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" we are!" almost immediately sounded out the tones of Mort Bemis.

"Glad of it," growled a gruff, breathless voice, unfamiliar to the listening Ralph. "We are about done out lugging these heavy crowbars over swamps and up this steep climb."

"Quick action, now," broke in Slump. "Here, give me a crowbar."

Ralph glided to the end of the box car he was in. He got near its little rear grated window.

Cautiously he looked out. Standing at the side of the track were Bemis and the two tramps. One of them held a crowbar. Another like it Ike was extending between the bumpers. He knocked up the coupling pin connecting the rear car with the rest of the train.

Then he pried against the head of the pin, and forced it out. As it fell to the roadbed, he said:

"Watch up and down the tracks, Mort."

"Oh, there's no likelihood of anybody coming for three hours," retorted Bemis. "The express Rh

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242 has passed, and the signal man. The switching crew will keep snug and cozy in Hank Allen's restaurant up at Dover till schedule time, and that isn't till nine o'clock."

"Well, keep a sharp lookout, all the same," directed Ike. "I worked up this deal, and I reckon I have a right to boss the job. Come, my friend," to the tramp holding the other crowbar. "Pry on that left wheel. I'll take the right. Soon as we get momentum, you two give us a shoulder. Push, till I say let go. Understand?"

Ralph was momentarily bewildered. The quartette were about to separate the last car from the train. Why?

Ike and his helper got their crowbars each under a wheel. They budged the car, and got it fairly started. Then they yelled to the other two, and, dropping the crowbars, joined them in pushing the car along by sheer shoulder strength.

Ralph stared after them in doubt and concern. Then as they took a switch with rusted rails, he clearly saw their object.

The wheels of the detached freight car, striking a sharp slant, ran away from the persons who had started it up.

They stood still, gazing after the runaway. It moved on with sharpening speed, took a curve, and was shut out from view.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Rh For fully two minutes afterwards, however, Ralph could catch the diminishing clatter of the fast revolving wheels. The others stood listening, too.

It was fairly dusk now. As the quartette approached the remaining cars, Ralph noticed that Mort Bemis was chuckling. Ike Slump's face wore an expression of intense satisfaction. They all halted as they reached the stationary freights.

"Here," spoke Ike, "we don't need those any longer."

He seized the crowbars in turn lying on the roadbed. He gave them a swing, sending them in among the long grass at the side of the embankment.

"Done quite neatly," spoke Bemis. "Now then, fellows—back the way we came. Horse and wagon all ready?"

"Yes," assented one of the tramps.

"Make it lively, then. We can get around to the switch off where that car has come to a stop, in about an hour."

"Then for the safe, and a fortune apiece!" cried Ike excitedly. "Say, Mort, the five hundred we lost on the races looks a fleabite to what we'll divide up in the next two hours!"

"I don't see why you didn't drive right up here

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244 and dump the safe?" suggested one of the men of the party.

"Don't you?" spoke Ike. "Well, you'd have a fine time, driving over that boggy waste, wouldn't you? Besides, that spur is never used. No chance of any meddlers where that car is now. The train crew won't be here till nine o'clock. When they do come, even if they miss the car, they won't suspect where it has gone to."

"Correct," assented Mort Bemis in a jubilant tone. "Oh, we're working on greased rollers! Come, let's go around for the horse and wagon, and get that safe in our claws."

The quartette descended the embankment and disappeared from view. Ralph jumped from the car the moment they were out of sight.

In the light of the overheard conversation and recent doings of Slump and his companions, the young leverman was pretty well able to conjecture what they were doing.

Van's blurred message grew clearer now. Ralph doubted not but that Slump and Bemis had projected and were carrying out a daring robbery.

According to what they had said, the detached car had aboard some very valuable freight: nothing less than a safe. And Ike had intimated that it contained "a fortune apiece."

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text:
Index talk:The Life of Michael Angelo.djvu

Are 'curly' quotation marks accepted these days on WS? I seem to remember reading somewhere that they weren't... ah, here it is: Style_guide. I just noticed that some pages in this work have got them, and I haven't been using them; should I go back and fix? — Sam Wilson ( Talk • Contribs ) … 08:39, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

 * There are also a few references to link if you do, and some authors. I would have used a smaller block for the quote format.


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Rh This seemed incredible to Ralph. All the same, he realized that they had isolated the car to loot it.

"In an hour they will have their booty," he reflected rapidly. "Can I foot it to Dover in time? No way to wire. Why, I'll do it!"

A quick idea came into Ralph's mind. He would anticipate the robbers. He ran fast as he could to the locomotive on the siding.

Ralph Fairbanks never valued his practical roundhouse experience so greatly as during the ensuing fifteen minutes.

He knew all about a locomotive, for he had been a shop hand to some profit. He lit the fire, set the steam gauges, piled on the coal. Steam up, he backed towards the spur, stopped, opened a switch, and glided west after the runaway car.

As he rounded a curve he noticed that the spur had two tracks, and he had by chance taken the outer one.

The tracks ran parallel, however. There must be switches further on, he decided, and he put on a fair head of steam and sped on his way.

The spur ran in and out a hilly district with numerous curves. At length there was a level stretch. Ralph whizzed by the detached car, standing stationary at the end of a steep grade

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246 about a quarter of a mile from the main rails where it had been started.

He took a new curve, slowed up, and began looking for a switch. The tracks ended near a dismantled ruin. It had evidently once been in use as a factory, but now, like the spur tracks, was abandoned.

At this terminus were several switches. Ralph got righted on the inside rails and started back for the detached car.

There were as many as four curves to pass, all breasting elevations at the side. Ralph proceeded rather slowly. As he reached the final open stretch, however, his hand came down sharply on the lever.

He pulled the throttle open. A glance had warned him that there was no time now to dally.

It was not quite dark yet. Some lanterns were now at the side of the detached car.

Near it was a horse and wagon. The side door of the car was open. One of the tramps was carrying a rope from the wagon. The other was just climbing into the car.

Ralph drove the locomotive forward so promptly that the alarmed shout of the man coming from the wagon was mingled with a resounding crash, as the bulkheads of the cow-catcher

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Rh struck the end of the car. The freight was momentarily lifted from its trucks. Then car and engine swept on.

The tramp, just climbing into the car when the contact came, was knocked free of his hold by the shock. He went keeling over and over in the gravel by the side of the track.

From the inside of the car sounded loud and fervent yells. Ralph kept his eye fixed on the side of the freight. A head was thrust out—two of them.

Staring back in startled wonder, Ike Slump and Mort Bemis saw what had happened, and marvelled.

They did not attempt to jump. Ralph believed that they recognized him. Whether this were true or not, just as the locomotive reached the main road bed a report rang out. A bullet smashed in the front window of the cab.

Ralph dodged down. His enemies were driven to desperate straits. He held back from the window out of range, but kept his hand firmly on the lever.

A glance showed what he was running into. The stationary freights blocked his course. Ralph slowed up. Then, as the expected contact came, he put on full steam again.

A momentary halt had given Bemis a chance to

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248 leave the detached car in safety. As the locomotive glided by he grabbed at its step.

Ralph threw out one foot. It met Mort's jaw, and sent him spinning clear of his hold.

The locomotive was now pushing the entire train. Ralph's heart began to beat fast. He dared not stop, for Slump was probably armed, and his confederates might come in pursuit.

Ralph did not know what he might run into, or what might run into him. He was a "wild" of the most reckless description. It was make or break for Dover, now!

"He's jumped!" exclaimed Ralph.

A dark form, that of Ike Slump, leaped from the car ahead as it passed a morass. Ralph ventured to lean out of the cab window.

He could make out the nearing lights of Dover. Glancing back, he saw by the signals that the tracks were clear for the regular service.

Toot-toot-too-oot-too-oot!

Far and wide rang the ear-splitting alarm signal. Ralph kept it up continuously. Then, as he neared the crossings tower lights at Dover, he shut off steam and jolted down to a dead stop.

Glancing back and ahead, he saw the signals change in a flash, blocking all rails.

A lantern moved down the tracks. Two men

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Rh came running towards the freights and along them till they reached the locomotive.

One of the men was evidently the head towerman. He glared wildly up at Ralph.

"What in thunder is this?" he cried.

"Why, you may call it a special," answered Ralph promptly.

"Special?" roared the irate towerman—"special what?"

"A special treasure train, I would call it, from what I learn," said Ralph coolly. "I have just run it clear of four robbers, and I understand it has 'four fortunes' in it."

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text: Ralph in the Switch Tower/Chapter 30

title: Ralph in the Switch Tower/Chapter 30


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""

"Fairbanks."

"Ah, I have heard of you. Towerman at Stanley Junction—first name Ralph?"

"Yes, sir."

"Wasn't it you who made that terrifically heroic run through the fire at the Acton freight yards with engineer John Griscom?"

"I was there, yes," admitted Ralph modestly.

"Thought so. Shake. Proud to know you, Mr. Fairbanks, and glad to see you are keeping your name clean and bright on the railroad roll of honor."

"Thank you."

Ralph sat in the room of the assistant superintendent at Dover, an hour after taking the special into safety. He had made a brief explanation to the towerman. The freights were sidetracked, a dozen watchmen guarded the cars, as many specials were sent back to South Dover to attempt the capture of the robbers. Rh

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Rh "Here," spoke the assistant superintendent, summoning a messenger, "take that wire for Stanley Junction. Fairbanks, do you happen to know that you have done an amazing thing?"

Ralph shook his head with an uncertain smile.

"Well, you have. I have wired the Junction that you can't go back to-night."

"But my leave of absence was only temporary."

"Don't let that disturb you at all," said the assistant superintendent. "The road needs you here at present. I fancy the road will be very likely to acknowledge your services of to-night. You have prevented the theft of half a million dollars."

Ralph started at this monstrous statement. It seemed incredible.

"That is right. The real owner of the sum will probably give you a bank calendar free, or sue the Great Northern for delay. All the same, the road feels its obligation to you, and I want you to know it. You will have to stay here till we get this matter straightened out. You see, you are the only person who can identify those robbers—if they are caught. You will stay at my home to-night."

The assistant superintendent then went over the entire matter in detail, and Ralph heard an interesting story.

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252 A parsimonious country banker—who seemed to be a sort of second edition of Gasper Farrington—had decided to move his bank from its original location to a point two hundred miles distant.

Too niggardly to purchase the security of his money by sending it by express, he had put it and his securities in a small safe. This he had boxed up, and had shipped it by special freight as merchandise.

How Slump and Bemis had got wind of the proceeding, Ralph could only theorize. They had certainly planned well to make off with this magnificent booty.

How Van Sherwin had been able to send the intimation he had to Ralph, was yet to be explained.

The railroad official treated Ralph like a prince. Both of the tramps were captured and placed in jail. They claimed they had simply been hired by Slump and Bemis to work for them.

The next morning the banker who had so nearly lost his banking capital arrived in hot haste.

He proceeded to express his precious belongings the rest of the way—for which the express company proceeded to charge him as strong as the case would stand.

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Rh "Ha, hum," this individual observed, as he shook Ralph's hand—"a slight—ha, hum—testimonial. Don't mention it!"

Ralph exhibited a dollar bill to the curious and furious assistant superintendent as the banker withdrew. Then he handed it to the messenger, with the remark:

"You take your own risk in trying to pass it!"

Just before noon Ralph was given a telegram from Stanley Junction, signed by Slavin.

It read:

"Hear you are at Dover, so I will wire. Needed in S.J. V.S. and Mrs. D. here, G.F. in a panic. Quick action needed. Come."

Ralph told the assistant superintendent of the urgent message.

"Of course you must go," said the latter, "but you will have to come down and identify the two prisoners in court in a day or two. By the way, we have sent a full report of the case to headquarters. I would suggest, Fairbanks, if you are tired of tower service, you won't have to ask for promotion."

"Not tired of it, sir," explained Ralph, "only anxious to get higher up the ladder as fast as I can."

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254 "Very good. You've earned a good boost this time," declared the assistant superintendent.

Ralph reached Stanley Junction just after dark. He left the train at the limits and took a short cut home.

The front of the little cottage was aglow with cheerful light, and he knew there was "company."

Ralph burst in upon his good friend, Van; with a boisterous welcome. More gently, but none the less sincerely, he greeted Mrs. Davis. She sat in a comfortable armchair, rather pale and feeble-looking, but smiling through her happy tears.

Young Slavin occupied a humble seat at one side of the room.

"Lawyer made me come," he whispered to Ralph,—"waiting for him now."

"What lawyer?" inquired Ralph in surprise.

"One Van got. Oh, he's been running all the switches this afternoon, I can tell you!"

Just there Van beckoned to Ralph, and led him into an adjoining room, closing the door on the others.

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text: Ralph in the Switch Tower/Chapter 31

title: Ralph in the Switch Tower/Chapter 31


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" had best know just how things stand," remarked Van Sherwin, as he proceeded to tell an interesting story.

Van had learned from Ralph's note sent to him to the town jail that Ike Slump or Mort Bemis had the documents stolen from Mrs. Davis' little tin box.

He had watched his fellow prisoners closely, finally discovering that the papers were carried by Slump in a secret inner coat pocket.

The very night that Slump and Bemis escaped, Van with a window pole reached into the cell, got the garment in question, and left his own coat in its place.

He secured the stolen documents. Folded in with them was a receipt for somebody's board at a place called Millville. Van decided that this was the place where Mrs. Davis was imprisoned, or detained.

He intended to gain his freedom in the morning early. In the meantime, as the reader is Rh

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256 aware, Slump and Bemis escaped. The former was probably unaware in the darkness that he was wearing Van's coat instead of his own.

Van started forthwith to locate Mrs. Davis. He found there were two Millvilles, and it was several days before he settled down on the right one. It took several more to locate Mrs. Davis' present guardians.

They proved to be a wretched couple in an isolated farmhouse. They kept their prisoner in a barred attic room.

Mrs. Davis had missed a paper which told where the tin box was secreted. This her jailers had probably given to Slump, who thus obtained a clew as to the whereabouts of the documents.

Van managed to rescue Mrs. Davis without being discovered by her guardians. That very day he came upon Slump and Bemis near the old farmhouse.

He secreted himself and overheard some of their conversation. They had squandered all of their ready money, and dared not return to Stanley Junction. They had come to the farmhouse to remove Mrs. Davis, and with her in their hands blackmail Farrington afresh.

They had discovered her escape, and then they talked of a last desperate scheme. It was to

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Rh "hold up" something or somebody at South Dover.

Van could not leave Mrs. Davis, to follow or pursue them. He wrote the hurried postal to Ralph that had got wet and blurred in transmission, but, despite which fact, Ralph had managed to utilize with such grand results.

Mrs. Davis' secret was a simple one. As has been said, her husband was none other than Van's adopted father, Farwell Gibson, who had been fleeced by Gasper Farrington along with Ralph's own father.

The magnate had maligned Gibson so that Mrs. Gibson left him. They became strangers, and later Farrington claimed he was dead.

Mrs. Gibson, or Mrs. Davis as she now called herself, became quite poor. She discovered among some old papers an agreement between herself, Mr. Fairbanks, and Gasper Farrington about the twenty thousand dollars' worth of railroad bonds.

This document showed plainly that in equity she had a quarter interest, and Mrs. Fairbanks the balance in these bonds really held in trust by Farrington.

She had come to Stanley Junction to sell this paper to Farrington. Embittered by her sad past, she had no thoughts of the rights of others,

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258 until Ralph did her a kindly act and changed all the motives of her life.

Now, after learning from Van how her husband had been wronged and misrepresented by Farrington, she longed to secure her five thousand dollars to assist him in beginning his shortline railroad.

"There will be a happy reunion," Van told Ralph. "As to the money, the twenty thousand dollars, I have had a lawyer working on her claim and yours all day long. They say that Slump wrote a letter to some friend here, telling all about Farrington's dealings with him. The local paper threatens an exposé, and this, with the factory fire and our claim, has driven the miserable old schemer nearly to his wits' end. Ah, there is the lawyer now."

Ralph knew the legal gentleman in question. They rejoined the others in the front parlor.

"Have you seen Farrington?" asked Van promptly.

"No," responded the lawyer. "He has secluded himself, and refuses to be seen. I have had to deal with him through his attorney. It has been quibble and evasion all day long. Just now, however, they arrived at an ultimatum."

"What is it?" inquired Ralph.

"Farrington is near to nervous collapse. His

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Rh losses and his fears of disgrace have driven him to leave Stanley Junction until the storm has blown over. His lawyer admits the justice of our claim. He asks that they be given a little time to settle it."

"Not an hour, if the claim is just and right!" declared Ralph sternly. "We have been kept out of our rights all these years."

"Then I have a suggestion to make," said the lawyer. "I have no doubt whatever of your forcing payments in time. The only thing is, that crafty old fox, Farrington, will scheme for delay. He intends to get it by taking a trip to Europe."

"Out of the country?" exclaimed Ralph.

"So I learn. In fact, he has left, or is leaving now. That will be unfortunate for your case. Now, if you could get service on him before he leaves, you head off his dilatory arrangements."

"What kind of service?" asked Van.

"A legal demand of your claim, to be proven in court if he does not settle. That would bring his lawyer to time. I have prepared the demand—in fact, I have a man waiting outside to serve it—if you can suggest any way to reach Farrington."

"Why, if he is leaving for Europe to-night," said Ralph, arising to his feet and consulting his watch, "he will have to take the southern train."

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260 "Not from the Stanley Junction depot, I fancy," observed the lawyer.

"No, he will probably get on at the limits, or down at Acton, and take the train there."

"See here," spoke up Slavin suddenly—"leave this to me, will you?"

"How do you mean?" inquired Ralph.

"Send your man with me," said Slavin to the lawyer. "The railroad people will give me every chance to nab my man, if I tell them it's for Ralph Fairbanks."

"Very good," nodded the lawyer with satisfaction, "try it with my man, if you will."

There was so much to discuss, that Ralph, Van, and the two ladies sat up until long past midnight.

Just as they were retiring, the lawyer's messenger appeared at the front door of the cottage.

"O.K.," he said, with a chuckle.

"Got your man?" asked Van.

"Sure thing. Farrington sneaked on to the train at Acton, disguised, and hid in a sleeper. The conductor knew Fairbanks here, and Slavin did the rest. Snaked him out of his berth, and made him acknowledge our legal demand. He's off for Europe, but I'll warrant won't tangle up his affairs here by letting you sue. But he has

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text:
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Page:Ralph on the Railroad.djvu/559

Rh wired his lawyer to settle with you people."

"Good!" shouted Ralph, and his face showed his pleasure.

Everything seemed working out happily. Ralph came up into the switch tower with a bright, cheery face, next morning.

"Hello, Slavin, he said, noticing his muscular young friend at the levers—"practicing?"

"No, sir—on duty," answered Slavin with great dignity.

"What's that?" demanded Ralph sharply.

"Sure," coolly nodded Slavin, giving the levers a truly professional swing. "Don't talk to the leverman when he's busy—rule of the office, you know, for outsiders."

"Ho! ho!" chuckled old Jack Knight.

"Outsiders?" repeated Ralph. "Call me one?"

"Ask Mr. Knight."

Ralph looked inquiringly at the veteran towerman.

"That's right," assented Knight. "Superintendent was just here. Put Slavin on the levers, and wants you up at headquarters."

"What for?" asked Ralph.

"Says you're due for promotion. Asked me what I thought about your choice. I told him fireman."

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262 Ralph's eyes sparkled with pleasure.

"Thank you, Mr. Knight," he said. "If it's to be another step up the ladder, I would like it to be in just that line."

"You take another rung sure, that's settled," declared old Jack proudly. "And—you'll get to the top!"

One hour later Ralph Fairbanks was officially instructed by the superintendent of the Great Northern, that he had been promoted to a new branch of service.

How did he succeed? How well, and how his influence and example helped the success of his loyal railroad friends, will be told in a succeeding volume to be called "Ralph on the Engine; or, The Young Fireman of the Limited Mail."

For the time being he was very happy and so was his mother. Mrs. Fairbanks felt certain that they would soon be in possession of the property Gasper Farrington had so long kept from them.

"I think so myself, mother," said Ralph, and then he added with enthusiasm: "Isn't it wonderful how we have prospered!"

"Yes, Ralph."

"And to think that I am to be a regularly appointed fireman," he continued.

"I can see that you are bound to be a railroad

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Rh man, Ralph," answered the fond parent with a faint smile. "Well, you take after your father. I surely wish you the best of luck in your chosen calling."

And so do we; is that not so, gentle reader?

THE END

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text: Ralph in the Switch Tower/Chapter 32

title: Ralph in the Switch Tower/Chapter 32


text: Page:Ralph on the Railroad.djvu/562

title: Page:Ralph on the Railroad.djvu/562


text:
Translation:Imperial Decree on Day Twenty Fourth of May (lunar calendar)

Recently, throughout the Peking city, Harmony Righteous Boxers who hate the Christians, have begun to fight the foreigners as enemy, they burn churches and kill christian converts, had spreaded to a wide area, it is difficult to exterminate them, also difficult to pacify them. Foreign soldiers have grouped around Tiansin and Taiku Fort, this war between us and the foreigners had started, it is difficult to predict the final outcome. Viceroys of various provinces, had always receive strong support from the Dynasty, and the Dynasty always threat you like part of the family, situation like this, it is time for you to return the favors. Each according to their own province's capacity, to do three urgent matters:(1) To pick able military commanders (2) To train the soldiers (3) To set up military fund. It is your job to provide defense for the dynasty, so that foreigners cannot fulfill their ambition, it is also your job to maintain logistic to Peking, so that the Imperial Court would not run dry of supply; everything must be practical. Those provinces alongside of rivers and sea, foreigners have ambition to invade, do treat it as urgent. You should not hesitate and keep on speculating, opportunity will be missed, resulting in the downfall of the Imperial Court, the finale would just be unthinkable. It is important that all the viceroys should combine forces, to prevent formation of dangerous outcome. The situation is urgent, eagerly waiting for your decisions. This decree is to be delivered by 600 miles horses relay mail system. Guangxu Emperor signed.

 * Original Chinese text:西巡迴鑾始末/卷1


text:
Page:The varieties of religious experience, a study in human nature.djvu/17

 LECTURE I

T is with no small amount of trepidation that I take my place behind this desk, and face this learned audience. To us Americans, the experience of receiving instruction from the living voice, as well as from the books, of European scholars, is very familiar. At my own University of Harvard, not a winter passes without its harvest, large or small, of lectures from Scottish, English, French, or German representatives of the science or literature of their respective countries whom we have either induced to cross the ocean to address us, or captured on the wing as they were visiting our land. It seems the natural thing for us to listen whilst the Europeans talk. The contrary habit, of talking whilst the Europeans listen, we have not yet acquired; and in him who first makes the adventure it begets a certain sense of apology being due for so presumptuous an act. Particularly must this be the case on a soil as sacred to the American imagination as that of Edinburgh. The glories of the philosophic chair of this university were deeply impressed on my imagination in boyhood. Professor Fraser's Essays in Philosophy, then just published, was the first philosophic book I ever looked into, and I well remember the awe-struck feeling I received from the account of Sir


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2 Hamilton's class-room therein contained. Hamilton's own lectures were the first philosophic writings I ever forced myself to study, and after that I was immersed in Dugald Stewart and Thomas Brown. Such juvenile emotions of reverence never get outgrown; and I confess that to find my humble self promoted from my native wilderness to be actually for the time an official here, and transmuted into a colleague of these illustrious names, carries with it a sense of dreamland quite as much as of reality.

But since I have received the honor of this appointment I have felt that it would never do to decline. The academic career also has its heroic obligations, so I stand here without further deprecatory words. Let me say only this, that now that the current, here and at Aberdeen, has begun to run from west to east, I hope it may continue to do so. As the years go by, I hope that many of my countrymen may be asked to lecture in the Scottish universities, changing places with Scotsmen lecturing in the United States; I hope that our people may become in all these higher matters even as one people; and that the peculiar philosophic temperament, as well as the peculiar political temperament, that goes with our English speech may more and more pervade and influence the world.

As regards the manner in which I shall have to administer this lectureship, I am neither a theologian, nor a scholar learned in the history of religions, nor an anthropologist. PyschologyPsychology [sic] is the only branch of learning in which I am particularly versed. To the psychologist the religious propensities of man must be at least as interesting as any other of the facts pertaining to his mental constitution. It would seem, therefore, that, as a


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Rh, the natural thing for me would be to invite you to a descriptive survey of those religious propensities.

If the inquiry be psychological, not religious institutions, but rather religious feelings and religious impulses must be its subject, and I must confine myself to those more developed subjective phenomena recorded in literature produced by articulate and fully self-conscious men, in works of piety and autobiography. Interesting as the origins and early stages of a subject always are, yet when one seeks earnestly for its full significance, one must always look to its more completely evolved and perfect forms. It follows from this that the documents that will most concern us will be those of the men who were most accomplished in the religious life and best able to give an intelligible account of their ideas and motives. These men, of course, are either comparatively modern writers, or else such earlier ones as have become religious classics. The documents humains which we shall find most instructive need not then be sought for in the haunts of special erudition—they lie along the beaten highway; and this circumstance, which flows so naturally from the character of our problem, suits admirably also your lecturer's lack of special theological learning. I may take my citations, my sentences and paragraphs of personal confession, from books that most of you at some time will have had already in your hands, and yet this will be no detriment to the value of my conclusions. It is true that some more adventurous reader and investigator, lecturing here in future, may unearth from the shelves of libraries documents that will make a more delectable and curious entertainment to listen to than mine. Yet I doubt whether he will necessarily, by his control of so much more out-of-the-way material, get much closer to the essence of the matter in hand.


text: Index:Memorial of the Cherokees

title: Index:Memorial of the Cherokees


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 The question, What are the religious propensities? and the question, What is their philosophic significance? are two entirely different orders of question from the logical point of view; and, as a failure to recognize this fact distinctly may breed confusion, I wish to insist upon the point a little before we enter into the documents and materials to which I have referred.

In recent books on logic, distinction is made between two orders of inquiry concerning anything. First, what is the nature of it? how did it come about? what is its constitution, origin, and history? And second, What is its importance, meaning, or significance, now that it is once here? The answer to the one question is given in an existential judgment or proposition. The answer to the other is a proposition of value, what the Germans call a Werthurtheil, or what we may, if we like, denominate a spiritual judgment. Neither judgment can be deduced immediately from the other. They proceed from diverse intellectual preoccupations, and the mind combines them only by making them first separately, and then adding them together.

In the matter of religions it is particularly easy to distinguish the two orders of question. Every religious phenomenon has its history and its derivation from natural antecedents. What is nowadays called the higher criticism of the Bible is only a study of the Bible from this existential point of view, neglected too much by the earlier church. Under just what biographic conditions did the sacred writers bring forth their various contributions to the holy volume? And what had they exactly in their several individual minds, when they delivered their utterances? These are manifestly questions of historical fact, and one does not see how the answer to them can decide offhand the still further question: of what use


text: Author:William Martin Conway

title: Author:William Martin Conway


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Aquitaine

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Aquitaine


text: Author:William Robert Martin

title: Author:William Robert Martin


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 Rh

The West Riding County Council holds a yearly "Vacation Course" at Scarborough for teachers in primary and secondary schools, and at the session of August, 1909, an attempt was made to emphasise the importance of anthropological study as part of the teacher's professional equipment. An evening lecture was given, and attended by nearly four hundred students; two discussion classes were held, one on anthropometric and colour-survey work, and the other on the collection of local folklore; and Tylor's Anthropology and Haddon's Study of Man were read by a considerable number of the students.

The result was that a small Anthropological Society was set on foot. At present there are nine members; the lecturer acts as secretary and issues a "Monthly Letter," which is typewritten and circulated by the Education Department of the West Riding County Council, and with this is generally included a 'special supplement' consisting of printed matter dealing with anthropology, archaeology, or folklore. For example, the members have received (through the kindness of Mr. Sidney Hartland and others) the Form of Schedule for an Ethnographical Survey issued by the British Association, and Notes explanatory of the Schedule; a paper on the Hair and Eye Colour of School Children in Surrey; and Mr. G. H. Round's Notes on the Systematic Study of English Place Names. The President of the Folk-Lore Society has been kind enough to promise copies of her presidential address. The Letter itself contains notes on Yorkshire museums, "books recommended," correspondence with members, and a series of papers on "The Significance of Children's Singing-Games."

The practical work of the Society has been, so far, in the direction of folklore. At an informal meeting held at Scarborough the members decided "to begin by collecting local Singing-Games, collections to be sent in to the Secretary during January"; and "charms, folk-medicine, superstitions, luck-bringers, proverbs, ghost-stories, local legends, witchcraft, Christmas customs, guising, and sword-dancing" were suggested as subsequent objects of study. Up to the present time forty singing-games have been


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 118 sent in, from seven localities; and Christmas customs and superstitions from four. Members have been making enquiries among past and present scholars and comparing notes with relations and friends whose local knowledge goes back farther than their own. One member reports an Easter Play, in which the actors are St. George, the Black Prince of Paradise, a Knight, a Doctor, and a "tosspot," and promises to obtain the present version and another of twenty years ago.

In fact, if it is not too soon to judge of it, the West Riding Society seems to show a real and hopeful movement although on so small a scale. There can be little doubt that a tincture of anthropology is a desirable element in the teacher's education, and, conversely, that the teacher can make very valuable contributions to our knowledge of local tradition and folklore generally. The Society aims at promoting this exchange of benefits. It should be added that the Education Committee of the County Council gives every encouragement to the Scheme; for instance, it is intended that the 1910 Vacation Course shall include a short course of lectures on some branch of anthropology, probably in its relation to geographical teaching. This ought to result in an increase in the number of members.

In conclusion, may I ask the members of the Folk-Lore Society to help this young Association through some of the troubles of infancy? Firstly, I should be very grateful for reprints of published papers, especially on English and European folklore. Secondly, I shall be out of England from July, 1910, to February, 1911, and I am extremely anxious not to discontinue the Monthly Letter; I am bold enough to hope that some folklorist, who has the extension and popularisation of the science at heart, may be willing to undertake the editorial work and correspondence (both very inconsiderable) for those months.

.

Potter's Croft, Horsell, Woking.


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 Rh (Ante, p. 226.)

"One year, riding in the park at Holkham, Lady Anne [Coke] had a fall from her horse and broke her leg. The bone was set, but it had splintered, and for long afterwards small pieces of it used to work out from the injured limb. Each time when a piece of the bone came away, Coke sent it carefully to Lady Anne's brother, Tom Keppel, with instructions that the latter was to keep all the pieces of bone together in a little box, and ensure that when Lady Anne was buried they were buried with her. This was done, and when Lady Anne died, in her coffin was placed a small glass box containing the fragments of bone which had been so carefully preserved." (A. M. W. Stirling, Coke of Norfolk and his Friends, vol. ii., p. 334. John Lane, 1908.) Lady Anne Coke, who was a daughter of the third Earl of Albemarle, was fifty years younger than her husband, Thomas William Coke, created first Earl of Leicester of Holkham in 1837, to whom she was married in 1822. She outlived him, however, only two years, and died in 1844, aged 41.

.

The following extract from Quarterly Notes for Dec, 1909, printed at the Baptist Missionary Station of Yakusu, near Stanley Falls on the Upper Congo, amongst the Lokele tribe and about 1400 miles up the river, seems of interest as an illustration of the ignorance and misconception of natural processes which are amongst the themes of Mr. Hartland's Primitive Paternity.

At the Yakusu Training Institute for boys some lessons have been recently given in elementary physiology. "The boys were greatly interested in what they saw and heard, but they insisted that good men could not possibly have stomachs. All digestion, according to their conclusion, must be performed in the intestines.


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106 The goats and monkeys used in the lessons proved to them nothing concerning human beings.

They acknowledged that some men, killed by accident or in warfare or by poison have been men with stomachs, but they are of opinion that these men were brought low in consequence of the very fact of their being in possession of the unlucky and unwelcome appendage, the seat and worship of the lord of evil influences. It seems to be generally accepted that a person charged with exercising evil influences, towards others, is naturally well able to resist the trial by poison or other ordeal unless he has really afforded some malign spirit an abode within him and so become possessed of a stomach."

.

Can any reader throw light upon a carol published by W. Sandys in his Christmas Carols Ancient and Modern (1833)? He gives it amongst others "still sung in the west of England," but adds nothing concerning its source.

The first verse runs:

There are eleven verses in all, in which Jesus, (the speaker of the text), sets forth His birth, life and passion, etc., in every verse using the mystical language of summoning man to join in the (heavenly or cosmic) "dance."

I should be grateful for references to any variants, printed or orally transmitted.

.


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 REVIEWS.

matter of our studies is universally human, forming a protoplasm common to every agglomeration of mankind that has attained a certain level of culture. But every such agglomeration possesses definite characteristics, the outcome of geographical, economic, racial, and historic conditions, and these characteristics react upon and modify that common protoplasm which we call folklore. Thus it is that each of the historic entities styled races, peoples, or nations offers folklore problems with factors special, in a measure, to itself, the solution of which constitutes, or should constitute, a portion of its special intellectual task. For the historic entity Britain, the Arthurian Romance cycle forms such a problem, and of that cycle the legendary nebula of which the Grail is the apparent nucleus is the most mysterious and fascinating section. As a student of British folklore I early felt that none of the quests of our study had a higher claim upon the enthusiasm and perseverance of one born within the bounds of la bloie Bretaigne, and now, after thirty years have passed since I first experienced the attractive power of the mystic vessel, I make no apology for dwelling at length upon the latest contribution to the story of the Grail legend.

At the outset let me note that, in so far as there is still division of opinion respecting the essential nature of the legendary matter embodied in the Grail romances, and respecting the manner in which that matter came to assume its extant form. Dr. Nitze belongs, in the main, to the school of which I had the honour to be the


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 for tallow, by which process they hope to realise at least 5s. per head for their surplus stock of sheep. It can be scarcely necessary to descant upon the ruinous absurdity of this scheme; for as long as the flock-masters can realize 7½d. per head for the fleece of one sheep, he must be an arrant fool to sell the principal, if I may so speak. Should this plan be persisted in for a year or two, as I strongly suspect it will, the aggregate stock will be so considerably reduced that we may expect in the years 1846 and 1847 to find sheep up to £1. or even £1. 10s. which will reproduce many of the evils under which the colony is at this moment labouring."

Now it is worthy of remark, that instead of being persons in difficulties, "drowning men catching at straws," those settlers, who have been the first to kill and boil down their sheep for tallow, happen to be men of the greatest wealth, intelligence, and experience, among the colonists, such as W. C. Wentworth, Esq. M. C.; Henry O'Brien, Esq., of Yass; Mr. Scott of Glendon, &c.

This writer also appears to entertain the idea, that wool, besides covering all the expenses of wages, stations, &c. yields a certain amount of profit to the flock-master, independent of that derived from the yearly increase of his flocks. Now wool barely counterbalances the cost of its production, leaving the increase alone for clear profit; and when the flock-masters were totally unable to dispose of this increase, it was high time to adopt some such


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 scheme as sheep-boiling to make a profit on the capital they had invested in sheep. As to the great reduction in the aggregate stock of sheep, which this gentleman suspects must result from the plan now pursued, I will only observe that the intention of the flock-masters is not to reduce their flocks, but to keep them stationary, so as not to be under the necessity of frequently augmenting their stations and establishments, in consequence of the great yearly increase of their sheep, which increase, this writer has himself remarked, in the article alluded to, may be fairly taken at 75 per cent. From the millions of sheep in Australia, it will be evident, that when the yearly increase is so great, the butchers might be abundantly supplied, and many hundred tons of tallow exported, without the flocks suffering any diminution in number. This sheep-boiling speculation will also produce great good in stamping a minimum value on sheep, a value depending on the comparatively little fluctuating markets of the mother country; and should a new demand for sheep arise from the emigration of persons of capital to New South Wales, sheep may increase in price from that cause, but under no circumstances can they again fall below their minimum price, determined by the intrinsic worth of their skins, wool, and tallow. No one therefore can do wrong in purchasing sheep at their present prices; they can fall no lower, and will in all probability rise considerably higher, as the commercial affairs of Sydney


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 emerge from their present chaotic state of confusion, and emigrants with capital once more quit England for New South Wales.

In the article on the state of New South Wales, forwarded to the Colonial Gazette, by the late editor of the Sydney Gazette, that writer has observed, that "paradoxical as it may appear to some, who only glance at the surface of things, there never was a time, since the foundation of New South Wales as a British colony, when capital could be invested therein to so much advantage. Horned cattle, in mixed herds, can be purchased for cash at the rate of £1. per head; horses at £10.; sheep at 3s.; houses in Sydney at less than their original building price, or, in other words, for the present value of the materials—to such distress is the colony reduced."

Supposing that a person purchased sheep at the rate of 5s. per head, and that they remained stationary at that price, it would be very easy to show, that after making every allowance for wages, rations, land carriage, average risk of loss from catarrh, scab, outrages and depredations of native blacks, &c. that such a person would clear annually, at the least twenty per cent, on the money so invested: thus an emigrant investing £1500. in sheep and stations, would realize annually £300. clear of all expenses. In order to shew this, I will suppose that 3500 young ewes dropping their lambs are purchased; if ordinary ewes and wethers are assumed


text:
User talk:Lilange

— billinghurst  sDrewth  11:48, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

:)
Thanks :) Will try to be of use. --Li (talk) 14:05, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

Renaming
Hi, I have renamed "Lilange" out of your way on fr.wp. Sorry for how long it took, I seldom go outside my home wiki. Regards, Esprit Fugace (talk) 12:11, 26 July 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lilange


text: Author:William Patrick Anderson

title: Author:William Patrick Anderson


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 to be worth five shillings, these would be worth six shillings.

To simplify the calculation, I will assume that the wool pays all the expenses of wages, rations, squatting license, assessment, woolpacks, &c. At the present low rate of wages, (shepherds' wages being, according to the latest accounts from Sydney, only from £16. to £18. a year with rations), I have no doubt that wool will henceforth cover all these expenses, and leave a surplus to be added to the profits. According to my assumption, therefore, the value of the increase will represent the true profit


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 derivable from sheep; due deduction being of course made to counterbalance the loss from disease and depredations, both among the original flock and the increase.

I will suppose that the 3500 ewes will at any rate drop 2800 lambs, which is considerably less than the yearly increase that Captain Sturt and other writers have assumed, I will also deduct ten per cent, both from the purchased ewes, and the lambs, to allow for losses incurred through disease, depredations, &c.

At the expiration of the first year we should therefore have, (rams not included).

At the expiration of the second year, at the same rate of increase, we should have, (ten per cent, being deducted for loss from disease, &c.)

Retaining a sufficient number of ewes to keep the breeding flocks at their original number of 3500, there would remain 1603 surplus sheep to dispose of, or convert into tallow, at the end of the second year, which at five shillings each, would realize in round numbers £400; we should then have at the commencement of the third year 3500 ewes, and 2268 yearling lambs.


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 was connected or gradually passed into the thin ventral integument of the cephalothorax. The inner margin of the frontal notch is thickened and a median thickening proceeds from it, posteriorly ending in a thickened semioval plate.

The opercular appendages of only two specimens have been observed. These represent the female appendages of young examples. The best preserved and oldest specimen gives two aspects of the appendage, the exterior on the mold of the fossil, and a partially interior one on the cast. Both together show that the appendage was broadly hastate at the anterior end, extending to nearly the anterior margin of the operculum and was produced posteriorly with a clublike process which, in the young individuals at least, did not extend beyond the posterior margin of the operculum. This process was overlapped on both sides by the inner margins of the two opercular plates, which left only the narrow median portion exposed.

In the largest of the specimens, a distinct sigmoid vermiform depression is seen to proceed on one side from the anterior end of the appendage, passing just within the anterior margin of the opercular plate for some distance and finally swinging backward, gradually tapering toward its extremity. This depression corresponds in location and form to one of the paired horn-shaped organs observed by Holm in  on the inside of the operculum on either side of the opercular appendage. It could be well conceived that its presence prevented the filling of the space with mud for a time and its final collapse produced the depression. The opposite opercular plate is bent over and crumpled so that this hornlike organ is not there observable.

Sculpture. The sculpture of the carapace consists only of fine tubercles which are most distinct and closely arranged along the margins and between the eyes; that of the remainder of the integument is composed of linear, crescentlike or angular scales.

The scales of the tergites are small, mostly linear or flat crescentic and distributed on the anterior half of the tergites. The sternites are entirely covered with large, prominent scales except in a belt along the posterior


text:
Author:William Symington McCormick

Works

 * (EB1911 gives the name as William Symington M'Cormick instead of McCormick.)

title: Author:William Symington McCormick


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 margin that corresponds to the doublure. The anterior region is covered with small linear or bean-shaped scales which in posterior direction become first crescentlike and then angular, increasing at the same time in size and decreasing in distinctness.

The coxae of the swimming legs bear small, widely distributed crescentic to circular scales that are directed outward. The other paired limbs show small crescentic scales on the basal segments and longitudinal lines of sharply angular scales on the distal segments.

The metastoma and the hastate part of the female opercular appendage are also provided with crescentlike scales.

On the sternites the scales become smaller, but very densely crowded, more prominent, and show an ever increasing tendency in posterior direction to become circular. The last tergite is covered on its anterior half with strongly raised, evenly distributed, black, round tubercles. Similar small circular scales are also observed near the anterior margin of the telson which otherwise is smooth.

Measurements. As we have at our disposal only two complete specimens, and these represent but immature individuals, the measurements of the mature specimens have been obtained by a series of proportions. We give first the measurements of specimen, plate 72, which is the best preserved of the complete individuals.


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 At the expiration of the third year, we should have

Retaining 3500 ewes, and the lambs, we should be able to dispose of 1692 sheep, which, at five shillings each, would be worth £423.

At the expiration of the fourth year there would be

Retaining 3500 ewes and the lambs, there would remain 1918 sheep for sale or conversion into tallow, which, at five shillings per head, would realize £479, neglecting the shillings.

At the expiration of the fifth year, and every succeeding year, the surplus sheep, according to the data I have assumed, would be worth £479.

We will now see what will have been the average annual profit during six years on 3500 ewes:—


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 {| align="center" width="400px"
 * colspan="2" | Largest carapace observed: || align="right" | Centimeters
 * width="20px" | || Width || align="right" | 11.5
 * || Length || align="right" | 8.8
 * || Length of lateral eye || align="right" | 4
 * colspan="2" | Largest coxa observed:
 * || Length of anterior edge || align="right" | 20
 * || Length of manducatory edge || align="right" | 8.2
 * colspan="2" | Largest metastoma:
 * || Length || align="right" | 7
 * || Width || align="right" | 4.2
 * colspan="2" | Largest tergite:
 * || Length || align="right" | 10
 * || Width about || align="right" | 37
 * colspan="2" | Largest telson:
 * || Length || align="right" | 11.5
 * || Width || align="right" | 11
 * }
 * || Length || align="right" | 7
 * || Width || align="right" | 4.2
 * colspan="2" | Largest tergite:
 * || Length || align="right" | 10
 * || Width about || align="right" | 37
 * colspan="2" | Largest telson:
 * || Length || align="right" | 11.5
 * || Width || align="right" | 11
 * }
 * colspan="2" | Largest telson:
 * || Length || align="right" | 11.5
 * || Width || align="right" | 11
 * }
 * || Width || align="right" | 11
 * }
 * }

The size of the largest tergite and coxa suggests that this species reached truly gigantic dimensions for merostomes and rivaled the British  which Woodward [''loc. cit.'' p. 43] felt justified in concluding "attained a length of six feet, and a breadth of nearly two feet, at the widest part of its body." From the relative length and width of the tergites in our specimens we infer that  was more slender than the British species. The largest tergite leads us to the conclusion that it belonged to an individual 1.65 m or 5 feet, 5 inches long. The very large base from the waterlime at Buffalo [pl. 79, fig. 1] must by comparison of the length of its manducatory edge with that of other specimens, have been the formidable masticating organ of an individual not less than 2 m (2.01 m) or 6 feet, 7 inches long.

The waterlime has furnished the chelae of still another gigantic eurypterid, that of. As the relative dimensions of the chelae to


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 The capital, which I have assumed as requisite for the produce and management of 3500 ewes, at six shillings each, is £1700. (see page 138); and the annual average profit being £376, the clear gain would be at the rate of about twenty-two per cent yearly, according to the data I have based this hasty calculation on. The flocks would always continue as valuable as the original ones, for the more aged ewes, would be of course replaced by young ones, before the former had at all deteriorated in condition. I think that the Australian colonies will always be able to compete advantageously with other countries in the production of wool and tallow. The extensive plains of South America, are certainly eminently qualified for the rearing of sheep, and at present swarm with herds of cattle; but, notwithstanding its comparative vicinity to England, the unsettled state of that continent, and the difference of duty turn the scale infinitely in favour of Australia. As to Southern Africa and the Cape of Good Hope, the sheep in that colony are very inferior to New South Wales; and the expenses attending their management, and the risk of loss, are inconceivably greater, in consequence of the vast number of ferocious beasts of prey, with which that part of the globe is infested. The Cape will never therefore rival Australia in the production of wool and tallow.

In the latest edition of the


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 the other parts of the body are approximately uniform in the other species, we infer from their size (13 cm) that it also attained 5 feet in length.

and  vastly surpassed all other arachnids or any organisms of our Upper Siluric era in size and armed with their powerful prehensile pincers, and being evidently active swimmers, as shown by their large swimming legs and telson, they must have been the terrors of the waterlime sea.

Remarks. The principal differences in  and the closely related   are in the form of the carapace, which is less rounded, but more trapezoidal in outline, the frontal margin being less evenly convex; and in the form of the ultimate segment and telson. The telson of the former is not elongate obovate as in, but broadly ovate [pl. 72, fig. 1; pl. 73, fig. 2]. While that of  is about one sixth longer than wide, that of   is as wide as long or sometimes even wider [pl. 72, fig. 3]. Corresponding to this remarkable width of the telson, the preceding, ultimate, segment of the postabdomen is also much wider in  than in , the widening taking place rather abruptly near the middle of the segment.

Hall. Palaeontology of New York. 1859. 3:417*, pl. 83B, fig. 4; pl. 84, fig. 8?

Grote & Pitt. Am. Ass'n Adv. Sci. Proc. 1878. 26: 300, 301, fig. 1

Semper. Beitr. z. Pal. u. Geol. Oestr.-Ung. u. d. Orients. 1898. 11: 80

This species is based on the "free ramus of the chelate appendage." The type, a rather poorly preserved specimen, is from the waterlime at Buffalo and now in the American Museum of Natural History. Hall also


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, in the article "Wool," there are some very sensible observations with regard to the wool of New South Wales, which I shall take the liberty of quoting.

"The great advantage of the growth of wool to a new colony like New South Wales is, that what really amounts to a large resource for her, forms but a small proportion of the whole quantity required in the market which she supplies. Thus the price of the article is not regulated by the cost of production, but by the state of the home market. Australia enjoys an advantage which is somewhat analogous to the rent of the most fertile land in old countries. The demand of the consuming countries, greatly exceeding the power of supply possessed by Australia, and no other country being able to produce so cheaply, the price is kept up to the European cost of production. Thus they enjoy a species of monopoly of price. This has hitherto been the case with the cotton of America. It is now scarcely sixty years, since cotton was first exported from America, and this year the production is about 600,000,000lbs. The following has been its progress in round numbers:—

"The price of cotton, owing to the large demand created by our continually improving machinery,


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 doubtfully referred to this species a postabdominal segment characterized by rather evenly distributed small triangular scales. In form and surface sculpture this is identical with the segment of the postabdomen of  and quite obviously to be referred to that species. The ramus, however, is distinct from that of the chelae of both  and   in the greater relative width of its base and its more regular tapering in distal direction; and most strikingly by the even rounding of the distal end to form a terminal tooth instead of an angular extremity.

By a strange coincidence, this type which Hall says was the "fifth unequivocal fragment of the genus Pterygotus that came under [his] notice from any American locality," seems to represent the rarest of all forms; for so far as we know only one other representative of this species has been thus far found. This is a ramus about twice as large as Hall's type. Grote and Pitt figured it and referred it to their species, which had been previously described and based upon a coxa. The latter probably belongs to, while the ramus is not referable to that species. These writers cited as distinguishing characters from, the difference in size and the fact that the "apex of the joint is pointed in  , while in   and   it is obtuse." By the "apex of the joint" the point of the terminal tooth is meant. The type of, however, has only obtuse teeth and it is obvious that this is entirely due to weathering. To the same cause and the poor preservation of the type in general may be also attributed the absence of the smaller intercalated teeth in both specimens.

The question suggests itself whether old age could not have produced in  or   a free ramus like that upon which this species is based; or whether it might not be indicative of a slight variation only. The first suggestion is refuted by the presence in our collection of free rami of  of similar size, with typical angular points of the jaws; and perhaps still more by


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 the fact that the European species,   and  , which possess similar rounded free rami and have afforded the entire chelicerae, also demonstrate that the fixed ramus is correspondingly formed, and that these characters of the chelicerae appear even in younger individuals. We insert here a sketch of the chelicera of, whose free ramus possesses the greatest similarity to that of our type, in order to show the probable form of the entire chelicera of.

The second suggestion, above advanced, that  may be only a variety, is also refuted by the evidence from the European material, which demonstrates that the chelicerae are very good indicators of specific distinction. The chelicerae of the  group are almost identical with those of   Barrande, while those of the associated   correspond closely to those of   Semper, found with   in the Bohemian Upper Siluric stage.


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 We are thus convinced that, although represented only by a free ramus, deserves recognition as a separate species. Its full characters will have to be established by future discoveries. For the present we base the description on the better preserved second specimen.

The main body of the ramus is nearly straight, its outer edge slightly convex, the inner slightly elevated in the middle in support of the largest tooth. It tapers uniformly, diminishing in width from the articulating extremity to the base of the terminal tooth by one half. It bears three series of teeth, one, consisting of the largest (four in this specimen) and culminating in the second tooth, and another only half as long, intercalated between the large teeth. A few teeth of a third order again half as long as those of the second order are noticeable near the basal part of the ramus.

The teeth possess a very slight forward curvature and stand at right angles on the jaw with the exception of those of the second order near the base, which correspond to the oblique direction of that part, and are directed forward. Fine longitudinal lines are noticeable on the teeth. The distal end of the ramus curves somewhat abruptly into a tooth, longer by one fourth than the culminating tooth of the middle part of the ramus and subparallel to it.

The length of the ramus is 13 cm (5⅛ inches). Its width at the base is 16.8 mm. The culminating tooth measures 19.4 mm.

If we assume that this ramus possessed the same proportional size to the length of the body as in other members of the genus, we derive an individual 6 feet, 7 inches long. Whatever the actual dimensions of this eurypterid may have been, the size and aspect of the jaw are convincing proof of its formidable character.

(in part) Clarke. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 107, pl. 2, fig. 3

The presence of a true Pterygotus in the Otisville fauna is shown by several carapaces, a few body segments, a swimming leg and several


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. As no entire specimen has been obtained, we are not in position to say whether all these parts belong to but one or to several species. We have referred them provisionally to one species since the carapaces do not exhibit differences of sufficient importance to base distinctions upon, though they undoubtedly represent different growth stages. We have selected the largest and most perfect carapace [pl. 82, fig. 6] as the type and derive from this the following description:

Description. Carapace approaching a circle in outline, with a posterior segment cut off, so that the length is one fifth shorter than the width. The greatest width is in the anterior half, just behind the eyes. The frontal margin and the greater portion of the lateral margins form a continuous subcircular curve, the posterior fourth of the lateral margins slightly concave and the posterior margin nearly straight. The postlateral angles are approximately right ones. A narrow flat margin with a thickened rim surrounds the carapace except where the eyes are situated where it is presumably continuous and turned under. This margin widens near the postlateral angles. The posterior margin is also furnished with a narrow flat border. The carapace appears to have been quite convex before compression. The eyes are very large (one half the length of the carapace), of elliptic outline, hardly projecting, and situated at the well-rounded antelateral corners. Traces of the facets are noticeable. The surface is ornamented with contiguous, low broad tubercles. The first tergite is very short (11 times as wide as long), its posterior margin concave in the middle, the lateral margins rapidly diverging and curved. The surface exhibits the same ornamentation as the carapace.

Several tergites have been observed of a Pterygotus exhibiting the same typical Pterygotus-sculpturing as the carapace of this species, though more pronounced. One of these, with much extended lateral "ears" is reproduced on plate 82, figure 8. Some fragments indicate that this species attained the gigantic proportions of the Bertie waterlime species and that the smaller forms are but early growth stages. The relatively very great size of the lateral eyes points to the same conclusion.


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 The swimming leg [pl. 81, fig. 10] agrees with the corresponding organ of its allies in its smaller elongate paddle and long seventh segment.

Metastomas and telsons, referable to Pterygotus, have also been observed in the Otisville beds. The latter are of bilobed form and indicate Huxley & Salter's genus Erettopterus. The half of one telson, obviously too short, through anteroposterior compression shows a fringe of very minute, acute points such as have, to our knowledge, not been observed before on the telson of a Pterygotus. Smaller specimens (as that reproduced in plate 82, figure 12) are better preserved and consist of elongate bilobate bodies with a central, posteriorly tapering, raised axis. The lobes are broad and well-rounded.

While the carapace of this species strikingly resembles that of  Huxley & Salter [see especially Woodward, 1869, pl. 10, fig. 3] in its subcircular outline and larger eyes, the telsons from Otisville are much shorter and less bilobed and can be only compared to those of   [Huxley & Salter, Monogr. pl. 12, fig. 23, 36, 37]. Both carapaces and telsons thus show closest relationship to species of the subdivision Erettopterus, a fact that argues for the union of the carapace and telsons.

Ontogeny. By far the most interesting part of this small series of specimens are the four immature individuals [pl. 82, fig. 1–4] which give us the first information on the ontogeny of a Pterygotus. Of these four two are clearly in a larval condition and represent the nepionic stage, while the others have certain characters in common which, together with their size, support the view that they are still immature and belong to the type intermediate between the nepionic and ephebic conditions.

The two nepionic specimens are characterized above all by the relatively great size of the carapace, the small size of the abdomen and small number of segments. The carapace occupied nearly one third the length of the whole body while in the mature, the only species of which we have whole individuals, it reached only about one eighth the length of the body. The fourth figure indicates how far in


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 the neanic stage the body had overtaken the carapace in growth. We judge that in this individual the carapace was not longer than one fifth the entire body. The carapace of the nepionic stage is also wider than any other part of the body, the latter tapering directly from the base of the carapace to the tail.

The imperfection of the body is very apparent in the first individual, which probably had no more than six or seven segments and the next but eight or nine without the telson. The segments are all of equal length, but diminish rapidly in width, while in the mature Pterygotus they gradually widen to the fourth and thence again very gradually contract to the telson.

The compound eyes are, in contrast to the nepionic stages of the other eurypterids, not relatively larger than in the ephebic stage, but rather smaller. This peculiar difference is quite apparently due to the fact that the mature Pterygotus has relatively larger compound eyes than the other genera and we may infer from this relation of the nepionic to the ephebic eyes, that the large eyes of Pterygotus are a further development of a feature larval in the whole class. While the nepionic eyes were not relatively larger than those of the mature individuals they seem to have been somewhat more prominent or bulging. The first of the nepionic specimens [pl. 81, fig. 1] exhibits two very distinct tubercles near the anterior margin which, if ocelli, would have a position corresponding to that in the embryo of.

The telson of the nepionic stage has unfortunately not been seen. We surmise that it would give interesting clues as to the development of the bilobed telson characteristic of Erettopterus.

The specimen figure 2 exhibits a distinct cleft or rupture, slightly more irregular and curved than figured, extending over the posterior part of the carapace and the following segments. This may be the result of molting. Considering the small size (1.5 mm) of the specimen, it is quite possible that this was the first molt after hatching.

The neanic stage is represented by the two specimens figures 3, 4.


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 The specimen figure 3 has suffered strong compression in anteroposterior direction and is therefore not competent to indicate the form of the carapace in this stage, but it corroborates the evidence from the other as to the relatively increased size of the compound eyes and the distinctness and position of the ocelli.

The carapace has lost its position as the broadest part of the body, the preabdomen having been completed and become the widest portion. In other growth-stages of eurypterids obtained at Otisville, the postabdomen is completed before the preabdomen, and it is hence to be inferred that in the specimen figure 3 the number of segments is complete. This is also suggested by the presence of a narrower first preabdominal tergite such as is found in the mature stage.

The compound eyes are relatively larger than in the nepionic stage, occupying fully one half the sides of the carapace, but less prominent. The compound eyes of the first specimen are especially notable for the distinctness with which a thickened ring is seen to surround the inner side of the eye. The same is already visible on the second nepionic specimen figure 2 and partially noticeable on the type. It probably surrounded the whole eye and its function was apparently to support the prominent cornea, corresponding in that to the orbital ridge in.

Horizon and locality. Rare in the Shawangunk grit at Otisville, N. Y.


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 has generally exceeded the cost of production. This has generally stimulated production, and yet not so rapidly as the demand increased; hence the cotton of America, has gone on displacing successive portions of Eastern cotton, until the former now occupies all the channels of consumption; and so it will be with Australian wool. The consumption of foreign wool alone in England, is fifty millions of pounds. The greater portion of this will probably be displaced by the Australian colonies. In like manner it will gradually cease to be worth while to raise sheep for their wool in many of the countries which now produce it."

The following table of the importation of wool into the United Kingdom in 1835 and 1838 is also extracted from the Encyclopædia Britannica.


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 The expense of converting sheep into tallow, in New South Wales, sorting and packing the skin, wool, &c. has been taken at one shilling per sheep, that being the price charged at the sheep-boiling establishments (see page 133). Mr. Ebsworth, in a letter to the Editor of the Sydney Morning Herald, supposes that all the expense of slaughtering, boiling, &c. might be covered, by converting the pelt, horns, hoofs, sinews and gut into glue; each sheep would yield on an average four pounds of glue, which would be at any rate equal to the "Country glue," which was quoted at from 38 shillings to 46 shillings per cwt., London glue being 50 shillings to 54 shillings per cwt. at the same time.

A person with a small capital, which he has invested in sheep in New South Wales, would find that his occupation as a flock-master in that colony, would be attended with little of that intense application to business, long continued toil, or harassing cares and anxiety, which necessarily fall to the lot of the small capitalist in England, who embarks his all in a desperate and unequal struggle with the over numerous competitors in every profession or trade in the mother country. The greatest drawback to the life of an Australian settler is the solitude, and the absence of the conveniencies of civilization. With some persons, however, this would be more than counterbalanced by the feeling of unrestrained independence they would enjoy; and the bushman of Australia, unshackled by the customs and


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 {|

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 * colspan=2 |
 * |||Page
 * The "Lumberjack" of the Whole Animal World|||26
 * Baby Beavers Sharpen Their Teeth Early in Life|||26
 * "Dinah," the Baby Gorilla, "Baldy," the Orang, and "Mike," the Dog|||34
 * Baby Orang Prefers His Eggs a la Raw|||34
 * He Will Weigh 250 Pounds When He Grows Up|||34
 * Baby "Caliph" Weighed Seventy-five Pounds at Birth|||40
 * "Caliph's" Keeper in "Caliph's" Cavernous Mouth|||40
 * "Caliph" Gives His Keeper, Jim, a Rock-a-bye-Baby|||40
 * Raccoon Babies' First Peep at the World}}|||50
 * }
 * He Will Weigh 250 Pounds When He Grows Up|||34
 * Baby "Caliph" Weighed Seventy-five Pounds at Birth|||40
 * "Caliph's" Keeper in "Caliph's" Cavernous Mouth|||40
 * "Caliph" Gives His Keeper, Jim, a Rock-a-bye-Baby|||40
 * Raccoon Babies' First Peep at the World}}|||50
 * }
 * "Caliph" Gives His Keeper, Jim, a Rock-a-bye-Baby|||40
 * Raccoon Babies' First Peep at the World}}|||50
 * }
 * Raccoon Babies' First Peep at the World}}|||50
 * }

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Pohlman. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist. Bul. 1883. 4: 19, fig. 5

The waterlime at Buffalo has furnished the broad symmetrical remains of a creature described by Pohlman as the carapace of a gigantic Ceratiocaris on the assumption that the two semicircular valves of this supposed phyllocarid had been spread out on both sides of the dorsal line. This view is clearly erroneous and the fossil is the telson of a Pterygotus. According to Pohlman it was found in the same bed which yielded the Pterygotus. The specimen represents the section with bilobed telson (Erettopterus). , a British Ludlow form, possessed a similar telson [Huxley & Salter, Monogr. pl. 12, fig. 45] although it is considerably surpassed in transverse development by this American species.

As a telson this fossil is characterized by the anterior transverse hinge line where it is connected with the preceding segment, the man smooth antelateral edge and the scalloped postlateral edge. The anterior half is provided with a median ridge while the posterior part is divided by a median cleft. It is probably the character of this median line which led to the reference of the fossil to Ceratiocaris.

The form of the telson is transversely elliptic with rather acute ends. Its major diameter, 24 cm, is to the minor as 12 : 7. The anterior hinge line is but 69 mm long, thus indicating the broad flaring character of the telson in comparison to the postabdomen. The scallops are broad and shallow; at the termination of the median line is a deeper and broader emargination. The sides of the median cleft are curved outward and overlap considerably. The surface is very finely granulated.

This telson must have been the effective propelling organ of a gigantic merostome, which was undoubtedly 5 feet or more in length. In view of


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 of civilized communities, may roam through the grassy wilderness, with his horse, gun, and kangaroo-dogs, with a thousand times more freedom than the wildest chiefs of the African deserts, or American savannahs.

However, even in the most distant regions of New South Wales, beyond the limits of location, there is much more intercourse among the squatters, or licensed occupiers of land, than would be imagined. In those districts near the coast, many of the squatters are retired officers, who are often married men, with large families; of course, wherever female society extends its influence, the bush-life of Australia is deprived of much of its roughness, and the agrèmens of civilized life are in some measure preserved by small social reunions, music, boating parties, races, &c. In the inland districts the squatters are, however, generally unmarried, most of them being young men of education and of good connections at home. The life they lead is of the most wild and reckless character, their only amusements in the country being kangaroo hunting, with the occasional excitement of a hurdle race, or steeple chase. They generally travel down once a year to Sydney, to sell their wool, and purchase supplies for the ensuing year. During their brief residence in town they participate largely in all its gaieties, to make amends for their long banishment in the wilderness.

The squatters of New South Wales are, on the


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 the fact that the known fragments of, from the same locality and formation, also represent a colossal animal, it is possible that the rami of   and the telson of   will prove to belong to the same animal.

Sarle. N. Y. State Palaeontologist Rep't. 1902. p. 1102, pl. 24, fig. 7, 9

? sp. Sarle. Ibid. p. 1104, pl. 24, fig. 6, 8

Sarle describes this species as follows:

This species is founded on a single specimen, a cephalothoracic shield. The outline of this shield is semielliptic with the posterior edge noticeably incurved. The surface is moderately convex, and along the sides and front is a threadlike border. The length of the shield, without the genal angles, is 30 mm, with them 37 mm; the breadth at the base 38 mm. The compound eyes are prominent and project beyond the outline of the shield. They are subelliptic. with a distinct angulation on the inner side of each, produced by an indentation of the inner anterior part. They are 14.5 mm long and 6 mm wide. The facets can be made out with a good magnifying glass. The eyes are located a distance equal to their own length from the front of the shield and 27 mm from each other. A line connecting their bases cuts the axial line a little back of the center of the shield. The ocelli are on a small tumescence just back of this. The ornamentation is almost obliterated, but can be made out at one point, where it consists of minute, short, flat, lobelike scales.

Its differences from  are also indicated by the author as follows:

The cephalothorax of this new species differs from that of  in that its length is nearly equal to its breadth; the compound eyes are over one third the length of the shield, elongated, angulated on the inner side, situated farther back, and separated by nearly twice their length. In  the length of the shield is three fourths the breadth; the eyes are about one third the length of the shield, anterior, globular and separated by a distance about equal to their length.

The type specimen, which is in the State Museum, possesses some characters quite suggestive of a more proper reference to Hughmilleria. Sarle remarks that the form of the eyes suggests those of "


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Works

 * (in part)

title: Author:Percy Stafford Allen


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 whole, a strange race. In general they submit, from mere indolence or carelessness, to great privations, especially with regard to the comforts of their table; although a little trouble and instruction to their servants, ought to supply it with abundance of vegetables, poultry of all descriptions, &c. &c. without any expense. I have myself known many squatters, who during the prosperous times possessed large incomes from their wool, and yet, through mere carelessness, were content to live on an unvarying course of salt beef, damper, and tea; although, during their annual visits to Sydney, they lived in the most extravagant style, at first-rate hotels, keeping two or three horses at livery stables, and drinking Chateau-Margaux, Hock, and Champagne. The following is a specimen of the daily life of the generality of the squatters at their stations in the bush. On awaking in the morning the squatter lights his pipe, and smokes while his breakfast is being prepared. This consists of a huge heap of mutton chops, or a piece of salt beef, and damper, which he washes down with an ocean of strong green tea, literally saturated with coarse brown sugar. After breakfasting, the squatter again lights his pipe mounts his horse, and sallies forth on his daily avocations among his sheep or cattle. The short well blackened pipe, his constant companion, is frequently replenished in the course of the day; his dinner is the counterpart of his breakfast, viz. mutton-chops, or salt junk, damper, and tea viscid


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 Salter and  Salter and also those of  ." The reference to Hughmilleria in this connection appears to us especially significant, since the eyes show the distinct angulation on the inner side, so characteristic of that genus, and moreover fail to exhibit any signs of the facets, generally quite distinct in Pterygotus. It is quite possible that this specimen is a very large carapace of Hughmilleria partly doubled upon itself in front (of which there is evidence along a break); although on the other hand it must be conceded that the lateral eye is relatively larger than that of.

So far then as concerns this carapace  is an uncertain species, but unmistakable evidence of the presence of a true Pterygotus in the Pittsford shale is afforded by the free ramus of a chela, reproduced in plate 70, figure 3. Sarle has separated this and a metastoma [pl. 70, fig. 4] on the ground that they belong to coarse-scaled fragments that represent another species. Inasmuch as the carapace as a rule has a much finer sculpturing than the rest of the body (e. g. in ), there seems little ground to assume the presence of more than one species of Pterygotus in the Pittsford beds.

Judging from the ramus of the chelicera, this type was more closely related to  than to any other form, the latter species possessing the same rounding of the extremity of the ramus and similar form and direction of the teeth [pl. 77, fig. 6], the latter being still a little more rectangular upon the shaft than in.


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Description. Carapace pentagonal; one fourth wider than long, consisting of a greater posterior quadrilateral portion and a smaller triangular frontal portion; the lateral eyes occupying the anterior angles of the quadrilateral portion. The lateral margins are subparallel, gently convex, the frontal margin transverse for a short distance and bluntly angular in the middle; the posterior margin nearly straight transverse. The lateral eyes, about one third the length of the carapace, appear broadly triangular when partly folded under the carapace and compressed, but are normally subcircular and strongly project in the middle. Ocelli forward of center of carapace. Ornamentation small, crescent-shaped scales.

Horizon and localities. Frankfort shale (Schenectady facies) at Schenectady, Aqueduct and Duanesburg.

Remarks. This species is well characterized by the snoutlike frontal projection and the prominent antelateral angles with their large eyes. It does not appear to have reached the dimensions of the preceding species, the largest carapace being only 30 mm wide and 22 mm long. The type specimen is 9.5 mm long and 13 mm wide. Its lateral eyes are about 4.5 mm long.

Description. Carapace semielliptic to roundish quadratic; length to width approximately as 4 : 5; frontal and lateral margins evenly convex, posterior margin straight transverse to gently concave. Lateral eyes large, one third the length of the carapace, elliptic in outline, marginal, situated in the antelateral corners, showing traces of facets. Ocelli subcentral in position. Ornamentation not observed.

Horizon and localities. Frankfort shale (Schenectady facies) at Schenectady, Aqueduct, Rotterdam Junction, Duanesburg, Schoharie Junction and the Vly creek. This is the most common eurypterid of the Frankfort shale; it is, however, possible that more than one species is comprised in this preliminary description.


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244 you?" The man replies,—"The owner of the vineyard dug up the ore. A heap of gold was taken out, and he gave it to me, but I wouldn't take it. I said,—"Who is going to take that on his back and carry it all the way home?"" "Well," says the lion,—"What remedy did he say there was for me?" The man says,—"And for you he said,—"If he eats the head of a foolish man he will grow strong.""

The lion thought it all over very carefully, then, raising his paw very gently towards the man's head, he strikes it to the ground, and smashes and eats it, and he says to himself,—" Lord, I can't find a more foolish man than you on the face of the earth! "

.

Talas (Cesarea).

Buckinghamshire.

, demolished about thirty years ago, was situated where now is the garden of the Mound, Long Crendon, and at the beginning of the last century was inhabited by two old women. One of them, who was single, stole the wedding-ring of the other, who was lying dangerously ill. So the sick woman vowed that after her death she would haunt and torment the thief. This she did, and the victim felt as if she were being pricked by pins and followed by the ghost, especially when near an old elm-tree which was on the green in front of the house. This continued until the ghost was laid in the salt-box of the house, which was kept near the fireplace to keep the salt dry. The ceremony of laying the ghost was performed by twelve parsons, who, standing in the middle of the room, chanted a prayer backwards, one of them meanwhile holding a dove in his hand. The spirit, in the shape of the dead woman, tore the dove in pieces, and then went into the salt-box, there to remain "whilst water runs and the sun shines."

The above account was given by Mrs. Cadle, of Long Crendon, who heard it from her grandmother.


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 Remarks. The outline of the carapaces is quite variable, at times being nearly quadrilateral [pl. 86, fig. 3], at others almost semicircular. Much of this diversity of form is obviously due to the compression and wrinkling of the rather flaccid carapaces in different directions, but in the best preserved specimens there is still an element of difference left after allowing for all the secondary influences that suggest the presence of more than the two species of Pterygotus here described and a distinction between the round and the squarish carapaces. This suspicion is strengthened by the evidence from the patches of integument showing patterns of ornamentation which also indicate a greater number of species of Pterygotus. We have selected the squarish specimens as typical of.

Besides the carapaces here used for specific diagnosis, many other fragments are referable to Pterygotus. The most characteristic of these may be briefly noted.

Plate 86, figure 19 represents a fragment of the arm of a pincer.

The distal end of a swimming leg, which in the form of the seventh and eighth segments resembles the leg of a Pterygotus more than that of any other genus, is reproduced in plate 86, figure 16. In the same group belongs plate 86, figure 20. There occur entire large swimming legs which probably belong to. Another very characteristic group of fragments are the female opercular appendages [pl. 87, fig. 1–3]. They resemble those of the giant  and from their dimensions may belong to. Still another form of a large appendage corresponding to a type observed at Otisville, is seen in plate 87, figure 4. The most remarkable of the opercular appendages is one [pl. 86, fig. 11] which beautifully retains the characteristic broad overlapping crescent-shaped scales of the Pterygotus-Slimonia group. This resembles the male opercular appendage of Slimonia.

The metastoma reproduced in plate 86, figure 17, resembles in the anterior half, which alone is preserved, so much the metastomas of several species of Pterygotus and also corresponds in its large size so perfectly to the parts of  that there is little doubt of its belonging with the large carapaces of that species.


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 Plate 87, figure 9 represents a fragment of a large tergite with traces of the Pterygotus ornamentation. This can be referred to  with some certainty.

Characteristic telsons of Pterygotus [pl. 87, fig. 5, 7] are not infrequent at Schenectady and Duanesburg. A very different type is represented by plate 87, figure 8. It exhibits a peculiar ornamentation, consisting of small groups of tubercles on low nodes arranged in subconcentric lines; the other side was smooth. The serration of the margin is very distinct and shows by its direction that the small incision on the longer side is the middle of the posterior margin of the telson and is a faint beginning of the bilobation characteristic of Erettopterus.

Plate 87, figure 6 illustrates a form of fragments met with repeatedly in the beds at Schenectady, and quite obviously a last postabdominal segment best comparable to that of a Pterygotus.

Finally, these black shales also contain small patches of integument which retain the surface sculpture in a preservation surpassing any hitherto observed in our eurypterid-bearing rocks. Some of these patches [see pl. 86, fig. 11–15] are clearly referable to Pterygotus. Disjecta membra from the Frankfort shale, not referable to any genus.

Besides the few parts of the integument referred in the preceding descriptions to genera known from the Upper Siluric and Devonic, a considerable number of fragments have been found which cannot be placed with any degree of certainty with any of the genera; some are of noncommittal character, while others differ so strikingly from all later forms that they undoubtedly represent new types of greater than specific rank and must await future discoveries of more complete material, for description. We merely figure these here to indicate the richness of this new eurypterid fauna.

Plate 86, figure 18, is a coxa, possibly belonging to Pterygotus; plate 84, figure 17, the greater part of a broad, rapidly contracting abdomen, possibly belonging to Eusarcus, and plate 84, figure 19, a long, extremely slender, distinctly striated spine, suggesting Dolichopterus and Stylonurus.

Most indicative of the great diversity of forms occurring in the Frankfort beds are the well preserved patches of integument found in the black shale. Some of these have been mentioned in connection with the genera Eurypterus and Pterygotus. We figure here several patches bearing the ornamentation described of Eusarcus, Echinognathus and Megalograptus and exhibiting some variations [pl. 84, fig. 13–16]. Another style of ornamentation is represented by figure 8 of plate 83. This consists of extremely fine, very closely and evenly arranged tubercles. The patch of integument, reproduced in plate 85, figure 8, shows a mass of densely set, short, sharp spines and that shown in plate 85, figure 7, a profusion of long slender spines.

Plate 85, figure 10, is a part of a supposed leg segment with a strange pattern of parallel raised lines connected by another set of shorter parallel oblique lines.


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 PLATE 3

445


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 PLATE 4

447