text:
Page:Theodore Roosevelt Rough Riders.djvu/62

56 form by squadron or battalion, the troopers sitting steadily in the saddles as they made their half-trained horses conform to the movement of the guidons.

Over in Tampa town the huge winter hotel was gay with general officers and their staffs, with women in pretty dresses, with newspaper correspondents by the score, with military attachés of foreign powers, and with onlookers of all sorts; but we spent very little time there.

We worked with the utmost industry, special attention being given by each troop-commander to skirmish-drill in the woods. Once or twice we had mounted drill of the regiment as a whole. The military attachés came out to look on—English, German, Russian, French, and Japanese. With the Englishman, Captain Arthur Lee, a capital fellow, we soon struck up an especially close friendship; and we saw much of him throughout the campaign. So we did of several of the newspaper correspondents—Richard Harding Davis, John Fox, Jr., Caspar Whitney, and Frederic Remington. On Sunday Chaplain Brown, of Arizona, held service, as he did almost every Sunday during the campaign.

There were but four or five days at Tampa, however. We were notified that the expedition would start for destination unknown at once, and that we were to go with it; but that our horses were to be left behind, and only eight troops of seventy men


text:
Page:Theodore Roosevelt Rough Riders.djvu/63

Rh each taken. Our sorrow at leaving the horses was entirely outweighed by our joy at going; but it was very hard indeed to select the four troops that were to stay, and the men who had to be left behind from each of the troops that went. Colonel Wood took Major Brodie and myself to command the two squadrons, being allowed only two squadron commanders. The men who were left behind felt the most bitter heartburn. To the great bulk of them I think it will be a lifelong sorrow. I saw more than one, both among the officers and privates, burst into tears when he found he could not go. No outsider can appreciate the bitterness of the disappointment. Of course, really, those that stayed were entitled to precisely as much honor as those that went. Each man was doing his duty, and much the hardest and most disagreeable duty was to stay. Credit should go with the performance of duty, and not with what is very often the accident of glory. All this and much more we explained, but our explanations could not alter the fact that some had to be chosen and some had to be left. One of the Captains chosen was Captain Maximilian Luna, who commanded Troop F, from New Mexico. The Captain's people had been on the banks of the Rio Grande before my forefathers came to the mouth of the Hudson or Wood's landed at Plymouth; and he made the plea that it was his right to go as a representative of his

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 26, 1915.djvu/36

 26 For example, he is bound to have paid special attention to the sort of savagery that is displayed by the ruder peoples during war. He might well be asked, therefore, by the judge of the high court of ethics whether in the long run such savagery appears to pay—whether he would recommend it to future ages as something that might in some fashion be rationalized, and so might be brought within the scope of some sound scheme of what we may call "civilized dominancy." Without venturing further afield, then, let us by way of conclusion shortly inquire how an anthropological witness would be likely to reply to this question.

The judge, we may suppose, might think fit to inform the witness that the court was anxious to retain in use the old-fashioned "manly" virtues in so far as they did not unduly hamper the development of humanitarian feeling; and that, in particular, it desired to find a place among these for the virtue described by Bishop Butler under the name of "righteous indignation," namely, the trained capacity to react forcibly and repressively upon all unfair aggression and all gross violation of the rights of others. Would the witness be kind enough to say whether those special characteristics of the manlier variety of wild folk which have given the word "savagery" its unfavourable sense, namely, their bloodthirstiness and indiscriminate cruelty, contain, or do not contain, the germ and promise of that stern yet disciplined mood in which the best of civilized men may be expected to fight against injustice and oppression?

The answer of the anthropologist would, surely, be that the savagery of the primitive warrior is the accident, not the essence, of his fighting quality. His is a "hair-trigger organization" of soul, deficient in those controls which turn the passions into servants of the will. Consequently, he is apt to "see red," and play the mad dog, not because his purposes are thereby consciously advanced, but simply


text:
Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 26, 1915.djvu/35

Rh radically transformed; since "industrialism," or "the age of discussion," or what not, will somehow persuade the lion and the lamb to sit down together to a peaceful if ruinous game of beggar-my-neighbour? The error—for it is an error of a fundamental kind in the eyes of the modern Darwinian—consists in thinking that, if one generation can gain a respite from war and develop peaceful habits, the next generation must tend to inherit by sheer force of biological descent a positive distaste for warlike avocations. As if the whelps of the tamed fox would not run after chickens. Though one expel nature with a pitchfork in the parent's case, it reappears in the youngsters. Now the peoples of Western Europe "have been moulded by a prolonged and severe process of military selection." There is war in the very blood of us; and it would task the powers of all the professors of eugenics to eradicate the strain. The only hope for peace, therefore, would seem to be offered by a purely social method of self-improvement; namely, by a system of moral education, renewed and reinforced from generation to generation, that should endeavour to harmonize our warlike and peaceful propensities—for, of course, we have our fair share of both—by organizing the life of each and all on a rational instead of a merely animal, and impulsive basis.

What, then, would be the lesson laid down by a rational theory of peace and war? At this point the argument passes beyond the frontiers of our special province. Such a problem belongs, not to anthropology, but to ethics; seeing that it has regard, not to matter of fact, but to policy. Even so, however, though he cannot be judge, the anthropologist may aspire to serve amongst the expert witnesses.


text:
Page:Theodore Roosevelt Rough Riders.djvu/64

58 race, for he was the only man of pure Spanish blood who bore a commission in the army, and he demanded the privilege of proving that his people were precisely as loyal Americans as any others. I was glad when it was decided to take him.

It was the evening of June 7th when we suddenly received orders that the expedition was to start from Port Tampa, nine miles distant by rail, at daybreak the following morning; and that if we were not aboard our transport by that time we could not go. We had no intention of getting left, and prepared at once for the scramble which was evidently about to take place. As the number and capacity of the transports were known, or ought to have been known, and as the number and size of the regiments to go were also known, the task of allotting each regiment or fraction of a regiment to its proper transport, and arranging that the regiments and the transports should meet in due order on the deck, ought not to have been difficult. However, no arrangements were made in advance; and we were allowed to shove and hustle for ourselves as best we could, on much the same principles that had governed our preparations hitherto.

We were ordered to be at a certain track with all our baggage at midnight, there to take a train for Port Tampa. At the appointed time we turned up, but the train did not. The men slept heavily,


text:
Author:Arthur James Grant

Works

 * (tr.) Einhard's Vita Karoli Magni (1905)

title: Author:Arthur James Grant


text:
Page:Theodore Roosevelt Rough Riders.djvu/65

Rh while Wood and I and various other officers wandered about in search of information which no one could give. We now and then came across a Brigadier-General, or even a Major-General; but nobody knew anything. Some regiments got aboard the trains and some did not, but as none of the trains started this made little difference. At three o'clock we received orders to march over to an entirely different track, and away we went. No train appeared on this track either; but at six o'clock some coal-cars came by, and these we seized. By various arguments we persuaded the engineer in charge of the train to back us down the nine miles to Port Tampa, where we arrived covered with coal-dust, but with all our belongings.

The railway tracks ran out on the quay, and the transports, which had been anchored in midstream, were gradually being brought up alongside the quay and loaded. The trains were unloading wherever they happened to be, no attention whatever being paid to the possible position of the transport on which the soldiers were to go. Colonel Wood and I jumped off and started on a hunt, which soon convinced us that we had our work cut out if we were to get a transport at all. From the highest General down, nobody could tell us where to go to find out what transport we were to have. At last we were informed that we were to hunt up the depot


text:
Page:Theodore Roosevelt Rough Riders.djvu/66

60, Colonel Humphrey. We found his office, where his assistant informed us that he didn't know where the Colonel was, but believed him to be asleep upon one of the transports. This seemed odd at such a time; but so many of the methods in vogue were odd, that we were quite prepared to accept it as a fact. However, it proved not to be such, but for an hour Colonel Humphrey might just as well have been asleep, as nobody knew where he was and nobody could find him, and the quay was crammed with some ten thousand men, most of whom were working at cross purposes.

At last, however, after over an hour's industrious and rapid search through this swarming ant-heap of humanity, Wood and I, who had separated, found Colonel Humphrey at nearly the same time and were allotted a transport—the Yucatan. She was out in midstream, so Wood seized a stray launch and boarded her. At the same time I happened to find out that she had previously been allotted to two other regiments—the Second Regular Infantry and the Seventy-first New York Volunteers, which latter regiment alone contained more men than could be put aboard her. Accordingly, I ran at full speed to our train; and leaving a strong guard with the baggage, I double-quicked the rest of the regiment up to the boat, just in time to board her as she came into the quay, and then to hold her against the


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Pitts, John


text:
Page:Theodore Roosevelt Rough Riders.djvu/67

Rh Regulars and the Seventy-first, who had arrived a little too late, being a shade less ready than we were in the matter of individual initiative. There was a good deal of expostulation, but we had possession; and as the ship could not contain half of the men who had been told to go aboard her, the Seventy-first went away, as did all but four companies of the Second. These latter we took aboard. Meanwhile a General had caused our train to be unloaded at the end of the quay furthest from where the ship was; and the hungry, tired men spent most of the day in the labor of bringing down their baggage and the food and ammunition.

The officers' horses were on another boat, my own being accompanied by my colored body-servant, Marshall, the most faithful and loyal of men, himself an old soldier of the Ninth Cavalry. Marshall had been in Indian campaigns, and he christened my larger horse "Rain-in-the-Face," while the other, a pony, went by the name of "Texas."

By the time that night fell, and our transport pulled off and anchored in midstream, we felt we had spent thirty-six tolerably active hours. The transport was overloaded, the men being packed like sardines, not only below but upon the decks; so that at night it was only possible to walk about by continually stepping over the bodies of the sleepers. The travel rations which had been issued to the men


text:
Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 26, 1915.djvu/37

 Rh because, being constitutionally prone to hysteria, he readily gets beyond himself and relapses into the brute. For the rest, his social tradition, as must happen in any type of community that stifles individuality, is most binding just where it is most mobbish in its appeal, and by consecrating the extravagances of contagious excitement turns the scalp-hunter into a scalp-dancer, the raving butcher into a still more raving devotee.

Contrariwise, it would seem that righteous indignation involves the sort of anger which is not hot but cold. When controlled by the higher system represented by all the principles for which the word "righteousness" stands, the anger of the strong brain which sets the strong arm in motion is like "the still water that runneth deep." As Mr. Shand demonstrates in a recent work, "It is neither excited, nor explosive, nor violent. It has lost the primitive character of the emotion; and those bodily changes which physiologists attribute to it are hardly appreciable. If it has no longer the same strength in one sense, in another it has a greater. In immediate physical energy it is weaker; in power of persistence immeasurably stronger. In place of thoughtless impulse, and crude primitive methods of offence, it has the thoughtfulness, self-control, and adaptability of the sentiment."

This developed sentiment, which offers so marked a contrast to that primitive violence of warlike feeling whereof acts of brutal savagery are the by-product, is an "anger organized in love"; namely, a righteous indignation, formidably cool and judicial, which is rooted in the love of freedom, of social and political justice, of the spiritual blessings of civilization, and finally, of mankind at large, not forgetting even the misguided enemy himself.

.


text:
Page:Theodore Roosevelt Rough Riders.djvu/68

62 for the voyage were not sufficient, because the meat was very bad indeed; and when a ration consists of only four or five items, which taken together just meet the requirements of a strong and healthy man, the loss of one item is a serious thing. If we had been given canned cornbeef we would have been all right, but instead of this the soldiers were issued horrible stuff called "canned fresh beef." There was no salt in it. At the best it was stringy and tasteless; at the worst it was nauseating. Not one-fourth of it was ever eaten at all, even when the men became very hungry. There were no facilities for the men to cook anything. There was no ice for them; the water was not good; and they had no fresh meat or fresh vegetables.

However, all these things seemed of small importance compared with the fact that we were really embarked, and were with the first expedition to leave our shores. But by next morning came the news that the order to sail had been countermanded, and that we were to stay where we were for the time being. What this meant none of us could understand. It turned out later to be due to the blunder of a naval officer who mistook some of our vessels for Spaniards, and by his report caused consternation in Washington, until by vigorous scouting on the part of our other ships the illusion was dispelled.

Meanwhile the troopships, packed tight with their


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Pitzer, Alexander White


text:
Page:Theodore Roosevelt Rough Riders.djvu/69

Rh living freight, sweltered in the burning heat of Tampa Harbor. There was nothing whatever for the men to do, space being too cramped for amusement or for more drill than was implied in the manual of arms. In this we drilled them assiduously, and we also continued to hold school for both the officers and the non-commissioned officers. Each troop commander was regarded as responsible for his own non-commissioned officers, and Wood or myself simply dropped in to superintend, just as we did with the manual at arms. In the officers' school Captain Capron was the special instructor, and a most admirable one he was.

The heat, the steaming discomfort, and the confinement, together with the forced inaction, were very irksome; but every one made the best of it, and there was little or no grumbling even among the men. All, from the highest to the lowest, were bent upon perfecting themselves according to their slender opportunities. Every book of tactics in the regiment was in use from morning until night, and the officers and non-commissioned officers were always studying the problems presented at the schools. About the only amusement was bathing over the side, in which we indulged both in the morning and evening. Many of the men from the Far West had never seen the ocean. One of them who knew how to swim was much interested in finding that the


text:
Page:Theodore Roosevelt Rough Riders.djvu/70

64 ocean water was not drinkable. Another, who had never in his life before seen any water more extensive than the head-stream of the Rio Grande, met with an accident later in the voyage; that is, his hat blew away while we were in mid-ocean, and I heard him explaining the accident to a friend in the following words: "Oh-o-h, Jim! Ma hat blew into the creek!" So we lay for nearly a week, the vessels swinging around on their anchor chains, while the hot water of the bay flowed to and fro around them and the sun burned overhead. At last, on the evening of June 13th, we received the welcome order to start. Ship after ship weighed anchor and went slowly ahead under half-steam for the distant mouth of the harbor, the bands playing, the flags flying, the rigging black with the clustered soldiers, cheering and shouting to those left behind on the quay and to their fellows on the other ships. The channel was very tortuous; and we anchored before we had gone far down it, after coming within an ace of a bad collision with another transport. The next morning we were all again under way, and in the afternoon the great fleet steamed southeast until Tampa Light sank in the distance. For the next six days we sailed steadily southward and eastward through the wonderful sapphire seas of the West Indies. The thirty odd transports moved in long parallel lines, while ahead and behind


text:
Page:Theodore Roosevelt Rough Riders.djvu/71

Rh and on their flanks the gray hulls of the warships surged through the blue water. We had every variety of craft to guard us, from the mighty battleship and swift cruiser to the converted yachts and the frail, venomous-looking torpedo boats. The warships watched with ceaseless vigilance by day and night. When a sail of any kind appeared, instantly one of our guardians steamed toward it. Ordinarily, the torpedo boats were towed. Once a strange ship steamed up too close, and instantly the nearest torpedo boat was slipped like a greyhound from the leash, and sped across the water toward it; but the stranger proved harmless, and the swift, delicate, death-fraught craft returned again.

It was very pleasant, sailing southward through the tropic seas toward the unknown. We knew not whither we were bound, nor what we were to do; but we believed that the nearing future held for us many chances of death and hardship, of honor and renown. If we failed, we would share the fate of all who fail; but we were sure that we would win, that we should score the first great triumph in a mighty world-movement. At night we looked at the new stars, and hailed the Southern Cross when at last we raised it above the horizon. In the daytime we drilled, and in the evening we held officers' school; but there was much time when we had little to do, save to scan the wonderful blue sea and watch the


text:
Page:Theodore Roosevelt Rough Riders.djvu/72

66 flying-fish. Toward evening, when the officers clustered together on the forward bridge, the band of the Second Infantry played tune after tune, until on our quarter the glorious sun sank in the red west, and, one by one, the lights blazed out on troopship and warship for miles ahead and astern, as they steamed onward through the brilliant tropic night.

The men on the ship were young and strong, eager to face what lay hidden before them, eager for adventure where risk was the price of gain. Sometimes they talked of what they might do in the future, and wondered whether we were to attack Santiago or Porto Rico. At other times, as they lounged in groups, they told stories of their past—stories of the mining camps and the cattle ranges, of hunting bear and deer, of war-trails against the Indians, of lawless deeds of violence and the lawful violence by which they were avenged, of brawls in saloons, of shrewd deals in cattle and sheep, of successful quest for the precious metals; stories of brutal wrong and brutal appetite, melancholy love-tales, and memories of nameless heroes—masters of men and tamers of horses.

The officers, too, had many strange experiences to relate; none, not even Llewellen or O'Neill, had been through what was better worth telling, or could tell it better, than Capron. He had spent years among the Apaches, the wildest and fiercest


text:
Page:Theodore Roosevelt Rough Riders.djvu/73

Rh of tribes, and again and again had owed his life to his own cool judgment and extraordinary personal prowess. He knew the sign language, familiar to all the Indians of the mountains and the plains; and it was curious to find that the signs for different animals, for water, for sleep and death, which he knew from holding intercourse with the tribes of the Southeast, were exactly like those which I had picked up on my occasional hunting or trading trips among the Sioux and Mandans of the North. He was a great rifle shot and wolf hunter, and had many tales to tell of the deeds of gallant hounds and the feats of famous horses. He had handled his Indian scouts and dealt with the "bronco" Indians, the renegades from the tribes, in circumstances of extreme peril; for he had seen the sullen, moody Apaches when they suddenly went crazy with wolfish blood-lust, and in their madness wished to kill whomever was nearest. He knew, so far as white man could know, their ways of thought, and how to humor and divert them when on the brink of some dangerous outbreak. Capron's training and temper fitted him to do great work in war; and he looked forward with eager confidence to what the future held, for he was sure that for him it held either triumph or death. Death was the prize he drew.

Most of the men had simple souls. They could


text:
Page:Theodore Roosevelt Rough Riders.djvu/74

68 relate facts, but they said very little about what they dimly felt. Bucky O'Neill, however, the iron-nerved, iron-willed fighter from Arizona, the Sheriff whose name was a byword of terror to every wrong-doer, white or red, the gambler who with unmoved face would stake and lose every dollar he had in the world—he, alone among his comrades, was a visionary, an articulate emotionalist. He was very quiet about it, never talking unless he was sure of his listener; but at night, when we leaned on the railing to look at the Southern Cross, he was less apt to tell tales of his hard and stormy past than he was to speak of the mysteries which lie behind courage, and fear, and love, behind animal hatred, and animal lust for the pleasures that have tangible shape. He had keenly enjoyed life, and he could breast its turbulent torrent as few men could; he was a practical man, who knew how to wrest personal success from adverse forces, among money-makers, politicians, and desperadoes alike; yet, down at bottom, what seemed to interest him most was the philosophy of life itself, of our understanding of it, and of the limitations set to that understanding. But he was as far as possible from being a mere dreamer of dreams. A stanchly loyal and generous friend, he was also exceedingly ambitious on his own account. If, by risking his life, no matter how great the risk, he could gain high military distinction, he was bent


text:
Page:Theodore Roosevelt Rough Riders.djvu/75

Rh on gaining it. He had taken so many chances when death lay on the hazard, that he felt the odds were now against him; but, said he, "Who would not risk his life for a star?" Had he lived, and had the war lasted, he would surely have won the eagle, if not the star.

We had a good deal of trouble with the transports, chiefly because they were not under the control of the navy. One of them was towing a schooner, and another a scow; both, of course, kept lagging behind. Finally, when we had gone nearly the length of Cuba, the transport with the schooner sagged very far behind, and then our wretched transport was directed by General Shafter to fall out of line and keep her company. Of course, we executed the order, greatly to the wrath of Captain Clover, who, in the gunboat Bancroft, had charge of the rear of the column—for we could be of no earthly use to the other transport, and by our presence simply added just so much to Captain Clover's anxiety, as he had two transports to protect instead of one. Next morning the rest of the convoy were out of sight, but we reached them just as they finally turned. Until this we had steamed with the trade-wind blowing steadily in our faces; but once we were well to eastward of Cuba, we ran southwest with the wind behind on our quarter, and we all knew that


text:
Page:Theodore Roosevelt Rough Riders.djvu/76

70 our destination was Santiago. On the morning of the 20th we were close to the Cuban coast. High mountains rose almost from the water's edge, looking huge and barren across the sea. We sped onward past Guantanamo Bay, where we saw the little picket-ships of the fleet; and in the afternoon we sighted Santiago Harbor, with the great warships standing off and on in front of it, gray and sullen in their war-paint.

All next day we rolled and wallowed in the seaway, waiting until a decision was reached as to where we should land. On the morning of June 22d the welcome order for landing came.

We did the landing as we had done everything else—that is, in a scramble, each commander shifting for himself. The port at which we landed was called Daiquiri, a squalid little village where there had been a railway and iron-works. There were no facilities for landing, and the fleet did not have a quarter the number of boats it should have had for the purpose. All we could do was to stand in with the transports as close as possible, and then row ashore in our own few boats and the boats of the warships. Luck favored our regiment. My former naval aide, while I was Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Lieutenant Sharp, was in command of the Vixen, a converted yacht; and everything being managed on the go-as-you-please principle, he


text: Template:Article link/sandbox

title: Template:Article link/sandbox


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Pizarro, Francisco


text:
Page:Theodore Roosevelt Rough Riders.djvu/77

Rh steamed by us and offered to help put us ashore. Of course, we jumped at the chance. Wood and I boarded the Vixen, and there we got Lieutenant Sharp's black Cuban pilot, who told us he could take our transport right in to within a few hundred yards of the land. Accordingly, we put him aboard; and in he brought her, gaining at least a mile and a half by the manœuvre. The other transports followed; but we had our berth, and were all right. There was plenty of excitement to the landing. In the first place, the smaller war vessels shelled Daiquiri, so as to dislodge any Spaniards who might be lurking in the neighborhood, and also shelled other places along the coast, to keep the enemy puzzled as to our intentions. Then the surf was high, and the landing difficult; so that the task of getting the men, the ammunition, and provisions ashore was not easy. Each man carried three days' field rations and a hundred rounds of ammunition. Our regiment had accumulated two rapid-fire Colt automatic guns, the gift of Stevens, Kane, Tiffany, and one or two others of the New York men, and also a dynamite gun, under the immediate charge of Sergeant Borrowe. To get these, and especially the last, ashore, involved no little work and hazard. Meanwhile, from another transport, our horses were being landed, together with the mules, by the simple process of throwing them overboard and letting


text:
Page:Theodore Roosevelt Rough Riders.djvu/78

72 them swim ashore, if they could. Both of Wood's got safely through. One of mine was drowned. The other, little Texas, got ashore all right. While I was superintending the landing at the ruined dock, with Bucky O'Neill, a boatful of colored infantry soldiers capsized, and two of the men went to the bottom; Bucky O'Neill plunging in, in full uniform, to save them, but in vain. However, by the late afternoon we had all our men, with what ammunition and provisions they could themselves carry, landed, and were ready for anything that might turn up.


text:
Translation:1900 National Upheaval

Righteous Harmony Boxers began during Jiaqing Emperor era, it was practiced in secret and was strictly prohibited then, offenders were sentenced to a death of thousand cut. In Hebei and  Shangdong, there are still secret followers. In 1900 Yuxiang was Shangdong governor, the practice of Righteous Harmony Boxer has become popular, they have a flag that say 'Support the Qing Dynasty, Exterminate the foreigners'. After the failure of Hundred Days' Reform, Kang Youwei escaped and went under the protection of England,  Empress Dowager was very angry.

On Winter of 1899, Prince Duan plotted to overthrow  Guangxu Emperor by appointing his own son Zaijun as the next on line for the royal throne, China was shocked, people at the East South provinces were very angry, more than one thousand names were collected on a petition organised by Yuanshan. Emperor Dowager was extremely angry, ordered the arrest of Yuanshan, who then escape to Macao, under the protection of foreigners. Prince Duan was very angry, day and night he was planning on revenge.

Harmonious Boxers had begun to infiltrate into Peking, their members increasing, they had siege Laisui County, the county magistrate was requesting the dispatch of government troops, the Hebei governor Yulu then sent Yang Futong to exterminate the boxer. Boxer killed Yang Futong. Harmonious Boxers then attacked Zhuozhou County, local magistrate Pang Yinpei sent out distress signal, Peking city official He Naiyin holding a Imperial Decree but was restricted in movement. Empress Dowager then sent Justice Ministry Zhao Xuqiao, Grand Scholar Ganyi and He Naiyin to Zhuozhou county, and they returned to Peking. Grand Scholar Ganyi returned to see Empress Dowager, strongly praised the Boxers, that they are reliable and loyal to the Imperial Court. Boxers were into burning railroad, destroying telegraphic lines, tens of thousands entered Peking City, and many worshiping shrines were being set up.

The gods of the boxers are Hongjun old grandfather and Lishan old mother, they often emerged at nightfall, amid fire and dance of shaman, have the power to stop guns and cannons from firing.

They can start a fire by pointing towards the sky, no knife or spears could harm their body. They often order common people to worship in the direction of South-East, no one dare to show disobedience.

They publicly advocated the hatred towards Christianity, accusing Guangxu Emperor as the head of the Christian Church. Empress Dowager and Prince Duan together plotted to overthrow Guangxu Emperor, so they supported the boxer. Boxer bandit gangs had free access to the Forbidden City at will, they can come and go anytime. Boxer bandits openly boasted that they will exterminate all the foreigners, they rejected any royal gifts or rewards, instead, they want the heads of one dragon and two tigers. Guangxu Emperor is the dragon, Prince Qing and Li Hongzhang are the tigers.

On the 26 year of Guangxu Emperor, 10 May(lunar calander), Russian ambassador Geyuxi forwarded a letter, "Rioters numbers are increasing each day, England and France are using them, these will cause harm to China. Russia and China had been good neighbors for more than 200 years, it is our duty to inform. " Zongli Yamen had received the letter, but dare not forward it to the Imperial Court. The Russian diplomat wanted to see the Emperor, but no answer was offered.

On the 14th day, Board of rite Chixiu, Board of work Fuxin, Grand scholar Natong were admitted into Zongli Yamen, Prince Duan was in charge of administration.

On the 15th day, Japan legation staff Sugiyama was traveling out of Yong Ding Gate, Dong Fuxiang sent soldiers to kill him on the street, and his body was mutilated.

On the 17th day, boxer bandits were torching homes of Chinese Christians converts, be they old, young, or female, were all killed indiscriminately.

On the 18th day, boxer bandits went inside of Xuan Wu Gate, torching many Churches. The Xuan Wu Gate was closed in the daytime, Peking was plunged into chaos. The Imperial Court issued decrees two days in a row, stated that rioting boxer bandits should be exterminated, yet the bandits were spreading their activity.

On the 20th day, bandits burnt 4000 plus shops outside of Zhen Yang Gate, this was the precinct of rich merchants of Peking, the pinnacle of hundreds of years of commerce. The city wall was burnt, the fire lighted up the sky for three days and three nights.

On that day, nine ministers of the six Boards were called to the Imperial Court. Empress Dowager was weeping, and showing Lo Jiajeh's letter to the ministers, they all look at each other, no one dare to speak out first.

Board of civil service Xu Jingteng:"China has engaged with foreigners for many years, the conflicts and fighting between common people and Christians converts happen every year, monetary compensation would settle these disputes; but to put diplomats under siege and kill them, there is no precedent inside or outside China. The boxer bandits are constantly eyeing the Peking foreign diplomatic legations, the fall is expected anytime, once they fall, where are we going to find a safe place for the clan of Aisin Jioro?"

Board of worship and rite Yuan Xi:"There should not be any war against the foreigners, right now the rioters are being encouraged, the disaster will be uncontrollable, one day the whole country will be plunged into internal turmoil and external invasions, there would not be a country left. " Yuan Xi's highly emotional voice shattered the palace roof tiles. Empress Dowager stared at him with eyes of daggers.

Tai Chan Temple official said:"Boxer bandits are not accountable", another official said:"These are righteous people, I come from Tong County, the righteous people did protect Tong County."

Guangxu Emperor replied: "The support from the righteous people is not sustainable, it would only help to create chaos. Nowadays many people like to raise the issue of military action, but they just need to look at the harm caused by the Korean military intervention. The foreign powers are ten times stronger than Japan, once they joint force and attack us, what can we use for defense?"

Prince Duan said:"Dong Fuxiang had been successful in exterminating the Hui rebellion, he should be able to defeat the foreigners. " Guangxu Emperor said:"Dong Fuxiang is too arrogant, not dependable. The enemy has powerful weapons, their soldiers are highly trained, much more advance than Hui people."

Scholar Chu Zumoi is a rascal. Prince Duan then made some scornful remarks, Guangxu Emperor just kept quiet. Nearly all the ministers have left the Court, Zailan and Gan Yi together present a statement, saying:"The righteous boxers are accountable, they do have mighty mystic power, can use them to seek revenge and cleanse our shame." Zailiang also make a statement:"Do not lose the opportunity, please kill anyone who are against the war. " Everyone that heard it all feel very sad, they called the Boxer bandits evil spirits which will be exterminated, but they were so afraid of Empress Dowager, they dared not utter a single word.

On that day, Zhao Natong and Xu Jingteng went to Yang Village to communicate with foreign soldiers, they could not enter the village, midway they were being robbed by boxer bandits, Xu Jingteng nearly lost his life. Some foreign soldiers were trying to reach the legations, but they were too low in numbers, they had to return to where they came from.

On the 21st day, six boards and nine ministries were summoned at the Court. Empress Dowager said:"The Emperor intent to maintain peace with the foreigners, he dismiss the idea of military actions, I am confused, in today's court session, everyone can speak out." Board of war minister Xu Yongyi said:" Military action will not benefit China, and we should not be the first to start the war." Emperor Guangxu said:"It is not that we ban any discussion of military action, the fact that China has been a weak nation for long time, and lack of reliable military force, if we are to use those rioters for the purpose of passion, that is pushing the luck to the extreme." Scholar Liu Yongheng said:"The extermination of rioters should be as soon as possible, if not, there will be unforeseeable disasters. " Prince Duan said:"These righteous people were peasants, they are not afraid of death, are prepared to sacrifice for the country, if they are being eliminated as rioters, people are longer loyal, who is left to defense the country? " Guangxu Emperor said:"These rioters are like a flock of birds, how can they fight the foreigners with only blood and flesh? Their loyalty is just empty talk, why do we treat human life as a game of children? " At this stage Empress Dowager and Prince Duan just keep their silence. Minister of Board of Finance Lih San is a favorite of Empress Dowager, replied:"Though the righteous boxer do not have other motives, still, their magic power is often useless." Prince Duan replied with anger:"What is important is their loyalty, not their power! Lih San dare to retort on this Court, he must have colluded with foreigners, if the Court order Lih San to fight the foreigners, foreigners shall retreat. " Lih San applied:"Prince Duan had suggested military action first, he knows best. I do not know anything about foreigners, plus that is not my job." Princess Dowager replied:"Prince Henry of Germany was here, if he is supplied with goods, he should be happy." Prince then called Lih San a traitor, Lih San protested. Empress Dowager ask them to cease the argument, then called off the session. Empress Dowager then sent Xu Yongyi, Lih San and Scholar Lian Yan to the legations: "Do not call any more soldiers, if you do, the good faith is lost."

On the 22 day, Grand Scholars, six boards and nine ministers were called at the Imperial Court. Prince Duan called for military attacks at the foreign legations, Empress Dowager gave permission. Lian Yan raised his voice with emotion:"No can do, if the diplomats were killed, foreigners enter Peking, not only human, chickens and dogs will perish." Prince Duan replied:"Lian Yan worked for the foreigners, if we kill him, the foreign soldiers will retreat." Empress Dowager is very angry, ordered his immediate execution, but he was saved by action of Prince Juan. Lian Yan and Prince Juan were both Baoyi Aha. Grand Scholar Wang Wenshao said:"Since 1894, China is short in finance and weak on military, the comparison of power is apparent, once the war begin, there will not be a good ending, I wish Empress Dowager will think it over three more times. " Empress Dowager stood up in rage, her hand hit the table and yelled:" All these discussions I have heard many times, just a waste of time. Let me see, if any one of you can stop foreigner soldiers fro entering Peking, if not, I shall execute you." Wang Wenshao dare not retort. Guangxu Emperor held Xu Jinteng hand and weep:"I am ready to die anytime, but feel sad for the suffering of all the common people." Empress Dowager pretended to comfort the Emperor, yet still angry at Xu Jinteng.

Empress Dowager had made up her mind, with the full support of Prince Duan,  Zaixun, Zailian, Zailan, Gan Yi, Xu Tong, Zhong Yi, Qi Xui, Zhao Xujiao, she then issued a Imperial Decree to promote boxer bandits into Righteous Boxers, awarded with 100 thousands taels of silver. Prince set up a shrine for the boxer, worshiped at morning and evening. Empress Dowager had a shrine set up inside the Forbidden City. From then on, all the robbers from Hebei and Shangdong began to claim that they are going to exterminate the foreigners. Inside Peking City, there were looting and burning in the daytime, fire burning day and night, smoke and flames filled the skyline. Thousands and thousands of bandits with red scarf, roaming the city, common people dare not look at them with straight eyes. Bandits would picked people whom they disliked, accused them of being Christians, killed the whole family, more than one hundred thousands people perished. Bandits used knife and spears to kill, body parts split open, newborn babies also been killed, with no humanity, yet Empress Dowager summoned the leaders of the boxers into the palace and awarded them with gifts and cash.

%E5%BA%9A%E5%AD%90%E5%9C%8B%E8%AE%8A%E8%A8%98_%28%E6%9D%8E%E5%B8%8C%E8%81%96%29

title: Translation:1900 National Upheaval


text: Author:Otto Henker

title: Author:Otto Henker


text:
Retrospect of various works published during 1856

Retrospect of various works published during 1856

The demands of a still increasing number of Zoological, Botanical, and Geological communications, in the pages of various foreign Serials, which call for our notice, as they are more liable there to lie hidden from the knowledge of British Naturalists, than the more considerable and independent works of Natural History, that issue from the press at home or in other countries, have circumscribed the space we could afford to reviews of the latter class of works, and limited the number of our articles in this department. In compensation, we propose now, at the commencement of a new year, to indulge ourselves in a lightly skimming retrospect of the scientific literature of the year 1856, as it bears upon the study of the native Fauna and Flora in particular. But even here, we are obliged to set certain bounds to ourselves ; so, passing by various splendid illustrated works in progress, and many of another sort, devoted to the Vertebrata and Mollusca, as well as those upon General Botany and Paleontology, we will descend at once to the Articulata, and commence with the different orders of Insects.

I. Diptera. We have elsewhere inserted a critique of Mr. Walker's volumes, intended to serve for a British Fauna of this order, the last of which was published the beginning of the year. The same indefatigable hand has brought out the concluding part of the Diptera Saundersiana also, in the course of the same year, while two other articles, also by him, in the Journal of the Linnean Society, from materials supplied by the same rich collection, make known fresh harvests of Mr. Wallace's gathering on the virgin soil of Malacca and Borneo, and afford a proof what unexplored treasures are yet in keeping for the students of this order, when voyagers and travellers shall have better learned not to overlook so much the less obtrusive and more fragile races of flying insects, for the gaudier charms of the beetles and the butterflies. It is not long since we gave, in this Journal, an article on Recent Works upon the Diptera of Northern Europe, and we expect it will not be very long before a like call is made upon us in the name of those of Southern Europe. The lists of Austrian Diptera by Dr. Schiner, on which Dr. Loew has expressed such a favourable judgment (see the Volume for 1856, page 92), are proceeding through the different families in succession, and we have lately received, besides, a small volume by Prof. Rondani of Parma, the welcome forerunner of a general work which he has undertaken on the Diptera of Italy, from which country many interesting accessions to the European Fauna of this order may reasonably be looked for.

II. Lepidoptera. The most interesting intelligence we have in the Bibliography of this order is the completion of Dr. Herrich-Schaeffer's great and sumptuous work. Prof. Frey of Zurich has produced a modest and meritorious volume on the Tineae and Pterophori of Switzerland, which will be useful to the British " Tinearist" also, though possessed already, as we may assume him to be, of Mr. Stainton's volume on the British Tineina. Of the last-named author's polyglott Natural History of this tribe, sufficient materials have not yet accrued, as it seems, for the publication of another of the annual volumes. The Manual of British Butterflies and Moths also is to take a deliberate nap at the end of the Noctuina and the beginning of the year, while awaiting the appearance of Guenee's work on that group,shortly to be forthcoming in Roret's " Suites a Buffon."

III. Hymenoptera. Dr. Nylander has given a Monograph of the Formicidae of France, in the " Annales des Sciences Naturelles," wherein he has reduced again several of the new genera, which Mayr had dismembered from Myrmica, chiefly by distinctions drawn from the varying number of joints of the palpi. From Ruthe we have the promise of a Monograph of the Braconidae of Germany, which is likely to be valuable, both from his copious materials and the minute accuracy of his investigation, judging by the specimen he has given in the groups of Microctoni. At home, we have no important accession to the literature of this order, except the British Museum Catalogue of British Ichneumonidae, by Mr. Desvignes. We have not yet had the opportunity of examining it, but we feel assured beforehand of its utility, from the author's thorough knowledge of his subject.

IV. Coleoptera. If for a republication of a standard work of Entomology generally, Kirby and Spence's Introduction is the best value for the lowest price we know ; so are Lacordaire's volumes on the Genera of Coleoptera the cheapest of an original work. Estimated by the labour and materials they must have required, the information condensed in them, and the time and pains which they save the student, were it only as an index to the species, they would be worth their weight in silver at least. The third volume, containing the genera of the Pectinicornia and Lamellicornia, has appeared, and we have reason to hope that the fourth will speedily follow. To all the students of this order among ourselves, a long-desired and very welcome acquisition is the first part of a revised list of the Rhynchophorous beetles of Britain, Bruchidae—Curculionidae, by Mr. Walton, lately published as another of the Blue books of the British Museum. We have noticed, also, with much satisfaction, the Monograph of the European species of Catops, by Mr. Murray, in the Annals of Natural History, illustrated with many wood-cuts, exhibiting the minutiae of sculpture, the microscopical investigation of which he has here applied to the discrimination of the species of this rather perplexing group, and has carried it out to a degree of refinement hitherto unattempted for the purposes of Descriptive Entomology. Although no independent work, of any extent, on this order has issued from the press in Britain, during the past year, yet the Entomologists' Annual, continued for 1857 by the enterprising and persevering editor, bears witness that the study of the indigenous species has been pursued with commendable zeal, the additions to the British Fauna in this order, for the year 1856, amounting to not less than sixty species, two of which, however, are stigmatised with a note of suspicion, as possible " importations."Mr. Stainton informs us—and who should be better authority than the Editor of the " Entomologist's Intelligencer"—that there is at present a cry out for a " Manual of British Beetles." How much this clever writer himself, and his "Manual of British Butterflies and Moths," may have had to do with exposing the want, and suggesting the feasibility, of such an undertaking, and thus evoking that importunate voice which pursues him, as he confesses, even to the shades of Lewisham, it is not necessary now to inquire. We should be sorry if we were—most erroneously—accounted unfavourable to anything tending to make the science more popular, and to aid the amateur collector in giving to his gatherings both a local habitation and a name. On this head we are quite at one with our valued contributor, Dr. Loew, whose remarks the reader will find in the volume for 1856; see page 68, and elsewhere in the same article. Still, we would venture to deprecate anything like a hasty compilation of the sort referred to, got up merely to meet the supposed demand. It is not unnatural to conjecture that such a Manual would probably be framed on the model of Mr. Stainton's popular monthly issue for the benefit of the Butterfly-collectors.Now, although the Lepidopterist of to-day is scientifically much in advance of the "Aurelian" of the last generation, still the study of the Coleoptera has kept its vantage-ground in the literature of Entomology ; and it demands to be treated accordingly. A writer on British Coleoptera, who, confining himself to his local materials, should at the same time indulge in changes of the system and nomenclature, in accordance with his private views, as to parts of his subject which he had perhaps studied almost for the first time, when he thought of setting about to teach others ; views which—however original and just they might be—the concise and popular treatment of the subject, imposed on him by the form of his work, would not allow him to prop up with that copious array of exposition, illustration, and definition, which is requisite for the introduction of new aphorisms,— a writer, we say, in such a case, would be too apt only to embarrass that class of readers on whom he calculates, and would certainly do much less to promote the study of the science, than if he had contented himself with adopting some approved arrangement of the European Coleoptera, and giving so much of the distinctive characters, in the analytic form,—or any other that he might consider more suitable,—as would give a clue to the received names of the species and their position in a more general system. If, on the other hand, the intending author of a Manual of British Beetles should conscientiously purpose to acquire—if he do not possess it already—that thorough knowledge of the classification and specific distinctions, of which he has to give the practical results in a brief and familiar form, suitable to the wants of the numerous body of collectors, who have little time for study, and little mastery of the minuter technicalities of Zoological science,— it may be questionable whether the time is indeed yet come for attempting a work of such large scientific exigency, on the basis of a limited Fauna like that of Britain, while important new works, destined to do a like service for the more copious Fauna of Continental Europe, are in progress, and yet far from their completion. For our own part, as mere amateurs in the matter of the native Coleoptera, we are disposed, for the time being, to rest content with Stephens' Manual, and that gradual revision of it, which the families are undergoing in succession, at the hands of Messrs.Walton, Dawson, and Clark, Waterhouse and Jansen, Murray, Wollaston,and others.

To those who desire a more comprehensive book of reference—if they can read German with any degree of facility, we would recommend Redtenbacher's Fauna Austriaca, as a very useful guide ; the intrinsic scientific merits and originality of which have perhaps hardly received their due meed of acknowledgment, in consequence of the professedly popular purpose for which it was composed, and which it has so well answered. We are happy to hear that a New edition is about to appear, in which, besides numerous additions to the list of the proper Austrian species, those of the rest of Germany—which in the first edition were huddled apart into an Appendix—will be embodied in the general analytical tables of the text. A work which promises to become still more useful to the British Cole opterist—-first, as it is not so strictly confined to the dichotomous method, with its, apparently inevitable, occasional ambiguities ;—secondly, because the territory of the Fauna agrees with Britain better, in Geographical meridian and Hydrographic circumstances,—is the " Faune Entomologique Francaise, Coleopteres, par MM. Fairmaire et Laboulbene," of which we have lately received the third part, completing the first volume of 665 pages, 12mo., giving brief but clear characters of two thousand and forty French species, besides many indigenous in the neighbouring countries— Britain among the rest—which are considered not unlikely yet to be found in France ; the whole arranged under convenient sections descending from genus to species, and illustrated with ample data, in the most concise form, respecting the local distribution within those limits. As a matter of course, this work comprehends a far greater multitude of species than are known in the British islands, and among them many southern types, not to be looked for here at any time. But of the actually known British species, there appear to be comparatively few not included in it. A general collation of the work—so far as it has been carried—with Stephens' Manual of British Beetles—or, indeed, with any other complete list of the indigenous species of this order, which we possess as yet—would lead to a very erroneous estimate of the proportion. We have confined ourselves to the comparison of a single family, one of the most extensive and most thoroughly investigated, and which, of all the great families of the order, has been earliest made the subject of a complete revision, subsequent to the date of Stephens' Manual. Of the two hundred and ninety-two indigenous species of Geodephaga given in Dawson's Manual, we find but twenty which are not described in the Faune Francaise ; and these are mostly of very limited local range, or extreme rarity ; one-third of the number being species first and recently characterised by Mr. Dawson himself, all of which, perhaps, can scarcely be considered as yet sufficiently " ventilated." We apprehend, too, that the number not in common to both will be yet further diminished by the supplemental additions promised ; and the authors seem disposed, as they advance, to be more liberal in the indication of the probable natives of France, so that the proportion of deficiencies is not likely to be increased, at least, in the families to follow. The first volume of this Fauna of France, now published complete at fifteen shillings, has those two thousand and forty species, distributed under the following families: Cicindelidse 12 species, Carabidae 590, Dytiscidae 149, Gyrinidae 10, Hydrophilida* 88, Histridas 94, Silphidas 113, Pterygidae 34, Scaphididae 5, Scydmaenidae 31, Pselaphidae 47, and Staphylinidae 867 species, besides those introduced incidentally, in the manner aforesaid. The authors have been in correspondence with their fellowlabourers,— the continuators of Erichson's Insect Fauna of Germany, which we have to notice also presently ;—and, accordingly, the new groups, therein proposed by Kraatz, for the better determination of the difficult tribe of Aleocharini, are not left undistinguished in the French text. The most accurate determination of the species, and of the trivial names according to their legitimate priority, has been taken from the recent monographers who have treated particular families most carefully in these respects. Where such help has been wanting, the authors do not seem, indeed, to have used as much diligence or judgment in their more extensive work as Mr. Dawson has done in his Monograph, in regard to the latter point at least ; but as they have ventured to exert less original decision, so they have laid themselves less open, perhaps, to common-place adverse criticism. It appears that they recognize in general sound principles of scientific nomenclature and chronological precedency, but they have by no means invariably adhered to these in practice. We are not prepared, indeed, to blame them for having retained—whether deliberately or from mere traditional habit—the modern trivial names of many species, to the exclusion of the more ancient, but now unfamiliar ones of the last century ; as for example—Carabus monilis (catenulatus Scop.) ; C. catenulatus (purpurascens Payk.) ; Loricera pilicornis (caerulescens Linn.) ; Chlaenius holosericeus (tristis Schaller) ; Feronia striola (atra Vill.) ; Anchomenus prasinus (dorsalis Bruennich) ; Trechus paludosus (rubens Fabr.) ; Bembidium guttula (riparium PayJc.) ; Noterus crassicornis (clavicornis Deg.) ; Hydroporus pictus (punctulatus Mueller) ; H. lineatus (velox Mueller), and several others ; where our own inclination would have been to restore the ancient names, which are assignable without any reasonable doubt in most of these cases. A point at which they have laid themselves more open to criticism is, that for want of antiquarian research, they have adopted some changes of the commonly received nomenclature,which do not yet attain to the ultimate Q. E. I. of the very earliest scientific nomenclature. In such cases they must be judged to have parted with a confessed advantage, for the sake of a supposed greater, but eventually an illusory gain. We take for an instance Carabus angusticollis JP6., reduced to assimilis Ph., the earlier of these two names undoubtedly, but Scopoli had described the species long before, and characteristically, as C. junceus. Micralymma johnstonse Wwd., the typical name, has fallen on slight characters. We observe that he adheres to his previous opinion that the Phytosus nigriventris is a distinct species, and not the other sex of Ph. spinifer, as English authors have considered it ;—and on this head we have no decisive observations wherewith to oppose him. Again, he characterises the Aleochara obscurella of Thomson, from the Swedish coast, as a distinct species, by the name of Al. grisea. The distinctions he has assigned are so minute, and most of them merely comparative, that we scarcely venture to pronounce confidently that the common species of the British coasts represents this Al. grisea, as is most probable. If Kraatz is right in separating them as species, the Al. obscurella of the Faune Francaise is probably identical with the British and Swedish species. Kraatz again seems to imagine that the sexual difference of size may indicate yet another species to be separated from Al. obscurella. We suspect that the authors of the Faune Francaise have been led, in the like manner, to multiply species unnecessarily in some instances ;—thus the characters given of Diglossa submarina seem rather unsatisfactory, and some of the supposed differences between this and D. mersa are confessedly inconstant.Dr. Schaum in his descriptions of Carabidae, in the part before us, has expatiated on the subject of varieties to such a degree as threatens to make the first a very ponderous volume, if he goes on as he has begun here. It must be confessed, however, that the treatment of the nominal species of this great genus, previously, had been such as to leave much rubbish for the critic to clear away. Forty-eight pages of this part are devoted to the characteristic of the thirty species of Carabus, which are admitted as genuine species, and natives of Germany. More valuable yet, in our eyes, than these special details, however elaborate, are the learned author's generalities on the families and on the classification of the order.Commencing with the carnivorous beetles, he has reverted to an older view than that now generally received, in excluding the family Gyrinidse from the united group of land and water carnivorous beetles, the Adephaga of Clairville. Of Kiesenwetter's share of the undertaking no part has yet appeared. It would be hard to overrate the prospective utility of this work to the scientific Entomologist ; and we heartily wish it a steady and uninterrupted progress, and an increasing number of readers. For the convenience of the mere British collector, the Faune Francaise will, probably, be found the more suitable, as.it will certainly be far the most portable, if both works are continued on the scale commenced respectively. We can scarcely wish it were otherwise, as there is occasion for both of these attempts to supply much-felt existing deficiencies ; and while each is particularly accommodated to its own circle of readers, they may both be serviceable to all, as mutually supplementary. We reserve for a future occasion a more particular critical examination of them, when further advanced towards their completion respectively : our object now has been only, or chiefly, to bring them under the notice of British Entomologists, who are discontented with the home-made provision for the wants of the Beetle-collector, and desirous of some stronger food to promote scientific growth. While they are only in progress, we recommend, for present use, Redtenbacher's book, as already complete in its own sphere of investigation, and as approved by our private experience, in its application as a guide to the correct and easy determination of the great majority of the British beetles also.

V. Neuroptera. There has been a lull, as if of exhaustion, in this order, since the appearance of Fischer's excellent Monograph of the European Orthoptera ; Fieber having only followed in the wake of that, and Von Brauer's investigations being concerned with Physiology more than Taxiology. The Entomologist's Annual, again, furnishes British collectors with a popular description of the native Libellulidae by a master in the science, Dr. Hagen. Mr. Stainton deserves their best thanks for the effective aid he has enlisted on behalf of British Entomology ; and we hope to see many more such contributions introduced to home readers, through his intervention.

VI. Hemiptera. The system of Heteroptera, in the completed work of Hahn and Henrich-Schseffer, has been receiving large additions, both in genera and species, at the hands of Staal, chiefly from the materials collected by Wahlberg in Caffraria. Kirschbaum has added materially to the European species of Capsus, &c, in his list of the Capsini of Wiesbaden. The illustrated Monograph of Aphides, by Koch, seems to have come to a stand still. We have been looking out in vain, also, for the promised volume on the British Hemiptera, by Mr. Dallas, which was to have preceded the concluding volume of the Diptera, in the series of "Insecta Britannica." Although Mr. Walker's volume is out, and Mr. Dallas makes no sign, we hope the other is not superseded, but only lying by awhile, to ripen more completely.

In general Entomology, probably the most important production of the past year has been the Seventh edition of Kirby and Spence's Introduction, which we reviewed at the time of its appearance ; while the most novel, undoubtedly, is a weekly newspaper for Entomologists, which, we perceive the spirited editor proposes to continue, during the next season also, in spite of the loss incurred on a weekly penny paper addressed to a reading public so limited. We understand that Mr. Curtis is occupied in preparing a new collected edition of his Reports on Insects noxious to Agriculture, originally contributed to the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society. It is a subject of congratulation that these valuable papers will thus be rescued from the comparative oblivion in which they were buried there, in consequence of the very limited interchange of their respective knowledge which takes place, as yet, between the Farmer and the Naturalist. It is an exemplification of this, that Noerdlinger, in his new and pretty copious work on the " Little Enemies of Agriculture," has not derived any of the materials from the numerous essays in English on this subject to be found in the abovenamed Journal and in the Gardener's Chronicle. Zoologie Agricole, par E. Blanchard, which includes the insects noxious to the crops, has been continued in monthly parts.

In Insect Physiology we have a paper on the Respiration of Insects, by Mr. Lubbock, in the Entomologist's Annual, professedly popular rather than profound ; an interesting communication, by M. Hicks, in the Journal of the Linnean Society, on a peculiar structure observed in the Halteres of the Diptera, which, on this ground, he concludes to be organs of sense,— as also certain parts at the base of the wings of insects in general, wherein a similar structure may be traced. The latest number of Siebold's Journal of Scientific Zoology contains some valuable observations by Stempler on the development of the Scales of the wings and other parts, in the Lepidoptera, establishing more particularly than had been done before the perfect analogy, in origin and growth, between this kind of covering and the more usual form of the hairs of the Articulata ; which latter type has been investigated morphologically by Menzel, in a paper in the Stettin Entomological Journal of 1856, as well as in some previous separate publications.

Crustacea. Several important additions to the Literature of the Class have appeared during the past year ; chiefly in Wiegmann's Archives of Natural History, and the Proceedings of the Swedish Academy of Science,and of the Danish Royal Society. On the Entomostraca we have a paper by Mr. Lubbock in the Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, and another by Fischer in the Transactions of the Bavarian Academy, both illustrated with numerous figures.

Arachnida. An essay on the Cheraetida3 (Pseudoscorpii,) by Dr. Menge, in the Transactions of the Natural History Society of Dantzig, is noticed elsewhere, in the Reviews of Foreign Serials. Annelida. The Embryology and Alternate generations of the Intestinal worms have been yet further elucidated in various quarters, chiefly by Siebold, Kuechenmeister, Leuckart, Beneden, and Philippi. An interesting popular sketch of the recent discoveries in this province of Natural History, which have excited such a lively interest, has also been given by Mr. De Quatrefages, in the Revue des Deux Mondes. The Prize in Physical Science, which was offered for the best account of the structure and development of the common Earthworm, having been awarded to Mr. Udekem, his essay has been included in the publications of the Belgian Academy. Protozoa, etc. The phenomenon of Encystment has been demonstrated, in some additional instances, among the Infusoria. For a valuable contribution to the Natural History of Spongilla we must refer the reader to the original paper by Lieberkuehn, in Mueller's Archives of Anatomy, which we have noticed elsewhere, among the Foreign Serials.

A translation into English, from the German edition, of Van den Hoeven's Manual of Zoology, by W. Clark, and also one by Dr. Knox, of Milne-Edwards' Elementary Course of Zoology, from the latest French edition, have recently appeared. Of the two volumes which compose the former work only one has yet come out in the English, embellished with the same plates as the German edition, and costing, singly, as much as the, latter does complete. Milne-Edwards' admirable text-book is now, for the first time, given, in an English dress, in its integrity—even the most glaring blunder of an unlearned compositor being faithfully reproduced ;—but it has long been familiar to us, in substance, through the medium of extracts copied into other popular works—openly, and with- due acknowledgment, on the part of some authors ;—in other cases clandestinely, to deck some Jackdaw of science with the borrowed plumes of an unearned reputation.More important, than either of those two translations, for the promotion of scientific Zoology among English scholars, is that of Siebold's Comparative Anatomy of Invertebrate Animals, by the late Dr. Waldo Burnett, which we have received from the other side of the Atlantic. The publication there of a work so purely scientific, and of which no version has been adventured in England, is but one of many proofs of the deep hold which the Natural Sciences are taking in North America, even side by side with the fierce excitement of gold-winning in some of the newly settled States A new and enlarged edition of the original work, in German, is also commenced ; but the appearance of the volume of Invertebrata, by Siebold, has been hitherto delayed, while two parts of the Vertebrata, by his coadjutor, Stannius, have come out already. Of another important work, and this a new one, on Zoological structure and classification—" Zoonomic Letters," by Dr. H. Burmeister—the first volume, commencing with the lowest forms of Animal life, has reached us ; but this work will require a separate critical notice at our hands hereafter.AHH


text:
Page:Theodore Roosevelt Rough Riders.djvu/79

 GENERAL YOUNG'S FIGHT AT LAS GUASIMAS

UST before leaving Tampa we had been brigaded with the First (white) and Tenth (colored) Regular Cavalry under Brigadier-General S. B. M. Young. We were the Second Brigade, the First Brigade consisting of the Third and Sixth (white), and the Ninth (colored) Regular Cavalry under Brigadier-General Sumner. The two brigades of the cavalry division were under Major-General Joseph Wheeler, the gallant old Confederate cavalry commander.

General Young was—and is—as fine a type of the American fighting soldier as a man can hope to see. He had been in command, as Colonel, of the Yellowstone National Park, and I had seen a good deal of him in connection therewith, as I was President of the Boone and Crockett Club, an organization devoted to hunting big game, to its preservation, and to forest preservation. During the preceding winter, while he was in Washington, he had lunched with me at the Metropolitan Club, Wood being one of the other guests. Of course, Rh


text:
User talk:122.168.158.33

Welcome

Hello, and welcome to Wikisource! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * Help pages
 * Style Guide
 * Inclusion policy

You are welcome to continue editing articles without logging in, but you may wish to  [ create an account] . Doing so is free, requires no personal information, and provides several benefits. For one thing, if you continue to edit without a username, your IP address is used to publicly identify you.

In any case, I hope you enjoy donating your time to grow the Wikisource library that is free for everyone to use! In discussions, please sign your comments using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically produce your IP address (or username if you're logged in) and the date. If you need help, ask me on my talk page, or ask your question here (click  [ edit] ) and place  before your question. Again, welcome! -- George Orwell III (talk) 13:24, 3 June 2011 (UTC) A contribution from this account or ip address, which appeared to be a test edit, was removed or reverted. Please use the sandbox for this purpose. The community portal has information on contributing to this library.

title: User talk:122.168.158.33


text:
User talk:41.203.64.251

Welcome

Hello, and welcome to Wikisource! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * Help pages
 * Style Guide
 * Inclusion policy

You are welcome to continue editing articles without logging in, but you may wish to  [ create an account] . Doing so is free, requires no personal information, and provides several benefits. For one thing, if you continue to edit without a username, your IP address is used to publicly identify you.

In any case, I hope you enjoy donating your time to grow the Wikisource library that is free for everyone to use! In discussions, please sign your comments using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically produce your IP address (or username if you're logged in) and the date. If you need help, ask me on my talk page, or ask your question here (click  [ edit] ) and place  before your question. Again, welcome! -- George Orwell III (talk) 13:26, 3 June 2011 (UTC) A contribution from this account or ip address, which appeared to be a test edit, was removed or reverted. Please use the sandbox for this purpose. The community portal has information on contributing to this library.

title: User talk:41.203.64.251


text:
User talk:164.151.130.210

Welcome

Hello, and welcome to Wikisource! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * Help pages
 * Style Guide
 * Inclusion policy

You are welcome to continue editing articles without logging in, but you may wish to  [ create an account] . Doing so is free, requires no personal information, and provides several benefits. For one thing, if you continue to edit without a username, your IP address is used to publicly identify you.

In any case, I hope you enjoy donating your time to grow the Wikisource library that is free for everyone to use! In discussions, please sign your comments using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically produce your IP address (or username if you're logged in) and the date. If you need help, ask me on my talk page, or ask your question here (click  [ edit] ) and place  before your question. Again, welcome! -- George Orwell III (talk) 13:27, 3 June 2011 (UTC) A contribution from this account or ip address, which appeared to be a test edit, was removed or reverted. Please use the sandbox for this purpose. The community portal has information on contributing to this library.

title: User talk:164.151.130.210


text: Letters of Junius/Letter XXV

title: Letters of Junius/Letter XXV


text: Letters of Junius/Letter XXVI

title: Letters of Junius/Letter XXVI


text: Letters of Junius/Letter XXVII

title: Letters of Junius/Letter XXVII


text: Template:IrishBio lkpl

title: Template:IrishBio lkpl


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Anubis

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Anubis


text:
Template:IrishBio lkpl/doc

Usage
For use in plain linking to works within A Compendium of Irish Biography

outputs

outputs

 * To note that positional parameters can also be used

outputs

title: Template:IrishBio lkpl/doc


text:
Author:Alexander Faulkner Shand

Works

 * The Foundations of Character

title: Author:Alexander Faulkner Shand


text:
Author:Horace Carter Hovey

Works

 * Celebrated American Caverns (1882)
 * Handbook of Mammoth Cave of Kentucky (1909)

title: Author:Horace Carter Hovey


text:
Page:Lord Chatham as an Orator.djvu/41

36 he said: 'I thank God that I have been enabled to come here this day to perform my duty, and to speak on a subject which has so deeply impressed my mind. I am old and infirm—have one foot, more than one foot, in the grave. I have risen from my bed to stand up in the cause of my country, perhaps never again to speak in this House.'

So he began. As to the effect, two things are known to us.

One is—who does not even now feel it?—the reverent stillness of the House—'if any one had dropped a handkerchief, the noise would have been heard.'

The other is the testimony of his friend and former Chancellor, Lord Camden, who writes, 'He was not like himself. His speech faltered, his sentences were broken, his mind not master of itself. His words were shreds of unconnected eloquence and flashes of the same fire which, Prometheus-like, he had stolen from heaven.'

And then the closing words, the last ever to be uttered articulately by one who had for more than thirty years been the pride and the spokesman of England: 'I am not, I confess, well informed of the resources of this kingdom, but I trust it has still sufficient to maintain its just rights. My Lords, any state is better than despair. Let us at least make one effort, and if we must fall, let us fall like men.'

Mr. Vice-Chancellor, I should scarcely venture to offer any comment of my own on this solemn scene. But one Oxford memory comes over me which you, and perhaps others, will, I think, pardon.

I know not whether the Roman History of Dr. Arnold is still read and respected in his own University, but I do know that as far back as 1840 he wrote some words in his second volume which, more than sixty years ago, deeply moved one young Harrow and Cambridge man.

title: Page:Lord Chatham as an Orator.djvu/41


text:
Page:Lord Chatham as an Orator.djvu/42

Rh Arnold is describing the debate in the Roman Senate on the harsh terms of peace proposed by King Pyrrhus. Appius Claudius, the famous Censor, was now in extreme old age, and had been for many years blind. He now desired to be carried to the Senate, and was borne in a litter by his slaves through the Forum.

When it was known that Appius Claudius was coming, his sons and sons-in-law went out to the steps of the Senate-house to receive him, and he was by them led into his place. The whole Senate kept the deepest silence as the old man arose to speak.

And then follows what I think I may call not only the touching but the characteristic comment of Dr. Arnold, who was so suddenly taken away from the eyes of your fathers on June 12, exactly seventy years ago. 'No Englishman', he writes, 'can have read so far without remembering the scene, in all points so similar, which took place within our fathers' memory in our own House of Parliament. We recollect how the greatest of English statesmen, bowed down by years of infirmity like Appius, but roused, like him, by the dread of approaching dishonour to the English name, was led by his son and son-in-law into the House of Lords, and all the Peers with one impulse arose to receive him.

'We know the expiring words of that mighty voice, when he protested against the dismemberment of this ancient monarchy, and prayed that, if England must fall, she might fall with honour. The real speech of Lord Chatham against yielding to the coalition of France and America will give a far more lively image of what was said by the blind Appius in the Roman Senate than any fictitious oration which I could either copy from other writers or endeavour myself to invent; and those who would wish to know how Appius spoke should read the dying words of the great orator of England.'

title: Page:Lord Chatham as an Orator.djvu/42


text:
Page:Lord Chatham as an Orator.djvu/43

38 I think, Sir, or rather I feel, that you will forgive this digression. Whatever brings together the noblest impulses of two great imperial nations over a seeming gulf of two thousand years, and again—may a Cambridge man presume to say it?—whatever brings back even for a moment the name and thoughts of a great Oxford teacher to whom all that is noblest in Education is eternally indebted, can never perhaps, in his own beloved Oxford, be thought wholly irrelevant.

VIII

Mr. Vice-Chancellor, I am but too conscious that my performance of the task which you so generously confided to me has been far below what your kindness deserved.

I have tried to place before you a majestic Figure of the Past, not as a whole, not as a man and a statesman, but in part only, as an Orator, as one who, by the mighty gift of speech, had power, as few have had in any age or country, to sway the hearts and stir the pulses of a nation, and in no slight degree to turn the currents of history and mould the destinies of mankind. This limited task I could only hope to perform by repeated extracts from his own speeches and from the judgements passed upon him by the men of his time and by later writers—biographers, historians, essayists, and critics.

I have made no pretence of originality or research. Perhaps, indeed, there is now but little new to be said of Chatham by any man, certainly not by me, after the witness of Walpole, Wraxall, Charles Butler, Grafton, Burke, and others at the time, and, since then, the searching, penetrating analyses of men like Grattan, Brougham, Macaulay, Lord Stanhope, Lecky, Frederic Harrison, Lord Rosebery, Sir George Trevelyan, Dr. Holland Rose, Mr. Winstanley.

title: Page:Lord Chatham as an Orator.djvu/43


text:
Page:Lord Chatham as an Orator.djvu/44

Rh More than sixty years ago the taunt was levelled against a great Minister, once the Member for your University, that 'his life had been one vast Appropriation Clause'. The sarcasm, utterly unmerited by that high-minded Statesman, appears to your Romanes Lecturer of to-day exactly to hit off his own very humble performance. It is one long undisguised 'appropriation' of the brains and pens of others, one long, he fears tedious, plagiarism.

The ethics of plagiarism have never, so far as I know, been reduced to a system. The thief does not stand high in public estimation, or perhaps in his own, but his motive is sometimes leniently judged. Many of my hearers, those especially whose recent memories or dawning hopes are closely linked with Oxford Moderations, will remember the crowning scene in the Knights of Aristophanes, where poor Cleon, convicted at last by his own confessions of too glaring obligations to the public treasury, attempts to soften hearts and to stay immediate execution by the pathetic apology,

That, Mr. Vice-Chancellor, is my own humble and most respectful plea.

I thought, nay I knew, that I could best serve you by reminding some, and perhaps informing others, what had been the verdicts of the best judges of your great Oxford orator of the eighteenth century. It is easy to belittle oratory, to contrast Rhetoric with Philosophy, to contend that it is the automatic weapon of the charlatan as well as of the patriot.

My object, rather than my hope, has been to re-awaken, however faintly, some echoes of the kingly voice of a

title: Page:Lord Chatham as an Orator.djvu/44


text:
Page:Lord Chatham as an Orator.djvu/45

40 genuine Patriot of whom his country is still justly proud. That voice is a nation's possession, 'a possession for ever'. In every free country true eloquence, like true poetry, can never die. It is one of the things which 'cannot be shaken but remain' through all the changes and chances of time, of fashion, of standard, of taste. Young men, who would be patriots, will never in their hearts despise it, though they may often make it a target for light convivial banter.

England expects it, and, for a great while to come, will continue to expect it, from the most gifted and the most cultured of her youth. And when, Sir, I recall, as I do reverently recall on this day and in this historic Theatre, the names of Carteret and Chatham and Fox and Wellesley and Windham and Grenville and Canning and Peel and Stanley and Ashley and Gladstone and Wilberforce and Palmer and Sidney Herbert and Cardwell and Cecil and Gathorne-Hardy and Churchill and Goschen, and others to whose living voices she still respectfully listens, I feel assured, Sir—and it shall be my last word—that when in the years to come she again looks for that high-toned oratory which flows from the happy confluence of heart, of intellect, and of character, she will turn her eyes, and not in vain, not only to many fresh springs of inspiration throughout the Three Kingdoms undreamed of in the days of Chatham and Canning, but also with unabated and unfaltering confidence to her oldest home of learning and chivalry, the venerable and ever-fruitful mother of youthful patriotism, her great University of Oxford.

Oxford: Horace Hart, M.A., Printer to the University

title: Page:Lord Chatham as an Orator.djvu/45


text:
Page:Lord Chatham as an Orator.djvu/6

 1912

BY

DELIVERED

IN THE SHELDONIAN THEATRE

May 22, 1912

1912

title: Page:Lord Chatham as an Orator.djvu/6


text: Page:Lord Chatham as an Orator.djvu/2

title: Page:Lord Chatham as an Orator.djvu/2


text:
Page:Lord Chatham as an Orator.djvu/7

 HENRY FROWDE, M.A.

PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD

LONDON, EDINBURGH, NEW YORK

TORONTO AND MELBOURNE

title: Page:Lord Chatham as an Orator.djvu/7


text: Folk-Lore/Volume 26/War and Savagery

title: Folk-Lore/Volume 26/War and Savagery


text: Lord Chatham as an Orator

title: Lord Chatham as an Orator


text: Author:Felix von Luschan

title: Author:Felix von Luschan