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 King's daughter. They, however, still had a swine-herd's daughter, who was even prettier then the miller's daughter, and they determined to give her a piece of gold to go to the iron stove instead of the King's daughter. So she was taken thither, and she also had to scrape for four-and-twenty hours. She, however, made nothing of it. When day broke, a voice inside the stove cried, "It seems to me it is day outside!" Then answered she, "So it seems to me also; I fancy I hear my father's horn blowing."

"Then thou art a swine-herd's daughter! Go away at once, and tell the King's daughter to come, and tell her all must be done as was promised, and if she does not come, everything in the kingdom shall be ruined and destroyed, and not one stone be left standing on another." When the King's daughter heard that she began to weep, but now there was nothing for it but to keep her promise. So she took leave of her father, put a knife in her pocket, and went forth to the iron stove in the forest. When she got there, she began to scrape, and the iron gave way, and when two hours were over, she had already scraped a small hole. Then she peeped in, and saw a youth so handsome, and so brilliant with gold and with precious jewels, that her very soul was delighted. Now, therefore, she went on scraping, and made the hole so large that he was able to get out. Then said he, "Thou art mine, and I am thine; thou art my bride, and hast released me." He wanted to take her away with him to his kingdom, but she entreated him to let her go once again to her father, and the King's son allowed her to do so, but she was not to say more to her father than three words, and then she was to come back again. So she went home, but she spoke more than three words, and instantly the iron stove disappeared, and was taken far away over glass mountains and piercing swords; but the King's sun was set free, and no longer shut up in it. After this she bade good-bye to her father, took some money with her, but not much, and went back to the great forest, and looked for the iron stove, but it was nowhere to be found. For nine days she sought it, and then her hunger grew so great that she did not know what to do, for she could no


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 longer live. When it was evening, she seated herself in a small tree, and made up her mind to spend the night there, as she was afraid of wild beasts. When midnight drew near she saw in the distance a small light, and thought, "Ah, there I should be saved!" She got down from the tree, and went towards the light, but on the way she prayed. Then she came to a little old house, and much grass had grown all about it, and a small heap of wood lay in front of it. She thought, " Ah, whither have I come," and peeped in through the window, but she saw nothing inside but toads, big and little, except a table well covered with wine and roast meat, and the plates and glasses were of silver. Then she took courage, and knocked at the door. The fat toad cried,

and a small toad came walking by and opened the door to her. When she entered, they all bade her welcome, and she was forced to sit down. They asked, "Where hast thou come from, and whither art thou going?" Then she related all that had befallen her, and how because she had transgressed the order which had been given her not to say more than three words, the stove, and the King's son also, had disappeared, and now she was about to seek him over hill and dale until she found him. Then the old fat one said,

Then the little one went and brought the box. After this they gave her meat and drink, and took her to a well-made bed, which felt like silk and velvet, and she laid herself therein, in God's name, and slept. When morning came she arose, and the old toad gave her three needles out of the great box which she was to take with her; they would be needed by her, for she had to cross a

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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56 that worthy old gentleman gave his gratuitous services: I accordingly engaged him. He was a Chinese, about sixty-five years of age, out of forty of which he had been in the habit of attending, as valet, the merchants who were trading between China and Acapulco; thus oscillating, like a pendulum, during the whole of that period, across ninety-six degrees of longitude. He was, in fact, six feet two inches high, and what he had gained in longitude he had lost in latitude, for he was the thinnest man I ever saw, and he usually went by the title with which I christened him, of Don Quixote, though his right name was Henrico. As I was obliged to provide some animal for my other servant, whom I was not anxious to take with me, I told him he might return on my mule, but, not deeming his services worthy of such recompense, I desired him to deliver it to the gentleman who had now succeeded me in my situation at Mexico.

At eleven o'clock on the 4th of May, I


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CH. V.] embarked on board the Tartar. There was not much difficulty in shipping my luggage; but my little violent and irritable horse, which I had bought of the rough rider of a dragoon regiment at Mexico, had nearly killed one of the crew, who was fettering him for embarkation: it was evident he objected to the marine service, although he, afterwards, evinced great discipline, and bore a tolerably good character with the sailors, by whom he was surrounded.

My two Mexican servants were anxious to go on board, and I allowed them to accompany me: they were astonished and seemed lost in speechless admiration at so large a house, with all its nice accommodations and conveniences, being able to float upon the water; they had never before seen any thing of the kind larger than a Mexican punt, a vessel shaped exactly like, but half as long again as, those which contribute to the piscatory recreation of gentlemen who angle between Battersea and Staines.

We immediately weighed anchor and


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 high glass mountain, and go over three piercing swords and a great lake. If she did all this she would get her lover back again. Then she gave her three things, which she was to take the greatest care of, namely, three large needles, a plough- wheel, and three nuts. With these she travelled onwards, and when she came to the glass mountain which was so slippery, she stuck the three needles first behind her feet and then before them, and so got over it, and when she was over it, she hid them in a place which she marked carefully. After this she came to the three piercing swords, and then she seated herself on her plough- wheel, and rolled over them. At last she arrived in front of a great lake, and when she had crossed it, she came to a large and beautiful castle. She went in and asked for a place; she was a poor girl, she said, and would like to be hired. She knew, however, that the King's son whom she had released from the iron stove in the great forest was in the castle. Then she was taken as a scullery-maid at low wages. But, already the King's son had another maiden by his side whom he wanted to marry, for he thought that she had long been dead.

In the evening, when she had washed up and was done, she felt in her pocket and found the three nuts which the old toad had given her. She cracked one with her teeth, and was going to eat the kernel when lo and behold there was a stately royal garment in it! But when the bride heard of this she came and asked for the dress, and wanted to buy it, and said, "It is not a dress for a servant-girl." But she said, no, she would not sell it, but if the bride would grant her one thing she should have it, and that was, leave to sleep one night in her bridegroom's chamber. The bride gave her permission because the dress was so pretty, and she had never had one like it. When it was evening she said to her bridegroom, "That silly girl will sleep in thy room." "If thou art willing so am I," said he. She, however, gave him a glass of wine in which she had poured a sleeping-draught. So the bridegroom and the scullery-maid went to sleep in the room, and he slept so soundly that she could not waken him.

She wept the whole night and cried, "I set thee free when thou wert in an iron stove in the wild forest, I


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58 stood out of the bay. By the 6th, it was calculated we had made half the voyage to the port of Sonsonate, to which we were bound.

At four o'clock in the morning of the 7th, the great volcano of Guatemala was in sight; we were then about eighteen leagues from the shore. The coast is not very accurately laid down in the charts; at least, there was a variation between them and the ship's reckoning of seventy miles, in this short voyage. I procured from Mr. James, a midshipman, a copy of an improved plan which he had formed of the coast from Acapulco to Sonsonate. We had run the distance exactly in five days, having had fair light winds all the way.

About midday on the 9th, we came to anchor off the port, or rather open roadstead, of Acajutla. At eight o'clock the next morning, Lieut. Morgan went ashore with part of my baggage. There happened to be, at the time, a great concourse of people


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 sought thee, and walked over a glass mountain, and three sharp swords, and a great lake before I found thee, and yet thou wilt not hear, me! "

The servants sat by the chamber-door, and heard how she thus wept the whole night through, and in the morning they told it to their lord. And the next evening when she had washed up, she opened the second nut, and a far more beautiful dress was within it, and when the bride beheld it, she wished to buy that also. But the girl would not take money, and begged that she might once again sleep in the bridegroom's chamber. The bride, however, gave him a sleeping-drink, and he slept so soundly that he could hear nothing. But the scullery-maid wept the whole night long, and cried, "I set thee free when thou wert in an iron stove in the wild forest, I sought thee, and walked over a glass mountain, and over three sharp swords and a great lake before I found thee, and yet thou wilt not hear me!" The servants sat by the chamber-door and heard her weeping the whole night through, and in the morning informed their lord of it. And on the third evening, when she had washed up, she opened the third nut, and within it was a still more beautiful dress which was stiff with pure gold. When the bride saw that she wanted to have it, but the maiden only gave it up on condition that she might for the third time sleep in the bridegroom's apartment. The King's son was, however, on his guard, and threw the sleeping-draught away. Now, therefore, when she began to weep and to cry, "Dearest love, I set thee free when thou wert in the iron stove in the terrible wild forest," the King's son leapt up and said, "Thou art the true one, thou art mine, and I am thine." Thereupon, while it was still night, he got into a carriage with her, and they took away the false bride's clothes so that she could not get up. When they came to the great lake, they sailed across it, and when they reached the three sharp-cutting swords they seated themselves on the plough-wheel, and when they got to the glass mountain they thrust the three needles in it, and so at length they got to the little old house; but when they went inside that, it was a great castle, and the toads were all disenchanted, and were King's children, and


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CH. V.] assembled there from the capital, to celebrate the festival of the Holy Cross. I forgot to mention that the frigate, on coming to anchor, fired a salute which was answered by the fort of two guns, to the number fired by the frigate. This had drawn the attention of the whole population, whether natives or visitors. The morning was very fine, and we could perceive, by our glasses, that the beach was thronged with holiday-dressed company, who, with their shawls, bonnets, and parasols, had a very European-like appearance: indeed, a painter might have transferred the group, with propriety, to his representation of the coasts of Ramsgate or Brighton. Captain Brown, whose pleasant and affable manners had rendered the voyage in every way agreeable, sent a boat ashore, with the expectation that the company would avail themselves of the opportunity of coming aboard the frigate, probably the only ship of the kind they had ever seen anchor at their port.

The periodical blustering gales which


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60 the seaman at Vera Cruz prevail equally on this side of the continent. There is generally, about midday, a great bore or swell which sets in upon the coast: this had commenced with such violence, just as the boat was leaving the shore, that the ladies, much to their mortification, were obliged to relinquish their design.

As Captain Brown was desirous of making the best of his voyage to the southward, and as I was anxious not to detain him, I proposed to land, notwithstanding the state of the weather, and I was accordingly rowed ashore about twelve o'clock. When within a quarter of a mile of it, I was transferred, together with the luggage which had not been already landed, into another boat: it was that in which Lieut. Morgan had gone off in the morning, and was supposed better adapted for making the shore. As it was, however, we got sadly ducked: the breakers were so large that, with about every third wave, the boat was completely swamped, and had we not been able to swim, our lives


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128.] full of happiness. Then the wedding was celebrated, and the King's son and the princess remained in the castle, which was much larger than the castles of their fathers. As, however, the old King grieved at being left alone, they fetched him away, and brought him to live with them, and they had two kingdoms, and lived in happy wedlock.

128.—THE LAZY SPINNER.

a certain village there once lived a man and his wife, and the wife was so idle that she would never work at anything; whatever her husband gave her to spin, she did not get done, and what she did spin she did not wind, but let it all remain entangled in a heap. If the man scolded her, she was always ready with her tongue, and said, "Well, how should I wind it, when I have no reel? Just you go into the forest and get me one." "If that is all," said the man, "then I will go into the forest, and get some wood for making reels." Then the woman was afraid that if he had the wood he would make her a reel of it, and she would have to wind her yarn off, and then begin to spin again. She bethought herself a little, and then a lucky idea occurred to her, and she secretly followed the man into the forest, and when he had climbed into a tree to choose and cut the wood, she crept into the thicket below where he could not see her, and cried,

The man listened, laid down his axe for a moment, and began to consider what that could mean. "Hollo," he said at last, "what can that have been; my ears must have been singing, I won't alarm myself for nothing." So he again seized the axe, and began to hew, then again there came a cry from below:


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Marshall, John (jurist)


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He stopped, and felt afraid and alarmed, and pondered over the circumstance. But when a few moments had passed, he took heart again, and a third time he stretched out his hand for the axe, and began to cut. But some one called out a third time, and said loudly,

That was enough for him, and all inclination had departed from him, so he hastily descended the tree, and set out on his way home. The woman ran as fast as she could by bye-ways so as to get home first. So when he entered the parlour, she put on an innocent look as if nothing had happened, and said, "Well, have you brought a nice piece of wood for reels?" "No," said he, "I see very well that winding won't do," and told her what had happened to him in the forest, and from that time forth left her in peace about it. Nevertheless after some time, the man again began to complain of the disorder in the house. "Wife," said he, "it is really a shame that the spun yarn should lie there all entangled!" "I'll tell you what," said she, "as we still don't come by any reel, go you up into the loft, and I will stand down below, and will throw the yarn up to you, and you will throw it down to me, and so we shall get a skein after all." "Yes, that will do," said the man. So they did that, and when it was done, he said, "The yarn is in skeins, now it must be boiled." The woman was again distressed; she certainly said, "Yes, we will boil it next morning early," but she was secretly contriving another trick.

Early in the morning she got up, lighted a fire, and put the kettle on, only instead of the yarn, she put in a lump of tow, and let it boil. After that she went to the man who was still lying in bed, and said to him, "I must just go out, you must get up and look after the yarn which is in the kettle on the fire, but you must be at hand at once; mind that, for if the cock should happen to crow, and you are not attending to the yarn, it will become tow." The man was willing and took good care not to loiter. He got up


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The sidenote at the top of the page by Section 1 appears to be incorrect. It says the duties take effect from the 1st day of December but the body of the act states it takes effect from the last day of December. Elurhs (talk) 15:05, 23 June 2011 (UTC)


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 as quickly as he could, and went into the kitchen. But when he reached the kettle and peeped in, he saw, to his horror nothing but a lump of tow. Then the poor man was as still as a mouse, thinking he had neglected it, and was to blame, and in future said no more about yarn and spinning. But you yourself must own she was an odious woman!

129.—THE FOUR SKILFUL BROTHERS.

was once a poor man who had four sons, and when they were grown up, he said to them, "My dear children, you must now go out into the world, for I have nothing to give you, so set out, and go to some distance and learn a trade, and see how you can make your way." So the four brothers took their sticks, bade their father farewell, and went through the town-gate together. When they had travelled about for some time, they came to a cross-way which branched off in four different directions. Then said the eldest, "Here we must separate, but on this day four years, we will meet each other again at this spot, and in the meantime we will seek our fortunes."

Then each of them went his way, and the eldest met a man who asked him where he was going, and what he was intending to do? "I want to learn a trade," he replied. Then the other said, "Come with me, and be a thief." "No," he answered, "that is no longer regarded as a reputable trade, and the end of it is that one has to swing on the gallows." "Oh," said the man, "you need not be afraid of the gallows; I will only teach you to get such things as no other man could ever lay hold of, and no one will ever detect you." So he allowed himself to be talked into it, and while with the man became an accomplished thief, and so dexterous that nothing was safe from him, if he once desired to have it. The second brother met a man who put the same question to him—what he wanted to learn in the world. "I don't know yet," he replied. "Then come with me, and be an


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CH. V.] might have been in jeopardy. The best and safest way of landing on these coasts, if I might offer an opinion, is to pull the boat stem on, till she runs ashore, high and dry; and, if a kedger must be cast to haul her off, the line should be sufficiently long, or else she will be tied down to the buffetting of the waves. I conclude I am right in this opinion, for it was immediately authenticated by the spontaneous observation of the parties ashore, two or three of whom were English merchants resident in Sonsonate. One of them pointed out to me a boat's crew who landed immediately after us from a merchant vessel lying in the roads, and who, from a knowledge of the tremendous nature of these breakers, which will not admit of a boat lying off afloat, had contrived to reach the shore perfectly dry.

The frigate having now fired another salute, the same was returned by the fort, as regularly as its two guns would enable it to do so. It was fortunate that some of my baggage had been sent ashore in the


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62 ing, otherwise I should not have had a change of dry clothes.

Don Miguel Espinosa de los Monteros is administrator of the customs at this port: he is a civil and intelligent man: he took me about the place; and, as the untoward manner of my landing was the subject, at the moment, uppermost in our thoughts, he was naturally led to revert to a matter, which it appeared had long claimed his attention, and which was the formation of a harbour. He pointed out to me the manner in which the object might be effected, and the facilities appeared to me to be so great, that I have little doubt an English engineer would be able to accomplish it for less than £20,000.

Don Miguel's was of course an open house, on occasion of the festivities which were going on at the port; accordingly, his great parlour was filled with groups of company of all descriptions. On the window-seat, smoking cigars, sat his pretty little daughter with three other Sonsonate misses,


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CH. V.] as brown as berries and as merry as grigs. From their ears hung suspended large flat hoop ear-rings of pure gold: some of them wore a profusion of gold chains round their neck, and some of them strings of pearls, which, in their unwrought state, looked more like teeth than the teeth of the wearer (though not in most instances) looked like pearls. Don Miguel's wife had got possession, ex officio, of one of the hammocks, and the other was vacated for my acceptance, by a Guatemalian dandy. Although of the Mexican genus, he is a variety of the species: he wears the Mexican poncho or cloak, and sometimes the stamped leather leggings, but his dress is altogether plainer: it is seldom ornamented with gold or silver embroidery: his jacket is usually plain cotton, and when he wears woollen, it is more generally an English-cut frock-coat: his hat is also English, except when travelling, when it gives place to a large slouched one of straw or other light material, better calculated to keep off the sun's


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 there is nothing better than that, for nothing is hid from you." He liked the idea, and became such a skilful astronomer that when he had learnt everything, and was about to travel onwards, his master gave him a telescope and said to him, "With that canst thou see whatsoever takes place either on earth or in heaven, and nothing can remain concealed from thee." A huntsman took the third brother into training, and gave him such excellent instruction in everything which related to huntsmanship, that he became an experienced hunter. When he went away, his master gave him a gun and said, "It will never fail you; whatsoever you aim at, you are certain to hit." The youngest brother also met a man who spoke to him, and inquired what his intentions were. "Would you not like to be a tailor?" said he. "Not that I know of," said the youth; "sitting doubled up from morning till night, driving the needle and the goose backwards and forwards, is not to my taste." "Oh, but you are speaking in ignorance," answered the man; "with me you would learn a very different kind of tailoring, which is respectable and proper, and for the most part very honourable." So he let himself be persuaded, and went with the man, and learnt his art from the very beginning. When they parted, the man gave the youth a needle, and said, "With this you can sew together whatever is given you, whether it is as soft as an egg or as hard as steel; and it will all become one piece of stuff, so that no seam will be visible."

When the appointed four years were over, the four brothers arrived at the same time at the cross-roads, embraced and kissed each other, and returned home to their father. "So now," said he, quite delighted, "the wind has blown you back again to me." They told him of all that had happened to them, and that each had learnt his own trade. Now they were sitting just in front of the house under a large tree, and the father said, "I will put you all to the test, and see what you can do." Then he looked up and said to his second son, "Between two branches up at the top of this tree, there is a chaffinch's nest, tell me how many eggs there are in it?" The astronomer took his glass, looked up, and said, "There


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Rogers, James Blythe


text: Author:Walter Sutherland Parker

title: Author:Walter Sutherland Parker


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 occurring also in the Temeside group. Eurypterus pygmæus Salt. and Stylonurus megalops Salt. are common as fragments in the higher olive shales of the Temeside group. Pterygotus banksii Salt. together with numerous indeterminable species of Eurypterus are found in the Ludlow Bone-Bed; this species is also common in the Platyschisma bed and the upper olive shales of the Temeside group; in the same shale P. ludensis Salt. is abundant. In all cases where species are reported to be common it is to be remembered that no entire specimens are found but only fragments and disjecta membra. The occurrences cited are from the Ludlow district in Shropshire; to the south-west in the Downton Castle sandstone at Kington in Herefordshire Pterygotus banksii has been found in large numbers associated with P. gigas, the spines of crustacea and fish and also Platyschisma helicites and Lingula cornea. Salter has further described Eurypterus abbreviatus from a single telson which he found at Kington. Brodie collected specimens of Pterygotus banksii, Eurypterus pygmaeus, E. acuminatus, and E. abbreviatus at Purton, Herefordshire. The greatest abundance of specimens is found in a sandy marl lying just below a yellow sandstone containing plants, seed-vessels of Lycopodiaceae and fragments of eurypterids. The horizon is about that of the Ludlow Bone-Bed (24, 236).

The Ludlow of Scotland is found only in a few inliers in Lanarkshire. Division 3 recognized by Peach and Horne (215) consists of flagstone and greywackes with Ceratiocaris beds and containing the Ludlow fish band. From these beds Slimonia acuminata Salter has been described associated with five species of Ceratiocaris and worm tracks. From the same shales Pterygotus bilobus Salter and the common Ludlow fish Thelodus scoticus are reported. In certain places occur Beyrichia kloedeni and Platyschisma helicites forms very frequently associated with Upper Siluric eurypterids. The fish band contains Slimonia acuminata, the myriopod Archidesmus loganensis Peach, four species of the phyllocarid crustacean Ceratiocaris and one of Physocaris, together with numerous fish fragments and two species of Thelodus. Of great interest has been the discovery by Peach in this fish band of one of the oldest scorpions from Great Britain, Palaeophonus caledonicus Hunter. This is approximately the same horizon at which Lindström found Palaeophonus nuncius in Gotland (see below, p. 34). The eurypterid horizon par excellence occurs in the next higher division above the fish band and contains Eurypterus lanceolatus (Salt.), Eusarcus obesus (Woodw.), E. scorpioides (Woodw.),


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 Pterygotus bilobus Salt., together with three varieties of this species, P. raniceps (Woodw.), Slimonia acuminata (Salt.) and Stylonurus logani (Woodw.). The Pterygotus beds are followed by the "Trochus," more properly, Platyschisma beds which correspond to the beds of the same name in England, and which contain fragments of Slimonia acuminata as do the next overlying beds which mark the transition into the sandy Lanarkian series.

The Lanarkian. About 1400 to 1500 feet above the base of this series occurs a fish-band in the carbonaceous shales of which Eurypterus dolichoschelus (Laurie) has been found associated with Ceratiocaris, five species of fishes, and Pachytheca and Parka. At another locality seven species of fishes, Ceratiocaris, Dictyocaris, Pachytheca, a Myriopod and Eurypterus dolichoschelus (Laurie) and Stylonurus ornatus (Laurie) have been found.

. The Devonic formations of Great Britain have a better representation of eurypterids than have those of North America. The Old Red Sandstone of Forfarshire has yielded Pterygotus anglicus in abundance and in a good state of preservation and one nearly entire specimen of P. minor. From the same region come three species of Stylonurus, S. scoticus, S. powriei, S. ensiformis, and finally the little known Eurypterus brewsteri. In the Old Red Sandstones of England occur Eurypterus pygmaeus and Stylonurus symondsii. Fragments of Pterygotus problematicus have been reported from the Lower Old Red of the Ludlow district. A few fragments of Eurypterus hibernicus Baily have been found in the Upper Old Red of Kiltorcan, Kilkenny County, Ireland. There are thus ten species of eurypterids from the Devonic of Great Britain, all occurring in the Old Red Sandstone facies of deposits associated with fishes, land plants, fluviatile molluscs, myriopods and crustacea, such as the fresh or brackish-water phyllopod, Estheria, the ostracod Beyrichia and certain phyllocarids. With the exception of Pterygotus anglicus none of the eurypterids is either abundant or well preserved, most of the species being represented by a single portion of the exoskeleton or by a number of fragments. Moreover, these fragments are scattered in occurrence geologically and geographically. Six species are found in Forfarshire, Scotland, in the Lower Devonic (Caledonian); three species are sparingly represented in Brecknockshire and Herefordshire, England, at the same horizon; while a few fragments of a single species occur in the Upper Old Red of Ireland.

. The Calciferous fresh-water


text: Category:Evolutionary biology

title: Category:Evolutionary biology


text: Category:Priests

title: Category:Priests


text:
Sweet Porridge

 * Sweet Porridge Margaret Hunt (translator) Grimm's Household Tales, Volume 2. 1884

Der süße Brei

title: Sweet Porridge


text:
Author:Eugene Stock

Works

 * with Herbert Thomas Andrews and Alexander James Grieve

title: Author:Eugene Stock


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Rh so the Digenes cycle presents a comprehensive picture of the Byzantine world in Asia Minor and of the frontier life. It is a cycle of popular tales which gathered round the figure of an ideal akrites or warden of the marches, and have come down to us as they were put together by some nameless poet in the shape of an epic. The hero is called Digenes, the man of two races, because his mother was a Greek, connected with historic families, and his father a Saracen emir who captured her in a raid and became for her love a Christian. Thus his name is symbolic of the mutual influence of the two hostile empires. His deeds of prowess begin at the age of twelve, when he slays a bear and a lion. His ambition is fired by the fame of the lawless bands of free-lances who lived in the frontier hills and were a terror not only to Moslems but to Christians, on both of whom they preyed. They were known as apelatai or drivers; we might translate the word by 'cattle-lifters'. Digenes destroyed or reduced these predatory hillsmen, and the Christians enjoyed peace. In love he was also triumphant. The rumour came to his ear of the wonderful beauty of Eudoxia, daughter of a governor of one of the provinces of Asia Minor. Her father kept her under lock and key, and the numerous suitors who attempted to carry her away paid the penalty with their lives. Digenes serenades her, wins her affection, and bears her off. Pursued by her father and brothers he overcomes their men, and forces the governor to consent to the marriage. His passionate devotion for this lady endures till death. He has other amorous adventures, like Odysseus, but the devotion of his heart to Eudoxia is not more seriously endangered by these episodes than the affection of the lover of Circe and Calypso for Penelope.


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20 The emperor, who had heard of his wonderful exploits, paid him a visit in his palace on the Euphrates, and the description of this abode reflects the fashions of Byzantine luxury. The tone of their intercourse is significant. While Digenes formally professes himself a devoted servant, they meet far more as equals than as subject and servant. The warrior has a position of virtual independence, like that of a powerful Western baron.

Idyllic scenes—repose in pleasant shady meadows near waters—were a stereotyped feature in the Greek romances, and descriptions of such scenes were a conventional topic with Hellenistic rhetors. But they occur also in the epic. Digenes retired with his wife to a lovely meadow in which he pitched his tent. 'The ground,' he says, 'was embroidered with radiant flowers. There were trees and tall reeds. A fresh spring welled in the midst of the meadow, and near it were deep pools in which the flowers and trees were reflected. The wood was full of birds which sang more sweetly than sirens; there were parrots on the boughs, swans on the water; peacocks displayed their plumage in rivalry of the flowers; but the brilliant beauty of the lady outshone the flowers and the birds.' We may suspect that the epic poet was influenced here by sophistic fiction, but he has succeeded in investing with freshness a conventional scene.

While the violence and brutalities of the frontier warfare are not veiled, Digenes is portrayed as an accomplished cavalier, not only invincible in combat and insatiably eager for adventure, but courteous to ladies, modest about his own exploits, and, as M. Diehl has observed, capable of delicate emotions. He is the


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Romeyn, Theodoric


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Rh prototype of the cavaliers of the romances. And not only in the ideal of the cavalier, but also in the treatment of love, the atmosphere of the romances has, we might say, been constituted by the atmosphere of the epic, though new ingredients have been added. In the epic, love is only one note, though a leading note; in the romances it is the main motif, and it is idealized, and dissociated from real life, and invested with mystery. The romancers have worked, as we saw, under the influence of the sophistic novelists; they have adopted some of the tricks of their masters; they have introduced the Hellenistic personification of Love—the irresistible king with deadly arrows, and the conception of heroes or heroines who at first defy the god. Now Hellenistic antiquity also influenced the French romances. The authors of the most typical French poems went back to ancient erotic literature, taking Ovid as their doctor egregius and his Ars amatoria as their scripture—quasi evangelium. But the Greek poets, who simply continued an unbroken tradition, did not, like the French, propound a new science of love. They did not subtilize the passion after the manner of the troubadours, or sophisticate it by any such refined doctrines as were woven around it by writers like Alan the Chaplain or expert ladies like the Countess Marie of Champagne, who acted as umpires in affaires de cœur and solved questions of amorous casuistry. Though the Greek romantic poets resorted to various devices, suggested by the Alexandrine novelists, to enhance the interest of their theme by mystery, though they made love more artificial, less naïve, yet, in the sentiment and the psychology, the epic exerted a supreme influence.

From all this it follows that there was a parallel development in French and Greek lands. As the French romances of the twelfth century had a mass of epic


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22 poetry behind them, so the Greek romances of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries had an epic background too. In both cases the treatment of romantic motives was affected by influences derived directly or indirectly from the Hellenistic world; in France, through deliberate recourse to Latin literature and especially Ovid; in Greece, through a literary tradition which had never died. If this parallelism is taken along with the fact that stories and motives travelled, by whatever devious ways, from the East to the West, it is not surprising that the Greek and some of the French romances should have a family likeness. For direct literary indebtedness we must wait till the sixteenth century, and visit the Island of Crete, where we shall find a certain Cornaro, a Hellenized Venetian, composing a long and tedious romance (the Erotokritos), which is saturated with Italian influence.

A few words may be said about the language and metre of the poems. Both the epic and the romances are composed in the colloquial language—I do not mean the rustic language, but the speech of educated people in contradistinction to the literary Greek which was employed in serious works. The metre is also the same. It is that form of verse which was most used in the popular poetry of the Middle Ages—alternate verses of eight and seven syllables modulated by accent and not by quantity. It is the metre of—

In Scarlet towne where I was born There was a fair maid dwellin'.

In the period which we have been considering there was no rhyme. Rhyme afterwards came in, and its effect is unfortunate in longer poems; the jingle becomes insupportable. It is possible that this metre, which corresponds in beat to the iambic tetrameters of Greek


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COL convent at Louvain, in the 17th century, was a laborious and voluminous writer on the ecclesiastical antiquities of Ireland, his best known works being, Acta Sanctorum Hiberniœ, Lovanii, 1645; and Triadis Thaumaturgœ, Lovanii, 1647. He died at Louvain in 1658, having failed to complete his Acta Sanctorum, which contains only the Calendar of Saints for January, February, and March. O'Curry speaks of him as "this learned, laborious, and honest writer." Ware, writing of his Acta Sanctorum, says: "Into this volume he hath brought all the saints of Ireland who died during the first three months of the year, and I fear some Scots and English, such as he could lay the best claim to; yet is far short of making sufficient reprisals on Mr. Dempster, who, with too bare a face, hath plundered the Irish calendar, and from thence got the nickname of the 'Saint-stealer.' Peter Talbot gives our author the character of 'incertorum corrosor,' or a raker together of uncertain and unknown lives." Bev. John O'Hanlon adds that "Colgan was well versed in the language and literature of his native country, profoundly read in the civil and ecclesiastical annals of Ireland; while his competency for writing and annotating the acts of our Irish saints—his learning, candour, wonderful industry, and research—are fully manifested in the two magnificent folio volumes which he published, and which must remain as the imperishable monuments of his zeal, piety, and patriotism… He candidly declares that a great portion of his labours had been forwarded by Father Hugh Ward, before the death of this latter eminent man."

Colles, Abraham''', an eminent surgeon, was born at Millmont, near Kilkenny, in 1773. He studied in Dublin, Edinburgh and London, and in 1799 was elected Resident Surgeon at Steevens' Hospital, Dublin, and in 1826, Professor of Surgery at the College of Surgeons. He was so much esteemed, that upon his resignation of the latter post, from ill health, in 1835, his portrait and bust were placed in the College. He died on 1st December 1843, aged about 70, and was buried at Mount Jerome. Shortly before his decease he declined a baronetcy. Besides minor publications, he wrote some standard works—a treatise on Surgical Anatomy, and On the Use of Mercury. Mr. Waller writes: "The leading features in Mr. Colles's character were solid judgment, manly directness, perfect probity, the soundest of understandings, and the kindest of hearts." His fee-book is an interesting document, showing the rapid rise of his practice, from £8 l0s. 7½d. in 1798, to an average of between £5,000 and £6,000 per annum before many years were over.

 Colman, Bishop of Lindisfame, who flourished in the 7th century, appears to have been the most celebrated of the many Colmans enumerated in Irish ecclesiastical history. While occupying the see of Lindisfame he differed from the Bishop of York regarding the time for the celebration of Easter, and in disgust returned to Ireland with several English monks, and settled on the island of Inishbofin. Contentions arising between his English and Irish monks, he was obliged to transfer the former to a separate establishment on the mainland of Mayo. He died 8th August 676, at Inishbofin, where his remains were interred.

 Columbanus, Saint, was born about 545, of an illustrious Leinster family. Endowed with extraordinary talents, he retired to the monastery of Bangor, in Ulster, where, under the tuition of St. Comgall, he spent a considerable portion of his life in meditation and study. However, his life is most bound up with the ecclesiastical history of the Continent. At fifty years of age he selected twelve companions, and proceeded to France, where a wide field of missionary labour then lay open. He was in 602 involved in a controversy with the French bishops as to the proper time for celebrating Easter. He then established monasteries at Annegray, Luxeuil, and Fontaines; but was ultimately obliged to fly to Italy, having incurred the hatred of Brunechilde and Fredegonde, the Merovingian kings' mistresses, by his fearless denunciations of their impure lives. Particulars of his wanderings and many reputed miracles are given at length by Lanigan. He died at Bobbio in Italy (in 615, aged about 70) where in 613 he had established a confraternity under the protection of Aigilulph, King of the Lombards. Columbanus's festival is celebrated on the 21st November. Ware gives a list of his works, numbering seventeen. They are wholly in Latin. M. Guizot remarks of his sermons: "The flights of imagination, the pious transports, the rigorous application of principles, the warfare declared against all vain or hypocritical compromise, give to the words of the preacher that passionate authority, which may not always and surely reform the soul of his hearers, but which dominates over them, and for some time at least, exercises paramount sway over their conduct and their life." San Colombano in Lombardy takes its name from him: and the town and  86


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Rh comedy, may have been the most suitable to the aptitudes of the language when the principle of quantity was abandoned for that of accent.

In the vocabulary and diction the influence of the epic is patent. But the romantic poets elaborated the style by devices. They cultivated the use of long epithets of seven or eight syllables which filled a whole verse, and they could appeal to classical literature for the propriety of this device. Such compounds occur occasionally in Digenes; they are a feature in the romances. Some of them become conventional, like, 'endued with a million graces,' or , 'daughter of the sun.' They are often accumulated in descriptions of art and beauty, such epithets, for instance, as , 'with neck like crystal snow,' , 'with round shapely chin.' The poet of Rhodamne converts her name into —reminding us of Liebröschen or Love-lily.

If I may now briefly resume my argument, the Greeks already possessed, along with their own technique, all the ideas, material, and apparatus for romances of chivalry when the Western knights came and established themselves within their borders. And just on this account it is not surprising that, although the commingling of the two cultures, Western and Greek, afforded to the French literature of chivalry an unrivalled opportunity for exercising here the potency of charm which it wrought elsewhere, there was no result that can be compared, for instance, to the reception of French romances in Germany. The romantic literature of the West did not come as a new revelation to a people who possessed in their own literature motives, ideals, and a tradition of fantastic fiction which were in many respects homogeneous. Yet the close contact with the French and Italian settlers did exert an influence. I do


text:
Ceylon Citizenship Act

1. This Act may be cited as the Citizenship Act.

Part I Citizenship of Ceylon
2.
 * (1) With effect from the appointed date, there shall be a status to be known as "the status of a citizen of Ceylon".
 * (2) A person shall be or become entitled to the status of a citizen of Ceylon in one of the following ways only:-
 * (a) by right of descent as provided by this Act;
 * (b) by virtue registration as provided by this Act or by any other Act authorising the grant of such status by registration in any special case of a specified description.
 * (3) Every person who is possessed of the aforesaid status is hereinafter referred to as a "citizen of Ceylon". In any context in which a distinction is drawn according as that status is based or registration, a citizen of Ceylon is referred to as " citizen by descent " or " citizen by registration "; and the status of such citizen is in the like context referred to as " citizenship by descent " or " citizenship by registration ".

3. A citizen of Ceylon may, for any purpose in Ceylon, describe his nationality by the use of the expression "Citizen of Ceylon".

Part II Citizenship by Descent
4.
 * (1) Subject to the other provisions of this Part, a person born in Ceylon before the appointed date shall have the status of a citizen of Ceylon by descent, if -
 * (a) his father was born in Ceylon, or
 * (b) his paternal grandfather and paternal great grandfather were born in Ceylon.
 * (2) Subject to the other provisions of this Part, a person born outside Ceylon before the appointed date shall have the status of a citizen of Ceylon by descent, if -
 * (a) his father and paternal grandfather were born in Ceylon, or
 * (b) his paternal grandfather and paternal great grandfather were born in Ceylon.

5.
 * (1) Subject to the other provisions of this Part, a person born in Ceylon on or after the appointed date shall have the status of a citizen of Ceylon by descent if at the time of his birth his father is a citizen of Ceylon.
 * (2) Subject to the other provisions of this Part, a person born outside Ceylon on or after the appointed date shall have the status of a citizen of Ceylon by descent if at the time of his birth his father is a citizen of Ceylon and if, within one year from the date of birth, or within such further period as the Minister may for good cause allow, the birth is registered in the prescribed manner –
 * (a) at the office of a consular officer of Ceylon in the country of birth, or
 * (b) at the office of the Minister in Ceylon.

6. Upon application made in that behalf in the prescribed manner, the Minister may, in his discretion, grant, in the prescribed form, a certificate of citizenship of Ceylon by descent to a person with respect to whose status as a citizen of Ceylon by descent a doubt exists; and a certificate issued under this section to any person shall be conclusive evidence that that person was a citizen of Ceylon by descent on the date thereof, but I without prejudice to any evidence that he was such a citizen at an earlier date.

7. Every person first found in Ceylon as a newly born deserted infant of unknown and unascertainable parentage shall, until the contrary is proved, be deemed to have the status of a citizen of Ceylon by descent.

8.
 * (1) Any person who ceases under section 19 or section 20 to be a citizen of Ceylon by descent may at any time thereafter make application to the Minister for a declaration that such person has resumed the status of a citizen of Ceylon by descent; and the Minister may make the declaration for which the application is made
 * (a) if that person renounces citizenship of any other country of which he is a citizen, in accordance with the law in force in that behalf in that other country; and
 * (b) if that person is, and intends to continue to be, ordinarily resident in Ceylon.
 * (2) Where a declaration is made in relation to any . person under subsection (1), that person shall, with effect from such date as may be specified in the declaration, again have the status of a citizen of Ceylon by descent.
 * (3) Any person who makes or has made an application under subsection (1) may, in his application or by subsequent letter, make a request for the grant to any minor child of that person of the status of a citizen of Ceylon by descent; and if in any such case a declaration under subsection (1) is made in relation to that person, each minor child specified in the declaration shall have the status of a citizen of Ceylon by descent.
 * (4) The Minister may refuse to make a declaration under subsection (1) in relation to any person on grounds of public policy; and such refusal shall be final and shall not be contested in any court, but without prejudice to the power of the Minister subsequently to make such a declaration in relation to that person.
 * (5) The Minister may in his discretion exempt any person from the requirements of paragraph (a) of subsection (1) of this section, and make a declaration under that subsection notwithstanding that such person does not comply with the said requirements.

9.
 * (1) Any reference to father, paternal grandfather, or paternal great grandfather in any of the provisions of this Part relating to citizenship by descent shall, in regard to a person born out of wedlock and not legitimated, be deemed to be a reference to mother, maternal grandfather, or maternal great grandfather respectively.
 * (2) A person shall be deemed, for the purposes of this section, to have been legitimated if his parents married each other subsequent to his birth.

10. Any reference in this Part to the status or description of the father of a person at the time of that person's birth shall, in regard to a person born after the death of his father, be deemed to be a reference to the status or description of the father at the time of the father's death; and where that death occurred before, and the birth occurs on or after the appointed date, the status or description which would have been applicable to the father had he died on or after that date shall be deemed to be the status or description applicable to him at the time of his death.

Part III Citizenship By Registration
11.
 * (1) This section shall apply to any applicant for registration as a citizen of Ceylon who has the following qualifications: -
 * (a) that the applicant is of full age and of sound mind;
 * (b) that the applicant –
 * (i) is a person whose mother is or was a citizen of Ceylon by descent or would have been a citizen of Ceylon by descent if she had been alive on the appointed date, and who, being married, has been resident in Ceylon throughout a period of seven years immediately preceding the date of the application' or, being unmarried, has been resident in Ceylon throughout a period of ten years immediately preceding the date of the application, or
 * (ii) is a person, whose father was a citizen of Ceylon by descent, and who would have been a citizen of Ceylon under subsection (2) of section 5 if his birth had been registered in accordance with the provisions of that subsection, or
 * (iii) is a person whose father, having been a citizen of Ceylon by descent whether at or before the time of the birth of that person, ceased under section 20 to be a citizen of Ceylon; and
 * (c) that the applicant is, and intends to continue to be, ordinarily resident in Ceylon.
 * (2) Subject to the other provisions of this Part, a person to whom this section applies shall –
 * (a) if he has the qualification set out in subparagraph (i) of paragraph (b) of subsection (l) of this section, registered as a citizen of Ceylon on his making application in that behalf to the Minister in the prescribed manner, or
 * (b) if he has the qualification set out in subparagraph (ii) or sub-paragraph (iii) of the aforesaid paragraph (b), be so registered on his making such application, unless the Minister decides to disallow such application on grounds of public policy.
 * (3) The Minister's refusal, under subsection (2) (b) of this section, to allow the application of any person for registration as a citizen of Ceylon shall be final and shall not be contested in any court.

12.
 * (1) Subject to the other provisions of this Part, no person who is the spouse, or the widow or widower, of a citizen of Ceylon by descent or registration, shall be registered as a citizen of Ceylon under this Act, except in accordance with the succeeding provisions of this section.
 * (2) A person who desires to be registered as a citizen of Ceylon under this section shall send an application in the prescribed form and manner to the prescribed officer.
 * (3) After the receipt of the application under subsection (2), the prescribed officer shall send the application to the Minister, if he is satisfied that the applicant has the following qualifications: -
 * (a) that the applicant has the qualifications specified in paragraphs (a) and (c) of subsection (l) of section 11,
 * (b) that the applicant has been resident in Ceylon throughout a period of one year immediately preceding the date of the application of such applicant; and
 * (i) that the applicant is the spouse, or the widow or widower, of a citizen of Ceylon by descent or registration.
 * (3) The Minister's refusal under this section to allow the application of any person for registration as a citizen of Ceylon shall be final and shall not be contested in any court.

14.
 * (1) Where an applicant for registration as a citizen of Ceylon has any minor child, he may in his application or by subsequent letter make a request for the inclusion of the name of that child in the certificate of registration which may be granted to him under this Part.
 * (2) Where a request as aforesaid is made by an applicant under section 11 or section 12 or section 13, the Minister may subject to the other provisions of this Part, comply with the request if the applicant is registered as a citizen of Ceylon.

15.
 * (1) Save as provided in section 11, a person who has ceased to be a citizen of Ceylon shall not be granted citizenship by registration.
 * (2) A person who is a citizen of any country other than Ceylon under any law in force in that country shall not be granted citizenship by registration unless he renounces citizenship of that country in accordance with that law.
 * (3) The Minister may in his discretion exempt any person from the provisions of subsection (2) of this section; and nothing in that subsection shall prevent the registration as a citizen of Ceylon of any person so exempted.

16. There shall be kept and maintained, in the prescribed form, a register of persons who are granted citizenship by registration.

17. The Minister shall grant, in the prescribed form, a certificate of registration as a citizen of Ceylon to every person who is registered under section 11 or section 12 or section 13 and, where he decides to comply with a request made by that person under section 14, shall include in the certificate the name of every minor child to whom the request relates.

18.
 * (1) A British subject to whom a certificate of registration as a citizen of Ceylon is granted shall, on subscribing the prescribed oath or affirmation or citizenship, have the status of a citizen of Ceylon by registration as from the date of that certificate.
 * (2) An alien to whom a certificate of registration as a citizen of Ceylon is granted shall, on subscribing the prescribed oath or affirmation of allegiance and the prescribed oath or affirmation of citizenship, have the status of a citizen of Ceylon by registration as from the date of that certificate.
 * (3) A minor child whose name is included in a certificate of registration as a citizen of Ceylon shall have the status of a citizen of Ceylon by registration as from the date of that certificate.

Part IV Loss of Citizenship
19. If a citizen of Ceylon of full age and of sound mind makes a declaration of renunciation of citizenship of Ceylon in the prescribed manner, the Minister shall cause the declaration to be registered; and, upon registration thereof, the declarant shall cease to be a citizen of Ceylon:
 * (1) Provided however that the Minister may withhold registration of such declaration if it is made during the continuance of any war in which Ceylon is engaged and if, by the operation of any law enacted in consequence of that war, the declarant is deemed for the time being to be an enemy.

20.
 * (1) Where a person born before the appointed date is a citizen of Ceylon by descent and is also on that date a citizen of any other country, that person shall –
 * (a) on the 31st of December, 1952, or
 * (b) on the day on which he attains the age of twenty-two years,
 * whichever day is in his case the later, cease to be a citizen of Ceylon, unless before that day he renounces citizenship of that other country in accordance with the law therein in force in that behalf and notifies such renunciation to a prescribed officer.
 * (2) Where a person is a citizen of Ceylon by descent and that person, by operation of law, is at the time of his birth or becomes thereafter, also a citizen of any other country, that person shall –
 * (a) on the 31st day of December, 1952, or
 * (b) on the day immediately succeeding the date of the expiration of a period of twelve months from the date on which he so becomes a citizen of that other country, or
 * (c) on the day on which he attains the age of twenty two years,
 * whichever day is in his case the latest, cease to be a citizen of Ceylon, unless before that day he renounces citizenship of that other country in accordance with the law therein in force in that behalf and notifies such renunciation to a prescribed officer.
 * (3) A person who, under subsection (2) of section 5 is a citizen of Ceylon by descent but whose father is or was a citizen of Ceylon by registration, shall, on the day on which he attains the age of twenty-two years, cease to be a citizen of Ceylon, unless before that day he transmits to the Minister in the prescribed manner and form a declaration of retention of citizenship of Ceylon
 * (4) In the case of any person to whom the provisions of any of the preceding subsections apply, the Minister may in his discretion direct that those provisions shall apply in that case subject to the modification that the reference therein to the age of twenty-two years shall be construed as a reference to such higher age as may be specified in the direction.
 * (5) A person who is a citizen of Ceylon by descent shall cease to be a citizen of Ceylon if he voluntarily becomes a citizen of any other country.
 * (6) Where a person who, having been exempted from the requirements of paragraph (a) of subsection (1) of section 8, resumes the status of a citizen of Ceylon by descent by virtue of a declaration under that subsection, that person shall, on the day immediately succeeding the date of the expiration of a period of three months (or such longer period as the Minister may for good cause allow) from the date of the declaration, cease to be a citizen of Ceylon, unless he earlier complies with the requirements of the aforesaid paragraph (a).

21.
 * (1) A person who is a citizen of Ceylon by registration shall cease to be a citizen of Ceylon if he voluntarily becomes a citizen of any other country.
 * (2) Where a person who is registered as a citizen of Ceylon thereafter becomes, by operation of law, also a citizen of any other country, that person shall –
 * (a) on the day immediately succeeding tile date of the expiration of a period of three months (or such longer period as the Minister may for good cause allow) from the date on which he so becomes a citizen of that other country, or
 * (b) on the day on which he attains the age of twenty-two years,
 * whichever day is in his case the later, cease to be a citizen of Ceylon, unless before that day he renounces citizenship of that other country in accordance with the law therein in force in that behalf and notifies such renunciation to a prescribed officer.
 * (3) Where any person -
 * (a) who having been exempted from the provisions of subsection (2) of section 15, is registered under this Act as a citizen of Ceylon, or
 * (b) who is registered under the Indian and Pakistani Residents (Citizenship) Act as a citizen of Ceylon, continues after such registration to be a citizen of any other country, that person shall -
 * (i) on the day immediately succeeding the date of the expiration of a period of three months (or such longer period as the Minister may fur good cause allow) from the date of his registration as a citizen of Ceylon, or
 * (ii) on the day on which he attains the age of twenty-two years,
 * whichever day is in his case the later, cease to be a citizen of Ceylon, unless before that day he renounces citizenship of that other country in accordance with the law therein in force in that behalf and notifies such renunciation to a prescribed officer.

22. In any case where any person purports to renounce citizenship of any country for the purpose of acquiring, retaining or resuming, under any provision of this Act, the status of a citizen of Ceylon, and it is found at any time that the renunciation was not in accordance with or not effective under the law in force in that behalf in such other country, that person shall be deemed never to have acquired, retained or resumed, under that provision, the status of a citizen of Ceylon; and if the Minister makes a declaration to that effect in any such case, the declaration shall be final and shall not be contested in any court.

23. A person who is a citizen by registration shall cease to be a citizen of Ceylon if that person resides outside Ceylon for five consecutive years or more, exclusive of any period during which that person—
 * (a) is employed abroad as an officer in the service of the Government of Ceylon, or
 * (b) abroad as a representative of the Government of Ceylon, or
 * (c) being the spouse or minor child of a citizen of Ceylon who is abroad in any of the capacities specified in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, resides abroad with that citizen, or
 * (d) resides abroad on a holiday or for reasons of health, or
 * (e) is a student at an educational institution abroad, or
 * (f) resides abroad with a spouse who is a citizen of Ceylon by descent, ox
 * (g) is abroad for any prescribed purpose.

24.
 * (1) Where the Minister is satisfied that a person who is a citizen of Ceylon by registration—
 * (a) has been convicted of an offence under this Act; or
 * (b) has been convicted of any offence under Chapter VI of the Penal Code; or
 * (c) was registered as a citizen of Ceylon by means of fraud, false representation, or the concealment of material circumstances or by mistake; or
 * (d) has, within five years after the date of registration as a citizen of Ceylon, been sentenced in any court to imprisonment for a term of twelve months or more; or
 * (e) has, since the date of his becoming a citizen of Ceylon by registration, been for a period of not less than two years ordinarily resident in a foreign country of which he was a national or citizen at any time prior to that date, and has not maintained a substantial connection with Ceylon; or
 * (f) has taken an oath or affirmation of, or made a declaration of, allegiance to a foreign country; or
 * (g) has so conducted himself that his continuance as a citizen of Ceylon is detrimental to the interests of Ceylon,
 * the Minister may by order declare that such person shall cease to be such a citizen, and thereupon the person in respect of whom the order is made shall cease to be a citizen of Ceylon by registration.
 * (2) Before the Minister makes any order in relation to a person to whom paragraph (g) of subsection (1) of this section applies, he shall refer that person's case for inquiry by one or more persons appointed by him, with such qualifications as may be prescribed. The person or persons who have been authorised to make an inquiry under the preceding provisions of this section shall, as soon as the inquiry is completed, make a written report to the Minister. He shall not make any order under subsection (1) of this section without carefully considering such report.
 * (3) Where a person ceases to be a citizen of Ceylon under subsection (1) of this section, the Minister may by order direct that all or any of the persons specified in the following paragraphs shall cease to be citizens of Ceylon, and thereupon they shall cease to be citizens: -
 * (a) all or any of the minor children of such person who have been included in the certificate of registration issued to him at the time of his registration, and
 * (b) the spouse, widow or widower of such person, if such spouse, widow or widower was registered under this Act.

Part V Miscellaneous
25. Any person who, for the purpose of procuring anything to be done or not to be done under this Act, makes any statement which he knows to be false in a material particular shall be guilty of an offence and shall, on conviction after summary trial before a Magistrate, be liable to imprisonment of either description for a term not exceeding three months.

26. Every person to whom a certificate under this Act is granted shall, in respect of that certificate, pay, in the prescribed manner, a fee according to the prescribed rates.

27.
 * (1) The Minister may make all such regulations as may be necessary for giving effect to the provisions of this Act, and in particular for prescribing any matter which is stated or required to be prescribed.
 * (2) No regulation made by the Minister shall have effect until it has received the approval of the Senate and the House of Representatives and notification of such approval is published in the Gazette.

28.
 * (1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires -
 * "alien" means a person who is not a British subject;
 * "appointed date" means the 15th day of November, 1948;
 * "British subject" has the same meaning as in the law of the United Kingdom;
 * "consular officer of Ceylon" includes an Ambassador, a High Commissioner, a Commissioner, a representative, or a Trade Commissioner' of Ceylon;
 * "minor child" means a person who has not attained the age of twenty-one years;
 * "prescribed" means prescribed by regulation made under this Act.
 * (2) For the purposes of this Act a person of full age is a person who has attained the age of twenty-one years.

title: Ceylon Citizenship Act


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24 not mean merely that the ways and customs of the foreigners offered material to the Greek poets for decoration and accessory effects. I mean a provocative influence. There was a demand for fiction of the same class as the French romances, and Greek writers responded to it not only by versions, but also by original creations. These creations, however, are of Greek, not foreign parentage; they have a native, not a foreign tradition behind them—the mediaeval epic and the amorous fiction which originated in the Hellenistic age. They are inferior to the best compositions of the French poets; nothing was produced that could be compared remotely, for instance, with Aucassin et Nicolette. They have not the stamp of cosmopolitan literature. You may care for them or not, but they are not exotics nor second-hand imitations. Western Europe played a decisive part in creating the social conditions under which they appeared; but they are in all essential features, in spirit and matter, as well as in form, an outcome of indigenous development, the legitimate progeny of a literature which was always accustomed to take little and give much.

Oxford: Printed at the Clarendon Press by Horace Hart, M.A.


text: Category:Acts of the Parliament of Ceylon


text: Category:Law of Sri Lanka

title: Category:Law of Sri Lanka


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Page:Romances of Chivalry on Greek Soil.djvu/6

 BEING THE ROMANES LECTURE FOR 1911

IN THE SHELDONIAN THEATRE, OXFORD

25 MAY 1911

1911


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Page:Romances of Chivalry on Greek Soil.djvu/7

 HENRY FROWDE, M.A.


text: Romances of Chivalry on Greek Soil

title: Romances of Chivalry on Greek Soil


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 limestone of Scotland, equivalent in age to the Mississippic of North America, has yielded three species of Eurypterus: scabrosus, Woodward, scouleri Hibbert and ''? stevensoni'' Ethridge. Of the first species a doubtful fragment has been reported from Eskdale, Scotland. Hibbert was the first to describe as a Eurypterus the two nearly complete individuals and three or four fragments found in the Burdiehouse fresh-water limestone at Kirkton, near Bathgate, West Lothian. The organic remains are scattered through in no regular order and are not confined to the limestone particularly, but occur in the sandy beds above and below, not in particular seams. One of the eurypterid remains had earlier been described under the name Eidothea, but Hibbert rightfully called it Eurypterus scouleri (116, 280, 281, pl. XII). Vegetal matter is diffused through the limestone and in this fossil plants are well preserved, the form particularly abundant being Sphenopteris affinis. Microscopic Entomostraca abound which have been named by Hibbert Cypris scoto-burdigalensis, and a microscopic mollusc approaching Planorbis also occurs. Fish remains are abundant: Gyracanthus farmosus Agassiz, ganoid and sauroid teeth, and many coprolites are found. Woodward says of this limestone: "it is a fresh water deposit, and abounds in bands of silex alternating with calcareous matter and presents all the appearance of having been deposited by thermal waters during the Carboniferous epoch" (312, 180). The third species above referred to was described by Etheridge from a few fragmentary spines found in a light-colored micaceous sandstone of the Cement-stone group in Kimmerghame quarry, near Dunse in Berwickshire, Scotland. In the same shire Peach has recently discovered some fragments for which he erected the genus Glyptoscorpius, a eurypterid which had combs, and walking feet ending in two claws. In the Calciferous sandstone here at Lennel Braes, near Coldstream, Berwickshire, a specimen of G. perornatus Peach showing five body segments much broken, and a number of combs, referred to G. caledonicus (Salter) have been found. Besides these, are a number of fragments referred to the genus Glyptoscorpius, but specifically unidentifiable (209, 516–525). At the River Esk, four miles south of Langholm, Dumfriesshire, the two species of Glyptoscorpius are found with the following associates: several species of Phyllocarida, Ceratiocaris scorpioides Peach, C. elongatus Peach; Peracarida, Anthrapalaemon etheridgei Peach, A. parki Peach, A. traquairii Peach, A. macconochii, A. formosus Peach, Palaeocrangon eskdalensis Peach, Palaeocaris scoticus Peach, and later discoveries


text: Author:Richard Alexander Streatfeild

title: Author:Richard Alexander Streatfeild


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 And the others added maliciously:

'Geppetto seems a good man! but with boys he is a regular tyrant! If that poor puppet is left in his hands he is quite capable of tearing him in pieces! . . .'

It ended in so much being said and done that the carabineer at last set Pinocchio at liberty and conducted Geppetto to prison. The poor man not being ready with words to defend himself cried like a calf, and as he was being led away to prison sobbed out:

'Wretched boy! And to think how I have laboured to make him a well-conducted puppet! But it serves me right! I should have thought of it sooner! . . .'

What happened afterwards is a story that really is past all belief, but I will relate it to you in the following chapters.


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 have added Pseudo-Galathea rotundata and Palaeocrangon elegans. At Tweeden Burn, Liddesdale, have been found many membra disjecta, unidentifiable. The fauna also includes some Xiphosurans: Prestwichia alternate Peach from Lavuston Burn, upper Liddesdale, Prestwichia rotundata Woodward from the River Esk locality and Cyclus testudo Peach from Langholm. Many of these crustacean forms are quite well preserved. Scorpions also occur at Langholm: Eoscorpius glaber Peach, E. euglyptus Peach and E. inflatus Peach. These forms though never perfect are very complete and show all parts well.

. In the Coal Measures of Great Britain the final stragglers among the eurypterids are found, just as they are in North America. Eurypterus (Arthropleura) mammatus Salter includes fragments from Pendleton Colliery, near Manchester, England, which are associated with many plant remains, a few of which may be mentioned:
 * Lepidodendron obovatum.
 * Lepidodendron sternbergii.
 * Lepidodendron elegans.
 * Neuropteris loshii.
 * Neuropteris heterophylla.
 * Neuropteris gigantea.
 * Cyclopteris flabellata.
 * Sphenopteris obtusiloba.
 * Sphenopteris latifolia.
 * and some others

. Lower Siluric Ee1, Ee2 of Barrande. From the Siluric basin of Bohemia Barrande listed six species of Pterygotus, all of which are represented by the merest fragments and are of rare occurrence. They are found in undoubted marine formations, for Ee1 is a black graptolite-bearing shale, while Ee2 contains numerous cephalopods, gastropods, trilobites and corals (12, 39–44). The species of Pterygotus are: bohemicus, comes, cyrtochela, kopaninensis, mediocris and nobilis. Of the general preservation and faunal associates of these eurypterids Barrande remarks:

"Our basin, so privileged in respect to the frequency and the state of preservation of the trilobites and the other crustacea, appears, on the contrary, very poor in the fossils representing the two types of


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then, children, I must tell you that whilst poor Geppetto was being taken to prison for no fault of his, that imp Pinocchio, finding himself free from the clutches of the carabineer, ran off as fast as his legs could carry him. That he might reach home the quicker he rushed across the fields, and in his mad hurry he jumped high banks, thorn hedges, and ditches full of water, exactly as a kid or a leveret would have done if pursued by hunters.


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 eurypterids, which are recognized in our formations. (Pterygotus and Eurypterus).

". . . . Far from finding individuals complete and well preserved, it will prove difficult to add any new facts of importance to those already published on the organization of the species of this type.

"That advantage is not reserved for us, for the Silurian basin of Bohemia, so favored in all other respects, is relatively poor in fossils of the genus Pterygotus, not only because of their great rarity, but also because of the reduction of the specimens to little fragments. Since almost all of the remains are found in the large horizon of the Cephalopods, that is, in our limestone band e 2, it seems to us that one may attribute the almost total disappearance of these gigantic Crustacea to the voracity of these molluscs, against whom they were forced to maintain the struggle for existence." (13, 556).

We need not consider seriously this interpretation of the fragmental character of the eurypterid remains as they can be interpreted in another manner (see p. 199).

Semper (261) has recently done some work in the region and has revised and added to Barrande's original species. In e1 β at Podol Dvorce, near Prague, he has collected a few fragments to which he has given the name Pterygotus barrandei of which there are also some fragments at Dlouhá hora, in horizon e2. A few endognathites from the former locality have been described as P. beraunensis Semper, since they come from near Beraun. Some fragments of a swimming foot are also described by Semper from e2, as P. blahai, in a thinly laminated limestone rich in Orthoceras which occurs at Viŝňovka near Lochhov. Of all the species found in Bohemia the best one is a fragmentary individual showing the head with the first eight somites attached, and a few separate fragments, these constituting the species Eurypterus acrocephalus Semper from horizon e1, at Dvorce. From these various occurrences it is apparent that the eurypterids, though represented by a large number of species in the beds of Wenlock or Niagaran age of Bohemia, are found only rarely and in a most fragmentary condition, although the large marine fauna occurring in the same horizon is one of the largest and most perfect that is known, forming the basis for Barrande's ponderous work on the Système Silurienne in which many volumes are devoted to the description and figuring of the marine fossils, while a very little space suffices for the meagre eurypterid fauna. Barrande notices in a paper on the


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 Having arrived at the house he found the street door ajar. He pushed it open, went in, and having secured the latch threw himself seated on the ground and gave a great sigh of satisfaction.

But his satisfaction did not last long, for he heard some one in the room who was saying:

'Cri-cri-cri!'

'Who calls me?' said Pinocchio in a fright.

'It is I!'

Pinocchio turned round and saw a big cricket crawling slowly up the wall.

'Tell me, Cricket, who may you be?'

'I am the Talking-cricket, and I have lived in this room a hundred years and more.'

'Now, however, this room is mine,' said the puppet, 'and if you would do me a pleasure go away at once, without even turning round.'

'I will not go,' answered the Cricket, 'until I have told you a great truth.'

'Tell it me, then, and be quick about it.'

'Woe to those boys who rebel against their parents, and run away capriciously from home. They will never come to any good in the world, and sooner or later they will repent bitterly.'

'Sing away, Cricket, as you please, and as long as you please. For me, I have


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 correlation of the Siluric deposits of Bohemia and Scandinavia (Parallele entre les Depôts Siluriens de Bohême et de Scandinavie (11), that Pterygotus remains have been found at Klinta in Scania, southern Sweden, which recall Pterygotus problematicus of England (11, 58)

Upper Siluric or Ff1 of Barrande. Two species of Eurypterus have been recorded from the Upper Siluric of Bohemia in the same incomplete condition that those from the Lower were found in. E. pugio Barrande and a species related to P. bohemicus Barrande are the only representatives in this period. The latter is reported by Semper from a single claw and part of an abdomen found at Cerná rockle, Kosoř in a black limestone of Ff1 age.

. Coal Measures of Bohemia. In a rather blackish grey shale at Wilkischen, near Pilsen, Reuss found two macerated, but nearly complete individuals and a cephalon of a eurypterid which he named Eurypterus imhofi, and which is associated on the same slab with pinnules of Pecopteris. Reuss says that this fossil "of the Bohemian Coal Measures—a freshwater formation—is without doubt derived from a freshwater or brackish water ancestor (228, 83)."

. Upper Devonic. In only one locality in Belgium have eurypterids been found. Some thirty kilometers southwest of Liege at Pont de Bonne near Modave is exposed a section showing the Upper Devonic sandstones of Condroz. Lohest, Braconier and Destinez in working up this section found a few eurypterid fragments in 1888 and in the following year these were described by Julien Fraipont and Maximin Lohest. Eurypterus lohesti was described by Dewalque from two specimens, one the counterpart of the other, representing a complete cephalon. Fraipont described, ''Eurypterus ? dewalquei'' from a cephalon, a portion of an abdominal segment, and a few other fragments. One other fragment, a portion of one of the appendages, is thought by Fraipont to belong to a species related to E. ? dewalquei, but because of the similarity in ornamentation and agreement in size, he makes it only a variety, calling it ''E. ? dewalquei var. longimanus''.

The beds in which these remains were found are described by Lohest as follows (68, 55):

"We procured the major part of our fossils from the bed of green shales. They contain: Glyptolepis multistriatus, G. radians,


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 made up my mind to run away to-morrow at daybreak, because if I remain I shall not escape the fate of all other boys; I shall be sent to school and shall be made to study either by love or by force. To tell you in confidence, I have no wish to learn; it is much more amusing to run after butterflies, or to climb trees and to take the young birds out of their nests.'

'Poor little goose! But do you not know that in that way you will grow up a perfect donkey, and that every one will make game of you?'

'Hold your tongue, you wicked ill-omened croaker!' shouted Pinocchio.

But the Cricket, who was patient and philosophical, instead of becoming angry at this impertinence, continued in the same tone:

'But if you do not wish to go to school why not at least learn a trade, if only to enable you to earn honestly a piece of bread!'

'Do you want me to tell you?' replied Pinocchio, who was beginning to lose patience. 'Amongst all the trades in the world there is only one that really takes my fancy.'

'And that trade—what is it?'

'It is to eat, drink, sleep, and amuse myself, and to lead a vagabond life from morning to night.'


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  dewalquei, Eurypterus, Spirorbis. Mr. Destinez found a beautiful Ichthyolite which is probably new. We cite again: lamellibranchs, lingulas, ferns and Lepidodendron. That bed contains sometimes thin layers of sandstones, on which one finds associated on the same planes of stratification lingulas, lamellibranchs, ferns, and ganoid scales. Mr. I. Braconier has collected excellent specimens which demonstrate the certainty of this fact. . . ..

"In beds F, G, H, I, we have not collected any determinable fossils; but in the lower part of bed J we have found vegetal matter, scales of the fish, Holoptychius inflexus, a small species of Pterichthys and the remains of a Dipterus as I have pointed out." (Fraipont, 68, 55).

A little lower in the series in bed B impressions have been found which suggest those of rain-drops, also very numerous axes of vegetal matter probably, as suggested by Mr. Mourlon, stipes of the fern Palaeopteris hibernica, and in the same bed Mr. Destinez found a large bone, belonging apparently to a fish.

. Upper Siluric of Gotland. The Baltic Isles have long been famous for their Siluric sections which are so excellently shown on Gotland. The lowest eurypterid horizon is found in the Pterygotus marl of Gotland of Upper Siluric age. Although the sections in the northern and southern parts of the island have been studied separately and the correlations are not as yet complete, still one important fact has stood out for the whole island: there is everywhere a great break between the Lower and Upper Gotlandian (Siluric), indicating in many places that there was at this time a retreat and a subsequent advance of the sea. In the north around Visby, Hedström (113) has recognized seven subdivisions of the Gotlandian. Beginning at the base, the first bed to be shown along the shore is the Stricklandia marl (I of Hedström), with Palæocyclus as the characteristic fossil. Then follows II, a marly limestone showing reef masses at intervals and containing a Niagaran fauna. The succeeding beds (III) are of particular interest to us. At the base are 3 meters of yellowish grey limestone with crinoids, and then follow 16 meters of grey marls interstratified with limestone, the upper 5 meters of which consist of stratified limestones, oolitic at the base, but becoming gradually coarser towards the top where they are conglomeratic, and where


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 'As a rule,' said the Talking-cricket with the same composure, 'all those who follow that trade end almost always either in a hospital or in prison.'

'Take care, you wicked ill-omened croaker! . . . Woe to you if I fly into a passion! . . .'

'Poor Pinocchio! I really pity you! . . .'

'Why do you pity me?'

'Because you are a puppet and, what is worse, because you have a wooden head.'

At these last words Pinocchio jumped up in a rage, and snatching a wooden hammer from the bench he threw it at the Talking-cricket.

Perhaps he never meant to hit him; but unfortunately it struck him exactly on the head, so that the poor Cricket had scarcely breath to cry cri-cri-cri, and then he remained dried up and flattened against the wall.


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 ripple-mark structures are sometimes observable. Above these strata comes a complex of layers, one meter thick, consisting of marl shales and limestones with Pterygotus osiliensis and Palæophonus nuncius, a scorpion. Lindström has called this thin stratum the Pterygotus marl, and it is seen to lie just at the top of III. Here there is a break and disconformity, above which follows a conglomerate (IV) with waterworn gastropoda and portions of Spongiostroma holmi Rothpletz. The relations of the reef limestone and marl are well shown in the vicinity of Visby. The reefs are composed of non-stratified accumulations of Stromatoporæ mainly, with a few corals in addition. Between the reefs of II are the finely stratified bituminous, brownish shales of III, well shown on the island of Karlsö west of Visby, which contain a marine and estuarine fauna mixed.

Upper Siluric of Oesel. This island has yielded a large crustacean fauna in the usual association with eurypterids. Two species of Eurypterus are reported: E. laticeps Schmidt from two fairly perfect head shields, and E. fischeri Eichwald from many excellent specimens. There is also an abundance of fragments of Pterygotus osiliensis. The bed in which these occur is a fine grained Platten-kalk or dolomite, with a peculiar fauna throughout; this is followed by other granular limestones containing the usual uppermost Siluric fauna. The Eurypterus beds have a fairly wide extent in western Oesel, but the fullest development of the fauna is seen only near Rootziküll, on the west coast of the island, in the parish of Kielkond. Here the beds are a dolomite in which the chitinous exoskeletons of Pterygotus and Eurypterus have been excellently preserved, and even the tail sting of a Ceratiocaris and the shields of two cephalaspid fishes, Thyestes verrucosus Eichw. and Tremataspis schrenckii Schmidt, and the shells of the little Lingula nana Eichw. have been found. Rather rarely occurring are the Hemiaspidae: Bunodes lunula Eichw., B. rugosus Nieszk. and schrenckii Nieszk. sp. as well as Pseudoniscus aculeatus Nieszk. and the shells of Orthoceras tenue Eichw. Bunodes and Leperditia are represented by many specimens, but these and all the other fossils mentioned show, in place of the shell which is destroyed, only a black carbonaceous film representing the organic material (Schmidt 248, 28). The eurypterids do not show the same kind of preservation, for Schrenck (254, 35) reports the integuments of Eurypterus remipes Dekay (with which E. tetragonophthalmus Fischer is synonymous and which Schmidt has since placed under E. fischeri,) to be entirely unaltered, not only chemically, still


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was coming on, and Pinocchio, remembering that he had eaten nothing all day, began to feel a gnawing in his stomach that very much resembled appetite.

But appetite with boys travels quickly, and in fact after a few minutes his appetite had become hunger, and in no time his hunger became ravenous—a hunger that was really quite insupportable.

Poor Pinocchio ran quickly to the fireplace where a saucepan was boiling, and was going to take off the lid to see what was in it, but the saucepan was only painted on the wall. You can imagine his feelings. His nose, which was already long, became longer by at least three fingers.

He then began to run about the room, searching in the drawers and in every


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 pure chitin, but also in their entire internal make-up and with their original color such as is characteristic of living representatives.

. Upper Siluric of Podolia and Galicia. From various localities, mainly in Galicia, Austria, but occasionally from Podolia, Russia, a few fragments of Eurypterus fischeri are reported, together with specimens determined with difficulty to be Pterygotus osiliensis, and also three telsons of specifically unidentifiable Stylonurus.

. Middle Devonic of Galicia. A single telson of a Pterygotus species has been found by Siemiradzki in the Devonic coral limestone of Skala, Valencia (263).

. Upper Siluric. Professor McCoy has reported (168) the finding by Mr. F. Spry of four eurypterid remains in the Upper Silurian rocks underlying Melbourne. These rocks have been correlated by McCoy with the Victorian series. The matrix in which the merostome fragments were found is described as resembling very closely the black flaggy layers of the uppermost Ludlow of Lesmahagow, Scotland, while the eurypterid found there seems to have its closest affinities to Pterygotus bilobus. The specimen figured is fragmentary, but apparently of a eurypterid, which McCoy has referred to Pterygotus australis.

. Middle Saarbrücker. In the Saarbrücken "basin" of Germany the Carbonic has been divided into two parts, the upper or Ottweiler with grey and red sandstone at the top and grey shale and sandstone below containing Pecopteris arborensis, Estheria, Leaia baentschiana and fish remains; and the lower or coal-bearing Saarbrücken beds containing in their middle members abundant plant remains and two eurypterid species. Arthropleura armata Jordan is represented by two or three abdominal segments found in the beds in the Friedrichsthal tunnel two miles from Saarbrücken, where in the same beds are plant remains of Lepidophyllum lineare Brong., and Anthracosaurus raniceps, Dictyoneura blattina and other insects. In the railroad shaft at Jägersfreude, ¾ of a mile from Saarbrücken, one incomplete individual of a form called by Jordan Adelopthalmus (Eurypterus) granosus has been found (135).


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 imaginable place, in hopes of finding a bit of bread. If it was only a bit of dry bread, a crust, a bone left by a dog, a little mouldy pudding of Indian corn, a fish bone, a cherry stone—in fact anything that he could gnaw. But he could find nothing, nothing at all, absolutely nothing.

And in the meanwhile his hunger grew and grew; and poor Pinocchio had no other relief than yawning, and his yawns were so tremendous that sometimes his mouth almost reached his ears. And after he had yawned he spluttered, and felt as if he was going to faint.

Then he began to cry desperately, and he said:

'The Talking-cricket was right. I did wrong to rebel against my papa and to run away from home. . . . If my papa was here I should not now be dying of yawning! Oh! what a dreadful illness hunger is!'

Just then he thought he saw something in the dust-heap—something round and white that looked like a hen's egg. To give a spring and seize hold of it was the affair of a moment. It was indeed an egg.

Pinocchio's joy beats description; it can only be imagined. Almost believing it must be a dream he kept turning the egg over in his hands, feeling it and kissing it. And as he kissed it he said:

'And now, how shall I cook it? Shall I


text:
Author:John Telford

Works

 * The Methodist Hymn-Book Illustrated

title: Author:John Telford


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. Coal Measures of Brazil. David White described some fragments from the Santa Catharina system, about 55 meters above the granite floor (Tubarão series) or 225 meters below the Iraty black shale (Passa Dois series) northeast of Minas, Santa Catharina, Brazil (297, 229, 589, 605). The fragments are of most doubtful identification, some being apparently plant remains, but others having a suggestion of relation to the Eurypterida (297, pl. XI, figs. 4, 6, 7, 8). These are described as Hastimima whitei White.

. Witteberg series. From the Upper Devonic Witteberg series of Cape Colony, South Africa, Professor A. C. Seward has described two fragments of a fossil which he considers to be a eurypterid. He compared it with the species described by David White from Brazil and called it Hastimima sp., saying: "The view which seems to me most hopeful is that this fossil represents part of a bodysegment of a Eurypterid" (262, 485). Seward sent the specimens to Woodward who not only concurred in the opinion as to the eurypterid nature of the remains, but he also considers that the Brazilian forms are eurypterids (325, 486). It is gratifying to note that the opinion expressed by these earlier writers is fully supported by Clarke and Ruedemann in their monograph where they have discussed this genus (39, 400–406) and figured some more of the fragments from Brazil.

The Witteberg series consists of a hard blue micaceous quartzite, replaced in some localities by shale or slate. So far as known it is unfossiliferous except for occasional plant stems allied to Lepidodendron and the widespread markings known as Spirophyton caudagalli. A photograph of this fossil given by Hatch and Corstorphine in their Geology of South Africa (111, fig. 22.) reveals no essential difference between it and the Spirophyton caudagalli of the Esopus, Oriskany and Hamilton of eastern North America. Seward considers that it is an inorganic structure and Grabau has gone even further in suggesting that it is due to the blowing back and forth of reed-like plants on a plastic surface capable of holding such markings long enough until covered over by wind-blown dust or sand. At any rate, the formation is undoubtedly non-marine, and the two eurypterid fragments therein could hardly have come from any other source than the land waters.


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 make an omelet? . . . No, it would be better to cook it in a saucer! . . . Or would it not be more savoury to fry it in the frying-pan? Or shall I simply boil it? No, the quickest way of all is to cook it in a saucer: I am in such a hurry to eat it!'

Without loss of time he placed an earthenware saucer on a brazier full of red-hot embers. Into the saucer instead of oil or butter he poured a little water; and when the water began to smoke, tac! . . . he broke the egg-shell over it that the contents might drop in. But instead of the white and the yolk a little chicken popped out very gay and polite. Making a beautiful courtesy it said to him:

'A thousand thanks, Master Pinocchio, for saving me the trouble of breaking the shell. Adieu until we meet again. Keep well, and my best compliments to all at home!'

Thus saying it spread its wings, darted through the open window, and flying away was lost to sight.

The poor puppet stood as if he had been bewitched, with his eyes fixed, his mouth open, and the egg-shell in his hand. Recovering, however, from his first stupefaction, he began to cry and scream, and to stamp his feet on the floor in desperation, and amidst his sobs he said:

'Ah! indeed the Talking-cricket was right. If I had not run away from home,


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 and if my papa was here, I should not now be dying of hunger! Oh! what a dreadful illness hunger is! . . .'

And as his stomach cried out more than ever and he did not know how to quiet it, he thought he would leave the house and make an excursion in the neighbourhood in hopes of finding some charitable person who would give him a piece of bread.