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 not incapable of such success, although it cannot ensure it. Dr. Bryce's Essay on the Holy Roman Empire, in 1863, is not exactly a case in point, for it is not a study of some minute fact or institution, but a brilliant sketch of the whole course of one of the great influences which make up modern history; but not to be invidious, there are other essays which do more or less approach the standard of deep research and sound criticism which I wish to see adopted. I have sometimes thought that it would be a good plan to give a number of alternative theses for such a valuable prize; but I will content myself with a recommendation that, if any new benefactor wishes at once to encourage critical study and reward research, he should establish a prize for which the competitors should choose their own subject, to be approved by the judges a year before the time fixed for sending in the essays. Such an experiment might fairly be tried. There are, I believe, quite sufficient inducements of a local and personal kind, connected with History, which would draw the intelligent student into much more earnest work than any thesis simply imposed as a test of his powers. Local history, family history, the possession of important documents such as may be found in every country house, and almost every parish register or court roll, open ways of access to historical interest of a varied kind, in which the extent of research may be almost unbounded, in which a critical spirit may be trained and disciplined, and the results of which are sure to be valuable, certainly invaluable to the worker himself. Well, I do not wish to see the Lothian essays devoted to points of very minute history, and it is of foreign history that they are, by the injunction of the founder, to treat; but I think that some latitude in the choice of subjects for prize dissertations might be conveniently adopted, say for college prizes; and if any college will try the experiment, I will gladly serve as a judge for the purpose.

What I have said about the Lothian Prize, its value, and the really important work which, if it were taken up by classmen after they have passed through the Schools, it might be made to ensure, will, I hope, have fallen on some ears that will attend to it.


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 The mention of these prizes leads on to the further point, the encouragement given to the study of History at this moment by scholarships, exhibitions and fellowships bestowed after a competitive examination in History. On this a very few words will suffice, and those shall not be dogmatic or even positive. I would not say a word to discourage the idea, or a word that might seem to show that I wished to determine my own way the result of the experiment that is being at present tried. But, until public school education, until school education generally, has much more completely assimilated, and found a more comfortable place for historical teaching, I should deprecate any large increase of historical exhibitions for boys coming up to the University. Holding, as I do, that a sound classical training must be the foundation of successful historical study, and sure as I am that nothing but such training can prepare a man to be a good historical teacher, I should not give a historical exhibition to a boy who does not show some promise of taking good Honours in Moderations. In most instances I think it would be better not to give it until Moderations are over; of course, however, I am speaking with a view to the study of History, and not to the pecuniary interests of candidates for scholarships. Example has shown us that it is of little use to hope to promote a study like this by over-nursing. One reason, I think, that we have had such success as we have had, is that we have had no such nursing; that the study itself, and such a modicum of honour as could be gained in the Class Schools, has been the main incentive to historical reading here. We are, I am quite willing to allow,—nay, I am most anxious that we should remember,—but at the beginning of our work; we have very much to do still before the History School of Oxford can take its stand besides the historical schools of Paris, or Bonn, or Göttingen, or Munich, or Vienna; but having well begun, we have half won our place already.

"What I have said of scholarships is in its way true of competitive examination for fellowships. If a college desires simply to acquire a creditable Fellow, a mere historic

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 may be as good as any other; if a college desires a good History Tutor, I conceive that the best way to get him would be to subject the History candidates (selected in the first instance on the ground of their Honours acquired in the History Schools) to a sound examination in the work of the Literæ Humaniores School, in which teaching power is at present most fully developed. If a college desires to have what is called a man of research, I am not sure but the best way to obtain him would be to choose him without examination. There are not, I believe, many men worthy of such distinction who are not already marked out by work done.

The whole question of research is difficult, the direction as well as the endowment of it. I confess that I do not like the idea of giving a man an income which would by itself be sufficient to make work unnecessary, and telling him to devote himself to research as he pleases. Not to consider cases in which the duty of research would, like other duties heretofore, be eluded,—and idle professorships would take the place of idle fellowships,—the temptation to desultory research must in every case be very great, and desultory research, however it may amuse or benefit the investigator, seldom adds much to the real stock of human knowledge. We have had enough spent already on self-culture taken for granted. If we would provide for research it must, so far as History is concerned, be done by paying for results. Let me not be misunderstood. For results I should rather say work done. There are fields of work in History as well as in Natural Science in which experiment is to be treated as result. If a scientific man tries some new and costly combination of chemicals, if a practical gunfounder or shipbuilder attempts some grand and novel scheme of artillery or naval architecture, and, after making careful calculations, fails, his failure is a result for which he has a right to be paid; it is an addition to our knowledge to have learned that such and such combinations do not produce the effect which it was calculated that they would produce. So in historical study I should place among the lawful researches and results, the investigation of foreign libraries, the exploration of unsearched


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 districts for the purpose of collecting inscriptions, the calendaring and cataloguing of manuscripts,—all sorts, in fact, of investigations on which it was, a priori, reasonably probable that discoveries would he made; provided such investigations were carried out systematically, provided the work were well done, even if, in that sense of result, there were no result but the discovery that there was nothing to discover. I do not mean to say that the successful researcher should be placed on a level with the unsuccessful, although his success would probably be in itself remunerative, and the element of good fortune should not be left out of account.

Well, I should like to see us send an occasional envoy to the Vatican Library, or to the great libraries of the Roman princes; or to send a trained scholar, chosen not by competition, but because his peculiar qualifications forced him upon our notice, to watch the explorations at Olympia or at Troy. More generally, however, I think that the endowment of research should take the form of payment for actual results. Find your man of research, and set him to the work of research; pay him something by way of retaining fee, which you may safely do when you have caught him, but let the liberal remuneration for work actually produced be the real endowment, be it books written, books edited, coins or manuscripts collected, as the case may be. The further point, how to reward men of research when their day of research is over, scarcely belongs to this subject; for the rule must be the same, I conceive, in all departments of knowledge: it is a question of pensioning those who have deserved well of us, not of securing any further addition to the sum of knowledge.

The rule that we should first find the man of research and then endow him, not found a chair of research and then find the man to fill it, applies to another important matter which is very much forced upon our minds at this moment. And I must request you to take what I have to say upon it not as any final conclusion, but as the view which at this moment presents itself to me as most feasible, but which circumstances may at any time modify. If we are to look on the measures


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User:Neeya The Great

Neeya The Great is a bibliophile.

She writes too.

Obviously, none of her books or stories are going to be posted here any time soon. Neither are her poems. But that's alright.

She also edits entries for bad grammar or wrong capitalisation.. She is somewhat of a purist where Grammar is concerned.

She is also a student and spends most of her time in university. She never studies. And yet does rather well.

She has a mother, a grandfather and a grandmother (both maternal) who are always calling her for something or the other. Just like now. So she must leave, for there is only so long that she can say "One minute, please! Just one more minute!"

title: User:Neeya The Great


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Author:John Frederick Stenning

Works

 * (Od Testament: Texts and Versions)

title: Author:John Frederick Stenning


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 till four or five o'clock, was removed into the Lady-chapel of the abbey. Early next morning (30 Nov. 1530) it was interred. It was found that he had worn a hair shirt next his skin underneath another of fine linen.

Wolsey's features are familiar in portraits which have often been engraved, and which are all of one type, giving the face in profile. There are paintings in the National Portrait Gallery, London; at Christ Church, Oxford; at Hampton Court; and in the Royal College of Physicians. Others belong to Sir Spencer Ponsonby-Fane, and to T. L. Thurlow, esq. (ascribed to Holbein). Among the more notable engravings are those by Elstracke, Faber, Houbraken, Loggan, and Vertue (Cat. First Loan Exhib. Nos. 130, 148; Tudor Exhib. Nos. 87, 109, 119;, Cat. Engr. Portr. p. 14). The full face, however, is shown in a likeness, scarcely known hitherto, preserved at Arras in a volume of early portraits drawn in pencil and chalk from original paintings. It has a younger look than the face in the other portraits, but in other respects it is much the same, round and fleshy, only without the wart shown in some pictures.

Wolsey left behind him a son and a daughter, both by one Lark's daughter, to whom it may be presumed he was uncanonically married, as many priests were considered to be in those days. The mother was afterwards married to ‘one Leghe of Aldington,’ and the cardinal's after life was certainly not pure. The son, who was named Thomas Wynter, was carefully educated by his father, and provided with many valuable preferments, among them the deanery of Wells and the archdeaconries of Richmond, York, Norfolk, and Suffolk, all of which he resigned in 1528 or 1529. From 1537 to 1543 he held the archdeaconry of Cornwall (, Introd. to Letters and Papers, vol. iv. pp. dcxxxvi–viii; Lansd. MS. 979, f. 195). The daughter became a nun at Shaftesbury.

[Cavendish's Life of Wolsey is the chief authority for his personal history. Dyce's Poetical Works of John Skelton, and William Roy's Rede me and be nott wrothe (ed. Arber), contain personal descriptions animated by spiteful satire. Equally malicious are the two contemporary historians, viz. Polydori Vergilii Anglicæ Historiæ liber xxvii., and Hall's Chronicle. Rawdon Brown's Four Years at the Court of Henry VIII; History of Grisild the Second (Roxburghe Club); Letters and Papers, Richard III and Henry VII (Rolls Ser.); Cal. Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, vols. i–iv.; State Papers, Spanish vols. ii–iv., Venetian vols. ii–iv.; Rymer's Fœdera, 1st ed., vols. xiii. xiv.; Le Neve's Fasti, ed. Hardy; Lanz's Correspondenz Karls V; Law's Hist. of Hampton Court. Of lives later than that of Cavendish there is one in poetry by Thomas Storer (1599) of little value; and others by Richard Fiddes, D.D., Joseph Grove, and John Galt the novelist. That of Fiddes shows most research for its time, but all are very inadequate now, when so much has been revealed from state papers. The only account of Wolsey's career embodying this information is contained in Brewer's Reign of Henry VIII; but a more condensed view of it will be found in the short biography of Dr. Mandell Creighton, formerly bishop of London (Twelve English Statesmen). Much more, however, has been disclosed, even since Brewer wrote, and his work has meanwhile given rise to much valuable criticism, especially by Dr. Busch in four different tracts, viz., Drei Jahre englischer Vermittlungspolitik, 1518–21 (Bonn, 1884); Cardinal Wolsey und die englische kaiserliche Allianz, 1522–5 (Bonn, 1884); and two articles in the Historisches Taschenbuch, vols. viii. and ix., on Henry's divorce and the fall of Wolsey. Jaqueton's La Politique Extérieure de Louise de Savoie criticises both Brewer and Busch in some points. With regard to the divorce question, most important new matter has been published by Dr. Stephan Ehses in Römische Dokumente (Görres-Gesellschaft, Paderborn, 1893), with valuable criticisms in articles in the Historisches Jahrbuch, vols. ix. and xiii. (1888 and 1892), of which the bearings are discussed in three articles in the English Historical Review (October 1896, and January and July 1897). On Wolsey's fall see Transactions of Royal Historical Society, new ser. xiii. 75–102.]

WOLSTAN. [See and .]

WOLSTENHOLME, DEAN, the elder (1757–1837), animal painter, was born in Yorkshire. Most of his early life was spent in Essex and Hertfordshire. He resided successively at Cheshunt, Turnford, and Waltham Abbey. His early life was rather that of an enthusiastic sportsman than of an artist, though he occasionally produced representations of a few sporting subjects with such success that Sir Joshua Reynolds is said to have predicted that he would be a painter in earnest before he died. In 1793 he became involved in litigation over some property at Waltham, and after three unsuccessful chancery suits was left with means so encumbered that he adopted painting as a profession.

About 1800 he came to London and settled in East Street, Red Lion Square. In 1803 he exhibited his first picture (‘Coursing’) at the Royal Academy. From this year to 1824 a long series of animal pictures from his hand appeared at the academy.


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Bethlen-Gabor

BETHLEN-GABOR, bĕt-lĕm gä'bôr, or GABRIEL BETHLEN, Prince of Transylvania: b. 1580; d. 1629. He was a member of a prominent Protestant family of upper Hungary, which also held large estates in Transylvania. At the age of 17 be entered the service of Gabriel Bathori, prince of Transylvania, fought under his orders and then repaired to Constantinople, where his courage gained him the esteem of the Turks. Prompted by ambition, he became ungrateful to his first benefactor, and after bringing Bathori into bad odor with both the Transylvamans and the Turks, managed to make the latter declare war and actually headed a Turkish army against him. His treachery was successful and in 1613 he was proclaimed prince of Transylvania in defiance of the Emperor. Shortly after, having succeeded in stirring up the Hungarians against the Emperor Frederick II, he took several towns and in 1620 was chosen king of Hungary. Thereafter, supported by Turks and Tartars, he entered Austrian territory, laid waste Moravia, hemmed in the imperial army and was on the eve of gaining a complete victory when the refusal of the Turks to undergo a winter campaign defeated all his hopes. The approach of Tilly compelled him to withdraw. The Protestants of Germany were his allies, and when they were worsted at the battle of Prague Bethlen-Gabor concluded peace with Ferdmand II, receiving Kaschau, seven Hungarian counties adjoining Transylvania, the principalities of Oppeln and Ratibor in Silesia and the rank of Prince of the Empire. In 1625 he married Catharine of Brandenburg and became again involved in the Thirty Years War. He at length retired from the strife and gave his attention to the internal affairs of Transylvania. He was one of “the three great Magyars” of his time, was an able administrator and a promoter of sciences and literature. While preparing for a new war against the imperialists he died of dropsy. He is said to have participated in 42 battles.


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Bethmann-Hollweg, Moritz August

BETHMANN-HOLLWEG, Moritz August, German jurist and statesman: b. Frankfort-on-the-Main, 10 April 1795; d. Andernach, 14 July 1877. Having graduated from his law studies at Göttingen and Berlin, he was appointed professor of civil law at the latter institution. In 1829 he was appointed to a similar position at Bonn, which he held until 1842. Three years later he was made a cotmcillor of state and in 1852 he became a member of the First Chamber of the Prussian Parliament. In 1858 he was appointed Minister of Public Instruction, which office he held for four years. He was a strong supporter of the Moderate Constitutionalist Party. As a writer on jurisprudence he had a deep influence in the reforms of the German laws following the enactment of the German Civil Code in 1896. Among his works are ‘Grundriss zu Vorlesungen über den gemeinen und preussischen Civilprozess’ (1821); ‘Ursprung der lombardischen Städtefreiheit’ (1846); ‘Der Civilprozess des gemeinen Rechts in geschichtlicher Entwickelung’ (6 vols., 1864-74}; ‘Ueber Gestezgebung und Rechtswissenshaft als Aufgabe unserer Zeit’ (1876).


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald Theodore Friedrich Alfred von

BETHMANN-HOLLWEG, Theobald Theodore Friedrich Alfred von, German

statesman: b. Hohenfinow, Brandenburg, 29 Nov. 1856. Descended from one of the oldest patrician families, who were engaged as bankers at Frankfort-on-Main, he was educated at the Universities of Strassburg, Leipzig, Berlin and Bonn. At the last named he was a fellow-student of the future Kaiser Wilhelm II; a close friendship was formed between them. Bethmann-Hollweg entered the civil service in 1879, was appointed Landrat of Ober-Barnim in Brandenburg in 1885 and thence tox in rapid succession to provincial president oi Potsdam, president of the government of Bromberg and president of the province of Brandenburg. He became Prussian Minister of the Interior in 1905, introduced numerous important social reforms and in 1907 was appointed Imperial Home Secretary and vice-president of the Prussian Council. On 14 July 1909 the Kaiser conferred the greatest office of the state upon Doctor Bethmann-Hollweg by making him Imperial German Chancellor in succession to Prince Buelow. Two notable incidents of his chancellorship were the Agadir crisis of 1911 and the famous Zabern affair, which resulted in the censure of the imperial and military executives by a large majority in the Reichstag. But it was the European War and its diplomatic connections that made the Chancellor a prominent actor in the drama. He was the author of the now famous phrase describing the Treaty of 1839, which guaranteed the neutrality of Belgium, as “a scrap of paper.” Much has been written concerning his personal share in the events of July and August 1914; that part of history remains for the future. In his speech in the Reichstag on 4 Aug. 1914, when the violation of Belgian neutrality was already in progress, he said; “We are now in a state of necessity, and necessity knows no law. Our troops have occupied Luxemburg and perhaps have already entered Belgian territory. Gentlemen, this is a breach of international law. It is true that the French government declared at Brussels that France would respect Belgian neutrality as long as her adversary respected it. We knew, however, that France stood ready for an invasion. France could wait, we could not. . . . Thus we were forced to ignore the rightful protests of the governments of Luxemburg and Belgium. The wrong — I speak openly — the wrong we thereby commit we will try to make good as soon as our military aims have been attained. He who is menaced as we are and is fighting for his highest possession can only consider how he is to hack his way through (wie er sich durcbhauen kann).” Later in the evening the British Ambassador called upon him for a final interview. Sir W. E. Goschen reported: “I found the Chancellor very agitated. . . . He at once began a harangue, which lasted for about 20 minutes. . . . Just for a word — neutrality — a word which in war time had so often been disregarded — just for a scrap of paper Great Britain was going to make war on a kindred nation who desired nothing better than to be friends with her. . . . He held Great Britain responsible for all the terrible events that might happen.” (See — ). On the eighth anniversary of Doctor Bethmann-Hollweg's assuming the office

of Chancellor, the following was sent out through the wireless stations of the German government: “The Kaiser has accepted the resignation tendered by the Imperial Chancellor, Herr von Bethmann-Hollweg, and has appointed as his successor the Prussian Under-Secretary of Finance, Herr Michaelis” (14 July 1917). The Chancellor fell as a result of the powerful opposition he encountered from the military party. He has the reputation of being a man of peace, a scholar and a philosopher, yet he has been identified throughout his official career with the agrarian and military caste known as ../Junkers/ (q.v.). He had never served in the army, but since the war he was appointed to an honorary rank which carried with it the wearing of a general's uniform. The Kaiser has more than once offered him a title, which he has steadily refused. His activities as Chancellor are spread over a wide field, not the least important being the various peace manœuvres conducted under his official patronage. See — History; ; .


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 of change which are at present imminent, as likely to settle the future of the University for any considerable number of years, we must look about us and see whether our staff of historical teachers and searchers is sufficient for present needs, if it is likely to be sufficient for future needs, how by careful speculation and economic arrangement we can best utilise the means which we have a right to expect under any re-apportionment of academic resources. Now I am not prepared to allow that our staff of historical teachers is either sufficient in itself or organised in the best way at the present moment. I am quite sure that, if our study advances during the next ten years in anything like the same ratio in which it has advanced during the last ten years, we shall need more professors and an organisation of teaching, which, like the present organisation of Natural Science professors, may be not so much dependent as we now are on the tutorial system in the colleges. It is most important to observe that, if impending changes alter the collegiate system or affect its available resources, the University will have to supply a large part of the teaching power, now provided by the colleges, in the shape of an increased professoriate or sub-professoriate. I should not like to have to make even an estimate now of the staff that we may require in ten or twenty years, and I should very much deprecate any measure which, taking the present as the standard of our needs, should prevent us from securing such development as the occasion for it may arise. At the present moment we want a Professor of Later Ecclesiastical History, to take up the subject at the point at which the department assigned to the Regius Professor comes to an end. We want a permanent chair of Indian History. The labours of our friend the present Indian Reader have shown us how thoroughly that study, the importance of which can scarcely be over-rated by Englishmen, falls in with the current of our University work. I say a permanent chair, because that is a subject of permanent necessity, not a subject like palæography or numismatology, in which the labours of one good professor may serve for two or three generations, and the endowment of the man is of equal importance with


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 After 1826 he painted little. He died in 1837 at the age of eighty, and was buried in Old St. Pancras churchyard. His son, Dean Wolstenholme [q. v.], is noticed separately.

[Sir Walter Gilbey's Animal Painters, 1900, vol. ii.; Bryan's Dict. of Painters and Engravers.]

WOLSTENHOLME, DEAN, the younger (1798–1883), animal painter and engraver, son of Dean Wolstenholme the elder [q. v.], was born near Waltham Abbey in Essex on 21 April 1798, and, unlike his father, received a regular training in his art. The first picture which he exhibited at the Royal Academy was a portrait of ‘Beach,’ a favourite bitch. In 1822 he exhibited at the academy a painting of the Black Eagle brewery of Messrs. Truman, Hanbury, & Buxton, the first of a series of paintings of the great London breweries, which included portraits of the drayhorses and of some of the brewery men. About 1830 he painted a full-length portrait of Lord Glamis in highland costume. He also painted and engraved the Essex Hunt, with portraits of members, horses, and hounds, together with several sets of sporting pictures.

About 1846 he turned to historical subjects, the most important of which were a ‘Hunting Picture of Queen Elizabeth’ and ‘Queen Elizabeth visiting Kenilworth Castle by Torchlight.’ His best known works were ‘The Burial of Tom Moody’ and ‘The Shade of Tom Moody.’ He died at Highgate on 12 April 1883.

[Sir Walter Gilbey's Animal Painters, 1900, vol. ii.; Bryan's Dict. of Painters and Engravers.]

WOLSTENHOLME, JOHN (1562–1639), merchant-adventurer, of an old Derbyshire family, was the second son of John Wolstenholme, who came to London in the reign of Edward VI and obtained a post in the customs. The son at an early age became one of the richest merchants in London, and during the last half of his life took a prominent part in the extension of English commerce, in colonisation, and in maritime discovery. In December 1600 he was one of the incorporators of the East India Company; in 1609 he was a member of council for the Virginia Company; he took a lively interest in the attempts to discover a north-west passage; was one of those who fitted out the expeditions of Henry Hudson (d. 1611) [q. v.] (who named Cape Wolstenholme after him) in 1610; of (Sir) Thomas Button [q. v.] in 1612, of Robert Bylot [q. v.] and William Baffin [q. v.] in 1615 (when his name was given to Wolstenholme Island and Wolstenholme Sound), and of Luke Fox [q. v.] in 1631. Together with Sir Thomas Smith (Smythe) (1558?–1625) [q. v.] he engaged Edward Wright (1558?–1615) [q. v.] to give lectures on navigation. On 12 March 1617 he was knighted. In February 1619 he was a commissioner of the navy, but in December 1619 he was confined to his house by the king's command ‘for muttering against a patent and newly erected office in the customs house.’ As he was one of the farmers of the customs, the innovation presumably threatened to affect his interests. On 15 July 1624 he was appointed a commissioner for winding up the affairs of the Virginia Company; for several years afterwards he was a member of the king's council for Virginia; in 1631 he was a commissioner for the plantation of Virginia. In 1635–7 he was on a commission to inquire into the administration of the chest at Chatham. He died on 25 Nov. 1639, and was buried in Great Stanmore church, where there is a handsome monument to his memory by Nicholas Stone [q. v.] He married Catherine Fanshawe, and had issue two sons and two daughters. Of the daughters, the elder, Joan, married Sir Robert Knollys; the other, Catherine, married William Fanshawe, a nephew of Sir Thomas Smythe, and half-brother of Sir Henry Fanshawe [q. v.]; [see also ].

[Brown's Genesis of the United States; Cal. State Papers, N. America and East Indies; Oppenheim's Administration of the Royal Navy, pp. 195, 246.]

WOLSTENHOLME, JOSEPH (1829–1891), mathematician, born on 30 Sept. 1829 at Eccles, Lancashire, was the son of Joseph Wolstenholme by his wife Elizabeth (Clarke). His father was a minister in one of the methodist churches. Wolstenholme was educated at Wesley College, Sheffield, and on 1 July 1846 was entered at St. John's College, Cambridge. He graduated as third wrangler in 1850, and was elected fellow of his college on 29 March 1852. On 26 Nov. 1852 he was elected to a fellowship at Christ's College, to which, under the statutes of that time, Lancashire men had a preferential claim. A protest was made against the election of a member of another college, but was soon withdrawn. Wolstenholme became assistant tutor of Christ's, and served as moderator in 1862, 1869, and 1874, and as examiner for the mathematical tripos in 1854, 1856, 1863, and 1870. He vacated his fellowship upon his marriage (27 July 1869) to Thérèse, daughter of Johann Kraus of Zürich. He took pupils at Cambridge till his appointment in 1871 to the mathematical professorship at the Royal Indian Engineering Col-


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 the endowment of the chair or study. It is the belief of a large class of scholars that we require a professorship of English History by itself; and it is certainly desirable that no chance should be allowed of English History being without adequate representation. I think it is unlikely that that should be the case, or that both the Regius and Chichele Professors at the same time should devote themselves to Foreign History; but it might as well be made certain, and English History is a subject which might well employ the energies of three or four professors. I am not, however, an 'advocate for tying down the History professors to particular branches of the subject; I am sure that each will work best if he is left to devote himself to his own specially chosen department, and that, provided the whole field of teaching be sufficiently well covered, the more freedom that can be given, the better for both teacher and learner.

However, whilst with this limitation the permanent chairs may be expected to represent the whole field of teaching, it seems to me most important that for our greater extension we should employ the means which the Board of Historical Studies were among the first to suggest in their answer to the questions of the late Vice-Chancellor, and avail ourselves of the services of professors-extraordinary: that is, as I have begun by saying, find a man who is making himself a great authority and teacher in a special department, and bring him here and make him a professor, not considering whether, when he is gone, we can find another as good to fill his place, but simply taking him as a very good godsend and making the best of him. Of course we should never choose the professor of a worthless subject, but worthless subjects do not often attract the men whose services would be otherwise worth having. Historical teaching, method and criticism, may however be exemplified in very many sections of the great subject: and it might be very well indeed, the general balance being otherwise preserved, to have a professor-extraordinary who would exemplify them, for instance, in the minute working out of the lessons of the reign of Edward III, or of the age of the Reformation, or of the reign of Charles I


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 or Queen Anne. So research might be combined with teaching, the discipline of research might be itself inculcated, and the voice of research be made to attune itself to the work of teaching.

But whether we want a present reinforcement, or content ourselves with looking forward to a probable development, we must not let the opportunity escape. We must not ask too much, but we must ask the University to keep its eyes open to what we believe to be our certain and noble future, and not to make the modesty of our present petitions the limit of her prospective liabilities in our behalf. We must ask her to secure for us a competence for the moment and ample freedom for growth and expansion. As to any definite finality, any perfect and exhaustive division of periods and duties, any theoretically complete staff of professors of History, I confess that I am not disposed to be anxious. If the study flourishes and is not cramped for means, the completeness and the neatness of system will grow as it grows: and we may be content to let it grow so.

In conclusion, that is, of this part of my subject,—the condition and prospects of historical education, apart from the general subject of the bona fide development of historical study,—I should say a word or two about teaching in schools. And this I do with great diffidence, because I have no experience in such work; at the same time I trust that I shall not make any impracticable suggestions. For the growth and development of the study, as an instrument of education, we must look for much help to the public schools and other great feeders of University life. If they find it possible to incorporate it permanently with their course of work introductory to the University career, the men will come up better prepared for such training as we can give them, and so more and more ready to assist in the growth of the growing study. Now although this seems simple enough to say, in reality it involves a great deal. It means not only that the great schools should have History masters who can keep themselves abreast with the rising tide of knowledge, but a constant revision or provision of improved text-books. It seems to me


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 lege, Cooper's Hill. He was superannuated in 1889, and died on 18 Nov. 1891, leaving a widow and four sons. A pension on the civil list was granted to his widow in 1893, in consideration of his eminence as a mathematician, a petition having been signed by a great number of members of the Cambridge senate.

Wolstenholme was part author with the Rev. Percival Frost of a ‘Treatise on Solid Geometry,’ 1863 (later editions omit his name). He also published ‘A Book of Mathematical Problems on Subjects included in the Cambridge Course,’ 1867 (2nd edit. much enlarged, in 1878); and ‘Examples for Practice in the Use of Seven-figure Logarithms,’ 1888.

‘Wolstenholme,’ says Dr. Forsyth, Sadlerian professor of pure mathematics at Cambridge, ‘was the author of a number of mathematical papers, most of which were published in the “Proceedings” of the London Mathematical Society. They usually were concerned with questions of analytical geometry, and they were marked by a peculiar analytical skill and ingenuity. But, considerable as were the merits of some of these papers, his fame rests chiefly upon the wonderful series of original mathematical problems which he constructed upon practically all the subjects that entered into the course of training of students of twenty-five or thirty years ago. They are a product characteristic of Cambridge, and particularly of Cambridge examinations; he was their most conspicuous producer at a time when their vogue was greatest. When gathered together from many examination papers so as to form a volume, which was considerably amplified in its later edition, they exercised a very real influence upon successive generations of undergraduates; and “Wolstenholme's Problems” have proved a help and a stimulus to many students. A collection of some three thousand problems naturally varies widely in value, but many of them contain important results, which in other places or at other times would not infrequently have been embodied in original papers. As they stand they form a curious and almost unique monument of ability and industry, active within a restricted range of investigation.’

[Information from his sister, Mrs. Wolstenholme Elmy; the registers of St. John's and Christ's Colleges, Cambridge.]

WOLTON, JOHN (1535–1594), bishop of Exeter. [See .]

WOLVERTON, second. [See, 1824-1887.]

WOMBWELL, GEORGE (1778–1850), founder of Wombwell's menageries, was born at Maldon in Essex in 1778, and as a young man kept a cordwainer's shop in Monmouth Street, Soho. About 1804 he bought as a speculation two boa-constrictors for 75l. In three weeks he more than cleared his expenses by exhibiting them, and next year he set to work to form a menagerie which he built up until it became by far the finest travelling collection in the kingdom. He travelled mainly from one large fair to another, and many stories are told of his rivalries with Atkins and other menagerie owners, especially in connection with Bartholomew Fair, of which moribund institution he was one of the last upholders. Much interest was excited in July 1825 by a ‘match’ arranged at Warwick between Wombwell's large lion Nero and six dogs of the bull-and-mastiff breed; but ‘the lovers of brutal sports were disappointed of their banquet,’ for Nero refused to fight, and when he was replaced by a smaller lion, Wallace, the dogs who survived the first few seconds of the encounter could not be induced to face their enemy again (, Brit. Chronology, s.a. 1825, 26 July); Wombwell displayed ‘a disgusting picture of the fight outside his show.’ At Croydon one year Wombwell startled the frequenters of the fair by announcing the exhibition of a ‘bonassus,’ which turned out to be a bison; the pride of the show in 1830 was the ‘Elephant of Siam.’ He was very successful in breeding carnivorous animals, and became the proprietor of over twenty lions. His caravans are stated to have numbered forty, and he had a fine stud of 120 drayhorses. The cost of maintenance of his three ‘monstre menageries’ was estimated at over 100l. a day, the payment for turnpike tolls alone forming a heavy item of expenditure. Wombwell died of bronchitis on 16 Nov. 1850 at Northallerton, where his show (which he followed to the last in a special travelling carriage) was then exhibiting. His remains were conveyed to his house in the Commercial Road, London, and buried at Highgate in the presence of an enormous concourse of people. He left a widow and a daughter, Mrs. Barnescombe, wife of an army accoutrement maker, who had long taken a part in the business, and who took over his No. 1 menagerie; a second went to his nephew, George Wombwell, junior, and a third to his niece, Mrs. Edmonds.

Wombwell took the keenest interest in the welfare of the animals. ‘No one probably did more,’ said the ‘Times,’ ‘to forward practically the study of natural history


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 among the masses.’ Hone severely delineates him in the ‘Table Book’ as ‘undersized in mind as well as in form, a weazen, sharp-faced man, with a skin reddened by more than natural spirits.’ A portrait of George Wombwell was engraved for Chambers's ‘Book of Days’ (ii. 586).

WOMOCK or WOMACK, LAURENCE (1612–1686), bishop of St. David's, born in Norfolk in 1612, was the son of Laurence Womock, rector of Lopham from 1607 until his death in July 1642. His grandfather, Arthur Womock, had held the same benefice. He was admitted at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, on 4 July 1629 (matriculated 15 Dec.), became a scholar on Sir Nicholas Bacon's foundation in the following October, graduated B.A. in 1632, and was ordained deacon on 21 Sept. 1634, commencing M.A. in 1639. He seems to have acted for some time as chaplain to Lord Paget, and to have had an offer of a benefice in the west of England, where he acquired some fame by his preaching. Clement Barksdale, the Cotswold poet, addressed verses to him in his ‘Nympha Libethris,’ headed ‘after the taking of Hereford in 1645;’ allusion is here made to his powerful preaching and to ‘the spice of prelacy’ to which his enemies took exception. At the Restoration Womock proved himself an able literary advocate of the old liturgy and of the decision of the bishops at the Savoy conference. In the summer of 1660 he obtained the prebendal stall of Preston in Hereford Cathedral, and on 8 Dec. 1660 he was made archdeacon of Suffolk. On 22 Sept. in the same year, according to Le Neve, he was installed in the sixth prebendal stall at Ely. In 1661 the degree of D.D. was conferred upon him per literas regias, and in 1662 he was presented to the rectory of Horningsheath, near Bury St. Edmunds, to which was added in 1663 the small Suffolk rectory of Boxford. He contributed 10l. towards the purchase of an organ for his college chapel ( and, Architectural History of Cambridge, i. 925). The strong churchmanship of his controversial pamphlets marked him out to Sancroft for promotion, and on 11 Nov. 1683 he was consecrated as bishop of St. David's in the archbishop's chapel at Lambeth, along with Dr. Francis Turner (to Rochester). On 3 Jan. 1683–4 he resigned the archdeaconry of Suffolk to Dr. Godfrey King; he had resigned his Hereford prebend ten years earlier. Womock, who does not appear to have gone into residence at St. David's, died at his house in Westminster on 12 March 1685–6, and was buried in the north aisle of St. Margaret's Church, where a tablet upon a pillar commemorates him. His will, dated on 18 Feb., was proved in March 1685–6. Womock, who is described as a tall man of a plain and grave aspect, had a fine collection of books, and combined wit and judgment with his learning.

He married, first, at Westly Bradford on 18 Nov. 1668, a widow, Anne Aylmer of Bury; and, secondly, at St. Bartholomew-the-Less, London, on 25 April 1669–70, Katherine Corbett of the city of Norwich, spinster, aged 40; she was still living in October 1697. He left an only daughter by his first wife, named Anne, who was buried in St. Margaret's, Westminster, soon after her father. His heir was his nephew, Laurence Womock (d. 1724), rector of Castor by Yarmouth.

Womock's chief writings, most of them controversial, were:  ‘Beaten Oyle for the Lamps of the Sanctuarie; or, the great Controversie concerning set prayers and our Liturgie examined,’ London, 1641, 4to; dedicated to William, lord Paget, baron of Beaudesert.  ‘The Examination of Tilenus before the Triers … to which is annexed the Tenets of the Remonstrants,’ London, 1658, 12mo. This essay being reflected upon by Richard Baxter in his ‘Grotian Religion,’ and by [q. v.], Womock returned to the charge in  ‘Arcana Dogmatum Anti-Remonstrantium; or, the Calvinist's Cabinet unclosed. In an apology for Tilenus against a pretended vindication of the Synod of Dort … together with a few drops on the papers of Mr. Hickman,’ 1659, 12mo.  ‘The Result of False Principles; or, Error convinced by its own Evidence, managed in several Dialogues,’ 1661, 4to.  ‘The Solemn League and Covenant, arraigned and condemned by the sentence of the Divines of London and Cheshire,’ 1662, 4to.  ‘Pulpit-Conceptions, Popular Deceptions … an answer to the Presbyterian Papers’ lodged at the Savoy conference in favour of extempore prayer; a vigorous defence of the liturgy against the ‘wild opinions’ of ‘speculative’ divines, London, 1662.  ‘An Antidote to cure the Calamities of their Trembling for Fear of the Arke,’ London, 1663; a justification of ‘the present settlement of God's solemn service in the church of Eng-


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CH. II.]

was quite dark when we left the courtyard in the morning of Sunday the 24th. The road now became more mountainous. We afterwards passed through a fine park-like country, and I broke my fast about 7 o'clock, by plucking, as I rode along, some wild cherries from a tree which had exactly the appearance of an oak, but without a single leaf. We soon came up to a small hamlet, consisting of about half a dozen cottages; but the only inhabitant we saw was a pretty young girl about sixteen, who was returning from mass: we gained admittance at one of the houses by knocking lustily at the door; it was the public-house of the place. The sole liquor, however, which it afforded was some coarse brandy, of which


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 land’ against the ‘schismatical fears and jealousies and the seditious hints and insinuations of Edmund Calamy’ (who had recently preached a sermon on ‘Eli trembling for fear of the Arke’). A long section upon ‘Israels Gratulation for the Arkes Solemn Settlement’ is here followed by an attack upon the overweening conceit of the nonconformists as exhibited by [q. v.] Both this and No. 5 are an expansion upon similar lines of his own ‘Beaten Oyle’ and of Jeremy Taylor's ‘Apologie for the sett forms of a Liturgie’ of 1649.  ‘Go shew thyself to the Priest: safe Advice for a sound Protestant,’ 1679, 4to, recommending ‘conference with a priest’ previous to communion.  ‘Treatises proving both by History and Record that the Bishops are a Fundamental and Essential Part of the English Parliament and that they may be Judges in Capital Cases,’ 1680, fol.  ‘A Letter containing a further Justification of the Church of England,’ 1682.  ‘Billa Vera; or, the Arraignment of Ignoramus put forth out of Charity, for the use of Grand Inquests, and other Juries, the Sworn Assertors of Truth and Justice,’ 1682, 4to.  ‘Suffragium Protestantium. Wherein our governors are justified in their proceedings against Dissenters,’ 1683, 8vo. This was an attempt to refute the ‘Protestant Reconciler’ of [q. v.]

WONOSTROCHT, NICHOLAS (1801–1876), author of 'Felix on the Bat.' [See .]

WOOD, ALEXANDER (1725–1807), surgeon, born at Edinburgh in 1725, was the son of Thomas Wood and grandson of Jasper Wood of Warriston in Midlothian. He studied medicine at Edinburgh, and after taking out his diploma settled at Musselburgh, where he practised successfully for a time. He then removed to Edinburgh, became a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons on 14 Jan. 1756, and entered into partnership with John Rattray and Charles Congleton, to whose practice he subsequently succeeded. He possessed considerable ability as a surgeon, and was one of those whom Sir Walter Scott's parents consulted concerning his lameness (, Memoirs of Scott, 1845, p. 5). He attained great celebrity in Edinburgh, where his philanthropy and kindness were proverbial. His character made him extremely popular with the townsfolk, and one night during a riot, when the mob, mistaking him for the provost, Sir (1740?–1805) [q. v.], were about to throw him over the North Bridge, he saved himself by exclaiming ‘I'm lang Sandy Wood; tak' me to a lamp and ye'll see.’ Byron held him in high esteem, and in a fragment of a fifth canto of ‘Childe Harold,’ which appeared in ‘Blackwood's Magazine’ in May 1818, he wrote:

and spoke of him very warmly in a note to the stanza. Wood died in Edinburgh on 12 May 1807. An epitaph was composed for him by Sir [q. v.]; and (1763–1820) [q. v.], who had been his pupil, dedicated to him the first volume of his ‘Anatomy.’ Two portraits of him were executed by (1742–1826) [q. v.], and a portrait by George Watson is in the National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh. He married Veronica Chalmers. One of his sons, Sir Alexander Wood, was chief secretary at Malta, and one of his grandsons, Alexander Wood, became a lord of session in 1842 with the title Lord Wood.

WOOD, ALEXANDER (1817–1884), physician, second son of Dr. James Wood and Mary Wood, his cousin, was born at Cupar, Fife, on 10 Dec. 1817. He was educated at a private school in Edinburgh kept by Mr. Hindmarsh. In 1826 he became a pupil at the Edinburgh Academy, where he remained until July 1832, when he entered the university of Edinburgh. Here he took the usual course in the faculty of arts, with the exception of the rhetoric class. He combined medicine with the humanities,


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 and was admitted M.D. in the university of Edinburgh on 1 Aug. 1839. Soon after his graduation in medicine he became one of the medical officers at the Stockbridge Dispensary, and afterwards at the Royal Public Dispensary of the New Town. On 3 Nov. 1841 he commenced as an extramural lecturer on medicine. He applied unsuccessfully for the chair of medicine in the university of Glasgow in 1852, and for a similar post in 1855 at the university of Edinburgh at a time when the town council appointed Dr. Laycock of York.

Wood was long and honourably connected with the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. In November 1840 he was admitted a fellow; in December 1846 he became a member of the council; in 1850 he was appointed secretary; and in 1858 he was elected president for two years, and at the expiration of his term of office he was re-elected for another year. He represented the college in the general medical council from 1858 to 1873. In 1864 he was appointed assessor of the university court at Edinburgh, and in this capacity he rendered important and lasting services to his alma mater. He retired from practice at the early age of fifty-five, and died on 26 Feb. 1884. He married, on 15 June 1842, Rebecca, daughter of the eldest son of the Hon. George Massey of Caervillahowe, Ireland.

Wood's chief claim to remembrance as a physician is the fact that he introduced into practice the use of the hypodermic syringe for the administration of drugs. The subject had engaged his attention as early as 1853, but it was not until 1855 that he published a short paper pointing out the value of the method, and showing that it was not necessarily limited to the administration of opiates. In the general medical council he was an advocate of the wise measures of reform which abolished the principle of territorial and limited licenses to practise medicine. As a sanitary reformer he did excellent service to the city of Edinburgh by acting as chairman of the association for improving the condition of the poor. In his professional writings he was the uncompromising opponent of homœopathy and mesmerism. He performed many duties and filled many important positions outside the sphere of his purely professional avocations. He was a keen politician, an enthusiastic educationist, a shrewd philanthropist, and an ardent free-churchman. He edited for some time the ‘Free Church Educational Journal’ published by Lowe, and he was actively engaged for many years in Sunday-school teaching. At the time of his death he was chairman of the Edinburgh Tramways Company.

A full-length portrait by Sir J. Watson Gordon was presented to him on 5 Feb. 1861, on the occasion of his being elected for a third year to the office of president of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.

Wood published: 1. ‘New Method of treating Neuralgia by the direct application of Opiates to the Painful Points’ (in ‘Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Review,’ 1855, lxxxii. 265–81). This is the original paper giving the first accounts of that method of the administration of remedies by subcutaneous injection which has become so marked a feature in modern therapeutics. 2. ‘On the Pathology and Treatment of Leucorrhœa,’ Edinburgh, 1844, 12mo. 3. ‘What is Mesmerism?’ Edinburgh, 1851, 8vo. 4. ‘Smallpox in Scotland,’ Edinburgh, 1860, 8vo. 5. ‘Preliminary Education,’ Edinburgh, 1868, 8vo.

[Memoir by the Rev. Thomas Brown, Edinburgh, 1886; obituary notice in Edinburgh Medical Journal, 1883–4, xxix. 973–6.]

WOOD, ANDREW (d. 1515), sea-captain and merchant in Leith, held the lands of Largo in Fife by lease from the crown dated 28 July 1477. On 18 March 1483 these lands were granted to himself and heirs, in consideration of his unpaid and faithful services by land and by sea, especially against the English. In January 1488, when James III was obliged to fly before the rebel lords, Wood received him on board his ship, and carried him across the Forth, a service probably referred to in the confirmation of the grant of Largo on 21 March 1488. He was still in the Forth, in command of two of the king's ships, Flower and Yellow Caravel, at the date of the battle of Sauchie-burn (11 June 1488), and it is suggested that the king was flying to take refuge on board them when he was thrown from his horse, and so fell into the hands of his pursuers. Wood was afterwards summoned before the lords, and is said to have told them they were traitors, whom he hoped to see hanged; but the details are altogether apocryphal. What is certain is that Wood very soon accepted the revolution, and a confirmation of the grant of Largo on 27 July 1488.

Early in 1490 he is said to have captured five English pirates, and later on in the same year to have captured three others under the command of Stephen Bull. Bull is an historic character, and was knighted by Sir Edward Howard in Brittany on 8 June


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 1512; but nothing is known of the ships which he commanded in 1490 except that they were neither king's ships nor in the king's service. For merchant ships to be guilty of piracy and to be captured by some of those they offended was an ordinary incident of fifteenth-century navigation. The details of Wood's service as related by Pitscottie and embroidered by Pinkerton are for the most part imaginary; but that some such service was actually rendered appears from the confirmation of Largo, with considerable additions, to Wood, his wife Elizabeth Lundy, and his heirs, on 11 March and 18 May 1491. The grant of 18 May was made not only as a confirmation of former grants, but also in consideration of Wood's services and losses, and of the fact that at great expense he had employed his English prisoners to build defensive works at Largo so as better to resist the pirates who invaded the kingdom. In these grants Wood is styled armiger; in a further grant (18 Feb. 1495) he is miles; we may therefore assume that between these dates he was knighted.

He seems to have been frequently in attendance on the king, and to have combined the public and private functions of overseer of public works and vendor of stores for the public service. In 1497 he superintended the building of Dunbar Castle; he is said later to have superintended the building of the Great Michael, and to have been her principal captain, with Robert Barton as her skipper. The only recorded service of this ship is when she went to France in 1513, and then she was commanded by the Earl of Arran as admiral of Scotland. Robert Barton commanded the Lion in the same fleet. The story—which appears to belong to this time—that Wood was sent out to supersede Arran, but could not find the fleet (, iii. 71), which was actually on the coast of Brittany, is more than doubtful. That Wood was a man of good service, the tried servant and trusted adviser of the king, is proved by the grants already quoted and many incidental notices in the official papers; but the exploits by which he is now chiefly known rest solely on the narrative of of Pitscottie [q. v.], whose statements can seldom be accepted without corroboration. Later writers than Pitscottie have added to his story till it has been exaggerated out of all possibility, so that the desire to condemn the whole as fiction has necessarily followed. As already shown, this is unjust. The story has a certain basis of fact. Wood died in the summer or autumn of 1515—between Whitsuntide and Martinmas. By his wife, Elizabeth Lundy of that ilk, he left issue. His eldest son, Andrew, has been sometimes confused with his father, with the result that Sir Andrew has been represented as living to an extreme old age. His second son, [q. v.], is separately noticed.

WOOD, ANTHONY, or, as he latterly called himself, (1632–1695), antiquary and historian, was the fourth son of Thomas Wood (1581–1643) of St. John Baptist's parish, Oxford, by his second wife, Mary Petty (d. 1667), of a family widely dispersed in Oxfordshire. His father, a Londoner by birth, graduated B.C.L. in 1619, but followed no profession, having capital invested in leasehold property in Oxford, and adding to his income by letting lodgings and keeping a tennis-court. Anthony was born on 17 Dec. 1632, in a quaint old house opposite the gate of Merton College, held under long leases from Merton College by his father, and afterwards by the Wood family. He received his school education partly (1641–4) in New College school, partly (June 1644–September 1646) in Lord Williams's school, Thame [see ]; but in both places his studies were greatly disturbed by the tumult of the civil war.

Baffling the efforts of his family to engage him in a trade, he matriculated at Merton College in May 1647. The Wood family, both as college tenants and by personal friendship with the warden and fellows, had good interest in that college, and Wood was in a few months made a postmaster. He passed through college without distinction, being a dull pupil, and five years elapsed before he graduated B.A. (July 1652). He submitted to the parliamentary visitors in May 1648, though, in deference to post-Restoration opinion, he represents that submission as forced from him by his mother's tears. In May 1650 he was promoted to a bible clerkship, and proceeded M.A. in December 1655. His family influence might have secured for him, as it had done for his elder brother Edward (d. May 1655), a fellowship in Merton, had it not been for his notoriously


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 peevish temper. At the end of his college course Wood found himself modestly provided for under his father's will, and he refused to adopt any profession, giving himself up to the idle enjoyment of music and of books on heraldry and English history.

Fraternal piety induced him to make a first essay in literature by editing, in March 1656 (second edition 1674), five of Edward Wood's sermons. But he was in great danger of becoming a mere idler and boon companion. From this he was saved by the fascination of Dugdale's ‘Warwickshire,’ which came to Oxford, a noble folio, in the summer of 1656, and fired his ambition to attempt a similar book for his own Oxfordshire. He began to collect inscriptions in Oxford towards that end. Fortunately at this very moment he was helped in his purpose by his mother's movements. She was connected with a great many families of yeomen and lower gentry in Oxfordshire, and, being for the time less embarrassed in money matters than for many years, she made (1657–9) several long visits in different parts of the county. Anthony, her companion, industriously collected inscriptions and noted antiquities wherever they went. These collections are still among his manuscripts in the Bodleian Library.

In the division of the family property Anthony had had assigned to him as his own rooms two garrets in the family house opposite Merton College gate. To enable him to pursue his studies unmolested he had a chimney built (February 1660) in one of them, so providing himself with the hermit's cell in which the rest of his life was passed.

In July 1660 he obtained access to the university archives, and so came to know the great Oxford collections of Brian Twyne [q. v.] (see Life and Times, ed. Clark, iv. 202–26). Wood's book, in consequence, took a wider scope than the mere collection of inscriptions he had at first designed. He planned out an historical survey of the city of Oxford, including histories of the university, the colleges, the monasteries, the parish churches. The scheme was a cumbrous one, and Wood had afterwards to divide it into sections: (1) the city treatise, including the ecclesiastical antiquities; (2) the annals of the university, with accounts of the buildings, professorships, &c.; (3) the antiquities of the colleges. On the different sections of this work Wood laboured very hard for some six years (1661–6). There was no originality in his work, for he merely put into shape Twyne's materials; but he was very conscientious in looking up Twyne's citations in the originals, in the muniment chests of the parishes, the colleges, and the university, as well as in the Bodleian and college libraries.

During these years Wood's life was exceedingly simple. The whole morning was spent in work, either in his study, where he had manuscripts very freely lent him, or in college rooms, where he was allowed to consult documents, or in the Bodleian, where he had leave to wander about at will. In the afternoon he prowled round booksellers' shops, picking up old books, ballads, broadsides, pamphlets, of which he left a rich collection to the university; afterwards he walked with some congenial spirit a few miles out of Oxford, and drank his pot of ale at Botley, Headington, or Cumnor. In the evening there was occasionally a music meeting or cards in some common room, and always the gossip of the coffee-house or tavern. At the end of this time there came long visits (1667–70) to London to verify Twyne's citations from the Cottonian and Royal libraries and the Public Record offices.

The city portion of Wood's treatise remained in manuscript till his death, receiving constantly additional notes as Wood came upon new facts and references. At his death it was placed in the Ashmolean Library. In 1773 appeared ‘The Antient and Present State of the City of Oxford … collected by Mr. Anthony à Wood; with additions by the Rev. Sir J. Peshall, bart.;’ a handsome 4to, with a good map of Oxford in 1773 and plates. But the editorial work was most shamefully done; Wood's text is garbled beyond recognition, and every page is full of gross errors. Wood's city treatise was at last printed in full, from a careful collation of the original manuscript, in the Oxford Historical Society's series, 1889–99 (see below).

The university treatise was more fortunate. Oxford was at the time dominated by the commanding spirit of Dr. John Fell [q. v.], dean of Christ Church since 1660, whose mind shadowed forth great schemes for the glory of Oxford in buildings and in literature. Probably through Ralph Bathurst [q. v.], president of Trinity, who had some kindness of kindred to Wood, Fell was made aware of the young student's collections. He obtained acceptance of the university treatise by the university press (October 1669), and ultimately took on himself the entire charge of printing it. The terms were very favourable to Wood. He was to provide a fair copy of his manuscript, taking greater pains with his citations from manuscripts, and adding, apparently on Fell's suggestion, short biographies of writers and bishops.


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Author:Alfred Charles William Harmsworth

Works

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 * Motors and Motor-Driving (1902)


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 He received 100l. on his original bargain, and 50l. for his additional pains. Fell also provided and paid for the translation into Latin, by [q. v.] of Christ Church, and [q. v.] of Magdalen College school. In the biographical notices Wood received very large help from [q. v.]

The disagreeable side of Wood's nature now became predominant. The severity of his studies had given him exaggerated ideas of his own importance; his increasing deafness cut him off from social intercourse, and he became ill-natured, foolishly obstinate in his own opinion, and violently jealous of his own dignity. He quarrelled with his own family; he quarrelled with the fellows of Merton. He quarrelled with his good friend Bathurst, with his patron Fell, with every one who sought either to help him or to shun him. It was said of him, not untruly, that he ‘never spake well of any man.’ Of John Aubrey, the chief contributor to his fame, whose biographical notes he annexed page by page, his language is ungenerous and most ungrateful. He shut himself up more and more in his study, very busy but very unhappy, the antitype of the alchemist's dragon, killing itself in its prison by its own venom.

Wood's book appeared in July 1674, in two great folios with engraved title and numerous head-pieces. It was entitled ‘Historia et Antiquitates Univ. Oxon.;’ vol. i. contains the annals of the university, and vol. ii. gives accounts of university buildings and institutions, historical notices of the colleges and their famous men, and ‘Fasti Oxonienses,’ that is, lists of the chancellors, vice-chancellors, and proctors. Fell distributed copies broadcast, often with the addition of David Loggan's ‘Oxonia Illustrata,’ Oxford, 1675.

Wood, professing himself thoroughly dissatisfied with the form his book had taken, set himself to rewrite it in English. This version was most faithfully published from his manuscripts by [q. v.] (see below).

The later years of Wood's life were occupied by the development of Fell's idea, the composition of a biographical dictionary of Oxford writers and bishops. Towards this he unwearyingly searched university and college registers, booksellers' shops, the Wills Office and Heralds' Office in London, public and private libraries, auction catalogues, and newspapers, and he sent letters of inquiry, from 1681 onwards, all over England and even abroad. He received also immense help, very imperfectly acknowledged by him, from [q. v.] and from John Aubrey.

Wood had in the meantime formed the acquaintance of Ralph Sheldon [see under ], at whose house at Weston Park, near Long Compton in Warwickshire, he yearly (1674–81) paid visits of several weeks' duration till the Sheldons were heartily tired of him and his petulant ways. Sheldon, in return for Wood's work in cataloguing his books and manuscripts at Weston, promised Wood help towards the printing of his ‘Athenæ.’ Wood afterwards had several disputes with him about the amount, but received 30l. from Sheldon in his lifetime, 40l. in 1684 under his will, and 50l. in 1690 from his heir.

Wood was ready for press about the beginning of 1690, but found the undertaking costly. It swallowed up not only the money he received from the Sheldons, but 30l. which he received in October 1690 from the university for twenty-five manuscripts sold to the Bodleian. Afterwards, in view of the second volume appearing, he twice tried to sell a further portion of his library. He at last came to terms with Thomas Bennet of London, and the book was published in two folio volumes, vol. i. in June 1691, and vol. ii. in June 1692. In each case Wood had added to the biographical portion proper, i.e. the ‘Athenæ Oxonienses,’ a new draft of his ‘Fasti Oxonienses,’ as a convenient way of bringing in some of his surplus material. Volume i. contained 634 columns of ‘Athenæ’ and 270 columns of ‘Fasti,’ and brought the lives down to 1640. Volume ii., ‘compleating the whole work,’ had 686 columns of ‘Athenæ’ and 220 columns of ‘Fasti,’ and came down to 1690.

The book not unnaturally excited very bitter feelings. Wood was himself fond of severe reflections, and all through his work had adopted reckless charges and criticisms from spiteful correspondents. In November 1692, second earl of Clarendon [q. v.], caused Wood to be prosecuted in the vice-chancellor's court at Oxford for libelling his father Edward, the first earl, Wood having printed a statement by John Aubrey accusing the lord chancellor of selling offices at the Restoration. In July 1693 Wood was found guilty, condemned in costs, and expelled the university. The offending pages were publicly burned.

This touched the old antiquary to the quick. But he still laboured at a continuation of his Oxford biographies, to be published as an ‘appendix’ to the ‘Athenæ.’ Among his friends at this time were Arthur Charlett, master of University College, White


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Biebermann, Gustav Woldemann von

BIEBERMANN, Gustav Woldemann von,, German historian: b. 5 March 1817; d. 1903. After graduating from the University of Heidelberg, where he had studied law, he practised privately for a while, then entered the government civil service. He rose rapidly in rank in the management of the state railroads, finally becoming chief director of railroads. He made many contributions to the literature on Goethe, among which may be mentioned ‘Goethe und Leipzig’ (2 vols., Leipzig 1865); ‘Zu Goethes Gedichten’ (Leipzig 1870); ‘Goethes Gespräche’ (10 vols., 1889–97).


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 Kennett, and Thomas Tanner. Wood had a sharp illness on 1 Nov. 1695; about the 11th he again fell ill; Charlett saw him on the 22nd, and told him he was dying. Wood manfully settled his affairs and prepared for death. He died on 29 Nov., aged almost sixty-three, and was buried in Merton College outer chapel, where Thomas Rowney, a personal friend, M.P. for Oxford city, placed a monument to his memory. The Bodleian has a pen drawing of Wood, æt. 45, reproduced in Wood's ‘Life,’ ed. Clark, vol. ii. Michael Burghers about 1691 took a sketch from the life, and engraved it for a headpiece to a privately printed preface to the ‘Athenæ,’ vol. ii., and published an engraved portrait from it after Wood's death. Both are reproduced in Gutch's edition of Wood's ‘Annals;’ but Burghers admitted that Wood ‘was displeased because it was no more like him.’

Wood's printed books and manuscripts (of which a Latin catalogue was published by William Huddesford at Oxford in 1761) were mostly bequeathed by him to the Ashmolean, whence they passed in 1858 to the Bodleian. Many of the manuscript papers which he disposed of otherwise have also found their way thither. The printed books are shortly described in Wood's ‘Life and Times,’ ed. Clark, i. 6–21; and the manuscripts, ib. iv. 228–50.

Wood prided himself on having helped Henry Savage in his ‘Balliofergus,’ 1668; Thomas Blount, in his ‘Law Dictionary,’ 1670; Thomas Gore, in his ‘Catalogus … Authorum … de re Heraldica,’ 1674; and especially Sir William Dugdale in the ‘Monasticon’ and ‘Baronagium.’

The following is a list of Wood's works:  ‘Historia et Antiquitates Universitatis Oxoniensis, duobus voluminibus comprehensæ: Oxonii, e Theatro Sheldoniano, ,’ fol. No name appears on the title-page, but the preface is signed ‘Antonius à Wood;’ the standard edition is ‘The History and Antiquities of the University of Oxford … by Anthony à Wood … by John Gutch, Oxford, vol. i., ,’ 4to, vol. ii. , 4to.  ‘Athenæ Oxonienses, an exact History of all the Writers and Bishops who have had their Education in … Oxford from … 1500 to … 1690, to which are added the Fasti … for the same time. The first volume, extending to … 1640, London, printed for Tho. Bennet … ,’ fol. Perhaps as a precaution against libel suits, no name was set to either this or the second volume, although the prospectus, issued in October 1690, had run ‘Proposals for printing Athenæ Oxonienses … written by … Anthony à Wood. …’ ‘The second volume compleating the whole Work’ appeared at London in 1692, fol. A second edition was published in 1721 by R. Knaplock and J. Tonson, printers, of London, in two volumes folio. It professes to have thousands of corrections and additions from Wood's proof-copy in the Ashmolean, and ‘above five hundred new lives from the author's original manuscript’ (now lost, but then in the hands of Thomas Tanner). Thomas Hearne vehemently, but erroneously, impugns the honesty of this edition. The additions from Wood's copy are often clumsily but always faithfully made, and there is no good ground for suspecting that the ‘new lives’ were tampered with, beyond the deletion of some ill-natured remarks. Dr. [q. v.] took this as the basis of his edition, 1813–20; and he added much matter of literary interest and bibliographical value. He did not, however, avail himself of Wood's corrected copy or his numerous ‘Athenæ’ collections. He began a reissue of his edition in 1848. One volume (containing Wood's autobiography) was published; a second volume, beginning the text, is in the Bodleian, but shows few changes from the earlier issue. A new edition of the ‘Athenæ’ is much needed, corrected by Wood's own papers and citing Wood's authorities.  ‘Modius Salium, a Collection of such Pieces of Humour as prevailed at Oxford in the time of Mr. Anthony à Wood, collected by himself …,’ Oxford, 1751, 12mo.  ‘The Antient and Present State of the City of Oxford … by Anthony à Wood … by … Sir J. Peshall, London, ,’ 4to; a new edition by the Rev. Andrew Clark entitled ‘Survey of the Antiquities of the City of Oxford …’ (Oxford Hist. Soc.) was published in octavo, vol. i. 1889, vol. ii. 1890, vol. iii. 1899.  ‘The History and Antiquities of the Colleges and Halls … of Oxford, by Antony Wood … by John Gutch, Oxford, ,’ 4to; an ‘Appendix containing Fasti Oxonienses … by Anthony Wood’ was edited by John Gutch, Oxford, 1790, 4to.  Among the papers which Wood committed to the care of his executors were an autobiography and his diaries for the years 1657–95, full of interesting matter for contemporary Oxford history. The autobiography was published in 1730 by Thomas Hearne at p. 438 of his edition of ‘Thomæ Caii Vindic. Antiq. Acad. Oxon.’ It was reprinted, with the addition of some diary notes, in 1772 by William Huddesford, and repeated in Dr. Bliss's editions of the ‘Athenæ.’ Subsequently, an accurate edition has recently


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 been brought out with the title ‘The Life and Times of Anthony Wood … collected from his Diaries … by Andrew Clark, for the Oxford Hist. Soc.,’ 8vo, vol. i. 1891, vol. ii. 1892, vol. iii. 1894, vol. iv. 1895. A fifh volume is to complete the work.

 WOOD, SIR CHARLES, first (1800–1885), eldest son of Sir Francis Lindley Wood, second baronet, by his wife Anne, daughter of Samuel Buck, recorder of Leeds, was born on 20 Dec. 1800. He was educated at Eton and Oriel College, Oxford, whence he matriculated on 28 Jan. 1818 as a gentleman commoner and took a double first class in 1821. He graduated B.A. on 17 Dec. 1821 and M.A. on 17 June 1824. He was returned to parliament on 9 June 1826 as liberal member for Grimsby, but made no speech of importance until the question of the disfranchisement of East Retford arose. He was elected at Wareham in 1831, and on 14 Dec. 1832 he was returned for Halifax, and continued to represent it for thirty-two years.

Wood's official career began on 10 Aug. 1832, when he was appointed joint-secretary to the treasury; quitting this post in November 1834, he was transferred to the secretaryship of the admiralty in April 1835, and resigned with his brother-in-law, Lord Howick, in September 1839. Though he was a frequent speaker during Peel's second administration, he was by no means an advanced whig and only slowly accepted reforms of a radical character. He was not converted to the repeal of the corn laws till 1844, and with Bright strongly opposed the restrictions on the labour of women and children in Lord Ashley's Factory Act in the same year. He became chancellor of the exchequer under Lord John Russell on 6 July 1846, and was sworn of the privy council. On 31 Dec. of the same year he succeeded to the baronetcy on his father's death. His financial administration was not brilliant, and can only be called successful when the difficulties with which he had to contend are fully allowed for. In 1848 three budgets were introduced, and the increase of the income tax, which was Russell's proposal, had to be dropped by Wood within a few weeks, on 28 Feb. He was a strenuous opponent in general both of new expenditure and of new taxes, and, although in 1847 he had obtained a select committee on commercial distress, in 1848 he had no other remedy for the condition of Ireland than to leave the excessive population to adjust itself to new conditions by natural means. He was, however, induced by his alliance with Lord Grey to approve his plan for a railway loan to Canada of five millions sterling. Wood was accordingly very unpopular, and, although in 1851 he kept his place among the changes produced by the ministerial crisis of that year and repealed the window tax, he was unregretted when the ministry fell in 1852. Being exceedingly well informed upon Indian questions, he was appointed president of the board of control in the Aberdeen administration on 30 Dec. 1852, and passed an excellent India Act in 1853. On 8 Feb. 1855 he became a member of Lord Palmerston's cabinet as first lord of the admiralty, and succeeded in inducing parliament to keep up the number of men in the navy after the conclusion of the Crimean war. On 19 June 1856 he was created G.C.B. Resigning his office on 26 Feb. 1858, he became secretary of state for India on 18 June 1859, and began an arduous but successful series of measures for adapting the government and finances of India to the new state of things arising after the extinction of the East India Company. He passed acts for limiting the number of European troops to be employed in India (1859), for reorganising the Indian army (1860), for regulating the legislative council and the high court (1861), and for amending the condition of the civil service. Obliged as he was to deal with railway extension, as well as with the disordered state of Indian finance, he was led to borrow largely, and for this growth of the Indian debt and for the dispute which led to the resignation of S. Laing, the Indian finance minister, in 1862, he was severely but unfairly blamed. The budgets of 1863, 1864, and 1865 were prosperous, and he was able both to reduce expenditure and to extinguish debt. In 1865 he lost his seat at Halifax, and was elected at Ripon; but in the autumn he met with a serious accident in the hunting field, which obliged him to give up all arduous official work. He resigned the Indian secretaryship on 16 Feb. 1866, and on 21 Feb. was raised to the peerage as Viscount Halifax of Monk Bretton. In the House of Lords he was an infrequent speaker, and his only return to official life was as lord privy seal from


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Bieberstein, Adolf Marschall von

BIEBERSTEIN, Adolf Marschall von, , German statesman: b. Karlsruhe, Germany, 1831; d Badenweiler, 24 Sept. 1912. Son of a court chamberlain of Baden, he studied

law at Heidelberg and Freiburg, and entered the civil service of his native state. In 1878 he was sent to the Reichstag as a Conservative and appointed representative for Baden in the Federal Council (1883). In 1880 he succeeded Count Herbert Bismarck as Foreign Secretary, in which capacity he negotiated the commercial treaties under Chancellor Caprivi. He incurred the bitter hostility of the Agrarians and certain court circles, and was the subject of a police intrigue which he defeated. The Kaiser's historic telegram to President Kruger over the Jameson raid (5 Jan. 1896) is generally ascribed to him; he also declared that the independence of the South African Republic was a matter of vital interest to Germany. Political opposition compelled him to resign the Foreign Secretaryship in June 1897; four months later he was sent as Ambassador to Constantinople, where he revealed most remarkable ability as a diplomatist. He consolidated German influence in Turkey, obtained the Bagdad Railway concession which caused so much strife between interested European powers, especially with England, and brought about the downfall of the notorious Fehim Pasha, a favorite of Abdul Hamid and certainly the most disreputable villain in the Sultan's entourage. He had overreached himself by literally stealing a German vessel laden with lumber, which brought the energetic German Ambassador on his trail. When Fehim had to be dropped, all Constantinople rejoiced; the mob shortly after expressed their gratification by hanging him on a lamp-post in the street. After the Young Turk revolution (1908-09) Baron Marschall ingratiated himself with the new rulers, but hia position was severely shaken by the Turco-Italian War — the seizure of Tripoli being an equally bitter disappointment to both Germany and Turkey. Germany could not well interfere as she was an ally of both belligerents. On the retirement of Count Wolff-Metternich (8 May 1912) Baron Marschall was appointed Ambassador in London. It was hoped in England that the strongest man in German diplomacy would help to place the relations between the two countries on a more satisfactory basis, but unfortunately he died four months later, before he had entered upon his new duties. His death was deeply regretted alike in London and Berlin.


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20 I drank a little mixed with water, for I was faint and fatigued, but my companion, Don Mateo, assured me that that was a very unwholesome beverage: it ought always, he said, to be drunk neat, a practice which, although a very sober man, he always adopted. The same prejudice prevails universally through these countries, even amongst the ladies; but, with all their recommendation, it was a practice I never could, even out of compliment to them, follow, since the liquor in question is a complete alcohol. About midday we reached the village of los Amates; and the heat being considerable, we stopped to take some nourishment. Whilst planning something for this purpose, the husband of our hostess, a good looking Indian woman of about eighteen, with three or four pretty children, had returned home with a kid which he had just shot. I immediately purchased the animal for a dollar, which was three times as much as he would probably have parted with it for, and dined off of one of the haunches,


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CH. II.] which was indifferently roasted. After our meal, our saddle-rugs being spread on the floor, we took our siesta: but my attention was chiefly occupied by the proceedings of this more than patriarchal establishment: now and then a child came running in to get a drink of water, to which it would help itself by a small wooden bowl composed of the rind of a gourd finely painted with red, with silver and gilt ornaments, dipping it into a coarse earthen jar, and replacing the gourd on the top so as to exclude the dust and air. The poultry were busily employed in picking up the crumbs of the repast, and a sturdy old sow was disputing a bone with one of our sportsman's mongrels, who boldly, though not so effectually, asserted his privileges and title to the offals of the chase. I gave the two eldest children, who had now been desperately employed in ridding me from the annoyance of these animals, a dollar a-piece. I soon found that my bounty was lavish and inconsiderate: in a few minutes, children were seen pouring out from


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 that the great schools are awake to the necessity, and that the publishers of school books are vying with one another m the production of manuals which will combine the conclusions of the most advanced students with simplicity of plan, and, we may hope, attractiveness in treatment. Only there is no finality to be looked for. We must not expect manuals that, like the old grammars, will keep their places for two or three centuries. Every few years great discoveries are made; the use of the comparative method, long ago applied superficially and partially to History, has now become, owing to its employment in other fields of work, far more valuable and remunerative; and more especially in regard to early periods with respect to which error and misapprehension are the greatest among fairly educated people, and almost ineradicable from otherwise fairly useful text-books. To take the simple instance, which will perhaps have occurred to some of you: the proved discovery of the forgery of Ingulf's History of Crowland Abbey was a fact that necessitated the revision of every standard book on early English History. It is more than forty years since that discovery, long ago suspected, was proved beyond the possibility of doubt. Yet to this day the Ingulfine leaven remains in our elementary books, nay, in more than elementary books, in standard works of History, from which it is almost impossible to eliminate it; it remains as a warning light—a wandering marsh-fire—to caution the reader not to accept too abjectly the conclusions of his authority. Even the recently published list of landowners of England, called somewhat fantastically by the leaders of public opinion the new Domesday, contains in its introduction a quotation from Ingulf, made apparently without any suspicion of falseness. But it is not only the name of the writer, but the more subtle influence of conclusions drawn from his fabrications that are to be guarded against: and these lie at the very basis of our popular histories. For school books it is absolutely necessary that such primary errors should be corrected at once; for it is impossible, at least at present, to suppose that the reading of original authorities can be to any great extent introduced into the scholastic


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22 all the huts in the village, accompanied by their parents, their grandfathers and grandmothers: some of them were extremely old and feeble, and I was forced to listen to a long series of all the ills "which human flesh is heir to."

The poor Indians of this country think that every Englishman is, ex-officio, a physician. I began to conceive myself one of those who has attached to his pretensions "advice to the poor gratis, on Sundays:" but I could not practise even without greater liberality than this, for my patients not only did not pay any fees, but expected to receive them for the trouble they had subjected themselves to in taking my advice. A dollar or two changed into half rials, which reversed the proverb, by throwing bad money after good, saved my credit and my patience. The latter was nearly exhausted, but the former continued to increase so rapidly that as I mounted my horse and walked him off slowly on my way, I beheld faces looking anxious at my departure, and heard


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CH. II.] half suppressed sighs of gratitude and disappointment, which assured me how welcome my longer stay would have been amongst them. The Indian who sold me the venison was particularly desirous of a little gunpowder: not having more with me than my exigencies might require, and the escort having left me this morning, I could only afford to give him a few charges: he seemed to calculate each charge at the price of a deer: I concluded, therefore, that he was a probably sure shot.

I arrived this evening at the respectable town of Tepecoaquilco, and delivered a letter of introduction to the Alcalde, by name Don Manuel Arazave: he keeps the largest shop, and has one of the best houses in the town, retailing all kinds of dry goods. My companion, Don Mateo, informed me that he had procured a lodging, and I therefore refused to accept the offer made me by Don Manuel of sleeping under his roof. I was very much tired and exhausted as I sat in the market-place, watching the people


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 course as is done in Germany. And this will necessitate constant revision.

Another point to be watched is the not unnatural desire of teachers to attract the minds of boys to the picturesque and dramatic sides of the subject, to the neglect of the greater lesson, the investigation of causes and effects and the connexion of events. I would almost rather that boys were attracted by the reading of Ivanhoe and the Talisman, books which do not pretend to be true, and are full of strange misrepresentations of manners and thought, than by a serious history composed with a view to the picturesque only or mainly. The ivy may conceal the structure of the building far too much for safety. We cannot safely content ourselves with fanciful grouping or imaginary drawing of character and situation. Let us trust the novelist so far. There are novels that may well be trusted so far; Miss Yonge's Chaplet of Pearls, and Dove in the Eagle's Nest, for instance—beautiful and, I think, perfect pictures of manners and reflexions of ideas. We will attract but not educate by such books. Our real education in History must not be less precise or severe than the discipline of language or of natural science; it cannot be valuable if it be desultory.

One point more. If the study of periods of History is to become part of a school education, I trust that due care will be taken not to dwell unnecessarily on, or to choose for exaggerated illustration, those periods which are connected most closely with the questions and controversies of to-day. Of all things in the world except a controversial woman, a controversial boy is the most disagreeable, the most pragmatic, the most irrepressible, the most aggressive. Now even in the training of children we want to train the judgment. That training is the great educational or disciplinary object of historic teaching, the formative as distinct from the material acquisition that results or should result from it. The judgment must be trained in cooler air and by milder methods than are found in the battle-field of modern politics. Surely boys and girls should be taught elementary history, should be trained in the exercise of the powers that can trace cause and


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 effect in historical narrative, should be given credit for the germs of a critical faculty and helped to cultivate it, before they are plunged into the details of the struggles of puritanism and absolutism, or the deep religious divisions, that for three centuries have separated Christendom into two camps and do so still. Let them learn the history of early England and early France before they are called to exert their tender judgment on the Great Rebellion or the French Revolution. If the teachers had been so taught the experiment would never have been tried.


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24 about in their holiday cloaths on this beautiful but sultry evening. They came to ask me what I would have for supper: I said, half pettishly, "oh there is nothing that I can find here that I should like, unless it were a pailful of ice." "Alli está Señor," There it is, Sir, was the reply, and a man was pointed out to me who was selling it at the corner of the market-place. Struck with the singularity of a circumstance so unexpected, I rose to convince myself of the fact: it was pretty correct: the man's pail was more than half full, but, from the incessant demands upon it, it seemed likely to be immediately exhausted: there was no time to be lost: the bargain seemed about to be dissolved before it was struck. I made him an offer for the remainder: it was purchased for seven rials and a half, and carried off to my lodgings, to the amusement of those who had made good their purchases, and the disappointment of other thirsty expectants, who, however, had the discretion or good humour to join in the laugh.


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CH. II.] My lodging was of a very sorry nature: a gate, similar to those which we have in our English farm-yards admitted us into a paddock on the side of a lane, a little out of the town: the house consisted of a dead wall against the road side, with the front and one of the sides completely open, without any wall, except one of about three feet high. It was, in fact, a shed, and admirably adapted for a cow-house, being shaded from the south, and having a rich pasture in front. We ate heartily of the ice, and had nothing to repent of, but that we had not eaten it all; for the little we had kept for a bonne bouche in the morning, notwithstanding all the precautions that could be taken, we discovered had resolved itself into its liquid state.

Monday, 25th. Set off at about seven o'clock. We passed some infantry, about 100 men, who were proceeding to the garrisons on the coast. When within twelve miles of Istola, they came up with us whilst we were preparing our breakfast. The


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 6 July 1870 to 21 Feb. 1874. He died at Hickleton in Yorkshire on 8 Aug. 1885. He married, on 29 July 1829, Mary, fifth daughter of Charles Grey, second earl Grey [q. v.] She predeceased him on 6 July 1884, leaving four sons and three daughters. The eldest son, Charles Lindley Wood, succeeded his father as second Viscount Halifax. Lord Halifax was a man of greater influence in the governments of which he was a member than his contemporaries appreciated. He was sound in counsel, exceedingly widely and well informed, and an industrious, punctual, and admirable man of business. He was thus both efficient as a departmental administrator and valuable as a cool and sound judge of policy. As a speaker he was tedious and ineffective and hampered by vocal defects, and his weight in the House of Commons was due to his knowledge of public affairs.

[Times, 10 Aug. 1885; Walpole's Life of Lord John Russell; Martin's Life of the Prince Consort; Malmesbury Memoirs of an Ex-minister; Doyle's Official Baronage; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1715–1886; Official Returns of Members of Parliament.]

WOOD, DAVID EDWARD (1812–1894), general, son of Colonel Thomas Wood, M.P., of Littleton, Middlesex, by Lady Constance, daughter of Robert Stewart, first marquis of Londonderry [q. v.], was born on 6 Jan. 1812. After passing through the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, he obtained a commission as second lieutenant in the royal artillery on 18 Dec. 1829. His further commissions were dated: lieutenant, 20 June 1831; second captain, 23 Nov. 1841; first captain, 9 Nov. 1846; lieutenant-colonel, 20 June 1854; brevet colonel, 18 Oct. 1855; regimental colonel, 8 March 1860; major-general, 6 July 1867; colonel-commandant of the royal artillery, 8 June 1876; lieutenant-general, 26 Nov. 1876; general, 1 Oct. 1877.

After serving at various home stations, Wood went in 1842 to the Cape of Good Hope, where he took part in the campaign against the Boers, returning to England in 1843. He received the war medal. In 1855 he went to the Crimea, where he commanded the royal artillery of the fourth division at the battles of Balaclava and Inkerman and in the siege of Sebastopol. He afterwards commanded the royal horse artillery in the Crimea. He was mentioned in despatches, and for his services was promoted to be brevet colonel, made a companion of the order of the Bath, military division, received the war medal with three clasps, and was permitted to accept and wear the Turkish medal, the insignia of the fourth class of the order of the Medjidie, and of the fourth class of the Legion of Honour.

In October 1857 Wood arrived in India to assist in the suppression of the Indian mutiny, and commanded the field and horse artillery under Sir Colin Campbell, the commander-in-chief. He did excellent service with the force under Brigadier-general W. Campbell on 5 Jan. 1858 against the rebels at Mausiata, near Allahabad, when the mutineers were driven from their positions and followed up by horse artillery. He was brigadier-general commanding the field and horse artillery at the final siege of Lucknow, for his share in which he was honourably mentioned in despatches. He took part in various subsequent operations, and on his return to England in 1859 was made a knight commander of the order of the Bath, military division, and received the Indian mutiny medal with clasp for Lucknow.

In 1864 and 1865 Wood commanded the royal artillery at Aldershot, and from 1869 to 1874 he was general-commandant of Woolwich garrison. The grand cross of the order of the Bath was bestowed upon him in 1877. He died at his residence, Park Lodge, Sunningdale, Berkshire, on 16 Oct. 1894, and was buried at Littleton, Middlesex, on the 20th. Wood married, in 1861, Lady Maria Isabella Liddell (d. 1883), daughter of the first Earl of Ravensworth.

[War Office Records; Despatches; Royal Artillery Records; Annual Register, 1894; Stubbs's History of the Bengal Artillery; Times (London), 18 Oct. 1894; Works on Indian Mutiny and Crimean War; Debrett's Peerage and Knightage.]

WOOD, EDMUND BURKE (1820–1882), Canadian judge and politician, was born near Fort Erie in Ontario on 13 Feb. 1820. He graduated B.A. at Overton College, Ohio, in 1848, studied law with Messrs. Freeman and Jones of Hamilton, Ontario, and in 1853 was admitted to the Canadian bar as an attorney, receiving the appointments of clerk of the county court and clerk of the crown at Brant. In 1854 he was called to the bar of Ontario and entered into partnership with Peter Bull Long. In 1863 he was returned to the parliament of Ontario for West Brant as a supporter of the government of John Sandfield Macdonald. He sat in the house until 1867, when the union of the colonies took place. At the first general election he was chosen a member of the Ontario house of assembly, and also sat in the Canadian House of Commons until 1872, when he resigned his seat in the commons on the passage of the act forbidding