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 in ''Mon. Hist. Brit''. p. 539 B). Alcuin (chap. vii.) makes Willibrord go to Rome only once, but in this he is probably wrong. He also says his consecration took place in St. Peter's (ib.), but this also seems to be a slip. Bede, who places Willibrord's second journey to Rome in 696, probably postdates it by a year (cf. Monumenta Alcuiniana, p. 46 n.) Remaining in Rome only fourteen days, Willibrord on his return received from Pippin a seat for his cathedral at Wiltaburg, a small village a mile from Utrecht. Later, in 722, Charles Martel, confirming his father Pippin's action, made a formal grant to Willibrord of Utrecht and lands round the monastery (, iv. 699;, ''Pat. Lat''. lxxxix. 551, 552). In Utrecht Willibrord built a church of St. Saviour's (cf. Boniface to Pope Stephen III, Ep. 90, apud, lxxxix. 787–9; ''Mon. Mog''. pp. 259, 260). He built many churches and some monasteries throughout his widespread diocese (, ''Hist. Eccl''. vol. v. chap. xi.;, ''Vit. Will''. chap. xi.) Of the latter the most famous foundation was that of Echternach on the Sauer in Luxemburg, near Trier, which he and the abbess Irmina founded. It was richly endowed by Pippin and his queen Plectrudis in 706, and later by Charles Martel in 717 (ib. chap. xxii;, ''Pat. Lat''. lxxxix. 539–50). He consecrated several bishops for Frisia. When St. Wilfrid [q. v.] made his second journey to Rome with Acca [q. v.] as his companion, they visited Willibrord, and Wilfrid was able to see the completion by Willibrord of the work of which he himself had partly laid the foundations (ib. iii. 13, v. 19; in Historians of Church of York, p. 37). In 716, during the war between Rathbod and the Franks, Christianity in Frisia endured a time of persecution. St. Boniface in that year went to Frisia, hoping to help Willibrord and to win Rathbod's consent to his preaching. But the latter was refused. On 15 May 719 Boniface was appointed Willibrord's coadjutor, his special work being to convert those of the German tribes who were still pagan. On Rathbod's death Willibrord was joined by Boniface, and they worked together in Frisia for three years; but when Willibrord urged that at his death Boniface should succeed to his archbishopric and charge, Boniface's humility refused such honour, and he went on into Hesse (, lxxxix. 615, 616;, Ep. 90, in, lxxxix. 787, 788).

Willibrord baptised Pippin the Short, grandson of Pippin of Herstal who had first welcomed him, and he foretold that he should overthrow the shadow of Merovingian rule and become king of the Franks (, vol. i. chap. xxiii.) In extreme old age he retired to the monastery of Echternach, where he died and was buried, aged 81, in 738 or 739. Boniface's statement of his having preached for ‘fifty years’ (, Pat. Lat. lxxxix. 535) is approximate only. Alcuin (chap. xxiv.) gives 6 Nov. as the day of his death, but Theofrid gives 7 Nov., and the latter is the day kept in his honour in the Roman calendar. His remains were translated in 1031 to a new and more sumptuous church built at Echternach in his honour (, Vit. Will. chaps. xxiv. xxv.;, xv. 1307, xxiii. 27, 34). The fame of miracles wrought at his tomb and by his relics became general (, Vit. Will. chap. xxvi.;, xv. 967, 970, 971, 1271, &c.) Willibrord's work suffered a reaction less than fifty years after his death, when Widikind overthrew Christianity in Frisia (, ii. 410). The cause of Willibrord's success proved also the cause of his failure; his mission had depended largely for its support upon the help of the ruler of the state; once that support was withdrawn or overwhelmed, the work of the mission was not sufficiently independent to endure in its entirety. Willibrord had been not so much a missionary as the right hand of Pippin and of Charles Martel in their efforts to civilise the lower German tribes. Though indefatigable in the work of his diocese, the establishment of his bishopric at Utrecht, on the borders of the empire, and especially his frequent retirement to Echternach in the very heart of the Frankish region, emphasise this fact. It was in the wake of Frankish armies that his main work in Frisia was done.

According to a will printed in Migne's ‘Patrologia Latina’ (lxxxix. 554–6), wherein is contained a long and detailed account of all Willibrord's possessions, mainly gifts from Peppin and Plectrudis and Charles Martel, Willibrord left all he possessed to the abbey of Echternach, where he wished his body to rest. The famous ‘dancing procession,’ still held at Echternach on Whit-Tuesday, for which pilgrims assemble, from Belgium, Germany, and France, sometimes to the number of ten thousand, is said to owe its origin to a pilgrimage made in the eighth century to the relics of Willibrord.

[The chief authority for Willibrord's life is Bede's Historia Ecclesiastica, bk. iii. chap. xiii. bk. v. chaps. x. xi. xix. The earliest life was written by an Irish monk, ‘rustico stilo,’ but his name and work have perished. The latter, however, was the basis of the two lives of Willibrord by Alcuin, one in prose for use in the church of Echternach, the other in verse for the teaching


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  of the pupils in the monastic school. Both are printed in Monumenta Alcuiniana, pp. 39–79 (vol. vi. of Jaffé's Bibl. Rer. Germ.). Alcuin wrote at the request of Beornrad, archbishop of Sens and abbot of Echternach from 777 to 797. Next Beornrad himself, at the request of Charles the Great, collected the traditions concerning Willibrord which still existed in the monastery of Echternach, and so laid the foundation of the ‘Golden Book.’ Early in the twelfth century two new lives were written by Theofrid (d. 1110), abbot of Echternach, one in prose and one in verse, together with sermons for St. Willibrord's day. Extracts from Theofrid's lives are in Monumenta Epternacensia Germ., in Pertz's Mon. Scriptores, tom. xxiii. 23–30, and the details given above are from Weiland's Introduction, pp. xi, xix. Next the abbot Theodoric, who wrote the Chronicon Epternacense, a chronicle ending in 1192, wrote much of him. Migne's Pat. Lat. vol. lxxxix. contains Diplomata ad S. Willibrordum vel ab eo collata, which give further details, as does Pertz's Mon. Scriptores tom. ii. xv. xxiii. Other lives and discussions of Willibrord, his work, relics, and commemoration, are Dederich's Das Leben des heiligen Willibrordus nach Alcuin, in his Beiträge zur römisch-deutschen Geschichte am Niederrhein (1850); Engling's Apostolat des heiligen Willibrord im Lande der Luxemburger (1863); Krier's Die Springprozession in Echternach (1870); Le Mire's Cort Verhael van het Leven van den H. Willibrordus (1613); Muellendorff's Leben des heiligen Clemens Willibrord, &c. See also Batavia Sacra; Bosschaerf, De primis veteris Frisiæ Apostolis. The most modern authority is Thijm's Geschiedenis des Kerk in de Nederlande I. H. Willibrordus (1861), of which an enlarged German translation was published in 1863. Plummer's edition of Bede gives valuable notes. Popular books of devotion are still published, such as Lebensgeschichte des heiligen Clemens Willibrord, ein Andachtsbüchlein, &c. Trier, 1854.]

WILLIS. [See also .]

WILLIS, BROWNE (1682–1760), antiquary, born at Blandford St. Mary on 14 Sept. 1682, was grandson of Thomas Willis (1621–1675) [q. v.], and eldest son of Thomas Willis (1658–1699) of Bletchley, Buckinghamshire, who married, at Westminster Abbey on 26 May 1681, Alice (b. 2 June 1663), eldest daughter of Robert Browne of Frampton and Blandford in Dorset. Thomas Willis died on 11 Nov. 1699, aged 41; his wife died of grief on 9 Jan. 1699–1700. Both were buried in the chancel of Bletchley church, and out of regard for their memory their son spent on the church the sum of 800l. between 1704 and 1707.

Browne Willis was educated at first by the Rev. Abraham Freestone, master of the endowed school at Beachampton, Buckinghamshire. Then he was sent to Westminster school, which he left on his mother's death, and his intense love of antiquities was implanted in him by his schoolboy rambles in Westminster Abbey. He was admitted gentleman-commoner of Christ Church, Oxford, matriculating on 23 March 1699–1700, and in 1700 he became a student of the Inner Temple. At Oxford his tutor was Edward Wells [q. v.], and on leaving the university he lived for three years under the training of Dr. William Wotton [q. v.] at Middleton Keynes, a few miles from Bletchley. Several years later Willis published anonymously a tract of ‘Reflecting Sermons Consider'd, on discourses in Bletchley Church by Dr. E. Wells, rector, and Dr. E. Wells, curate.’

Willis possessed large means, owning Whaddon Hall, the adjoining manor and advowson of Bletchley, and the manor of Burlton in Burghill, Herefordshire. At Burlton he frequently met John Philips the poet, who alludes to him in his poem on ‘Cider’ (, Herefordshire, ‘Grimsworth Hundred,’ p. 55). From December 1705 to 1708 he sat in parliament for the borough of Buckingham, a town for which he had a peculiar affection; he was returned by the casting vote of a man brought from prison. After that date he was immersed in the study of antiquities. His property was augmented in 1707 by his marriage to Katharine, only child and heiress of Daniel Eliot of Port Eliot (bur. St. Germans, Cornwall, on 28 Oct. 1702). She brought him a fortune of 8,000l.

Willis's industry and retentive memory were subjects of general praise. He had visited every cathedral except Carlisle in England and Wales, and was one of the first antiquaries to base his works on the facts contained in records and registers, but he was very inaccurate in detail. He was a great oddity and knew nothing of mankind. Through his charitable gifts, his portions to his married children, and the expenditure of 5,000l. on the building of Water Hall at Bletchley, he ‘ruined his fine estate,’ and was obliged towards the end of his days to dress meanly and to live in squalor, becoming very dirty and penurious so that he was often taken for a beggar. He took an active part in 1717 in reviving the Society of Antiquaries, and was formally elected F.S.A. in April 1718. By diploma from the university of Oxford he was created M.A. 23 Aug. 1720, and D.C.L. on 10 April 1749. He was a member of the Spalding Society.

After an illness of some months Willis

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 died at Whaddon Hall on 5 Feb. 1760, and was buried beneath the altar in Fenny Stratford chapel on 11 Feb., where there is an inscription to his memory. His wife died at Whaddon Hall on 2 Oct. 1724, aged 34, and was buried under a raised table-tomb at Bletchley. Of their ten children, eight were alive in 1724, but only the twin-daughters Gertrude and Catherine survived in 1760, and they both died in 1772. His grandson took the name of Fleming and lived at Stoneham. Willis appointed his eldest grandson and heir the sole executor, and left him all his books and pictures, except Rymer's ‘Fœdera,’ which he gave to Trinity College, Oxford, and the choice of one book to the Rev. Francis Wise [q. v.] His manuscripts were to go within three months to the Bodleian Library. They consisted of fifty-nine folio, forty-eight quarto, and five octavo volumes, of much value for ecclesiastical topography and biography, the history of Buckinghamshire and that of the four Welsh cathedrals. He left to Oxford University his ‘numerous silver, brass, copper, and pewter coins, also his gold coins, if purchased at the rate of 4l. per ounce,’ which was at once done. In 1720 he gave to that library ten valuable manuscripts and his grandfather's portrait, and between 1739 and 1750 he had given other coins. Many of his letters are among the Ballard and Rawlinson manuscripts (, Bodleian Libr. pp. 221, 259–60, 483–4;, Western MSS. iii. 578, 602). Large collections of letters and papers by or relating to him are in the British Museum, especially among the Cole manuscripts. Willis's benefactions included the revival in 1702 of the market at Fenny Stratford, a hamlet contiguous to Bletchley, and the raising, in concurrence with his cousin Dr. Martin Benson (afterwards bishop of Gloucester), of money for building there between 1724 and 1730 the chapel of St. Martin. It was a memorial of his grandfather, whose portrait was placed over the entrance, and, as he died on St. Martin's day 1675, Willis left a benefaction for a sermon in the chapel every year on that day. He contributed materially towards the rebuilding of part of Stony Stratford church in 1746; in 1752 he gave 200l. for the repairs of Buckingham church, and in 1756 he restored Bow Brickhill church, which had been disused for nearly 150 years. The chancel of the church at Little Brickhill was repaired through his liberality, and he erected at the cathedral at Christ Church, Oxford, a monument for Canon Iles, who had helped his grandfather at the university. The celebration at Fenny Stratford of St. Martin's day, regularly maintained by Willis during his life, is still observed by its inhabitants.

The foibles and appearance of Willis were satirised in lines written by Dr. Darrell of Lillingston-Darrell. They were printed in the ‘Oxford Sausage’ and, with Cole's notes ‘when out of humour with him,’ in ‘Notes and Queries’ (2nd ser. vi. 428–9). A sarcastic description of his house is in Nichols's ‘Illustrations of Literature’ (i. 682–4). Hearne wrote ‘An Account of my Journey to Whaddon Hall, 1716,’ which is printed in ‘Letters from the Bodleian Library’ (ii. 175–83).

Willis's portrait was etched in 1781 at Cole's request from a drawing made by Rev. Michael Tyson of the original painting by Dahl. It is reproduced in Nichols's ‘Literary Anecdotes’ (viii. 219) and Hutchins's ‘Dorset’ (2nd ed. iv. 335). Portraits of his father, mother, and other members of the family were at Bletchley.

Among the literary works of Willis are included surveys of the four Welsh cathedrals, viz. St. David's (1717), Llandaff (1719), St. Asaph (1720), and Bangor (1721); but the description of St. David's is signed ‘M. N.,’ and was drawn up by Dr. William Wotton (the initials being the concluding letters of his names), and that of Llandaff, which was also compiled by Wotton, has his name in full. Willis published in 1727 two volumes of ‘A Survey of the Cathedrals of York, Durham, Carlisle, Chester, Man, Lichfield, Hereford, Worcester, Gloucester and Bristol,’ and he issued in 1730 a third volume on ‘Lincoln, Ely, Oxford, and Peterborough.’ Thomas Osborne, the bookseller, purchased the unsold copies of this impression and advertised his issue in 1742 as a new edition containing histories of all the cathedrals, whereupon Willis denounced the proceeding in the ‘London Evening Post,’ 5–8 March 1743. The volumes of the 1742 issue at the British Museum have copious notes by William Cole [q. v.], and transcripts of Willis's additions in his own copy. One impression at the British Museum of the volume on Llandaff Cathedral has many notes by Gough, and an edition of the survey of St. Asaph, enlarged and brought down to date, was published in 1801. The account of the ‘Cathedral of Man’ is reproduced in Harrison's ‘Old Historians’ of that isle (Manx Soc. xviii. 126–51), the survey of Lincoln Cathedral formed the basis of a volume on ‘The Antiquities in Lincoln Cathedral’ (1771), and a ‘History of Gothic and Saxon Architecture in England’ (1798) was compiled from his works and those of James Bentham [q. v.]


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 Willis also wrote: 1. ‘Notitia Parliamentaria; or an History of the Counties, Cities, and Boroughs in England and Wales,’ 1715, 3 vols., 1716, 1750; 2nd ed. with additions, 1730, 1716, 1750 (but the last two volumes are of the original edition). A single sheet of this work on the borough of Windsor was printed in folio in 1733, and is now very scarce. 2. ‘History of the Mitred Parliamentary Abbies and Conventual Cathedral Churches,’ 1718–19, 2 vols. (cf. Rel. Hearnianæ, ed. Bliss, 1857, i. 428). He had previously drawn up ‘A View of the Mitred Abbeys, with a Catalogue of their respective Abbots,’ for Hearne's edition of Leland's ‘Collectanea’ (1715, vi. 97–264), the Latin preface of which is addressed to him. Both the preface and the paper on the abbeys and abbots are reprinted in the 1770 and 1774 editions. 3. ‘Parochiale Anglicanum; or the Names of all the Churches and Chapels in thirteen Dioceses,’ 1733. 4. ‘Table of the Gold Coins of the Kings of England, by B. W.,’ 1733, small folio a hundred copies, and the same number on large paper, which are said to have been printed at the expense of Vertue; it was included in the ‘Vetusta Monumenta.’ 5. ‘History and Antiquities of the Town, Hundred, and Deanery of Buckingham,’ 1755. Cole's copy, with notes copied from those by Willis, is in the Grenville Library, British Museum. Cole also transcribed and methodised in two folio volumes, now with the Cole manuscripts at the British Museum, his ‘History of the Hundreds of Newport and Cotslow’ to match this volume on Buckingham. Willis had circulated queries for information on the county in 1712.

In 1717 Willis published anonymously ‘The Whole Duty of Man, abridged for the benefit of the Poorer Sort,’ and in 1752 an anonymous address ‘To the Patrons of Ecclesiastical Livings.’ Editions of John Ecton's ‘Thesaurus rerum Ecclesiasticarum,’ with corrections and additions by Willis, came out in 1754 and 1763. He assisted in Samuel Gale's ‘Winchester Cathedral’ (1710), W. Thomas's ‘Antiquities of Worcester’ (1717), Tanner's ‘Notitia Monastica’ (1744), and Hutchins's ‘Dorset.’ He also aided and corresponded with Francis Peck [q. v.] Early in life he had made some collections on Cardinal Wolsey (, Collections, ed. Doble, i. 71, ii. 261), and communications from him on antiquarian topics are inserted in the ‘Archæologia’ (i. 60, 204, viii. 88–110).

John Nichols possessed numerous letters of Willis, including a thick volume of those to Dr. Ducarel. Many communications to and from him are printed in Nichols's ‘Illustrations of Literature’ (i. 811–12, ii. 796, 806–7, iii. 485–6, 532–3, iv. 113), ‘Letters from the Bodleian Library’ (1813), and in Hearne's ‘Collections’ (Oxford Hist. Soc.).

[Nichols's Lit. Anecdotes, ii. 35, vi. 120, 186–211 (mainly from a memoir by Dr. Ducarel, read before Soc. of Antiquaries, 22 May and 12 June 1760, and printed in eight quarto pages), viii. 217–23; Hutchins's Dorset, 2nd ed. i. 100, 104–105, iv. 327–37; Lipscomb's Buckinghamshire, iv. 10–14, 18–37, 55, 75; Hearne's Coll. ed. Doble, i. 117, iii. 350; Misc. Geneal. et Heraldica, ii. 45–6; Chester's Westminster Abbey, p. 20; Halkett and Laing's Anon. Lit. pp. 2106, 2535, 2601, 2811; Biogr. Britannica; Rel. Hearnianæ, ed. Bliss, ii. 579–81, 609.]

WILLIS, FRANCIS (1718–1807), physician, born on 17 Aug. 1718, was third son of John Willis, one of the vicars of Lincoln Cathedral, and his wife Genevra, daughter of James Darling of Oxford. He matriculated from Lincoln College, Oxford, on 30 May 1734, migrated to St. Alban Hall, and proceeded B.A. on 21 March 1738–9, and M.A. on 10 Feb. 1740–1 from Brasenose College, of which he was fellow and subsequently vice-principal. In obedience to his father he took holy orders, but he had so strong an inclination for medicine that even while an undergraduate he studied it and attended the lectures of Nathan Alcock [q. v.], with whom he formed a lifelong friendship. In 1749 he married Mary, youngest daughter of the Rev. John Curtois of Bramston, Lincolnshire, and took up his residence at Dunston in that county. He is said to have at first practised medicine without a license, but in 1759 the university of Oxford conferred on him the degrees of M.B. and M.D. In 1769 he was appointed physician to a hospital in Lincoln which he had taken an active part in establishing. For the six following years he never ceased to attend it regularly twice a week, though distant nearly ten miles from his own home. In the course of this work he treated successfully several cases of mental derangement, and patients were brought to him from great distances. To accommodate them he removed to a larger house at Gretford, near Stamford.

When George III experienced his first attack of madness, Willis was called in on 5 Dec. 1788. He encountered considerable opposition from the regular physicians, being ‘considered by some not much better than a mountebank, and not far different from some of those that are confined in his house’ (, Auckland Correspondence, ii. 256). From the first he maintained


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 that the king would recover, and insisted that the patient should be more gently treated and allowed greater freedom than heretofore (, Buckingham Papers, ii. 35;, iii. 92). He soon became popular at court. Mme. D'Arblay describes him as ‘a man of ten thousand; open, honest, dauntless, light-hearted, innocent, and high-minded’ (Diary, 1892, iii. 127); while Hannah More calls him ‘the very image of simplicity, quite a good, plain, old-fashioned country parson’ (Memoirs, ii. 144).

After the king's recovery in 1789 Willis returned to his private practice, but his reputation now stood so high that he was obliged to build a second house at Shillingthorpe, near Gretford, in order to accommodate the large number of patients who wished to be attended by him. He died on 5 Dec. 1807, and was buried at Gretford, where a monument to his memory was erected by his surviving sons. His first wife died on 17 April 1797, and not long before his death he married Mrs. Storer, who survived him.

Willis had five sons by his first wife; of these John (1751–1835), with his father, attended George III in 1788, and again in 1811 alone; Thomas (1754–1827) was prebendary of Rochester, rector of St. George's, Bloomsbury, and of Wateringbury, Kent; Richard (1755–1829) was admiral in the royal navy; and Robert Darling (1760–1821) became physician-in-ordinary to the the king, whom he attended during his second attack of madness, wrote ‘Philosophical Sketches of the Principles of Society and Government,’ London, 1795, 8vo, and was father of Robert Willis (1800–1875) [q. v.]

[Report from the Committee appointed to examine the Physicians who have attended his Majesty during his Illness touching the state of his Majesty's Health, London, 1788, 8vo, in A Collection of Tracts on the proposed Regency, 1789, 8vo, vol. i.; A Treatise on Mental Derangement, by Fra. Willis, M.D., 2nd edit., London, 1843, 8vo, p. 86; Wraxall's Memoirs, iii. 197; Jesse's Life and Reign of King George the Third, vol. iii. passim; Life of Charles Mayne Young, by his son, i. 343–50; inscription on the monument in Gretford church; private information.]

WILLIS, HENRY BRITTAN (1810–1884), painter, was born in 1810 at Bristol, the son of a drawing-master in that city. He practised for a time in Bristol with little success, and then went to the United States, but after a brief stay was compelled by ill-health to return. In 1843 he settled in London, and gained a considerable reputation as a painter of cattle and landscapes. He frequently exhibited at the Royal Academy, British Institution, and Suffolk Street Gallery from 1844 to 1862, and from 1851 to 1857 was a member of the ‘Free Exhibitions’ Society. In 1862 he was elected an associate of the ‘Old Watercolour’ Society, and thenceforth was a constant contributor to its exhibitions; in 1863 he became a full member. Willis painted in an attractive manner various picturesque localities in Great Britain, introducing finely composed groups of cattle. His ‘Highland Cattle,’ painted in 1866, was acquired by Queen Victoria, and his ‘Ben Cruachan Cattle coming South’ was at the Paris Exhibition of 1867. Four of his compositions were engraved in the ‘Art Union Annual,’ 1847. He died at Kensington on 17 Jan. 1884, and was buried in the cemetery at Hanwell.

[Roget's Hist. of the ‘Old Watercolour’ Soc.; Athenæum, 1884; Bryan's Dict. of Painters and Engravers, ed. Armstrong.]

WILLIS, JOHN (d. 1628?), stenographer and mnemonician, graduated B.A. from Christ's College, Cambridge, in 1592–3, M.A. in 1596, and B.D. in 1603. On 12 June 1601 he was admitted to the rectory of St. Mary Bothaw, Dowgate Hill, London, which he resigned in 1606 on being appointed rector of Bentley Parva, Essex. Probably he died in 1627 or 1628, as it is stated that the ‘Schoolemaster’ was completely fitted for the ninth edition of his ‘Stenography’ (1628) by ‘the aforesaid authour, a little before his death.’

Willis invented the first practical and rational scheme of modern shorthand founded on a strictly alphabetical basis. The earlier systems devised by Timothy Bright (1588) and Peter Bales (1590) were utterly impracticable, and had no result, whereas Willis's method was published again and again, and was imitated and improved upon by succeeding authors.

The first work in which his system was explained appeared anonymously under the title of ‘The Art of Stenographie, teaching by plaine and certaine rules, to the capacitie of the meanest, and for the vse of all professions, the way to Compendious Writing. Wherevnto is annexed a very easie direction for Steganógraphie, or secret writing,’ London, 1602, 16mo. The only copies known to exist are in the British Museum and the Bodleian Libraries. The fifth edition is entitled ‘The Art of Stenographie, or Short Writing by spelling characterie,’ London, 1617. A Latin version, ‘Stenographia, sive Ars compendiose Scribendi,’ was published at London in 1618. The sixth edition of the English work


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 appeared in 1623, the seventh in 1623 (not 1628, as given in some lists), the eighth in 1623, the ninth in 1628, the tenth in 1632, the eleventh in 1636, the thirteenth in 1644, and the fourteenth in 1647. Willis also wrote ‘The Schoolemaster to the Art of Stenography, explaining the rules and teaching the practise thereof to the understanding of the meanest capacity,’ London, 1623, 16mo; 2nd edit. 1628; 3rd edit. 1647. This work is printed so as to be sold separately, or in conjunction with the later editions of ‘The Art of Stenography.’ Willis's shorthand alphabet, the first introduced into German literature, is given in ‘Deliciæ Philosophicæ,’ Nuremberg, 1653, iii. 53.

To students of mnemonics Willis is well known as the author of ‘Mnemonica; sive Ars Reminiscendi: e puris artis naturæque fontibus hausta, et in tres libros digesta, necnon de Memoria naturali fovenda libellus e variis doctissimorum operibus sedulo collectus,’ London, 1618, 8vo. The treatise ‘De Memoria naturali fovenda’ was reprinted in ‘Variorum de Arte Memoriæ Tractatus sex,’ Frankfort, 1678. The whole work was translated into English by Leonard Sowersby, a bookseller ‘at the Turn-Stile, near Newmarket, in Lincoln's Inn Fields,’ and printed at London, 1661, 8vo. This book develops many of the principles of the local memory in an apt and intelligible manner. Copious extracts from it are printed in Feinaigle's ‘New Art of Memory,’ 3rd edit. 1813, pp. 248–92.

[Cooper's Parliamentary Shorthand, p. 5; Gibbs's Historical Account of Compendious and Swift Writing, pp. 38, 43; Gibson's Bibl. of Shorthand, pp. 13, 237; Journalist, 11 March 1887; Levy's Hist. of Shorthand; Lewis's Hist. of Shorthand; Newcourt's Repertorium; Notes and Queries, 7th ser. ii. 306; Shorthand, ii. 160, 168, 176; Watt's Bibl. Brit.; Zeibig's Geschwindschreibkunst.]

WILLIS, JOHN WALPOLE (1793–1877), justice of the king's bench, Upper Canada, born on 4 Jan. 1793, was the second son of William Willis (d. 1809), captain in the 13th light dragoons, by his wife Mary (d. 1831), only daughter and heiress of Robert Hamilton Smith of Lismore, co. Down. He entered Gray's Inn on 4 Nov. 1811, was called to the bar, and joined the northern circuit in 1817. Shortly afterwards his first published work, a book on the law of evidence, appeared. There came out in 1820 ‘Willis's Equity Pleading,’ for many years a standard work on the subject, and in 1827 a valuable treatise on the ‘Duties and Responsibilities of Trustees.’ The colonial office at this time intended to establish a court of equity in Upper Canada, and to make Willis its chief. As an interim appointment he received a puisne judgeship in the king's bench. On 18 Sept. 1827 he presented his warrant to the lieutenant-governor, Sir Peregrine Maitland [q. v.], but soon found that neither the governor nor the council, neither the assembly nor the bar, was disposed to assist him in organising a court of chancery. His chief opponent was (Sir) John Beverley Robinson [q. v.], afterwards chief justice, then attorney-general and practical leader of the government. There arose differences between the judge and the law officer as to the conduct of crown business which waxed keen with time, and were plainly expressed on both sides. The judge was evidently the more hasty, for within a year of his appointment he declined to sit in banco, and declared his reasons openly. They were that the act constituting the court directs that ‘a chief justice, with two puisne judges, shall preside’ in it; that the chief justice was absent from the province on leave, and not likely to return; and that, till his successor was instituted, the court could not legally sit in banco. The lieutenant-governor took no step to fill the vacancy, but at once amoved Willis under 22 George III, c. 75, and nominated Mr. Justice Hagerman in his place. Thereupon there was an appeal to the privy council on the ground that the amoval order was ‘unwarranted, illegal, and ought to be void.’ The assembly sided with the judge, chiefly because it was at that time struggling to make the executive responsible, and to change the tenure of judicial office from a holding ‘at pleasure’ to a holding ‘during good conduct;’ and in an address to the king it characterised the governor's action as ‘violent, precipitate, and unjustifiable.’ The excitement in the province grew more intense when it was known that no positive neglect of duty, no actual malfeasance in office, was or could be established against Willis. The imperial government, on report from the privy council, dismissed the appeal, confirmed the amotion order, and refused to reinstate the judge, as the assembly had requested. But on reconsideration afterwards the order of amotion was set aside, because the appellant had no opportunity of a hearing before the order was issued. Willis was then given a judicial appointment in Demerara, and afterwards in New South Wales (1841). He displeased the governor of this colony also, Sir George Gipps [q. v.]; and he was again amoved in 1842 without notice. Appeal proceedings lasted three years, but finally the order was quashed for the same reason as in the Upper Canada case. Arrears


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 of salary and costs, amounting to near 6,000l., were awarded to Willis, but he did not return to the colony, neither did he receive any other office in the gift of the colonial department. He died in September 1877.

On 8 Aug. 1824 he married Mary Isabella, elder daughter of Thomas Lyon-Bowes, eleventh earl Strathmore. By her he had one son, Robert Bruce Willis (1826–1897). The union was an unhappy one, and was dissolved by act of parliament in 1833. Willis married, secondly, on 15 Sept. 1836, Ann Susanna Kent (d. 1891), eldest daughter of Colonel Thomas Henry Bund of Wick Episcopi in Worcestershire. By her he had a son, Mr. John William Willis-Bund, and two daughters.

Willis is sometimes said to have had an imperious temper. There can be little question as to his ability, industry, or the energy with which he carried his ideas into practice. The true reason for his unfortunate experience ‘over sea’ may be found in his conception of what an English colony is or should be. His latest work, ‘On the Government of the British Colonies’ (1850), gives his idea. A colony is to be dealt with as an English county, presided over by a lord lieutenant; on the one side possessing certain powers of internal taxation, on the other being represented in the imperial parliament—a conception of self-government that no colonial party could adopt, and one which, if carried out in days when the judge's sphere was not confined strictly to matters legal, could scarcely fail to bring him into conflict with the local authorities for the time being.

[Foster's Reg. of Admissions to Gray's Inn, 1889, p. 414; Burke's Landed Gentry, s.v. ‘Bund;’ Read's Lives of the Judges of Upper Canada, pp. 107–20; Dent's Story of the Upper Canada Rebellion, pp. 162–94; Mirror of Parliament (House of Lords), 14 May 1829, pp. 1610–11; Hansard, new ser. xxiv. 551–5; Accounts and Papers relating to the Colonies (5), xxxii. 51; Blue Book, Papers relating to the Amoval of the Hon. J. W. Willis, 1829; Blackwood's Mag. (‘Cabot’), 1829, pp. 334–7; App. to Journals of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, 1st sess., 10th parl.; Therry's Reminiscences of New South Wales 1863, pp. 341–5; 5 Moore's Reports (Privy Council), p. 379; Kingsford's Hist. of Canada, x. 258–79.]

WILLIS, RICHARD (1664–1734), bishop of Winchester, the son of William Willis, a journeyman tanner, and his wife Susanna, was baptised at Ribbesford in Worcestershire on 16 Feb. 1663–4. He was educated at Bewdley free grammar school, matriculated from Wadham College, Oxford, on 5 Dec. 1684, graduated B.A. in 1688, in which year he became a fellow of All Souls', and was granted the degree of D.D. at Lambeth on 27 March 1695 (, Alumni Oxon. 1500–1714). After leaving Oxford he became curate to ‘Mr. Chapman at Cheshunt,’ and was in 1692 chosen lecturer of St. Clement's, Strand, where he became well known as a preacher. Nash speaks of his famous ‘extemporaneous preaching;’ but Richardson, with greater probability, of his ‘conciones memoriter recitandi.’ He accompanied William III to Holland in 1694 in the capacity of chaplain, and on his return on 12 April 1695 (, Novum Repert. p. 448) was installed a prebendary of Westminster. He was one of the original promoters of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge in 1699, subscribing 5l., and in December 1700 he received the thanks of the society for a charity sermon preached at St. Ann's, Westminster (, Journals, pp. 5, 103). On 26 Dec. 1701 he was promoted to the deanery of Lincoln. Four years later was printed one of his most elaborate sermons ‘preached before the queen on 23 Aug. 1705, being the thanksgiving day for the late glorious success in forcing the enemy's lines in the Spanish Netherlands, by the Duke of Marlborough.’ A good preacher and a good whig, having opposed the schism bill of 1714, Willis was made bishop of Gloucester by George I upon the death of Edward Fowler [q. v.] He was elected on 10 Dec. 1714, confirmed on the 15th, and consecrated on 16 Jan. following in Lambeth chapel. He was put upon the commission for building fifty new churches in and around London, was made a clerk of the royal closet, and allowed to hold his deanery in commendam. The king was gratified by his sermon, ‘The Way to Stable and Quiet Times,’ preached before the court on 20 Jan. 1714–15, ‘being the day of thanksgiving for bringing his majesty to a peaceable and quiet possession of the throne,’ which was translated into French for George's benefit. In 1717, when William Nicolson [q. v.] was translated from Carlisle to Derry, and had in consequence to resign the office of lord almoner, Willis was appointed to the post. After seven years at Gloucester, upon the translation of Talbot to Durham, Willis was on 21 Nov. 1721 translated to Salisbury, and thence he was on 21 Nov. 1723 promoted to the see of Winchester. His advancement was due, according to Bishop Newton, to the long and laboured oration which he made against Atterbury upon the occasion of the third reading of the bill to inflict pains and penalties. This speech was published in 1723. Willis, who was a martyr to the


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 gout, died suddenly at Winchester House, Chelsea, on 10 Aug. 1734, and was buried in the south aisle of Winchester Cathedral, a little above Bishop Wykeham. The monument to him with a life-size figure of the bishop in pontificalibus is described by Milman as the most finished in the cathedral (Hist. of Winchester, i. 445; the long Latin inscription is reproduced in Historical Account of Winchester, p. 97). By his wife Isabella, who was buried in the north vault of Chelsea church on 26 Nov. 1727 (cf., Chelsea, p. 330), Willis left two sons—John of Chelsea, who married in 1733 the only daughter of Colonel Fielding; and William, who married on 11 Feb. 1744 ‘Miss Read of Bedford Row, with 40,000l.’ (Gent. Mag. 1744, p. 108).

There is an oil-portrait of the bishop by Michael Dahl in the palace at Salisbury, and the engraving of this in mezzotint by J. Simon depicts a handsome man with the mobile face of an orator (, Mezzo Portraits, p. 1126).

[Cassan's Lives of the Bishops of Salisbury, 1824, iii. 202–9, and Lives of the Bishops of Winchester, 1827, ii. 215–22; Nash's Hist. of Worcestershire, ii. 279; Wadham Coll. Registers, ed. Gardiner, p. 339; Wood's Hist. and Antiq. of Oxford, ed. Gutch, p. 274; Le Neve's Fasti Eccl. Anglicanæ, i. 140, 146; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. iv. 103, 4th ser. iv. 480; Nicolson's Epist. Corresp. ed. Nichols, 1789, ii. 477; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ix. 85; Willis's Cathedrals, ii. 82; Hearne's Collect. ed. Doble, i. 69; Abbey's English Church and its Bishops, 1887, ii. 30; Noble's Continuation of Granger, iii. 76; Bromley's Cat. of Engraved Portraits, p. 273.]  WILLIS, ROBERT (1800–1875), professor of mechanism and archæologist, son of Robert Darling Willis (1760–1821) and grandson of Francis Willis [q. v.], was born in London on 27 Feb. 1800. The tastes that afterwards distinguished him became manifest at a very early age. When a mere lad he was a skilful musician, a good draughtsman, and an eager examiner of every piece of machinery and ancient building that came in his way. In 1819 he patented an improvement on the pedal of the harp, and in 1821 published ‘An Attempt to analyse the Automaton Chess Player’ (London, 1821, 8vo), a mechanical contrivance then being exhibited in London, which ‘had excited the admiration of the curious during a period little short of forty years’ (p. 9). After repeated visits to the exhibition in company with his sister, he was enabled to show that there was ample room for a man of small stature to be concealed within the figure and the box on which he sat, an explanation the truth of which the owner afterwards admitted.

His health was delicate, and he was educated privately till 1821, when he became a pupil of the Rev. Mr. Kidd at King's Lynn. In 1822 he entered into residence at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, as a pensioner. He proceeded B.A. in 1826, when he was ninth wrangler. He was elected Frankland fellow of his college in the same year, and foundation fellow in 1829. He was ordained deacon and priest in 1827. After his election to a fellowship he devoted himself to the study of mechanism, selecting at first subjects in which mathematics were blended with animal mechanism, as shown by his papers in the ‘Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society’ ‘On the Vowel Sounds’ (1828) and ‘On the Mechanism of the Larynx’ (1828–9). The last has been accepted by anatomists as containing the true theory of the action of that organ. In 1830 he was made a fellow of the Royal Society.

In 1837 he succeeded William Farish [q. v.] as Jacksonian professor of applied mechanics at Cambridge, an office which he held till his death. His practical knowledge of carpentry, his inventive genius, and his power of lucid exposition made him a most attractive professor, and his lecture-room was always full. Farish was a man of great originality, whose lectures Willis had attended (as he told the present writer), and when he published his own ‘System of Apparatus for the use of Lecturers and Experimenters in Mechanical Philosophy’ (London, 1851, 4to) he described his predecessor's method of building up a model of a machine before the audience, and gave him full credit for ‘devising a system of mechanical apparatus consisting of the separate parts of which machines are made, so adapted to each other that they might admit of being put together at pleasure in the form of any machine that might be required’ (p. 1). This system, as modernised and perfected by Willis, has been largely adopted both at home and abroad.

In 1837 Willis read a paper ‘On the Teeth of Wheels’ (Trans. Inst. Civ. Eng. ii. 89), with a description of a contrivance called an odontograph, for enabling draughtsmen to find at once the centres from which the two portions of the teeth are to be struck. He was the first to point out the practical advantage of constructing cycloidal toothed wheels in what are called ‘sets’ by using the same generating circle and the same pitch throughout the set, with the result that any two wheels of the set will gear


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 together. This invention is in universal use.

In 1841 he published his ‘Principles of Mechanism.’ In this work he reduced the study of what he called pure mechanism to a system. It is the earliest attempt to develop, with anything like completeness, the science of machines considered from the kinematic point of view, without reference to the forces which are at work or to the energy which is transmitted. A machine, according to him, is a contrivance for producing a specific relation between the motions of one of its parts and another. To express this relation completely the two elements velocity-ratio and directional relation are required. Accordingly he groups machines in three general classes: (1) those in which both of these elements are constant; (2) those in which one (a) is constant and the other (b) is variable; (3) those in which this variability is reversed. In each class there are divisions depending on the mode in which motion is communicated, whether by rolling contact, sliding contact, link-work, and so forth. The first part of the book expounds this system of classification as applied to elementary combinations of moving pieces; the second part deals with what he calls aggregate combinations, in which two or more elementary combinations co-operate in producing a relation of motion between the driving and following parts of the machine. A second edition of this work appeared in 1870.

In 1849 Willis was a member of a royal commission appointed to inquire into the application of iron to railway structures, and contributed to the report of the commissioners Appendix B, ‘On the effects produced by causing weights to travel over elastic bars,’ reprinted in Barlow's ‘Treatise on the Strength of Timber.’

In 1851 he was one of the jurors of the Great Exhibition. In that capacity he drew up the report for the class of manufacturing machines and tools, and contributed a lecture to the series on the results of the exhibition, organised by the Society of Arts in 1852. He was also a vice-president at the Paris Exhibition of 1855, and reporter of the class for the machinery of textile fabrics. In connection with this office he published in 1857 a report on machinery for woven fabrics, for which he received the cross of the Legion of Honour. When the government school of mines was established in Jermyn Street in 1853, Willis was engaged as lecturer on applied mechanics. In 1862 he was president of the British Association, which that year met at Cambridge; and in the following year at Newcastle he presided over the mechanical section.

During all these years Willis was studying architecture and archæology with the same energy as mechanism, and perhaps with even greater originality. In 1835, after a rapid tour through a part of France, Germany, and Italy, he published ‘Remarks on the Architecture of the Middle Ages, especially of Italy,’ a work which first called serious attention to the Gothic style, and which in many ways is still without a rival. He treated a building as he treated a machine: he took it to pieces; he pointed out what was structural and what was decorative, what was imitated and what was original; and how the most complex forms of mediæval invention might be reduced to simple elements. This publication was the starting-point of that portion of his career which was devoted to studies combining practical architecture with historical and antiquarian research. For these he was singularly well fitted. He had no sentiment and no preconceived theory. His mechanical knowledge enabled him to understand construction, and his power of observation was so keen that he never failed to seize the meaning of the faintest indication that fell in his way. The industry that he brought to bear on these pursuits was amazing. He learnt to decipher mediæval handwriting with rapidity and accuracy, and devoted much time to the study of manuscript authorities; he mastered not only the whole literature of the subject, but that of the history that bore upon it; and, as the mass of notes bequeathed by him to the present writer shows, he tabulated the information thus gained with infinite care, so as to have it always ready to his hand when wanted.

The ‘Remarks’ were succeeded by an elaborate paper ‘On the Construction of the Vaults of the Middle Ages’ (Trans. Inst. Brit. Arch. 1841), an essay as remarkable for thoroughness of treatment as for the beauty of the illustrations, all drawn by himself. By this time his reputation for architectural knowledge was established, for in this year the dean and chapter of Hereford consulted him respecting the condition of their cathedral. He published the result of his investigations in a ‘Report of a Survey of the Dilapidated Portions of Hereford Cathedral in the year 1841’ (Hereford, 1842, 8vo; and London, 1842, 4to, with plates). In this same year he invented and described the ‘Cymagraph for copying mouldings’ (Engineers' Journ. July 1842), a contrivance which he himself used


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Works

 * The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs and Other Principal Saints, in four volumes (1756–1759)

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  in his own researches, but which did not meet with general acceptance. In 1843 he published his ‘Architectural Nomenclature of the Middle Ages’ (Trans. Cambr. Ant. Soc. vol. i.), a work of vast research and great ingenuity, useful alike to a lexicographer and an archæologist.

The foundation of the Archæological Institute in 1844 opened a new field for Willis. He was one of the first members, as he was also one of the most energetic, and a lecture from him was the chief attraction at the annual meeting. His method, as he states in his ‘Architectural History of Winchester Cathedral’ (1846), was ‘to bring together all the recorded evidence that belongs to the building; to examine the building itself for the purpose of investigating the mode of its construction, and the successive changes and additions that have been made to it; and, lastly, to compare the recorded evidence with the structural evidence as much as possible.’ By this comprehensive scheme he laid bare the entire history of the structure; the history was elucidated by the building, and the changes in the building were made manifest by the history; while his own thorough knowledge of the different styles of architecture enabled him to see through alterations, transformations, and insertions which had puzzled all previous investigators. In this way he elucidated the cathedrals of Canterbury (1844), Winchester (1845), York (1846), Chichester (1853), Worcester (1862), Sherborne and Glastonbury (1865). These have been published; but he also read papers and delivered lectures on the following without, however, finding leisure to publish what he had said: Norwich (1847), Salisbury (1849), Oxford (1850), Wells (1851), Gloucester (1860), Peterborough (1861), Rochester (1863), Lichfield (1864).

As a lecturer Willis had extraordinary gifts. He used neither manuscript nor notes; but, whether he was describing a machine or a building, an uninterrupted stream of lucid exposition flowed from his lips, carrying his hearers without weariness through the most intricate details, and making them grasp the most complex history or construction. In addition to his annual lectures at Cambridge, in London, or to the Archæological Institute, Willis lectured at the Royal Institution on sound in 1831, and on architecture in 1846 and 1847. He also gave special courses of lectures to working men in London between 1854 and 1867.

Willis also published a ‘Description of the Sextry Barn at Ely’ (Trans. Cambr. Ant. Soc. 1843, vol. i.); ‘History of the Great Seals of England’ (Arch. Journ. 1846, vol. ii.); ‘Architectural History of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem’ (London, 1849, 8vo), a remarkable achievement, as he had not visited it; ‘Description of the Ancient Plan of the Monastery of St. Gall’ (Arch. Journ. 1848); ‘A Westminster Fabric Roll of 1253’ (Gent. Mag. 1860); ‘On Foundations discovered in Lichfield Cathedral’ (Arch. Journ. 1860); ‘On the Crypt and Chapter House of Worcester Cathedral’ (Trans. Inst. Brit. Arch. 1863).

In the course of these studies he edited, or more correctly rewrote, a considerable portion of Parker's ‘Glossary of Architecture’ (5th ed. 1850); and published a ‘Facsimile of the Sketch-book of Wilars de Honecort’ (London, 1859, 4to), with a text partly from the French of M. Lassus, partly by himself. But perhaps his most remarkable archæological work is his last, ‘The Architectural History of the Conventual Buildings of the Monastery of Christchurch, Canterbury’ (London, 1869, 8vo). He had promised to do this in 1844, when he lectured on the cathedral, but other engagements had stood in the way of publication. It is a minute and perfectly accurate exposition of the plan of a Benedictine monastery, considered in relation to the monastic life.

His health did not allow him to complete his comprehensive work on the ‘Architectural History of the University and Colleges of Cambridge,’ which originated in a lecture delivered before the Archæological Institute at its meeting at Cambridge in 1854. This was completed after his death by the present writer, and published by the University Press in 1886 (4 vols. imp. 8vo).

Willis died at Cambridge on 28 Feb. 1875 of bronchitis; his health had been seriously impaired for some years previously. He married, on 26 July 1832, Mary Anne, daughter of Charles Humfrey of Cambridge.

[Venn's Biogr. Hist. of Gonville and Caius College, 1898, ii. 182; Arch. Journ. passim; private knowledge.]  WILLIS, ROBERT (1799–1878), medical writer, was born in Scotland in 1799, and in 1819 graduated M.D. in the university of Edinburgh. He became a member of the College of Surgeons of England in 1823, then began practice as a surgeon in London, and was in 1837 admitted a licentiate of the College of Physicians. In 1827, on the suggestion of John Abernethy (1764–1831) [q. v.], he was appointed librarian of the newly formed library of the College of Surgeons, and held office till June 1845, after which he went to live at Barnes in Surrey, and there practised


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 till his death. He translated in 1826 Gaspard Spurzheim's ‘Anatomy of the Brain,’ in 1835 Pierre Rayer's valuable treatise on diseases of the skin, and in 1844 Karl F. H. Marx's ‘On the Decrease of Disease’ and Rudolph Wagner's ‘Elements of Physiology.’ His chief original medical works were ‘Urinary Diseases and their Treatment,’ published in 1838; ‘Illustrations of Cutaneous Disease’ in 1841; and ‘On the Treatment of Stone in the Bladder’ in 1842. His practical knowledge of disease was small, and the preparation of works for the press his more congenial occupation. His translation of the works of William Harvey (1578–1657) [q. v.] was published by the Sydenham Society in 1847. In 1877 he published an historical study entitled ‘Servetus and Calvin,’ and in 1878 ‘William Harvey: a History of the Discovery of the Circulation,’ a work containing some facts not to be found in earlier lives of Harvey. He died at Barnes on 21 Sept. 1878.

[Lancet, 12 Oct. 1878; Works.]  WILLIS, THOMAS (1582–1660?), schoolmaster, was the son of Richard Willis of Fenny Compton, Warwickshire, and of his wife, whose maiden name was Blount. He was born in 1582, matriculated from St. John's College, Oxford, on 11 June 1602, graduated B.A. on 2 June 1606 and M.A. on 21 June 1609, and was incorporated at Cambridge in 1619. On leaving college he became schoolmaster at Isleworth, and remained there teaching for about fifty years. He published two Latin schoolbooks, ‘Vestibulum Linguæ Latinæ,’ London, 1651, and ‘Phraseologia Anglo-Latina,’ London, 1655, published with the author's initials only. The latter work appeared also in the same year under the title of ‘Proteus Vinctus.’ It occasionally goes by the name of ‘Anglicisms Latinized,’ and some copies contain the three title-pages. Prefixed are some Latin dedicatory verses. In 1672 William Walker (1623–1684) [q. v.] republished Willis's book, reprinted the laudatory verses, omitting the headings ‘To Volentius,’ then adding his own ‘Parœmiologia Anglo-Latina; or a Collection of English and Latin Proverbs and Proverbial Sayings match'd together,’ and placed his name alone on the title-page. The whole book has in consequence been occasionally assigned to Walker. The true state of things is honestly explained in the preface.

Willis died about 1660. He married Mary Tomlyn of Gloucester, by whom he had two sons and two daughters.

The elder son, (d. 1692), was educated first in his father's school and afterwards at St. John's College, Oxford, where he was created M.A. on 17 Dec. 1646, by virtue of the letters of Sir Thomas Fairfax. He was possibly the ‘Mr. Thomas Willis, minister, who was chaplain to the regiment of Col. Payne, part of the brigade under the command of Major-general Brown.’ In 1646 he was appointed minister of Twickenham in Middlesex, and was instituted on 8 Oct. In 1651 he had his stipend increased by 100l. a year from tithes belonging to the dean and canons of Windsor. He was one of the commissioners for the county of Middlesex and city of Westminster for the ejection of ignorant and scandalous ministers. In August 1660 the inhabitants of Twickenham petitioned parliament for his removal. In the petition he is described as not having been of either university, but ‘bred in New England,’ and not ‘a lawfully ordained minister.’ In 1661 he was deprived of the living, but afterwards conforming he was instituted to the rectory of Dunton in Buckinghamshire on 4 Feb. 1663, holding it in conjunction with the vicarage of Kingston-on-Thames, to which he was instituted on 21 Aug. 1671. At this time he was chaplain-in-ordinary to the king, and had been created D.D. in 1670. He died on 8 Oct. 1692, and was buried at Kingston, Surrey.

He was twice married. By his first wife, Elizabeth, he had four sons and one daughter; and by his second, Susanna, who survived him, three sons and one daughter. Calamy says that he was a good scholar, like his father, ‘a grave divine, a solid preacher, of a very good presence, and a man zealous for truth and order in the churches of Christ, of great holiness of life, of a public spirit and much fervour in his work, and great usefulness in the county of Middlesex.’

He published: 1. ‘A Warning to England; or a Prophecy of Perilous Times,’ London, 1659. 2. ‘Help for the Poor,’ 1665. 3. ‘The Excellency of Virtue disclosing itself in the Virtues of a Good Life,’ London, 1676. 4. ‘The Key of Knowledge,’ London, 1682. 5. ‘עדוה אל God's Court; wherein the dignity and duty of Judges and Magistrates is shew'd,’ London, 1683.

[Visitation of Warwickshire (Harl. Soc. Publ.), xii. 311; Wood's Athenæ, ed. Bliss, iii. 406, iv. 698–9, Fasti, ed. Bliss, ii. 95, 326–7; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500–1714; Cobbett's Memorials of Twickenham, pp. 110, 124, 188–9; Lysons's Environs, iii. 291–2; Palmer's Nonconformist's Memorial, ii. 470; Lipscomb's Buckinghamshire, iii. 343; Manning and Bray's Surrey, i. 394; Aubrey's Antiquities of Surrey, i. 25; Hist. MSS. Comm. 7th Rep. p. 128; Lords' Journals, viii. 514, ix. 627; P. C. C. 193, Fane.]


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 WILLIS, THOMAS, M.D. (1621–1675), physician, son of Thomas Willis and his wife, Rachel Howell, was born at Great Bedwin, Wiltshire, on 27 Jan. 1620–1, and baptised on 14 Feb. following. His father, a farmer at ‘Church or Long Handborough,’ Oxfordshire, was, according to Wood, ‘a retainer of S. John's College,’ and afterwards steward to Sir Walter Smith of Bedwyn, retiring in his old age to North Hinksey, near Oxford, and losing his life in the siege of Oxford in 1646. His mother was a native of Hinksey. The son was educated at the private school of Edward Sylvester in Oxford; ‘in 1636 he became a retainer to the family of Dr. Tho. Iles, canon of Christ Church’ ; and on 3 March 1636–7 he matriculated from Christ Church, graduating B.A. on 19 June 1639 and M.A. on 18 June 1642. He served the king in the university legion, and studied medicine. On 8 Dec. 1646 he graduated M.B. He began practice in a house opposite Merton College, where, throughout the rebellion, the offices of the church of England were regularly performed [see, 1616–1683]. He there wrote ‘Diatribæ duæ medico-philosophicæ,’ one on ‘Fermentation,’ and the other on ‘Fevers,’ which, with his ‘Dissertatio Epistolaris de Urinis,’ were published at The Hague in 1659. To this Edmund Meara [q. v.] replied in 1665 in an ‘Examen’ which called forth a defence from Willis's friend, Dr. Richard Lower (1631–1691) [q. v.], entitled ‘Vindicatio Diatribæ Willisii.’ In June 1660 Willis was appointed Sedleian professor of natural philosophy, and on 30 Oct. 1660 was created M.D.

He published in London in 1664 ‘Cerebri Anatome Nervorumque descriptio et usus,’ with a dedication to Gilbert Sheldon [q. v.], archbishop of Canterbury, and in the same volume ‘De ratione motus musculorum.’ He had dissected many brains of both men and animals, and worked with Dr. Richard Lower, Dr. Thomas Millington, and Sir Christopher Wren [q. v.], and many of the admirable drawings in the book were the work of that great architect. It was the most exact account of the nervous system which had then appeared, and in chapter viii. the anatomical relations of the main cerebral arteries were for the first time accurately set forth, whence the anastomosis at the base of the brain between the branches of the vertebral and internal carotid arteries is to this day known as the circle of Willis. He was concerned in the meetings at Oxford which in part led to the formation of the Royal Society, and became a fellow after the society was established. In December 1664 he was elected a fellow of the College of Physicians, and in 1666, on the invitation of the archbishop of Canterbury, came up to London and took a house in St. Martin's Lane, near the church of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields. He soon attained a large practice. Bishop Burnet states that when consulted about a son of James II, then Duke of York, he expressed his diagnosis in the words ‘mala stamina vitæ,’ which gave such offence that he was never called for afterwards. His resolute attachment to the church of England was perhaps a stronger reason that he was not favoured at court. He endowed a priest to read prayers at early morning and late evening at St. Martin's-in-the-Fields for the benefit of working people who could not attend at the usual hours. In 1667 he published at Oxford ‘Pathologiæ cerebri et nervosi generis specimen,’ a treatise containing many valuable reports of cases of nervous disease observed by himself; and in 1670, in London, ‘Affectionum quæ dicuntur hystericæ et hypochondriacæ pathologia spasmodica,’ which discusses the treatment of hysterical affections at great length, and also contains a few well-described cases. In the same volume are separate essays ‘De sanguinis ascensione’ and ‘De motu musculari.’ He published at Oxford in 1672 ‘De anima brutorum,’ and in 1674 ‘Pharmaceutice rationalis.’ He was the last English physician to quote with approval the practice of John of Gaddesden [q. v.]

The ancients and all physicians up to the time of Willis included all diseases in which the quantity of urine was increased, under the term ‘diabetes,’ and Willis in this last book was the first to notice that cases of wasting disease in which this symptom was associated with sweetness of the urine formed a distinct group, and thus may justly be regarded as the discoverer of diabetes mellitus. His views as to the effects of sugar on the body were attacked by Frederick Slare [q. v.] in his ‘Vindication of Sugars against the Charge of Dr. Willis,’ London, 1715, 8vo. Willis died of pneumonia at his house in St. Martin's Lane, London, on 11 Nov. 1675, and was buried in Westminster Abbey on the 18th, an honour which he well deserved on account of his anatomy of the brain and his discovery of saccharine diabetes. The funeral charges came to 470l. 4s. 4d., which his grandson Browne Willis complains did not include a gravestone. His portrait was drawn by Vertue and engraved by Knapton. There is another engraving by Loggan.

Willis married, first, at St. Michael's, Oxford, on 7 April 1657, Mary, daughter of


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Constitution of Sri Lanka/First Schedule

1. Colombo

2. Gampaha

3. Kalutara

4. Kandy

5. Matale

6. Nuwara Eliya

7. Galle

8. Matara

9. Hambantota

10. Jaffna

11. Kilinochchi

12. Mannar

13. Vavuniya

14. Mullaitivu

15. Batticaloa

16. Ampara

17. Trincomalee

18. Kurunegala

19. Puttalam

20. Anuradhapura

21. Polonnaruwa

22. Badulla

23. Moneragala

24. Ratnapura

25. Kegalle


text: Category:Schedules to the Constitution of Sri Lanka


text: Author:Charles Kingsley Webster

title: Author:Charles Kingsley Webster


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Constitution of Sri Lanka/Fourth Schedule

"I ............................................................. do solemnly declare and affirm / swear that I will faithfully perform the duties and discharge the functions of the office of ........................................ in accordance with the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka and the law, and that I will be faithful to the Republic of Sri Lanka and that I will to the best of my ability uphold and defend the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka."


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 Dr. Samuel Fell [q. v.] and sister of Dr. John Fell [q. v.]; she died on 31 Oct. 1670, and was buried in Westminster Abbey on 3 Nov. A son Richard died on 2 May 1667, and was buried in Merton College Chapel. The only surviving son, Thomas Willis (1658–1699), was father of Browne Willis [q. v.], the great antiquary, whose account of his grandfather's life and charities, in a letter to White Kennett, is printed in Wood's ‘Athenæ,’ ed. Bliss (iii. 1048–50). Willis married, secondly, on 1 Sept. 1672, at Westminster Abbey, Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Matthew Nicholas, dean of St. Paul's [see, ad fin.], and widow of Sir William Calley of Burderop Park, Wiltshire. After Willis's death she married, as her third husband, Sir Thomas Mompesson (d. 1701) of Bathampton, Wiltshire, whom also she survived, dying in her seventy-fifth year on 29 Nov. 1709, and being buried in Winchester Cathedral.

A collected edition of Willis's works, entitled ‘T. W. Opera omnia cum … multis figuris æneis,’ appeared at Geneva in 1680 (2 tom. 4to); an improved edition was published by Gerard Blasius in six parts at Amsterdam (1682, 4to). An English version, entitled ‘The remaining Medical Works of … T. W. …,’ was published in London in 1681, folio, several of the treatises being translated by Samuel Pordage [q. v.]

[Works; Munk's Coll. of Phys. i. 338; postscript to Pharmaceutice Rationalis, 1679, pt. ii.; Burnet's History of his own Time, London, 1724, p. 228; Wood's Athenæ Oxon. iii. 1048; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500–1714; Burrows's Parl. Visit. (Camden Soc.), Chester's Reg. West. Abbey, passim.]

WILLIS, TIMOTHY (fl. 1615), writer on alchemy, was the son of Richard Willis, leather-seller of London. He was admitted to Merchant Taylors' school on 22 April 1575, and thence was elected to a fellowship at St. John's College, Oxford, in 1578. He matriculated on 17 Nov. 1581, but was ejected from his fellowship the following year ‘for certain misdemeanours.’ He proceeded B.A. from Gloucester Hall on 10 July 1582, and was afterwards readmitted to St. John's at the request of William Cordell, and by favour of Queen Elizabeth made ‘doctor bullatus,’ and sent on an embassy to Muscovy. He published: 1. ‘Propositiones Tentationum, sive Propædeumata de Vitiis et Fœcunditate compositorum naturalium,’ London, 1615. 2. ‘The Search of Causes; containing a Theosophicall Investigation of the Possibilitie of Transmutatorie Alchemie,’ London, 1616. On the title-page of the latter work he describes himself as ‘Apprentise in Phisicke.’

[Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500–1714; Wood's Fasti, ed. Bliss, vol. i. cols. 220–1; Reg. of Univ. of Oxford (Oxford Hist. Soc.), II. ii. 44, iii. 105; Robinson's Reg. of Merchant Taylors' School, i. 24.]

WILLISEL, THOMAS (d. 1675?), naturalist, was a native of Northamptonshire, according to Aubrey, or, according to Ray, of Lancashire. He served as a foot-soldier under Cromwell. ‘Lying at St. James's (a garrison then I thinke), he happened,’ writes Aubrey, ‘to go along with some simplers. He liked it so well that he desired to go with them as often as they went, and tooke such a fancy to it that in a short time he became a good botanist. He was a lusty fellow, and had an admirable sight, which is of great use for a simpler; was as hardy as a highlander; all his cloathes on his back not worth ten groates, an excellent marksman, and would maintain himselfe with his dog and his gun, and his fishing-line. The botanists of London did much encourage him, and employed him all over England, Scotland, and good part of Ireland, if not all; where he made brave discoveries, for which his name will ever be remembered in herballs. If he saw a strange fowle or bird, or a fish, he would have it and case it’ (, Natural History of Wiltshire, ed. Britton, p. 48). He was employed by Merret for five summers to make collections for his ‘Pinax’ [see ]. Weld records that in October 1669 Willisel, who had been engaged by the society to collect zoological and botanical specimens in England and Scotland, returned to London with a large collection of rare Scottish birds and fishes and dried plants (History of the Royal Society, i. 224). He also prints the sealed commission given by the society to Willisel. Evelyn, who was present at the meeting of the Royal Society in October 1669, writes: ‘Our English itinerant presented an account of his autumnal peregrinations about England, for which we hired him’ (Diary, vol. i.). In his ‘Catalogus Plantarum Angliæ,’ published in 1670, Ray styles Willisel ‘a person employed by the Royal Society in the search of natural rarities, both animals, plants, and minerals; the fittest man for such a purpose that I know in England, both for his skill and industry.’ In 1671 the great naturalist took Willisel with him on a tour through the northern counties (Memorials of Ray, ed. Lankester, p. 26). Pulteney says: ‘I believe he was once sent into Ireland by Dr. Sherard. … The emolument arising from these employments was probably among the


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Constitution of Sri Lanka/Fifth Schedule

Clerks

Deputy Fiscals

Interpreters

Stenographers

Typists

Binders


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Constitution of Sri Lanka/Sixth Schedule

Colombo City and Dehiwela-Mount Lavinia (Municipal Limits)... 1 Member

Colombo District (excluding Colombo City and Dehiwela – Mount Lavinia)	... 2 Members

Kalutara District 	... ... 	... 	... 	2 Members

Kandy District 	... ... 	... 	... 	2 Members

Matale District 	... ... 	... 	... 	1 Member

Nuwara-Eliya District 	... ... 	... 	... 	1 Member

Galle District 	... ... 	... 	... 	2 Members

Matara District 	... ... 	... 	... 	1 Member

Hambantota District 	... ... 	... 	... 	1 Member

Jaffna District 	... ... 	... 	... 	1 Member

Mannar and Vavuniya Districts 	... ... 	... 	3 Members

Batticaloa District 	... ... 	... 	... 	1 Member

Trincomalee District 	... ... 	... 	... 	1 Member

Ampara District 	... ... 	... 	... 	2 Members

Kurunegala District 	... ... 	... 	... 	3 Members

Puttalam District 	... ... 	... 	... 	1 Member

Anuradhapura District 	... ... 	... 	... 	3 Members

Polonnaruwa District 	... ... 	... 	... 	1 Member

Badulla District 	... ... 	... 	... 	3 Members

Moneragala District 	... ... 	... 	... 	1 Member

Kegalle District 	... ... 	... 	... 	2 Members

Ratnapura District 	... ... 	... 	... 	2 Members


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 principal means of his subsistence’ (Sketches of the Progress of Botany, i. 349). As Aubrey records that ‘all the profession he had was to make pegges for shoes’ (loc. cit.), this last supposition of Pulteney's is highly probable. Aubrey is our authority for all else we know of Willisel. ‘When,’ he says, ‘ye Lord John Vaughan, now Earle of Carbery [see under, second ], was made governour of Jamaica [in 1674], I did recommend him to his excellency, who made him his gardiner there. He dyed within a yeare after his being there, but had made a fine collection of plants and shells, which the Earle of Carbery hath by him; and had he lived he would have given the world an account of the plants, animals, and fishes of that island. He could write a hand indifferent legible, and had made himself master of all the Latine names: he pourtrayed but untowardly’ (loc. cit.) Some plants collected by Willisel are preserved in Sir Hans Sloane's herbarium.

[Authorities above cited.]

WILLISON, GEORGE (1741–1797), portrait-painter, born in 1741, was a son of David Willison, an Edinburgh printer and publisher, and a grandson of John Willison [q. v.] In 1756 he was awarded a prize for a drawing of flowers by the Edinburgh Society for the Encouragement of the Arts and Sciences, and in the two following years his name again figures in the prize-list. After this his uncle, George Dempster [q. v.] of Dunnichen, sent him to Rome to continue his studies, and on his return he settled in London, where, between 1767 and 1777, he exhibited some six-and-twenty portraits at the Royal Academy. But meeting with little encouragement, he went to India and painted many portraits, including those of some native princes, one of which (that of the nabob of Arcot) is now at Hampton Court. He possessed a certain knowledge of medicine, and cured a wealthy person of a dangerous wound of long standing, in gratitude for which he had some time afterwards a considerable fortune bequeathed to him. Then he returned to Edinburgh, where he continued to paint, and where he died in April 1797. His pictures are pleasant in colour and rather graceful in arrangement, his characterisation fair, his handling easy if somewhat thin. A number of his portraits were engraved by Valentine Green and James Watson.

A medallion portrait of Willison (dated 1792) by Guillame is in the Scottish Portrait Gallery.

[Scots Magazine, 1755–8; Millar's Eminent Burgesses of Dundee, 1887; Cat. Scottish National Portrait Gallery; Ernest Law's Hampton Court; Redgrave's, Bryan's, and Graves's Dictionaries.]

WILLISON, JOHN (1680–1750), Scottish divine, was born in 1680 at or near Stirling, where his family had been long settled and possessed considerable property. He was the eldest son of James Willison Mill of Craigforth and Bethia Gourlay, his spouse. He entered the university of Glasgow in 1695, and, though sometimes styled M.A., his name does not appear in the list of graduates. He was licensed by the presbytery of Stirling in 1701, appointed to the parish of Brechin by the united presbytery of Brechin and Arbroath in 1703, and ordained in December of that year. Many of his parishioners were Jacobites and episcopalians, and he encountered much opposition from them. In 1705 he reported to the presbytery that the former episcopal minister had retaken possession of the pulpit for the afternoon service on Sundays, that the magistrates refused to render him any assistance, and that he was told that he would be rabbled if he tried to oust the intruder. In 1712 he published a pamphlet entitled ‘Queries to the Scots Innovators in Divine Service, and particularly to the Liturgical Party in the Shire of Angus. By a Lover of the Church of Scotland;’ and in 1714 ‘A Letter from a Parochial Bishop to a Prelatical Gentleman concerning the Government of the Church.’ In 1716 Willison was translated from Brechin to the South church, Dundee. In 1719 he published an ‘Apology for the Church of Scotland against the Accusations of Prelatists and Jacobites,’ and in 1721 a letter to an English M.P. on the bondage in which the Scottish people were kept from the remains of the feudal system. In 1726 he preached before the general assembly, and from about this time he took a prominent place among the leaders of the popular party in the church. In his own presbytery he strenuously opposed John Glas [q. v.], minister of Tealing, who founded the ‘Glassites,’ otherwise called Sandemanians, and in 1729 Willison published a treatise against his tenets entitled ‘A Defence of the National Church, and particularly of the National Constitution of the Church of Scotland, against the Cavils of Independents.’

During the controversy which ended in the deposition of Ebenezer Erskine [q. v.] and his followers, Willison exerted himself to the utmost to prevent a schism. At the synod of Angus in 1733 he preached a sermon urging conciliatory measures, which was published under the title ‘The Church's


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Constitution of Sri Lanka/Seventh Schedule

"I ..................................................... do solemnly declare and affirm / swear that I will uphold and defend the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka and that I will not, directly or indirectly, in or outside Sri Lanka, support, espouse, promote, finance, encourage or advocate the establishment of a separate State within the territory of Sri Lanka.”


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Constitution of Sri Lanka/Eighth Schedule

Western

North Western

Uva

Sabaragamuwa

Central

Eastern

Southern

North Central

Northern


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Page:Pictures From Italy.djvu/62

 trading-vessels. They buy it at so much a bottle, without asking what it is, or caring to remember if anybody tells them, and usually divide it into two heaps; of which they label one Champagne, and the other Madeira. The various opposite flavours, qualities, countries, ages, and vintages that are comprised under these two general heads is quite extraordinary. The most limited range is probably from cool Gruel up to old Marsala, and down again to apple Tea.

The great majority of the streets are as narrow as any thoroughfare can well be, where people (even Italian people) are supposed to live and walk about; being mere lanes, with here, and there, a kind of well, or breathing-place. The houses are immensely high, painted in all sorts of colours, and are in every stage and state of damage, dirt, and lack of repair. They are commonly let off in floors, or flats, like the houses in the old town of Edinburgh, or many houses in Paris. There are few street doors; the entrance halls are, for the most part, looked upon as public property; and any moderately enterprising scavenger might make a fine fortune by now and then clearing them out. As it is impossible for coaches to penetrate into these streets, there are sedan chairs, gilded and otherwise, for hire in divers places. A great many private chairs are also kept among the nobility and gentry; and at night these are trotted to and fro in all directions, preceded by bearers of great lanthorns, made of linen stretched upon a frame. The sedans and lanthorns are the legitimate successors of the long strings of patient and much-abused mules,

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 that go jingling their little bells through these confined streets all day long. They follow them, as regularly as the stars the sun.

When shall I forget the Streets of Palaces: the Strada Nuova and the Strada Balbi! or how the former looked one summer day, when I first saw it underneath the brightest and most intensely blue of summer skies: which its narrow perspective of immense mansions, reduced to a tapering and most precious strip of brightness, looking down upon the heavy shade below! A brightness not too common, even in July and August, to be well esteemed: for, if the Truth must out, there were not eight blue skies in as many midsummer weeks, saving, sometimes, early in the morning; when, looking out to sea, the water and the firmament were one world of deep and brilliant blue. At other times, there were clouds and haze enough to make an Englishman grumble in his own climate.

The endless details of these rich Palaces: the walls of some of them, within, alive with masterpieces by Vandyke! The great, heavy, stone balconies, one above another, and tier over tier: with here and there, one larger than the rest, towering high up—a huge marble platform; the doorless vestibules, massively-barred lower windows, immense public staircases, thick marble pillars, strong dungeon-like arches, and dreary, dreaming, echoing vaulted chambers: among which the eye wanders again, and again, and again, as every palace is succeeded by another—the terrace gardens between house and house, with green arches of the vine, and groves of orange-trees,

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Talk:The Urantia Book/Paper 10

please undo my edits I did not mean to. -scott

title: Talk:The Urantia Book/Paper 10


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Talk:The Urantia Book/Paper 11

please undo my edits, I did not mean to

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 Danger;’ and after the seceders had formed a presbytery of their own, it was through the influence of Willison and his friends that the assembly of 1734 rescinded the acts which had given them offence, and authorised the synod of Stirling to restore them to their former status. This assembly also sent Willison and two others to London to endeavour to procure the repeal of the act of 1712 which restored the right of patronage to the former patrons. For five years more the assembly persevered in its efforts to reclaim the seceders, and when at length it resolved to libel them, Willison with others dissented. As the seceders now declined the authority of the church and declared that its judicatories were ‘not lawful nor right constitute courts of Christ,’ the assembly found that they deserved deposition; but, on the earnest solicitation of Willison and his friends, the execution of the sentence was postponed for a year to give them a further opportunity of returning from their ‘divisive’ courses. They still stood out, however, and it is said that ‘the failure of Willison's efforts to prevent a schism so overwhelmed him with grief that he did not take an active share in church courts after that time.’ In 1742 Willison visited Cambuslang to see for himself the nature of the celebrated religious revival there which is associated with the name of Whitefield, and on his return journey he preached a sermon at Kilsyth which was followed by a like movement in that parish. In 1744 he published ‘A Fair and Impartial Testimony’ (to which several ministers and elders adhered) against the defections of the national church, the lamentable schism begun and carried on by the seceders, the adoption of liturgical forms and popish practices by Scottish episcopalians, and other innovations. In 1745 he published ‘Popery another Gospel,’ which he dedicated to the Duke of Cumberland. During the rising of 1745 highlanders belonging to Prince Charles's army twice entered his church and threatened to shoot him if he prayed for King George, so that he was obliged for a time to close the church and to officiate in private houses. Besides his controversial works, Willison published numerous treatises on devotional and practical religion, many of which were translated into Gaelic and were great favourites with the Scottish people. Willison was one of the most eminent evangelical clergymen of his time. He was remarkable for his combination of personal piety with public spirit, and, though frequently engaged in controversy, ‘there was no asperity in what he said or wrote.’ Faithful in every department of duty, he was specially noted for his diligence in catechising the young and in visiting the sick. He died on 3 May 1750 in the seventieth year of his age, and was buried in the South church, Dundee. On 11 Nov. 1714 he married Margaret, daughter of William Arrot, minister of Montrose, and had Andrew, a physician in Dundee; a daughter, who became the wife of W. Bell, minister of Arbroath, and other children. George Willison [q. v.] was his grandson.

Willison's principal works, besides those mentioned above, are: 1. ‘The Sanctification of the Lord's Day,’ 1713. 2. ‘A Sacramental Directory,’ 1716. 3. ‘Sermons before and after the Lord's Supper,’ 1722. 4. ‘The Mother's Catechism: an Example of Plain Catechising on the Shorter Catechism,’ 1731. 5. ‘The Young Communicant's Catechism,’ 1734. 6. ‘The Afflicted Man's Companion,’ 1737. 7. ‘The Balm of Gilead,’ 1742. 8. ‘Sacramental Meditations and Advices,’ 1747. 9. ‘Gospel Hymns,’ 1791. Most of them have been often republished, and there have been several collected editions of his practical works.

[Life by Dr. Hetherington prefixed to edition of Works, 1844; Life prefixed to his Collected Works, Aberdeen, 1817, and to edition of the Afflicted Man's Companion; Chambers's Biogr. Dict. vol. iv.; Morren's Annals of Gen. Assembly, 1739–52; Wodrow's Letters, vol. iii.; Scott's Fasti, III. ii. 692, 813; Robe on Revivals; Black's Brechin; information from Willison's descendants and from Mr. W. B. Cook, Stirling.]

WILLMORE, JAMES TIBBITTS (1800–1863), line engraver, was born in 1800 at Erdington, near Handsworth, where his father, James Willmore, was a manufacturer of silver articles. He was apprenticed at Birmingham to William Radclyffe [q. v.], and, marrying at the age of twenty-two, came to London, where he worked for three years as assistant to Charles Heath (1785–1818) [q. v.] The earliest important works on which he was engaged were Turner's ‘England and Wales,’ 1827–38, and Brockedon's ‘Passes of the Alps,’ 1828–9; and his first large plate was executed from Eastlake's picture of ‘Byron's Dream,’ 1834. Willmore was extremely successful in translating the work of Turner, who greatly appreciated his abilities, and his plates from that artist's ‘Mercury and Argus,’ ‘Ancient Italy,’ ‘The Golden Bough,’ ‘Oberwesel,’ ‘The Old Temeraire,’ ‘Venice’ (engraved for the Art Union, 1858), and ‘Childe Harold's Pilgrimage’ (Art Union, 1861), are among the finest examples of modern landscape work. Some of these he re-engraved on a