian church. He was strongly in favour of the public reading of the Bible in Friends' meetings, and thought Richard Claridge's ‘Treatise of the Holy Scriptures,’ 1724, presented a more correct view of the sentiments of the early Friends than their controversial writings. He was as strongly opposed to the practice of birthright membership, introduced among Friends in 1737. His opinions on these points led to his undertaking the important series of investigations which culminated in his work on the inner life (meaning the internal constitution) of the obscurer commonwealth sects, whose origin, ramifications, and practical tendencies, he traced with a tact and labour and a novelty of research which make his book of permanent value, ‘not merely for theologians and students of ecclesiastical history, but for historical inquiry in its wider sense’ (, in Göttinger Gelehrte-Anzeigen, April 1878). His presentment of the doctrinal aspects of primitive quakerism is ably criticised from the standpoint of an oldfashioned Friend, in an ‘Examen’ (1878), by Charles Evans, M.D., of Philadelphia. Too much application undermined his health, and before the last proof-sheets of his book had been finished, the rupture of a vessel in the brain produced his death on 11 Nov. 1876. He married, 14 July 1857, Sarah Matilda, eldest daughter of Francis Fry, of Bristol, the bibliographer of the English Bible, and had nine children, of whom six survive him.

He published: 1. ‘On the Truth of Christianity, compiled from … works of Archbishop Whately. Edited by Samuel Hinds, D.D., formerly Lord Bishop of Norwich,’ 1865, 18mo (three later editions). 2. ‘On Membership in the Society of Friends,’ 8vo [1872]. 3. ‘The Inner Life of the Religious Societies of the Commonwealth,’ &c., 1876, large 8vo, two plates and chart (actually published 18 Jan. 1877; since twice reissued, 1877, 1878, from the stereotyped plates).

[Smith's Cat. of Friends' Books, 1867; Sermons by Robert Barclay, with a brief memoir, edited by his widow, 1878, 8vo (portrait).]  BARCLAY, THOMAS (fl. 1620), professor at Toulouse and Poitiers, was one of the numerous Scotch scholars who, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, studied in foreign universities, where they, in many cases, ultimately became professors. He was a native of Aberdeen, but as a young man studied humane letters and philosophy at Bordeaux. Here, we are told, his success was such as to merit the special praise of ‘that Phœnix of Greek and Latin learning,’ Robert Balfour [q. v.], the Aristotelian scholar, whose edition of ‘Cleomedes’ has remained the standard work on that author to almost our own days. The reputation acquired by Barclay at Bordeaux led to his being called to preside over the ‘Squillanean’ school at Toulouse, where the Scotch historian Dempster tells us he served his first literary campaign under his fellow-countryman's guidance. This fact supplies us with an approximate date, for it was about 1596 that Dempster left Paris, intending to work his way to Toulouse (, Lives of Scottish Writers, i. 350). At this town, the birthplace of Cujas, the great founder of the systematic study of ancient and modern law, Barclay's attention was directed to this subject; and finding himself unable to pursue this branch of learning in its native place, he accepted the offer of a regius professorship at


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 to the one at the base of the Salina. Above the Eurypterus beds follows the Cobleskill limestone, and here again are representatives of the Niagara-Guelph fauna.

If the cycle just described is considered as produced by the desiccation of a closed basin, in which extreme salt pan conditions prevailed at its climax when the thick beds of rock salt were deposited, it follows as a manifest corollary that the eurypterids of Salina age had their biologic optimum in a sea of greater salinity than the typical mollusks and trilobites of the Upper Siluric could endure.

In view of the hypotheses before us and the evidence that the eurypterids flourished in brackish and fresh water in the Devonic and Carbonic this corollary requires a closer study.

The English geologists, notably Hugh Miller and Lyell, in the middle of the last century, explained the origin of salt deposits by the evaporation of sea water in basins so separated from the ocean by shallow bars that the evaporated water could be replaced by new marine water while the corresponding more saline water could not flow out on the bottom. This bar theory has been based on safe physical and chemical data by Ochsenius, while von Koenen and others have shown that this theory on the whole explains the complex composition of the German salt deposits.

A close analysis of the Salina sections and of the character of the Salina rocks also suggests this conception as fully competent to explain the conditions surrounding their deposition.

The facts which we consider as of especial importance to a correct view of the physical conditions of the Salina sea are: (1) the continuous alternations of gypseous and dolomite beds, (2) the great thickness of the salt beds.


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 Poitiers. His fame and his eloquence while holding this office soon procured his recall to Toulouse, where he was still living when Dempster drew up his ‘Historia Ecclesiastica’ about 1620. Dempster tells us that his lectures on civil law were largely attended. There seems to be no record of the precise date of his birth or his death. In some biographical works they are given as 1582–1619; but this is almost certainly due to a confusion of Thomas Barclay with his namesake, John Barclay, the author of the ‘Argenis.’ For in this case he would be holding his first, if not his second, professorship at about the age of fourteen, and would at the same time, though a younger man, be the instructor of such a prodigy of learning as Dempster.

Barclay's chief works are said to have been commentaries on Aristotle, and dissertations on certain titles of the Pandects. The last probably implies a confusion with William Barclay [q. v.]

[Dempster's Historia Ecclesiastica.]  BARCLAY, THOMAS, D.D. (1792–1873), principal of Glasgow University, was born in June 1792, at Unst, in Shetland, of which parish his father, the Rev. James Barclay, was minister. He was entered of King's College, Aberdeen, in 1808. Here he attained considerable distinction. He took the degree of M.A. 28 March 1812, and subsequently prosecuted his theological studies for four years, during which he taught elocution at Aberdeen. Later he proceeded to London, where for four years, 1818–22, he acted as one of the parliamentary and general reporters of the ‘Times.’ He received license to preach the gospel from the presbytery of Lerwick 27 June 1821, and quitted the ‘Times’ in the following year, when he was presented by Lord Dundas, and ordained 12 Sept. 1822, to the parish of Dunrossness, in Shetland. Here he remained until his presentation by the same patron to the parish of Lerwick in October 1827, to which he was admitted 13 Dec. following. He was elected clerk of the synod of Shetland 27 April 1831. In 1840 Sir Henry Holland heard ‘an admirable sermon’ from Mr. Barclay, whom he accompanied the next day on a boating excursion to the Isle of Noss. A sudden and furious squall arose. Mr. Barclay was the only one who retained his presence of mind; but he, ‘deemed,’ as Sir Henry Holland says, to be ‘one of the best boatmen in Scotland, seized the tiller, and by his firmness and skill brought us into safety.’ Sir Henry Holland in 1858, on the occurrence of a vacancy in the principalship of the university of Glasgow, urged the claims of Dr. Barclay to the appointment upon Sir George Grey, expressing his conviction that the man who could preach such a sermon on Sunday, and next day by his firmness and promptitude save a boat from being swamped, was one eminently fitted for the government of young men and of a great college. ‘How far this contributed to it I know not; but Dr. Barclay received the appointment, which he has ever since held with high honour and usefulness’ (Sir Recollections of Past Life, 1872). Barclay had removed, September 1843, to Peterculter, in Aberdeenshire, and in July of the following year accepted a call to Currie, in Mid-Lothian, on the presentation of Sir James Gibson-Craig, bart., of Riccarton. On 10 Feb. 1849 the university of Aberdeen conferred on Barclay the degree of D.D. Dr. Barclay took a somewhat prominent part, along with the late Dr. Robert Lee, in ‘waging in the church courts the battle of religious liberalism’ (Scotsman, 25 Feb. 1873). Barclay supported Dr. Lee in the liturgical innovations introduced by the latter into the Scottish system of worship. From the time of his appointment, however, to the principalship of the university of Glasgow, in succession to Dr. Duncan Macfarlane, to which he was admitted 13 Feb. 1858, he devoted himself exclusively to the duties of that office. Latterly his energy was impaired by delicate health and advanced age. For over twenty years, indeed, he was a sufferer from asthmatic bronchitis, and he found it necessary to spend a portion of each winter in Egypt, on the climate of which he wrote a long and valuable article for a medical journal. Dr. Barclay died at his official residence, on Sunday afternoon, 23 Feb. 1873, and was buried at Sighthill Cemetery. The Rev. Dr. Caird, his successor, preached a university sermon, ‘In Memoriam,’ on Sunday, 9 March, which was afterwards published, with a dedication ‘to Mrs. Barclay and her family.’

Barclay married in 1820 the daughter of Captain Adamson, of Kirkhill; his wife, two married daughters and a son, who was settled as a medical man in China, survived him. Dr. Barclay was not eminent as a pulpit orator, but he was a sound and varied scholar, deeply read, not only in biblical learning, but in various branches of philology, and more particularly in the languages of northern Europe. As Dr. Caird said, he ‘wrote no books.’ He contributed, however, a sermon on ‘Charity the Characteristic of Christianity’ to the first volume of the ‘Church of Scotland Pulpit,’ Edinburgh, 1845, and also published in 1857 his ‘Speech


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Author:Frank Minis Johnson

Works

 * Hardwick v. Bowers (760 F.2d 1202)

title: Author:Frank Minis Johnson


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 COLLECTANEA.

.

The Half-Chicken.

upon a time there was a beautiful hen, that lived very much at her ease in a farm-yard surrounded by her numerous family of chickens, amongst which was a young cockerel conspicuous for its ugly and crippled form. This was just the one that its mother loved the most—for such is always the way of mothers. The small deformity had sprung from a rickety little egg. It was scarcely more than half a chicken, and looked just as if Solomon's sword had executed upon it the judgment pronounced by that wise king on a certain occasion. It had but one eye, one wing, and one leg, and yet gave itself more airs than its father, who was the finest, bravest, and most gallant cock in all the farm-yards for twenty miles around. The young cockerel believed himself to be the Phoenix of his kind. If the other young cocks made a mock of him, he thought it was from envy; and if the young hens did the same, he said it was because they were enraged that he took so little account of them.

One day he said to his mother, "Hearken, mother, I am sick of the country. I am resolved to go to court; I wish to see the king and queen." The poor mother began to tremble at hearing these words. "My son," she cried, "who has put this extravagant idea into your head? Your father never stirred from his home, and he has been the glory of his race. Where will you find a yard like the one you have? Where will you find a more


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 against the Transmission of an Overture condemning the System of Government Education in India.’

[Scott's Fasti Ecclesiæ Scoticanæ, pt. v. pp. 422, 426; Story's Life and Remains of Robert Lee, D.D., 1870; Sir Henry Holland's Recollections of Past Life, 1872; Edinburgh Courant, 24 Feb. 1873; Scotsman, 25 Feb. 1873; Glasgow Herald, 24 Feb. and 1 March 1873; Caird's Sermon preached before the University of Glasgow, &c., on Sunday, 9 March 1873, Glasgow, 1873.]  BARCLAY, WILLIAM (1546 or 1547–1608), a Scottish writer on jurisprudence and government, is stated by Sir Robert Sibbald (appendix to the History of Fife) to have been descended from the Barclays of Collairnie in Fife; but according to a note attached to James Gordon's ‘History of Scots Affairs,’ i. xvii, published by the Spalding Club in 1841, he was a grandson of Patrick Barclay, baron of Gartly, Aberdeenshire. As the inscription on the portrait prefixed to his ‘De Regno,’ but now wanting in most copies, states that in 1599 he was in his fifty-third year, he must have been born about 1546 or 1547, not 1541, the date sometimes given. He was educated at Aberdeen University. In early life he frequented the court of Queen Mary, where he is said to have dissipated his fortune. About 1571 he emigrated to France, where he devoted himself to the study of law, first at Paris and then at Bourges, under Cujacius, Donellus, and Contius. Soon after taking the degree of LL.D. he began to teach law in the university. His uncle, Edmund Hay the jesuit, rector of the recently founded university of Pont-à-Mousson, recommended him to the Duke of Lorraine, who, besides appointing him chief professor of civil law in the university, made him also councillor of state and master of requests. In 1581 Barclay married Anne de Malleviller—not De Malleville, as M. Dubois shows—a lady of Lorraine, by whom he had one son, John [q. v.], the author of ‘Argenis.’ The son the jesuits endeavoured to attract to their order, and the father's resistance to their efforts having, it is said, provoked their enmity, he lost the favour of the Duke of Lorraine, and deemed it advisable in 1603 to resign his chair. In 1600 he had published at Paris his most important work, ‘De Regno et Regali Potestate, adversus Buchananum, Brutum, Boucherium, et reliquos Monarchomachos.’ The work was dedicated to Henry IV of France, and consisted of six books, the first two being devoted to a refutation of the arguments of George Buchanan in his dialogue, ‘De Jure Regni apud Scotos;’ the third and fourth being directed against the ‘Vindiciæ contra Tyrannos’ of Hubert Languet, who wrote under the name of Stephanus Junius Brutus; and the last two to an examination of the treatise, ‘De Justa Henrici III Abdicatione e Francorum Regno,’ written by Jean Boucher, the seditious doctor of the Sorbonne. The doctrine of Buchanan that all power is derived from the people he endeavours to refute by a reference to the patriarchal system, and the appointment of a king over the Jewish people by God. He, however, admits the possibility in certain cases of the king so acting as to un-king himself, and therefore to render it lawful to resist his will. The views of Barclay are discussed at some length in the ‘Civil Government’ of Locke, who names him ‘the great assertor of the power and sacredness of kings.’ A year before the publication of the work of Barclay James VI of Scotland had published his ‘Basilicon Doron,’ and possibly Barclay was led to resign his chair and remove to England by the hope that James, who had just succeeded to the English crown, might be inclined to manifest special favour to such a distinguished champion of his own views regarding the divine right of kings. James, it is said, offered him high preferment, but only on condition that he should renounce the catholic faith, whereupon Barclay decided in the beginning of 1604 to return to Paris. The chair of civil law at Angers had been vacant since 1599, and such was the fame of Barclay in France that as soon as his return to Paris was known a deputation was sent, requesting his acceptance of the chair. In addition to this, notwithstanding the strenuous opposition of two professors, he was appointed dean of the faculty of law, the appointment being confirmed by a special decree of the university 1 Feb. 1605. Possibly in order to impress his opponents with the dignity of his position he was accustomed, when he went to lecture, to be habited in a superb robe lined with ermine, with a massy chain of gold about his neck, and to be attended by his son and two valets. Shortly after his appointment he published at Paris ‘In Titulos Pandectarum de Rebus Creditis et de Jurejurando.’ In the dedication of the work to King James he mentioned his intention of writing a book to record his majesty's character and actions. This purpose he never carried out. He died at Angers 3 July 1608 (‘Actes de l'État Civil d'Angers, paroisse Saint-Manville,’ quoted by M. Dubois in his ‘Discours’ on Barclay), and was interred at the Cordeliers. A treatise which he had written, ‘De Potestate Papæ: an, et quatenus, in Reges et Principes seculares jus et imperium habeat,’ was published in 1609,


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 The oft repeated alternation of gypseous beds with shales or limestone is illustrated by the section at Buffalo, where five to six repetitions of gypsum and shale are exposed. A like repetition of gypsum beds, the gypsum mostly in thin seams and nodular layers, is shown in the section of the Livonia salt shaft, Livingston county, N. Y. This alternation of the gypseous beds with the dolomites and shales indicates a constant change of conditions which is difficult of explanation in a slowly and regularly desiccating basin, but denotes a periodic interruption of the drying process, either by inflow over the bar, or, perhaps, by seasonal freshets.

Another feature of the Salina beds favoring the bar theory is the great thickness of the salt beds. In the Retsof salt shaft at York, Livingston co., [Luther, op. cit. p. 118] the drill passed successively through 22 feet of salt, 30 feet of shale and limestone and again through 58 feet of


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Barclay probably at London, without an indication of the place of publication, and the same year at Mussiponti (Pont-à-Mousson), with a preface by his son [see, 1582–1621]. It was directed against the claims of the pope to exercise authority in temporal matters over sovereigns, and produced so great an impression in Europe that Cardinal Bellarmine deemed it necessary to publish an elaborate treatise against it, asserting that the pope, by virtue of his spiritual supremacy, possesses a power in regard to temporal matters which all are bound to acknowledge as supreme. An English translation of the work of Barclay appeared in 1611. It is also included in the ‘Monarchia’ of Goldast, published in 1621. The treatise on the Pandects was inserted by the jurist Otto in his ‘Thesaurus Juris Romani,’ 1725–29. The ‘De Regno’ and the ‘De Potestate Papæ’ have both been frequently reprinted.

[The principal source for the facts of Barclay's life is Menage's Remarques sur la Vie de Pierre Ayrault (1675), 228–30. There are less correct notices in Ghilini's Teatro d'Huomini Letterati (1647), ii. 162; and Crasso's Elogii degli Huomini Letterati (1666), ii. 195. The later authorities are Mackenzie, Writers of the Scots Nation (1722), iii. 468–78; Biographia Britannica, ed. Kippis, i. 587–8; Irving, Lives of Scottish Writers (1829), i. 211–30; and especially M. Dubois, in Mémoires de l'Académie de Stanislas, série iv. tom. 4 (Nancy, 1872), pp. lviii–clxxvi.]  BARCLAY, WILLIAM, M.D. (1570?–1630?), miscellaneous writer, was a brother of Sir Patrick Barclay, of Towie, and was born about 1570 in Scotland. He was educated for the pursuit of medicine, but is best known by a pamphlet, printed in Edinburgh in 1614, and entitled ‘Nepenthes, or the Vertues of Tobacco.’ Barclay studied at Louvain under the learned Justus Lipsius, to whom he afterwards addressed several letters which have been printed, and who is recorded to have said of his pupil ‘that if he were dying he knew no person on earth he would leave his pen to but the doctor.’ To Justus Lipsius's edition of ‘Tacitus’ (Paris, 1599), Barclay contributed an appendix. At Louvain he appears to have taken the degrees of M.A. and M.D. He became professor of humanity in Paris University, and after a short interval, during which he practised medicine in Scotland, returned to France to pursue his former occupation at Nantes. The tract ‘Nepenthes, or the Vertues of Tobacco,’ which is dedicated to the author's nephew Patrick, son and heir of Sir Patrick Barclay, of Towie, contains a warm panegyric on the herb, which, the author says, is adapted to cure all diseases when used with discretion, and ‘not, as the English abusers do, to make a smoke-box of their skull, more fit to be carried under his arm that selleth at Paris du noir à noircir to blacke men's shoes than to carry the braine of him that cannot walk, cannot ryde, except the tobacco pype be in his mouth.’ As in prose, so also in verse, Barclay sings the praises of his favourite weed, in six little poems attached to the treatise, and addressed to friends and kinsmen, all in praise of tobacco, to which he alludes as a ‘heavenlie plant,’ ‘the hope of healthe,’ ‘the fewell of our life,’ &c. Two years after the appearance of Barclay's work, King James published his famous ‘Counterblaste to Tobacco,’ in which his majesty denounces smoking as a ‘custome loathsome to the eye, hatefull to the nose, harmefull to the brain, dangerous to the lungs, and in the blacke stinking fume thereof nearest resembling the horrible stigian smoke of the pit that is bottomlesse.’ Barclay's tract is very rare, but has been reprinted by the Spalding Society. He was also author of ‘Oratio pro Eloquentia. Ad v. cl. Ludovicum Servinum, Sacri Consistorii Regii Consiliarium, et in amplissimo Senatu Parisiensi Regis Advocatum,’ Paris, 1598; ‘Callirhoe, commonly called the well of Spa, or the Nymphe of Aberdene resuscitat,’ 1615 and 1670; ‘Apobaterium, or Last Farewell to Aberdeen’ (of which no copy is now known to exist); ‘Judicium de Certamine G. Eglisemmii [Eglisham] cum G. Buchanano pro Dignitate Paraphraseos Psalmi ciiii. … Adjecta sunt Eglisemmii ipsum judicium, ut editum fuit Londini, typis Eduardi Aldæi, an. Dom. 1619, et in gratiam studiosæ juventutis ejusdem Psalmi elegans Paraphrasis Thomæ Rhædi, Lond. 1620,’ 8vo, Lond. 1628; and some Latin poems in the ‘Delitiæ Poetarum Scotorum,’ i. 137. Barclay died about 1630.

[Spalding Society Miscellany, i.; Works of King James I, folio; Anderson's Scottish Nation; Irving's Lives of Scottish Poets; Dempster's Hist. Ecclesiast.]  BARCLAY, WILLIAM (1797–1859), miniature painter, was born in London in 1797. He practised his art both in London and in Paris, and whilst in the latter city he was much occupied in making copies from the works of the great Italian masters in the Louvre. He exhibited portraits and some copies in water-colours at the Salon between the years 1831 and 1859, as well as at the Royal Academy between 1832 and 1856. He died in 1859.

[Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists, 1878; Royal Academy Exhibition Catalogues, 1832–56; Livrets du Salon, 1831–59.]


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76 magnificent dunghill, more nourishing and abundant food, a more sheltered hen-yard to walk about in, or a family that would love you more?"

"Nego" said Medio-pollito in Latin, for he plumed himself on his learning, "my brothers and cousins are ignorant bumpkins." "But, my son," replied the mother, "have you not seen yourself in a glass? Don't you see that you have a foot and an eye too little?" "As far as that goes," answered Medio-pollito, "I must say that you ought to drop down dead with shame to see me in this state. It is entirely your fault. From what sort of an egg was I born into the world? It must have been from an old cock's egg." "No, my child," said his mother, "only basilisks spring from such eggs. You were born from the last egg that I laid, and came into the world weak and imperfect, because it was the last egg in the nest. It certainly was not my fault."

"It may be," said Medio-pollito, while his comb grew red as fire, "it may be perhaps that I shall come across a skilful surgeon, who may supply me with the limbs that are lacking. There is no help here—I'm off."

When the poor mother saw she was not able to dissuade him from his purpose, she said, "At least, listen, my son, to the wise counsels of a good mother. Take care not to pass by those churches on which there is the image of St. Peter. That saint is not well disposed to cocks, and still less to their crowing. Also fly from certain people that there are in the world called 'cooks.' Such are our mortal foes, and will twist our necks before one can cry Amen. And now, my son, may God guide you and the blessed St. Raphael, who is the patron of travellers. Go and ask your father for his blessing."

Medio-pollito approached his father, dropped his head to kiss his foot, and asked his blessing. The worshipful old cock gave it with more dignity than tenderness, for Medio-pollito, by reason of his capricious character, was not a favourite of his.


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 Rh His mother was so moved with pity that she had to wipe away her tears with a dry leaf. Medio-pollito started at a brisk run, flapped his wing, and crowed thrice in token of farewell. On reaching the bank of a river that was almost dry—for it was the hot season—he lighted on a point in its course where the scanty thread of water was blocked by some branches of a tree. The stream on catching sight of the traveller said, "You see, my friend, how weak I am. I can scarcely move an inch. I have not strength enough to push aside these little boughs that obstruct my course. Nor can I make a circuit to avoid them, because it would very greatly fatigue me. You can easily deliver me from these straits by removing the boughs with your beak. In return for this favour you can not only quench your thirst in my stream, but you can count on my help, when the rain from heaven shall repair my strength." The chicken replied, "I can, but I won't. Do I look like a servant to poor dirty streams?" "You will remember me when you least expect it," murmured the stream in a feeble voice. "You will be boasting next of your swollen stream," said Medio-pollito, with a cunning look. "One would suppose you are reckoning on having the waters of the flood."

A little further on the young cock met with the wind, which lay stretched as if dead upon the ground. "Dear Medio-pollito," he said, "in this world we all have need one of another. Come near and look at me. Do you see how the summer heat has laid me low—me, who lifted the waves on high, and levelled the plains—me who found nothing to resist my power? These dog-days have killed me. I fell asleep, intoxicated with the scent of the flowers, with which I sported, and here you find me fainting away. If you would just lift me two inches from the ground with your beak and fan me with your wing, I should be strong enough to take to flight, and to steer my way to the cavern, where my mother and sisters, the storm winds, are occupied in patching some old clouds that I rent asunder. There they will give me something to refresh me, and I shall recover my strength."

"Sir," answered the wicked cock, "often enough have you amused yourself at my expense, pushing me from behind, and


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78 making my tail spread out like a fan, so that all that see me jeer at me. No, my friend, to every pig comes St. Martin's day, so fare you well, Sir Jester." With these words he crowed thrice very loudly, and went on his way as proud as a peacock.

In the middle of a field of stubble, where some labourers had made a fire, there rose up a column of smoke. Medio-pollita drew near and saw a tiny spark, which at times was nearly extinguished amidst the ashes. "Dear Medio-pollito," said the spark on seeing him, "you are come just in time to save my life. For want of fuel I am at my last gasp. I don't know where my cousin the wind has betaken himself, for he always comes to my help in cases like this. Bring some straw to revive me." "What business of mine is this?" replied the cock. "You may burst if you like. What need, plague take it, have you of me?" "Who knows whether you won't be in need some day?" replied the spark, "no one can say of this water I won't drink." "Holla," said the mischievous creature, "are you still boasting?—then take this for your pains." And so saying he covered the spark with ashes; after which he began to crow after his manner, as if he had done a very fine thing.

Medio-pollito now reached the capital. As he passed in front of a church that they told him was sacred to St. Peter, he stepped in front of the porch, and crowed till he was tired, not more to put the saint in a rage, than to enjoy the pleasure of disobeying his mother. On approaching the palace, when he would have gone in to see the king and queen, the sentinels cried out "back!" Then he turned about and made his way in by a back door into a big room, where he saw many people going in and out. He asked who they were, and learned that they were his Majesty's cooks. Instead of running away, as his mother had warned him to do, he went in with crest and tail erect. But one of the urchins threw a glove and knocked him over, and then twisted his neck in the twinkling of an eye. "Come," said he, "let us have some water to pluck this poor wretch." "Water, my dear lady Crystal," said the cock, "oblige me by not scalding me, have pity on me." "Had you pity on me, when I sought your help, ill-begotten wretch?" replied the water, boiling with rage,


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 salt. Recent writers have held that such thicknesses of salt can not be explained by the desiccation of a sea enclosed by land barriers in distinction from bars. The salt of the Retsof mine would require the desiccation of a sea 1750 feet deep, and this is irreconcilable with the shallow water conditions of the Salina beds evidenced by the frequent sun cracks in the dolomites and waterlimes of the formation.

There is no doubt that the culminant salt pan condition of the Salina period with its heavy precipitation of salt, implies an arid climate. There is also evidence indicating the persistence of these desert conditions throughout the Salina period and at the time when the eurypterid-bearing sediments were deposited. This evidence is found in (1) the scarcity of carbonaceous matter in the Salina beds, (2) the prevalence of dolomites and waterlimes.

The Salina beds are notably free from carbonaceous matter when compared with the underlying Niagaran and overlying Helderbergian beds. This may be partly due to the absence of such decaying marine organisms as furnished the bitumen with which part of the underlying Guelph dolomite is saturated, but it is also an indication of the absence of vegetation on the adjoining land. This becomes especially manifest if it is considered that the Salina sea was almost entirely surrounded by land, and that, as the frequent sun cracks in the waterlimes of central New York demonstrate, the shore was nowhere very distant. Several authors, as


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Author:Phyllis Adele Kravitch

Works

 * Hardwick v. Bowers (760 F.2d 1202)

title: Author:Phyllis Adele Kravitch


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Rh and flooded him from top to toe, while the young boys left him without a feather to help him.

The cook then seized Medio-pollito and put him on a spit. "Fire, blazing fire," said the unhappy creature, you that are so powerful and so brilliant, take pity on my misery. Restrain your ardour, extinguish your flames, do not burn me." "You rascal," replied the fire, "how have you the face to come to me for help, after having smothered me under the pretext of never wanting my aid? Draw near, and you shall see what is for your good." And in fact, not content with browning him, the fire burned him up, till he was like a piece of charcoal. When the cook saw him in this condition, he seized him by the foot and threw him out of the window. Then the wind got possession of him. "O wind," cried Medio-pollito, "my dear and worshipful wind, that reignest over all, and obeyest no man, powerful amongst the powerful, have compassion on me, and leave me at peace on this dunghill." "Leave you!" roared the wind, snatching him up as in a whirlwind, and twisting him in the air like a top, "no, not as long as I live!" The wind then lodged Medio-pollito on the top of a bell-tower. St. Peter stretched forth his hand, and fixed him firmly there. Thenceforth he occupies this position, blackened and shrunken, and without a feather. Lashed by the rain, and buffeted by the wind, from which he ever carefully guards his tail. He is no longer called Medio-pollito, but a weather-cock, and you must all know that he stands there, paying the penalty of his faults and sins, his disobedience, his pride, and his wickedness.

The Legend of Le Roi Grallon and La ville d'ys.

At Quimper, between the towers of the cathedral, stands an equestrian statue of Le Roi Grallon. He reigned in the fifth century. At that time St. Corentin lived in a hermitage near a spring in the forest. Every morning a little fish used to come out of the well, and the saint, cutting off a piece of its flesh,


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 Joh. Walther [1900], Joseph Barrell [Geol. Jour., 1908] have, in recent years, pointed out the absence of carbonaceous matter in littoral and delta deposits as characteristic of an arid climate.

While thus the salt and gypsum-bearing deposits serve to demonstrate the increase of land-locking and salinity of the lagoon and the subarid to arid climatic conditions, the black and green Pittsford shales indicate that then the aridity had not reached its climax and that the lagoon or estuary still received at certain seasons both clastic sediments and fresh water.

It is therefore hardly necessary to infer that the eurypterids of the Salina period lived in a brine. It is quite possible that, when the lagoon became too saline, they withdrew into the brackish water zone of estuaries or deltas. This inference agrees well with the meagerness of the marine brachiopod and mollusk fauna with which they are associated, the brackish water being still today the least inhabited zone of the hydrosphere on account of its frequent changes in salinity; and it is also in full accord with the occurrence of the eurypterids in the Devonic rocks. There is no longer any doubt that the Stylonurus of the Catskill beds inhabited an estuary with brackish water conditions; and in regard to the Old Red sandstones which are currently considered by the British geologists as fresh-water deposits, Kayser in his excellent textbook has noted [p. 168] that the presence of whole layers of brachiopods and other genuine marine shells in the Old Red sandstone of St Petersburg proves the prevalence, at least temporarily, of brackish water lagoon conditions, arid Clarke has described the lagoons indicated by the Upper Devonic deposits of eastern New York, comparing these with the conditions prevailing now in the bar-locked lagoons of the Prussian Baltic with their shifting of freshwater and brackish faunas. The eurypterid beds of Lanarkshire and the Pentland hills, of Ludlow age, are regarded by British geologists as brackish water deposits, for the reason that they contain eurypterids, phyllocarids, limulids, scorpions and myriapods together with fish and land plants. It therefore seems proper to conclude that the eurypterids in Siluric time


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 80 used to throw it back into the water. One day he was visited by Le Roi Grallon, and the fish provided a scrap of its flesh for dinner. The cook laughed at the smallness of the supply, but it was miraculously increased until enough for the whole party was provided. St. Corentin in time became Bishop of Quimper, and the King removed his court to Caer-Is. The town stood at a level lower than that of the sea, and a strong dike was built, the key of which was always kept by the King. He had a daughter, Dehut, who fell in love with a dastardly enemy of the King. He persuaded her to steal the key, and then he opened the dike. The King, with his daughter behind him, tried to escape on horseback. But the water gained on them, and the spirit of St. Guenole appeared and shouted to the King to abandon the demon he carried behind him. So he flung her into the water, and the place where she was drowned is known as the Pool of Dahut. Some say she became a mermaid.

On St. Cecilia's Day the choristers sing on the roof of the cathedral, and when the hymn is ended a goblet is thrown down into the square. Any one who can catch it unbroken gains a prize.

Folk-healing.

At the village of Lanncanon, about 12 miles from Morlaize, I was told that when a peasant injures his hand he goes to a wise woman at Guerlesquin. He brings with him a worm from his own garden, which the woman places on the injured spot, and repeats the names of certain saints to whom Breton churches have been dedicated. The worm soon dies, and the woman directs the patient to make a pilgrimage to that saint whose name she happened to mention at the time of its death. When he comes to the place he mixes some earth from the churchyard with water and applies it to the wound, which rapidly heals.

Holy Wells.

There is a holy well in the parish of Lanncanon to which women bring their children who are slow in learning to walk. The child's shirt is dipped in the well, and put wet on the child. Similar cures are effected by placing children on a stone known


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 Rh as the Tomb of St. Augustine in the parish of Plougonven, or on another tomb in the cathedral of St. Paul de Leon. Women carry to a holy well near Quimper the shirts of children suffering from whooping cough. But perhaps the most famous holy wells are those of St. Anne la Palue and St. Anne d'Auray, St. Anne being the patron saint of Brittany.

Cattle-healing.

Near Carnac is preserved the head of St. Cornely in a church. When cattle are sick the priest throws holy water over them at the church door, and the owner buys an image of St. Cornely and hangs it in the cattle-shed.

Apparitions.

M. Collobert of Lanncanon told me a tale of a farmer in that village who was coming home late from Morlaize. His father's spirit appeared to him on the road and begged him to make a pilgrimage to St. Anne d'Auray and get the priest to say masses for him as he was undergoing tortures in purgatory. When he reached home he found to his great surprise that about the same time the spirit had appeared also in the house.

He also told me about the spirit of Escop Penarstanc. He was once Bishop of Treguier, and was far from being a godly man. So his spirit was condemned to come back every night from the other world, and to say, or at least to try to say, mass, in the church of Plougonven, until he could find a Christian to do it for him. This spirit troubled the neighbourhood for generations. Every night the people were amazed to see the church lighted up. At last a priest conjured the spirit to jump over a precipice into a deep pool, after which it was never seen again.

Death Portents.

A young man named Theophile Guyomarch of Scrignac told me of an old woman who possessed second sight, and can always tell when a death is about to occur. One night my informant was passing a house and heard voices praying as they do in


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 were prevailingly inhabitants of the brackish water zone, and in Devonic time they were wholly so.

In the Carbonic era on this continent the eurypterids are mainly perpetuated by the peculiar subgenus Anthraconectes, in the Productive Coal Measures. These are found in Pennsylvania on slabs densely covered with fern leaves and other plant remains which can not fail to suggest near land and probable fresh-water conditions. Yet even in this case, the fragmentary condition of many of the fern leaves which would, according to the criteria of the "Allochthonie" of the coal measures, advanced by Potonié indicate the transported condition of the material; even more the profuse presence of the small spiral tubes of the marine Spirorbis on the plant remains, as shown by Simpson's excellent figure [ Hall, 1884, pl. 6] afford a caution against an unqualified conclusion as to the fresh-water habit of these Carbonic eurypterids. In a recent exhaustive discussion, Girty has reached the conclusion that it seems most reasonable to regard the fauna of the Carbonic of Pennsylvania "as a natural assemblage of species selected and modified by a habitat, if not in strictly marine, at least not in strictly fresh waters."

There is, however, clear evidence at hand of the fresh-water habitat of the Carbonic eurypterids in other regions. One of these is the occurrence of  Jordan in the coal measures of Saarbrücken. That basin was formed in the interior of a continent and never reached by the sea. In other coal basins, notably those of England the gradual freshening of the lagoons and the disappearance of such marine types as Lingula and Orbiculoidea, which are frequent in the lower coal measures, has been clearly recognized. It is only in the upper measures that the eurypterids occur, there in association with ostracods, phyllopods and schizopod crustaceans. Woodward [1879,


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 p. 198] makes a positive statement that the Carbonic  is a fresh-water form, basing his conclusion on the character of the rocks and the associated flora and fauna.

There seems hence little doubt that the eurypterids of the Carbonic finally abandoned the sea and entered the fresh water. Directly thereafter, in the Permic they became extinct, the last of the race being the  de Lima, found in the Rotliegende of Portugal associated with   and.

Summarizing these data we conclude that the eurypterids lived in the sea from Cambric to Siluric time. They had then become less sensitive to changes, positive and negative, in the salinity of the water. In fact they seem to have thrived best under conditions of life that exclude most other marine groups of animals, that is, in the marginal, more or less inclosed marine lagoons, accompanied by estuaries receiving delta-forming terrestrial drainage, with prevailing arid or subarid climate, the waters being in some places more than normally briny, in others having less than normal salinity. In other words they were euryhaline or able to live in both salt and brackish water.

Their adaptation to such conditions is paralleled today by such crustaceans as Apus and Artemia which not only thrive under rapid diminution of normal salinity but, by means of strongly protected eggs, even survive salt pan conditions which end in complete desiccation, as shown by their well known occurrence in desert lakes. The usual associates of the Siluric eurypterids are peculiar crustaceans whose nature emphasizes the reference above made. They are phyllocarids and ostracods and members of the strange family Hemiaspidae (Neolimulus, Bunodes, Hemiaspis, Pseudoniscus). This congeries of peculiar crustaceans seems to constitute a fauna especially adapted to, and therefore highly characteristic of, lagoon and estuary conditions.

Thus while the earlier eurypterids were marine and their climacteric fauna euryhaline; their later habit throughout the Devonic and Carbonic led them finally into the fresh water.


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title: Author:Thomas Shaw


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82 times of mourning. As no one had died in the house he was amazed. But one of the family died a month after. In some places it is believed that if toothache starts at 3 p.m., it is a sign of a death in the house, or at least some misfortune.

Blessing the Sea.

In June, 1912, while I was at Quimper, three or four priests from the neighbouring port of Guilvinec went out in boats and threw holy water into the sea. I was informed that the same custom prevails at two other places on the west coast of Brittany. The Breton fishermen also call in a priest to assist at the christening of a new boat.

.

Llanilar, Cardiganshire.

The above is the name of a game which I found being played by boys in North Co. Dublin (March, 1918). It was played as follows: Some boys line up in a row, one of whom is called the prince. Two others get out on the road and join hands and represent the town of Barbarie. One of the boys from the row then comes up to the pair, walks around them, and asks

They answer

Being unsuccessful he goes back to the prince and tells him that they won't surrender. The prince then says

This is done, and the whole row of boys are brought up one after the other till the town is taken by their parting the joined hands of the pair who represent the town of Barbarie.

(Note.—Variants and illustrations of this game are given in the Dictionary of British Folk-lore, ed. A. B. Gomme, vol. i. pp. 18-21.)

.


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Bruck, Karl Ludwig, Baron

BRUCK, brook, Karl Ludwig, , Austrian statesman: b. Elberfeld, 8 Oct. 1798; d. Vienna, 23 April 1860. In 1821 he went to Trieste in order to take part in the war for Grecian independence, and, remaining there several years, founded the Trieste Lloyd (later the Austrian Lloyd), a combination of insurance societies. In 1848 he was a member of the German National Assembly; after the Vienna revolution of October 1848, he became Minister of Commerce and Public Works. In this office he introduced a number of reforms in the industrial policy of the government, established important telegraph lines, built a number of highways and railroads and founded the Austro-German Postal Union. In 1849 the Emperor gave him the rank of baron, but in 1851 he was compelled to resign his ministry. In 1855 he became Minister of Finance; he was not able to introduce the reforms he wished and when a period of general financial disaster resulted from the Italian war, Bruck was personally blamed. He accordingly obtained his dismissal from the Emperor and the next day committed suicide. He was officially declared innocent one month after his death.


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 OBITUARY.

MARIAN EMILY ROALFE COX.

1860-1916.

was a Londoner by birth and descent. Born in Mount Street, 30th August, 1860, her childhood and early life were passed in the old house which had been the home of her family for three generations in the once-pretty suburban village of Streatham. Then came ten years spent in Kensington, and, after the successive deaths of both parents, some years of a spinster's solitary flat in Westminster. An uneventful life, but rich in interests—musical, literary, and scientific.

Those whose memories of the Folk-Lore Society go back to the last decades of the nineteenth century will vividly remember the pale, fragile-looking girl who, closely chaperoned by her dignified Early Victorian mother, was a regular attendant at its meetings. It was in 1888 that Miss Cox joined the Society, and she at once expressed a wish to undertake definite work on its behalf. Folktales were then among the leading preoccupations of students. The question of independent origin versus transmission was eagerly debated, and it was supposed that analysis and comparison might disclose the birthplace and habitat of each story. People were busily making abstracts of the various published collections to this end. Miss Cox took part in the work, and presently—at the suggestion, we believe, of Sir Laurence (then Mr.) Gomme—undertook the task of collecting and classifying all attainable variants of Cinderella.

It was a work for which she was well fitted. She was an excellent linguist; she read the classics in the originals, spoke modern Greek fluently, and was acquainted with the principal European languages and their literature. Oriental and Continental scholars, as well as the leading English folklorists, readily lent their aid to


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 Rh her researches. The result was a handsome volume of 535 pages, containing 345 brief abstracts of variants of the story. They are gathered from over eighty different countries, ranging from Finland to Zululand and from Japan to Brazil and Chili, and are carefully arranged in three main groups: viz. the type of Cinderella proper, the Catskin type, and the Cap o' Rushes type, with the "indeterminate " variants appended separately.

It would be difficult to overpraise the care and nicety of the classification, the pertinent and business-like character of the notes, and withal, the modest self-effacement shown by the editor; while the short time—under four years—occupied by the compilation speaks volumes for her industry, handicapped as she always was by more or less delicate health. But the hope that the work would reveal the original habitat of the story was not realized. All that could be safely predicated of Cinderella, said Mr. Lang, who contributed an Introduction to the volume, was that it could not have arisen among a naked and shoeless people! But it is impossible to think that so much good work can have been thrown away. The question of spontaneous upgrowth versus concrete transmission has lately been revived in a wider field, and one may safely predict that when it comes to be settled the evidence to be gleaned from Cinderella will be found neither valueless nor unimportant.

Miss Cox was for some time a member of the Folk-Lore Council, and was elected an Honorary Member of the Society in 1904. In 1895 she published (through Mr. Nutt) a study of the principle of Animism, under the title of An Introduction to Folk-Lore. It was luminously written, and attained to a second edition, but Cinderella remained and remains her magnum opus.

Her health and the care of her parents—to whom in their old age she was a devoted nurse, notwithstanding her own delicacy—caused her to be seldom seen among us of late years, but whenever she appeared she was greeted with a special air of respectful welcome, as one whom the Society delighted to honour.


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Brucker, Johann Jakob

BRUCKER, brook'er, Johann Jakob, German historian: b. Augsburg, Bavaria, 22 Jan. 1696; d. there, 26 Nov. 1770. He was educated at Jena and in 1744 became pastor at Augsburg. His most important work is a ‘Critical History of Philosophy’ (1741-44), in Latin, which was the first complete history of the different philosophical schools. It contains biographical matter of great value.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Banting, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Banyer, Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baptist, John Gaspars


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barbar, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barber, Charles (d.1854)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barber, Charles Chapman


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barber, Christopher


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barber, Edward


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barber, John


text:
Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 29, 1918.djvu/170

 160 to crops and cattle. One day some girls saw her, and she showed them, through a ring, that the hill was crowded with fairies. Her son, the magic Earl of Desmond, is still seen riding over the ripples of Loch Gur until his horse's golden shoes are worn out. The paper is a valuable contribution to the prehistoric mythology of Ireland.

The lighter side of the Imperial War Museum Exhibition at Burlington House is the collection of soldiers' and sailors' "Mascots" of all nations.

These have been gathered together by Mr. E. Lovett, of the Folk-Lore Society.

The collection includes many ordinary superstitions, such as bits of coal for luck, but there are others peculiar to the war, and especially interesting are the Russian ikons, and also the metal Greek crosses of the patterns of the seventeenth century.

Belgium is largely represented by charms made from the copper and aluminium of enemy projectiles, and especially hearts, anchors, and crosses.

The Italian charms and amulets are mostly of mother of pearl or coral, and include fishes and hands and long fingers destined to ward off the "evil eye."

The English mascots are very varied, and pertain to different counties and localities. A Northamptonshire regiment's mascot is some hairs of the regimental goat enclosed in a glass disc. The Irish charms are generally the four-leafed shamrock in Connemara marble.

A German iron medal is a sailor's mascot against drowning, and bears the Latin motto "In tempestate securitas."

"Touch-wuds," black cats, gollywogs in wool, Teddy bears, penguins, are there in dozens, and stones with holes in them from the West of England.

The Evening News, 14th January, 1918.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barber, Joseph


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barber, Mary


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barber, Samuel


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barbon, Nicholas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barbon, Praisegod


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barbour, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barclay, Alexander


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barclay, Andrew Whyte


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barclay, George


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barclay, Hugh


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barclay, John (1582-1621)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barclay, John (1734-1798)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barclay, John (1741-1823)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barclay, John (1758-1826)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barclay, Joseph


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barclay, Robert (1648-1690)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barclay, Robert (1774-1811)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barclay, Robert (1833-1876)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barclay, Thomas (fl.1620)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barclay, Thomas (1792-1873)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barclay, William (1547-1608)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barclay, William (1570?-1630?)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barclay, William (1797-1859)


text: Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 28, 1917.djvu/41


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/February 1888/What American Zoologists Have Done for Evolution: 1887 Speech III


text: Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 28, 1917.djvu/42


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Bruckner, Anton

BRUCKNER, brook'nėr, Anton, Austrian organist and composer: b. Ansfelden, 4 Sept. 1824; d. 11 Oct. 1896. He was mostly self-educated, but after serving as organist in the cathedral at Linz he studied for a time in Vienna under Simon Sechter, whom he succeeded as court organist. He later became professor at the Vienna Conservatory and lecturer on music at the university. Bruckner is to some extent an imitator of Wagner; his best-known compositions are his symphonies; he has written also some religious music, including a Te Deum and several masses.


text: Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 28, 1917.djvu/43


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/February 1888/Emotions versus Health in Women


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/February 1888/Astronomy with an Opera-Glass V


text:
Translation:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Bava Kamma/Chapter 1

Mishnah 1

Mishnah 2

Mishnah 3

Mishnah 4


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/February 1888/The Adulteration of Milk


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/February 1888/Recent Views Respecting Cancer


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/February 1888/The Interstate Long and Short Haul


text:
Author:Hilaro William Wellesley Barlow

Works

 * (Modern Military (in part))

title: Author:Hilaro William Wellesley Barlow


text:
Translation:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Bava Kamma/Chapter 9

Mishnah 1

Mishnah 2

Mishnah 3

Mishnah 4

Mishnah 5

Mishnah 6

Mishnah 7

Mishnah 8

Mishnah 9

Mishnah 10

Mishnah 11

Mishnah 12


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/February 1888/Vegetable and Animal Albumen


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/February 1888/An Outcast Race in the Pyrenees


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/February 1888/Sketch of Sir Joseph Whitworth


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/February 1888/Correspondence


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Bruegel

BRUEGEL, or BREUGHEL, BREUGELS, etc., bre' H ėl, a family originating in Brabant and of which no less than 12 individuals — during a period of five generations — were artists. Only one of them is of first-rate importance, but he is sufficient to immortalize the name. This is the founder of the family, Brussels 1569. He is often spoken of as the Old or Peasant Bruegel, by reason of his subjects, and is to be distinguished from his son, , called Hell Bruegel. While the later members of the family may be considered
 * b. Bruegel, near Breda, about 1528; d.

as of the Flemish school, Pieter (I) is of the Dutch school. Pieter Bruegel, the elder, began his studies under a pupil of Hieronymus Bosch, who persuaded him to go to Antwerp and work under P. Coeck d'Alast, painter to Charles V. He did so, but his admiration for his robust compatriot, Bosch, kept him from accepting the Italian tendency of Coeck, and it is to Bosch that we must trace Bruegel's technique and his idea of art. In 1551 he entered the guild of Antwerp as a master painter. Shortly afterward he made a journey to Italy, by way of France, arriving in Rome in 1553. By 1554 he was back in Flanders, again but little influenced by the Italians. He lived at Antwerp till 1563, when he married the daughter of Pieter Coeck and took up his residence at Brussels, where he remained until his death. It is during his last six years that his genius reached its greatest development. He had already accomplished a powerful and original work in his earlier religious pictures and he continued with these subjects. But the realistic observation of Bruegel was more at liberty when, in his last period, he frankly took the life about him as his subject, for it had been that which interested him chiefly even when depicting sacred themes. All the vigorous humor and satire of Bosch appear again in a finer and more profound spirit. The whole outlook of Brouwer, Ostade and Teniers in the 17th century and Millet in the 19th is foreseen, and they never approached their predecessor. The sane and healthy outlook on mankind is supplemented by a magnificent conception of nature. One can think of no other painter who has given the sense of vastness in a landscape and at the same time kept the amazing realism of detail that Bruegel gives us. Best of all, he has a sense of design that carries his philosophic and emotional qualities immediately into the realm of art. He is, in fact, one of the world's great designers, and the admiration he inspires is increased when we reflect that he is the originator of his style instead of inheriting it from others. As painting, whether in tempera (as the ‘Blind Men’ at Naples) or in oil (e.g., ‘Winter’ at Tournai) his works are masterpieces. Among other important pictures to be mentioned are the ‘Massacre of the Innocents,’ at Brussels; ‘The Brigands,’ at the University of Stockholm; ‘The Wedding Dinner’ at the Vienna Museum, and ‘The Wolf,’ in the collection of Mr. John G. Johnson of Philadelphia. His spirited and important engravings have been edited by Van Bastelaer. His eldest son, , b. Brussels 1564; d. there 1637, studied with Gillis van Conincxloo at Antwerp. Like his father, he painted rural and genre subjects, but he is generally known as “Höllen-Bruegel,” because of his fondness for representing the infernal regions and subjects like witches, devils and robbers. : b. Brussels 1568; d. there 1625. The younger son of Pieter the Elder is usually called “Velvet-Bruegel” from the softness and smoothness of his technique. He studied with Goetkind in Antwerp and spent several years in Italy. He returned to Antwerp about 1597 and soon acquired wealth and high honors. He was dean of the painters' guild (1601-02) and, like his intimate friend, Rubens, was official painter to the regents of the Netherlands. His

are important in the development of landscape painting. They usually contain many small figures and are numerous in all the principal European collections. The most important are probably the 54 examples in the gallery of Madrid. His son and pupil, : b. Brussels 1601; d. 1678. It is difficult to distinguish his work from his father's. For the Bruegel family consult Rooses, ‘Geschiedenis der Antwerpsche bilderschule’ (Antwerp 1887-90), and Michel, ‘Les Brueghel’ (Paris 1892).


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/February 1888/Editor's Table


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/February 1888/Literary Notices


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/February 1888/Popular Miscellany


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/February 1888/Notes


text: Index:Constitution Amendment Act 1987.djvu


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/March 1888/The Economic Outlook: Present and Prospective II


text:
Page:Constitution Amendment Act 1987.djvu/1

 Coat of arms of South Africa (1930-1932).png

OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

REPUBLIEK VAN SUID-AFRIKA

Selling price • Verkoopprys (GST excluded/AVB uitgesluit) Local 45c Plaaslik Other countries 60c Buitelands Post free • Posvry


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/March 1888/New Chapters in the Warfare of Science: Physical Sciences V


text: Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 28, 1917.djvu/44


text:
Page:Constitution Amendment Act 1987.djvu/2

Act No. 20, 1987. GENERAL EXPLANATORY NOTE

To amend the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983, so as to provide for the assignment by Ministers of powers, functions or duties to certain persons appointed by the State President; and for matters connected therewith.

E IT ENACTED by the State President and the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa, as follows:―

1. Section 28 of the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983, is hereby amended by the addition of the following subsection, the existing section becoming subsection (1): “ (2) A Minister may, subject to the directions of the State President, assign to any person appointed by the State President under subsection (1) for that purpose, any power, function or duty entrusted to the Minister in terms of any law or otherwise― and any such power, function or duty so assigned shall be exercised or performed by the said person on behalf of the Minister. ”.

2. This Act shall be called the Constitution Amendment Act, 1987.


text: Constitution Amendment Act, 1987

title: Constitution Amendment Act, 1987


text:
Author:James Everett Frame

Works

 * Books
 * A critical and exegetical commentary on the Epistles of St. Paul to the Thessalonians (1912)

 * Encyclopedic articles

title: Author:James Everett Frame


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/March 1888/Underground Waters as Social Factors


text:
Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983/1987-03-06

as amended by

Constitution Amendment Act, No. 105 of 1984

Powers and Privileges of Parliament and the Constitution Amendment Act, No. 99 of 1985

Provincial Government Act, No. 69 of 1986

Constitution Amendment Act, No. 20 of 1987

28. (1) The appointment and removal of persons in the service of the Republic shall be vested in the State President, unless the appointment or removal is delegated by the State President to any other authority or is in terms of this Act or any other law vested in any other authority.

(2) A Minister may, subject to the directions of the State President, assign to any person appointed by the State President under subsection (1) for that purpose, any power, function or duty entrusted to the Minister in terms of any law or otherwise―

either specifically or by way of a general assignment of the exercise or performance of all powers, functions or duties of the Minister; and either generally or in so far as such power, function or duty relates to any population group or matter or applies in any area mentioned or described in such assignment,

and any such power, function or duty so assigned shall be exercised or performed by the said person on behalf of the Minister.


text:
Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983/1987-04-01

as amended by

Constitution Amendment Act, No. 105 of 1984

Powers and Privileges of Parliament and the Constitution Amendment Act, No. 99 of 1985

Provincial Government Act, No. 69 of 1986

Constitution Amendment Act, No. 20 of 1987

82. (1) In respect of the State Revenue Fund there shall be―

a State Revenue Account, which shall, subject to the provisions of paragraphs (b) and (c) and subsection (2), be credited with all revenues and from which shall be defrayed all expenditure and be paid any amounts with which it is charged in terms of this Act or any other law; the accounts in connection with the administration of own affairs of the different population groups, which may be prescribed by any general law and which shall be credited with all revenues accruing to them in terms of this Act or any other law and from which shall be defrayed all expenditure and be paid any amounts with which they are charged in terms of this Act or any other law; the accounts in connection with the administration of a provincial matter which may be prescribed by any general law and which shall be credited with all revenues accruing to them in terms of this Act or any other law and from which shall be defrayed all expenditure and be paid any amounts with which they are charged in terms of this Act or any other law.

(2) Where any law dealing with own affairs of a population group provides that revenue mentioned therein shall be paid into the State Revenue Fund or that expenditure so mentioned shall be defrayed from that fund, such revenue shall be paid into, and such expenditure shall be defrayed from, the appropriate account contemplated in subsection (1) (b).

(3) Where a law provides that any revenue mentioned therein shall be paid into a provincial revenue fund or that expenditure so mentioned shall be defrayed from such fund, such revenue shall be paid into and such expenditure shall be defrayed from the appropriate account contemplated in subsection (1) (c).


text:
Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 28, 1917.djvu/45

 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

.

and, two original members of this Society, have lately passed away. Both were master minds; and it would ill become me to venture to institute any comparison between them in respect of their intellectual calibre or the value of their work. If the one was perhaps more widely known to the world, his writings having been translated into many tongues, the other was at any rate more intimately known to us, seeing that he had the best of titles to rank as our founder or co-founder.

Nevertheless, it will be legitimate, and also not without profit at the present time, to compare them in respect of their theoretic interests and methods of research. I would try to prove that wisdom is justified of all her children, though interests be diverse and methods many. We must avoid narrowness of view. There is ever, for instance, a tendency at work among us to magnify some partial aspect of a subject at the expense of the rest. Or, again, it is a common and natural fallacy to suppose that we are initiating fundamental changes in the way of scientific procedure when we are but following up the clues provided by the


text:
Page:Works Translated by William Whiston.djvu/15

 THE

§ 1. THE FAMILY from which I am derived is not an ignoble one, but hath descended all along from the priests; and as nobility among several people is of a different origin, so with us to be of the sacerdotal dignity is an indication of the splendour of a family. Now, I am not only sprung from a sacerdotal family in general, but from the first of the twenty-four courses; and as among us there is not only a considerable difference between one family of each course and another, I am of the chief family of that first course also; nay, farther, by my mother I am of the royal blood; for the children of Asamoneus, from whom that family was derived, had both the office of the high priesthood, and the dignity of a king, for a long time together. I will accordingly set down my progenitors in order. My grandfather's father was named Simon, with the addition of Psellus: he lived at the same time with that son of Simon the high priest, who first of all the high priests was named Hyrcanus. This Simon Psellus had nine sons, one of whom was Matthias, called Ephlias: he married the daughter of Jonathan the high priest; which Jonathan was the first of the sons of Asamoneus, who was high priest, and was the brother of Simon the high priest also. This Matthias had a son called Matthias Curtus, and that in the first year of the government of Hyrcanus: His son's name was Joseph, born in the ninth year of the reign of Alexandra: his son Matthias was born in the tenth year of the reign of Archelaus; as was I born to Matthias on the first year of the reign of Caius Cæsar. I have three sons; Hyrcanus, the eldest, was born on the fourth year of the reign of Vespasian, as was Justus born on the seventh, and Agrippa on the ninth. Thus have I set down the genealogy of my family as I have found it described in the public records, and so bid adieu to those who calumniate me [as of a lower original].

2. NOW, MY father Matthias was not only eminent on account of his nobility, but had a higher commendation on account of his righteousness; and was in great reputation in Jerusalem, the greatest city we have. I was myself brought up with my brother, whose name was Matthias, for he was my own brother, by both father and mother; and I made mighty proficiency in the improvements of my learning, and appeared to have both a great memory and understanding. Moreover, when I was a child, and about fourteen years of age, I was commended by all for the love I had to learning; on which account the high priests and principal men of the city came then frequently to me together, in order to know my opinion about the accurate understanding of points of the law; and when I was about sixteen years old, I had a mind to make trial of the several sects that were among us. These sects are three:—The first is that of the Pharisees, the second that of the Sadducees, and the third that of the Essens, as we have frequently told you; for I thought that by this means I might choose the best, if I were once acquainted with them all; so I contented myself with hard fare, and underwent great difficulties, and went through them all. Nor did I content myself with these trials only; but when I was informed that one, whose name was Banus, lived in the desert, who used no other clothing than grew upon trees, and had no other food than what grew of its own accord, and


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Brueis d'Aigaïlliers, François Paul

BRUEIS, broo-ē's, or BRUYS D'AIGAÏLLIERS, François Paul, French admiral: b. Uzès, 11 Feb. 1753; d. 1 Aug. 1798. He entered the navy at an early age and gradually rose in the service. In 1798 he was employed to convey Bonaparte and his army, who were to effect the conquest of Egypt and the East, and having managed to elude the vigilance of Nelson, who had been long watching for him, reached the Bay of Abukir, and disembarked the troops in safety. Brueis moored his fleet in a position naturally so strong that he deemed it impregnable; but by the heroic daring of Nelson, he found the precautions which he had taken turned to his disadvantage. In the battle which ensued, he fell fighting boldly, a little before his ship, the Orient, of 100 guns, was destroyed. See.


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Brues, Charles Thomas

BRUES, brooz, Charles Thomas, American entomologist: b. Wheeling, W. Va., 1879. He studied at the University of Texas and at Columbia University; was appointed field agent of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture 1904-05; curator of invertebrate zoology in the Milwaukee Public Museum 1905-09, and then became instructor in economic entomology at Harvard University. His contributions on embryology and the habits of insects, notably the Hymenoptera — ants, bees, etc., and Diptera — mosquitoes, flies, fleas, etc., are highly instructive. He was editor of the Bulletin of the Wisconsin Natural History Society 1907-09; and in 1910 was appointed editor of Psyche, a journal of entomology.


text: The prophetic books of William Blake, Milton/Index


text:
Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 29, 1918.djvu/68

 PARTHENOGENESIS.

In Serbian Popular Tradition.

is the scientific term for the phenomenon of virgin birth. The first to draw attention to the occurrence of this phenomenon in bees was Gerson, but since then it has been definitely estabhshed not only in the case of bees but also in that of other insects, by K. Th. v. Siebold, who recognizes it as a scientific axiom. In Serbian tradition we likewise find traces of this belief in the possibility of virgin birth.

The Serbian National Ballad Smrt Grozdane Kceri Dušanove (The Death of Grozdana, Dušan’s Daughter), from Sarajevo in Bosnia, relates how the Serbian Tsar Stjepan Dušan (1331-1355) went a-hunting in the mountains, where he remained for a whole week without succeeding in killing anything. On his way home from his fruitless expedition, he came to a pool from which he desired to drink. While he was drinking, his horse impatiently pawed the ground among the beech-leaves, and in so doing laid bare a skull. When the Vizier Theodore caught sight of the skull, he pushed it with his foot; but the skull spoke and said: “Do not push me with your foot. Vizier Theodore! Thou, Theodore, hast not been Tsar, but this skull has, and as it has been, so shall it be again.” When Tsar Stjepan heard this, he commanded that the skull should be removed and brought away. On his return to


text:
Author:Richard Frederick Littledale

Works

 * Religious Communities of Women in the Early Church
 * Catholic Ritual in the Church of England
 * Why Ritualists do not become Roman Catholics

Contributions to EB1911

 * (with Ethelred Luke Taunton)

title: Author:Richard Frederick Littledale


text:
Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 29, 1918.djvu/69

 Rh Prizren—his residence—he cast it into the fire, but by doing this he could not harm it. Then he placed it in a mortar, ground it to powder and deposited it in a golden casket, which he kept in his own private chamber, which the servants never entered.

A year later, just on Easter Sunday, Tsar Stjepan went to church and forgot the keys of his private chamber. His daughter, Grozdana, walking through the palace, came to his private chamber, and when she caught sight of the golden casket she half opened it, and, thinking it contained snuff, sniffed the contents. But after the lapse of half a year, Grozdana’s heart “grew big within her.” Her mother, noticing it, said to the Tsar:

Tsar Stjepan refused to believe her, as nobody could approach his palace nor kiss the face of Grozdana. But the Tsaritsa did not cease to persuade him, till at last he called his daughter before him, and no sooner had he set eyes upon her than he asked who was it that was visiting the palace and kissing her face? Grozdana in tears replied:

Then her father asked her whether she had fallen in love with any man, to which she replied, calling God to witness, that this was not so; and then she told him all that she had done with the powder, and if he did not believe her, let him hang her on the “dry wild olive tree.” But when this was done, the “dry wild olive tree sprouted” and put forth green leaves. When Tsar Stjepan beheld this, he repented of what he had done and buried her honourably.


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/March 1888/Glimpses at Darwin's Working Life


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/March 1888/The Indians of British Columbia


text:
Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 29, 1918.djvu/70

 60 In a Serbian national tale we find a similar example. The Serbs say, the tale runs, that Constantinople (Carigrad) was not built by man, but that “it was built by itself.” They say that once upon a time a certain Tsar went out hunting and, as he was riding along, his horse stepped upon the skull of a man. And the skull said: “Why do you step upon me? Dead as I am, I shall weary you.” When the Tsar heard this, he dismounted, took up the skull and carried it home. There he burned it in the fire, and when it had cooled he ground the charred bones to powder. The powder he wrapped in paper and put it in a chest. Some time afterwards, during the Tsar’s absence, his daughter, who was a maiden of marriageable age, took his keys, opened the chest and began to examine its contents. When she came to the paper package, she realised that it contained a powder, but she did not know what kind of powder it was. So she placed her finger on her tongue, moistened it, and picked up some of the powder with it to taste it, and find out what kind of powder it might be. Then she folded up the paper just as it had been before and left it in the chest. But from that moment she became pregnant. When, presently, enquiries were made to discover how she came to be in this state, it was found that this thing was due to the skull. In due course, the Tsar’s daughter gave birth to a son. When the Tsar took the infant in his arms, the child, small as he was, immediately “seized the Tsar by the beard.” Then the Tsar commanded that two dishes should be brought, one filled with red-hot coals and the other with ducats, so that he might see whether the child had acted thus from childish folly or of set purpose. “If the child is merely foolish,” said he, “he will stretch out his hands for the red-hot coals; but if not he will try to seize the ducats.” When both the red-hot coals and the ducats were brought before the child, he immediately reached for the ducats, taking no notice of the red-hot coals. Then the Tsar understood that


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/March 1888/Evolution: What it Is Not, and What it Is


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/March 1888/Weather-Prognostics


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/March 1888/The Antechamber of Consciousness


text:
Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 29, 1918.djvu/71

Rh the prophecy of the skull would come true. When the child grew up to be a youth, the Tsar sent him away from home into the world and said to him: “Do not stop at any place until you find the spot where two evils are conflicting with one another.” As the youth went through the world, he came to the spot where now stands Constantinople, and there he saw a hawthorn around which a snake had wound its coils. And the snake bit the thorn and the thorn was pricking the snake. Then the lad thought to himself: “These are the two evils,” and he went round about that spot to examine it. And as, in thus going round, he came again near to the hawthorn, he stopped and said: “Here I must stop.” No sooner had he said this, than, looking back, he saw that right away from the thorn and all the way wherever he had passed, a wall had grown up behind him. But from the spot where he stood to that thorn they say there is no wall in Constantinople unto this day. Had he not looked back and had he not said: “Here I must stop,” the wall behind him would have grown up as far as the thorn. Later on he became Tsar there, and wrested the Empire from his grandfather.

Fr. S. Kraus relates two Serbian popular tales from the neighbourhood of the Majevica Mountain in Bosnia, which likewise contain references to virgin birth.

The first of these tales is called: Kako se rodio Car Konstantin (How Tsar Constantine was Born), and it is of the same type as the above-mentioned tale. It runs as follows:

Once upon a time, as the King of the Jews was returning from the hunt, he came upon the skull of a man and he pushed it with his foot. “Don’t kick me,” said the skull, “for I will judge you.” Then the King took up the skull


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/March 1888/Our Ice-Supply and its Dangers


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/March 1888/Flamingoes at Home


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/March 1888/Curious Facts of Inheritance


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/March 1888/Sketch of Henry Bradford Nason


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/March 1888/Correspondence


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/March 1888/Editor's Table


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/March 1888/Literary Notices


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/March 1888/Popular Miscellany


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/March 1888/Notes


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/April 1888/College Athletics and Physical Development


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Bruges

BRUGES, broozh, (Flemish Brugge), a city of Belgium, capital of West Flanders, situated about 60 miles northwest of Brussels, about eight miles from the sea, surrounded and intersected by canals which connect it with Ostend and other places. By these canals fairly large vessels can reach Bruges; and a ship canal built since 1900 connects it with the sea at Zeebrugge on the North Sea, seven and one-half miles distant. This allows ships of 25 feet draft to reach the wharves of the city. Bruges has over 50 bridges all opening in the middle for the passage of vessels. The Halles (containing cloth and other markets) is a fine old building, with a famous belfry or tower 350 feet high, in which is a fine carillon of 48 hells. Bruges has also a beautiful town hall dating from the 14th century; a palace of justice, noted for a magnificently adorned fireplace; an academy of painting, sculpture and architecture; a public library, etc., and many valuable specimens of architecture and sculpture. In the church of Notre Dame, which has a spire 290 feet high, are the splendid tombs of Charles the Bold and of Mary of Burgundy, his daughter, constructed in 1550, besides many other artistic treasures. The cathedral of Saint

Sauveur dates from the 13th and 14th centuries, and is unattractive externally, but has a fine interior, and there are other notable churches. Philip the Good here founded the order of the Golden Fleece in 1430; and the celebrated Jan Van Eyck, or John of Bruges, the supposed inventor of painting in oil, was born here. From the 7th century Bruges was rapidly acquiring importance. It was fortified by Count Baldwin in 837, walled first in 1053 and again in 1270. During the government of the rich and powerful counts of Flanders, who resided there from the 9th to the 15th centuries, its woolen manufactures grew and flourished to an amazing extent. The wealth of the citizens was enormous; a single merchant gave security for the ransom of Jean sans Peur, the last Count of Flanders, to the amount of 400,000 crowns of gold. Under the Austrian dynasty, at the close of the 15th century, the rebellious conduct of the inhabitants of Bruges called upon it such destructive vengeance that henceforth its greatness died away, its trade was transferred to Antwerp, and the religious persecution and ferocity of the Spanish under Philip II and the Duke of Alva completed the process of its ruin. During the wars of the Spanish and Austrian successions the city was besieged by the Dutch and the French. In 1794 it was taken by the latter, and from 1814 to 1830 it belonged to the Netherlands. In 1914 it was taken by the Germans and held by them during the war. With Zeebrugge it formed an important base for the fitting out of submarines in the undersea campaign directed against England's commerce. The remains of ancient buildings, abandoned monasteries and streets half deserted from the diminished population of the modern city give Bruges an antiquated and venerable appearance. Many of the houses are very old, but in a state of excellent preservation. Bruges is still, by means of its canals, an entrepôt of Belgian commerce. The chief articles manufactured here are lace, linen, damasks, light woolen goods, cottons, mixed stuffs, beer, etc. It exports agricultural produce and manufactured goods, and imports wine, oil, colonial produce, etc. Pop. 54,000. Consult Gilliat-Smith, ‘Bruges’ (in ‘Mediæval Towns Series,’ 1901); Duclos, ‘Bruges; histoire et souvenirs’ (1910).


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/April 1888/The Struggle for Existence: A Programme