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 376 never observes that his wife's work is no longer sufficient to procure them their daily bread. One day she reminds him that Chrisna was his companion at school, and in learning, and advises him to go to Dwarka, as Chrisna, if aware of his misery, will certainly help him. Soodam at last resolves to do this, and takes with him as a gift all he has in his power to bestow, a little rice, which is with some difficulty tied up in his ragged garment. Chrisna, the man who has become God, receives the Brahmin with marks of respect, and like an old friend; and himself asks for the customary gift, receives the worthless one with satisfaction; nay even puts one grain of it into his mouth; the rest he distributes. Pleased with such a reception, the Brahmin after three days takes leave of Chrisna, but is much surprised at being allowed to depart without a token of his generosity. "Perhaps," he thinks to himself, "God wishes me to remain poor," and he readily submits to this, and goes quietly home. Bat how astonished he is when he arrives there. Chrisna had ordered his heavenly builders to build a magnificent house which is standing before him, with all that pertains to it, and is famished with everything necessary for a comfortable existence. At first he fancies that he must have made some mistake, but his wife comes to meet him with a number of servants, and informs him of the god's generosity. Thus the story is related by Polier (Mythologie des Indous, 2. 66-79), and we cannot fail to recognize its similarity to ours; the man's poverty and piety, the contrast to this which is hinted at in the wife who wishes for wealth, and persuades him to make the journey to Dwarka; the meeting with the god Chrisna (though here, on the contrary, is the man who goes to him), who gladly receives his poor gift, and eats some of it, and lastly, the blessing which follows—to wit, the newly-built house. In a Chinese saga, however, the story is exactly the reverse, and the end is the same as in ours. Fo often came down to earth to prove men's hearts. It came to pass that at night-time, dressed in wretched garments, he reached a widow's hut, and begged for shelter as a poor man who had lost his way. The woman received him kindly, and made ready a bed for him. Fo went to bed early; she looked at the sleeping man with her lamp, and saw that he had no shirt, and that his coat was ragged. So she opened her chest, and cut a new shirt out of some coarse linen of her own spinning, sewed the whole night long, and early in the morning gave it to her guest, who thankfully received her gift, and said, "May God reward thee for what thou hast done for me; whatsoever thou beginnest to do when I am gone, shalt thou go on doing until the sun sets." When the guest was gone, she began to jiut the roll of linen back in the chest, and as she was considering how many yards of it she had left, she began to measure it with her arm, and the roll continually


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 opened itself out without getting smaller, and so she went on measuring until sunset, when the whole room was full of linen, and she had become a rich woman. Full of joy and gratitude, she told her neighbour of the luck which had fallen to her lot. The neighbour was covetous, and wanted to partake of it, so she who had never yet given anything to the poor, placed herself at the door of her house in order to invite the stranger to enter if he should pass by. Before long he came, and was received by her with open arms, daintily entertained, and in the morning, a fine shirt was offered to him instead of the coarse one which he was wearing. Fo thanked her, and left the house saying the same words as he had said to the first woman. She accompanied him a part of the way in a friendly manner, and was already counting up her never-ending wealth, when lost in thought, she stumbled against a pail which had been left standing. And as just at that moment her pig happened to grunt, she thought, "The animal won't gee any food to-day, for I shall be measuring, so I might at least pour out some water for him." But she poured and was not able to stop, the pail never grew empty, and she had to pour out water all day long until the sun set, when the whole district was flooded, and all the neighbours mocked her by requiring compensation for the injury she had done them. This Chinese story is beautifully amplified in Frau Naubert's Volksmärchen, 1. 201-209, and the beneficent measuring of linen is contrasted with the disastrous growth of a cobweb. Something of the same kind occurs in a story which we have heard in Hesse. A travelling apprentice is driven away by a rich woman of whom he has begged a gift, and in mockery sent to a poor neighbour. She takes him in, and is, on his departure, endowed by him with the gift, that the first thing she begins to do shall prosper so long as she is not disturbed in it. The poor woman measures some linen, and goes on measuring it until at last the rich one looks into the room and sees the large amount of linen, and the blessing comes to an end. She learns the cause of this, and begs the woman to point out the apprentice to her if he should come again. When a year has gone by, the traveller again comes to the village, and goes to the poor woman who is quite willing to take him in, but tells him that her rich neighbour wants to entertain him, and that he will be more comfortable with her. He goes to her, and is treated with even too great consideration. The woman looks out her finest linen in order to have it ready instantly. On the traveller's departure she is endowed with the same gift as the poor woman had received. Full of covetousness, and anxious to be able to measure undisturbed, she shuts the door of her house, but her greediness is soon punished, and she is glad to be delivered from the consequences of the traveller's gift by the arrival of her poor neighbour who is alarmed by her cries for help. An Æsopian

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 attempt (, p. 9). Edward made him lieutenant of Calais and entrusted him with the operations in the Channel against the rebels and their protector Louis XI (, p. 529;, ii. 231; but cf. ). He is credited by Wavrin (v. 604) with a victory over Warwick's fleet in the Seine. He shared Edward's subsequent exile in the Low Countries, and, returning with him in 1471, rescued him from an awkward situation at York and helped to secure him victory at Barnet (ib. pp. 611, 640, 647, 652). While the king was crushing the Lancastrians at Tewkesbury, Rivers beat off the Bastard of Fauconberg's attack upon London, and was made councillor (8 July) to the young Prince of Wales (, p. 19; ).

Rivers's recent vicissitudes of fortune had, however, made a great impression on his mind; having been relieved, as he afterwards explained in the preface to the ‘Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers,’ by the goodness of God he was exhorted to dedicate his recovered life to his service. In October 1471 he obtained a royal request for safe-conduct for a voyage to Portugal ‘to be at a day upon the Saracens’ (Fœdera, xi. 727; Paston Letters, iii. 14, 32). The king was reported to have been not best pleased with his leaving him (ib. iii. 11). There was a rumour that he had sailed on Christmas-eve (ib. iii. 33). He returned in any case before 23 July following, when he was empowered to arrange an alliance with the Duke of Brittany (Fœdera, xi. 760). Soon after he took over a thousand men-at-arms and archers to Brittany, but in November was said to be coming hastily home, disease having made great ravages among his men (Paston Letters, iii. 59). In February 1473 he became one of the Prince of Wales's guardians and chief butler of England. But his present prosperity did not cause him to forget the ‘tyme of grete tribulacion and adversite’ by which it had been reached, and in the summer of this year he went by sea to the jubilee and pardon at Santiago de Compostella. He returned, perhaps through Italy, to be appointed (10 Nov.) governor to the young prince, a dignified post which, as he tells us, gave him greater leisure for his literary occupations. But it was not uninterrupted. In the first year of his office he was twice sent to try and induce Charles the Bold to abandon the siege of Neuss for a campaign against Louis XI, and in 1475 he took part in the military parade which ended at Picquigny (, i. 321; ). But his badge was now the scallop-shells, and in the autumn he went on a pilgrimage to Rome, whence he visited the shrine of St. Nicholas at Bari and other holy places of southern Italy (Paston Letters, iii. 162; Excerpta Historica, p. 245; Cal. State Papers, Venetian, i. 133). Returning from Rome early in 1476, he was robbed of all his jewels and plate, estimated as worth a thousand marks or more, at Torre di Baccano, a few miles north of the city. Some of the stolen property was sold at Venice, and Rivers having applied for restitution, the signoria decided that this should be done gratuitously, out of deference for the king of England and his lordship (ib. i. 136). Sixtus IV invested him with the title of defender and director of papal causes in England ( at the end of ‘The Cordyale,’ 1478). On his way north he visited (7–8 June) the camp at Morat of the luckless Duke Charles (cf. Charles the Bold, iii. 370–1). A greater honour than any that had yet befallen Rivers was presently in contemplation. His first wife had died during his visit to Compostella. In 1478 a marriage was arranged for him with Margaret, sister of James III of Scotland (Fœdera, xii. 171; Acts of the Parliament of Scotland, ii. 117). Edward bestowed upon him Thorney and three other honours, the Scots parliament voted twenty thousand marks for the marriage, and a safe-conduct was sent to the bride on 22 Aug. 1479 (ib. ii. 120; Fœdera, xii. 97, 162;, ii. 437). But the match was suddenly broken off owing, it is surmised, to the discovery of Edward's intrigues with her brother's subjects.

When the king died (9 April 1483), Rivers was at Ludlow with the young prince; most of his relatives were in London. Edward's nomination of Gloucester as protector meant the end of the Woodville predominance. But if Edward IV supposed that the Woodvilles would quietly accept a subordinate position, he miscalculated. Rivers started from Ludlow with the young king, his own half-brother Richard Grey, and a retinue limited by orders to two thousand, on 24 April, and was at Stony Stratford on the 29th. Learning that Gloucester on his way south from Yorkshire had just reached Northampton, ten miles in his rear, Rivers and Grey rode back to meet him. Gloucester and Buckingham entertained them at supper in apparent cordiality, but next morning took steps to prevent them reaching the king before themselves. Rivers protested, but was charged with attempting ‘to set distance between the king and them,’ put under arrest with Grey, and sent off in safe keeping to Sheriff-Hutton Castle, near York, which had come to Gloucester through


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 378 fable (second Appendix to Phædrus, No. 111). Mercurius et mulieres should also be named.

The saga specially belongs to the group which deals with the rambles and journeys of gods and saints on earth. Whereever they go they bring happiness to the good and pure, and horrible destruction on the wicked and greedy. The good fortune which has fallen to the lot of the former is stupidly demanded by the latter to their own undoing. Thus the gods try the human race, (compare Altd. Wälder 2. 25, Note 60. Odyssey, 17. 485, and the Lay of Rlgr in the Edda. Here, too, belong the stories of the Three Little Men in the Forest (No. 13); Frau Holle (No. 24); The Black Bride and the White One (No. 135.) For the endless increase of linen and water, compare the notes to Sweet Porridge (No. 103).

88..

From Hesse. "Löweneckerchen" is the Westphalian Lauberken, Nieders: Leverken, Old Dutch Leeuwercke, Leewerick, Lewerk, Lerk, our Lerche. Another story of the Schwalm district has much that is peculiar; indeed this story is told with numerous variations. A merchant is going; to the fair, and asks his three daughters what he shall bring back for them. The eldest wants a beautiful dress, the second a pair of shoes, the third a rose. It is difficult to procure the rose, for it is winter. Whenever he asks for one, people laugh and inquire if he imagines that roses grow in the snow. This distresses the merchant, because the youngest is his favourite child. On his way back he comes to a castle with a garden in which it is half summer, and half winter. On one side deep snow is lying, on the other it is warm, and everything is flowering as in spring, and there is a hedge entirely of roses in it. The man enters the garden, plucks a rose, and rides away again. Soon afterwards he hears something panting behind him, looks round, and sees with alarm a great black beast which calls to him, "Give me back my rose, or die." The man replies, "Leave me the rose, I want to take it back with me to my daughter who is the most beautiful girl in the world." "I am willing," says the beast; "but give her to me to be my wife." "Oh yes," says the man, to get rid of him, and thinks "he will never come to fetch her;" but the beast calls after him, "In a week I will come and fetch my bride." The merchant reaches home, and gives each daughter what she had wished for. After some time the beast comes and takes away his bride by force. He takes her to the castle with the summer and winter garden, everything is very beautiful and wonderful, and the beast behaves kindly, and does all he can to please her. They eat together, and he will not eat unless she carves for him, and gradually she begins to love him dearly. One day she


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 not on any occasion to be taken from these gangs, or their employment changed, but by the express direction of the Lt.-Governor. All applications for this purpose are to be made in the first instance to Mr. Thomas Clark, Principal Superintendant.

Garrison Orders.

Sergt. James McCauly is to attend and assist the Adjutant at all parades and drills until further orders.

The detail for duty.

Sullivan Bay, 29th Oct. 1803.

General Orders.

Parole—Expectation.C. Sign—Hope.

John Blinkworth, a settler, has permission to sell a few articles of wearing apparel which he brought from England.

Garrison Orders.

The quarter-guard will not turn out more than once a day to the Lieut.-Governor unless particularly ordered.

Detail for duty.

29th Oct. 1803. General After Orders.

The Commissary will issue the undermentioned clothing to each male convict to-morrow morning, at nine o'clock, for which purpose they will all attend at the provision stores at that hour, viz.:—1 jacket, 1 waistcoat, 1 pair duck trowsers, 1 pair breeches, 2 check shirts, 1 pair shoes, 1 hat.

Sullivan Bay, 30th Oct. 1803.

General Orders.

Parole—Addington.C. Sign—Abbot.

The Lieut.-Governor thinks it necessary to inform the people that the clothing which was issued to them this morning is to serve them for the ensuing six months (the article of shoes excepted), and that until the expiration of that time no more will l)e issued to them on any account. It therefore becomes the duty of every man that regards his own comforts to take the utmost care of his clothing, and the Lt.-Governor expects that they will be at all times ready to produce them when he shall call upon them for that purpose. He has remarked that several of the tents are much dirtied and blackened at the entrance; as others are clean; this must proceed from the dirtiness of the persons themselves who live in them. He therefore gives this notice, that the next tent which he finds in that state will be instantly taken away and sent to the public stores. The overseers will attend to this order, and see that no dirt or rubbish is left in the streets of the encampment.


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 wants to know how her father and sifters at home are. The beast takes her to a mirror where she sees her father lying ill from grief on her account, and her sisters weeping. Her heart grows heavy and she entreats the beast to allow her to go home. "Yes," says he; "but promise me to return again in a week." She does so, and then hurries home to her father; but sorrow has already eaten too deeply into his heart, and after he has had the joy of seeing her, he dies. She mourns and weeps, and when she remembers the beast, the week is long past. She anxiously hastens to him, but when she arrives, everything is changed, the music is silent, the castle entirely hung with black crape, and the summer-garden covered with snow. The beast himself is gone; she seeks him everywhere, but cannot find him. Full of grief because of this, she goes into the garden and sees a heap of cabbages which are already old and decayed. She spreads them out, and when she has turned a few of them over, she sees her dear beast lying as if dead beneath them. She runs, draws water, and pours it over him, on which he revives, springs up, loses his former shape, and a king's son is standing before her. And now all is joy, the black crape is torn down, the musicians play, the summer-garden blooms again, and the two celebrate their wedding.

A third story comes from Hanover. A certain King has three daughters who become ill, and in order that they may recover, they must eat some game. The huntsman is sent into the forest, but can find no game at all. At length he sees a raven, and as he thinks, "that, too, is game," he aims at it, but the raven cries, "Huntsman, do not fire, for if you will promise me one of the King's daughters, I will procure you as much game as you like." The huntsman goes and tells this to the King, who says, "Thou canst always promise this to the raven; there is no necessity to keep thy word." So the huntsman promises the princess to the raven, who drives as much game up to him as he wants to shoot. The three princesses eat some of it and are cured. A great feast is made ready, and in the evening when a window is open, the raven comes in and demands his promised bride. The King will not give her, but at length he says, "I will ask my daughters if one of them is inclined to be thy wife." The eldest and the second say no; the youngest says "Yes, I will go with the raven, if my waiting-maid may accompany me." The raven consents to this, takes the princess beneath one wing, and the waiting-maid beneath the other, and carries them to a magnificent castle. A mirror hangs in the princess's bedroom in which she can see everything which happens in the castle which has been her home, only she is not to let the waiting-maid look in it. For this reason the King's daughter always carries the key of the room about with her; but once she leaves it in the door, and the


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 his wife (, p. 212; ; ). More, though friendly to them, admits that the discovery of large quantities of arms and armour in their baggage created a general impression that their designs were treasonable.

At Sheriff-Hutton on 23 June Rivers made his will, in which he gave instructions that if he died south of the Trent he should be buried in the chapel of ‘our Lady of Pewe’ beside St. Stephen's College at Westminster, which owed to him various papal privileges (Excerpta Historica, pp. 245–6). But being removed to Pontefract and ordered for execution, he directed that he should be buried there ‘before an Image of our blissid Lady with my Lord Richard’ (ib. p. 248), appealed to Gloucester to see his will executed, and wrote the pathetic ‘balet’ on the unsteadfastness of fortune beginning Sumwhat musying, And more mornyng (, p. 214;, Ancient Songs, ii. 3). It is uncertain whether he was given the form of trial before his execution, which was carried out on 25 June by Sir Richard Radcliffe [q. v.] (Excerpta Historica, i. 244). Rous (p. 213) says that the Earl of Northumberland was his chief judge; but in any case he was deprived of his legal right to trial by his peers. A hair shirt he was found to be wearing next his skin was hung up before the image of the Virgin in the church of the Carmelites at Doncaster (, pp. 213–14).

Rivers has been deservedly characterised as the noblest and most accomplished of all Richard III's victims (, p. 73). ‘Vir, haud facile discernas, manuve aut consilio promptior’ was the verdict of Sir Thomas More; ‘un tres gentil chevalier’ that of Commines (i. 321). But the warmest testimony to his virtues comes from Caxton, with whose name that of his friend and patron will always be associated. In the printer's epilogue to the ‘Cordyale,’ after recording the earl's devotion to works of piety, he concludes: ‘It seemeth that he conceiveth wel the mutabilite and the unstableness of this present lyf, and that he desireth with a greet zele and spirituell love our goostlye help and perpetual salvacion, and that we shal abhorre and utterly forsake thabominable and dampnable synnes which communely be now a dayes.’ This zeal for morality dictated the choice of the French works which he translated and had printed by Caxton. The ‘Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers,’ the first book printed in England (1477), was translated by Rivers (from Jean de Teonville's French version of the Latin original, lent him by a friend to beguile his voyage to Compostella in 1473) because he found it ‘a glorious fair myrrour to all good Christen peple to behold and understonde.’ A few months later (February 1478) his translation of the ‘wise and holsom’ ‘Proverbs of Christine de Pisan’ ‘set in metre’ issued from Caxton's press, followed in March 1479 by his version of the ‘Cordyale,’ ‘multiplied to goo abrood among the peple, that thereby more surely myght be remembred The Four Last Thingis undoubtably comyng.’ Caxton alludes to others that had passed through his hands, but whether this means that he printed them is not clear. Besides these translations, Rivers wrote ‘diverse Balades agenst the seven dedely synnes,’ but the only specimen of his muse that has been preserved is the gentle lament on the fickleness of fortune which Rous ascribes to the last days of his life (see above).

The only known portrait of Rivers is contained in an illumination in a Lambeth manuscript representing the earl presenting one of his books and its printer to Edward IV. Horace Walpole had it reproduced as a frontispiece to his ‘Royal and Noble Authors,’ and an engraving of Rivers's head is in Doyle's ‘Official Baronage.’ It shows a clean-shaven intellectual face.

Rivers was twice married, but left no legitimate issue. Lady Scales, his first wife, died on 1 Sept. 1473, and, after the failure of the negotiations for his marriage to the Scottish princess, he took for his second wife Mary, daughter and coheir of Sir Henry Fitz-Lewis of Horndon, Essex, by Elizabeth, daughter of Edmund Beaufort, second duke of Somerset. She survived him, and married secondly Sir John Neville, illegitimate son of the second Earl of Westmorland. Rivers had a natural daughter, Margaret, who became the wife of Sir Robert Poyntz of Iron Acton, Gloucestershire [see under ]. His brother Richard succeeded him as third (and last) Earl Rivers.

[Rotuli Parliamentorum; Rymer's Fœdera, original edition; State Papers, Venetian, ed. Rawdon Brown; William of Worcester (with Stevenson's Wars of the English in France) and Wavrin's Chronicle in the Rolls Ser.; Warkworth's Chronicle, ed. Camden Soc.; Rous's Chronicle, ed. Hearne; Fabyan, ed. Ellis; Commines's Mémoires, ed. Dupont; Olivier de la Marche's Mémoires, ed. Buchon; Paston Letters, ed. Gairdner; More's Vita Ricardi III, ed. 1689; Stow's Annals, ed. 1631; Bentley's Excerpta Historica, 1831; Dugdale's Baronage; G. E. C[okayne]'s Complete Peerage; Ramsay's Lancaster and York; Gairdner's Richard III, ed. 1898; other authorities in the text.]


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 380 maid goes in and looks in the mirror. For this the raven tears her to pieces, and says to the princess, "Now thou must go away and go into service for seven years, and do the work of seven maids." And he likewise tells her that she will meet an aged woman with whom she must exchange clothes, and then she will come to a house and a woman will look out of it and scold her, but she is not to mind it; and he pulls out one of his feathers and gives it to her saying, "When any piece of work is too hard for thee, take out his feather and say, 'By the raven's command this shall be done,' and the work will be done." She is however obliged to promise to be true to him. So she goes away, exchanges her beautiful garments for the old woman's bad ones, and comes to the house where the cross old woman looks out. The King's daughter offers her services, but the old woman says, "I have had seven maids, how canst thou do their work with thy dainty hands?" "Oh, indeed, I will try to do it," says the princess. In the first place she has to clean a stable, but her hands are soon blistered; then she takes the feather and says, "By the raven's command the stable is to be cleaner than it has ever been before." Instantly the work is done. For seven years she is in service there, and whatsoever is too difficult for her to do is done by the help of the raven's feather. The men-servants and boys belonging to the house who crowd about her, and torment her because of her extreme beauty, are all mocked by her. One day the coachman says, "May I come to thee to-night?" "Yes," she answers; but when she hears him coming she gets out her feather and says, "By the raven's command shall he go into the yard and dress and undress himself for one hour, and then come and thank me for the pleasure he has had." As they have all been made fools of by her, one after the other, they assemble together to beat her with rods, but she takes the feather and says, "By the raven's command they shall all undress themselves and cut at each other till the blood flows, and then they shall come and say, 'Thank you,' for it." Thus she obtains peace until the seven years are over, and then a prince drives up in the greatest splendour and takes her away, and this is the raven whose period of enchantment has now come to an end. In Die junge Amerikanerin (l. 30-231) the story is ill used. The beast is a dragon from whose garden (there is no winter in it) the father plucks a rose, and for this has to promise his daughter. The daughter goes of her own accord to the castle of the dragon, who pretends to be foolish, and awkward. At night however she dreams of a beautiful youth, and gradually becomes accustomed to him, until at last she loves him, she visits her parents and returns by means of a ring which is turned inward or outward. Finally, she one night owns to him that she loves him, and in the morning he is a handsome young man, and is freed from the spell. It is also discovered that


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 35/July 1889/Popular Miscellany


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 35/July 1889/Notes


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 35/July 1889/Obituary Notes


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 WOODVILLE or WYDVILLE, ELIZABETH (1437?–1492), queen of Edward IV. [See .]

WOODVILLE, LIONEL (1446?–1484), bishop of Salisbury, born about 1446, was third son of Sir Richard Woodville (afterwards first Earl Rivers) [q. v.], by his marriage with Jacquetta, widow of John of Lancaster, duke of Bedford [q. v.] Anthony Woodville, second earl Rivers [q. v.], was his elder brother. He was educated at Oxford, where he graduated D.D. Wood says that he was an inceptor in canon law. Probably as a provision for him, he was made dean of Exeter in November 1478. In 1479 he succeeded Thomas Chaundler as chancellor of the university of Oxford, being then, according to Wood, who is not supported by Le Neve, archdeacon of the diocese. On 31 Oct. 1480 he became prebendary of Mora in St. Paul's Cathedral. In 1482, being then at Cumnor, he was made bishop of Salisbury by papal provision; the temporalities were restored to him on 28 March. He was consecrated in April.

After Edward IV's death Woodville's position became difficult. In the beginning of May the queen, Elizabeth Woodville, received word of the arrest of Rivers and Grey at Stony Stratford, and at once went into sanctuary at Westminster. Woodville went with her, but it seems likely that he soon came out. As a bishop he had nothing to fear. He was in the commission of the peace in June and July. Later he took an important part in organising Buckingham's rebellion, was named in Richard's proclamation, and when the rising failed he was one of the many who fled to Henry of Richmond in Brittany. Richard was in some difficulty with regard to the see, the temporalities of which were handed over to the keeping of Thomas Langton [q. v.], who eventually succeeded him as bishop. The matter was settled by an act of parliament which declared his temporal possessions forfeited, but spared Woodville's life. He died, possibly in Brittany, before 23 June 1484. A manuscript book of miscellaneous entries compiled about the end of the seventeenth century, preserved at Salisbury, says that he died and was buried at Beaulieu. A local tradition says that he was buried in Salisbury Cathedral, and that a canopied tomb at the intersection of the north-west transept and north aisle of the choir is his.

[Information kindly furnished by H. E. Malden, esq.; Ramsay's Lancaster and York, ii. 475, &c.; Gairdner's Richard III, new edit., pp. 58, 135, 141, 158; Wood's App. to Hist. of Colleges and Halls, ed. Gutch, pp. 63–4; Cal. of Inquisitions Hen. VII, p. 345; Excerpta Historica, p. 16; Rot. Parl. vi. 250, 273; Dep.-Keeper's Publ. Records, 9th Rep. App. ii. pp. 18, 21, 31, 39, 112, 127; Le Neve's Fasti Eccl. Angl. i. 386, ii. 411, 604; Paston Letters, iii. 246. For the story of Woodville's family connection with Stephen Gardiner, see that article.]  WOODVILLE or WYDVILLE, RICHARD, first (d. 1469), was son of Richard Woodville of the Mote, near Maidstone in Kent, and (after the death of his elder brother Thomas) of Grafton, Northamptonshire. The Woodvilles had been settled at Grafton as early as the reign of Henry II, but the manorial rights were first acquired by Woodville's uncle Thomas. His mother was Joan Beauchamp, heiress of a Somersetshire family (, ii. 166; Hist. MSS. Comm. 9th Rep. p. 113; but cf. Genealogist, vi. 199). Richard Woodville the elder, whom Dugdale failed to distinguish from his son, was a trusted servant of Henry V and the regent Bedford in the French wars. He held a command in the expeditions of 1415 and 1417, and in 1420 became esquire of the body to Henry V and seneschal of Normandy (Gesta Henrici V, pp. 9, 277;, ii. 230). The king bestowed upon him in 1418 the Norman seigniories of Préaux and Dangu (, p. 106). Bedford, on becoming regent for Henry VI in France, made Woodville his chamberlain, and rewarded his ‘grans notables et aggreables services’ with further grants of confiscated estates (ib. pp. 105–6;, iv. 138). His connection with Bedford induced Beaufort and the council to entrust the Tower to his keeping when Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, attempted a coup d'état with the help of the Londoners in 1425 (Ord. Privy Council, iii. 167;, i. 361). He returned with the regent to France in the spring of 1427 to take up in July 1429 the post of lieutenant of Calais, where the marriage arranged between his daughter Joan and William Haute, an esquire of Kent, was apparently solemnised (, ii. 230; Ord. Privy Council, iii. 245, 329; Excerpta Historica, p. 249). He still held this position in 1435, though in 1431 he seems to have been detached for a time to serve on the council of Henry VI while in France (Fœdera, x. 605; ; Ord. Privy Council, iv. 82). There is some difficulty, however, during these years in distinguishing him from his son. He probably settled down at Grafton after the death of his elder brother (who made his will on 12 Oct. 1434), was sheriff of Northamptonshire in 1438,


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 hundred I will make a present of to you two.'

'A present to us?' cried the Fox with indignation, and appearing much offended. 'What are you dreaming of?'

'What are you dreaming of?' repeated the Cat.

'We do not work,' said the Fox, 'for dirty interest: we work solely to enrich others.'

'Others!' repeated the Cat.

'What good people!' thought Pinocchio to himself: and forgetting there and then his papa, the new coat, the Spelling-book, and all his good resolutions, he said to the Fox and the Cat:

'Let us be off at once. I will go with you.


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 and died between 1440 and 1442 (, ii. 166).

Richard Woodville the younger was knighted by Henry VI at Leicester on 19 May 1426 (, ii. 491). It was probably he who commanded a troop in France in 1429 and conveyed the wages of the Duke of Burgundy's forces to Lille in the following year (Fœdera, x. 454). He is said to have been taken prisoner in the attack upon Gerberoi in May 1435, but must have soon obtained his release, as he served under Suffolk in 1435–6 (, p. 64;, ii. 230). The foundation of his fortunes was his surreptitious marriage, apparently in 1436, with Jacquetta of Luxemburg, the young widowed Duchess of Bedford. She had to pay (23 March 1437) a fine of 1,000l. for marrying without the royal license (Rot. Parl. iv. 498;, p. 436). Woodville received a pardon on 24 Oct. following (Fœdera, x. 677). The mésalliance gave great offence to Jacquetta's relatives (, p. 207). The statement afterwards made (ib. p. 455) that Woodville and Jacquetta had two children before marriage is doubtless a mere calumny.

Woodville served under Somerset and Talbot in the attempt to relieve Meaux in 1439 (ib. p. 257; ). His reputation as an accomplished knight caused him to be selected to ‘deliver’ the redoubtable Pedro Vasque de Saavedra, chamberlain of the Duke of Burgundy, who came to London in 1440 to ‘run a course with a sharp spear for his sovereign lady's sake’ (Fœdera, x. 828; Paston Letters, i. 41;, iii. 455). They met in lists at Westminster on 26 Nov., but the king stopped the combat after the third stroke. In June 1441 Woodville once more went to France, in the train of the Duke of York, and helped to relieve Pontoise (, ii. 37). He became a knight banneret and captain of Alençon (25 Sept. 1442). On 9 May (Dugdale gives 29th) 1448 he was raised to the peerage by letters patent as Baron Rivers. His choice of title is puzzling. Dugdale thought he took the name of the old family of Redvers or De Ripariis, earls of Devon; and his addition to his arms of an inescutcheon bearing a griffin segreant, which was part at least of their device, has been held to confirm this hypothesis (Complete Peerage, vi. 371). But the inclusion among the seigniories granted him in support of his new dignity of a barony of Rivers and a casual reference (in a letter of 1475) to his son under the name of Lord Anthony Angre suggest a connection with the barony of Rivers or De Ripariis of Aungre (Ongar) in Essex, which had been for some time in abeyance (ib. v. 398;, ii. 230; Cal. State Papers, Ven. i. 136). No connection with either family seems to have been discovered by genealogists.

Rivers took part in the suppression of Cade's rising in June 1450, and, though the rumour that he was to succeed the murdered Suffolk as constable of England had proved baseless, he was admitted to the order of the Garter (4 Aug.) and the privy council (Paston Letters, i. 128; Ord. Privy Council, vi. 101). The French having now begun the conquest of Aquitaine, Rivers received a commission as seneschal of the province on 18 Oct. 1450, and was to take out a strong force; but the transports remained idle at Plymouth for nine months, and the expedition was abandoned on the news of the fall of Bordeaux (ib. vi. 105, 115;, ii. 146). He seems to have spent the following years at Calais as one of the lieutenants of the Duke of Somerset, who had been appointed its captain in September 1451, and was thus unable to support the duke and the king at the battle of St. Albans (Ord. Privy Council, vi. 276; ;, vi. 46). He was summoned to the great council in January 1458 which arranged a temporary reconciliation between the two parties, the unreality of which was illustrated in the following July by his appointment to inquire into the Earl of Warwick's piratical attack upon the Lübeck salt fleet (Ord. Privy Council, vi. 292; Fœdera, xi. 415). When hostilities were resumed in 1459 and Warwick and the Earl of March were driven out of the country and took refuge at Calais, Rivers was stationed at Sandwich to guard against a landing. He was surprised in his bed, however, one morning shortly after the New Year 1460 by Sir John Dynham with a small party from Calais, and carried across the Channel with his son Anthony (, p. 771). On their arrival at Calais the captives were bitterly ‘rated’ by the Yorkist leaders for having joined in stigmatising them as traitors. Warwick reminded him that his father was but a squire brought up with Henry V, and that he himself had been ‘made by marriage and also made lord,’ and ‘that it was not his part to have such language of lords, being of the King's blood’ (Paston Letters, i. 506).

When and how they escaped from their captors does not appear, but they fought at Towton on the side of King Henry, whom Rivers accompanied in his flight to Newcastle (Cal. State Papers, Ven. i. 105–6). On


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 30 Aug. 1461, however, Count Ludovico Dallugo reported to the Duke of Milan that the earl had quitted Henry and tendered his allegiance to Edward IV. ‘I held several conversations,’ he wrote, ‘with this lord de Rivers about King Henry's cause, and he assured me that it was lost irremediably’ (ib. i. 111). Edward's secret marriage with Rivers's daughter Elizabeth on 1 May 1464 more than re-established his fortunes, and gave him a sweet revenge upon Warwick for the treatment he had received four years before. The Woodville influence soon became paramount at court, ‘to the exaltation of the queen and displeasure of the whole realm’ ( p. 785). Rivers was appointed treasurer on 4 March 1466, and on 25 May at Windsor he was made Earl Rivers. His numerous sons and daughters were married into the richest and noblest baronial families. John Tiptoft, earl of Worcester [q. v.], had to resign the position of high constable of England in favour of the king's father-in-law, who took up the staff on 24 Aug. 1467 (Fœdera, xi. 581). Warwick and the Neville clan, who found themselves ousted from the predominance at court they had enjoyed in the first years of the reign, became more and more estranged from the king and hostile to the Woodvilles. Overt hostilities began with the pillage of Rivers's Kentish estate by a mob of Warwick's partisans on New Year's day 1468 (, ed. Dupont, iii. 192). But Warwick thought the movement here and the similar one in Yorkshire under Robin of Redesdale [q. v.] premature, and an interview between Rivers and Archbishop Neville at Nottingham ended in Warwick's visiting the king at Coventry towards the end of January ( p. 789). But the reconciliation was merely temporary, and the marriage of Clarence and Isabel Neville in July 1469 was followed by an open outbreak. The proclamation issued by Warwick and his friends laid most stress upon the king's estrangement of the ‘great lords of his blood’ for the Woodvilles and other ‘seducious persones’ (, pp. 46–51). Rivers and others of the family were at that moment with the king, who was making a progress through the eastern counties; but when the news came in that the country was rising in the Neville interest they left him, or he thought it prudent to dismiss them (, v. 580). After Edward's defeat at Edgecot (26 July), Rivers and his son Sir John Woodville were taken at Chepstow, conveyed to Kenilworth, and executed on 12 Aug. (, pp. 7, 46; Three Fifteenth-Century Chronicles, p. 183;, ed. Dupont, ii. 406; Report on the Dignity of a Peer, v. 398).

Rivers married Jacquetta, daughter of Peter de Luxemburg, count of St. Pol, by Marguerite, daughter of Francois de Baux, duke of Andria in the kingdom of Naples. She was the widow of John of Lancaster, duke of Bedford [q. v.], brother of Henry V, and she survived her second husband, dying on 30 May 1472. She bore Rivers fourteen or fifteen children, seven sons and seven or eight daughters. Five sons survived infancy: 1. Anthony, second Earl Rivers [q. v.] 2. John, who at twenty was married in January 1465 to a ‘juvencula’ of nearly eighty, Catherine Neville, dowager duchess of Norfolk, aunt of Warwick ‘the kingmaker.’ ‘Maritagium diabolicum’ comments William of Worcester (p. 783), and adds obscurely, ‘Vindicta Bernardi inter eosdem postea patuit’ (cf. Rot. Parl. v. 607). He was knighted at his sister's coronation two months later, and shared his father's fate in 1469. 3. Lionel, bishop of Salisbury [q. v.] 4. Sir Edward, erroneously called Lord Woodville in ‘Paston Letters’ (iii. 344). He commanded the Woodville fleet in 1483, and shared Henry of Richmond's exile in Brittany. In 1486–7 he joined in Spain the armies of Ferdinand and Isabella and fought in Granada against the Moors. In 1488 he greatly embarrassed Henry by taking over a small force to help the Bretons against the French, and fell in the battle of St. Aubin du Cormier on 28 July (ib.;, i. 43; Edward Woodville, Knight-Errant in Proc. Amer. Antiq. Soc. 1904). 5. Richard, attainted in 1483, restored in 1485; he succeeded his brother Anthony as third and last Earl Rivers, and died without issue in 1491. Rivers's daughters were: 1. Elizabeth, who is separately noticed as Queen Elizabeth (1437?–1492). 2. Margaret (d. before 1491), who married (Oct. 1464) Thomas Fitzalan, earl of Arundel (d. 1524). 3. Anne (d. before 1491), who married, first (in 1466), William, viscount Bourchier, and, secondly (before 1481), George Grey, second earl of Kent (d. 1503). 4. Jacquetta, who married John, lord Strange of Knockin (d. 1477), and died before 1481. 5. Mary (d. in or before 1481), who married (1466) William Herbert, earl of Huntingdon [see under, d. 1469]. 6. Catherine (b. about 1457), who married, first (1466), Henry Stafford, second duke of Buckingham [q. v.]; secondly, Jasper Tudor, duke of Bedford [q. v.], and, thirdly, Sir Richard Wingfield [q. v.] 7. A daughter who is said to have married Sir John Bromley (, ii. 231). 8. William of Worcester (p. 785) mentions still another


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 daughter, who was married (February 1466) to (Anthony) Lord Grey de Ruthin, son and heir of the Earl of Kent, but he does not give her name. She does not appear in the pedigrees, but the chronicler can hardly be guilty of a confusion caused by the second marriage of Anne Woodville to Anthony Grey's younger brother George, who succeeded him in the style of Lord Grey de Ruthin.

WOODVILLE, WILLIAM (1752–1805), physician and botanist, was born at Cockermouth in Cumberland in 1752. He studied medicine at Edinburgh University, where he became the favourite pupil of [q. v.], and graduated M.D. on 12 Sept. 1775. After spending some time on the continent he began to practise at Papcastle in his native county, but shortly afterwards removed to Denbigh. In 1782 he came to London, became physician to the Middlesex dispensary, and was admitted a licentiate of the College of Physicians on 9 Aug. 1784. On 17 March 1791 he was elected physician to the smallpox and inoculation hospitals at St. Pancras, in succession to [q. v.]

Woodville, who was elected a fellow of the Linnean Society in 1791, had a strong taste for botany, and appropriated two acres of ground at King's Cross belonging to the hospital as a botanical garden, which he maintained at his own expense. In 1790 he published the first volume of his great work on ‘Medical Botany’ (London 4to), in which he gave a description of all the medicinal plants mentioned in the catalogues of the ‘Materia Medica’ published by the Royal Colleges of Physicians of London and Edinburgh. These descriptions were illustrated by plates and accompanied by an account of the medicinal effects of the plants. The second volume appeared in 1792, the third in 1793, and a supplementary volume, containing plants not included in the ‘Materia Medica,’ in 1794. A second edition in four volumes was published in 1810 (London, 4to), and a third in 1832, edited by (Sir) [q. v.], with a fifth volume by George Spratt.

As was natural from his official position, Woodville took a keen interest in the various remedies for smallpox. The older system of inoculating persons with a mild form of the disease itself first attracted his attention, and in 1796 he published the first volume of a ‘History of the Inoculation of the Smallpox in Great Britain’ (London, 8vo). The second volume did not appear owing to the discovery by (1749–1823) [q. v.] of the efficacy of vaccination from cow-pox. Woodville was at first hostile, but afterwards enthusiastically adopted Jenner's theory, and made many experiments with a view to elucidating it. In 1799 he published ‘Reports of a Series of Inoculations for the Variolæ Vaccinæ or Cow-pox; with Remarks and Observations on this Disease considered as a Substitute for the Smallpox,’ London, 8vo. This treatise was translated into French in 1800 (Paris, 8vo; new edit. 1801). In 1800 appeared ‘A Comparative Statement of Facts and Observations relative to the Cow-pox, published by Doctors Jenner and Woodville’ (London, 4to).

Woodville, who was a member of the Society of Friends, had his residence in Ely Place, Holborn, but died at the smallpox hospital on 26 March 1805, and was buried in the Friends' burial-ground, Bunhill Fields, on 4 April. His portrait, by Lemuel Abbott, was presented to the smallpox hospital. It was engraved by William Bond.

WOODWARD, BERNARD BOLINGBROKE (1816–1869), librarian to the queen at Windsor Castle, eldest son of [q. v.], the geologist, was born at Norwich on 2 May 1816. [q. v.] was his younger brother. He was sent in March 1822 to the Grey Friars Priory, a private school kept by William Brooke, to whom on 29 Sept. 1828 he was apprenticed for four years. On the expiration of this apprenticeship he worked for a time under his father's supervision, copying armorial bearings and other heraldic


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TO THE WOMEN OF THE UNITED STATES:

Having celebrated our Centennial birthday with a National jubilee, let us now dedicate the dawn of the Second Century to securing justice to Woman.

For this purpose we ask you to circulate a petition to Congress, just issued by the "National Woman Suffrage Association," asking an amendment to the United States Constitution, that shall prohibit the several States from disfranchising any of their citizens on account of Sex. We have already sent this petition throughout the country for the signatures of those men and women who believe in the citizen's right to vote.

To see how large a petition each State rolls up, and to do the work as expeditiously as possible, it is necessary that some person, or society in each State and District should take the matter in charge, print, and send out petitions to reliable friends in every county, urging upon all thoroughness and haste. When the petitions are returned, they should be pasted together, neatly rolled up, the number of signatures marked on the outside, with the name of the State, and forwarded to Sarah Andrews Spencer, Chairman of our Congressional Committee, corner of L. and 7th street, Washington, D. C. On the 16th and 17th of January, 1877, we shall hold our 8th Annual Convention at the Capitol and ask a hearing on our petition before Congress.

Having petitioned to our law-makers, State and National, for years, many from weariness and despair have vowed to appeal no more; for our petitions, say they, by the tens of thousands, are piled up mid the National archives unheeded and ignored. Yet, it is possible to roll up such a mammoth petition, borne into Congress on the shoulders of stalwart men, that we can no longer be neglected or forgotten. Statesmen and politicians, alike, are conquered by majorities. We urge the women of this country to make now the same united effort for their own rights, that they did for the slaves at the south, when the 13th amendment was pending. Then a petition of over 300,000 was rolled up by the leaders of the suffrage movement, and presented in the Senate by the Hon. Charles Sumner. But the leading statesmen who welcomed woman's untiring efforts to secure the black man's freedom, frowned down the same demands when made for herself. Is not liberty as sweet to her as to him? Are not the political disabilities of Sex is grevious as those of color? Is not a civil rights bill that shall open to woman the college doors, the trades and professions—that shall secure her personal and property rights, as necessary for her protection, as for that of the colored man?

And yet the highest judicial authorities have decided that the spirit and letter of our National Constitution are not broad enough to protect Woman in her political rights; and for the redress of her wrongs they remand her to the State. If this Magna Charta of Human Bights can be thus narrowed by judicial interpretations in favor of class legislation, then must we demand an amendment that in clear, unmistakable language, shall declare the equality of all citizens before the law.

Women are citizens, first of the United States, and second of the State wherein they reside: hence, if robbed by State authorities of any right founded in nature or secured by law, they have the same right to national protection against the State, as against the infringements of any foreign power. If the United States government can punish a woman for voting in one State, why has it not the same power to protect her in the exercise of that right in every State? The Constitution declares it the duty of Congress to guarantee to every State a republican form of government, to every citizen equality of rights. This is not done in States where women, thoroughly qualified, are denied admission into colleges, which their property is taxed to build and endow; where they are denied the right to practice law and are thus debarred from one of the most lucrative professions; where they are denied voice in the government, and thus while suffering all the ills that grow out of the giant evils of intemperance, prostitution, war, heavy taxation and political corruption, stand powerless to effect any reform. Prayers, tears, psalm-singing and expostulation are light in the balance, compared with that power at the ballot box that converts opinions into law. If Women who are laboring for peace, temperance, social purity and the rights of labor, would take the speediest way to accomplish what they propose, let them demand the ballot in their own hands, that they may have a direct power in the government. Thus only can they improve the conditions of the outside world and purify the home. As political equality is the door to civil, religious and social liberty, here must our work begin.

Constituting as we do one-half the people, bearing the burdens of one-half the National debt, equally responsible with man for the education, religion and morals of the rising generation, let us with united voice send forth a protest against the present political status of Woman, that shall echo and re-echo through the land. In view of the numbers and character of those making the demand, this should be the largest petition ever yet rolled up in the old world or the new;—a petition that shall settle forever the popular objection that "Women do not want to vote."

Tenafly, N. J., Nov. 10, 1876.


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74 paste image of an ox after discovering the forty-seventh proposition of the first book of Euclid. But this view can hardly be maintained in face of the frequent cannibalism of the Aztecs. Such was then the general course of their ritual, the cruel details may be omitted.

From the special ritual of Huitzilopochtli Mr. Tylor conjectures that this "inextricable compound parthenogenetic" god may have been originally "a nature deity, whose life and death were connected with the year." This theory is based on the practice at the feast called Panquetzaliztli. "His paste idol was shot through with an arrow," says Mr. Tylor, "and being thus killed, was divided into morsels and eaten; wherefore the ceremony was called Teoqualo, or 'god-eating,' and this was associated with the winter solstice." M. Réville says that this feast coincided with our month of December, the beginning of the cold and dry season. Huitzilopochtli would die with the verdure, the flowers, and all the beauteous adornments of spring and summer; but like Adonis, like Osiris, and


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walked, and walked, and walked, until at last, towards evening, they arrived dead tired at the inn of The Red Craw-fish.

'Let us stop here a little,' said the Fox, 'that we may have something to eat and rest ourselves for an hour or two. We will start again at midnight, so as to arrive at the Field of miracles by dawn to-morrow morning.'

Having gone into the inn they all three sat down to table: but none of them had any appetite.

The Cat, who was suffering from indigestion and feeling seriously indisposed, could only eat thirty-five mullet with tomato sauce, and four portions of tripe with Parmesan cheese; and because she thought the tripe


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Rh so many other solar deities, he only died to live and to return again. Before identifying him with the sun, it may be remarked that the Aztec feast of the return of the gods was celebrated in the twelfth month, and the paste sacrifice of Huitzilopochtli was in the fifteenth.

There were eighteen months in the Aztec year, and the year began on the 2d of February. The return of the gods was, therefore, in September, and the paste sacrifice of Huitzilopochtli in December. Clearly the god who dies in the winter solstice cannot be thought to "return" late in September. Huitzilopochtli had another feast on the first day of the ninth month, that is, between June and July, when much use was made of floral decorations, and "they offered him the first flowers of the year," although flowers were used two months earlier, in the seventh month and in the fourth month. But the Mexican calendar is hard to deal with. Müller places the feasts of Huitzilopochtli in the middle of May, the middle of August, and the middle of December. Müller combines his facts with a legend which made Huitzilopochtli to be the son of the goddess of vegetation. J. G. Müller's whole argument is learned and acute, but errs probably in attempting to extract a consecutive symbolical sense out of the chaos of myth. Thus he writes: "When the myth makes the god the son of the mother of plants, it divides his essence from that of his mother, and thus Huitzilopochtli, however closely akin to the plant world, is not the plant world


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 was not seasoned enough, she asked three times for the butter and grated cheese!

The Fox would also willingly have picked a little, but as his doctor had ordered him a strict diet, he was forced to content himself simply with a hare dressed with a sweet and sour sauce, and garnished lightly with fat chickens and early pullets. After the hare he sent for a made dish of partridges, rabbits, frogs, lizards, and other delicacies; he could not touch anything else. He had such a disgust to food, he said, that he could put nothing to his lips.

The one who ate the least was Pinocchio. He asked for some walnuts and a hunch of bread, and left everything on his plate. The poor boy, whose thoughts were continually fixed on the Field of miracles, had got in anticipation an indigestion of gold pieces.

When they had supped, the Fox said to the host:

'Give us two good rooms, one for Mr. Pinocchio, and the other for me and my companion. We will snatch a little sleep before we leave. Remember, however, that at midnight we wish to be called to continue our journey.'

'Yes, gentlemen,' answered the host, and he winked at the Fox and the Cat as much as to say: 'I know what you are up to. We understand one another!'

No sooner had Pinocchio got into bed


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76 itself." This is to consider more curiously than the myth-makers. The name of the patron goddess of the flower- wearers in feasts was Coatlicue or Coatlan, which is also the name of the mother of Huitzilopochtli; its meaning is "serpent petticoated." When Müller goes on to identify Huitzilopochtli with the bunch of feathers that fell into his mother's breast before his birth, and that again with the humming-bird, and that again with the honey-sucking bird as the "means of fructifying the plants," and, finally, with the männliche befruchtende Naturkraft, we have left myth far behind, and are in a region of symbolism and abstract thought, where one conjecture is as good as another. The hypothesis is that men, feeling a sense of religious reverence for the germinal force in Nature, took the humming-bird for its emblem, and so evolved the myth of the birth of Huitzilopochtli, who at once fructifies and is born from the bosom of vernal Nature. It would be rash and wrong to deny that such ideas are mixed in the medley of myth. But, as a rule, the sacred animal (as the humming-bird) is sacred first in itself, probably as a totem or as a guide and protector, and the symbolical sense is a forced interpretation put later on the facts. We can hardly go farther, with safety, than the recognition of mingled aspects and elements in Huitzilopochtli as the totem, the tribal god, the departmental war-god, and possibly he is the god of the year's progress and renewal.


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 than he fell asleep at once and began to dream. And he dreamt that he was in the middle of a field, and the field was full of shrubs covered with clusters of gold sovereigns, and as they swung in the wind they went zin, zin, zin, almost as if they would say: 'Let who will, come and take us.' But when Pinocchio was at the most interesting moment, that is, just as he was stretching out his hand to pick handfuls of those beautiful gold pieces and to put them in his pocket, he was suddenly wakened by three violent blows on the door of his room.

It was the host who had come to tell him that midnight had struck.

'Are my companions ready?' asked the puppet.

'Ready! Why, they left two hours ago.'

'Why were they in such a hurry?'

'Because the Cat had received a message to say that her eldest kitten was ill with chilblains on his feet, and was in danger of death.'

'Did they pay for the supper?'

'What are you thinking of? They are much too well educated to dream of offering such an insult to a gentleman like you.'

'What a pity! It is an insult that would have given me so much pleasure!' said Pinocchio, scratching his head. He then asked:


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 'And where did my good friends say they would wait for me?'

'At the Field of miracles, to-morrow morning at daybreak.'

Pinocchio paid a sovereign for his supper and that of his companions, and then left.

Outside the inn it was so pitch dark that he had almost to grope his way, for it was impossible to see a hand's breadth in front of him. In the adjacent country not a leaf moved. Only some night-birds flying across the road from one hedge to the other brushed Pinocchio's nose with their wings as they passed, which caused him so much terror that, springing back, he shouted: 'Who goes there?' and the echo in the surrounding hills repeated in the distance: 'Who goes there? Who goes there? Who goes there?'

As he was walking along he saw a little insect shining dimly on the trunk of a tree, like a night-light in a lamp of transparent china.

'Who are you?' asked Pinocchio.

'I am the ghost of the Talking-cricket,' answered the insect in a low voice, so weak and faint that it seemed to come from the other world.

'What do you want with me?' said the puppet.

'I want to give you some advice. Go back, and take the four sovereigns that you have left to your poor father, who is weeping


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 and in despair because you have never returned to him.'

'By to-morrow my papa will be a gentleman, for these four sovereigns will have become two thousand.'

'Don't trust, my boy, to those who promise to make you rich in a day. Usually they are either mad or rogues! Give ear to me, and go back.'

'On the contrary, I am determined to go on.'

'The hour is late! . . .'

'I am determined to go on.'

'The night is dark! . . .'

'I am determined to go on.'

'The road is dangerous! . . .'

'I am determined to go on.'

'Remember that boys who are bent on following their caprices, and will have their own way, sooner or later repent it.'

'Always the same stories. Good-night, Cricket.'

'Good-night, Pinocchio, and may Heaven preserve you from dangers and from assassins.'

No sooner had he said these words than the Talking-cricket vanished suddenly like a light that has been blown out, and the road became darker than ever.


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',' said the puppet to himself as he resumed his journey, 'how unfortunate we poor boys are. Everybody scolds us, everybody admonishes us, everybody gives us good advice. To let them talk, they would all take it into their heads to be our fathers and our masters—all: even the Talking-cricket. See


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 devices for [q. v.] He also studied in his leisure moments botany and other natural sciences in a practical manner, and kept copious notes, some of which were utilised by [q. v.], the botanist.

In January 1834 he went as tutor in J. S. Buck's school at East Dereham, Norfolk, and late in the following year he obtained a post in the banking house of Messrs. Gurney at Great Yarmouth. Through the influence of friends at East Dereham he became strongly attracted to the congregational ministry, and on coming of age left Yarmouth and went to study under W. Legge at Fakenham, Norfolk, and the Rev. Mr. Drane at Guestwick, Norfolk. In 1838 he entered as a student at the newly established Highbury College, London, and graduated B.A. London, 17 June 1841.

On 27 April 1843 he was publicly recognised ‘pastor of the independent church of Wortwell-with-Harleston in Norfolk.’ He soon after began to apply himself to literary work, and in this connection enjoyed the friendship of [q. v.], head of the printing firm at Bungay, and acted for a time also as tutor to his grandsons. At the end of 1848 he resigned his pastorate, and, with the view of devoting himself solely to literature, removed to St. John's Wood, London, in March 1849. In November 1853 he moved to Bungay to be nearer to his friends the Childs, who were concerned in the production of his larger works, and whom he assisted in many of their undertakings; but in 1858 he returned to the neighbourhood of Hampstead. On 2 July 1860 he was appointed librarian in ordinary to the queen at Windsor Castle. Under the superintendence of the prince consort began the rearrangement of the fine collection of drawings by the old masters at Windsor. He died at his official residence, Royal Mews, Pimlico, on 12 Oct. 1869. In 1843 he married Fanny Emma, ninth daughter of Thomas Teulon of Berkeley Street, London, the descendant of a Huguenot family. By her he had three daughters. She died on 30 April 1850, and he married, on 19 Aug. 1851, Emma, seventh daughter of George Barham of Withersdale Hall, Suffolk.

Woodward was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1857. He was author of: At the time of his death he was busy upon a ‘Life of Leonardo da Vinci,’ which was to have been illustrated from drawings in the royal collection.
 * 1) ‘The History of Wales,’ London [1850–3], 8vo.
 * 2) ‘The Natural History of the Year’ (originally issued in the ‘Teacher's Offering,’ 1851), London, 1852, 12mo; 3rd ed. 1863; revised edit. (so called) 1872.
 * 3) ‘The History of the United States of America’ (by W. H. Bartlett as far as vol. i. p. 536), New York [1855–6], 3 vols. 8vo.
 * 4) ‘First Lessons on the English Reformation,’ London [1857], 12mo; 2nd edit. 1860.
 * 5) ‘First Lessons in Astronomy’ (5th edit. rewritten by B. B. Woodward), London [1857], 12mo.
 * 6) ‘First Lessons in the Evidences of Christianity’ (originally issued in the ‘Teacher's Offering,’ 1858–9), London [1860?], 12mo; 2nd edit. 1865.
 * 7) ‘A General History of Hampshire’ (as far as p. 317, afterwards carried on by Theodor C. Wilks), London [1859–62], 4to.
 * 8) ‘Encyclopædia of Chronology,’ in conjunction with W. L. R. Cates, who completed it, London, 1872, 8vo.

He also wrote many articles and reviews for the ‘Eclectic Review,’ Sharpe's ‘London Magazine,’ the ‘Gentleman's Magazine,’ and other periodicals.

He edited: He also founded and edited ‘The Fine Arts Quarterly Review,’ which appeared from May 1863 to June 1867.
 * 1) ‘The History and Antiquities of Norwich Castle,’ by his father, 1847, 4to.
 * 2) Barclay's ‘Complete Dictionary of the English Language,’ new edit. 1851, 4to, for which he wrote numerous articles, especially in biography and geography.
 * 3) Maunder's ‘Treasury of Knowledge,’ new ed. 1859, for which he wrote a ‘compendious English grammar,’ besides rewriting much of the rest.

He began a translation of Réclus's ‘La Terre,’ which was completed by his brother, Henry Woodward.

WOODWARD, GEORGE MOUTARD (1760?–1809), caricaturist, son of William Woodward of Stanton Hall, Derbyshire, was born in that county about 1760. He received no artistic training, but, having much original talent, came to London, with an allowance from his father, and became a prolific and popular designer of social caricatures, much in the style of Bunbury, which were etched chiefly by Rowlandson and Isaac Cruikshank. Although their humour was generally of a very coarse and extravagant kind, they display a singular wealth of imagination and insight into character, and some are extremely entertaining. Among


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Rh His legend and ritual are a conglomerate of all these ideas, a mass of ideas from many stages of culture.

An abstract comparatively brief must suffice for the other Aztec deities.

Tezcatlipoca is a god with considerable pretensions to an abstract and lofty divinity. His appearance was not prepossessing; his image, as Bernal has described it, wore the head of a bear, and was covered with tiny mirrors. Various attributes, especially the mirror and a golden ear, showed him forth as the beholder of the conduct of men and the hearer of prayer. He was said, while he lived on earth, to have been a kind of Ares in the least amiable aspect of the god, a maker of wars and discord. Wealth and power were in his gift. He was credited with ability to destroy the world when he chose. Seats were consecrated to him in the streets and public places; on these might no man sit down. He was one of the two gods whose extraordinary birth and death by "happy despatch," that their vitality might animate the motionless sun, have already been described. Tezcatlipoca, like most of the other gods, revived, and came back from the sky to earth. At a place called Tulla he encountered another god or medicine-man, Quetzalcoatl, and their legends become inextricably entangled in tales of trickery, animal metamorphosis, and perhaps in vague memories of tribal migrations. Throughout Tezcatlipoca brought grief on the people called Toltecs, of


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 the best are ‘Effects of Flattery,’ ‘Effects of Hope,’ ‘Club of Quidnuncs,’ ‘Everybody in Town,’ ‘Everybody out of Town,’ and ‘Specimens of Domestic Phrensy.’ Woodward also wrote many light fugitive pieces in prose and verse, some of which were issued in a volume in 1805, with a portrait of the author from a drawing by A. Buck. He was of dissipated and intemperate habits, spending much of his time in taverns, and died in a state of penury at the Brown Bear public-house in Bow Street, Covent Garden, in November 1809. He published:
 * 1) ‘Eccentric Excursions,’ with a hundred plates by I. Cruikshank, 1796.
 * 2) ‘The Olio of Good Breeding, with Sketches illustrative of the modern Graces,’ 1801.
 * 3) ‘The Musical Mania for 1802 … dedicated to Mrs. Billington.’
 * 4) ‘The Bettyad: a Poem descriptive of the Progress of the young Roscius in London,’ 1805.
 * 5) ‘Caricature Magazine, or Hudibrastic Mirror, being a Collection of original Caricatures,’ 1807.
 * 6) ‘An Essay on the Art of ingeniously Tormenting,’ 1808.
 * 7) ‘Chesterfield Travestie, or School for Modern Manners,’ 1808.

WOODWARD, HENRY (1714–1777), actor, the eldest son of a tallow chandler in the borough of Southwark, London, was born in London 2 Oct. 1714, and intended for his father's occupation. He was at Merchant Taylors' school from 1724 to 1728. After his father's failure in business ‘Harry’ Woodward, as he was generally called, joined the Lilliputian troupe of Lun [see ] at Lincoln's Inn Fields, playing on 1 Jan. 1729 in the ‘Beggar's Opera’ as the Beggar and Ben Budge (the ‘Thespian Dictionary’ says as Peachum). During the season the performance was repeated fifteen times, and Woodward, now thoroughly stage-struck, remained with Rich, who instructed him in harlequin and other characters. ‘Master’ Woodward appeared at Goodman's Fields on 5 Oct. 1730, and as ‘Young’ Woodward played on 30 Oct. Simple in the ‘Merry Wives of Windsor.’ On 31 Dec. he was Dicky in the ‘Constant Couple,’ on 7 Jan. 1731 Page in the ‘Orphan,’ and on 5 May Tom Thumb, for his benefit, when he spoke a prologue written by himself. On 12 May he was a Spirit in the ‘Devil of a Wife,’ and on 1 and 2 June a priestess in ‘Sophonisba,’ and a Spirit in the ‘Tempest.’ At Goodman's Fields, where he remained until 1736, we read in the bills of Woodward, Young Woodward, Master Woodward, and H. Woodward. Presumably these are all the same, though Dr. Doran seems to think the contrary. To one or other of these names appear Haly in ‘Tamerlane,’ Selim in ‘Mourning Bride,’ Harlequin, First Drawer in the ‘Cheats, or the Tavern Bilkers,’ Daniel in ‘Conscious Lovers,’ Donalbain, Setter in ‘Old Bachelor,’ Squire Richard in the ‘Provoked Husband,’ Harry in ‘Mock Doctor,’ Jaques in ‘Love makes a Man,’ Squire Clodpole in ‘Lover's Opera,’ Supple in ‘Double Gallant,’ Fetch in ‘Stage Coach,’ and Shoemaker in ‘Relapse.’ On 25 Sept. 1734, Woodward acted harlequin as Lun, jun. Subsequently he was seen as Petit in the ‘Inconstant,’ Prince John in ‘The Second Part of King Henry IV,’ Victory in ‘Britannia,’ Sneak in ‘Country Lasses,’ Slango in ‘Honest Yorkshireman,’ and Albanact in ‘King Arthur.’ Woodward's name appears on 29 Jan. 1736 as Issouf, an original part, in Sterling's ‘Parricide.’

After the removal of the company to Lincoln's Inn Fields, Woodward appeared on 3 Jan. 1737 as Harlequin Macheath in the ‘Beggars' Pantomime, or the Contending Columbines.’ The authorship of this is ascribed to Lun, jun., i.e. Woodward, who dedicated to Mrs. Clive and Mrs. Cibber the printed version, 12mo, 1736, with an apology for having burlesqued their quarrel over the part of Polly in the ‘Beggar's Opera.’ On 12 Feb. 1737 Woodward was the first Spruce in Lynch's ‘Independent Patriot, or Musical Folly,’ and on 21 Feb. the first Young Manly in Hewitt's ‘Tutor for the Beaus [sic], or Love in a Labyrinth.’

At the end of the season (1737) the theatre was closed, and Woodward went to Drury Lane, appearing on 13 Jan. 1738 as Feeble in the ‘Second Part of King Henry IV.’ Here he remained until 1741–2, playing many parts in comedy (for a full list see ). Among them were Slender, Gibbet in the ‘Squire of Alsatia,’ Kastril in ‘Alchemist,’ Abel in ‘Committee,’ Jeremy in ‘Love for Love,’ Simon Pure, Sir Amorous La Foole in ‘Silent Woman,’ Duretete, Sir Novelty Fashion, Lord Foppington, Poet in ‘Timon of Athens,’ Pistol, Richmond in ‘Charles I,’ Silvius in ‘As you like it,’ Ventoso in Dryden's ‘Tempest,’ and Sir Andrew Aguecheek. The original parts assigned him are insignificant. They consist of French Cook in ‘Sir John Cockle at Court,’ Dodsley's sequel to the ‘King and the Miller of Mansfield,’ 23 Feb. 1738; Poet in Miller's ‘Hospital for Fools,’ 15 Nov. 1739; Dapperwit in Edward Phillips's ‘Britons, Strike Home,’ 31 Dec.; Beau in Garrick's


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78 whom Quetzalcoatl was the divine culture-hero. His statues, if we may believe Acosta, did him little credit. "In Cholula, which is a commonwealth of Mexico, they worship a famous idoll, which was the god of merchandise. . . . It had the forme of a man, but the visage of a little bird with a red bill, and above a combe full of wartes."

A ready way of getting a view of the Mexican Pantheon is to study Sahagun's two books on the feasts of the gods, with their ritual. It will become manifest that the worship was a worship, on the whole, of departmental gods of the elements, of harvest, of various human activities, such as love and commerce, and war and agriculture. The nature of the worship, again, was highly practical. The ceremonies, when not mere offerings of human flesh, were commonly representations on earth of desirable things which the gods were expected to produce in the heavenly sphere. The common type of all such magical ceremonies, whereby like is expected to produce like, has been discussed in the remarks on magic (chapter iv.) The black smoke of sacrifice generates clouds; the pouring forth of water from a pitcher (as in the Attic Thesmophoria) induces the gods to pour forth rain. Thus in Mexico the rain-god (Tlaloc, god of waters) was propitiated with sacrifices of children. "If the children wept and shed abundant tears, they who carried them rejoiced, being convinced that rain would also be abundant." The god of the


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 ‘Lethe,’ 15 April 1740; and Neverout in ‘Polite Conversation,’ taken from Swift, 23 April. On 29 Dec. 1741 he appeared at Covent Garden as Coachman in the ‘Drummer.’ At Drury Lane he remained till 1747, playing the lead in comedy, and adding to his repertory some fifty characters. Among these were Osric, Campley in ‘Funeral,’ Bullock in ‘Recruiting Officer,’ Brisk in ‘Double Dealer,’ Jerry Blackacre in ‘Plain Dealer,’ Lucio in ‘Measure for Measure,’ Lord Sands, Pistol, Ben in ‘Love for Love,’ Parolles, Sir Courtly Nice, Guiderius in ‘Cymbeline,’ the Lying Valet, Antonio in ‘Don Sebastian,’ and Colonel Feignwell. Two original parts were assigned him—Flash in Garrick's ‘Miss in her Teens,’ 17 Jan. 1747; and Jack Meggot in Hoadley's ‘Suspicious Husband,’ 12 Feb. of the same year.

Engaged by Sheridan for Smock Alley Theatre, Dublin, Woodward made his first appearance there on 28 Sept. 1747 as Marplot in the ‘Busybody,’ and played also Brass in the ‘Confederacy,’ Trappanti in ‘She would and she would not,’ and other parts. As Marplot he came out again on 10 Sept. 1748 at Drury Lane, ‘first appearance for seven years.’ He repeated some of his Dublin successes, and was seen during the season as Tom in ‘Conscious Lovers,’ Justice Greedy in ‘A New Way to pay Old Debts,’ Ramble in ‘London Cuckolds,’ Gregory in ‘Mock Doctor,’ Captain Brazen, Scrub, Mercutio, Harlequin in ‘Emperor of the Moon,’ Fine Gentleman in ‘Lethe,’ Faddle in ‘Foundling,’ and Ramilie in the ‘Miser,’ and gave on 18 March 1749 his own unprinted interlude, ‘Tit for Tat,’ in which he made sport of Foote, who had taken him off in his ‘Diversions of the Morning.’ In November 1752 the actor had to make an affidavit that he had not insulted one Fitzpatrick (the same probably who in 1763 caused a riot in the theatre).

During this same year (1752) Woodward was subjected to an attack at the hands of the mountebank ‘Sir’ John Hill [q. v.], who inserted in his ‘Inspector’ a letter ‘to Woodward, comedian, the meanest of all characters.’ This elicited a pamphlet, ‘A Letter from Henry Woodward, Comedian, the meanest of all Characters [see Inspector, No. 524], to Dr. John Hill, Inspector-General of Great Britain, the greatest of all Characters (see all the Inspectors)’ [London], 1752 (2nd edit.), 8vo. This was followed by ‘A Letter to Mr. Woodward, on his Triumph over the Inspector. By Sampson Edwards, the Merry Cobler of the Haymarket,’ London, n.d. [1752], 8vo; ‘A Letter to Henry Woodward, Comedian, occasioned by his Letter to the Inspector. By Simon Partridge, the Facetious Cobler of Pall Mall,’ &c., London, n.d. [1752], 8vo, and finally ‘An Answer to Woodward, by the Earl of …,’ London, 1753, 8vo, a mock defence of Hill.

Between 1751 and 1756 Woodward had produced and doubtless acted in several unprinted pantomimes of his own—‘Harlequin Ranger,’ season of 1751–2; ‘The Genii,’ produced in 1752, and often revived; ‘Queen Mab,’ 1752; ‘Fortunatus,’ 1753, frequently revived, ‘Proteus, or Harlequin in China,’ 1755; and ‘Mercury Harlequin,’ 1756. These all displayed gifts of construction and invention, and were highly popular. Some of them had previously been seen in Dublin. ‘Marplot in Lisbon’ (1760, 12mo) was acted at Drury Lane on 20 March 1754. It is only a compression, with some slight alterations by Woodward, of Mrs. Centlivre's ‘Marplot,’ a continuation of the ‘Busybody,’ and was seen again in Dublin and at Covent Garden.

At Drury Lane he remained until 1758, being seen as the Little French Lawyer, Sir Harry Wildair, Trappolin in ‘Duke and no Duke,’ Quicksilver in ‘Eastward Hoe,’ Bobadil, Stephano in the ‘Tempest,’ Celadon in the ‘Comical Lovers,’ Face, Sir John Daw, Sir Fopling Flutter, Launcelot Gobbo, Polonius, Subtle in ‘Alchemist,’ Clown in ‘Winter's Tale,’ Copper Captain, Lissardo in the ‘Wonder,’ Falstaff in the ‘Second Part of King Henry IV,’ and other characters. Chief among his original parts were Witling in Mrs. Clive's ‘Rehearsal, or Bays in Petticoats,’ 15 March 1750; Don Lewis in Moore's ‘Gil Blas,’ 2 Feb. 1751; a part in his own unprinted ‘Lick at the Town,’ 16 March; Petruchio in Garrick's ‘Catharine and Petruchio,’ 18 March 1754; Dick in Murphy's ‘Apprentice,’ 2 Jan. 1756; Block in Smollett's ‘Reprisal,’ 22 Jan. 1757; Daffodil in the ‘Modern Fine Gentleman,’ 24 March; Nephew in the ‘Gamesters,’ altered from Shirley by Garrick, 22 Dec.; and Razor in Murphy's ‘Upholsterer,’ 30 March 1758.

At the end of the season of 1757–8 Woodward finally severed his connection with Drury Lane. His last engagement had been prodigal of interest and incident. He was Garrick's right-hand man, and divided with him the empire over comedy. His Mercutio, when Garrick and Barry in ‘Romeo and Juliet’ divided the town, had been an unsurpassable triumph. Murphy said, concerning the performance, that ‘no actor ever reached the vivacity of Woodward.’ His performance of Bobadil was pronounced ‘


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 ’ by Tate Wilkinson. No less conspicuous triumph had attended his Parolles.

Woodward's inducement to leave Drury Lane had been a tempting but, as it proved, delusive, offer from Spranger Barry [q. v.] Barry had counted on the support of Macklin in opening a new theatre in Dublin. Macklin proving recalcitrant, he turned to Woodward, who had saved 6,000l., and Woodward, after some hesitation, entered on the scheme at the persuasion of Barry, whom Rich declared capable of ‘wheedling a bird from the tree and squeezing it to death in his hand.’ On 22 Oct. 1758 Crow Street Theatre, built by subscription, was opened under the new management, Woodward speaking a prologue but not acting. On 28 Jan. 1760 Foote's ‘Minor’ was produced. Woodward, as the original Mrs. Cole, acted with so much coarseness as to damn a piece that afterwards made a success in London. The only other parts he played in Dublin in which he had not been seen in London were Young Philpot in the ‘Citizen,’ Squire Groom in ‘Love à-la-Mode,’ and Humphrey Gubbin in the ‘Tender Husband.’ But the Dublin management was not a success, and by 1762 Woodward had lost half his savings. In this year the joint-managers, who in 1761 had opened a new theatre in Cork, quarrelled, recriminated, and dissolved partnership, Woodward returning to London (for some incidents of the estrangement of Woodward and Barry see, Zanga's Triumph, or Harlequin and Othello at War, 1762, 8vo).

On reappearing in London at Covent Garden in ‘Marplot,’ on 5 Oct. 1763, Woodward, who had spoken in Dublin many prologues of his own writing, delivered one entitled ‘The Prodigal's Return;’ this occasioned a vexatious charge of ‘ingratitude’ when in 1764 he revisited Dublin. At Covent Garden he played some of the parts in which he had been seen in Ireland, and was the first Careless in Murphy's ‘No One's Enemy but his Own,’ 9 Jan. 1764; a part, probably Lord Lavender, in Townley's ‘False Concord,’ 20 March, Young Brumpton in the ‘School for Guardians,’ 10 Jan. 1767; Careless in Colman's ‘Oxonian in Town,’ 7 Nov.; Lofty in Goldsmith's ‘Good-natured Man,’ 29 Jan. 1768; Marcourt in Colman's ‘Man and Wife,’ 7 Oct. 1769; and Captain Ironsides in Cumberland's ‘Brothers,’ 2 Dec. He had also been seen as Justice Shallow, the Humorous Lieutenant, Sir John Brute, Lord Ogleby, and Sir Brilliant Fashion, and had produced in 1766 his own ‘Harlequin Doctor Faustus.’ On 19 Nov. 1770, as Marplot in the ‘Busybody,’ he made under Foote his first appearance in Edinburgh, playing a round of characters. On his homeward journey he acted under Tate Wilkinson in York. Still under Foote, he was on 26 June 1771 at the Haymarket the first Sir Christopher Cripple in the ‘Maid of Bath.’ Back at Covent Garden, which he did not further quit, he was the first Tardy in ‘An Hour before Marriage,’ 25 Jan. 1772; General Gauntlet in the ‘Duellist,’ 20 Oct. 1773; Tropick in Colman's ‘Man of Business,’ 31 Jan. 1774; Captain Absolute in the ‘Rivals,’ 17 Jan. 1775; Sir James Clifford in Kelly's ‘Man of Reason,’ 9 Feb. 1776; and FitzFrolick in Murphy's ‘News from Parnassus,’ 23 Sept. He had also been seen as Ranger, Jodelet in his alteration of the ‘Man's the Master’ (1775, 8vo) on 3 Nov. 1773, and Lord Foppington in the ‘Man of Quality.’ His ‘Harlequin's Jubilee’ was given at Covent Garden in 1770. His ‘Seasons,’ founded on the ‘Spectator,’ is included in Mrs. Bellamy's ‘Apology’ for her life. Woodward's last appearance was on 13 Jan. 1777, when he played Stephano in the ‘Tempest.’ On 18 March he was too ill to act for his benefit. On 17 April he died at his house, Chapel Street, Grosvenor Place, and was buried in the vaults of St. George's, Hanover Square. Mrs. Woodward predeceased her husband, and Woodward spent the last ten years of his life with George Anne Bellamy [q. v.] To her he left the bulk of his estate, which, however, she never succeeded in obtaining.

Woodward has had few equals in comedy. His figure was admirably formed and his expression so composed that he seemed qualified rather for tragedy or fine gentlemen than the brisk fops and pert coxcombs he ordinarily played. He was unable, however, to speak a serious line with effect, but so soon as he had to charge his face with levity, and to display simulated consequence, brisk impertinence, or affected gaiety, he was the most engaging, consequential, and laughable of actors. Churchill, in ‘The Rosciad,’ tried to depreciate him as ‘a speaking harlequin, made up of whim,’ but the stroke was ineffective. He was quite unequalled as Bobadil, a part, says Dr. Doran, that died with him. His Mercutio has never in report been surpassed. In Marplot he ‘was everything the author or spectator could wish.’ Sir Joseph Wittol, Brisk, Tattle, Parolles, Osric, and Lucio were parts in which he was unequalled, and his Touchstone and Sir Andrew Aguecheek were much approved. In Trappolin, Captain Flash, Clodio, Sosia Duretête, Lissardo, Captain Mizen, Brass, and Scrub, his deportment was too studied. Sometimes indeed he over-acted. It was


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 said in his behalf that while in greatest favour with the town he was content to play, in the ‘Rehearsal,’ a soldier bringing in a message. He received the highest terms of any comic actor of the day. His claims to rank as a dramatist, except as regards his pantomimes, are trivial, his work containing next to nothing original.

A portrait of Woodward, by Worlidge, as Brass in the ‘Confederacy;’ a second, by Vandergucht, as Petruchio, engraved by J. R. Smith, and reproduced in the illustrations to Chaloner Smith's ‘Catalogue;’ and a sketch of him as Razor in the ‘Upholsterer,’ by De Wilde after Zoffany, are in the Garrick Club. One, by F. Hayman, as the Fine Gentleman in ‘Lethe,’ was engraved by McArdell; and one by Sir Joshua Reynolds, in what character is not said, engraved by James Watson. A portrait as Petruchio, after Vandergucht, and one as the Fine Gentleman, are among the engraved portraits in the National Art Library. A writer in ‘Notes and Queries’ refers to ‘Illustrations by Woodward of the Seven Ages of Parsons’—‘Curate,’ ‘Priest,’ ‘Pedagogue,’ ‘Vicar,’ ‘Rector,’ ‘Incumbent,’ and ‘Welsh Parson’ (9th ser. ii. 309).

[Genest's Account of the English Stage; Hitchcock's Irish Stage; Chetwood's History of the Stage; Biographia Dramatica; Tate Wilkinson's Memoirs and Wandering Patentee; An Apology for the Life of George Anne Bellamy, 1785; Manager's Note Book; Clark Russell's Representative Actors; Doran's Annals of the Stage, ed. Lowe; Davies's Life of Garrick, and Dramatic Miscellanies; Thespian Dictionary; Churchill's Rosciad; Fitzgerald's Life of Garrick; Dibdin's History of the Stage; Boaden's Life of Siddons; O'Keeffe's Recollections; Dibdin's Edinburgh Stage; Georgian Era; Lowe's Bibliography of the Stage; Victor's Works; Victor and Oulton's History of the Stage; Dramatic Censor, 1770.]  WOODWARD, HEZEKIAH or EZEKIAS (1590–1675), nonconformist divine, was possibly the son of Ezekias Woodward of Warwickshire, who matriculated from University College, Oxford, on 25 Oct. 1583. Ezekias the younger, who was of Worcestershire, attended a grammar school in his native county, matriculated from Balliol College, Oxford, on 16 June 1610, and graduated B.A. on 15 Feb. 1612. He gives a pathetic picture of his early years in the preface to ‘Of the Child's Portion’ and the uselessness of his education. This and an impediment in his speech made him despair of finding a career other than ‘to digge or to begge;’ he determined to labour with his own hands, and for that purpose twice went to a ‘strange land.’ From a passage in his dedication of ‘Light to Grammar’ it would appear that he visited the court of the elector palatine at Heidelberg. He returned about 1619 and opened a school at Aldermanbury. His educational methods displayed much originality and insight. With Thomas Herne [q. v.] and Hartlib he endeavoured to introduce into English schools the system of John Amos Comenius, the great Moravian bishop and educationist, viz. the teaching of the mother tongue before Latin, instruction in the facts of nature, and the ‘enfranchising of the understanding by the senses’ in every way. Charles Hoole [q. v.] in his translation (1658) of Comenius's ‘Orbis Pictus’ refers to Woodward as an eminent schoolmaster, and his educational writings are evidently the result of long experience.

Woodward was, according to Wood, ‘always puritanically affected,’ and in 1641 he began to employ himself in controversial writing and preaching on the presbyterian side. He probably preached in St. Mary's, Aldermanbury, of which Edmund Calamy the elder [q. v.] had then the cure. He seems, however, to have been soon drawn into some sympathy with the independents. In 1644 he published ‘Inquiries into the Causes of our Miseries’ anonymously, and without a license. Only two of three completed sections were issued; the second was seized while in the press. Three further sections were designed but were not written. Later in the year the warden of the Stationers' Company complained in the House of Lords ‘of the frequent printing of scandalous books by divers, as Hezekiah Woodward and John Milton.’ Woodward was committed to the custody of the gentleman-usher, and, after submitting to an examination by two judges, was released on giving his bond to appear when summoned. Woodward was a great admirer of John Goodwin [q. v.], and a sympathiser with the ‘Apologetical Narration,’ but quite unable to make up his mind as to the points at issue between presbyterians and independents. He firmly believed in a final agreement: ‘so that I have not understanding enough,’ he confesses, ‘to tell my selfe what way I am, unlesse for both, as they may both lead each to other, and meete in one.’ Later on, according to Wood, ‘when he saw the independents and other factious people to be dominant, he became one of them, and not unknown to Oliver,’ whose chaplain, ‘or at least favourite,’ he became. About 1649 he was presented by Cromwell to the vicarage of Bray, near Maidenhead. Here he remained some years,


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 preaching and writing vigorously. He collected around him a select band of followers, with whom he frequently held meetings for prayer in the vicarage-house. He allowed his house to fall into ruin, and diminished the income of the living by refusing to accept legal tithes, urging that ministers ought to depend solely on voluntary support. In 1660 he left Bray to escape ejection, and retired to Uxbridge, where he continued to preach to his adherents until his death on 29 March 1675. He was buried in Eton Chapel yard near to the grave of his wife Frances, who died on 30 Aug. 1681. His daughter Frances became the second wife of [q. v.]

Woodward was the ‘Friend’ who wrote a lengthy ‘Judgment upon Mr. Edwards his Booke, he calleth an Anti-Apologie,’ in response to Samuel Hartlib's ‘Short Letter,’ which was printed in 1644. The ‘Judgement’ is, according to Masson, a ‘real though somewhat hazy and perplexed reasoning for toleration.’ Of forms of prayer he disapproved, and strongly objected to children being taught the Lord's prayer. His ardour for the observance of the Lord's day, and his horror of ‘the cursed liberty for sports,’ probably prompted Hearne to describe him as ‘that most abominable and prophane Fanatick, Hezekiah Woodward.’

Besides the ‘Inquiries’ already mentioned, Woodward's publications include:
 * 1) ‘A Child's Patrimony,’ London, 1640.
 * 2) ‘Of the Child's Portion’ (continuation of the above), London, 1640, 1649. The long preface to this second part was published separately in 1640 under the title of ‘Vestibulum, or a Manuduction towards a Faire Edifice.’
 * 3) ‘A Light to Grammar and all other Arts and Sciences,’ London, 1641.
 * 4) ‘A Gate to Science, opened by a Naturall Key,’ London, 1641.
 * 5) ‘The Compendious History of Foolish, Wicked, Wise and Good Kings,’ London, 1641, 1716. In 1643 the work appeared under the title of ‘The King's Chronicle,’ in two parts, part i. dealing with the wicked, and part ii. with the good kings.
 * 6) ‘The Church's Thank-Offering to God, her King, and the Parliament, for Rich and Ancient Mercies,’ London, 1642 (anon.).
 * 7) ‘Three Kingdoms made One by ent'ring Covenant with one God,’ London, 1643.
 * 8) ‘The Solemn League and Covenant of Three Kingdoms cleared to the Conscience of Every Man,’ London, 1643.
 * 9) ‘The Cause, Use, and Cure of Feare,’ London, 1643.
 * 10) ‘As You Were,’ London, 1644 (anon.).
 * 11) ‘A Good Souldier maintaining his Militia,’ London, 1644.
 * 12) ‘A Dialogue arguing that Archbishops, Bishops, Curates, Neuters, are to be cut off by the Law of God,’ London, 1644; the book was reissued in the same year under the title of ‘The Sentence from Scripture and Reason against Archbishops, Bishops with their Curates.’
 * 13) ‘Soft Answers unto Hard Censures,’ London, 1645, in which the treatment received by the ‘Inquiries’ and by the ‘Judgement on the Anti-Apologie’ is described.
 * 14) ‘The Lord's Day the Saints' Day, Christmas an Idol-Day,’ London, 1648.
 * 15) ‘A Just Account upon the Account of Truth and Peace,’ London, 1656; directed chiefly against the practice of free admission to the Lord's Supper, and the vindication of the practice by  [q. v.], London, 1656.
 * 16) ‘An Appeal to the Churches of Christ for their Righteous Judgment in the Matters of Christ,’ London, 1656. The seven points or sections were published separately in the same year.
 * 17) ‘A Conference of some Christians in Churchfellowship, about the Way of Christ with His People,’ London, 1656.
 * 18) ‘A Church-Covenant Lawfull and Needfull,’ London, 1656.
 * 19) ‘An Inoffensive Answer to remove Offences,’ London, 1657.

WOODWARD, JOHN (1665–1728), geologist and physician, whose father is said to have sprung from the Woodwards of Deane in Gloucestershire, his mother being descended from the family of Burdett, was born in Derbyshire on 1 May 1665 (cf. Visitation of Gloucestershire, Harl. Soc. pp. 185–6). On leaving school at sixteen he is believed to have been apprenticed to a linendraper in London. About 1684 he came under the notice of Dr. [q. v.], physician to Charles II, who received him into his house and took him under his tuition in his own family. On 13 Jan. 1692 he was elected professor of physic in Gresham College, and F.R.S. on 30 Nov. 1693. On 4 Feb. 1695 he was created M.D. by Archbishop [q. v.], and on 28 June of that year he received the same degree from the university of Cambridge, being at the same time admitted a member of Pembroke Hall (Graduati Cantabr. 1659–1823, p. 528). He was admitted a candidate of the College of Physicians on 25 June


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 Garrison Orders.

A garrison court martial will sit to-morrow morning-, at eleven o'clock, for the trial of such prisoners as may l)e brought before it.

1st Lieut. Sladden, President; 1st Lieut. Johnson, 2nd Lieut. Lord, Members.

The prisoners to be acquainted, and the evidences warned to attend.

The detail of duty and inspection of arms and necessaries.

Sullivan Bay, 31st Oct. 1803.

General Orders.

Parole—Watson.C. Sign—Brooks.

Garrison Orders.

The sentence of the court martial held this day to be put in execution to-morrow morning at seven o'clock.

Detail for duty.

Sullivan Bay, 1st Nov. 1803.

General Orders.

Parole—Receipt.C. Sign—Issue.

Garrison Orders.

The Commanding Officer is obliged to direct that in future the allowance of spirits shall be mixed with three waters, and issued twice a day to the detachment. The officer of the day will taste it when mixed. The quartermaster will continue to receive the allowance daily from the Commissar}-, but he will take it into his charge, and see that it is mixed agreeable to the above order at the marine store tent. One sergeant and ten privates will be landed this afternoon from His Majesty's ship Calcutta for the duty of this garrison. The quarter master will give them directions which tents they are to occupy.

Detail for duty.

Sullivan Bay, 2nd Nov. 1803.

General Orders.

Parole—Chatham.C. Sign—Pitt.

The Lt.-Governor directs that in future there shall not be suffered any lights in that part of the encampment occupied by the convicts after nine o'clock at night. He likewise directs the superintendents, overseers, and others, in whom a trust is placed, to use their utmost endeavors to detect the practice of gambling, which, he understands, exists among the convicts, a crime, so big in itself with their certain ruin, it is his duty to prevent by every means in his power; and if his positively forbidding them to gamble is not sufficient, he will most certainly punish every man that has been guilty of it in opposition to his order.


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Page:Narrative of an Official Visit to Guatemala.djvu/84

64 rays.—Dishes in succession were placed on different parts of the long massy table which occupied the greater part of the hall;—to every one in their turn was brought a dish of frixoles, and as there was no want of attention on the part of the host's servants to the demands of the guests, I naturally concluded that the numerous parties which were thus accommodated would pay for their respective entertainment. Some guitars now struck up before the door; and about a dozen couple began to waltz. I felt a little inclined to join them, but could not screw my courage to the sticking point: I had hardly got the better of my ducking. I found that, with regard to propriety, I should not have been wrong if I had done so, for the party was highly respectable, and consisted of young persons of the best families of the provincial town of Sonsonate. Most of them were about to keep up the festivities for two or three days longer at Acajutla; but as three of the English merchants were about to return that evening, and