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 * Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania Report of Progress PPP figure 2.jpg
 * Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania Report of Progress PPP figure 2.jpg

"a, b, c. Crushed and broken legs as they appear in the specimen, the divisions not being all natural articulations.

h, h, h, h, h. Impressions of angular ends of the dorsal half of body segments.

m. Hypostoma in place; m², the same enlarged to show the scale-like sculpturing.

P. One of the paddles or swimming feet in a broken condition. Its division at i seems to be a natural articulation.

g, g. Basal joints of same; x, enlarged surface-sculpturing of the latter.

M. Mesial appendage of the operculum ; 1, 2, 3, its apparent articulations; s, s, two little accessory pieces; x, x, t, t, lateral alae of operculum.

o. Position of mouth."

 * }

After describing the fossil and its parts the authors remark: "From some of the characters mentioned above it will be seen that this fossil differs from the typical forms of Eurypterus, particularly in the great length and


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 extremity of the mesial appendage of its operculum, as well as in the possession of two little spatulate supplementary pieces (ss). Hence we very strongly suspect that other characters will be found, when better specimens can be studied, showing it to belong to a distinct sub-genus, if not indeed to an entirely distinct genus from Eurypterus proper, in which case we have proposed for it the name Anthraconectes."

Whether these differences noted are of sufficient importance to constitute generic or subgeneric distinction may perhaps admit of different opinion, depending upon the interpretation of the relative value of variations of certain parts of the organism.

A specimen from Mazon creek for many years (from 1860) in my own collection and now in the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, appears to be not only identical with this one, but a counterpart or impression of the specimen described by Messrs. Meek and Worthen (see Fig. 3). It is less complete in its appendages, but the form and proportions of the body and the measurement of the parts correspond in all particulars. The mesial appendage of the thoracic plate extends to the sixth segment, as shown by a median ridge extending to that point, but it cannot be determined whether the posterior extremity is simple or bifurcate. The lines indicating the anterior attachment of this plate are visible but obscure. The existence of the two lateral accessory plates shown in the preceding figure cannot be determined, and the apparent jointing of the median appendage of the thoracic plate is produced by the impress of the articulating surfaces of the body segments.

The accompanying figure will illustrate this specimen and is given for the purpose of comparison with the figures upon Plates IV, V and VI of this paper. So far as evidence from this specimen goes there are no means of separating it from Eurypterus proper, the post lateral processes of the articulations, which become spiniform below, being only a greater development of corresponding parts in forms of that genus.

In comparison with the specimens from the coal measures of Pennsylvania, the Illinois species is more robust, the

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Author:Pasquale Villari

Works

 * La Storia di Girolamo Savonarola
 * The History of Girolamo Savonarola and of His Times, translated by L. Horner
 * The Life and Times of Girolamo Savonarola, translated by L. Villari
 * The Life and Times of Savonarola (Popular edition)
 * Niccolo Machiavelli and his Times (1878)
 * The Life and Times of Machiavelli (Popular edition)
 * Mediaeval Italy from Charlemagne to Henry VII (1910)
 * The History of Florence (Popular edition)
 * (Family)
 * (Roman Republic in the Middle Ages)
 * (Roman Republic in the Middle Ages)
 * (Roman Republic in the Middle Ages)

title: Author:Pasquale Villari


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 joints of the palpi and the entire palpi are longer, and the body is conspicuously shorter and broader.

The Cannelton specimens possess the characters of typical Eurypterus in all the more important parts. The carapace is in all respects that of Eurypterus; the form and position of the eyes are the same. The body and telson are entirely identical with species of that genus. The median appendage of the thoracic plate is narrow, elongate, and bifurcate at the posterior extremity as in Eurypterus. The


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 metastoma or post-oral plate found both in the same association and attached is of similar form, with a proportionally greater width than in the ordinary forms of Eurypterus, and approaches more nearly to the form of the same appendage in Pterygotus. The single dactylus at the extremity of the palpi corresponds with known forms of Eurypterus described by Mr. Henry Woodward, and may also be compared with the corresponding part of Pterygotus. The spiniform extensions at the post-lateral extremities of the segments of the body and thorax are but a more extreme development of a feature which is common to all true Eurypterides, and can scarcely be considered of generic importance.

In the elongated joints of the swimming foot and their serrated margins the Pennsylvania forms resemble Dolichopterus, and may be referred to that sub-genus with as much propriety as to any other sub-generic form. In this respect the Eurypterus (Anthraconectes) Mazonensis is still more similar to Dolichopterus in its simple elongate median appendage of the thoracic plate. The two small accessory lateral plates of the median appendage of that species have not been detected in E. Mansfieldi, and their presence in the former species may perhaps, if verified, be considered as of sufficient importance for the separation of that form as a sub-genus. Finally, the forms are not as far removed from the typical species of Eurypterus, in any of their characters, as are several of those which Mr. Woodward has described from the Upper Ludlow rocks of England, and which he does not hesitate to place under the genus Eurypterus.

The Pennsylvania forms are quite unlike the European carboniferous species in their general aspect and proportions, as well as in the details of parts of their organization, and in these respects more nearly resemble the typical forms or the genus.

In addition to the two very well-marked forms described, there are, in the collections examined, several fragments of other crustaceans of this family which cannot be satisfactorily referred to genus and species. Two of these are figured on Plate IV, Figs. 9, 10. The specimen, Fig. 9, is an ectognath belonging to a large form of which we have also


text: The Story of the Gadsbys/The Garden of Eden


text:
Bearskin

 * "The Green Robe", translated by William John Thoms, in Lays and Legends of Germany (1834)
 * "Bearskin" (1884), translated by Margaret Raine Hunt, in Grimm's Household Tales, Volume 2
 * "Bearskin" (1912), translated by Marian Edwardes, in Grimm's Household Tales

title: Bearskin


text: Grimm's Household Tales, Volume 2/Bearskin


text: Traffics and Discoveries/A Sahibs' War

title: Traffics and Discoveries/A Sahibs' War


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Andalusia

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Andalusia


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was once a youth who enlisted as a soldier bore himself bravely, and was always seen to be foremost when the bullets were falling. Everything went well with him while the war lasted, but as soon as peace was proclaimed, he received his discharge, and was told by his captain that he might go where he pleased. He had no longer a home, for his parents were dead, so he went to his brothers, and begged that they would give him food and shelter until war broke out afresh. But the brothers were hard-hearted men, and said: "What do we want with you? You are of no service to us; you must go and fight your own way as best you can." The soldier shouldered his rifle, which was all that was left to him, and went forth into the world. In time he came to a wide heath, on which there was nothing to be seen but a circle of trees. Full of sorrowful thoughts, he sat down under one of these and began meditating on the sadness of his lot. "I have no money," he said to himself, "and I have learnt no trade but that of fighting, and for this I am no longer wanted since peace was declared; I see nothing left for me to do but to starve." All at once he heard a sound as of the wind blowing, and looking up, he

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 88 saw a stranger standing in front of him, dressed in a green coat. He was of stately appearance but had a nasty cloven-foot. "You have no need to tell me of what you are in want," said the stranger, "I know already; both money and property I am prepared to give you, as much as you can make use of, spend what you will, but I must be first assured that you are a man without fear, for I do not wish to waste my money on a coward."

"A soldier and fear!" he answered, "when were they ever found together? You can put me to the proof." "Good," replied the stranger, "turn and look behind you." The soldier turned, and saw, trotting towards him, a great bear, growling as it came along. "Ho! ho!" cried he, "I will tickle your nose for you in such a way that you will not want to growl any more," and so saying, he aimed at the bear and shot it through the muzzle, and the animal fell over and did not move again. "I see that you are not wanting in courage," said the stranger, "but there is yet another condition that you will have to fulfil."

"I will consent to anything that does not endanger my salvation," answered the soldier, who was perfectly aware with whom he had to deal. "Otherwise I will have nothing to do with it."

"You shall judge for yourself," continued Greencoat; "during the next seven years you must neither wash, shave, comb your hair, or cut your nails, nor say a paternoster. I will give you a coat and cloak which you must wear the whole time. Should you die before the end of the seven years, you will be mine; but if you survive, you will be a free man, and a rich one, as long as you live." The soldier thought of the great poverty and distress in which he now found himself, and of how often

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 Rh he had before faced death, and he made up his mind to brave it once again, and so gave his consent to the proposed conditions. The Devil then drew off his coat, handed it to the soldier, and said, "When you are wearing this coat, you have only to thrust your hand into the pocket and you will find it full of gold."

He then went and cut off the bear's skin. "This," he said, "is to be your cloak and your bed; on this must you sleep and on no other bed must you lie, and on account of your apparel, you shall be called Bearskin." And with these words the Devil disappeared.

The soldier put on the green coat, thrust his hand at once into the pocket, and found he had not been deceived. Then he threw the bearskin over his shoulders and started again on his travels, but he now enjoyed himself, and denied himself nothing that did him good and his money harm.

In the first year his appearance was tolerable, but in the second year he already looked more like a monster than a man. His face was nearly covered with hair, his beard was like a piece of coarse felt, there were claws at the ends of his fingers, and cress might have been grown in the dirt that had collected on his face. Everyone who saw him fled before him; he was still, however, able to find shelter for himself, for, in whatever place he stayed, he always gave largely to the poor, begging them in return to pray for him, that he might not die before the close of the seven years, and he always paid handsomely for everything he ordered.

It was in the course of the fourth year that he came to an inn, the landlord of which refused to take him in, or even to allow him a place in the stables, for he was afraid that even the horses would take fright.

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 90 But when Bearskin put his hand in his pocket and then held it out to him full of gold pieces, the landlord thought better of it, and gave him a room in one of the back parts of the house, making him promise, however, not to let himself be seen, as it would give his house a bad name.

As Bearskin sat alone that evening, wishing with all his heart that the seven years were over, he heard sounds of lamentation in the adjoining room. He was a man of a kind and sympathizing heart, and he therefore went to the door and opened it, and there he saw an old man flinging up his arms in despair and weeping bitterly.

Bearskin stepped nearer, but at first sight of him, the old man sprang up and was about to escape from the room. He paused, however, when he heard a human voice, and finally, so persuasively did Bearskin speak to him, he was induced to disclose the cause of his distress. It seemed that his wealth had diminished more and more, until he and his daughters were now in a state of starvation; he was too poor even to pay the landlord what he owed him, and was threatened with imprisonment. "If that is the extent of your trouble," said Bearskin, "I have money and to spare," and he thereupon sent for the landlord, settled his account, and put a large purse of gold besides into the poor old man's pocket.

When the old man saw himself so wonderfully delivered from his trouble, he did not know how to express his gratitude. "Come home with me," he said to Bearskin. "I have three daughters, all miracles of beauty, choose one of them for your wife. When she hears what you have done for me, she will not refuse you. Your appearance is just a little peculiar, I must confess, but she will soon put all that right for you."

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 Rh Bearskin was delighted with this proposal and went home with him.

At the first sight of his face, the eldest daughter was so horrified, that she screamed and rushed from the room. The second daughter did not indeed run away, but she looked at him from head to foot, then she spoke and said, "How can I marry a man who has no longer even the semblance of a human being? I would rather have the shaven bear that was on show here once, and gave himself out for a man; he had at least a good soldier's coat and a pair of white gloves. If it were only a matter of ugliness, I might grow accustomed to him." Then the youngest rose and said, "Dear father, the man who has helped you out of your trouble must be a good man, and if you have promised one of us to him as a wife, your word must not be broken." It was a pity that Bearskin's face was just then so covered with dirt and hair, or those present might have seen how the heart within him laughed for joy when he heard those words. He took a ring from his finger, broke it in two, and gave one half to the girl, and kept the other himself. Then he wrote her name in his half, and his own name in hers, begging her at the same time to keep it safely. After this he took his leave. "I must continue my travels for three more years," he said to his betrothed; "if at the end of that time I do not return, you may know that I am dead and that you are free; but pray to God for me that my life may be spared."

The poor young girl clad herself all in black, and whenever she thought of her betrothed husband, her eyes filled with tears. Her sisters treated her to nothing but scorn and derision. "Take care how you offer him your hand," the eldest would say, "for he will give you a blow with his paw." "You must be careful," said the

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 other evidence in a fragment of a large somite which is too imperfect to be usefully illustrated. The specimen, Fig. 10, presents the inner surface of a fragment of some large crustacean, which is broken and incomplete along the upper margin, as shown in the figure. This may, perhaps, have been a portion of a large ectognath of some sp)ecies of this family.

In addition to the above mentioned forms, Mr. C. E. Beecher has placed in my hands for description a well-marked species of Eurypterus from a sandstone of the Chemung group at Warren, Pennsylvania. This species is the first one noted from this horizon and is of considerable interest.


text:
Author:Earl Barnes

Works

 * Education among the Aztecs published in Studies in Education 1896 with Author:Mary Sheldon Barnes
 * Theological Life of a California Child

title: Author:Earl Barnes


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lichtenberg


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92

other, "for bears are fond of sweet things, and if he finds you to his taste, he will eat you up." "You must never

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 Rh do anything to irritate him," the eldest would start again, "or he will begin to growl." "But the wedding will be very lively," continued the second, "bears dance so well." The youngest made no answer, and would not allow herself to be put out by these taunts.

Meanwhile Bearskin wandered about from place to place, doing all the good he could, and giving freely to the poor in order that they might pray for him. The last day of the seven years dawned at last. Bearskin went to the heath again, and sat down under the trees. Before long there came a sudden rush of wind, and the same figure stood looking at him as before, but this time it was evident that he was in a very bad humour. He threw his old coat back to Bearskin and asked for his green one.

"We have not come to that part of the business yet," said Bearskin, "you must first make me clean." And whether he liked it or not, the Devil was now obliged to fetch water and wash him, comb his hair, and cut his nails. Bearskin now looked once more like a brave soldier, and was handsomer than he had ever been before.

Having at last said good-bye to the Devil, Bearskin felt like a free man again. Joyful and light-hearted he went into the town, put on a magnificent garment of velvet, ordered a carriage and four horses, and drove to the house of his betrothed. No one of course recognised him; the father took him for some distinguished military officer, and led him into the house and introduced him to his daughters. He was invited to sit down between the two eldest, and they poured him out wine, and offered him the daintiest food, thinking all the while, that they had never before seen such a splendid-looking man. His

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Carapace unknown. Body elongate, very convex along the dorsum, composed of twelve free segments which gradually increase in breadth from the head backwards to the fifth somite, from whence they rapidly decrease in width and increase in length, until the eleventh segment has a length equal to half its width, while in the fifth segment the breadth is four times its length. Lateral margins of the segments flattened, and slightly extended backwards on the post-lateral angles, forming a mucronate projection. The posterior tergal margin of each somite is ornamented with several triangular scales or nodes, pointing towards the telson. The number of these nodes on each segment decreases from the anterior segment, which has eight or more, to the tenth somite which is furnished with six. The number on the two posterior segments is not known, on account of their imperfect preservation in the specimen described.

Two joints of one of the great swimming feet are preserved, which are remarkable for their great length and for three or more strong longitudinal carinæ ornamenting them. The distal joint of the two has a length of more than three times its breadth, while the other has a length of nearly five times its breadth. These joints are probably the third and fourth from the attachment of the limb and correspond to the basos and ischium of a typical decapod. Telson and other appendages unknown.

The twelve free segments of the body have a total length of 96 mm., and the width of the fifth segment is 41 mm. The body measures 39 mm. across at the first segment and 25 mm. at the tenth. The longer joint of the natatory appendage has a length of 30 mm.

The specimen from which the present description is taken was found in a bed of fine grained sandstone occurring in the Chemung group at Warren. Although lacking many of


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 94 betrothed sat opposite to him, with her eyes cast down and not speaking a word. When finally he asked the father if he would give him one of his daughters for wife, the two eldest sprang up and ran to their rooms to put on their richest attire, for each felt certain in her own mind that she was the chosen one. As soon as the stranger found himself alone with his betrothed, he drew out his half of the ring, and threw it into a goblet of wine which he then handed across to her. She took it from him and drank, but her heart gave a great throb as she saw the half ring at the bottom. She took her own half, which was hung round her neck by a ribbon, placed it against the other, and saw that the two pieces fitted exactly. Then he spoke and said, "I am your betrothed husband, whom you only saw as Bearskin, but, by the grace of God, my human form is returned to me, and I am clean once more." And saying this he went up to her, and embraced and kissed her. At this moment the sisters returned, clad in gorgeous apparel, but when they saw that it was their youngest sister whom the handsome man had chosen, and were told that he was Bearskin, they were so overcome with rage and envy that they both rushed out of the house, and one of them drowned herself in the well, the other hung herself on a tree.

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 the important members and appendages of the animal, the body is sufficiently well-preserved to distinguish the species, which is also characterized by the ornamentation of the joints of the swimming limbs. The occurrence of crustaceans of this character, in these rocks, is so rare that every specimen is of importance.

E. Pennsylvanicus is a smaller and more fragile form; they cannot be directly compared on account of the imperfection of the material.

Formation and locality. Chemung group; Warren, Pa.

Carapace semi-circular; length a little more than half the breadth, post-lateral angles mucronate.

Eyes situated on the anterior half of the carapace, separated by a distance equal to about one-half the breadth of the head. Midway between the eyes is a small flat node or elevation, on each side of which is a larger longitudinal prominence. There are also two similar nodes above the posterior margin. The posterior angles show two oblique short ridges. These elevations of the carapace probably indicate the positions of internal organs and the points of attachment of muscles.

The surface ornaments are not well-preserved, the specimen shows numerous small tubercles, especially over the posterior portion.

The carapace has a length of 8.5 mm. and a breadth of 15 mm.

The shape of the carapace and the arrangement of the nodes is quite different from E. Mansfieldi, and the geological position is considerably higher in the series than E. Beecheri.

Formation and locality. In an arenaceous shale; at Rooker farm, Pithole City, Venango Co., Pa.


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ludendorff, Erich

LUDENDORFF, ERICH (1865-), Prussian general, who was associated with Hindenburg in the Higher Command of the German armies, first on the eastern front and afterwards throughout the whole theatre of the World War, was born at Kruszevnia near Posen on April 9 1865. He was for a long period employed in the work of the general staff, and from 1904-13 he was in what was called the Aufmarschabteilung, the department which drew up the plans for the transport, disposition and advance of the troops to be employed in a prospective campaign. In 1908 he was appointed chief of this department. It was he who worked out the last great German Army bill, passed by the Reichstag in 1913. Almost all the proposals he had recommended were adopted without question, but three new army corps for which he had pressed were not even proposed by the War Minister. He believed that it was his insistence upon this particular proposal that led to his being removed from the general staff and sent to Düsseldorf to command the 39th Fusilier Regiment. (It may be noted here that, when he resigned on Oct. 26 1918, he was made hon. colonel of this regiment, which, until its dissolution by the republican Government, bore his name.) In April 1914 he was promoted to the command of a brigade at Strassburg and was there at the outbreak of the World War. He was at once made chief quartermaster of the II. Army under Gen. von Emmich, and proceeded to the western front, where he took part in the assault upon Liége. He accompanied the advance of the 14th Bde. of infantry, as a spectator, but, when its commander fell, he took command of it as the senior officer present and led it in a night march (Aug. 5-6) past the forts to the heights of La Chartreuse outside Liége. On Aug. 7, while the forts were still untaken, he entered the town of Liége with his troops and himself knocked at the door of the citadel, which was surrendered to him without a blow by its garrison of several hundred Belgians. For this feat he received the Prussian Ordre Pour le Mérite. He afterwards advanced with the II. Army as far as the Somme until Aug. 22, when he was sent to the eastern front as chief of the general staff of the VIII. Army in East Prussia, with Hindenburg in command. His first meeting with Hindenburg was when the latter joined him in the train at Hanover on his way to East Prussia. The battles of Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes, which cleared East Prussia of the Russian invaders, at once placed Hindenburg and Ludendorff on a pinnacle by themselves in the estimation of the German people. In Nov. 1914 Hindenburg was appointed chief in command over the armies of the East (Oberost), with Ludendorff as his chief-of-staff.

On Aug. 29 1916 Hindenburg was made chief of the general staff of the whole army, and Ludendorff, who had been advanced to the rank of general of infantry, remained in closest association with him, as chief quartermaster-general. The tale of his work in conjunction with Hindenburg, of his successes and failures, belongs to the military history of the World War. In particular his name will always be associated with the great German offensive of the spring and summer of 1918 and with the collapse of that brilliant and audacious enterprise, followed by the disastrous German retreat, the overtures for an armistice and the dissolution of Germany's military power. Ludendorff's attitude towards the Government of Germany and his repeated political interventions form a very important chapter in the events which led up to the German collapse in the autumn of 1918. The motives of his political action are clearly revealed in his book Meine Kriegserinnerungen (1919). He maintains that he never desired to interfere in internal politics. He even complains in his book that successive chancellors and ministers forced him and Hindenburg into a false position by constantly adducing their approval for ministerial measures. The truth is that the whole German system, especially in time of war and in the absence of a commanding political personality like Bismarck, inevitably led to encroachments of military influence. Ludendorff denies that he brought about the fall of Bethmann Hollweg; but he was in communication with those leaders of parties whose views approximated to his own, and, after the Crown Prince, who was also in frequent communication with him, had seen the political leaders and had satisfied himself that they would offer no objection, the Emperor accepted his Chancellor's resignation. Ludendorff asserts in his book that he did his best to keep on terms with successive Imperial Chancellors. But he recalls that the machinery of the Government worked slowly, while he and his officers at the front were full of ardour and eagerness. There was often a delay of weeks in getting urgent things done, “and thus,” he says, “the tone of communications between the front and Berlin sometimes became stern (hart).” In another place he speaks of “the struggle with the Government to obtain what the army required in order to achieve a final and decisive victory.” Of Count Hertling he says, “Hertling was no War Chancellor.” The kind of War Chancellor Ludendorff would have liked is revealed in his exclamation of despair: “Who was going to be Imperial Chancellor after the Emperor had repeatedly declared against Prince Bülow and Grand Adml. Tirpitz?” Ludendorff seemed to forget that the country, as represented by the majority, of the Reichstag, would have none of either of these candidates and that the Emperor, in addition to being himself alienated from Bülow, was becoming more and more dependent upon public opinion and more and more afraid of it. Ludendorff, on the other hand, whenever he refers to the Reichstag or to the leaders of parties, shows that in his conception their business was to rouse patriotic feeling in the country and to get the masses into a mood which would make them support the military leaders' conduct of the war through thick and thin. Thus he pointed out to the politicians of the Reichstag in July 1917 that the so-called Peace Resolution would have a depressing effect throughout Germany, and that in enemy countries it would produce an impression of German weakness. Perhaps he was right. In any case it was impossible for the Allied and Associated Powers to be content with the status quo ante; and the German supporters of the Resolution themselves departed from the principle of “no annexations and no indemnities ” whenever successes of the German arms encouraged them to believe that Germany might be able to make more advantageous terms. Instances of this were the Peace of Brest Litovsk and the Peace with Rumania. In the negotiations for the first of these Ludendorff was impatient of Count Czernin's Austrian policy as regards Poland, and he desired the extension of German territory and influence on her eastern frontiers both as a military precaution and as a defence against the spread of Bolshevism.

In pursuance of his idea of improving the spirit of the army, Ludendorff caused to be organized under the superintendence of a Lieut.-Col. Nicolai a scheme for giving what was called “patriotic

instruction” to the soldiers at the front. The services of a large number of invalided officers and others were enlisted to carry out this scheme. It ultimately developed in many instances into a system of espionage upon the political opinions of the soldiers, and the removal of Nicolai and other officers who were engaged in this work was one of the demands which the leaders of the majority in the Reichstag had put forward when, in Oct. 1918, they compelled the Chancellor, Prince Max of Baden, to break with Ludendorff and to bring about his resignation. Ludendorff had further attempted to extend his system of “patriotic instruction” to the interior of the country through the medium of the generals in command of the reserve corps formations. This home propaganda brought him and his subordinates into conflict with the Social Democrats, who were daily strengthening their hold upon the masses and were influencing them in favour of a “peace by understanding.” The Independent Socialists were going still farther and were agitating in the trenches and on the ships of the navy for a military strike, such as actually took place at Kiel in the first week of Nov. 1918 as a prelude to the German Revolution. There were similar demonstrations at various points on the western front, where new recruits abused regiments going into action as “strike-breakers” and “black-legs.”

The most debated episode of Ludendorff's career is his action on Sept. 30 and Oct. 1 1918 in pressing upon the Government the immediate necessity of making overtures for an armistice. The view of the German republicans is that the retreating German armies on the western front were on the brink of a great disaster, that Hindenburg and Ludendorff were aware of this, and that they urged the necessity of an armistice in order to escape the worst. Ludendorff's contention amounts to a plea that he wanted an armistice on reasonable terms in order to enable the German army to be withdrawn to the frontier, where it might have time to reconstitute itself if necessary, with a view to resisting oppressive terms of peace by standing on the defensive. He seems to imply that he did not realize that neither the Allied Powers nor President Wilson would have agreed to an armistice of this kind. When Ludendorff saw the kind of terms which the Allied and Associated Powers were going to impose, he changed his attitude and desired the German Government to hold out. He had also, he says, formed the conviction by the end of Sept. that the Allied and Associated Powers were not in a position to press home an immediate and decisive attack. It was mainly the attempt to urge his changed views upon the Government of Prince Max of Baden that led to that Government's insistence upon Ludendorff's resignation being accepted by the Emperor on Oct. 26 1918. The immediate occasion of what amounted to his dismissal was a General Army Order, which had been issued on Oct. 24, informing the troops that President Wilson's final terms for an armistice were dishonourable to Germany and that the army must fight to the last gasp. This order was contrary to what Ludendorff knew to be the policy of his Government and he finds it necessary in his book to make excuses for having caused it to be promulgated. It was really as far back as Aug. 8 1918, as Ludendorff himself testifies, that he had lost confidence in the possibility of compelling the Allies by military pressure to accept what they would have regarded as a “German peace.” After the German lines between the Somme and the Luce had been broken through by the British on Aug. 8, he had a conference (on Aug. 13) in the presence of the Emperor with the then Foreign Secretary, Adml. von Hintze, and advised overtures for peace, which Hintze proposed to initiate through the mediation of the Queen of Holland. According to Ludendorff, it was the delay of the Government in prosecuting these overtures that had made him impatient at the end of Sept. when he urged the immediate necessity of an armistice. It has even been alleged that in Aug. 1918 Ludendorff, under the influence of events at the front, had had a complete nervous breakdown.

As a military organizer and resourceful man of action in the field, Ludendorff has, perhaps, had no equal since Napoleon. He did not, however, possess Napoleon's insight into the necessities of domestic politics, while he shared Napoleon's inability, under

the stress of action and the spur of ambition, to realize either the limits of military success or the spirit of the nations he was attempting to crush. He was not exempt from personal vanity. Complaining of the action of the republican German Reich in altering the name of the popular contribution (Kriegsspende) of 150,000,000 marks, collected for war invalids, from “Ludendorff Fund” to “People's Fund,” he says: “Could not the Republic have continued to let it bear my name this fund which, precisely on account of its bearing my name, had brought in so much money and was so beneficial?” He was a master of caustic retort. Prince Max of Baden, instigated by his Socialist colleagues in the Government, had complained that the table of the officers at the front was in glaring contrast with the poverty of the common soldiers' rations, and had suggested that the officers should be content with the same food as their men. Ludendorff replied that the staff could not do its brain work on the common soldier's rations, but he would undertake to try to live on these rations, if Prince Max and the members of his Government would do likewise. “Prince Max,” Ludendorff reports, “did not care to eat the soldiers' rations,” and, accordingly, the subject was dropped.

After the revolution, Ludendorff knew that his influence in the country was gone and that he even ran the risk of being impeached by the revolutionary Government for having prolonged the war, as well as for his political activities. He, therefore, like Tirpitz, went abroad, choosing Sweden as his place of refuge, and did not return to Berlin till the spring of 1919. His behaviour after his return was ambiguous. He refrained from placing himself at the head of any reactionary movement, but he was always in evidence whenever such movements seemed likely to achieve any success. The reactionaries continued to regard him as one of their main hopes, and during some of their manifestations of 1919 he showed himself in the streets and was cheered by ex-officers and royalist crowds. During the days of the Kapp coup d'état (March 1920) he was a frequent visitor at the headquarters of Kapp's usurping “Government.” After the failure of Kapp and his associates, Ludendorff betook himself to Bavaria, which, under the Government of Herr von Kahr (1920-1) and under a formal state of siege, was administered in a reactionary spirit. Bavaria thus became a refuge for Prussian plotters like Col. Bauer, Major Pabst and Capt. Ehrhardt, whose Marine Brigade had supported Kapp. The Prussian refugees seem to have enjoyed the protection of this Bavarian Government, and it was among them that assassinations like those of Gareis, the Bavarian Independent Socialist leader, and of Erzberger, the Democratic Catholic leader, were planned. It is unlikely that Ludendorff was associated with these particular schemes, but his name and his influence were identified with the royalist parties, whose unmeasured agitation favoured the wildest plots and contributed to the spirit which led to assassinations like that of Erzberger.


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Carapace semi-oval, nearly one fourth broader than long; sides oblique, nearly straight; margin indented, distinctly limited. Eyes reniform, prominent, situated a little forward of the centre of the carapace and about midway between a median line and the lateral margins. Between the eyes are two broad rounded longitudinal elevations and below are two similar oblique diverging prominences.

Abdomen increasing in breadth from the carapace to the fourth segment, then gradually decreasing to the seventh segment, which is a little more than three-fourths the width of the fourth; the body narrows abruptly at the eighth segment which is about one-half the width of the fourth. The last segment is longer than wide and about one-half the width of the eighth. The posterior angles of the six anterior somites are acute and slightly produced, the seventh is considerably extended and the five posterior somites are armed with strong angular retral spines. The first segment is anchylosed to the carapace.

The telson is very narrow and attenuate; its length about one-third of the entire animal; extremity acuminate.

There are four simple palpi, of which the fourth pair project beyond the margin of the carapace for a distance equal to the width of the carapace, and expose five joints exclusive of the terminal spine. The first pair expose only the last two joints. The margins of the joints of the palpi are serrated, and the outer posterior angles are produced into spines. The palpi terminate in a long curved spine or free dactylus.

The large swimming feet near the carapace are composed of short, broad joints. The penultimate joint has a length more than twice its width. The palette is elongate elliptical in form, with the anterior terminal margin serrate. A small acute terminal plate is inserted in the apex.

The median appendage of the thoracic plate is


text: Grimm's Household Tales (Edwardes)/Bearskin


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 very long, being six times as long as wide; the extremity is divided into four lobes, two of which form the extremity proper, while the other two are just anterior thereto. The lobes are triangular, and the anterior pair are ornamented with five or six strong plications. In the angle between the distal pair is a short process which may be the point of attachment of a small terminal appendage. Other parts of the epistoma unknown. Two of the maxillæ have been observed in position; they do not differ conspicuously from other described forms of the genus.

Metastoma ovate, bilobate at the smaller end.

Surface ornamented with minute imbricating scales. On the posterior tergal portion of each somite the scales are larger and triangular. The lateral processes of the first six segments and lateral margins of the carapace are marked by sharp, oblique striæ. The processes of the posterior segments are nearly free from ornamentation, being sometimes marked by one or two striæ. The telson appears to be free from the characteristic ornamentation of the other portions of the test. On the metastoma the scales are larger and more irregular than on the segments.

A large and nearly entire individual has the following dimensions: Extreme length from the anterior margin of the carapace to the extremity of the telson, 228 mm.; length of carapace, 31 mm.; width of fourth somite, 53 mm.; width of last somite, 15 mm.; length of telson, 80 mm. The smallest specimen observed has a length of 83 mm., of which 30 mm. belongs to the telson.

This species differs from E. stylus, with which it is associated, in its greater size, so far as observed, the more elongate form of the carapace, more approximate eyes, shorter palpi, and comparatively much shorter and more slender telson. The caudal spine of E. Mansfieldi is usually about one-third the length of the entire animal, while in E. stylus it occupies nearly-one half of the entire length.

E. Mazonensis, M. & W. from the coal measures of Illinois, bears a close resemblance to this species in general form and surface ornamentation, but the carapace is shorter and more regularly rounded. 3 PPP.


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 The specimen represented in Fig. 1 of Plate IV is here given in outline with the metastoma and maxillæ in position. These parts can scarcely be detected on the finished drawing on acconnt of the obscurity of the specimen, and the falsification which would result if these features were brought out conspicuously.

Formation and locality.—Found in the shale immediately below the Darlington cannel coal, near Cannelton, Darlington township, Beaver county, Pennsylvania. Horizon, Alleghany river series.

Carapace broadly semi-oval or semi-circular; length more than two-thirds the width; margin distinctly limited. Eyes situated on a line across the middle of the length of the carapace and distant about one-fourth the breadth from the margin.

Abdomen wide to the seventh segment, then abruptly narrowed and gradually decreasing in width to the telson. The first somite is anchylosed to the carapace. The widest


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ludlow, John Malcolm Forbes

LUDLOW, JOHN MALCOLM FORBES (1821-1911), English philanthropist, was born at Nimach, India, March 8 1821, and was called to the bar in 1843. Becoming associated with Kingsley, Hughes and F. D. Maurice, he helped to found the Working-Men's College in Great Ormond Street in 1854, having previously (1850) founded and become editor of The Christian Socialist newspaper. He was secretary to the royal commission on Friendly Societies (1870-4). From 1875 to 1890 he was chief registrar of Friendly Societies. He was one of the first members and subsequently president of the Labour Co-Partnership Association. He died in London Oct. 17 1911.


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Rh is the weaving of a futile rope; twisted and untwisted in festival custom in Egypt, in Greek and Roman art eaten by an ass, made of sand in Arabic story and in English legend. Further, in more than one ancient monument the futile rope is associated with those futile water-carriers, the Danaides, whose condemnation it was to carry water in sieves; and in Cornwall the spirit set to weave ropes of sand had also to empty a lake by the aid of a shell with a hole in it. What do these coincidences mean? In the hope of gaining further facts I quote, but make no attempt to value, the following ropemakers, ass, and water-carriers. "In the city of Acanthus, towards Libya beyond the Nile, about 120 furlongs from Memphis, there is a perforated pithos, into which they say 360 of the priests carry water every day from the Nile. And the fable of Ocnus is represented near at hand, on the occasion of a certain public festival. One man is twisting a long rope, and many behind him keep untwisting what he has plaited."

In the painting by Polygnotus at Delphi, Pausanias describes, among other dwellers in Hades, "a man seated: an inscription sets forth that the man is Indolence (Oknos). He is represented plaiting a rope, and beside him stands a she-ass furtively eating the rope as fast as he plaits it. They say that this Indolence was an industrious man who had a spendthrift wife, and as fast as he earned money she spent it. Hence, people hold that in this picture Polygnotus alluded to the wife of Indolence. I know, too, that when the Ionians see a man toiling at a fruitless task they say he is splicing the cord of Indolence."

In the mediæval Arabic story, one of the tasks imposed by Pharaoh on Haykar the Sage is to make two ropes of sand; Haykar says: Do thou prescribe that they bring me a cord from thy stores that I twist one like it.' So when they had done as he bade, Haykar fared forth arear of the palace and dug two


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 part of the body is across the fourth segment, which is more than three times the width of the last one.

Telson very long, having a length equal to nearly one-half the length of the entire animal.

The palpi and swimming feet are comparatively longer than in the preceding species.

Test marked by minute imbricating scales. On the posterior tergal position of the carapace and somites the scales are larger than on the other portions of the surface.

A somewhat distorted specimen has a length of 99 mm., of which 49 mm. pertain to the telson; the width of the fourth somite is 22 mm. and of the last one 7 mm.

This species is distinguished from E. Mansfieldi by its shorter carapace, comparatively wider body, longer and stronger telson and the eyes are more oblique and distant.

Formation and locality.—Found in the shale immediately below the Darlington cannel coal, near Cannelton, Darlington township, Beaver county, Pennsylvania. Horizon, Alleghany river series.


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370 round borings equal to the thickness of the cord; then he collected sand from the river bed and placed it therein, so that when the sun arose and entered into the cylinder the sand appeared in the sunlight like unto ropes."

Of Michael Scott, a note to The Lay of the Last Minstrel says:

"Michael Scott was, once upon a time, much embarrassed by a spirit for whom he was under the necessity of finding constant employment." Two tasks were accomplished in two nights by the spirit. "At length the enchanter conquered this indefatigable demon, by employing him in the hopeless and endless task of making ropes out of sea-sand."

A passage in the Denham Tracts speaks of Michael Scott as famed

"for having beat the devil and his myrmidons by the well-known device of employing them to spin ropes of sand, denying them even the aid of chaff to supply some degree of tenacity " The wild Cornish spirit, Tregeagle, brings life into these somewhat tame accounts of futile industry. The wandering soul of a tyrannical magistrate, Tregeagle was bound to fruitless labour on coast or moor; his toil prevented and his work destroyed by storm and tide. His cries sounded above the roar of winter tempests; his moanings were heard in the soughing of the wind; when the sea lay calm his low wailing crept along the coast. More than one task was laid upon this tormented soul. On the proposal of a churchman and a lawyer it was agreed that he should be set to empty a dark tarn on desolate moors, known as Dosmery (or Dozmare) Pool, using a limpet-shell with a hole in it. Driven thence by a terrific storm, Tregeagle, hotly pursued by demons, sought sanctuary in the chapel of Roach Rock. From Roach he was removed by powerful spell to the sandy shores of the Padstow district, there to make trusses of sand and ropes of sand with which to bind them.


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Rh Again we find him tasked

"to make and carry away a truss of sand, bound with a rope of sand, from Gwenvor (the cove at Whitsand Bay), near the Land's End."

The Cornish pool which Tregeagle had to empty with a perforated shell is said to be the scene of a tradition of making bundles and bands of sand:

"A tradition says that on the shores of this lonely mere (Dosmery Pool) the ghosts of bad men are ever employed in binding the sand in bundles with 'beams' (bands) of the same. These ghosts, or some of them, were driven out (they say horsewhipped out) by the parson from Launceston."

I place these roughly gathered facts together in the hope of gaining further instances; especially instances of—

(1) Ritual use of ropes, or of perforated water-vessels.

(2) Futile rope-making in custom or story. (3) Futile water-carrying in custom or story.

(4) Asses in connection with any of the above acts; and in connection with (a) water in any form, (b) death and the underworld.

. Ridgfield, Wimbledon, near London.


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The Spirit in the Bottle

 * "The Bottle Imp", translated by William John Thoms, in Lays and Legends of Germany (1834)
 * "The Spirit in the Bottle", translated by Margaret Raine Hunt, in Grimm's Household Tales, Volume 2 (1884)

title: The Spirit in the Bottle


text: Grimm's Household Tales, Volume 2/The Spirit in the Bottle


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Rh for sheep or cattle after the crops are off. These properties cannot be alienated, except by some process of law. The land-measures remind one of our old English and Domesday basal measures of ploughlands. A fedān is what a pair of oxen can be supposed to plough in a day, i.e. 1,200 drah, a drah being nearly a square yard. A feddan is about 135 English acres, and is reckoned the equivalent of what a yoke of oxen can plough in a year. Boundaries, where they do not follow a stream, or are marked by well-known rocks or ancient trees, consist of irregular rows of larger stones gathered off the fields, with small piles at the angles. By far the larger proportion of lawsuits are with regard to the continual sly and gradual removal of the neighbours' landmarks. There is no beating of the village bounds, as far as I could ascertain, though government officers at periodical visits examine them, and hear local complaints upon the spot. Spring festivals, accompanied by eating, drinking, and dancing, are observed, at which Christian priests (or Moslem, just beyond the Protectorate) bless the young crops and the budding fruit-trees, and the former sprinkle them with holy water. The mulberry-trees, which are invaluable in the silk-producing country, are special objects of this superstition. Red ribbon, a bone, or half a cow's shoe, tied on a vine, preserves the grapes from evil influences. On the Epiphany, the fruit-trees are said to bow their heads in adoration of Christ, and then women hang a piece of dough (bread of life, and sacred, as we shall see by-and-by) wrapped in a cloth on the bough of a tree. Next morning the dough has "risen." They say, of course, this would not happen on any other day of the year. At the ingathering of crops of all kinds — corn, olive, figs, grapes, pine-seeds — enough must be let fall on the ground to give the poor a liberal gleaning. The tendency to partnership extends from the land to its produce. At the silkworm-feeding season, families will


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 {|
 * - valign="top"
 * Fig. || 7. || A terminal joint of one of the large swimming feet, showing the serrated margin enlarged to two diameters. The terminal plate is restored in outline.
 * - valign="top"
 * Fig. || 8. || A separated metastoma, showing the form and ornamentation enlarged to two diameters.
 * }


text: Amazing Stories/Volume 01/Number 01

title: Amazing Stories/Volume 01/Number 01


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 {|
 * - valign="top"
 * Fig. || align="right" | 5. || An enlargement, to ten diameters, to show the change from the acute scales near the margin to short and more rounded forms.
 * - valign="top"
 * Fig. || align="right" | 6. || An enlargement from the middle of a segment, showing the minute imbricating scales along the anterior portion and large, triangular scales on the middle and lower portion. The figure represents also the posterior and anterior portions of the adjacent segments.
 * - valign="top"
 * Fig. || align="right" | 7. || An enlargement of the test where it is ornamented with narrow, triangular scales.
 * - valign="top"
 * Fig. || align="right" | 8. || Enlargement showing small and large rounded imbricating scales.
 * - valign="top"
 * Fig. || align="right" | 9. || A small carapace showing the characteristic elongate form of this part of the animal.
 * - valign="top"
 * Fig. || 10. || The caudal spine of a small individual.
 * - valign="top"
 * Fig. || 11. || A fragment of shale preserving two detached lateral processes of the segments, enlarged to two diameters.
 * }


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lueger, Karl

LUEGER, KARL (1844-1910), burgomaster of Vienna, was born Oct. 24 1844, the son of an usher, and, studying under the greatest material difficulties, succeeded in qualifying as an advocate. He was at first a partisan of the Democratic party, then a leader of the Christian Socialists, an anti-Semite and advocate in the courts for artisans and “small men.” He overthrew the German-Liberal municipal government of Vienna, and

was elected burgomaster in 1895, but the Emperor did not confirm the appointment and Vienna was placed under the government of a State commission. In the new elections Lueger allowed another member of his party to be set up as dummy burgomaster, while he himself in form became vice-burgomaster. In 1897, however, when the “people's candidate,” Lueger, was again elected burgomaster, the Emperor confirmed his election and repeatedly honoured him as a loyal patriot. Lueger, who was a powerful orator, was seven times elected burgomaster. He was a zealous Catholic, and wished to “capture the university” for the Church; he would have neither Social Democrats nor Pan-Germans nor Jews in the municipal administration. He secured good treatment for Czech immigrants, and established Viennese municipal electrical stations, gasworks and tramways, independent of the English gas and tramway companies. He planned to make Vienna one of the most beautiful of garden cities. He died March 10 1910. (Author:Carl Brockhausen)


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A large specimen preserving the carapace, abdomen and telson nearly entire, with three of the palpi of the left side. A portion of the test is removed along the median line exposing the process of the epistoma or median appendage of the thoracic plate. This figure shows very satisfactorily the mode of occurrence and association of these fossils.

The abdomen and telson of a specimen as it is seen lying in the shale. Heliotyped directly from a plaster cast of the specimen.


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The Willow-wren and the Bear

 * "The Tom-Tit and the Bear" (1823), translated by Edgar Taylor and David Jardine, in German Popular Stories

title: The Willow-wren and the Bear


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lugard, Sir Frederick John Dealtry

LUGARD, SIR FREDERICK JOHN DEALTRY (1858-), English administrator (see 17.115), in 1912 resigned his position as governor of Hong-Kong. From 1912 to 1913 he was governor of Northern and Southern Nigeria, the two protectorates having been unified in 1912.

His wife,, whom he married in 1902, was a well-known author and journalist. She was for some years a contributor to The Times, subsequently becoming head of the colonial section of that paper. In connexion with this work, she went as special correspondent to South Africa (1892 and 1901), and to Australia and New Zealand (1892) partly in order to study the question of Kanaka labour in the sugar plantations of Queensland. She also made two journeys to Canada (1893 and 1898), the second of which included a journey to the gold-diggings of Klondike. During the World War Lady Lugard was prominent in the founding of the War Refugees Committee, which dealt with the problem of the Belgian refugees, and also founded the Lady Lugard hospitality committee. She was in 1918 created D.B.E.


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Author:James Monroe Buckley

Works

 * (United States)
 * Christians and The Theater (1875)
 * An Address on Supposed Miracles (1875)
 * The midnight sun, the tsar and the nihilist: adventures and observations in Norway, Sweden and Russia (1886)
 * (1892)
 * Ingersoll Under The Microscope (1893)
 * Two weeks in the Yosemite and vicinity (1893)
 * Travels in three continents, Europe, Africa, Asia (1895)
 * A history of Methodism in the United States (1898) volume 1 volume 2
 * Extemporaneous oratory for professional and amateur speakers (1898)
 * Christian science and other superstitions (1899)
 * The fundamentals and their contrasts (1906)
 * Theory and practice of foreign missions (1911)
 * Constitutional and parliamentary history of the Methodist Episcopal church (1912)

Works about Buckley

 * James Monroe Buckley (1917), by George Preston Mains

title: Author:James Monroe Buckley


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lund, Troels Frederik

LUND, TROELS FREDERIK (1840-1921), Danish historian (see 17.123), published in 1906 De tre Nordiske Brödrefolk and in 1909 ''Nye Tanker i det XVI. Aarhundrede''. In 1911-2 appeared his historical tales, Tider og Tanker. He died in 1921.


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lutyens, Sir Edwin Landseer

LUTYENS, SIR EDWIN LANDSEER (1869-), English architect, was born in London March 29 1869. For one who was to occupy such a commanding figure in the whole world of modern English architecture, Sir Edwin Lutyens' art owes singularly little to a training and education of the usual description. After a couple of years at the South Kensington schools he was at first placed in the office of an architect in the country, with whom he remained for the briefest possible time, passing afterwards a year with Mr. (later Sir) Ernest George. His first commission came to him at the age of 19, and, from this and his other early experiences, he has himself remarked that the best training for an architect is the building of houses. His earliest important work (1890) followed shortly after this — Crooksbury — to which some eight years later he made very characteristic additions, which interestingly show his development and his enlargement of the principles of Norman Shaw and Philip Webb — particularly the latter — as well as his growing grasp of abstract design. Amongst other strong influences on his thought and work should be counted his early association with Miss Jekyll, the gifted designer and contriver of gardens treated as an integral feature of the homestead, and playing a part of the greatest importance in its design and treatment. At “Hestercombe,” a not very interesting house from another hand, Lutyens carried out his largest essay in garden-work, suggesting the finer manner of such work as was done under William III. and Anne, rather than the less elaborate and smaller methods of the Elizabethan period. His many houses in Surrey — such as “Orchards” — show him as carrying still further his development in the direction of individuality in his design, tempered by a reticence that has always kept his work far removed from attempts at “originality” — a quality based

upon the impossible. A fine house at Sonning — “Deanery Gardens” — is a later important essay in half-timbered design, and the value he has always placed on a varied use of materials, as giving different qualities of texture to a building, found expression in “Daneshill,” one of his earliest uses of the small bricks he affects so much. “Marshcourt,” again, with its interesting play of contrasting chalk and flint, shows Lutyens, designing a house that would be Tudor in style and treatment if it were not essentially modern and his own. Much of his domestic work has been in the direction of the restoration of, and adding to, old houses. The largest example of his powers in this direction is the treatment of Lindisfarne Castle, Holy I., where he carried out, during upwards of nine years (1903-12), a very complete and yet conservative restoration. Sir E. Lutyens' civic work shows equally with his domestic design a personal quality, in such buildings as that for the Country Life offices in London, and for the British Sections at the Exhibitions in Paris (1900) and in Rome (1911). The Garden Suburb at Hampstead has important examples of his treatment of small houses, as in the large Central Square, and of his method of dealing with church design. His two churches in the centre of the square, planned for use by supporters of differing schools of religious thought, are neither of them on the conventional lines of ecclesiastical design, but show in each case a characteristic simplicity and culture.

It was, however, as principal architect of the New Delhi (see ) that the culmination of Sir E. Lutyens' professional career was reached. In 1912 a committee, on which Sir Edwin served, and which included Mr. H. Baker and Mr. Lanchester, visited Delhi with a view to advising the Indian Government as to the practical considerations involved in the scheme for the new capital. The plan adopted was elaborated in detail and in what may be described as “the Grand Manner” by Lutyens and H. Baker. Another conspicuous success of a more popular character was his design for the Cenotaph in Whitehall. The nation's memorial to those who died in the World War, of which Sir E. Lutyens had provided a temporary model for the Peace celebration in 1919, was in 1920 perpetuated in stone as a lasting monument. Its striking simplicity, dignity and proportion lift it above the level of the host of memorials that followed the war.

Sir Edwin was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1913 and a full Academician in 1920. The Royal Institute of British Architects awarded him its gold medal in 1921. He was knighted in 1918. In 1897 he had married Lady Emily Lytton, daughter of the first Earl of Lytton.


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Luxemburg, Rosa

LUXEMBURG, ROSA (1870-1919), German Socialist and revolutionary agitator, was born a Jewess on Dec. 25 1870 in Russian Poland. Her earliest political activities in her student days were connected with the Socialist movement in the country of her birth, but about 1895 she migrated to Germany. She there went through the form of marriage with a German workman named Luxemburg with the object of acquiring German nationality. In 1898 she edited for a short time the Saxon Arbeiterzeitung, but soon afterwards became a member of the staff of the Leipziger Volkszeitung. She took part in the Russian revolutionary movement of 1905 in Russian Poland, but soon returned to Germany in order to engage in extreme Communist propaganda and founded together with Karl Liebknecht the Spartacus League. In 1914, after the outbreak of war, she was sentenced to a year's imprisonment for inciting to insubordination and remained throughout the war in preventive custody (Schutzhaft). After the revolution she edited in conjunction with Karl Liebknecht the Rote Fahne, the organ of the Spartacist or Communist advocates of violent revolutionary methods. After the Jan. (1919) street fighting in Berlin, of which she and Liebknecht were the chief instigators, both agitators were for some days in hiding, but were ultimately arrested and conveyed to temporary military headquarters of the Government forces at the Eden Hotel in the west end of Berlin, on the night of Jan. 16 1919. The mob and some of the soldiers became menacing in their attitude towards the prisoners, so that it was deemed advisable to convey them to one or other of the Berlin prisons.

Liebknecht was shot on his way to the Moabit prison, while Rosa Luxemburg was brutally attacked on leaving the hotel and was finally shot dead as she was being conveyed, insensible from her injuries, in a motor-car under a military escort. Her body was thrown into a neighbouring canal and was only recovered some months later.


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Luxemburg

LUXEMBURG (see 17.145). The Grand Duchy as a whole is a plateau 1,000 ft. above sea-level on the N. and N.W., sloping down to S.E. into the Moselle valley, a deep and winding gorge which forms its frontier on this side.

The entry of the Grand Duchy into the German Customs Union (1842) marked the beginning of a close economic union with Germany which was the chief cause of Luxemburg's industrial development. Her railways, on the other hand, were in 1857 taken over by the Eastern Railway Company of France. After the Franco-German War Germany deprived the French Eastern Co. of its rights and worked the Luxemburg railways herself as part of the Reichsland system, pledging herself not to use them for the transport of troops or munitions in time of war, a pledge which, however, was not taken into account in the plans of the German general staff.

On Aug. 2 1914 the capital and the chief railway bridges were seized by German troops, which had already entered the country on the previous day. The protests of the Grand Duchess Marie Adelaide and the Government were ignored, and the country remained in German hands for the remainder of the World War. The native authorities were allowed to conduct the civil administration, but there was a strict German censorship of post, telegraphs and telephones, and for some time the German Emperor resided in the Grand Duchy. There were no allegations of German atrocities, but the openly Francophil attitude of the inhabitants led to a good deal of friction and was probably responsible for such events as the Cabinet crisis of 1915. The American troops which entered the capital after the Armistice, on Nov. 22 1918, were received with the greatest enthusiasm.

On the conclusion of the war it became necessary to reconsider both the position of the Grand Duchy as a member of the German Zollverein and of the Grand Duchess, whose German sympathies were in conflict with the general views of her subjects. She accordingly abdicated in favour of her sister Charlotte Adelgonde early in 1919, and a referendum was held later in the year to decide the political and economic future of the country. The Treaty of Versailles acquitted Luxemburg of her obligations towards Germany, and it was known that the Peace Conference would not permit the resumption of the old relation, even if the Luxemburgers had wished it. Voters were therefore asked to choose between economic union with France and with Belgium, and between the existing Grand Duchess, a new ruler, and a republic. They resolved by a large majority upon economic union with France and on the retention of their constitution and of the Grand Duchess Charlotte. (R. G. C.)

title: 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Luxemburg


text:
Virginia v. West Virginia

 * Virginia v. West Virginia (78 U.S. 39)
 * Virginia v. West Virginia (206 U.S. 290)
 * Virginia v. West Virginia (209 U.S. 514)
 * Virginia v. West Virginia (220 U.S. 1)
 * Virginia v. West Virginia (222 U.S. 17)
 * Virginia v. West Virginia (231 U.S. 89)
 * Virginia v. West Virginia (234 U.S. 117)
 * Virginia v. West Virginia (238 U.S. 202)
 * Virginia v. West Virginia (241 U.S. 531)
 * Virginia v. West Virginia (246 U.S. 565)

title: Virginia v. West Virginia


text:
Author:Joseph Edmund Hutton

Works

 * A short history of the Moravian church (1895)
 * A History of the Moravian Church (1909)
 * A history of Moravian missions (1922)

title: Author:Joseph Edmund Hutton


text:
Arthur

 * articles in the Dictionary of National Biography:
 * articles in The Encyclopedia Americana (1920):
 * articles in The New International Encyclopædia:
 * Arthur (vol. 1-2, 1845), novel by Eugène Sue
 * articles in The Encyclopedia Americana (1920):
 * articles in The New International Encyclopædia:
 * Arthur (vol. 1-2, 1845), novel by Eugène Sue
 * articles in The New International Encyclopædia:
 * Arthur (vol. 1-2, 1845), novel by Eugène Sue
 * Arthur (vol. 1-2, 1845), novel by Eugène Sue
 * Arthur (vol. 1-2, 1845), novel by Eugène Sue
 * Arthur (vol. 1-2, 1845), novel by Eugène Sue
 * Arthur (vol. 1-2, 1845), novel by Eugène Sue

title: Arthur


text:
Brown, John

 * articles in 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica:

title: Brown, John


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Luzzatti, Luigi

LUZZATTI, LUIGI (1841-), Italian statesman and economist (see 17.148), was Minister of Agriculture in the second Sonnino Cabinet (Dec. 2 1909-March 21 1910), and on the resignation of the latter was called upon to form a Cabinet himself. His administration, which lasted until March 18 1911, was not very successful. Although a man of first-class financial ability, great honesty and wide culture, he had not the strength of character necessary to lead a Government; he showed lack of energy in dealing with opposition and tried to avoid all measures likely to make him unpopular. Furthermore he never realized that with the Chamber, as it was then constituted, he only held office at Giolitti's good pleasure. During the World War he was consistently pro-Ally and strongly supported Italian intervention, but his tone was on the whole pessimistic. Although he did not take office while the war lasted, he was always consulted on all financial matters, and his sound advice was generally followed. He became Treasury Minister in the second incarnation of the Nitti Cabinet (March 12-May 10 1920), but did not resume office in the third. At the general elections of May 1921 he decided not to stand for Parliament again, and was made a senator. In spite of his great age, he continued to write on economic and financial problems with his accustomed lucidity and soundness of judgment, insisting on the necessity for Italy to return to freedom of trade and to reduce Government interference in business matters to a minimum.


text:
Psalms (Bible)

 * "Psalms (Greek)" in the Wikisource edition (in progress since 2006)
 * "Psalms (Syriac)" in the Wikisource edition (in progress since 2006)
 * "The Psalter" in the Episcopal Church's Book of Common Prayer (2007)

Encyclopedic works

he:קטגוריה:תהלים

title: Psalms (Bible)


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lvov, Prince George Eugenievich

LVOV, PRINCE GEORGE EUGENIEVICH (1861-), Russian statesman, was born in 1861, and belonged to the old Russian nobility. After taking his degree in law in 1885, he spent the greater part of his life in Zemstvo work. He was a member of the executive board of the Tula Zemstvo from 1888 and president of the same from 1902 to 1905. In 1905 he was elected member of the first State Duma and joined the right wing of the Constitutional-Democratic party; he also took part in the All-Russian Assembly of Zemstvos. He refused to sign the Viborg manifesto. In 1909 Lvov went to Canada to study the emigration question in that country.

During the Russo-Japanese War Lvov was the leader of the Zemstvos' organization for the relief of wounded and disabled soldiers. The Minister of the Interior, M. Plehve, tried to stop the development of the Zemstvo work in this direction, because he disapproved of its liberal tendencies. But Lvov contrived to extend the activities of his organization in such a way that even

the Government were obliged to recognize the ability of its work and on many occasions called upon it for assistance. From the beginning of the World War Lvov took a leading part in the organization of the All-Russian Union of Zemstvos and Towns for the relief of sick and wounded soldiers, of which he was the president. The activities of this organization were of the greatest value to the army; the administrative incompetence of the Government obliged the latter against its will to enlarge the sphere of action of the Zemstvos' Union, which took a large share in the supervision of production and distribution of munitions and food supplies. In the conflicts which arose continually between the Government and the Zemstvos, Lvov always defended the independence of his organization. He also participated in the manifestations directed towards liberal reforms during the last period of the old régime.

As one of the most popular public men of Russia he was elected Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior of the first Russian Provisional Government, on March 14 1917. Unfortunately he did not possess the qualities needed to save Russia from the approaching catastrophe. His popularity diminished with amazing rapidity and in a few weeks his Government proved a complete failure. On May 19 Lvov addressed a letter to Rodzianko and Tchkeidze, insisting on the creation of a Coalition Government. The new Cabinet was formed on May 17, and Lvov again accepted the leadership of the Cabinet and the portfolio of the Interior, but he had no real influence in political life, and he resigned from both offices on July 7, ceding the place to the first Kerensky Government. Lvov was arrested and imprisoned in Ekaterinburg after the Bolshevist revolution, but he escaped to Siberia and was sent to Japan as the head of a deputation of the anti-Bolshevist Ufa Government. From Tokyo he proceeded to Europe by way of the United States. On his arrival in Paris Lvov took an active part in the anti-Bolshevist agitation and joined the so-called “Political Consultation” in Paris. Together with some other Russian public men he protested against the proposal of the Prinkipo Conference, and warned the Allies that no treaty with the Soviet Government would be recognized by the future Government of Russia. Lvov always advocated loyalty to the Western Alliance and admitted of no compromise with the Bolsheviks.


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Page:Amazing Stories Volume 01 Number 01.djvu/73

Rh made his head ache. Vivian laid it to the wind and the gleam of the swift water, while Marr claimed it was the heat. Jandron wondered at all this, inasmuch as he plainly saw that the river had almost stopped flowing, and the day had become still and overcast.

They dragged their canoes upon a rotting stage of fir-poles and explored the lumber-camp; a mournful place set back in an old "slash," now partly overgrown with scrub poplar, maple and birch. The log buildings, covered with tar-paper partly torn from the pole roofs, were of the usual North Country type. Obviously the place had not been used for years. Even the landing-stage where once logs had been rolled into the stream had sagged to decay.

"I don't quite get the idea of this," Marr exclaimed. "Where did the logs go to? Downstream, of course. But that would take 'em to Hudson Bay, and there's no market for spruce timber or pulpwood at Hudson Bay." He pointed down the current.

"You're entirely mistaken," put in the Professor. "Any fool could see this river runs the other way. A log thrown in here would go down toward the St. Lawrence!"

"But then," asked the girl, "why can't we drift back to civilization?" The Professor retorted:

"Just what we have been doing, all along! Extraordinary, that I have to explain the obvious!' He walked away in a huff,

"I don't know but he's right, at that," half admitted the journalist. "I've been thinking almost the same thing, myself, the past day or two—that is, ever since the sun shifted."

"What do you mean, shifted?" from Jandron, "You haven't noticed it?"

"But there's been no sun at all, for at least two days!"

"Hanged if I'll waste time arguing with a lunatic!" Marr growled. He vouchsafed no explanation of what he meant by the sun's having "shifted," but wandered off, grumbling.

"What are we going to do?" the girl appealed to Jandron. The sight of her solemn, frightened eyes, of her palm-outward hands and (at last) her very feminine fear, constricted Jandron's heart.

"We're going through, you and I," he answered simply. "We've got to save them from themselves, you and I have."

Their hands met again, and for a moment held. Despite the dead calm, a fir-tip at the edge of the clearing suddenly flicked aside, shrivelled as if frozen. But neither of them saw it.

The fugitives, badly spent, established themselves in the "bar-room" or sleeping-shack of the camp. They wanted to feel a roof over them again, if only a broken one. The traces of men comforted them: a couple of broken peavies, a pair of snowshoes with the thongs all gnawed off, a cracked bit of mirror, a yellowed almanac dated 1899.

Jandron called the Professor's attention to this almanac, but the Professor thrust it aside.

"What do I want of a Canadian census-report?" he demanded, and fell to counting the bunks, over and over again. His big bulge of his forehead, that housed the massive brain of him, was oozing sweat. Marr cursed what he claimed was sunshine through the holes in the roof, though Jandron could see none; claimed the sunshine made his head ache.

"But it's not a bad place," he added. "We can make a blaze in that fireplace and be comfy. I don't like that window, though."

"What window?" asked Jandron. "Where?"

Marr laughed, and ignored him. Jandron turned to Vivian, who had sunk down on the "deacon-seat" and was staring at the stove.

"Is there a window here?" he demanded. "Don't ask me," she whispered. "I—I don't know."

With a very thriving fear in his heart, Jandron peered at her a moment. He fell to muttering:

"I'm Wallace Jandron. Wallace Jandron, 37 Ware Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts. I'm quite sane. And I'm going to stay so. I'm going to save her! I know perfectly well what I'm doing. And I'm sane. Quite, quite sane!"

After a time of confused and purposeless wrangling, they got a fire going and made coffee. This, and cube bouillon with hardtack, helped considerably. The camp helped, too. A house, even a poor and broken one, is a wonderful barrier against a Thing from—Outside.

Presently darkness folded down. The men smoked, thankful that tobacco still held out. Vivian lay in a bunk that Jandron had piled with spruce boughs for her, and seemed to sleep. The Professor fretted like a child, over the blisters his paddle had made upon his hands. Marr laughed, now and then; though what he might be laughing at was not apparent. Suddenly he broke out:

"After all, what should It want of us?"

"Our brains, of course," the Professor answered, sharply.

"That lets Jandron out," the journalist mocked. "But," added the Professor, "I can't imagine a, Thing callously destroying human beings. And yet—"

He stopped short, with surging memories of his dead wife.

"What was it," Jandron asked, "that destroyed all those people in Valladolid, Spain, that time so many of 'em died in a few minutes after having been touched by an invisible Something that left a slight red mark on each? The newspapers were full of it."

"Piffle!" yawned Marr.

"I tell you," insisted Jandron, "there are forms of life as superior to us as we are to ants. We can't see 'em. No ant ever saw a man. And did any ant ever form the least conception of a man? These Things have left thousands of traces, all over the world. If I had my reference-books—"

"Tell that to the marines!"

"Charles Fort, the greatest authority in the world on unexplained phenomena," persisted Jandron, "gives innumerable cases of happenings that science can't explain, in his 'Book of the Damned.' He claims this earth was once a No-Man's land where all kinds of Things explored and colonized and fought for possession. And he says that now everybody's warned off, except the Owners. I happen to remember a few sentences of his: 'In the past, inhabitants of a host of worlds have dropped here, hopped here, wafted here, sailed, flown, motored, walked here; have come singly, have come in enormous numbers; have visited for hunting, trading, mining. They have been unable to stay here, have made colonies here, have been lost here."


text:
Judith (Bible)

 * "Judith" in the Wycliffe version of the Bible (1380s)
 * "Judith" in the Bishops' version (1568)
 * "Judith" in the Douay-Rheims version (1610)
 * "Judith" in the Authorized Version (1611)
 * "Judith" in the King James version (1769)
 * "Judith" in the World English version (in progress since 1997)
 * "Judith" in the Wikisource edition (in progress since 2006)

title: Judith (Bible)