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 measure of David's misfortunes seems to have been now full, and he died accordingly this very year 1540.

will be necessary here to remind the reader, that Alvarez, the chaplain and historian of the first Portuguese embassy, was (as he said) on his return appointed by king David to make his submission to the pope. Leaving Zaga Zaab, therefore, in Portugal, he proceeded to Bologna, where the emperor Charles V. was then in person, before whom and the pope himself he delivered his credentials framed by Peter Covillan, and afterwards, in a long speech, the reasons of his embassy.

pope received this submission of David with infinite pleasure, at a time when so many kingdoms in the west were revolting from his supremacy. He considered it as a thing of the greatest moment to be courted before the emperor by so powerful a prince in Africa. But as for the emperor himself, though he was then preparing for an expedition against the Mahometans, and though it was his favourite war, he seems to have been perfectly indifferent either to the embassy itself, or to the person that sent it; a great proof that he believed there was nothing real in it.

other people have doubted whether this embassy, or that of John Bermudes, actually came from the Abyssinian court, as the king would scarcely have abandoned the form of the Alexandrian church in which he had been brought up by Abuna Mark, then alive. Abuna Mark, moreover, could scarcely be believed to have promoted embassies which were intended to strike at the root of his own


text: Letters of Junius/Letter IV

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Letters of Junius/Letter IV


text: Letters of Junius/Letter V

title: Letters of Junius/Letter V


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 religion, and the patriarchal power with which he was endowed.

to this it is easily answered, That the Abyssinian historian of David's reign, through the whole course of it, readily admits his constant attachment to the see of Rome. He gives a striking example of it during the war with Gragne, when the king celebrated Easter after the manner of the Roman Catholics, though it was to have this certain effect of dividing his kingdom, and alienating the minds of his subjects, of whose assistance he was then in the utmost need. And as for the Abuna, we are to consider that Cairo had been taken, and the government, which Abuna Mark owned for the lawful one, had been overturned by the Turks who then possessed it, and were actually persecuting the Alexandrian church.

Abuna, then, and the king also, had the some reason for not applying to Cairo, the seat of the Turks their enemies; and, therefore, they more readily accommodated matters with a people from whom only their assistance could come; and without whom, it was probable, that both the Christian religion and civil government of Abyssinia would fall together.

has been said of this king by the European writers who have touched upon the history of his reign, that he was a prince who had began it in the most promising manner, but after the death of the empress Helena, he had abandoned himself to all sort of debauchery, and especially that of women; insomuch, as Mr Ludolf says, he suffered his concubines to have idols in his palace. This I take


text: Letters of Junius/Letter VI

title: Letters of Junius/Letter VI


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his Census Report of the Panjab for 1901 (vol. I., pp. 161 et seq.), Mr. H. A. Rose discussed the belief in the inherited powers of curing disease and working other miracles claimed by certain sacred clans and persons. This belief he connected with the theory of the metempsychosis. It more probably results from the consciousness of the power of heredity. He has now forwarded a series of notes contributed by several native correspondents, from which the following extracts have been made.

In Rewári in the Gurgaon District an Ahir, or breeder of cattle, i claims the hereditary gift of being able, by smelling a handful of earth, to decide, when a well is being sunk, whether it will produce saline or sweet water, and at what depth the spring will be found. In the same district several persons assert a similar power of curing hydrophobia, which is healed by waving peacocks' feathers over the patient, who is made to look towards the sun. Then a ball of kneaded rice flour is placed in his hands, and he is ordered to press it. By and by the hairs of the mad dog show themselves in the dough, and the venom is removed. A Brahman professes to cure stomach-ache by making the sufferer stand behind a wall and place his hand on the seat of the pain; the Pandit mutters a spell, and a cure is effected. In the same way, in the Rohtak District, three merchants claim to be able to cure tumours and other swellings. Several men in both districts cure snake-bite by reciting spells and waving a branch of the sacred ním tree (Azadirachta indica) over the sufferer. None of these people take any reward for their services,—in fact, they will not even smoke in the village where they attend patients. If they accept a small fee, they spend it in sweetmeats which they distribute.

In one case among the Jats of Rohtak this healing power descends in the female line. It is also part of the treatment that the patient must neither eat nor drink in the healer's village; if he does so, the charm will fail.

In Gurgaon District the residents of a certain village possess the hereditary power of curing scrofula and glandular swellings, a gift conferred on one of their ancestors by a Fakír. They


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 84 exercise it by waving a wooden spoon over the patient. Others cure pains in the side by drawing lines with a knife on the ground near the sick man, who is ordered in return for the cure to dig a certain amount of earth out of the bed of the village tank, and to distribute sweetmeats as a thankoffering. Children in both the Rohtak and Gurgaon Districts are said to suffer from a mysterious disease attributed to displacement of the rib bones. The healer cures this malady either by an application of charmed ashes, or he sucks the affected part,—with the result that blood and pus flow from his mouth, though no wound is visible on the body of the patient.

In the Rohtak District a Brahman cures pains, apparently rheumatic, in the following way. He takes the sufferer outside the village, heats three or four iron scythes in the fire, dips them in oil, and then flings them aside. On this the patient is directed to run away, without looking back, until he reaches the boundary of the village, when the pain disappears.

In the Gurgaon District boils on the leg joints are cured by touching them with the toe of a child born by the foot presentation. Both sexes possess this power, but it can be exercised only on Saturday or Sunday. Enlargement of the spleen is cured by laying the patient on the ground, where he is held by four persons and prevented from moving. Several layers of coarse cloth are placed over the spleen, and on this a lump of clay upon which fire is placed. The clay is sometimes replaced by a thin wooden board which is rubbed with a blazing stick so as to be slightly marked. After the recital of a charm a small boil appears on the diseased part, and a cure is effected. This prescription is said to have been given by a Fakír long ago. One form of cattle plague, known as Chhabka, is cured by catching an insect of the same name. The healer makes a small cut in one of his fingers, rubs the insect on the wound, and thus gains the faculty of healing by touch. It is a condition of working these charms that the practitioner should receive no remuneration.

In the Hissár District diseases are cured by what is known as jhárá ("blowing of spells"). A brass pan containing a little oil and one and a quarter pice (small copper coins) is placed


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 variety of species, which they had never before seen, added greatly to the fatigue which the thickness of the woods had occasioned. Mountains presented themselves over mountains, broken into terrible precipices and ravines, by violent torrents and constant storms; their black and bare tops, seemed as it were calcined by the rays of a burning sun, and by incessant lightnings and thunder. Great numbers of wild beasts also presented themselves everywhere in these dark forests, and seemed only to be hindered from devouring them by their wonder at seeing so many men in so lonely a situation. At last the woods began to grow thinner, and some fields appeared where the people were sitting armed, guarding their small flocks of half-starved goats and kine, and crops of millet, of which they saw a considerable quantity sown. The men were black, their hair very gracefully plaited, and were altogether naked, excepting a small piece of leather that covered their middle. At this place they were met by twelve monks, four of whom were distinguished by their advanced years and the respect paid to them by the others.

rested their mules and camels a short time, they again began their journey by the side of a great lake, near which was a very high mountain, and this they were too weary to attempt to pass. Full of discontent and despondency, they halted at the foot of this mountain, where they palled the night, having received a cow for supper, a present from the convent. Here Matthew (the ambassador) separated his baggage from that of the caravan, and left it to the care of the monks. He had probably made some little money in Portugal; and, distrusting his reception with the king, wisely determined to place it out of danger. The


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262 SOCINIOS, OR MELEC SEGUED. From 1605 to 1632.

OCINIOS, now universally acknowledged as king, began his reign with a degree of moderation which there was no reason to expect of him. Often as he had been betrayed, many and inveterate as his enemies were, now he had them in his power, he fought no vengeance for injuries which he had suffered, but freely pardoned every one, receiving all men graciously without reproach or reflections, or even depriving them of their employments.

informed, however, that one Mahardin, a Moor, had been the first to break through that respect due to a king, by wounding Za Denghel at the battle of Bartcho, he ordered him to be brought at noon-day before the gate of


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Rh upon the abdomen of the patient; charms are recited, and the diet of the sick man is carefully restricted for fifteen days. This prescription was also given by a Fakír long ago; it is effective only if done on Saturday night or Sunday morning. Members of a family of Mohammedan blacksmiths effect cures by drawing three lines with ashes on the right arm of the patient.

One man in the Jhílam District says that he cures toothache and ringworm by reciting spells which he learned some years ago from a negro cook in East Africa,—a curious example of the importation of folklore. A person in Amritsar cures hydrophobia by treatment taught to his grandfather by a grateful Sikh ascetic. His method is to recite charms seven or eleven times over a little water with which he doses his patient. When he is informed of a case of snakebite, he slaps the messenger on the face with his hand, and gives him a little charmed pepper which is to be administered. In cases of toothache he recites a charm over a knife, and sticks it in the ground or buries it while the sufferer sits concealed by a curtain. Another healer cures hydrophobia by writing some magical characters on a piece of bread which the patient eats. The cure is finished by making him walk (? in the course of the sun) twice or thrice round a mosque.

In Ludhiána District persons suffering from snake-bite are brought to the shrine of Gúga, the snake god. Some earth is dug from the god's tank, on which the patient is laid. He falls asleep, and sees a vision that ensures his cure.

In the Salt Range cattle are healed by a person who walks round them reciting thrice certain verses from the Korán, and blowing towards the animals, and on water in an earthen cup which he holds in his hands. The sacred volume is then wrapped in cloth, hung over the street, and the cattle are driven under it and sprinkled with the holy water. In the same locality members of the Khichi sept of Rajputs charm away hail by walking round the spring crops, blowing over them, and reciting charms. If hail


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86 does fall, after this rite, it is a sign that the charmer was impure. They are said to have gained this power from the saint Sayyid Muhammadi, whose tomb is venerated at Bhera. Descendants of another saint. Sháh Biláwal, cure hydrophobia by blowing charms on salt. The healer sits on a raised seat, and stretches out his legs; the sick man is passed under him, and eats the holy salt. Another healer cures guinea-worm, scrofula, swollen glands, and boils by sitting in a mosque with the sick person lying on a cot before him. He recites charms, and waves a wand of the date or other tree. Another family gained the gift of healing because their ancestor once released the hair of a noted Fakír which had become entangled in a tree. In his gratitude the holy man conferred on his benefactor a cure for guinea-worm by reading a charm and marking lines on the patient's body. His descendants give the sufferer a charmed slip of paper, which he continues to stare at while the healer makes lines on the affected limb. Another worthy cures pains in the loins by giving the sick man a kick in that region.

In the Jhílam District some people cure inflamed eyes by hanging an amulet round the waist and giving pills. They also know charms effective to free a person from the influence of evil spirits. In the case of a bite of a dog they draw a line with an iron rod round the wound to prevent the poison from spreading. At Datiya jaundice is cured by invoking the seven daughters of the Lord Siva and giving the patient some charmed lentils. The healer, if his charm is to work, must not practise it during the Holi or spring festival, the Diváli or feast of lamps, or an eclipse, or immediately after his return from a funeral. The charm must be recited three times while the patient is fumigated with incense.

.

[Communicated by Mr. R. R. Marett.]

The following four Corroboree Songs, spelt phonetically in the Goorang-Goorang dialect, were obtained by Mr. R. B. B. Clayton,


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100 Jean de Calais II. and VII. differ from the other forms of the story in several ways. In the former Jean is the son of a rich merchant, and has wasted much money. He is sent out to seek his fortune on land with seven thousand pistoles, but he pays his all for the debts and burial of a poor man. On his return, he is commended by his father, but again falls into evil ways. Once more he is sent forth with seven thousand pistoles, and passes the cemetery where he buried the debtor. As he does so, a great white bird speaks from the cross, saying that it is the soul of the dead man and will not forget. Jean buys the two daughters of the King of Portugal from a pirate and takes them home, where, with his complaisant father's approval, he marries the elder. Later he journeys to Lisbon with the portraits of the sisters, which are recognized by the king. He is sent back for his wife, but is pushed overboard by a traitor, being driven on a rock in the sea, where he is fed by the white bird. Meanwhile, the traitor goes to Calais and remains there seven years as a suitor for the princess's hand. He is about to be rewarded, when Jean, after promising half of what he loves best to the white bird, is miraculously transported to Calais, whither the King of Portugal comes at the same time. The white bird bears witness to the hero's identity, and demands half of his child. When Jean is about to divide the boy, however, it stops him and flies away.

Version VII. has certain characteristics in common with the above. It is a Basque tale. Juan de Kalais, the son of a widow, sets off as a merchant, but sells his cargo and ship to pay the debts of a corpse, which is being dragged about on a dung-heap. On his return, his mother is angry. Again he goes on a voyage, but

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8 "What was done at the end of that time?" Fred asked.

"In 1853 the missionaries reported that the people of the Hawaiian Islands had been converted to Christianity, and that idolatry no longer MRS. THURSTON, ONE OF THE MISSIONARIES OF 1820. existed among them. Then it was voted by the American Board of Missions that 'the Sandwich Islands, having been Christianized, shall no longer receive aid from this Board.' From that time the churches have been practically self-supporting, though they have received some aid from America. At present the Hawaiian Islands have a missionary society of their own which is sending missionaries and teachers into other islands of the Pacific; and they have a printing-office, where Bibles are printed in several Polynesian languages—just as Bibles


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Rh were formerly printed in New York for the use of the Sandwich Islanders."

Here the guide interrupted them to point out Kawaiaho church, which he said was the first native church in Honolulu, a substantial and well-built edifice that reminded the strangers of many churches they had seen in the New England States. In reply to Frank's remark to this effect Doctor Bronson said that the most of the early missionaries came from Boston and its vicinity, and it was therefore to be expected that the churches would be of the New England pattern.

Fred asked if the church they were passing was the first ever built in the islands. The guide explained that it was the first native church, but not the first American one. That honor belongs to the Seamen's (or Bethel) church, which was sent from Boston in a whale-ship around Cape Horn; it was brought in pieces, and set up soon after the ship arrived here. Honolulu has been for a long time a great resort for whalemen, and about 1846 special attention was paid to their needs by the establishment of a Bethel church and society.


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10 The most famous man in connection with this branch of the missionary enterprise was Rev. Mr. Damon, who obtained the reputation of an earnest friend of the seamen, and was generally called "Father Damon,"in consequence of his paternal care and his kindness towards all who came within his influence. He established a Seamen's Home in connection with the church, and it has been of great use in keeping the sailors away from the evil influences that are found in most ocean ports.

"Go where you will on these islands," said the Doctor, "you will


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Rh man of whom he was jealous. He pierced him to the ground, right through his body. Hearing the noise occasioned by this assault, I gave the alarm, but he was gone, taking with him the woman. The poor fellow's brother who was wounded, and myself, endeavoured to draw the spear, but could not, even by twisting it round, it being jagged; at length a woman succeeded, but although everything was done to save him, he died in a very few hours. The next day he was buried, or rather suspended on the branches of a tree as before described, his mother making horrible lamentations, and burning her body all over with fire-sticks. The next day the men set off to find the murderer, but not succeeding, they returned a little before dark.

A short time after this affair we shifted our quarters, and, when on a hunting excursion, accidentally fell in with the tribe to which he belonged, and a very desperate fight ensued. As is the case with them in such matters, when the parents cannot be punished for any wrong done, they inflict it upon the offspring. So now, the savages having got hold of a child of about four years of age, which this man had had by the young woman before referred to, they immediately knocked it on the head, and having destroyed it, they killed the murderer's brother, also spearing his mother through the thigh, and wounding at the same time several others; so that vengeance was heaped upon him and his tribe in a most dreadful manner. However, the man himself having escaped, he, with others, went in the night to the hut of the savage who had killed his brother, and


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Rh find churches everywhere, and not far from each church there is a native school-house where the children are taught to read and write. On Sunday the churches are filled with worshippers, and there is no more devout people anywhere than on these islands. There are now more churches than are needed by the population, for the reason, not that there is any decline in religious zeal, but because of the decrease in the number of inhabitants. At the time of Captain Cook's discovery the islands were estimated to have a population of not far from two hundred thousand. Small-pox, measles, and other diseases have made terrible havoc, and at present the native population is little if any above fifty thousand. It has been declining with more or less rapidity ever since the beginning of the century, and the last census showed a considerable falling off since the one that preceded it.

"Not only are the islanders diminishing in numbers," he continued, "but the people of to-day are said to be smaller in stature than those of a century ago. The missionaries and other old residents say that when they first came here they used to meet great numbers of natives of high stature and majestic figures, belonging generally to the old families of chiefs and nobles. Occasionally at this time you may see them, but not often."


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70 speared him dead; having done which, they cut the most of the flesh off his body, carrying it away on their spears to mark their triumph. The next day and night there was a continued uproar of dancing and singing, to notify their joy at these horrible events; during which, the mangled remains of the man were roasted between heated stones—and they eat part of them, and no mistake; for I saw them join in the horrible repast, and was requested to do so likewise, which of course I refused to do, evincing the greatest disgust at their proceedings.

Having been rescued from death by starvation, it is only natural that I should, from a feeling of gratitude, desire to save the natives from so great a reproach; but the truth must prevail, and that many of the natives inhabiting this part of the continent of New Holland are cannibals, under particular circumstances, cannot be doubted.

During their savage and brutal repast, I was told it was their intention to serve every one of the murderer's tribe in the same manner.

After this affair, we continued wandering about in a similar way, from place to place, joining one tribe, then leaving it for another, and so on, nothing particular occurring. At length we pitched our huts upon the borders of a lake or lagoon, with a long name, it being called Koodgingmurrah, the name they give to a root growing thereabouts. At that place another tribe joined us, and in a very few days another skirmish took place, and, as usual, it was all about the women. In this


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12 "I suppose the chiefs and nobles were of a different race," Frank remarked, "otherwise they would all be of the same general height."

"That was formerly supposed to be the case," was the reply, "and even now the theory is sustained by many people. But I believe the general opinion is that all were of the same race, and the superior development of the chiefs and nobles was due to their easier life and better food, which could hardly fail to have an effect through many generations."

One of the youths asked if the people received the missionaries kindly, and showed a desire to be instructed and civilized.

"In a general way they did," was the reply, "though that was by no means always the case. Some of the chiefs looked suspiciously upon the coming of the strangers, fearing, and not without reason, that their power would be diminished as their subjects became enlightened. The King was favorable to the work of the missionaries, and consequently the hostility of the chiefs could not be exercised with severity. Before the advent of the missionaries the Hawaiians had no written language. The missionaries reduced the language to writing, prepared school-books, a dictionary, a hymn-book, and a translation of a part of the Scriptures, all in the native tongue, and they trained the native teachers who were needed for the management of the schools then and afterwards established.

"In this way the missionaries gave the Hawaiian people the benefits of civilization, and year by year saw the old superstitions and customs disappearing. Some of them still remain, but not many; just as in New England you may to this day find people who believe in witchcraft, and all over the United States persons who have implicit faith in supernatural things. The Hawaiians are by no means perfect in their morals and beliefs, and you can find iniquity in Honolulu, just as you


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Rh fight I was very nearly killed by a boomerang, which split my shield in two. It appeared not to have been intended for me, but for my supposed brother-in-law. The man, in spite of my intercession, was punished very severely for having thrown it; for which, however, he professed great sorrow. Having been slightly wounded in the hand, and the blood flowing, the women came crying, and bound it up with a piece of rug, tying it round with opossum sinews. The next morning we went to the other side of the lake, where we remained many months.

Another halt—let me then make the best of it, by relating something more about the habits of my Aboriginal friends: the wild uncivilized inhabitants of the forest, the uncultivated children of nature; thousands of whom live unknown, and die unpitied.

All those I met with, excepting in times of war, or lamentation, I found to be particularly fond of what they consider music, although they have no kind of instrument except the skin rug, which, stretched from knee to knee, they beat upon, others keeping time with sticks. So passionately attached are they even to this noise, that they often commence in the night, one family setting them on, until at last they one and all become a very jolly set, keeping it up in one continual strain until daylight. I have often wished them and their enchanting enlivening strains on the other side of the Continent, with the queer old conjuror who manages the props already mentioned, to whom I must however avoid alluding more particularly.


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Rh may find it in Boston or Philadelphia. Murder and theft were very common a hundred years ago; now the former crime is quite as rare as in the United States, and as for the latter, it is even more so. Nearly all the stealing in the islands is done by Chinese or other foreigners, and not by the natives."

Our friends passed near the court-house, which bore a marked resemblance to an American town-hall in a prosperous town, and stood at the edge of a well-kept garden. The Doctor remarked that courthouses and jails were some of the adjuncts of all civilized lands, and therefore they were needed in Hawaii as well as elsewhere. "But I am told," he continued, "that the majority of the inmates of the jail at Honolulu are of other races than the Hawaiian, and that Americans and English form a good proportion."

A little way beyond the courthouse our friends met a man carrying two covered baskets slung at the ends of a short pole which rested on his shoulder. Frank turned to the guide and asked what the man was carrying.

"He's a poi peddler," was the reply, "and I wonder you have not met one before, as there are many of them. He peddles poi, and the people buy it to eat."

He then explained that poi is the national dish of the islands, and is made from the taro-root, which is the Sandwich Island form of the potato. He pointed out a taro-garden, and said that there were many such gardens in and around Honolulu, as the natives did not consider a home complete without one.

The taro-root is baked in an underground oven, and then mashed very fine, so that it would be like flour if the moisture were expelled. After it has been thoroughly mashed it is mixed with water, and in this condition is ready for eating. It has an agreeable taste when fresh, and most foreigners like it upon the first trial. For native use it is allowed to ferment; when fermented it suggests sour paste to the


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72 They have a great aversion to the use of water, unless for the purposes of drinking, and bathing in the summer season, so that their washing processes are not very labourious or extensive. Nature, as it is, reigns in all her glory with them, without artificial assistance. My gentlemen, and lady friends, as may be supposed, knew nothing about tailors, and dressmakers, hairdressers, or boot and shoe makers; they were as ignorant in all such matters as Eve or Adam. They, however, take great pains in greasing and painting themselves in the most fantastic manner. Their style of shaving is not the most agreeable, for when the beard is nearly full grown they singe it with a fire-stick, or pluck it off with a muscle-shell. They have a great aversion to grey hairs, whether in the head or beard. The women pluck them out whenever they appear on their husbands or their own heads, until old father Time gets the better of them at that work. They are very fond of ornaments—the women especially—and in their manufacture, are very ingenious. Their head-bands are netted like silk purses, and they do this kind of work without any needle or other instrument—using their fingers only. They make these bands as even as it could be done by the most experienced person with silk or thread, leaving a piece at each end to tie round the forehead, colouring them with ochre. Their neck ornaments are made like silk velvet guards. Upon these are strung a great number of pieces of shells, and of the teeth of the kangaroo, adding too, the feathers of the swan and emu; the strongest of which they split in


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14


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 CHAPTER I

DOWN AND OUT

" out of here!" said Jack Knight, head towerman of the Great Northern Railroad, at Stanley Junction.

"Why, I ain't doing no harm," retorted Mort Bemis, ex-leverman of the depot switch tower.

"And stay out. Hear me?" demanded Knight, big as a bear, and quite as gruff.

"What's the call for sitting down on a fellow this way, I'd like to know!" muttered Bemis sullenly.

"You're a bad lot, that's what," growled the veteran railroader. "You always were and you always will be. I'm through with you. So is the railroad company. What's the call, you meddlesome, malicious reprobate? That's the call!" fairly shouted the towerman, red of face and choleric of voice. Rh

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2 He moved one arm as he spoke. It hung in a sling, and the hand was swathed in bandages.

"There's some of your fine, Smart-Aleck work," he went on angrily. "Come now, take yourself out of here! This is a place for workers, not loafers."

Mort Bemis gave Jack Knight a revengeful look. Then he moved towards the trap in the floor.

The scene was the depot switch tower at Stanley Junction, in sight of the local passenger depot. It loomed up thirty feet in the air, glass-windowed on every side. It was neat, light, and airy. In its center, running nearly its length, was the row of long heavy levers that controlled the depot and siding switches of the terminus of the Great Northern Railroad.

The big-framed, business-faced man who bustled among these, keeping an angry eye meantime on an unwelcome visitor, was a veteran and a marvel in local railroad circles.

When the Great Northern had come to Stanley Junction, ten years back, it brought old Jack Knight with it.

He had an eye like an eagle and the muscles of a giant. The inside of his head was popularly believed to be a vast railroad map. He controlled the main rails, switches, and sidings, like a

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Rh woman would the threads of an intricate knitting piece. He directed the locomotives and trains up and down that puzzling network of rails, like puppets moved by strings. In ten years' service he had never been responsible for an accident or a wreck.

Old Jack, therefore, having never made a mistake in railroading, had little patience with the careless, lazy specimen whom he had just ordered out of the place.

Mort Bemis had been his assistant in the tower. The fellow's record had always been full of flaws. He was slow and indifferent at the levers. He associated with a shiftless crowd outside. He borrowed money and did not pay it back. He was unreliable, disagreeable, and unpopular.

Three days previous, old Jack was adjusting a heavy weight bar on the lower story of the switch tower.

Mort, upstairs, was supposed to safely hold back a spring-bar apparatus while his superior was fixing the delicate mechanism below.

His mind everywhere except on his task, Mort for an instant took his hand off the bar to wave a recognition to a chosen chum, "flipping" a passing freight train.

There was a frightful yell below. Mort,

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4 fled, pulled back the bar. Then he stuck his head through the trap. There stood old Jack, pale as death, one hand crushed and mutilated through his helper's outrageous lapse of duty.

The old railroader's rage was terrible, as he forgot his pain and hurt in the realization that for the first time in ten years he was crippled from active service.

The frightened Mort made a dive for a window. He slid down the water-spout outside, got to the nearest switch shanty, telephoned the depot master about the accident,—and made himself scarce.

Mort joined some chosen chums in one of the haunts of Railroad Street. He reported by 'phone "on the sick list" next morning. He did not show up until two days later, "after a good and easy rest," as he put it, and then fancying old Jack's "grouch" had cooled down.

Mort's reception has been related. He was informed that the railroad company had peremptorily discharged him. As to old Jack himself, Mort readily discerned that the veteran railroader was aching to give him a good hiding.

Mort did not wait to furnish an excuse for this. He now started down the trap-door ladder, grumbling and growling.

"Be careful!" rapidly but pleasantly warned

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Rh someone whom Mort jostled a few feet from the bottom.

Mort edged over and dropped to the floor. He gave the speaker a keen look.

"Hello! Oh; it's you?" he muttered with a scowl; "Ralph Fairbanks."

The person addressed responded with a short nod. Then he continued to mount the ladder in an easy, agile way.

"Hold on," challenged Bemis.

He had planted his feet apart, and had fixed a fierce and malignant glance upon the newcomer.

Suspicion, disappointment, and rage showed plainly in his coarse, sullen face.

There was something in the striking contrast between himself and the other that galled Mort.

He was "down and out," he realized, while the neat, cheery, ambitious lad whom he had hailed, three years his junior, was "going up the ladder" in more ways than one.

The latter wore a new, clean working suit, and carried a dinner pail. He suggested the wholesome, energetic worker from top to toe.

"I am holding on," he observed to Mort, stopping half-way up the ladder.

"Thought you was working at the roundhouse?" said Mort.

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6 "I was," answered Ralph Fairbanks. "I have been promoted."

"Where to?"

"Here."

"What!" flared out Mort. "What do you know about switch-tower duty?"

"Not much, only what Mr. Knight has shown me for the past two days. But I'll catch on, I guess."

Mort Bemis struck a tragic pose and his voice quavered.

"Oho! that's the game, eh? All cut and dried! My bread and butter taken away from me, to give to one of the master mechanic's pets. Augh!"

Mort retreated with a grimace of disgust. He was standing under a floor grating. Purposely or by accident, Knight, overhead, had dropped a dipperful of water through the grating.

Mort jumped outside the lower tower room, growling like a mad catamount. He shook his fist menacingly at Ralph.

"Fairbanks," he cried, "I'll fix you for this!"

Ralph did not even look at his enemy again. He completed his ascent of the ladder, and came up through the trap with a bright, cheery hail to old Jack, whom he liked and who liked him.

"I report for active duty, Mr. Knight," he announced briskly.

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Rh "Oh, do you?" retorted the old railroader, disguising his good nature under his usual mask of grimness. "Well, you're ahead of time fifteen minutes, so just sit down and behave yourself till I get those freights over yonder untangled. Anxious for work, are you?" he pursued quizzically. "You'll have enough of it. I'm ordered up to the crossings tower, and you'll have to take the first half-night shift here alone. Think you can manage it?"

"I can try, Mr. Knight," was the modest but resolute reply.

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text: Ralph in the Switch Tower/Chapter 1

title: Ralph in the Switch Tower/Chapter 1


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Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 21, 1910.djvu/334

 SOME NĀGA CUSTOMS AND SUPERSTITIONS.

BY T. C. HODSON, EAST LONDON COLLEGE.

(Read at Meeting, June 1st, 1910.)

I was busy with the census of 1900, a Nāga once asked me what the census was for. Shrewdly enough he suspected an increase of taxation, but I was not to be drawn. I was near the truth when I told him that the Maharani was so interested in her Nāga subjects that she had sent me to find out how many of them she ruled over. It must have seemed to my questioner that I was engaged in rather a useless task if I was merely satisfying the curiosity of that distant mysterious personage whom many of them believed to be the wife of John Company, and therefore called Kumpinu, the feminine form of Kumpini. We are living in an age in which social problems are rigorously investigated by statistical and scientific methods. The interest of the State in the conservation and enhancement of the forces, social and economic, which repair continuously the wear and tear of the fabric of society, is now vivid and direct. More and more are we devoting our energy to the task of organising and preserving the raw material of the


text: Page:The Life of Michael Angelo.djvu/6

title: Page:The Life of Michael Angelo.djvu/6


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Rh Thomson (W.) Algebra for Colleges and Schools. With Answers, 5s.; without, 4s. 6d.; Answers separate, 1s. 6d. ''Tolhausen. Technological German, English, arid French Dietionary''. Vols. I., II., with Supplement, 12s. 6d. each; III., 9s.; Supplement, cr. 8vo, 3s. 6d. Tromholt (S.) Under the Rays of the Aurora Borealis. By. Photographs and Portraits. 2 vols., 8vo, 30s. Tucker (W.J.) Life and Society in Eastern Europe. 15s. Tupper (Martin Farquhar) My Life as an Author. 14s. Turner (Edward) Studies in Russian Literature. Cr. 8vo, 8s. 6d.

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BOOKS BY JULES VERNE.

3 vols., 8vo, 600 pp., 100 full-page illustrations, 12s. 6d.; gilt edges, 14a. each:— (1). (2)  (3)


text: The Life of Michael Angelo

title: The Life of Michael Angelo


text:
Letter from John Curtis to Alexander Henry Haliday 14 July 1831 and undated 1831

Curtis to A.H.H. 14th July 1831 - extracts only. I received your second kind letter and unexpectedly finding that Mr. Davies is about to go to Ireland I hasten to reply to both of them….. .. Both Mr. Walker and Mr. Dale  have captured each a specimen of a very minute Stylops  which I hope to figure this year for if I am not deceived they will form a new genus or else belong to Xenos. I shall be very glad of your opinion. You will find Periope, Orphnephilus, Cordyla, Sciophila and the Palpomyiae in the addenda and I regret that your last letter did not reach till after my Guide was published, the remainder of which I now have the pleasure of  transmitting to you. I value much the information that follows in your letter relative to Spathius, Stenocera, and Pezomachus and regret that I cannot satisfy you on the point respecting the sexes. My Senegal collection is indeed a valuable and interesting one but it contained nothing but Coleoptera of which I have many duplicates and nothing would give me greater pleasure than adding to your friends collection in exchange for Hymenops and Coleops The genus Podagrion I have not. I have recd. some useful insects from Germany in exchange and have added a few New Holland and Java insects as well as some S. American. Many thanks for the Rogas, Bracon (Rhyssalus) (which Mr. Walker had), Callomyia, Bolitophila and Medeterus. .. I am ashamed of the bad use I sometimes make of the valuable materials you have so often been so kind as to place in my hands - unfortunately the greater portion of the subscribers to BE want large and handsome insects that it requires some contrivance to cater for all. I trust however this will not deter you from sending me information which will be thankfully received and made the best use of in my power. I anticipated the pleasure of adding a new species (to Britain) of Dolichopus to your cabinet but I see you have it. D, plumipes, and which I took on the shore at Wareham, Dorset, I shall carefully look over your divisions of this genus the first day I have. ….. By the bye, I trust you will bear in mind that any year when you are disposed to make a scientific excursion in Ireland, or to Switzerland, if you have not a companion better to your mind you will not forget me and perhaps if you have, you would not object to a trio….. ..Your name Oncocera has-been employed by Stephens for a genus of moths, .. The Cinctus is a beautiful one to figure and the Aphidius I shall avail myself of; also Stilpnus and Atraclodes - Drapetis is new to me. What is the size of your Sciophilus pictipennis? It is a beautiful thing and reminds me of the genus Leptomorphus which I have just pub. The Palpomyia and Cordyla are I believe new to me. Dolichopus nobilitatus and Bibio clavipes if I have a specimen of shall be put into a box for you and I beg that whenever you desire to have any particular insects that you will not hesitate to ask them of me for if I have a duplicate there is no-one to whom I should have greater pleasure in transmitting it than to yourself. ….. I had almost forgotten to say that Dale and I spent 10 days in the New Forest and had the gratification of finding the Cicada which we have been searching for 12 years and a great many other insects which I have not time to mention but hope to give some of them to you. ….. We fagged very hard. I was in the Forest at 4 am. 14th July 1831. PS. The concluding volume of Meigen [Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflügeligenInsekten]  is published, price 16s. Shall I get it for you? Also 2 vols. of Dejean's Coleoptera, being the final of the Carabidae, and I dare say of the work„

undated 1831. JC - AHH.

….. and if you favour me with any remarks on the Stylops which I make a new Genus I hope you will let me have them before the 1st of November for the Plate is already engraved. ….. My Meigen is by no means an elegant copy but it has not the defects you mention…... ….. Many thanks for the sketch of Stylops, Have you taken more than one new ….. Thanks for the Stilpnus which I am about to publish, any information will be acceptable. ….. The insects you want from Germany I want also and will therefore procure them for you as often as I can but at present the cholera retards everything and then winter puts a stop to any parcels from thence Mr. Templeton's box has been ready sometime not looked to, which I sho’ be sorry for as I have named them with great care.


text:
Letters from John Curtis to Alexander Henry Haliday 29 February 1832, 4 November 1832 and 22nd December 1832

J. Curtis to A.H,H, written 29th Feb. 1832 posted March 3rd 1832 I know not how to thank you for the trouble you have taken and the invaluable additions you have made to my cabinet, I can only hope that they will not be ill bestowed and although I cannot publish as many as I would wish in BE I hope some other opportunity will offer to make more of your valuable researches of use to the entomological student.

J. Curtis to A.H,H 4th Nov.1832

I shall devote tomorrow to studying your valuable paper on the Aphidii and will afterwards return it to you. I have since arranged my species and copied your divisions into my Ms. for descr. and hope that I have not taken too great advantage of your friendship, your fureatus seems to be my pictus, your Rosa my dimidiatus and my minutus is closely allied to your letifer. As my names are printed in the Guide I hope if you publish you will apply as many of them as you can, otherwise it will not merely become a dead letter in parts, but great confusion may be caused and I will never throw any stumbling block in the way. In my Genus Aphidius 547 you will find three species of yours which now you do not notice, this has caused me a good deal of concern, tell me if you can whether you have forgotten them or if you think now that they belong to other genera, that I may be guided in future. You say Cryptus aphidium Fab. is a Microgaster, how can that possibly be when he merely copies Linnaeus's own words from F.S.[Fauna Suecica]  no. 1643, but when I return your paper you will be better able to answer this. ….. Your observations on the Stylops and Drapetis are very valuable to me, the former I shall avail myself of before long the latter in a month or 2. I shall be very much pleased to recieve your catalogue as I am desirous of making mine as complete as I can so that when I publish a 2nd edition it may be better worth having than the 1st.

Curtis to Haliday 22nd December 1832

My Dear Sir, I was delighted at the receipt of your letter this morning as I had been expecting to hear from you for some time and I now think it better to write without delay to inform you that if you will tell me exactly which groups you wish to have and whether a part or a whole of each and give the number in the Guide of each, I will prepare and pack them up immediately on the arrival of your letter, at the same time I will send you the 2nd volume of Spinola [Insectorum Liguriæ Species Novæ aut Rariores] which you wish to see; some Diptera left for you by Mr. F. Walker, but do not forget to tell me the exact conveyance the parcel had better be sent by, is your address, 3 North Cumberland Street, Dublin, for it would be unpleasant for both of us if the packet was miscarried. I must now give you a 'multum in parvus’ letter. Pray is it Mr.Templeton who is now Dr. Is he now an M. Dr. I find he has given his Elenchus to that pert lad Westwood.Mr. Templeton told me there was a collection in Ireland to be disposed of from Sierra Leone, he promised to send me the particulars, that is to say about the number of species, the amount of each order and the price. I am very anxious to hear about it and recollecting that you once mentioned it to me, I think you can probably give me the particulars, if not will you do me the favour to remind Mr. Templeton of this promise and when I send your parcel I shall enclose a pair of very rare spiders I promised to lend Mr. T, to make drawings of. I am extremely obliged to you for the Ichneumonidae which I shall place in my cabinet, 2 or 3 of these are valuable acquisitions and I will send you a few insects which I hope will prove acceptable. Will you be kind enough to look again at your Lucina fasciata for I fear it is not that genus and if not what is it? Dale and Walker were much pleased with their insects, I sent 20 species to the former and 11 to the latter Gent: and Mr. D, has sent a list for you to mark which I shall enclose, I wrote long back to Germany and Paris for the Hymenops you wished for and can get no answer, excepting two or three Frenchmen I cannot say much for my correspondents in France, if they want anything they do not forget me but with all their politeness I hear nothing of them till they again want something when they do not even acknowledge the receipt of a former present. You may depend on my getting them if I can unfortunately I was obliged to dissect the only duplicate ones I had. Pray tell me if Leiophron apicalis be a true one and can you give me one? Your Oncocerus vernalis is Callicerus (Gr) Spencii K. Be kind enough to send me before the beginning of February of your other species hybrida which I fear I forgot to take ….. I am about to publish the genus, if you have any duplicates of vernalis they will be acceptable. You can do whatever you please with Zele only remember that Z. testaceator, Z.albitarsus and the other dissections in my plate all belong to one (my) genus. I have sent 18 or 20 genera indicated in the Guide to be published in the Ent. Mag. one is my genus 546 which I call Macrocentrus (from the length of the oviduct) and if your name be not published you will not object probably to mine and Plancus (548) I have also characterised. Thanks for the offer of your paper on Dolichopidae, but I am happy to say I have seen a proof of it and I anticipate much pleasure and information from perusing it when pub. but I regret that at present I have not time to avail myself of the one in the Zoo Journal. With regard to my work I shall speak to you as a friend. Mr. Haworth and a Gentm. whom I fear has discontinued taking it are the only two persons who had it uncolored and I could not now, without great trouble, viz going through my entire stock get a set but I feel under such obligation to you and should be so gratified by having your name in my list of subscribers that I shall not hesitate to supply you with the work colored at the same price the booksellers pay viz 3/6 a number (this of course between ourselves) at the same time do not from delicacy accede to my proposal, as I am fully convinced of your wishes to be of service to me, if therefore you decline the offer we will drop the subject for the present. I must however add that Haworth very much regrets that he did not take a colored copy and you would also for they are 3/0 a number. Many thanks for your sketch of the Geranomyia - 'what a curious fellow, I suppose he turns his head round to feed, since his eyes meet beneath and like the fox throws his prey over his back. The nat size I shall find in the Ent. Mag. I suppose. Thanks for the additions to my Guide, I have only had time to examine the- and Pompili at present. You will see in my addenda appended to the last number of B.E. what has happened respecting Helcomyza ustulata and it only proves how dangerous it is to supply names to insects unpublished and undescribed especially without knowing the author. On referring to my 5th volume of Meigen I see under actora I had written in pencil Helcomyza? but my genus was published two years before I have recieved that volume therefore it is not my error although my work is blemished and suffers by it. You do not tell me what Entedon in a cluster it is you want, I cannot find it — what is the size, colour etc. I was delighted to possess Ceraphron Halidayii first because I had named it after you and ? it is very essential to possess those insects I figure:the female of Scatophaga also was a most valuable addition. Tipula dispar I only had the male of, I never could understand the female but thought it had been killed before the wings were fully expanded, never having taken it myself and I need scarcely say there was not an insect you sent me that was not fully acceptable. I know not if I ever told you that I had undertaken to describe the insects collected in Captain King's survey of the Straits of Magellan, but they occupy some of my leisure moments and I have now got them into order and have labelled the whole so that I know from what place each specimen cameo Mr. Walker has kindly undertaken to describe the Diptera and I wish to ask you if you would like to undertake the Hymenoptera, there are not so many species, Ichneumonidae, ants, wasps and bees. I am entitled to the 2nd specimens which I shall have great pleasure in awarding to you if the undertaking would afford you any satisfaction. I would figure one of two of the most curious or conspicuous and any time before Midsummer would do. I will put into the box some British Ichneumonidae hoping you will do me the favour at your leisure to append to them their Generic names and if you know them the specific also but not to take any trouble about it and whenever there are 2 alike I beg you will take one if desirable. Pray do me the favour to answer the different questions in this letter as I have no copy or memorandum. I shall hope to hear shortly from you and sincerely wishing you in a good old English Phrase a Merry Christmas and Happy New Year, believe me to be my dear Sir

Yours most faithfully, John Curtis


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text: Pictures From Italy

title: Pictures From Italy


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title: Page:Pictures From Italy.djvu/5


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title: Page:Pictures From Italy.djvu/6


text: Talk:Pictures From Italy

title: Talk:Pictures From Italy


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Page:The Eurypterida of New York Volume 1.pdf/266

 while the doublure in  is much narrower than in the typical Stylonurus. The eyes differ in both genera from those of Eurypterus in being relatively much larger, placed as a rule further forward and having their visual surfaces so extended that the extremities of each edge approach each other [pl. 45, fig. 1 and ]. The relationship of the two is strikingly brought out in the form of the metastoma. The elongate subrectangular outline in D. macrochirus is well shown in plate 45, figure 3. It obviously corresponds in length to the much elongated carapace and the long coxa of the swimming leg. The two metastomas figured by Holm are of like shape. Laurie has succeeded in tracing the outlines of the metastomas of two species of Stylonurus [text fig. 64] and they exhibit the same form as that of. Similar metastomas are quite common in the Otisville beds, where two species of Stylonurus and one of Dolichopterus occur. The form of this organ appears to furnish an excellent criterion of generic unity, as here demonstrated among the species of Eusarcus and Pterygotus, and it is inferred that like metastomas in different genera are strong evidence of close relationship.

Further, we have here shown that at least one subgenus of Stylonurus, viz, Ctenopterus, is characterized by long, straight, relatively thin, closely arranged spines. The same feature is repeated in  [see drawing of type, Hall, pl. 83A, fig. 1 and, here, pl. 45, fig. 3].

This similarity of the legs continues in the last two pairs, and shows itself in the great lengths of the fourth and fifth segments.

Finally the slender, gradually tapering abdomen of Dolichopterus with its winglike epimera [pl. 43] is also more suggestive of Stylonurus than of Eurypterus or any other of the genera of the eurypterids. We suspect that the telson will prove to be styliform in Dolichopterus as in Stylonurus.

The main difference between Dolichopterus and Stylonurus is in the development of the distal parts of the last pair of legs; in Dolichopterus these are broadened and beset with leaflike lobes, while in Stylonurus they are narrow and greatly lengthened. The preceding pair of legs is also furnished with lobelike appendages in Dolichopterus and is free of such in Stylonurus.


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 The question of the phylogenetic relation of Dolichopterus to Stylonurus, Drepanopterus and Eurypterus has been fully dealt with in the introductory chapter to which we here refer.

Besides the three species of Dolichopterus from the New York rocks thus far mentioned, the Bertie waterlime at Litchfield and the Shawangunk grit at Otisville have each furnished a type represented only by the carapace;  and  ; and the Frankfort shale has afforded the fragmentary remains designated   and.

From the waterlime beds of Litchfield we have a swimming leg, which possesses in general the characters of Dolichopterus but has a greatly differing palette or terminal segment. The latter is elongate oval and strikingly resembles the palette of Pterygotus. As the palette in Pterygotus is the eighth segment, while that of Dolichopterus is the ninth, this similarity can hardly be more than the result of convergence. This limb is as far different from that of the genotype,, in one direction, as that of   is in another. In this the relative compactness and strength of the swimming leg of  is carried to extreme, in the other the tendency of   to the development of broad lobelike appendages.

These few species together indicate a greater variability in the characters of this genus than is shown by other genera.

The genus is at present represented by seven American and two European species, viz:


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Hall. Palaeontology of New York. 1859. 3:414, pl. 83, fig. 1; pl. 83A, fig. 1

Professor Hall based his description of this genus Dolichopterus and of its genotype  upon a single specimen from the waterlime at Williamsville. This is now in the American Museum of Natural History and is unique in its state of preservation, for it can be lifted bodily out of the matrix and exhibits both sides; these were so accurately figured by Whitfield that new figures can add only immaterial features. Unfortunately, however, this type lacks the greater part of the postabdomen and telson and retains only the proximal portions of the limbs, save the last pair, besides being incomplete in such other important points as the posterior portion of the metastoma, the opercular appendages and the operculum itself. It is therefore extremely gratifying that later collections in this State have afforded three more specimens of this extremely rare species which happily supply the desired information. The most important of these is a specimen from the famous locality of Wheelock's hill, Litchfield [pl. 43]. This retains the postabdomen and telson and furnishes important information as to the limbs


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 and the metastoma. Another specimen, from Forge Hollow near Water ville, N. Y., now in the American Museum, exhibits beautifully the second, third and fourth postoral limbs with their spines and lobes, showing novel characters especially as to the structure of the fourth limbs. Finally, the museum of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences contains a specimen with well preserved appendages. With the help of this material the following description of the species can be given:

Description. Body medium sized, relatively slender, with long appendages. Carapace and preabdomen of about equal length, postabdomen larger by one half than preabdomen, and telson as long as carapace.

Carapace of quadrangular outline, relatively long (length to width as 6 : 7); the frontal margin broadly emarginate, the rounded anterior angles slightly projecting, the lateral margins parallel and nearly straight for more than half their length from the base. Doublure narrow. Lateral eyes large, about one fifth the length of the carapace, situated close to the anterior angles, less than their length distant from the anterior margin, and about that distance from the lateral margin. The protuberance is oval, and apparently surrounded halfway by the visual surface.

The preabdomen is little shorter than wide (length to width as 5 : 6) attaining its greatest width at the third tergite and contracting thence gradually to the postabdomen. Judging from the specimens reproduced on plates 42–44, the segments of the preabdomen were highly arched. In the flattened condition, they are about six or seven times as wide as long. Their posterior margin is broadly concave in the middle.

The operculum is a very long plate; it is hardly more than three times as wide as long. The other sternites seem to have overlapped to more than half their length and were hence also relatively long plates.

The postabdomen is the longest division of the body. It surpasses by one half the preabdomen, decreases gradually in width to nearly one half, while at the same time the length of the segments is doubled, in the first segment the width surpassing the length five and one half times, and in the last not even one half times (actual proportion 10 : 54; 20 : 28). The


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 postabdominal segments are furnished with distinct epimera that increase in width with each succeeding member, and are prolonged into short spurs, except on the last segment where they are produced into long, rounded lobes. The posterior doublure is wide, amounting to nearly one half the width of the first segment.

The telson is narrow and long, apparently little shorter than the postabdomen. It contracts rapidly for a short distance from the anterior end, then it continues slender, or increases again slightly to the point which is abruptly rounded. The section is triangular. The dorsal surface is flat or slightly convex, the ventral produced into a flat-topped carina. The edges are sharp and marked by oblique incisions which, toward the extremity, grow into sharp teeth.

The preoral appendages of the cephalothorax have not been seen. The first three pairs of postoral appendages form a series of remarkably stout walking legs that increase in length posteriorly and decrease very little in width distally. They consist of short, ringlike segments, all of which, except the three basal ones, bear a pair of extremely long, curved spines [pl. 45, fig. 3]. The terminal spine or claw also is distinguished by its great length. It is flanked by the almost equally long spines of the last segment. The fourth limb, which has been known hitherto by its basal portion only, displays quite as peculiar characters as the last limb. In length it is intermediate between the third walking leg and the much elongated swimming leg, begins rather slender and becomes gradually wider distally. Though it terminates in a very long and strong claw, thus having the appearance of a walking leg, this claw is not flanked by the two like spines on the last segment as in other eurypterids, but by two broad bractlike lobes. Tracing these legs proximally, the impressions of further bractlike appendages are seen on the inner side [pl. 45, fig. 2, 3], in the places where in the preceding legs the long paired spines are found. Since the opposite sides of the same leg show these bractlike lobes, it is apparent that they represent a modification of the spines of the preceding limbs.


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 Hall fully recognized that the last postoral limb differs from the corresponding organ of all other eurypterids in the development of the ninth segment into a broad expansion like an oar blade. These last limbs are not only very long, for when fully turned back they would have nearly reached the penultimate postabdominal segment, but also rather flexible and expanded in all segments, most markedly however in the last four. The coxa of this leg, which is fairly well shown in the type and still better in the specimen from Litchfield, differs in outline from those of other eurypterids being much longer in anteroposterior direction.

The coxa is subrhomboidal in shape (its short posterior side only half as long as the long inner edge), with a long curved neck leading to the manducatory edge. The second and third segments are short, ringlike, especially so the third, while the fourth is distinguished from all others by its length, it being twice as long as each of the two following segments and four times as long as the preceding one. It is twice as long as wide. The fifth and sixth segments are of subequal dimensions, each nearly one fourth longer than wide. The seventh and eighth segments are broad and relatively short, their longitudinal and transverse diameters being about equal. Their outer edges are obscurely serrate. The lobe of the seventh segment which is narrowly triangular in Eurypterus, is here produced into a leaflike process, which in length equals the segment. The eighth segment, which is the palette in Eurypterus and Pterygotus, is in this genus of similar form as the preceding segment. The ninth segment, the small "claw" in other eurypterids, has here assumed the bladelike shape of the eighth segments in Eurypterus and Pterygotus. It is oval in shape, with its extremity somewhat drawn out, longer than the preceding segments, one and one half times longer than wide. Its outer margin is coarsely serrate, the serrations directed obliquely forward and convex on the outer side. The metastoma has been described by Hall as "lyrate, with the anterior margin


text:
Author:Edward Bayzard Ellington

Works

 * (Hydraulic)

title: Author:Edward Bayzard Ellington


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 cordiform." Its length is more than half that of the carapace, its greatest width (in the anterior fourth) one half of its length. It decreases slightly in width posteriorly. Its lateral margins are nearly straight or but slightly concave. Its posterior end is transversely truncate, slightly emarginate in the middle.

The opercular appendage of the female is seen very imperfectly in Hall's type. It is better shown in the specimen in the museum of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences [pl. 44]. It is similar to that of Eurypterus, differing mainly in the greater length and less curvature of the paired terminal pieces. The proximal portion has not been distinctly seen. Traces of the pentagonal areas and the inclosed hastate proximal


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 extremity of the first unpaired lobe are observable. The appendage extends beyond the middle of the second sternite, but the specimen is probably stretched. In Hall's type, which is clearly contracted in the preabdomen, it extends to the middle of the fourth sternite.

No surface ornamentation has been observed except linear rows of high, circular scales on the proximal segments of the last two pairs of limbs.

Some measurements complementary to the preceding are afforded by the Litchfield specimen.

The metastoma is 30.4 mm long; 16.5 mm wide ad maximum and 11 mm at the posterior end.

The coxa of the last limb is 35.7 mm long on the inner side and 22.4 on the posterior. The swimming leg measures 128.7 mm; its eighth segment is so much contracted that the original length was about 130 mm.

The preabdomen is 53 mm long and 54 mm wide. The postabdomen measures 90 mm in length; it is 53 mm wide at its anterior end and 28 mm at its posterior end. The first sternite is 12.5 mm long, the last 19.5 mm. Of the telson 44 mm are preserved; its initial width is 15.5 mm.


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 Horizon and localities. The four known specimens of this rare species, from Williamsville, Litchfield and Waterville, were obtained from the Bertie waterlime.

Remarks. Hall clearly set forth the peculiar characters of this species in the original description. He says "this species is distinguished by its robust, elongate body, the long straight-sided carapace, very anterior eyes, strong and thick jointed anterior feet, and extremely long swimming feet, with the great development of the terminal palette and the little dilation of the two preceding joints. The form of the postoral plate is very remarkable, though its posterior termination is unknown; the appendage is more prolonged and of a different form, and the adjacent articulation is very peculiar; and there are distinctive features in the maxillary plates."

The exceedingly long spines of the first three pairs of legs, the bractlike appendages of the fourth pair, and the great anteroposterior extension of the coxae of the last legs may be mentioned as further peculiar characters.

The powerful, long spined first legs indicate that  was an able walker and the bract-covered next pair of limbs, as well as the great elongation of the last pair, serve to demonstrate that it was likewise a powerful swimmer.

In consequence of the active use it made of its swimming legs, the species appears to have developed strong internal keels [pl. 43] within some of the segments corresponding to the entapophyses or internal keels and bars in recent arthropods, serving as attachment bases for powerful muscles.

The presence in the Frankfort shale fauna of at least one species with the characteristics of a Dolichopterus is demonstrated by a considerable number of carapaces and several metastomes. We refer these all for the present time to one species.

Description. Carapace subquadrate; length and width about equal; frontal margin very bluntly angular in the middle; lateral margins nearly


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 straight; slightly bulging in the posterior half; posterior margin broadly concave. Antelateral angles very prominent, a little larger than a right angle; genal angles well rounded in the type, rectangular in other specimens. A distinct flat or beveled border follows the lateral margin, and a narrower one the frontal margin. The lateral eyes are situated at the antelateral corners, relatively small (about one fifth the length of the carapace), semicircular to semielliptical in form, the straight diameter forming the inner margin. The visual surface was apparently crescentshaped. The ocelli were situated on a line with the posterior extremities of the lateral eyes. The ornamentation [see pl. 83, fig. 10] consists of closely arranged, low flat nodes.

Horizon and localities. Frankfort shale at Schenectady (Dettbarn quarry), Aqueduct, Rotterdam Junction and Duanesburg, whence the type and some of the best specimens came.

Remarks. We have about a dozen carapaces, mostly from Schenectady, which agree in general outline and position of the lateral eyes, but show slight variations in the character of the frontal margin which in some exhibits a rather sharply protuding middle projection while in others it is somewhat emarginate. It is, however, quite probable that these latter variations from the form of the frontal margin of the type, are due to lateral and oblique compression and folding of the thin integuments.

This species must have attained considerable size, for one carapace [pl. 83, fig. 14] was about 69 mm long and 62 mm wide at the frontal angles. The type specimen measures 8 mm by 8 mm.

A metastoma has been found which recalls that of.

Description. Carapace of small size, spade-shaped in outline, broader by one half in front than at the base, its greatest width equal to its length; the frontal margin marked by a flat or beveled border, most produced in the middle, and posteriorly bounded by a straight transverse projecting


text: Letters of Junius/Letter VII

title: Letters of Junius/Letter VII


text: Letters of Junius/Letter VIII

title: Letters of Junius/Letter VIII


title: User:Arilang1234/Draft


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 the Butlers. He filled several important offices connected with the government of Ireland; "being a mighty strong man, he is styled in some annals, the head of the chivalry of Ireland, which kingdom he governed to the content of the King and his good subjects." He was not only successful in many of his incursions against the native chieftains, but checked the depredations of Scotch and Welsh pirates upon the Irish coasts. He died at Gowran, 7th September 1405.

Butler, James, 4th Earl of Ormond, known as the "White Earl," was, like many of his predecessors, a minor when his died. He received an education in advance of most young Irish lords of his time. Before he was of age he distinguished himself in the field against the Irish, was made Lord-Deputy, and held a Parliament in Dublin about 1408. He travelled in France with Thomas of Lancaster in 1412. In 1420 he attended Henry V. in his French wars, and ingratiated himself so much with that monarch that he returned to Ireland as Lord-Lieutenant. He headed expeditions against the native septs into Ulster and other parts of the country. A few months after Henry V.'s death he was replaced in the government of Ireland by Edmund Mortimer. The Earl held the office of Lord-Deputy in 1425 and 1440, and was Lord-Lieutenant in 1443. A violent feud arose between the Butlers and Talbots; and members of the latter family used every endeavour, but without success, to lessen the esteem in which he was held by Henry VI. He died at Ardee, 23rd August 1452, and was buried at St. Mary's Abbey, Dublin. His first wife was a daughter of the Earl of Kildare, his second the widow of Earl Grey. The White Earl was esteemed a deep student of history and antiquities, and a proficient in the laws of arms and matters of honour. He endowed the College of Heralds with lands, and advanced the study and culture of Irish heraldry.

Butler, James, 5th Earl of Ormond, born 24th November 1420, was almost the first after the settlement of his family in Ireland that was not left a minor on the death of his. When young he was knighted by Henry VI. and he accompanied Richard, Duke of York, to France. In 1449 he was created Earl of Wiltshire, and was for a time Governor of Calais. In 1451 he was Lord-Deputy; and next year, upon his father's death, was appointed Lord-Lieutenant. In 1452, with other great lords, he undertook the guarding of the British seas for three years. He was present at the battle of St. Albans; at Wakefield, in conjunction with the Earl of Pembroke, he commanded one wing of the Lancastrian army; and at Mortimer's Cross, leading a body of Welsh and Irish against the Earl of March, he was defeated with heavy loss. Shortly afterwards (29th March 1461) he was taken prisoner at the battle of Towton in Yorkshire, and beheaded at Newcastle on 1st May following, aged 40. He was thrice married; his third marriage, with Eleanor, sister of the Duke of Somerset, engaging him in the Lancastrian cause.

Butler, James, 6th Earl of Ormond, being present with his, at the battle of Towton in 1461, was likewise attainted. He was afterwards, by Edward IV., restored in blood and to most of his estates. The king used to say of him "that he was the goodliest knight he ever beheld, and the finest gentleman in Christendom; and that if good breeding, nurture, and liberal qualities were lost in the world, they might all be found in the Earl of Ormond." He was accounted master of all the European languages, and there was scarce a court to which Edward IV. did not send him as ambassador. He died in the Holy Land, on his way to Jerusalem, 1478.

Butler, Thomas, 7th Earl of Ormond, succeeded his in 1478. He also had been attainted by Edward IV. and the attainder was revoked, as in the case of his predecessor. By Henry VII. he was made a Privy-Councillor, and was in 1492 and 1497 sent on diplomatic missions to France. He was reputed one of the richest British subjects. He died in London, 3rd August 1515. His daughter Margaret married Sir William Boleyn, and was mother of Anne Boleyn.

Butler, Pierce, 8th Earl of Ormond, Earl of Ossory, succeeded his in 1515. He had already distinguished himself in the service of the Crown, and had been successful in suppressing the insurrections of the native Irish. In 1521 he was appointed Lord-Deputy. His marriage with a sister of the Earl of Kildare did not extinguish the feud between the Butlers and FitzGeralds. On account of the murder of his friend, Richard Talbot, by James FitzGerald, he impeached the Earl of Kildare. The matter ended by FitzGerald being obliged to walk through London candle in hand, and a halter round his neck; on the other hand, Ormond was replaced in the office of Deputy by Kildare. At one time it is stated negotiations were set on foot for the marriage of his son to his cousin, Anne Boleyn. Henry VIII. coerced Pierce to resign his title of Earl of 53


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 Notes and Queries, Jan. 27, 1917. NOTES AND QUERIES: A Medium of Intercommunication FOR LITERARY MEN, GENERAL READERS, ETC.

"When found, make a note of." —CAPTAIN CUTTLE.

TWELFTH SERIES.-VOLUME II. JULY-DECEMBER, 1916. LONDON: PUBLISHED AT THE OFFICE, BREAM'S BUILDINGS, CHANCERY LANE, E.C. BY J. EDWARD FRANCIS.


text: Letters of Junius/Letter XXIX

title: Letters of Junius/Letter XXIX


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Steinbel, Roger Nelson


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 Ormond to Sir Thomas Boleyn, who was desirous of the honour. In its stead, the Earldom of Ossory was conferred upon him by the King, in great state, at Windsor, 23rd February 5527-'8. After Sir T. Boleyn's death. Pierce was restored to his ancient honour of Ormond. By this deference to Henry VIII.'s wishes he acquired large additions to his estates in various parts of Leinster. Lord Thomas FitzGerald endeavoured to induce the Earl to join him in insurrection–offering to divide the Kingdom of Ireland with his son James. The Earl declined in a spirited letter, in which he wrote; "You are so liberal in parting stakes with me, that a man would weene you had no right to the game; and so importunate for my company, as if you would perswade me to hang with you for good fellowship. And think you that James is so mad as to gape for gudgeons, or so ungrateful as to sell his truth and loyalty for a piece of Ireland." Nettled by this reply, FitzGerald, with O'Neill and other Irish chieftains, ravaged the County of Kilkenny, and in an engagement near Jerpoint wounded and nearly took prisoner James, the Earl's son. Ormond was foremost in suppressing the insurrection, and upon the death of Kildare and the execution of his uncles in 1537, was, as a reward, further enriched by the Crown: he then turned his arms against the Earl of Desmond, who submitted, and took an oath of loyalty. He and his countess brought workmen from Flanders, and enriched Kilkenny Castle with tapestry, diapers, Turkey carpets, and cushions. The latter part of the Earl's life was spent in prayer, contemplation, and alms-giving. He died 26th August 1539, and was buried in St. Canice's, Kilkenny. He is described as "a man of great honour and sincerity, infinitely good-natured, plain, kind, loving, familiar, and liberal to his friends and followers;but an enemy and severe scourge to all bad people." His second son was created Viscount Mountgarret, and his illegitimate son Edmund, Archbishop of Cashel.

Butler, James, 9th Earl of Ormond, Earl of Ossory, succeeded on the death of his in 1539. Seven years before, he had been made Lord-Treasurer, to balance the power of the Earl of Kildare, then Lord-Deputy. In 1534 he had been entrusted with the custody of all the ports of Ireland, as Admiral of the kingdom; and was afterwards created Viscount Thurles, and specially commissioned to proceed against Irish insurgents and take them into protection where desirable. The period of the Reformation is marked by his engaging "to resist the usurpations of the Bishop of Rome." Henry VIII. granted him additional estates in various parts of the country. In 1545 he headed a body of Irish troops in the King's service in Scotland. Upon his return in 1546, a dispute with the Earl of Lennox necessitated reference to the King in London. On 17th October he attended a feast at Ely House, Holborn. By some means the viands were poisoned. Seventeen of his servants died, and he succumbed eleven days afterwards, 28th October, 1546. He was interred in London, amongst some of his ancestors, in the church of "St. Thomas d'Acres," but his heart, according to his desire, was deposited in St. Canice's, Kilkenny. He had a numerous family by his wife Joan, a daughter of James Earl of Desmond.

Butler, Thomas, 10th Earl of Ormond, Earl of Ossory, surnamed the "Black Earl," born about 1532, was but fourteen at his 's death. He was brought up at the English court with Edward VI. who took delight in his company. Serving as a volunteer under the Duke of Somerset in Scotland, he distinguished himself by his bravery at the battle of Musselborough. In Queen Mary's reign he was made captain of a troop of horse, and gave distinguished proofs of fidelity and courage in the suppression of Wyatt's rebellion. In 1554 he entered into possession of his estates; and within the next three years more than once marched under the Lord-Lieutenant against the Scots in Ulster. Soon afterwards he relieved the Earl of Thomond, besieged by the native septs at Bunratty. He stood high in the good graces of Queen Elizabeth, who made him Lord-Treasurer, and added to his estates out of the confiscated church lands. In 1564 and 1565 Munster was wasted in conflicts between him and the Earl of Desmond. Ultimately Desmond and Sir John of Desmond were sent over to London and imprisoned; whereupon several of the southern chieftains, aided by the Earl of Ormond's brothers, Sir Edmund and Sir Pierce Butler, took the field against the Government. Ormond, in England at the time, was sent over to help to quell the insurrection. He landed at Waterford, 14th August 1569, and hastened to join the Lord-Deputy at Limerick. There his two brothers submitted and were pardoned. In consequence of the Desmond insurrection, he was, in 1578, made governor of Munster; and in 1580, in conjunction with Lord-Justice Pelham, made an expedition into Desmond. Carrigfoyle, Askeaton, and other fortresses were taken, and their garrisons put to the sword. In 1581 the Baron 54


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BUT of Lixnaw, one of Desmond's chief followers, submitted to the Earl of Ormond, who interceded for and obtained his pardon. In 1583 he obtained supplies of men, money, and ammunition from England, and made a determined effort to capture the Earl of Desmond, to this end carrying on a war of plunder and devastation in Munster. Within the space of a few months he cut off, of Desmond's party, "46 captains, 800 notorious traitors, and 4,000 common soldiers." Before long nearly all the great lords of the south submitted to him at Cork, and the Earl of Desmond was left a wanderer with but a few companions. It is much to Ormond's credit that he positively refused to accede to Burleigh's directions that he should disregard the protections he had accorded to the native chiefs. He wrote: "I will never use treachery to any man, for it will both touch Her Highness's honour and my own credit too much; and whosoever gave the Queen advice thus to write, is fitter to execute such base service than I am." The wars that desolated Munster were at length ended by the capture and death of the Earl of Desmond (11th November 1583). In the ensuing confiscations, Ormond was given 3,000 acres in Tipperary, and a "great tract of poor land" in Kerry—less than he considered his fair share after the part he had taken on the Queen's side in the war. In the operations against O'Neill he commanded in different parts of the country. On 10th April 1600 he accompanied Sir George Carew and the Earl of Thomond to a parley near Kilkenny with Owney O'More. The parley resolved itself into a skirmish. Ormond was taken prisoner—Sir George and Thomond escaping with difficulty. At the instance of O'Neill, the Earl was released in June, giving Owney hostages for the payment of £3,000, should he thereafter seek revenge for the treacherous injuries he had received. After Elizabeth's death, he was confirmed in his office of Lieutenant-General by King James. He was blind the last twelve years of his life, and died at his house at Carrick, 22nd November 1614, and was buried at St. Canice's. Carte styles him "a man of very great parts, admirable judgment, great experience, and a prodigious memory; … very comely and graceful, … of a black complexion which gave occasion to the Queen (in her way of expressing kindness to such as she favoured) to call him her 'black husband.'" This favour doubtless occasioned the undying hostility between him and the Earl of Leicester, whose ears he on one occasion boxed, and was therefor sent to the Tower. He repaired and beautified Kilkenny Castle, built an hospital at Kilkenny, and castles at Holycross and elsewhere. Thrice married, he left no heir. This Earl was a Protestant.

Butler, Walter, 11th Earl of Ormond, Earl of Ossory, eldest son of Sir John Butler; nephew of ; grandson of the 9th Earl; succeeded on the 10th Earl's death in 1614. He was born in 1569. His right to the estates was traversed by Sir R. Preston, Baron Dingwall, afterwards Earl of Desmond, a favourite of King James I., who claimed them through his wife Elizabeth, sole daughter of the late Earl. Carte cites the documents upon which these claims were founded, and then proceeds: "Nothing is clearer than that according to these feoffments all the estate of Earl Thomas (except what he had given to his daughter at her marriage) ought to have descended immediately to Sir Walter Butler, Earl of Ormond. But King James interposed so warmly in the case, and wrote such a number of pressing letters to the Deputies and Council of Ireland … requiring them to stand by the Earl of Desmond, that the Earl of Ormond could never get into possession. Vast sums were spent in law; but the power of the Crown still prevented a decision. At last King James took upon himself to make an award, which Walter, Earl of Ormond conceiving to be unjust, refused to submit to, and was by the King's order taken up and committed to the Fleet prison. He remained in that prison for eight years before the death of King James, who, during that duress, seized on the liberties of the county palatine of Tipperary, and persecuted him in all the ways he could contrive, to the inconceivable detriment of the family." Recovering his liberty in 1625, he lived for a time in London, and then removing to Ireland, died at Carrick, 24th February 1632, aged about 63, and was buried at St. Canice's. In his youth he had distinguished himself in the Irish wars. A devout Catholic, he was styled "Walter of the Beads and Rosaries." He married a daughter of Viscount Mountgarret, and by her had two sons and nine daughters. His second son died young and without issue. His eldest son, Thomas Butler, Viscount Thurles, father of the 12th Earl, was drowned off Skerries, near Holyhead, on a voyage to England, 15th December 1619.

Butler, James, 12th Earl and Duke of Ormond, the "Great Duke," grandson of, eldest son of Thomas, Viscount Thurles, and Elizabeth Poyntz, was born at Clerkenwell, London, 19th October 1610, in the house of his grandfather, Sir John Poyntz. Shortly after his 55


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Steiner, Lewis Henry


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Author:Karl Hermann Ethé

Works

 * Catalogue of Persian Manuscripts in the India Office Library, London (Clarendon Press)
 * (in part)
 * (Literature)
 * (in part)
 * (Literature)
 * (Literature)

Works about Ethé

Hermann Ethé

title: Author:Karl Hermann Ethé


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text: Pictures From Italy/Chapter 1

title: Pictures From Italy/Chapter 1


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154 grew to shapes of ideal beauty, words became the instruments of subtlest thought, and against the scanty militia of free cities the countless hosts of the Great King broke like surges against a rock. She cast her beams on the four-acre farms of Italian husbandmen, and, born of her strength, a power came forth that conquered the world. They glinted from the shields of German warriors, and Augustus wept his legions. Out of the night that followed her eclipse, her slanting rays fell again on free cities, and a lost learning revived, modern civilization began, and a new world was unveiled; and as Liberty grew, so grew art, wealth, power, knowledge, and refinement. In the history of every nation we may read the same truth. It was the strength born of Magna Charta that won Crecy and Agincourt. It was the revival of Liberty from the despotism of the Tudors that glorified the Elizabethan Age. It was the spirit that brought a crowned tyrant to the block, that planted here the seed of a mighty tree. * * * We must follow her further; we must trust her fully. Either we must wholly accept her or she will not stay. It is not enough that men should vote; it is not enough that they should be theoretically equal before the law. They must have Liberty to avail themselves of the opportunities and means of life; they must stand on equal terms with reference to the bounty of nature. Either this, or Liberty withdraws her light! Either this, or darkness comes on, and the very forces that progress has evolved turn to powers that work destruction. This is the universal law. This is the lesson of the centuries. * * * But if, while there is yet time, we turn to Justice and obey her, if we trust Liberty and follow her, the dangers that now menace will turn to agencies of elevation."


text: Sacred Books of the East/Volume 3/Preface


text: Does Price Fixing Destroy Liberty?/Our Paramount Interest


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Rh with a very poor ship, and is compelled by an English captain to ransom a beautiful maiden with all his cargo. The hero's mother is again angry at this seemingly bad bargain, but she does not forbid his marrying the girl. Juan is now sent to Portugal by his wife with a portrait on a flag, a handkerchief, and a ring. At the same time she tells him that she has been called Marie Madeleine. When the King of Portugal sees the portrait, he sends the hero back with a general to fetch Marie, who is his daughter. The general pitches Juan overboard and goes for the princess, whom he persuades to marry him after seven years. At the end of that time, a fox comes to Juan on an island, where he has lived, and bargains to rescue him for half of all he has at present and will have later. The hero arrives in Portugal, is recognized by the king, tells his story, and has the general burnedAfter a year the fox appears and demands payment, but, when Juan is going to divide his child, it says that it is the soul of the dead man whom he buried long before.

The two variants are chiefly peculiar in that they introduce a new element into the compound,—The Thankful Beast. This substitution of some beast for the ghost has been encountered twice before in connection with Jewish and Servian IV., and must receive special treatment later on. For the present it is sufficient to remark the variation from all other forms of Jean de Calais except X. In both II. and VII. Jean makes two journeys, as in III., IV., and V., as against I. and VI. The attitude of the parent differs widely in the two. The maiden whom the hero marries is a Portuguese princess, which is the prevailing form of the tale. The

title: Page:The Grateful Dead.djvu/117