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60 all pink and gold, Bert said, excepting for her eyes, and they were like Meadow Brook violets, deep blue. "Did you have the nightmare?" she asked.

"Nightmare, indeed!" Nan exclaimed. "Why, you told me the sun would rise under my window and I got up to"

"See it do the rise!" laughed Dorothy, in her jolly way. "Well, if I had my say I'd make Mr. Sol-Sun wear a mask and keep his glare to himself until respectable people felt like crawling out. I lower my awning and close the inside blinds every night. I like sunshine in reasonable doses at reasonable hours, but the moon is good enough for me in the meantime," and she fell over in a pretty lump, feigning sleep in Nan's cushions.

"I hope I did not wake anyone else," said Nan.

"Makes no difference about me, of course," laughed the jolly Dorothy. "Well, I'll pay you back, Nan. Be careful. I am bound to get even," and Nan knew that some trick was in store for her, as Dorothy had the reputation of being full of fun, and always playing tricks.


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Rh The sun was up in real earnest now, and the girls raised the window sash to let in the soft morning air.

"I think this would really cure Nellie, my little city friend," said Nan, "and you don't know what a nice girl she is."

"Just bring her down and I'll find out all about her," said Dorothy. "I love city girls. They are so wide awake, and never say silly things like—like some girls I know," she finished, giving her own cousin a good hug that belied the attempt at making fun of her.

"Nellie is sensible," Nan said, "and yet she knows how to laugh, too. She said she had never been in a carriage until she had a ride with us at Meadow Brook. Think of that!"

"Wait till she sees my donkeys!" Dorothy finished, gathering herself up from the cushions and preparing to leave. "Well, Nannie dear, I have had a lovely time," and she made a mock social bow. "Come to see me some time and have some of my dawn, only don't come before eleven or you might get mixed up, for its awful dark in the blue room until that hour." And like a real fairy

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62 shook her golden hair and, stooping low in myth fashion, made a "bee-line" across the hall.

"She doesn't need any brother," Nan thought as she saw Dorothy bolt in her door like a squirrel; "she is so jolly and funny!"

But the girls were not the only ones who arose early that morning, for Bert and his father came in to breakfast from a walk on the sands.

"It's better than Meadow Brook," Bert told Nan, as she took her place at the table. "I wish Harry would come down."

"It is so pleasant we want all our friends to enjoy it," said Mrs. Bobbsey. "But I'm sure you have quite a hotel full now, haven't you, Dorothy?"

"Lots more rooms up near the roof," replied Dorothy, "and it's a pity to waste them when there's plenty of ocean to spare. Now, Freddie," went on Dorothy, "when we finish breakfast I am going to show you my donkeys. I called one Doodle and the other Dandy, because papa gave them to me on Decoration Day."


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Rh "Why didn't you call one Uncle Sam?" asked Freddie, remembering his part in the Meadow Brook parade.

"Well, I thought Doodle Dandy was near enough red, white, and blue," said Dorothy.

The children finished breakfast rather suddenly and then made their way to the donkey barn.

"Oh, aren't they lovely!" exclaimed Nan, patting the pretty gray animals. "I think they are prettier than horses, they are not so tall."

"I know all about goats and donkeys," declared Freddie.

"I know Nan likes everything early, so we will give her an early ride," proposed Dorothy.

The Bobbseys watched their cousin with interest as she fastened all the bright buckles and put the straps together, harnessing the donkeys. Bert helped so readily that he declared he would do all the harnessing thereafter. The cart was one of those pretty, little basket affairs, with seats at the side, and Bert was very proud of being able to drive a team. There were Dorothy, Nan, Freddie, Flossie, and Bert in the cart when they rode along the


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64 sandy driveway, and they made a very pretty party in their bright summer costumes. Freddie had hold of Doodle's reins, and he insisted that his horse went along better than did Dandy, on the other side.

"Oh, won't Nellie enjoy this!" cried Nan, thinking of the little city girl who had only had one carriage ride in all her life.

"Mrs. Manily is going up to the city to bring her to-day," said Bert. "Aunt Emily sent for the depot wagon just as we came out."

Like many people at the seashore, the Minturns did not keep their own horses, but simply had to telephone from their house to the livery stable when they wanted a carriage.

"Oh, I see the ocean!" called out Freddie, as Bert drove nearer the noise of the waves. "Why didn't we bring Downy for his swim?"

"Too early to bathe yet!" said Dorothy. "We have a bathing house all to ourselves,—papa rented it for the summer,—and about eleven o'clock we will come down and take a dip. Mamma always comes with me or sends Susan, our maid. Mamma cannot believe I really know how to swim."


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Rh "And do you?" asked Nan, in surprise.

"Wait until you see!" replied the cousin. "And I am going to teach you, too."

"I'd love to know how, but it must be awfully hard to learn," answered Nan.

"Not a bit," went on Dorothy; "I learned in one week. We have a pool just over there, and lots of girls are learning every day. You can drive right along the beach, Bert; the donkeys are much safer than horses and never attempt to run away."

How delightful it was to ride so close to the great rolling ocean! Even Freddie stopped exclaiming, and just watched the waves, as one after another they tried to get right under Dorothy's cart.

"It makes me almost afraid!" faltered little Flossie, as the great big waves came up so high out on the waters, they seemed like mountains that would surely cover up the donkey cart. But when they "broke" on the sands they were only little splashy puddles for babies to wash their pink toes in.

"There's Blanche Bowden," said Dorothy, as another little cart, a pony cart, came along.


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66 "We have lovely times together. I have invited her up to meet us this afternoon, Nan."

The other girl bowed pleasantly from her cart, and even Freddie remembered to raise his cap, something he did not always think necessary for "just girls."

"Some afternoon our dancing class is going to have a matinée," said Dorothy. "Do you like dancing, Bert?"

"Some," replied her cousin in a boy's indifferent way. "Nan is a good dancer."

"Oh, we don't have real dances," protested Nan; "they are mostly drills and exercises. Mamma doesn't believe in young children going right into society. She thinks we will be old soon enough."

"We don't have grown-up dances," said Dorothy, "only the two-step and minuet. I think the minuet is the prettiest of all dances."

"We have had the varsovienne," said Nan, "that is like the minuet. Mother says they are old-time dances, but they are new in our class."

"We may have a costume affair next month," went on Dorothy. "Some of the girls want it, but I don't like wigs and long


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Rh dresses, especially for dancing. I get all tangled up in a train dress."

"I never wore one," said Nan, "excepting at play, and I can't see how any girl can dance with a lot of long skirts dangling around."

"Oh, they mostly bow and smile," put in Bert, "and a boy has to be awfully careful at one of those affairs. If he should step on a skirt there surely would be trouble," and he snapped his whip at the donkeys with the air of one who had little regard for the graceful art of dancing.

"We had better go back now," said Dorothy, presently. "You haven't had a chance to see our own place yet, but I thought you wanted to get acquainted with the ocean first. Everybody does!"

"I have enjoyed it so much!" declared Nan. "It is pleasanter now than when the sun grows hot."

"But we need the sun for bathing," Dorothy told her. "That is why we 'go in' at the noon hour."

The drive back to the Cliff seemed very short, and when the children drove up to the


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68 side porch they found Mrs. Bobbsey and Aunt Emily sitting outside with their fancy work.

Freddie could hardly find words to tell his mother how big the ocean was, and Flossie declared the water ran right into the sky it was so high.

"Now, girls," said Aunt Emily, "Mrs. Manily has gone to bring Nellie down, so you must go and arrange her room. I think the front room over Nan's will be best. Now get out all your pretty things, Dorothy, for little Nellie may be lonely and want some things to look at."

"All right, mother," answered Dorothy, letting Bert put the donkeys away, "we'll make her room look like—like a valentine," she finished, always getting some fun in even where very serious matters were concerned.

The two girls, with Flossie looking on, were soon very busy with Nellie's room.

"We must not make it too fussy," said Dorothy, "or Nellie may not feel at home; and we certainly want her to enjoy herself. Will we put a pink or blue set on the dresser?"

"Blue," said Nan, "for I know she loves


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Rh blue. She said so when we picked violets at Meadow Brook."

"All right," agreed Dorothy. "And say! let's fix up something funny! We'll get all the alarm clocks in the house and set them so they will go off one after the other, just when Nellie gets to bed, say about nine o'clock. We'll hide them so she will just about find one when the other starts! She isn't really sick, is she?" Dorothy asked, suddenly remembering that the visitor might not be in as good spirits as she herself was.

"Oh, no, only run down," answered Nan, "and I'm sure she would enjoy the joke."

So the girls went on fixing up the pretty little room. Nan ran downstairs and brought up Nettie Prentice's flowers.

"I thought they would do someone good," she said. "They are so fragrant."

"Aren't they!" Dorothy said, burying her pretty nose in the white lilies. "They smell better than florists' bouquets. I suppose that's from the country air. Now I'll go collect clocks," and without asking anyone's permission Dorothy went from room to room,


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70 alarm clocks from every dresser that held one.

"Susan's is a peach," she told Nan, apologizing with a smile, for the slang. "It goes off for fifteen minutes if you don't stop it, and it sounds like a church bell."

"Nellie will think she has gotten into college," Nan said, laughing. "This is like hazing, isn't it?"

"Only we won't really annoy her," said Dorothy. "We just want to make her laugh. College boys, they say, do all sorts of mean things. Make a boy swim in an icy river and all that."

"I hope Bert never goes to a school where they do hazing," said Nan, feeling for her brother's safety. "I think such sport is just wicked!"

"So do I," declared Dorothy, "and if I were a new fellow, and they played such tricks on me, I would just wait for years if I had to, to pay them back."

"I'd put medicine in their coffee, or do something."

"They ought to be arrested," Nan said, "and


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Rh if the professors can't stop it they should not be allowed to run such schools."

"There," said Dorothy, "I guess everything is all right for Nellie." She put a rose jar on a table in the alcove window. "Now I'll wind the clocks. You mustn't look where I put them," and she insisted that not even Nan should know the mystery of the clocks. "This will be a real surprise party," finished Dorothy, having put each of five clocks in its hiding place, and leaving the tick-ticks to think it over, all by themselves, before going off.


text: The Bobbsey Twins at the Seashore/Chapter 6


text:
Edgar Leopold Layard Autobiography

EDGAR LEOPOLD LAYARD AUTOBIOGRAPHY MANUSCRIPT. [Pars]

You ask me for my autobiography! Well you shall have what I remember of it and some letters that I have gathered from “tradition”. To put the last first then. I was born in the Berti Palace in Florence on the 23rd of July 1824, the youngest of my father's seven sons; the eldest of whom is Sir Henry Austin Layard, the late ambassadeur to Turkey. The two next before me died in their infancy so there was a pretty large gap of five years, between me and my next brother. This appears to me to account for my early bias to Natural History. I was too young to join in the games and sports of my elder brothers, so was relegated to my own wits for amusement, which I soon found in the collection of butterflies and shells. How well I remember the hoards of the latter I accumulated in my walks with my faithfully old nurse and her device — not discovered for a long time— to keep my [still] within compass. I had a collecting basket with a handle in the middle, on each side of which was a flap; as I introduced a fine example of Helix aspersa or H .muralis by one flap, she extracted a ditto by the other! The clausilias I was allowed to keep! They were not so shiny as the others, and did not leave shining tracksall over the nursery walls! My father, one of the old school, was a literary man, and cared nothing for natural science (in its infancy)!! Many a rating and many a spanking I have got for my “low tastes” as he called them, and for filling the house with “creeping things innumerable”. How little the good man thought he was trying to quench what has proved the greatest happiness of my life, my love of nature in her own wilds!

I must have been very young between five and six I fancy, when I met with my first “adventure with wild beasts”. We were travelling from Italy — where my family resided for many years — to England, and halted some time at Interlacken in Switzerland. I was hunting an old wall for what I now think must have been the most lovely blue eggs of the Hedge-Sparrow, and on thrusting my hand [and] area, as far as that small member would reach, into a hole, out of which I had seen a bird flutter, out came a large snake who had probably gone in for the same purpose as my hand. My faithful old nurse could not stand that, and with a yell she bolted, but recovering her presence of mind returned to find her young charge had seized the “monster” by the neck and was holding on tight while the reptile wound itself round his head and body — a miniature Laocoön in fact! Her cries brought to the rescue some country men at work in the field, and I was deprived of my prize, I think, well “spanked” into the bargain, for giving my old nurse such a fright, and warned off old walls! I might have caused the dear old souls death, as she was a martyr to a heart complaint. That was my first introduction to the reptiles! As for birds! How well I remember my first “stuffed bird”. My brothers had clubbed their pocket money together and bought a small hunting owl, with his little stand covered with a red cloth, bundle of limed twigs, and all complete. This little fellow was kept in a spacious closet off the nursery and taken out hunting as required. I can recollect the “bitter too too awful” stink of that cupboard, arising from the remains of his of a faithful domestic, a Belgian, whom my father had picked up somewhere after Waterloo, with a bullet in his head or through it, I am not sure which, but my belief to this day is that he had a great portion of his skull replaced by a silver plate. If he had not, I shall still believe it, so it don't matter to dispute it. He was out of a class — old nurse being another — of servants now nearly, if not quite, extinct. He and she were faithful living, friends, not domestics. Our interests were their interests — our joys their joys — our sorrows their sorrows. They both lived many, many years with us, and died our pensioners. All honour to their memories. Old Pachôt on one of these hunting expeditions, brought home a wonderful bird! Never had mine eyes seen anything half so heavenly! I gazed entranced! Those blues and greens. How [		] it I never knew, but after long years deep thought, I have come to the conclusion it was a “Roller”!But the question arose — how was it to be kept? Pachôt said he would skin it, and eventually produced a wonderful [“Guy”], which I then thought the perfection of art and skill. The chief ingredient in the preservative, [		] as pepper! for it set old nurse and the maid girls off sneezing to such an extent, that the [	   ] specimen was consigned to a drawer only to be looked at on “grand occasions” — one of these soon came or was manufactured, and on tiptoe of expectation I adjourned to the drawer. And when the drawer was opened the bird began to say” —Alas! no such luck! Our old friends taxidermy was not equal to his good intentions! A mass of disintegrated feathers met our view, among which lay the more solid skull. 'And the worms they crawled in And the worms they crawled out,and they sported his eyes and his temples about!’Sic transit gloria Rolli! behold the end of my stuffed bird.

How well I remember chasing the glorious Papilios Machaon and Podalirius, the glowing “Sulphurs” and somber “Browns” at Perfola and Myteliano, country seat of my old friend the Marchesa Manchini, at the foot of Cortona, the ancient [		} where many of my happiest childhood hours were spent, and where they were nearly ended! The latter in this wise. We had just arrived from Rome, not by “Rail” in those days, over 50 years ago, but in our own travelling carriage, a light one for my parents and a lumbering Vettorino for us children and servants. One of my brothers — who now sleeps in the Crimea — and I adjourned to the garden, where in were several fish-ponds of considerable depth. In one of them floated sundry empty wine casks. We began to shove these about with some long rakes that lay handy and not being up in Dynamics, or hydrostatics, in those days, I pushed with zeal untempered with knowledge, with the result that my barrel suddenly moved off from the side of the pond, leaving a vacant space of water, into which I plunged headlong! The catastrophe was witnessed from the top of my fathers carriage by old Pachôt, who was unlacing the “Imperial”, the lumbering, huge flat box that in those days covered the whole of the carriage top, Pachtôt to the rescue! I was fished out with a rake, my dripping garments stript off my shivering person, and being thus unprotected by the vestment known as “anti-spankiness”, was well “spanked” to restore warmth and administer consolation, and shoved into bed, under heaped up blankets, there to remain until fires were lit and a warm bath substituted for my involuntary cold one.

My next reminiscences come to me “When I was a school-boy aged ten” When we had left Italy and settled finally in England. The change, I believe, killed my poor father he could not stand the climate. I was at school with two of my brothers at Richmond in Surrey.My “low tastes” had clung to and grown with me. At Aylesbury, when home for the holidays, I had learned under old Pachtôt, to shoot larks, and sparrows, but my love had been given to Butterflies and I collected assiduously. The next time I came home, my mother had removed to [Ramsgate], her native place, and lived with her aged mother. Here I fell in with a first-rate Field Naturalist and Taxidermist, my dear old friend Mr.Thompson of the “Elnis” long since, “gone behind the Veil”. I believe the site, even, of his beautiful house and grounds is all now lose under “Streets and Rows and Terraces”.He had a room in his house fitted up as a museum, and here everything was the work of his own hands. Every bird and beast was killed and stuffed by him, from the lordly Eagle to the tiny shrew — [		] every butterfly, moth, beetle, shell etc., had and set out by himself. This aquaintance set fast the color of my life. My kind friend shewed me the haunts of the rare butterflies and moths, and actually drove me over to Richborough Castle that I might catch the then, to me,	[	] Aporia crataji, or “black veined white”, with my own net. Ah! was not that day to be remembers, thou' it occurred so long ago” in the merry day! — the merry days! When we were young”. But I was now to take higher flight. I wanted to imitate his life-like birds! Would he teach me? Yes he would, and I was soon initiated into the art of skinning. I remember my first attempt. It was on a black Scoter duck, which he shot, and gave over to my tender mercies. Under his guidance I skinned it — and proceeded to make it up into a skin, when he was called out to do some business — he was Mayor of Ramsgate, I think, at the time. “How much cotton shall I put into the neck sir?” I asked as he went away — “Oh! fill it” was his answer, and fill it I did! At first it seemed as if it had no end, it took in such a lot of cotton! but I rammed away, and by the time he came back I had effected a wonderful transmutation! I had changed, at least so he vowed, pointing to the elongated neck — a black scoter into a black swan! The merciless chaffing I got over my poor duck, has never been forgotten, and many times and oft, when I am filling up a neck, does my dear old long-lost friends merry face, with the humorous twinkle of the eye, rise to my rememberance.

From my school at Richmond I followed my [		 ] to his living in Staffordshire [Lapley] near Wheaton Aston, or “Wicked Aston” as it was called,  tradition says because on Sunday, while waiting for church time, the parishioners of the latter place, sold the parish bible and prayer book to some strolling [		] to allow they had them with them! At Lapley I had much scope for my favourite pursuit and accumulated quite a respectable collection of English lepidoptera and a few birds. My next move was to Cambridge, whither my Mother and I removed together, my Brothers having all started in life. I was destined for the church, but being to young to enter college was set to read with a private tutor. Here I formed the acquaintance of the Revd. L. Jenyns of [		], Col. Babbinton and others. I obtained some “Kudos” among the big-wigs of Science by exhibiting a grand 'Camberwell beauty' “Vanessa antigua”, captured close to Cambridge by one who afterwards became my brother-in-law. The kind encouragement of these veterans in science; helped me very much in my love for it. But my zoological ponderings began to alienate me, much to the horror of my dear mother,from the doctrines I learnt at her knee.about creation, the deity, the sun standing still etc and I found the church would not do for me. Meanwhile I had come across a young lady who had a great taste for zoology! but we were so young that though we knew our own minds, we felt that we should not persuade others that we did so! and for some time it was simply an exchange of insects, by the carriers card, in a nice little Cork-lined box, but under the covering paper was generally found a few slips of other paper sadly perforated with pins it is true, but not the less dear and precious to those who knew where to look for them! at last we determined that we would face the probable storm, and then found that loving welcomes came from both “Heads of Families”!It was not “a plague on both your Houses”.I elected to go to Canada, thinking I might the sooner make a home for my darling in a new country. I could turn my hand to anything. I had picked up a knowledge of all sorts of trades, carpentry, turning, Smith's work, surveying, everything in fact but Latin and Greek, to which W. Garnous, of Sydney [	], Col. Babbinton and others. I obtained I never took kindly. I could plough and I could reap, and was a dead shot with gun, on rifle and another in the fish way. I thought I was but one for a settler, but “man proposes” and I could not stand the cold, and after 18 months I had to come back, wiser than I went, but no nearer my matrimony!

At this juncture a cousin wrote from Ceylon saying he had heard of my mechanical [turn] and offered me employment in a coffee estate, to develop the water power etc.I was now just turned twenty one and my love had been faithful already three years! So said my dear mother, “Marry and go” — and so I did. My loving young wife had taught herself drawing and painting that she might help me in my zoological pursuits, and few have experienced the exquisite delight that we two young people did, in making acquaintance with Tropical scenery and animal life. My wife had a fair general knowledge of Botany which added to our jest. Here again — “the best laid schemes of mice and men — went all astray”. My cousin had been pulled down through the failure of a mercantile firm in London, and all my little fortune, went with him! I found myself beginning life, with a wife, and seventeen pounds sterling. The wife, I know, would never spend a sixpence unnecessarily, and I may as well say at once, that in all our poverty and straits, I have, thanks to her, never owed a sixpence that I could not pay on demand.I was shortly after landing seized with a terrible illness, and Doctor Templeton of the Artillery, who attended my relatives in Ceylon came to me. He quickly spied out our butterfly nets, and cross-questioning my little wife, wormed out of her our history and pursuits. From that moment he was the “one that sticketh closer than a brother”. Not a fee would he ever take from me, he interested Sir J.E. Tennent — then colonial secretary, and “a man of mickle might” in the colony — in my favor. Through him, on my recovery, I got my first appointment in the Colonial Service. I was appointed Custom House officer at Balliganbay, a lovely spot, since rendered famous in zoological annals.

On my way to “kiss hands” for my appointment, I fell in with Judge T “where are you going, young Layard” said he “To thank Mr S for my appointment” (S was Head of the Customs) It was £100 per annum and I was glad to get my foot on the ladder. “Well” said the Judge “I was sworn in one of the [         ] judges this morning, I have been looking for you to offer you the appointment of “Private Secretary”. Dr Templeton told me of your cash, and he wants to keep you in town, to help him in his zoological pursuits and the berth is £80 better than the other, and a sure step to a magistracy if you will read for the Bar. I will help you in your studies, and as I have met you several times, I know what you can do. If you will take the berth I will advance you a couple of months pay out of my own pocket to start you with a horse and trap, you can repay me at your leisure”. It is needless to say I accepted this kind offer and my young wife and I started house-keeping on our own account, as up to that moment we had been kindly taken in by a cousin.We led a very happy life. In the early morning, from half past four or five till eight o'clock we scoured the cinnamon gardens” on which our premises abutted in search of Lepidoptera, and their larvae. These latter my wife tended, and figured while I was at my work during the day. At night we played and sang, as we had brought her piano with us and she played well. We could not keep up much society, we could not afford it; but we had a few staunch friends. We early resolved never to buy anything we could not pay for on the spot, our furniture was therefore of the plainest and scantiest, and this reminds me of an amusing episode. Two ladies were discussing us. Says Mrs A, “They belong to the Layard family do they not?” “Oh yes! “replied Mrs B. “I hear they are the Elder branch”. “He is the Mister Layard of Ceylon”. “Oh really! shall you call?” “Oh dear no! (with emphasis); why they have only common packwood furniture!!!” The want of such society did not much trouble us. Another grand lady called not to see us, but to see our collection of butterflies, the fame of which began to be noised about. She was very condescending “Now really they are very beautiful! I have collected all the time I have been here, we have not a tenth part of what you have. Did you young people really catch them all yourselves?” We assured her we had done so in our morning and evening walks “Walks?” she exclaimed “Walk? do you walk?I never do, I have a carriage!” ...then said my little woman — you won’t have a collection!” How we did tramp about! What lovely spots we found. We knew every path and track through the cinnamon jungle and named them according to the insects we caught there. On Sphinx road” we have seen thousands of Sphingidae of an evening. At “Thecla corner” we could always be sure if seeing, if not catching, the glorious blue Thecla hercules and parada, giants of their families, and great prizes to us, accustomed only to the little-”blues and Hairstreaks” of England. What long walks did we take to secure the food plant of some favourite caterpillar we were nursing, and whose transformations my “better-half” was drawing and painting, and what a delight it was to watch the Butterfly or moth emerge from its pupa,and then the lovely perfect specimen we secured [		]. I remember the first huge [		] that we successfuly reared. We fed the great fat green caterpillars on cinnamon and cajea leaves and when they finally wove their massive cocoons we saw that the breeding cages lent us by our dear old friend Dr Templeton would be to small for the expansion of the perfect insects wings. A “happy thought” came into the wife's head. She pinned up the large cocoons inside our big mosquito net!How Templeton laughed and chaffed us with fly allusions to “professional services”, that sent one of us flying from the room! Thank heaven there was no need for them for over three years. We had “no encumbrances”, and when circuit time came, we got a friend to take our furniture, gave up our house, packed ourselves, with gun, Butterfly net, collecting box for shells, and ditto for caterpillars, into our little buggy, and off we went round the south coast to Galle, stopping at the circuit towns on the way.What glorious fun it was! and with what delight did we drink in the beauties of nature, so bountifully spread around us. How different our life and [		] were to those with whom our lot was cast, may be gathered from the following anecdotes.

One morning we pushed our way through some tangled bushes on to the high road, just as a friend was passing in his buggy. My wife was carrying a huge mass of the Pitcher plant (Nepenethes). She usually did the carrying, to allow me more scope for running. Seeing the grand “pitchers” our friend drew rein — “What on earth have you two got now?” he exclaimed — “you are the oddest couple I know always turning up in the most unexpected places and generally with some unheard of plant, or butterfly or something! What is that queer thing you have got now”. We assured him it was nothing out of the way — a “Pitcher Plant”. “But did you get it here?” I don't know it and I have lived all my life! We told him, with a smile that there were acres of it in the swamp at the back of his father's house wherein he was born!!Another time my wife was driving with a cousin who remarked, as they passed along a road through the cinnamon gardens, — “Ah! the cinnamon is in flower. Again, look at the beautiful white star—shaped flower”. My wife assured her that was not the flower of the cinnamon, but of a common creeper, that infected the gardens and climbed over the bushes. “Oh,come” was the reply — “that won't do! — you young folks don't know everything, and you can't teach me who have been here all my life! “Please stop your carriage a moment” — said the wife, and she soon returned from a dash into the bush bearing a long trail of the creeper with the star—shaped blossoms, and a branch of cinnamon with its tiny greenish yellow flowerets. “Oh! I

never thought of gathering them” said our friend!Oh the delight and fun of our journeys in circuit the [	]we were put to the adventures we encountered. What did we care for roughing it! We were young strong full of hope, life and love! “None could be, blithe as we On the merry days when we were young Then youths say and fancy free O'er life is glowing here The hearts own light, shone more bright In the merry days when we were young.Alas! after battling with the world for forty years, side by side, we can now realize the truth of the last words of the sad old say."Those happy hours are fled, Like leaves from roses dead;Their perfume hangs o'er the Tomb,Of the merry days when we were young” — Yes! thank God the “perfume brings not bitter remembrance. We often recall with laughter, mingled with tears of sweet regret, some of our “adventures” of our first sight of a troup of monkeys at Caltura. How they ran along a pliant bough, using it as a spring board to launch themselves across the ravine. How one little fellow missed his aim and toppled over yelling and shreiking into the leafy bed below — How we there saw our first “golden oriole” flash across our eyes — How a leopard sprang into the verandah as “Apoo” was shutting up the shutters of our little temporary residence in the jungle, and while he held one shutter the wife held the other and I ran for my gun. The brute cameafter our [		]cat, which took refuge on the roof and would not come down for three days. I can picture to myself the very spot where I shot my first “Cabragoqa”, a huge aquatic lizard. I thought it was a crocodile! as I fired from the buggy, while my wife held the reins. I had just shot a huge cobra, that lay extended half across the road! My gun was always by my side in the buggy, the butterfly-net in the wife's side, and then our delight at capturing the first climbing [finch] “Anabas scanderis” deliberately walking along the dusty road and then watching him climb up the sides of the paddy —  [porunda], into which we put him, on arrival at the Nest House, not however until he had picked our fingers till they ran with blood! For two years we went the Southern circuit, and then came separation. I had to go the Northern one, where my wife could not accompany me, not that she feared the wild jungles of the west coast, but the expense of the Palanguim travelling was too great. Mine was of course paid, like the judges and government. But what a delight that first journey was, and what “journals”, in the way of letters, did I write describing all the new butterflies, shells, birds etc. I met with. I should state that I had changed my Judge. I found I had been using a “warming pan” for Judge T’s brother, and when he came out I was expected to resign. This I did, but I had made friends. The Senior [Prison] Judge sent for me. He was a canny Scot from Glasgow. “Eh lad!” said the kind old man “I hear Brother T has na treated ye quite fairly, but dinna ye be down hearted! Luck’s wi ye! My Secretary has just been promoted to a magistracy and I am very glad to offer ye his place. I’ve often noticed your suggestions, and I see ye are profitting by your legal studies — you'll no [		]” My dear old friend often got scotch in his talk when he [		] the judge in his kind heart and so I travelled north with the judge.

I can't say I troubled my Palanquia-bearers much, except before day-light. I generally trudged ahead of the long line of coolies, our two palkies and Judge S's horse, collecting, as I went along. The Judge studied his cases in his palki; for he was most painstaking and, of an evening, at dinner, for he almost always made me dine with him, he made me tell him all about my captures and what I had observed during the day. He became much interested in my doings with the following result. The Northern circuit with its long wearisome Palki work, its heat and discomforts was dreaded by the judges. Fancy then the astonishment of the others, when my Judge, when arrangements were being made for the judicial circuits, volunteered to again out of his turn, take the Jaffna circuit! “Why brother S” exclaimed the chief,my kind old friend Sir A.O.” — you have only just come back from it! Your turn won't come for two years yet!” “True.” — responded Brother S, —“but you see, I have had so much pleasure with my young secretary yonder, — who has shewn me such wonderful plants, and insects and birds and opened my eyes to so many new things that I never dreamt of before, that if you, and Brother T, don't object, I'll just be going again”. “Going again” we did! This time I rode my own horse, with a view of saving part of the allowance made to the secretary for coolie — hire. On my return, I applied to the treasurer (a cousin) for my allowance. He refused to give it on the plea that I had not expended it. I told him it did not matter how I got to Jaffna, so as I got there, and I was entitled to the allowance. He still refused so I “took” my bill and sat down quickly and wrote To E.G. Layard	“For horse hire so many days and so much” far more than the coolie allowance came too!! “Billy G” in a fit took off the Bill to the Col. Sec. Sir J.E.T. — “See” said he — the impudence of my young cousin!” My good kind friend laughed very heartily — “Pay him his coolie allowance”, he said — “I know he has undergone the fatigue to save a few pounds, he has such a horror of debt!”.I got my money and well it was I did, for on my return home from circuit was met with a surprise and a confession! My darling told me she wanted to go into Town to buy “some soft materials to make up into little garments”, so I was to assume the honored title of “Father”!!My cousin had saved a few pounds out of the wreck of my first little fortune, and I left it in his hands. We resolved to go into town and draw upon this little store that we have [		] kept for a “rainy day”. This was however a “sunny day”, but we found we must draw, nevertheless. We drove in and found HL walking up and down his veranda. I told him my joyful news, and that I wanted a few pounds to buy baby linen. Can you picture my consternation when he said “It has pleased the Lord to afflict me, Edgar, I am a bankrupt! I stopped payment then morning, and you much come in with the other creditors, your money is second on some land I have, but it will be long ere you can realize — not till my estate is wound up”!!! So a second time I had lost my all! I staggered back to my Buggy, and broke the news to my wife. It was a heavy blow, but she bravely met it. “I know what I will do said she, thro' her tears. “Mrs.--- admires the beautiful lace that was given to me on our Wedding day. I will ask her to buy it. She knows its value” — so the Wedding lace furnished the baby's basinet! and we never owed a sixpence to anyone.I once went the day after an auction sale, to pay for a trifling lot of furniture, I bought. The auctioneer put me off. I insisted on paying, and did so, letting him know? I made a point of paying at once. As he handed me the receipt he said “If you will persuade my debtors to pay me as rapidly as you have done I will give you a couple of thousand pounds”. He failed about a month after with £7000 of bad debts!! It was however hard work at times! of course the coming baby increased our expenses, and one day my kind friend Dr. Templeton came in and found us pondering our “ways and means”. “Faith now”, said he letting out his Irish brogue as he often did when fully facetious — “What makes you young folks so down in the mouth? We are three days from “pay-day” (the end of the month) and the [Byoherqui] is empty!! “Showing her empty purse, Oh! bedad now! but that's serious”, — said he feeling in his pockets, and finally capturing four sixpenny bits, in some remote corner — “Theres one m'son I have for cigars, & must keep — my dinner I get at the mess — (he was in the Artillery) “& the three others you re welcome to. “Thank you heartily Doctor, we will live on them for the next three days,” & so we did and I rather think my old friend went without cigars for the next three days, unless he “cadged them”!! Aye! Youth is the time to form friendships, when one is in sight of the “three score years”, friendships are not made then. But the time had come when I must lose my firm friend and ally. Templeton was ordered home — he left me his insect boxes, & collecting materials, but above all he left me a letter to answer, which had a material effect on my future. This letter was from Blyth, the curator of the Calcutta museum, asking for information on and, if possible, skins of certain Ceylon birds. Now tho' passionately fond of the gun, I could not afford to use it much, so I plainly told him, when I sent him the information required. I chiefly used it to supplement the pot & could not waste powder & shot on small birds. His reply came by return mail. He was delighted to welcome a new correspondent, who evidently had been a close observer of birds, he urged me to follow the study of ornithology, & supply him with birds, He valued the birds he wanted at so much and he sent me a•note for that amount, & a little over, begging me to expend the same on ammunition, to procure for him the birds he wanted, & any other species I could obtain. He sent also a list of all the known species from Ceylon, 182 in number, with a lot of small paintings of rare or doubtful species, descriptions of others, & a vast amount of information. This was the beginning of a correspondence continued monthly for years, & of the pleasure & profit it was to me, I can give no idea. I used carefully to bind up his letters as they came, & I often now, when I see them, think with a sad heart of the bright intelligence and vast ornithological knowlege that sank with him, in shadows, in the grave. After that letter I devoted myself more & more to ornithology. My Wifes time was of course much taken up with “the Baby” my eldest son, Leopold, who of all our seven children has about survived, to help me in my favourite pursuits, & nursing and delineation of caterpillers, gave way to other nursing! ---on my last journey to Jaffna (the northern circuit) I had acquired my favourite weapon “Long Tom” now so well known in the collecting world. This little gun .360 in the bore, & 3 feet 8 inches long in the barrel, was one of a pair sent out to the design of a [Giutteman] at Jaffna by name of Napsil Burleigh, who had a great love for ornithology (he too like many others of those I held dear, has gone 'behind the veil') not wanting both, he had parted with one to a lawyer, who took a temporary fancy to it, from him he bought it back for me for £4. All my other guns had been stolen from me by the rascally natives — my own servants (would that the barrels would have burst in their hands, & shatter them!) just before the circuit commenced.With this wonderful little weapon I soon repaid Blyth his outlay, & ere I left Ceylon had brought up the list of known species from 182 to 318!! Every bird enumerated with the exception of some half a dozen (if so many) got by Dr. Kelaart, fell to my own shot, & was skinned, & preserved by me. Every one was sent to Blyth, and the types were retained in the Calcutta Museum, often his description of them. The others (duplicate) returned to me passed into the possession of a cousin of the present Lord Wimborne, but have perished by exposure.

I had many happy hours over these birds, whenever we drove out for our evening's airing “Long Tom” was so snugly nestled at my side, as my Baby was on its mother's knee. If I jumped out to get a shot at some coveted bird, old “Baba” my pet horse, took charge of mother and child — he would come to my call 'ha a mile away, along the road, and if anyone had annoyed them my bull terrier 'hero' would have had him by the throat in no time. At night when “Baby” was snug in bed, my wife would play our best songs, while I sat by, at a little table, I had for the purpose, and skinned and sang! We were still poor in worldly circumstances but rich in ourselves — in love of our pursuits, and of each other, and our little one. A change however was to come. A vacancy occurred at Point Pedro, at the entrance north of the Island, near Jaffna. Many who had become acquainted with me on circuit urged me to apply for the Berth, that of Magistrate. Judge S, tho' loudly lamenting that he should lose me, gave me a warm letter of recommendation to Lord Torrington, our then Governor, and I know I should have the support of our Colonial Secretary Mr. McCarthy (afterwards Sir Charles)I boldly demanded an audience. It was granted and I asked for the Berth. “I have not heard of the vacancy” said His Excellency!! I have special information my Lord, from friends” said I, handing him my letter. “Well — he laughed — you know more than I do, and they seem to want you up there. You are a Barrister now are you not? Yes, my Lord, I have passed my exam, & here is a letter from Mr. Justice S “. “Better and better said His Ex, and here comes Maccarthey” — The Colon. Sec. was just then announced, and came in with his hands full of papers — 'Maccarthey — Mr. Layard tells me Point Pedro is vacant, & he asks me for the berth” — “May I join in his request your Ex here is the report for Van D's suspension for bribery, just received from the Commissioners, by the steamer. She is just in time to take the Chief Justice up there, & will start tomorrrow morning”. — “Well, Mr. L you shall have the berth; said his Lordship kindly, “and from all I Hear you deserve it”. I thanked him and asked if I might go in the steamer (a Govt Boat) I was sure the Chief Justice would not object. “Yes I might, but could I get ready, “Oh yes! I would be up all night packing — “But” said his Ex — how about your debts? You must not run away from your creditors! When I have paid the milkman, your Ex, for the milk I shall take this evening and that I had this morning, I shall not owe a sou in Colombo, or elsewhere”. Lord Torrington brought his hand down on the table with a sounding slap “By G- he said “you deserve the appointment if only for that. I know you — you are the poorest, & have the least pay of any of your family. I doubt if any of them & hardly any other of the Civil Service can say the same!And so after a night of hard work, I started with the kind old chief soon after daylight. I remember one piece of advice, among many others which he gave me for my conduct as a magistrate “There are three maxims” — he said — “I would have you observe. The first is — Sit like a hen! — the second is — Sit like a hen!! — the third is Sit like a hen!!!” I pondered a bit and the replied — “I understand you Sir A and will condense all into one word —"Patience”. “Right you are Boy” said the chief, and I never had cause to doubt it.

At Point Pedro I was a rich man £300 per annum & house free, living was cheap. We got a big turtle for sixpence, as much or more delicious fish that we could eat for a fanain (2½). Others might have been lonely, but we had our time well filled up. I often was in court from dawn till long into the night — I remembered the maxim — “Sit like a hen”. I sifted every case so thoroughly that the natives, who are awfully liticious dared not bring a false case before me. I never had judgment reversed tho' at first, appeals from [me] to the higher court were as “numerous as blackberries”. I devoted every Saturday to examining my district, in company of my gun. The result was a vast addition to the Ceylon fauna and a thorough knowledge of my district, and people. I knew every road, footpath, field, fence and almost every man by sight. It was of no use for a [	] witness to say he came from such a place, to such a place, in such a space of time, I had walked it and mapped it on a bit chart — that I was making. witness to My knowledge of surveying was standing in good stead, and so with many other trades I had picked up! I mended my buggy when broken, and put a new hood to it. I helped to forge my own dredge, and made my youngsters their first pair of shoes.he natives, at first, could not make me out. One day when much heated, I begged some men drawing water with the well—whip, and huge mat basket, to let me drink. The rim of the basket was muddy and my hands were black with powder, so I dipt my face in the sparkling water and drank — 'He drinks like a dog! they exclaimed, much shocked. Another time I had taken my buggy wheels off, when unluckily a lot of head—men came to pay their respects! With my hammer and files about me and my grimy hands, I don't wonder at their saying to each other, “Our magistrate is a blacksmith!” I explained to them that an English gentleman only considered a dishonest action as staining his hands, and his honour, and that I was proud to be able to use my hands, & could do so at most trades. While I was skewing them the use of certain tools, the interpreter went into the house to warn my wife the Headmen were coming to Salaam — when he saw how she was employed, the staid nature quite broke down! He rushed at her, seized her netting — mesh, needle, and netting out of her hands, & conceded them all behind the door — “Madam, Madam” he exclaimed — for God's sake don't let them see you doing [	] that is especially the work of the lowest Fisher caste!! a lady should do nothing at all!!” She was netting me a net to fish the coral pools!! “Oh that won't suit me'she said and when the Headmen came she showed them her drawings of Fishes, Butterflies, Moths, Caterpillers, plants & played them the National Anthem and did a dozen other things to their extreme surprise. I believe a big council was held, and we were at last voted such High Caste that we knew everything!!!

My knowledge of the habits of various creatures obtained me such reverence, and at times helped me. I had a heavy land—case to decide, a special matter, as our courts (Magistrates) did not touch them. I took all the evidence on both sides carefully — I “sat like a hen” for days. The testimony to the boundary ditch was equal on both sides, but it was clear that one side, or the other, was “swearing very hard”. It was at an extreme corner of my district, so far that at that time I had not visited, and consequently did not know it. The vast plain, covered in the wet season with a paddy, was now parched and dry. The retiring waters had filled up the ditch with mud and this caused the dispute. I told the contending parties, place on Saturday morning. On arriving I found a huge crowd evidently come to see the Magistrate bewildered. There was not a trace of a ditch, but my surveying eye detected at once a slight depression towards one spot or rather line, here I saw the dead shells of the large Ampullaria (since named after me by the way) in most abundance. I told the parties each to mark out his line with pegs, and to my delight the one I suspected of lying, drew his line on such a part of the slightly raised land, that I felt sure he was in the wrong, & merely wanted to rob his neighbour of land and watercourse. The other fellow quite fairly followed the slight depression. When all was ready I produced a live specimen of the Ampullaria from my pocket and told people I had, a witness there that would not lie. If the ditch had been, as it must have been, the last to hold water then should we find them aestivating, or laid up for the dry season.I ordered a mamotty (native spade.) to be brought and a trench to be dug along the first named line — not a shell did we find! on the second being opened, they turned up by scores!! “This” said I “is the line of the ditch”. A roar of delight followed my decision, and the defeated party threw himself at my feet praying for mercy — “It was [ ] witnesses, to with the Headman, and meet me at the no use trying to deceive a man who 'spoke the language of the birds and beasts'. I was [“Paq”] or “uncanny” a demon in fact! Of course the living shells had followed the retreating water and finally buried themselves in the soft mud of the ditches as it dried up Another time, a woman was giving evidence which I knew must be false, but I could not catch her. A Gecko one of a pair that lived behind a beam over my head, uttered its peculiar cry. The natives are very superstitious about this reptile. “There” — said the woman — “the magistrate knows all the beasts say — he heard the Gecko say “I was right”! “I” made a shot and said “no” on the contrary he said you were speaking false things, and that I was to fine you for perjury — he shall say it again and convince you. I gently emitted the call of the female whom I could see, but she could not and the shrill note of the male again rang out in response. The woman threw her hands above her head “It is of no use” she cried, “they told me you were “Page and now I know it. I confess all — I have been lying”!!

It was at Point Pedro that I first made the aquaintance of the late Prof. C.B. Adams of Amhurst Col. Cambridge and several other naturalists, thro' the agency of the American Missionaries, and commenced that system of shell exchange which I have carried on to this day.But troubles were coming on me. Children came too fast and died as they came! we had no medical help within 26 miles, and so the found�ation was laid for a disease that for the last 22 years has made my dear wife a cripple! She who in our young days was my companion on walks and rides such as no other woman dared, was now, in her older age, to be almost confined to her chair.I had at last to send her home to England for her life and tho' I was rising in the service, and had been promoted to a good post in Colombo, I had shortly to follow her, from my own health failing. As long as I could get away to the forest, and have lots of exercise, I kept well, The confinement of an office killed me! I got a pate de foie gras in my inside but the “foie” was my own, not that of a goose (hen!) and the result was seventy five leaches on my wretched side and stomach. They were put on by a friend, who could not stop to take them off, & I was left to the tender care of a native servant. The result was I fainted, & as the leeches fell of he quietly put them into a bottle, & let me bleed from 4 p.m. to 4 a.m. from all these open wounds. How the Doctor managed to patch them up, & enable me to be sent to Galle and shipped away to England, I don't know, but so it was, and my collections were sent after me, and on them I paid freight for 9 tons! I never returned to the Island I loved so much. The Doctors guaranteed my death in six months they would not guarantee my wife's life for six weeks!! “Skin for skin”! Yea all that a man hath will he give for his life”! What then would I not give up for the life gone I loved so dearly; I resigned!

Where to turn for a living was the next question. Many of my zoological friends united in a memorial to the Secretary of State, praying my transference to a colony with a milder climate, & Sir George Gray hearing of this, & having first been appointed Governor of the Cape Colony, wrote and asked me to go with him, and found a Museum there.This seemed too good to be refused and I followed him to the Cape, as soon as I could, being the bearer of Despatches, announcing the Battle of the Alina [ ? ] and the Death of Genl. Cathcart, therein, he having once been Governor of the Cape Colony.I found I had to begin life all over again! I was at length placed in the office of the Colonial Secretary, as a junior clerk, on a very small salary. We still stuck to our principles, but found our poverty hard to bear. Often we have sat in our coats, cloaks and shawls druing the winter, to avoid spending money on coals for a fire, and we heaped on clothing on the bed to save the expense of blankets! but we never ran into debt. At length the Museum fund was voted by the Parliament, and I was appointed Curator with the addition of £100 per annum to my salary. But my health was still so broken, (not being much improved by anxiety) that a kind friend Commandore Trotter, commanding in the station proposed to Sir George Grey to send me away on a cruise he was about to take to Mauritius, and this enabled me at the same time to collect all the sea fowl of the Cape Seas, for the Museum, and health for myself. Three months was thought to be the probable duration of the cruise, but dispatches found at Mauritius, sent us to Madagascar, the Comoro Islands, and all the east coast of Africa from the Line to Natal, so I was away seven months. I worked hard at collecting for the Museum, and back a large collection of birds, shells, insects etc and laid the foundation of the South African Museum with them.

But bad news awaited me on my return. My poor wife had given birth to a little dead baby girl —News came of the death of my brother in the Crimea, and all seemed dark. Gradually the clouds cleared away, tho' we were still miserably poor. Years past away, the museum grew and the erection of a building suitable for it, and the fine library was dis�cussed by Sir George and myself. We induced the Parilament to vote the money and the building was commenced. We had been there nearly nine A years, when the Govenor, still Sir George Grea?y, asked me to be his Private Secretary, and my wife to come to government house to receive his guests. It was finally arranged that I was not to lose my time “in the Civil Service” but to be “detached in Special Service”, and this was settled. In a few months however Sir George was ordered to New Zealand and he begged us to accompany him. My noble wife braved all the discomforts of a long journey, in the winter season, by sea in the low Southern latitudes, and after some weeks tossing on the stormy southern seas (we ran down to 42º South) we got safe to N.Zealand H.M.S. Cossack.We could not do much collecting in N.Zealand, time being rather taken up with more important matters, but if birds were scarce and hard to get, Ferns, of wondrous beauty, lay all around us, close to our hands, & so we seized on them. There was this advantage too. My wife could set them out, & press them, unaided, when I was at my desk in the office. So a collection was begun which now numbers some 2000 species! In N.Zealand we stayed several months when I received the welcome news that if I liked to apply for the position of “Arbitrator” in the Mixed Commission at the Cape, under the Slave Trade Treaties I should have it. This I owed to the kind intervention of my valued friend Professor Owen, now Sir Richard Owen. I of course at once applied to Lord John Russell, in whose gift it was, and my application was backed up by a most powerful letter from Sir George Grey. I had now to return via the Australian colonies to the Cape and found a ship sailing direct.

On arriving in Sydney, I learned that the curator of the Museum had just died, & the Premier and Governor pressed me to take the appointtment. I told them frankly that I was expecting a post in the Imperial Service and with higher pay and “anticipations” (the next step could be that of Judge and commission in £1200) but they nevertheless kept the berth open for me till I learnt from Adelaide that I was gazetted to the new appointment.The wretched vessel in which I had taken our passages kept us dangling about for over two months, following her to Melbourne & Adelaide. We met with the kindest attention from everyone, from the Governors downwards. At Adelaide, His Excellency insisted on our making his house our “pied a terre”, tho' many friends carried us off to spend a week here or ten days there. I made a most delightful trip under the wing of an influential settler to Lake Alexandria, shooting Kangaroos, black Swans, etc for the Cape Museum, of which I still remained Curator. One little episode I should mention. I carried off from their burial places in the trees, the skulls of four aborigines two male & 2 female — 1 pair for the Adelaide Museum, whose curator begged me to get them & a pair for that at the Cape, as the commencement of an Ethnological series. I did not know the danger I ran. I got them on the [sly] the evening before we turned our faces homewards, wrapped them up in our “swag”, & strapped them on my back. We had not ridden far, when my host said “What is that strong aromatic smell, it seems to follow us” I then told him what I had done. “My heavens” he said “it was too bad of to get you to do this — if the natives of that tribe scent you, they will know what you have been at — rifling their dead, & they will spear you to a “certainty”.We hurried on, however, & got clear away, not falling in with any natives, & I brought home my prizes in safety, but it is the last time I shall go on a “Head hunting” expedition; especially when the natives use these strong aromatic to embalm their dead.

I got a good idea of the Australian Fauna & Flora in my stay in that region, but when I reached the Cape I found myself poorer than when I started and in debt too for the first time in my life! for I had actually had been obliged in Australia to borrow £100 of one who was previously a stranger to me! I found however that my pay was to date from day of gazetting, & there was a little allowance for starting, in lieu of passage money, as I was supposed to be on the spot, so I soon repaid my loan & as the pay was £800 and the Museum £100 & a home I soon pulled up and began a “nest-egg” for my wife and child, in case of my death. My boy was in England under his uncle, my brother-in-law's care, who placed him at Eton. Death however upset all our plans for the future. My dear brother-in-law died suddenly, leaving us a nice little legacy, but to my astonishment and grief, my own family, without consulting me, withdrew my son from Eton, sent him out to the Cape, and one day to my great astonishment he walked into the house! having arrived by the mail from England.We remained eight years more at the Cape and tho' I succeeded to the Title of Judge & Commissioner, I did not succeed to the [enrolement]! a proposition had been made to abrogate the Treaties, as the Salve Trade had ceased, & finally I was instructed to wind up the office & return home.

I confess up to that time I had little to complain of I was laying by a little money, & with nothing to do at the courts, as no prizes were brought in for adjudication, I could devote all my time to the Museum. I inaugurated a system of Exchange, & my bones went about everywhere. I gradually furnished the Museum with cases & added to the gallery, for which by the way I advanced the money, out of my own pocket, & repaid myself by [increments] spread over several years; the whole allowance for the upkeep of the museum was only £300 per annum out of which I had to pay myself, the Taxidermist & the attendant!I had years before commenced to collect materials for a catalogue of the Birds of South Africa, & I now determined to print a cheap as plain and unscentific language as possible, so as to be within the comprehension of everyone, thus to become the companion of the boys of the country, & induce them to learn something of the rich Avifauna around them. Some friends urged me to make the scheme known, & ask for subscribers. This was done, & as soon as I had enough names on my list (& it was most rapidly filled up, chiefly from the Eastern Province) to pay the bare expenses, I published the book. I don't profess to be a scientific naturalist, I have Never been rich enough to purchase the books required for the study, and my life has been spent in countries where no museums existed, save those I myself established. In Ceylon I founded a museum in connection with the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society of Calcutta, what became of it I do not know, after my connection with the island was severed. At the Cape, the Museum also of my founding still flourishes. All I lay claim to is a certain knowledge of the life history of the Birds of the countries I have inhabited. I have followed them assiduously with their nature haunts, and watched them as closely as I could, and what I have seen I have recorded. When therefore I state in any of my writings, that I obtained such a bird, in such a place, that the colour of his eyes and legs, in life and the contents of the stomach were such and such, I can only assure my readers that such was absolutely the case. The only element of error may be in the name of the bird, but as I did not identify more than three or four “of my own bat”, all the rest being named by “Experts” in England and Europe, I think the chances I must take are small.When first I arrived at the Cape and enquired for any list or accounts of S. African birds, I found none of the former existed and that the latter was scattered in various places. There were a few books of the old Authors in the Public Library — Levaillant's Birds of South Africa. Dr. Andrew Smith's 'Birds' of the Expedition he commanded, and a Rare little trace The Raptores of S. Africa, evidently the commencement of a general list be.... [Ends]

Source: Blacker-Wood Autograph Letter Collection, McGill University, Montreal Transcriber: Robert Nash

title: Edgar Leopold Layard Autobiography


text:
Wikisource talk:Annotations/types

Annotations are main namespace only
We should only be defining annotations as for our guidelines as something that applies to our main namespace, that is to say works. All our other namespaces are constructs, and as such they are simply wikilink'd. Accordingly, from our main namespace, annotations (links) will (normally) only be going to (at WS) the namespaces: main, author, portal; (at other WMF wikis) to other main namespace. I do NOT see that we would need to be linking to these namespace: Wikisource, Help, ...

So what falls outside the idea of annotations?
 * Links from the header which takes in other wiki properties, and a link to the talk page through use of edition.
 * Interwiki links to works of the same name

Now some tricky bits that may fit within this that I see that we can move in or out. Links to works in other languages that occur in the text, would we encourage a link to an existing work at another language wiki. Noting that linking to works that do not exist is counter-productive. Similarly, would we link to an author page in another language wiki? I would prefer that we linked to an Author: page locally, and that there is the interwiki link. — billinghurst  sDrewth  10:15, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Hi, the point of this page is simply to define all possible types of annotations, not to debate what types we should or shouldn't be allowed. The idea is to make a list from which we can then design a vote page - after the vote page is agreed on, and after the vote cast, then we start working on a guideline on how the agreed on annotations should be implemented. I'm going to remove the strikeout because in effect its a judgement or opinion. We're not making judgements or opinions yet. I'm sure you'll be right in the end, but leave it to community consensus. Green Cardamom (talk) 16:40, 24 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I completely disagree, it is not a feasible annotation, hence it is not possible, hence it is out. We simply do not and will not link to Scriptorium from a work, this confuses the page and puts into play something that will not occur. Tell me on one occasion we would link from a work or a header to Scriptorium which is a discussion place? A vote page, that you so define is simply not how we have been undertaking work at Wikisource, and often ends up making decision making more complex in the discussion of the futile for no express reason. We have been more on having less in the way of policies and defined rules, and setting principles and outcomes. Listing them, grouping them, getting opinions on them is all fine. But coming in and thinking that this is voting territory is way ahead of the game. — billinghurst  sDrewth  17:48, 24 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Additional: things need a scope. The scope for ANNOTATION is something that takes place in the main namespace as we are discussing annotating a work. Getting it broader than that seems pointless.

The problem I'm finding with the ever-increasing implementation of proposed policies or guidelines (or even those demoted to "no community consensus") is the fact that they too often become regarded as accepted policy (which is not to be confused with official policy) even as they remain proposed. What happens when a widely implemented proposed policy (or no policy) is eventually "voted down"? Seems we should stick to internal linking for now at least until official policy is written on the subject. It does seem prudent to create limited works for the purpose of illustrating a proposed policy—so others can at least see whether there's any usefulness in the proposal... But naiive copy/paste Users like me are all too often apt to run with something that appears "accepted" (albeit not necessarily "official") because it is/has been widely used by more experienced Users (if you look at my history and created works here, you are sure to find infringements on official policy—or even liberties taken where no policy exists!)... But thinking this practice through more recently, while well-intended and often innovative, such widely implemented "accepted" practices have merely resulted in confusion, and may perhaps in the future cause a hand to be forced that maybe shouldn't be—all because a thing has already been widely implemented, and the resulting clean-up would be too colossal a task! Seems kind of viral to me. In my mind, priorities should be faithful rendering and author's intent. All other innovations should support those two—not add to them. But that is my opinion. Londonjackbooks (talk) 05:27, 26 July 2011 (UTC)

@LJB: I don't see why annotations are inherently seen as an addition separate from the goal of providing the authors intent. My work with wikilinks has always been primarily focused on restoring the context lost through changing times and settings so that readers can comprehend the author's intent. "We've drunk to the Queen, God bless her!" is not annotation that would not have been useful to contemporary readers, nor is the author's intended reference likely to be inferred by the many of our contemporaries in a cold reading. Another work I remember annotating spoke of Americans moving to settle in "the West". Written shortly after the Louisiana purchase the writer was speaking of lands that is probably now in either the state of Missouri or Illinois. After further Western territories were acquired these lands came to called the "Mid-West". Very, very few of our contemporaries would comprehend the author's intent in that without some initial confusion, and some would certainly give up before they could manage to figure it out on their own.--Birgitte SB  01:35, 5 August 2011 (UTC)
 * The idea of a vote page or a !vote page seems very, very bad. This needs to be discussed, not voted on.  All voting will do is show just how divided we are and where there are gray areas will result in long discussions within the vote that someone would have to parse to try to determine consensus.  We need to discuss things and come to consensus.  I'm not at all sure that this is the best place to do it.  The Scriptorium barely links to this sub-page of a blanked draft policy.  I'm not sure that we have much chance of getting full participation from a representative group of editors here.  We'll only get the very most vocal ones on each side, which will result in a clear lack of consensus being the only likely outcome (and maybe that's good, I don't know).  This is a very important policy issue and I would object to any sort of vote.  If we discuss here, we should transclude the discussion to the parent talk page and maybe also to the Scriptorium.  An actual result in this discussion will affect the definition of our project.
 * as for LJB's comments, I generally agree, except I'm not sure I see the point, since the proposed policy generally tolerated link, at least at one point, and a clearly sizable chunk of the community is favorable towards some sort of links, and most importantly, since there is not and never has been a clear prohibition on links, those who wish to add them can. However, as was pointed out on Scriptorium, who would want to take the time if a policy might be enacted to eliminate them all!--Doug.(talk • contribs) 10:51, 26 July 2011 (UTC)
 * I understand what you're saying... I recently had to explain to a friend that when George H. Earle, Jr. wrote to Justice Harlan: "You have appeared in this respect the incarnation of the spirit and policy that have made our race great and happy..." that Earle was not referring to the "white race", but the human race—just as his sister, the poet, often used the word in her poetry... My point above (I had to reread it) had more to do with "experimenting" with proposed policy ad nauseam (annotations being but one example) before an official policy has been adopted—and that the practice should be limited and "queried" (to use a word removed from the Style guide on 24 July 2011) until then. Hypothetically, what if it is eventually decided that only inter-linking is allowed?—What a clean-up mess that would create!  Would the fact that it would be a monumental task to remove all sister links from existing Pages dissuade the community from adopting such an "exclusion" policy?—even if it were the "better" policy? [I am not saying it is, just using it as an example]...

 * RE: "...some would certainly give up before they could manage to figure it out on their own.": I can only speak from my perspective, and the following words by Robert Hutchins says it best for me... I posted the following on Cygnis' Talk page back in June:

...the above topics prompted me to go back and re-read portions of Hutchins' The Great Conversation. (1952) The following passages seem to apply themselves—whether directly or indirectly—to the current discussion on annotations as well as to the debated purpose/intent of this sister itself:

[Conversation, p. xx] One of the policies upon which the Advisory Board insisted most strongly was that the great writers should be allowed to speak for themselves * * * Since the set was conceived of as a great conversation, it is obvious that the books could not have been chosen with any dogma or even with any point of view in mind. In a conversation that has gone on for twenty-five centuries, all dogmas and points of view appear. Here are the great errors as well as the great truths. '''The reader has to determine which are the errors and which the truths. The task of interpretation and conclusion is his. This is the machinery and life of the Western tradition in the hands of free men.'''

[p. 48] Sir Richard [Livingstone] goes on to refer to the remarks of T. S. Eliot: "In my own experience of the appreciation of poetry I have always found that the less I knew about the poet and his work, before I began to read it, the better.  An elaborate preparation of historical and biographical knowledge has always been to me a barrier.  It is better to be spurred to acquire scholarship because you enjoy the poetry, than to suppose that you enjoy the poetry because you have acquired the scholarship."

 * "The task of interpretation and conclusion is [the responsibility of the reader]..." It is they who have to "determine which are the errors and which the truths."  It might seem like "pointing" the reader to the facts is a helpful act... but is it really?  I suppose that is a debatable question that might be worth asking.  You might actually be in essence robbing the reader of further research they might have undertaken on their own otherwise.

 * What I think WS might be lacking is a clear and stated goal or purpose. As far as I could tell, WS fashions itself as an "online library of free content publications," (Main page) and a "project to create a growing free content library of source texts." ("What is Wikisource?")  The latter quote goes further, however—where it adds: "as well as translations of source texts in any language"—with the word "translations" pointing to proposed WS policy.  Interesting that a stated purpose or goal would point to proposed policy—but that is only part of why I think WS needs to be more clear about it's common goals and policy...and perhaps have a tighter rein on "novelty" until more official policies are cemented.  I am one to talk, however—as I have a rather undisciplined track record here!...

 * I have been giving all this some thought recently, however, and started jotting down some thoughts on annotations, goals, etc. toward July's end in a personal user sandbox. My two cents, however, may not even be worth the space it's written on, but feel free to take a look!  Sorry my reply is so long! Londonjackbooks (talk) 03:34, 5 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Waking up with the following in my head: "Great symphonies require more than one hearing; great poems more than one reading." Words I had transcribed by Florence Earle Coates in her piece about Matthew Arnold... Reminded me what a history lesson I have had just by reading and re-reading (and transcribing) Mrs. Coates' poems—many of which are filled with historical references... What is the "Devil's Isle"?  Who is "The Smile of Reims?"  And all those Greek references—another area where I am ignorant... But the fun is also in the searching... If something "speaks" to a reader, they will want to pursue the thought further.  If they are without understanding of who "the Queen" is, they'll learn more by following a search-engine search of Kipling's line of poetry than they would linking to the Queen's sister-site page... Any reader who would "give up before they...manage to figure it out on their own" is not inherently interested in the subject matter.  Are we their teachers that we must then instruct them? Just a random thought, sorry... :) Londonjackbooks (talk) 13:06, 5 August 2011 (UTC)
 * To be clear, I only imagined readers "giving up" on the much, much more obscure second example where terminology was usurped in the generation following the one in which the essay was written (the writer speaking for himself can hardly imagine the label he uses will refer to an entirely different location after his death than it did while he lived while that location he spoke will be given a alternative label nor will he imganine that four generations after this the fact that this location was ever labeled otherwise will be almost entirely unknown). I certainly don't think we should leave research up to the readers because "the work be good for them" nor delight in  keeping people who aren't deeply interested in the subject from comprehending the text.  If something wasn't obscure in a contemporary reading, I strongly believe in pointing the modern reader where they might look.  I don't like linking were it seems the author was picking out things obscure to contemporary readers to give an impression of the exotic.  A good example of this practice by an author themselves, is Kipling. His early poems published in an Indian paper were in plain text and fully understood by the British readers who lived there.  When the poems were republished in London for a different audience he added footnotes for the kitchen Hindustani etc.  I don't think what we are doing is so unheard of or all that new.  But then I started doing it in 2006 exactly because it seemed such an obviously desirable thing to me and was quite surprised when people first questioned it.  Regarding experimentation/proposed policies, there is no way to force consensus. I believe heavy experimentation is the best way work out an area of no concensus.  Not that I think that is happening here.  But still we can't just make a policy firm without any consensus to back it up. I suppose you could blank proposed policies unless people are actively working on the issue.  I know some people are driven nuts by "no consensus", but I find the alternative to be much worse. Artificial deadlines just  seem to destroy wikis. Although as we have been mainly talking about wikilinks. I must say that that particular method has had consensus for some years and I haven't seen anything to indicate that consensus has been overturned there. The rest is more ambiguous. --Birgitte SB  02:49, 7 August 2011 (UTC)

 * You have certainly been doing this much longer than me, and I don't know much about wikis, or how "artificial deadlines" (not sure what you mean—deadlines related to voting or reaching a consensus?) affect them... I don't have an administrative bone in my body! :) I do understand your point about the writer perhaps not conceiving at the time of his writing that the "labels" he uses will be defunct at a future time... And pointing to those facts is unarguably a useful thing! Probably the reason why there is more of a reaction surrounding annotations and wikilinking, however, is due to the fact that we are dealing with original source texts here at WS... Public domain, sure—... and WS is certainly within its legal rights to do with the material as it (consensus or no) sees fit; but to some who come here looking for "unadulterated" original source texts (which, one could argue, wikilinking—but perhaps not all forms of annotation—doesn't affect)...

 * I was just taking the thought one step further... Musing about the annotations debate, and perhaps attributing the lack of consensus about annotations to the question of "What is the purpose of WS?" For I feel that the annotations question is so closely tied together with what this sister's purpose might be (Is it a library? In what sense?, etc.) and where such a purpose might be lacking or vague, that would have an even greater effect on the ability for this community to reach a desired consensus... (I'm starting to talk in circles now, I think, and that is never a good thing!)...

 * A quick aside on the blanking of proposed policy pages as a result of there being "no consensus" on the matter: seems counter-productive to do so, and that much useful information would be/is contained there, and that removing the information would give the appearance (on the surface at least) that it is not being "actively worked on" (at least by the casual observer). Maybe just don't refer to annotations as "proposed policy,"—yet!... I don't know... But it seems the information should still be available in some sort of structured manner somewhere (as opposed to solely on these Talk pages)... Londonjackbooks (talk) 16:41, 7 August 2011 (UTC)

Noting AdamBMorgan's comments in his View below: "...wikilinking to further information where necessary. Gutenberg, Archive.org, HathiTrust etc just can't do this so we stand out, it's our niche..." I agree with that. And, while I have not yet scrutinized over the "list" of Grade 1 annotations, I am inclined to agree with at least their inclusion based on AdamBMorgan's characterization of them. I am reminded of a comment by Cygnis Insignis on my Talk page, who stated, "The introduction of scans with a near-perfect OCR text layer changed everything, a quantum leap: millions of books could be added and verified! And when these works refer to another—what has been called the "great conversation"—the power and potential of this sister is mind-blowing."  It is what makes this sister unique! [Note: Do not assume that my inclusion of Cygnis Insignis' words infer an endorsement on their part of my or anyone else's views of what an appropriate annotation would be. I do not wish or intend to speak for Cygnis, I merely second their sentiment with regard to the "mind-blowing" potential of this sister! :) ]Londonjackbooks (talk) 13:45, 12 August 2011 (UTC)

Added thought on WS vs. WM ("Grade 1") linking: Best advice I've received is to "keep it in the family" (i.e., WS) as much as possible; if a WS page is not available, create one (if the subject matter is appropriate to this site)! Otherwise, link to the best representative WM page available. Londonjackbooks (talk) 14:01, 12 August 2011 (UTC)

Seems Doug was thinking about WS v. WM the same minute I was! To Doug: All Author pages here on WS have/should have links to WP, etc., sites in the notes section that readers can refer to... Granted, some WS Author pages are sparse and uninformative. Key words are if the subject matter is appropriate to WS. If not, such as where you noted Pythagoras and the like (while I am not an authority on their authorship), then "WM it"... As far as AdamBMorgan "describing" the codes, a description is already available on the Project page that is the "parent" of this Talk page. I have printed out a copy for reference, because I don't like switching back and forth either! :) Londonjackbooks (talk) 14:13, 12 August 2011 (UTC)

Another good reason to "WS it" is that an author's work speaks for the author—whereas WP and the like do not. Even though the desire is for WP articles to remain unbiased, there will always at least be traces of bias due to the fact that it is a human endeavor! ;) At WS, we are letting the author represent himself, and our wikilinking should support that wherever/whenever possible... especially when pointing to an outside source within the original source text of the author. Londonjackbooks (talk) 14:25, 12 August 2011 (UTC)

View by Doug

 * As mentioned above, I see no value to a !vote page, at least at this point. We need to discuss.  With that in mind, let me comment on the use of the broad categories:
 * WS - I think we need to be cautious about some of the special namespaces as they can introduce opinions and POV but generally, internal linking like this should be encouraged. One conflict is where a work names individuals, some of whom are authors, if we allow interwiki linking then some names would link to WS:Authorspace and others would link to WP:Mainspace, that seems odd, but at this point it's just an observation.  The same is true for links to portals, the example shows a link to Portal:Buddhism rather than to Buddhism, I'm not entirely convince that the former is better than the latter.  Links to publishers should be limited to the publishing data of the work - and to the header; though I suppose the name of a publisher used in a work could be linked either to publisher space or to en.wp.
 * WM - (leaving aside the non-standard abbreviations) Links to WB and WV within a text are problematic as those projects can contain original research and editorial. Any work that we might find there and want to link to we should also host here in a different form.  Someday we may find works that are suitable for hosting here that actually reference WB or WV works, when that happens we'll need a special rule but it's a long way off at this point.  Normal interwiki/sister Links to WB from a dab, an author page, or even a header should be encouraged in whatever standard format eventually arises for that, but those aren't annotations.  Links to WQ are not particularly useful except for backlinks since the only reasonable place to link in the mainspace would be the actual quote.  I can't see the point to a link to News and I'm not sure whether links to wikispecies would be as useful as links to enwp.  Pagespace is one big set of links to Commons, that an images should be the only such links generally.  Links to en.wp and wiktionary, I think should be encouraged.
 * EL - No business in a text unless the text itself references the link (particularly possible with recent court cases and other recent government documents), in which case the link makes perfect sense. ELs to sources for the works should only be linked from Talk, Author, or meta (index) space or possibly, on a dab to show that the work has yet to be imported into our project but is available.
 * FN - Footnotes are commonly in the source texts and are frequently also PD (must be if the work is on Commons), these should be transcribed (though it would be cool if we could use the same scans to support both footnoted and non-footnoted texts). Footnotes added by our editors should be allowed in those cases where it's really necessary; but clearly marked as such.
 * In summary, I support wikilinks to other works we have and interwikilinks to en.wp and wiktionary where useful. I do not support any user added external links.  User added footnotes should be used very, very sparingly.  I see a problem though.  Many texts that I'm working with are multilingual.  If the sister projects insist on "clean text" then we will have a conflict.
 * I don't understand this insistence on a pure text. That could be done without a wiki (and could be done better) and really tosses out a core competency (and raison d'être) of MW projects.  And if we wanted to be a pure reference source for the other projects, Commons actually could do a better job at present.  We are here to make these works accessible.  To a large extent, that means making the dictionary and the encyclopedia entries available at a click.--Doug.(talk • contribs) 11:13, 26 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Something I mentioned on another page that I want to consolidate here: 1) I find no logical basis for preferring en.ws wikilinks to other wikilinks. If I'm reading a work by author x and author y is mentioned I would like a link to the en.wp article on author y, not a list of author y's works.  Yet, I've asked about how we can link Plato but not then Pythagoras or Socrates, neither of whom wrote a single word, I was told they should have ws:Author pages - author pages for people who didn't author anything?!  I'm confused by this concept.  I've also heard it suggested that wiktionary is OK but wikipedia is not.  Why?  What about the name of a Greek mythological character, they ought to be linked to en.wp oughtn't they?
 * User:AdamBMorgan may have some very good points, I can't tell. I can't switch back and forth to look to see what each of the codes stands for.  Please discuss these things by describing them instead of creating codes for each of them.--Doug.(talk • contribs) 14:01, 12 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Re last comment by Londonjackboots, yes I knew the codes were there but I didn't find them very intuitive, re-looking, I found that I was a bit unfair to AdamBMorgan as they are more intuitive than I thought. However, long lists of them are not helpful.
 * Also re comments by LJB, take this scenario: a work cites references both Plato and Socrates (not at all unlikely), I find the inconsistent links to be strange. Part of the problem with author space is that too many pages link to en.wp.  I have a report (several months out of date, time to run it again) of pages that have links to non-existent en.wp pages.  Most are not pages which were deleted, rather they were added en masse to author space.
 * I'm glad to see there is a lot of agreement between LJB, ABM, BSB, and myself. Although there are certainly differences, there are broad areas of overlap and that's a good sign when we are hoping to find some consensus.--Doug.(talk • contribs) 14:56, 12 August 2011 (UTC)

View by AdamBMorgan

 * I do think annotations are within the scope of Wikisource. More than that, they are beneficial for the project.  They make full use of the capabilities and possibilites of being a Wikimedia project; and they are one of the potential strengths of Wikisource over other internet libraries (along with the Proofreading extension etc).
 * My view of the list of annotations is to grade them by how much they alter the text, and handle each grade differently.
 * Grade 1: The most basic of annotation, as done by many users without really considering it an annotation. Mostly, this covers wikilinks.  Although we could try to ban them, I dont think this is a good idea because: 1) It undermines Wikisource's strength (and unique selling point) as a wikimedia project capable of wikilinking to further information where necessary. Gutenberg, Archive.org, HathiTrust etc just can't do this so we stand out, it's our niche. 2) It is futile; any new user coming to Wikisource "knows" the wiki... means wikilinks.  There are a lot works with wikilinks and I'm sure there will be a lot more, trying to chase after them all, removing the links would take up a lot of time for little purpose.  Grade 1 annotations should either be made visible or not with javascript or just allowed to remain in the plain version (the latter because the javascript option still involves chasing after people amending wikilinks to use templates; besides the only difference between a clean and wikilinked version is that some words will be in blue).
 * Grade 1 annotations: All wikisource links (WS-A, WS-W, WS-P, WS-PO); All wikimedia links (WM-W, WM-B, WM-D, WM-N, WM-S, WM-C, WM-V, WM-Q); Pop-up messages (O-P); inline translations (O-T2)
 * Note: While Wikipedia and Wiktionary will remain the most common, I don't see any benefit in denying links to the other projects if it is every appropriate. For example, personally, I tend to wikilink latin names for species to Wikispecies rather than Wikipedia.
 * Grade 2: A level of annotation that actually adds to the text. Where grade 1 annotations would not be picked up by a copy-and-paste or the book tool, these annotations would be carried over to derivatives of Wikisource.  Grade 2 annotations should have the option of being removed from the plain version, either by javascript or by a separate instance of the text held on a explicitly marked page.
 * Grade 2 annotations: All footnotes (FN-R1, FN-R2, FN-R3, FN-R4, FN-R5, FN-R6); External links to toolserver (EL-T, EL-TG)
 * Grade 3: As with grade 2, these add to the text but at a greater degree. Grade 3 annotations should definitely be removed from the plai version in the same way or not be used at all.  Even where they are used, it should be sparingly.  These come closer to my impression of a Wikibooks-appropriate annotation.
 * Grade 3 annotations: Additional images (O-I1); Text introduction (O-IN)*; External links/further reading (O-X)* (asterix indicates it is in "grade other" too)
 * Grade n/a: "Annotation" should only refer to the body of the text, anything in the header is therefore not an annotation. Anything designed for navigation and visibily separate from teh body should also not be counted as an annotation. This includes the header itself as well as AuxTOC.
 * Grade n/a annotations: Aux TOC (O-A); Listen, Media etc (O-L); Wikipediaref (O-W)
 * Grade other: Special cases that I don't really see as annotations.
 * External links (EL-A & EL-AF): Can go in the header or the talk page if really necessary but I see no reason for them to be in the body unless it's a very unusual case. Putting them on Author or Portal pages makes more sense.
 * Additional images (O-I2): Adding a cover image, sample illustration or other image from Commons to a plain text (not DjVu/proofread) work appears to be (or have been) quite common. To grandfather that into any new policy, I would allow an exception for one image (or a small number of images) for this purpose only.  This would not allow works to be fully re-illustrated by a user.
 * Translations (O-T1, O-T3): Translations are related to annotations as derivative works but should be considered separately.
 * Excessive Grade 3: Text introduction (O-IN) and external links/further reading (O-X) should not be used if too excessive. This is covered in my next point but I see annotations as only notes to assist the reader, not the introduction of new sections (although some of this could go on the talk page).
 * I see the difference between Wikisource and Wikibooks as mostly a matter of scale (and, possibly, of intent). Wikibooks' annotations often go beyond simple notes and add new sections and new pages.  They can discuss characters, themes etc and add significant extra content to the work.  They are primarily intended as textbooks - educational resources useful or required to study a work academically and/or prepare for tests and exams.  I see annotations on Wikisource, however, as intended to help a reader simply to read the work.  Annotations here provide pointers to further information or some context useful for comprehension.  While a reader could be forced to go a do research on their own, that denies the possibilities inherent in a Wikimedia project and many people may not have the time/ability/inclination to do so.  For example, I have personally wished that some books I've read might have some sort of translation for "common" French phrases inserted into the text, it is possible but inconvenient and annoying to have to look up something so potentially trivial but potentially important just because the author assumed knowledge in the reader.  Wikisource annotations should, therefore, take the form of simple notes to support the work.
 * Note: The most extreme annotation (grade 3) I have made, is an image added here. The text gives names of islands (some of which are no longer used) and some co-ordinates but the image provides more immediate context of the location.  Also note that I have included footnotes for the co-ordinates with links to the toolserver based on Wikipedia's co-ordinate templates—this is a moderately extreme annotation (grade 2) that does the same thing, provide context to the reader about the location being described in the text. (I've added this type of annotation to the list as I'm writing.)  If agreed during this process, I intend to extend this throughout the work in question (that chapter is the only one that heavily annotated at present).
 * I think separate, clearly marked, user-annotated editions have their place on Wikisource just as do user-translations. Having two copies of the same work can be a problem technically, especially if the original is proofread from a DjVu (for example, as the proofread version is edited, it will shift away from a copy-and-paste version even if the copy was made from a fully validated source).  Conversely, adding larger or more frequent annotations to the DjVu (and sorting them out by javascript or in some other fashion) risks getting confusing.  Having more than one annotated edition could make this worse (I'm not sure why this might occur but it is a possibility worth addressing).
 * I doubt there will be many annotated texts (grade 2+) on Wikisource as a proportion of the whole library (as it should be) but, like translations, they should not be banned for this reason.
 * I agree with Doug regarding pure texts. While I would want to differentiate between original matter and anything user-added, an absolute stance on any added value (even basic wikilinks) undermines the project. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 12:27, 12 August 2011 (UTC)

A few notes from experience at he.wikisource by Dovi
''Moved to the main talk page here.

title: Wikisource talk:Annotations/types


text:
User talk:128.104.42.47

— billinghurst  sDrewth  10:15, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:128.104.42.47


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Red-Jacket