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 On September 23, 1534, Michael Angelo returned to Rome, where he was to remain until his death. It was twenty-one years since he had left it. In these twenty-one years he had made three statues for the uncompleted mausoleum of Julius II., seven unfinished statues for the uncompleted monument of the Medici, the unfinished vestibule of the "Laurenziana," the unfinished "Christ" of Santa Maria sopra Minerva, the unfinished "Apollo" for Baccio Valori. He had lost his health, his energy, his faith in art and in the fatherland. He had lost his favourite brother. He had lost the father whom he adored. To the memory of both he had addressed a poem (unfinished, like everything he did) admirable for its note of sorrow and its passionate yearning after death.

"… Heaven has snatched you from our wretchedness. Have pity on me, I who live, like a dead man. … You are dead to death and have become divine. You no longer feel the fear of a change of being and desire. I can hardly write of it without envy. Destiny and Time, which bring us but doubtful joy and sure misfortune, no longer dare to cross your threshold. No cloud obscures your light; the course of the hours lays not violent hands upon you; necessity and chance guide not your steps. Night obscures not your splendour; Day, however bright, heightens it not … By thy death, dear father, I learn how to die … Death is not, as people believe, the worst thing, for the last day is the


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 His enmity had still further increased since Michael Angelo’s refusal to contribute to the servitude of Florence by building a fortress to dominate the town—an act of courage which shows sufficiently clearly, in the case of this timorous man, the grandeur of his love for his native city. Since then Michael Angelo feared everything on the part of the Duke, and he only owed his salvation, when Clement VII. died, to the chance of being away from Florence at that moment. He did not return. He was, indeed, never to see it again. It was all over with the Medici chapel—it was never completed. The monument we know under that name is but remotely connected with the one which Michael Angelo had imagined. Barely the skeleton of the mural decoration remains. Not only had Michael Angelo not executed half the statues and the paintings which he had in view, but when, later, his disciples endeavoured to discover and carry out his thoughts, he was no longer even capable of telling them what these had been. He had abandoned all his enterprises so completely that he had forgotten everything.

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Rh the end of the war without fear. But on Tuesday morning, September 21, some one came to the San Niccolò gate, where I was on the bastions, and whispered in my ear that if I wished to save my life I must no longer remain in Florence. He came with me to my house, ate with me, brought me horses and did not leave me until he had seen me outside Florence."

Varchi, completing these particulars, adds that Michael Angelo "had twelve thousand gold florins sown in three shirts stitched in the form of petticoats, and that he fled from Florence, not without difficulty, by the Justice Gate, which was the least guarded, accompanied by Rinaldo Corsini and his pupil, Antonio Mini."

"I know not whether it was God or the devil who urged me to the step," wrote Michael Angelo a few days afterwards. It was his habitual demon of insane terror. In what a state of fright he must have been, if it is true, as is related, that, stopping on the way at Castelnuovo at the house of the ex-gonfaloniere Capponi, he gave him such a shock by his narratives that the old man died a few days afterwards!

On September 23 Michael Angelo was at Ferrara. In his excitement he refused the hospitality which the Duke offered him at his castle and continued his flight. On September 25 he reached Venice. The Seigniory, informed of his arrival, sent two noblemen to him with instructions to place everything at his disposal of which he might be in need; but, ashamed and unsociable, he refused their offer and withdrew out of the way to


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76 Giudecca. He felt that he was not yet sufficiently far away. His idea was to flee to France. On the very day of his arrival in Venice he sent an anxious and trembling letter to Battista della Palla, the agent whom Francis I. had appointed in France for the purchase of works of art.

"Battista, very dear friend," he wrote, "I have left Florence to go to France, and, on reaching Venice, I have made inquiries as to the route. They tell me that, to go there, I must pass over German territories, which is dangerous and difficult for me. Do you still intend to go there ? . . . I beg you to inform me and say where you would like me to wait for you. We will travel together ... I beg you to reply to me on receiving this letter and as soon as possible, for I am burning with a desire to go there. And if you no longer wish to go, tell me, so that I may decide, cost what it may, to go alone. . . ."

The French Ambassador in Venice, Lazare de Baïf, hastened to write to Francis I. and to the Connétable de Montmorency, pressing them to profit by the opportunity to attach Michael Angelo to the Court of France. The King immediately offered Michael Angelo an allowance and a house. But this exchange of letters naturally took a certain time, and when Francis' offer came the artist had already returned to Florence.

His feverish excitement had abated. Amidst the silence of Giudecca he had had the leisure to blush at his fear. His flight had produced a great sensation in Florence. On September 30 the Seigniory decreed that all who had fled should be banished, as rebels, unless they


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62 the name of Clement VII., reigned over him from 1520 to 1534. Critics have been very severe on Clement VII. Doubtless, like all these Popes, he wished to make art and artists the servants of his family pride. But Michael Angelo had no great reason for complaining of him. No Pope loved him so much. Not one of the Popes showed a more constant and passionate interest in his work. Not one of them understood better his weakness of will, taking, if need be, his defence against himself and preventing him from wasting his energies in vain. Even after the revolt of Florence and the rebellion of Michael Angelo, Clement in no way changed in his disposition towards him. But it did not depend upon him to appease the disquietude, fever, pessimism and deadly melancholy which consumed this great heart. What signified the personal kindness of a master? He was always a master!

"I served the Popes," said Michael Angelo later, "but it was under compulsion." What signified a little glory and one or two fine works? That was so far removed from what he had dreamed!… And old age was coming on. And everything


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Rh genius?—the lifeless "Christ" of the Church of S. Maria Sopra Minerva—a work by Michael Angelo in which Michael Angelo is absent! Moreover, he could not even complete it.

From 1515 to 1520, during these closing years of the great Renaissance, before the overwhelming disasters which were to put an end to the springtime of Italy, Raphael had painted the Loggie, the Incendio di Borgo, the Farnesina Palace, and masterpieces of every description; had built the Villa Madame, directed the building of St. Peter's, the excavations, the fêtes, and the raising of monuments; had governed over art and founded a school of innumerable pupils. And in the midst of this triumphant work he had died.

The bitterness of his disillusions, the despair caused by lost days, ruined hopes and a broken will are reflected in the melancholy works of the following period: the tombs of the Medicis and the new statues for the mausoleum of Julius II.

The free Michael Angelo, who all his life was passing from one yoke to another, had changed his master. Cardinal Julius de' Medici, who soon became Pope under

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56 But it was only for a moment: the stormy course of his life was resumed almost immediately and he fell back again into the night.

The new Pope, Leo X., undertook to tear Michael Angelo away from the glorification of his predecessor and to attach him to the triumph of his own house. It was more a question of pride than sympathy with him; for, with his epicurean nature, he could not understand Michael Angelo's sad genius —all his favours were for Raphael. But the man who had produced the paintings of the Sistine Chapel was an Italian glory, and Leo X. wished to domesticate it.

He offered to allow Michael Angelo to build the façade of San Lorenzo, the church of the Medici, at Florence. Michael Angelo, stimulated by his rivalry with Raphael, who had profited by his absence to become the sovereign of art in Rome, allowed himself to be allured by this

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Rh heroic thoughts. It seems as though he had been ashamed to introduce the weaknesses of his heart into them. He confided in poetry alone. It is there, under a rugged envelope, that we must look for the secret of his timid and tender heart:

On terminating the paintings of the Sistine Chapel, and Julius II. having died, Michael Angelo returned to Florence and resumed work on the project which he had most at heart—the mausoleum of the dead Pope. He undertook by contract to complete it in seven years. For three years he was almost exclusively occupied with this work. During this relatively tranquil period—a period of melancholy and serene maturity when the furious agitation of the Sistine days subsided, like the raging sea which returns to its bed—Michael Angelo produced his most perfect works, those which best display the equihbrium of his passion and will-power—his "Moses," and the "Slaves" of the Louvre.

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Rh struck him with his stick, repeating, ‘When I am able! When I am able!’ Michael Angelo rushed home and made preparations for leaving Rome. But Julius despatched a courier after him with five hundred ducats, and the man, after doing his best to appease him, presented the Pope’s excuses, which Michael Angelo accepted.”

But they recommenced on the morrow. One day the Pope ended by saying to him angrily: “Do you want me to have you thrown from the top of your scaffolding?” Michael Angelo had then to give way; he took down the scaffolding, and on All Saints’ Day 1512 his work was uncovered.

That great and melancholy fête, which receives the funereal reflection of All Souls’ Day, was eminently fitted for the inauguration of Michael Angelo’s terrible work, full of the spirit of God who creates and destroys—the devouring God in whom the whole force of life rushes like a tempest.

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 the hero of the Sistine, he whose majestic image is and ought to remain engraved on the memory of humanity.

He suffered terribly. His letters of those days witness to a passionate discouragement, which could not find appeasement in his divine thoughts.

"I am in a state of great mental depression: it is a year now since I received a fixed income from the Pope. I ask him for nothing, because my work does not advance sufficiently to make remuneration appear to me to be merited. This arises from the difficulty of the work and also from the fact that it does not belong to my profession. Thus I lose my time without result. God help me!"

Hardly had he finished painting "The Deluge" than the work became so mouldy that the figures could no longer be distinguished. He refused to continue. But the Pope would hear of no excuse. The artist had to set to work again.

His relatives still further added to his fatigue and anxiety by their odious importunities. All the members of his family lived at his charge, took advantage of him and worried him to death. His father never ceased his moaning and complaining over money affairs. When Michael Angelo himself was crushed under troubles he had to spend his time in raising his father’s courage.

"Do not distress yourself," he wrote to him, “these are not matters in which life is at stake. . . I shall never see you want as long as I myself have anything. . . Even if everything you possess in the world is taken from you, you will lack nothing so long as I exist. . . I would rather be poor and know you were alive than have all the gold in the world and know you were dead. . . If you cannot, like others, have the honours of this world, be

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 he could to avoid the redoubtable honour; he even went so far as to propose Raphael in his place, saying that this was not a branch of art in which he could succeed. But the Pope persisted in his demands and Michael Angelo had to give way.

Bramante raised a scaffolding for Michael Angelo in the Sistine Chapel, and some painters who had had experience in fresco painting were brought from Florence to assist him. But Michael Angelo was one of those men who would receive no sort of assistance whatsoever. He began by declaring that Bramante’s scaffolding was useless and by raising another. As to the Florentine painters, he took a dislike to them, and, without explanation, put them to the door. “One morning he destroyed everything they had painted, shut himself up in the chapel and would not open the door to them. He would not let himself be seen even in his own house. When the joke seemed to them to have lasted long enough they returned to Florence, profoundly humiliated.”

Michael Angelo remained alone with a few workmen, and, far from the greater difficulty checking his boldness, he enlarged his plan and decided to paint not only the ceiling, as had at first been proposed, but the walls.

This gigantic undertaking was begun on May 10, 1508. Dark years—the darkest and the most sublime of his whole life! Here we see the legendary Michael Angelo,

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38 Pope received the letter he despatched five couriers after him, but they did not overtake the fugitive until eleven o'clock at night, by which time he had reached Poggibonsi, in Tuscany. There they handed him the following order: "Immediately after the receipt of this, return to Rome, on pain of our disgrace." Michael Angelo replied that he would return when the Pope kept his engagements; otherwise, Julius II. might give up all hope of ever seeing him again.

He addressed a sonnet to the Pope, as follows:

"Lord, if ever a proverb was true, it is that which says that he who can, never will. You have believed in tales and idle talk; you have recompensed the enemy of truth. As regards myself, I am and have ever been your good old servant. I am as attached to you as the rays are to the sun. And yet the time which I lose afflicts you not! The more I fatigue myself the less you love me. I had hoped to grow greater through your grandeur, and that your just balance and your powerful sword would have been my only judges, and not a lying echo. But heaven makes a mockery of all virtue, in placing it in this world, if it counts on fruit from a dead tree."

It is probable that the affront which he received from Julius II. was not the sole reason for Michael Angelo's flight. In a letter to Giuliano da San Gallo he leads one to suppose that Bramante intended to have him assassinated.

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Rh popular belief that it was unlucky to build one's tomb during one's lifetime. And he succeeded not only in detaching him from his rival's projects but in substituting his own for them. In January 1506 Julius II. decided to rebuild St. Peter's. The mausoleum was abandoned, and Michael Angelo found himself not only humiliated but indebted for the expenses which he had incurred for the work. He complained bitterly. The Pope closed his door to him, and, on the sculptor returning to the charge, Julius had him driven from the Vatican by one of his grooms.

A bishop of Lucca, who witnessed the scene, said to the man:

"Are you aware as to who this is?"

"Pardon me, sir," said the groom to Michael Angelo," but I have an order not to let you enter, and it is my duty to obey my orders."

Returning home, Michael Angelo wrote to the Pope as follows: "Holy Father! I was driven from the Palace this morning by order of your Holiness. I beg to inform you that if you need me you will have to seek me everywhere else but in Rome."

Sending off this letter, he called in a dealer and a marble-cutter who lodged with him and said to them:

"Find a Jew, sell everything in my house, and come to Florence." He then mounted his horse and set off. When the

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28 than his excessive excitement subsided. Returning to Bologna, where he spent the winter, he entirely forgot the prophet and his prophecies. The beauty of the world once more claimed his attention. He read Petrarca, Boccaccio and Dante. In the spring of 1495, during the Shrovetide religious fêtes, and the fierce struggle of rival parties, he returned to Florence. But he was now so detached from the passions which raged around him that, as a sort of reply to the fanaticism of the followers of Savonarola, he carved his famous "Sleeping Cupid," which his contemporaries mistook for an antique. He remained, however, but a few months in Florence; he went to Rome, and until the death of Savonarola he was the most pagan of artists. He produced a Bacchus, an Adonis, and the large Cupid the very year of Savonarola's Bonfire of Vanities—books, ornaments and works of art. His brother, the monk Leonardo, was being prosecuted for his faith in the prophet. Danger was hanging over Savonarola's head. But Michael Angelo did not return to Florence to defend him. Savonarola was burnt, but Michael Angelo remained silent. Not a trace of this event is to be found in any of his letters.

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Rh dare not. On one of the following mornings he again sought out Michael Angelo and, full of terror, told him that Lorenzo had once more appeared to him. He was wearing the same costume, and as Cardiere, who was lying down, looked at him in silence, the phantom had boxed his ears, as a punishment for not having obeyed him. Michael Angelo then warmly reproved his friend and forced him, there and then, to set off on foot to the villa of the Medici family, at Careggi, near Florence. When half way on his journey Cardiere met Piero, stopped him and related his story. Piero burst into laughter and had him belaboured by his attendants. The prince's chancellor, Bibbiena, said to him: "You are out of your mind. Whom do you think Lorenzo loves best, his son or you? If his son, would he not rather have appeared to him than to any other person, if it had been necessary to appear at all?" Cardiere, lashed and scoffed at, returned to Florence, informed Michael Angelo of the failure of his journey, and so convinced him on the subject of the misfortunes which were going to overtake Florence that, two days later, the sculptor fled.

This was the first attack of those superstitious terrors which occurred more than once in the course of his life and which, however ashamed he might be of them, threw him into consternation.

He fled as far as Venice.

Hardly had he left the fiery atmosphere of Florence

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The fruitful cry of the “Ode to Joy” was not uttered. Until his last breath it was an Ode to Sorrow and to Death which delivers. The conquest was complete.

Such was one of the world’s conquerors. We who enjoy the works of his genius do so in the same manner as we enjoy the conquests of our ancestors: we make no reckoning of the blood which they have cost.

My desire has been to display this blood to the eyes of all, to wave above our heads the red standard of heroes.

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 The irony of fate ordained that this sculptor should only succeed in completing his paintings, which were executed against his real desire. Among his big undertakings, which had alternately produced so many proud hopes and mental sufferings, some—such as the Cartoon of Pisa and the bronze statue of Julius II.—were destroyed during his lifetime; whilst others—such as the mausoleum of Julius II. and the Medici Chapel—piteously failed: caricatures of his thought.

In the "Commentaries" of the sculptor Ghiberti there is related the story of a poor German goldsmith, in the service of the Duke of Anjou, "who was the equal of the sculptors of Ancient Greece, and who, at the end of his days, saw all the work to which he had devoted his life destroyed. He then saw that all his labour had been in vain, and, throwing himself on his knees, he cried: 'O Lord, Master of heaven and earth, Thou who makest all things, allow me no longer to stray afield and follow other than Thee. Have pity on me!' And immediately he gave all he possessed to the poor, retired to a hermitage and died. …"

Like the poor German goldsmith, Michael Angelo, having reached the end of his life, bitterly contemplated his useless efforts, his uncompleted, destroyed and unaccomplished works.

Then, he abdicated. The pride of the Renaissance, the magnificent pride of the free and sovereign soul of the universe took refuge with him "in that divine love which, in receiving us, opens its arms upon the Cross."

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 “Ah! grant; oh! grant that I no longer return to myself.”

I can hear that tragic cry issuing from the sorrowful face whose anxious eyes still look at us in the Museum of the Capitol.

He was of medium stature, broad-shouldered, strongly built and muscular. His body deformed by work, he walked with raised head, hollowed out back and protruding stomach. So do we see him in a portrait by Francis of Holland—a portrait in which he is represented upright, in profile and dressed in black: a Roman cloak over his shoulders, a piece of stuff on his head, and, on the top of it, well pulled down, a large black felt hat. He had a round skull, a square forehead, swollen over the eyes and lined with wrinkles. His hair was black, by no means thick, dishevelled and becurled. His small, sad, strong eyes were horn-coloured, variable, and speckled with yellow and blue. His big, straight nose, with a bump in the middle, had been broken by a blow from Torrigiani’s fist. He had deep lines from the nostrils to the corners of the lips. His mouth was delicate, with

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8 your body. As long as you are young, things will go fairly smoothly; but when you are no longer so, sicknesses and infirmities, which have had their origin in that bad and wretched life, will make their appearance. Avoid poverty, live with moderation, mind you do not stand in need of necessaries, and beware of excess of work."

But counsel was ever without avail: never would he consent to treat himself in a more humane manner. A little bread and wine sufficed to nourish him. Barely a few hours were devoted to sleep. When at Bologna, occupied with the bronze statue of Julius II., he had only one bed for himself and his three assistants. He lay down to rest fully dressed and booted. On one occasion his legs swelled so much that his boots had to be cut, and in removing them the skin of his limbs came with them.

As a result of this terrible life he was, as his father had prophesied, constantly ill. We find fourteen to fifteen serious illnesses mentioned in his letters. More than once

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Rh even the time for eating and sleeping. In his letters we are continually coming across the following lamentable refrain:

“I have hardly time to eat … I have no time to eat … For the past twelve years I have been ruining my body with fatigue. I stand in need of necessaries … I am without a penny. I am naked. I suffer a thousand ills … I live in a state of poverty and suffering … I struggle with poverty.”

Michael Angelo’s poverty was imaginary. He was wealthy—he became, indeed, very wealthy. But what use did he make of his riches? He lived like a poor man, harnessed to his task like a horse to a millstone. No one could understand why he thus tortured himself. No one could understand that it was out of his power not to torture himself—that it was a necessity for him. Even his father—who had many of his son’s traits—reproached him.

“Your brother tells me that you live with great economy and even in a wretched manner. Economy is good, but poverty is bad—it is a vice which displeases both God and man and will do harm to your soul and

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 Coat of Arms of South Africa (1932-2000).svg

VAN DIE REPUBLIEK VAN SUID-AFRIKA

REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

Verkoopprys • Selling price (AVB uitgesluit/GST excluded) Plaaslik 50c Local Buitelands 70c Other countries Posvry • Post free


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GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 21 OCTOBER 1988

Rh GENERAL EXPLANATORY NOTE

To amend the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983, so as to make different provision in relation to the period within which certain advice and decisions of the President’s Council shall be laid upon the Table in Parliament.

(Afrikaans text signed by the acting State President.) (Assented to 12 October 1988.)

E IT ENACTED by the State President and the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa, as follows:―

Amendment of section 78 of Act 110 of 1983

1. Section 78 of the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983, is hereby amended by the substitution for subsection (8) of the following subsection: “(8) Advice received by the State President in terms of subsection (4) (b) and accepted by him, and any decision of the President’s Council in terms of subsection (5), shall be laid upon the Table of every House [within 14 days after its receipt by the State President] as soon as possible .”.

Short title

2. This Act shall be called the Constitution Third Amendment Act, 1988.


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"," statue, Michael Angelo, 80

"Active Life" and "Contemplative Life," statues, Michael Angelo, 123 n.3, 124

Adrian VI., Pope, 63 n.1

Agen, Cardinal d', 59 n.1

Alba, Duke of, 155

Albizzi, 26

Aldovrandini, Giovanni Francesco, 28 n.1

Aleria, Bishop of, 118

Alicarnasseo, Filonico, 102

Altoviti, Bindo, 159 n.2

Amadore, Francesco d', see Urbino

Ammanati, 85 n.4, 122 n.3

Andrinopolis, 39 n.4


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 450 accused by one of his father’s wives of making an attempt on her virtue. Hearing of this, his father attacked him with a drawn sword, and he, in order to save his father from the sin of murder, prayed for immediate death. He disappeared in the ground, and a pillar of clay rose from the spot, and out of it a supernatural voice proclaimed his innocency. Down to the present day pilgrims, after shaving their heads, do the triple circumambulation (pradakshina) of Sudderan’s column, always keeping it on their right. After this they cast seven clods or brick-bats at the adjoining tomb of his father, muttering curses on its occupant. Burton thinks that this is copied from the Arab rite mentioned above; but this seems to be doubtful. (R. F. Burton, Sind Revisited, London, 1877, ii. 85 ff.)

.

 (Vol. xxvii., p. 94.)

Easter Egg custom is more widespread than is shown in the “Catalogue of Brand Material.” I used to roll dyed eggs on “Egg Monday” when I was a boy in Ross and Cromarty, and we had an “Egg Sunday.” We afterwards burned whin and searched for shellfish. In Edinburgh here I find the dyed eggs are rolled in Bruntsfield Links. The custom was quite common all over Scotland until recently. It has been stamped out by unimaginative school teachers and parsons.

(Ante, pp. 300, 301). or Begging Day has been observed in North Devon within my recollection. The agricultural labourers’ wives in the remote districts would call at the different farmhouses in the neighbourhood for a penny.

For Bradninch, Dorset, read Devon (p. 303).

.


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 THE PERSISTENCE OF PRIMITIVE BELIEFS IN THEOLOGY:

'

.

I. I. Peculiar ideas gathering round the name of Ali. . The Sea-Demon Khidr, . = Elijah (both for Jews and Mahommedans). . Elisha-Kdr, a real deity from Syria to Hindustan, . identified with many worthies of the Old Testa- ment e.g., . the undying Melchizedek {Elyun) : the god who dies or disappears and again returns. . Khidr is deity of the proficients, as Ali (Helios, El) among adepts, of the Nosairis. . Sum. II. 9. The Seven World-Ages and the Recurrent Prophet (in Ebionism and early heresy). . In Mani and the Clementine Writings, nearly coeval. . Dominant influence in this, Buddhism. . At root of all, notion of the Fetish-King — the vehicle which is used and discarded : Great Mother and her short-lived consorts ; Iranian ' royal halo ' and its temporary wearer ; Buddhist and Hindoo Law and its exponent. . Modern survivals : Druzes, . and Nosairi. . Kizil Bash (Red Caps) and Yezidi. . Conclusion.


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 338 in the South-East Pacific, remained in its primitive state, save in so far as it was affected by the visits of passing ships, till the year 1863. At that date a large number of its most distinguished inhabitants were carried away by Peruvian slave raiders or died from a subsequent epidemic of small-pox; the following year the first Christian missionary settled on the island; he was rapidly followed by a series of European exploiters and the old order passed. The information which follows was obtained from the few surviving natives who can remember their life in its earlier condition prior to the above events. It is never easy to procure from uneducated persons a straightforward and accurate statement, even when the events in question are recent and well within their knowledge, it is even harder when some of the facts are forgotten or only vaguely remembered, so that a speaker glides almost unconsciously from what is known to what is merely conjectured; the difficulty of research was in this case further augmented through its being begun with preconceived ideas, obtained from the brief allusions of earlier writers, which subsequently proved to be erroneous. The work was necessarily a matter of time; it was not, for instance, till the Expedition had been a year on the island that the story transpired of the bird-man’s residence on Rano Raraku, though once heard it was found to be well known. The whole material available has not yet been examined and some changes may be necessary; what is claimed is that the evidence was very carefully obtained and weighed and that the story as given is believed to be substantially correct; but experience in field work here and elsewhere has induced a firm conviction that accuracy in anthropological work is never more than a comparative term. The account will be given first in general terms, and deviations or exceptions subsequently noted. With regard to the evidence at our disposal, information was obtained from


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 Rh some twelve different authorities, of whom four had been bird-men, three had served as “hopu,” and one had acted in both capacities. We had camps at both Mataveri and Rano Raraku, we visited Orongo more than twenty times with different native escorts, and we were three times on the islet of Motu Nui. The Expedition was over sixteen months on the island.

Easter Island is renowned for its gigantic images, many of which stood on the burial places round the coast and were erected on the slopes of the mountain whence they were hewn, while large numbers still remain in the quarries in an unfinished state. The why and wherefore of these things is lost in mist of antiquity. There is, however, another and less known cult of the island which survived till living memory; it is noteworthy for its own sake, and it is doubly interesting if it can be proved to have had at least some connection with the great statues: this is the Bird Cult.

The population of Easter Island was divided into ten clans or “mata,” which are frequently spoken of in two groups, those of Kotuu and those of Hotu-iti, districts which may be simply if roughly identified with the Western and Eastern portions of the island; legend tells of fierce wars between the rival parties. The clan which was in the ascendency at any given time, or the “Mata-toa,” had the right to obtain the first egg of a certain migratory sea bird, but two or more clans are often found combining; the members of other clans, or the Mata-kio, might be present in the capacity of servants. The Mata-toa had a claim on the Mata-kio for boat building and food planting and “they were afraid to refuse.” How this primary position was originally attained it is not very easy to say, presumably by superior strength; it might be held for one year or for several in succession and was said to be passed on at will to a favoured neighbour. The selection gave rise at times to heartburning: it is told that a man of


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340 the Marama clan set fire to the house of the head of the Miru clan because the Miru had given the coveted distinction to the Ngaure instead of to his own people. An aggrieved clan had its remedy through war. The Mata-toa when taking part in the bird ceremonies are spoken of as the “Ao,” thus “Miru te Ao” signifies that the Miru were the celebrants that year; the same name is given to an actual object in the shape of a large paddle used in dancing, the handle of which was adorned with a human face. The island is triangular in shape, with its apex to the north, and the bird ceremonies were especially connected with the western angle. This portion is formed by an extinct volcano known as Rano Kao, and in October the Mata-toa, or a certain number of them, men, women and children, took up their abode in a number of houses at the foot of the mountain on the landward side. The place is called Mataveri and the removal there was known as “Kaho Mataveri ki te Ao,” or “to go to Mataveri for the Ao.” The houses were made after the fashion of the island, as a superstructure of sticks and reed on a boat-shaped foundation of stone, and here great cannibal feasts were held; tradition relates that so big were the houses that one of the victims escaped by hiding in an extreme end. Similar gruesome feasts took place to the accompaniment of breaking waves in a sea cave near at hand, which still bears the name of “Ana-kai-tangata,” or “Cave eat man”; the roof is covered with paintings of birds in red and white pigment, one of which is superimposed on a drawing of a European ship and cannot, therefore, be earlier than the eighteenth century. For


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 Rh the bird celebrations, in addition to a particular dress and hat, the men carried the “ao” and the women wore the “remiro,” a breast ornament only used by a woman whose husband was of the Mato-toa. The wooden images, “moai toromiro,” were hung around the neck. A function connected with the young birds took place in October or November, but will be more conveniently spoken of later.

In July the Ao left Mataveri and wound their way up to the top of the mountain by a track still just traceable and known as “the road of the Ao.” Rano Kao is some thirteen hundred feet in height and has a crater about a mile in width; the landward side is a grassy slope, but the three sides which are surrounded by sea have been gradually eroded till they form a steep and precipitous cliff of about one thousand feet. So far has this erosion proceeded that the sea has nearly worn its way into the crater itself, which is at the present time only separated from it by a wall of rock along which it would be feasible but not easy to walk. In this process of attrition some harder portions of rock have been left and form three little islands lying off the coast. Standing on the western extremity of the mountain with the narrow ridge immediately on the left, the crater behind and the cliff in front, these islets are seen far below, always girdled with breaking surf from the swell of the Pacific, which here extends in an unbroken sweep to the Antarctic. To-day no sound is heard save the cries of the sea birds as they circle round these their habitations.

The company of the Ao proceeded by the western side of the crater along its ever-narrowing summit till this spot on the cliff was reached, which is known as Orongo. Here houses were again awaiting them, but unlike those at Mata-veri they were constructed of stone laminae, lined and roofed with slabs and covered with earth; such structures were obviously more suitable for so windy a spot than those made of reeds. The entrance, which is always toward


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Author:Evelyn Wood

Works

 * (Modern Army)

title: Author:Evelyn Wood


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User:Arilang1234/Draft/Boxer Bandits

而义和拳自山东(Shangdong) 浸淫入畿辅，众亦渐盛，遂围涞水(Laishui County)，县令(magistrate)祝芾请兵，直隶(Hebei province)总督(Governor)裕禄(Yulu)遣杨福同勦之. 福同败死. 进攻涿州(Zhuozhou)，知州(local magistrate )龚荫培告急，顺天(Peking city)府尹(local official)何乃莹揣朝旨，格不行. 荫培坐免. 太后使刑部尚书(Justice ministry)赵舒翘、大学士刚毅(Ganyi)及乃莹先後往，道之入京师. 刚毅等复命，均力言义民无他心，可恃. 遂焚铁道，毁电线，至者数万人，城中为坛场几徧. "Zaiyi or Prince Duan (端郡王) " Harmonious Boxers had begun to infiltrate into Peking, their members increasing, they had siege Laisui County, the county magistrate was requesting the dispatch of government troops, the Hebei governor Yulu then sent Yang Futong to exterminate the boxer. Boxer killed Yang Futong. Harmonious Boxers then attacked Zhuozhou County, local magistrate Pang Yinpei sent out distress signal, Peking city official He Naiyin holding a Imperial Decree but was restricted in movement. Empress Dowager then sent Justice Ministry Zhao Xuqiao, Grand Scholar Ganyi and He Naiyin to Zhuozhou county, and they returned to Peking. Grand Scholar Ganyi returned to see Empress Dowager, strongly praised the Boxers, that they are reliable and loyal to the Imperial Court. Boxers were into burning railroad, destroyed telegraphic lines, tens of thousands were inside Peking City, and set up many worshiping shrines. 其神曰洪钧老祖骊山老母，来常以夜，燎而祠之，为巫舞欲以下神，神至，能禁枪礮令不燃. The gods of the boxers are Hongjun old grandfather and Lishan old mother, they often arrived in nighttime, amid fire and the dance of shaman, when they arrived, they have the power to stop guns and cannons from firing.

又能指言空中，则火起，刀槊不能伤. 出则呼市人向东南而拜，人无敢不从者. They can just point to the air, fire shall start, no knife or spears could harm their body. They often order plain folks to worship in the direction of South-East, no one dare to show disobedience. 以仇教为名，至斥上为教主. 太后与载漪谋欲引以废立，故主之特坚. 匪党出入禁中，曰夜无期度. 扬言当尽灭诸夷，不受赐，愿得一龙二虎头. 一龙谓上，二虎庆亲王奕劻(Prince Qing)、大学士李鸿章(Li Hongzhang)也. They publicly advocated the hatred towards Christianity, accusing Guangxu Emperor as the head of the Christian Church. Empress Dowager and Prince Duan 载漪 plotted together trying to abolish Guangxu Emperor, so they supported the boxer. Boxer bandit gangs were able to enter and leave the Forbidden City at will, day or night. Boxer bandits openly boasted that they will exterminate all the foreigners, they will refuse any royal gifts, all they want are the heads of one dragon and two tigers. Guangxu Emperor is the dragon, Prince Qing and Li Hongzhang are the tigers. （光绪二十六年）五月初十曰，俄使格雨思上书，言"乱民曰益多，英法籍之，将不利於中国. 俄与中国方睦，逾二百年，义当告. "总理衙门(Zongli Yamen)得书，不敢上. 俄使欲入见，乃封奏焉，亦不答.

On the 26 year of Guangxu Emperor, 10 May(lunar calander), Russian ambassador Geyuxi forwarded a letter, "rioters are getting more and more each day, England and France are using them, these will cause harm to China. Russia and China had been good neighbors for more than 200 years, it is our dut yo inform. " Zongli Yamen had received the letter, but dare not forward it to the Imperial Court. The Russian diplomat wanted to see the Emperor, but no answer was offered.

十四曰，以礼部尚书(Ministry of Rite)启秀、工部侍郎(Ministry of work)溥兴、内阁学士那桐入总理衙门(Zongli Yamen)，而以载漪(Prince Duan (端郡王) )为管理. On the 14th day, ministry of rite Chixiu, ministry of work Fuxin, Grand scholar Natong were admitted into Zongli Yamen, Prince Duan was in administration.

十五曰，曰本书记生杉山彬(Sugiyama)出永定门，董福祥(Dong Fuxiang)遣兵杀之於道，剖其尸. On the 15th day, Japan legation staff Sugiyama was traveling out of Yong Ding Gate, Dong Fuxiang sent soldiers to kill him on the street, and his body was mutilated. 十七曰，拳匪於右安门内火教民居，无老幼妇女皆杀之，一僧为之长. On the 17th day, boxer bandits were torching homes of Chinese Christians converts, be they old, young, or female, were all killed indiscriminately.

十八曰，往宣武门内火教堂，又连烧他教堂甚衆. 城门晝闭，京师大乱(Peking was plunged into chaos). 连两曰有旨，言拳匪作乱当勦，而匪势愈张. On the 18th day, boxer bandits went inside of Xuan Wu Gate, torching many Churches. The Xuan Wu Gate was closed in the daytime, Peking was plunged into chaos. The Imperial Court issued decrees two days in a row, stated that rioting boxer bandits should be exterminated, yet the bandits were spreading their activity.

二十曰，焚正阳门外四千馀家，京师富商所集也，数百年精华尽矣. 延及城阙，火光烛天，三曰不灭. On the 20th day, bandits burnt 4000 plus shops outside of Zhen Yang Gate, this was the precinct of rich merchants of Peking, the pinnacle of hundreds of years of commercial. The city wall was burnt, the fire lighted up the sky for three straight days.

是曰，召大学士六部九卿入议. 太后哭，出罗嘉杰书示廷臣，相顾逡巡，莫敢先发. On that day, nine ministers of the six ministries were called to the Imperial Court. Empress Dowager was weeping, and showing Lo Jiajeh's letter to the ministers, they all look at each other, no one dare to speak out first.

吏部侍郎(Ministry of civil service)许景澄言："中国与外洋交数十年矣，民教相仇之事，无岁无之，然不过赔偿而止；惟攻杀使臣，中外皆无成案(no precedent). 今交民巷使馆(foreign diplomatic legations)，拳匪曰窥伺之，几於朝不谋夕，傥不测，不知宗社生灵(the shrine of Aisin Jioro)，置之何地？" Ministry of civil service Xu Jingteng:"China has engaged with foreigners for many years, the conflicts and fighting between common people and Christians converts happen every year, monetary compensation would settle these disputes; but to put diplomats under siege and kill them, there is no precedent, inside or outside of China. The boxer bandits are constantly eyeing the Peking foreign diplomatic legations, and shall fall into the hands of the bandits anytime, if it does, where shall we locate a safe place for the clan of Aisin Jioro?"

太常寺卿(Ministry of worship and rite)袁昶言："釁不可开，纵容乱民，祸至不可收拾，他曰内讧外患相随而至，国何以堪？" 慷慨欷歔，声震殿瓦. 太后目摄之(stared with eye of dagger). Ministry of worship and rite Yuan Xi:"The war against the foreigners should not begin, right now the rioters receive encouragement, the disaster will be uncontrollable, one day the all country will be plunged into internal turmoil and external invasions, there would not be a country left. " Yuan Xi's highly emotional voice shattered the palace roof tiles. Empress Dowager stared at him with eyes of daggers.

太常寺少卿张亨嘉言："拳匪不可恃. "仓场侍郎长萃在亨嘉後，大言曰："此义民也！臣自通州来，通州无义民不保矣. Tai Chan Temple official said:"Boxer bandits are not accountable", another official said:"These are righteous people, I come from Tong County, the righteous people did protect Tong County."

"载漪载濂及户部恃郎 Ministry of Finance 溥良和之，言人心不可失. Prince Duan, Chai Lian and Ministry of Finance Fu Liang also supported the righteous people. 上曰(Guangxu)："人心何足恃，祗益乱耳. 令人喜言兵，然自朝鲜之役①，创钜痛深，效亦可睹矣. 况诸国之强，十倍於曰本，合而谋我，何以御之？" Guangxu Emperor replied:"The support from the righteous people is not sustainable, it would only help to create chaos. Nowadays many people like to raise the issue of military action, but they just need to look at the harm caused by the Korean military intervention. The power of these foreign powers are ten times that of Japan, once they joint force and attack us, what can we use for defense? "

载漪曰："董福祥剿叛同有功，以御夷，当无敌. "上(Guangxu)曰："福祥骄，难用. 敌器利而兵精，非回之比. " Prince Duan said:"Dong Fuxiang had been successful in exterminating the Hui rebellion, he should be able to defeat the foreigners. " Guangxu Emperor said:"Dong Fuxiang is too arrogant, not dependable. The enemy has powerful weapons, their soldiers are highly trained, much more advance than Hui people."

侍讲学士朱祖谋，亦言福祥无赖. 载漪(Prince Duan)语不逊，上嘿然. 廷臣皆出，而载澜刚毅遂合疏言："义民可恃，其术甚神，可以报雪仇耻. "载濂亦上书言："时不可失，敢阻挠者请斩之. "闻者莫不痛心，诋为妖孽，知其必亡，然畏太后，不敢言也.

是曰，造那桐许景澄往杨村说夷兵，令无入，道遇拳匪劫之归，景澄几死. 其後夷兵援使馆者，亦以衆少不得达，至落堡而还.

二十一曰，又召见大学士六部九卿. 太后曰："皇帝意在和，不欲用兵，余心乱矣，今曰廷论，可尽为上言. "兵部尚书(Ministry of war)徐用仪曰："用兵非中国之利，且釁不可自我先. "上曰："战非不可言，顾中国积衰，兵又不足恃，用乱民以求一逞，宁有幸乎？"侍读学士刘永亨言："乱民当早除，不然，祸不测. "载漪(Prince Duan)曰："义民起田间，出万死不顾一生，以赴国家之难，今以为乱欲诛之，人心一解，国谁与圖存？"上曰："乱民皆乌合，能以血肉相搏耶？且人心徒空言耳，奈何以民命为儿戏？"太后度载漪辩穷. 户部尚书(Ministry of Finance)立山，以心计侍中用事，得太后欢. 太后乃问山，山曰："拳民虽无他，然其术多不效. "载漪色变曰："用其心耳，何论术乎！立山敢廷争，是且与夷通，试遣山退夷兵，夷必听. "山曰："首言战者载漪也，漪当行. 臣不习夷情，且非其职. "太后曰："德亲王亨利昔来游，若尝为供给，亨利甚德之，若宜住. "山未对，载漪诋立山汉奸，立山抗辩. 太后两解之，罢朝. 遂遣徐用仪立山及内阁学士联元至使馆曰："无召兵，兵来则失好矣. "

二十二曰，又召见大学士六部九卿. 载漪请攻使馆，太后许之. 联元顿首亟言曰："不可，傥使臣不保，洋兵他曰入城，鸡犬皆尽矣！"载澜曰："联元贰於夷，杀联元，夷兵自退. "太后大怒，召左右立斩之，庄亲王载勋救之而止. 联元，载勋包衣也. 协办大学士王文韶言："中国自甲午（光绪二十年，1894 年）以后，财绌兵单，众寡强弱之势既已不侔，一旦开釁，何以善其後，愿太后三思. "太后大怒而起，以手击案骂之曰："若所言，吾皆习闻之矣，尚待若言耶？若能前去，令夷兵毋入城，否者且斩若！"文韶不敢辩. 上持许景澄手而泣曰："朕一人死不足惜，如天下生灵何！"太后阳慰解之，不怿而罢，自是嗛景澄.

太后意既决，载漪载勋载濂载澜刚毅徐桐崇绮启秀赵舒翘徐承煜又力赞 之，遂下诏褒拳匪为义民，予内帑银十万两. 载漪即第为坛，晨夕必拜，太后亦祠之内中. 由是燕齐之盗，莫不搤腕并起，而言灭夷矣. 城中曰焚劫，火光连曰夜，烟焰涨天，红巾左握千百人，横行都市，奠敢正视之者. 夙所不快者，即指为教民，全家皆尽，死者十数万人. 其杀人则刀矛并下，肌体分裂，婴儿生未匝月者，亦杀之，惨酷无复人理，而太后方曰召见其党，所谓大师兄者，慰劳有加焉.

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Rh everything. All the rapture is expended on the baby! Then the two nurses tumble out; and the enthusiasm swelling into madness, the whole family are swept up stairs as on a cloud; while the idlers press about the carriage, and look into it, and walk round it, and touch it. For it is something to touch a carriage that has held so many people. It is a legacy to leave one's children.

The rooms are on the first floor, except the nursery for the night, which is a great rambling chamber, with four or five beds in it: through a dark passage, up two steps, down four, past a pump, across a balcony, and next door to the stable. The other sleeping apartments are large and lofty; each with two small bedsteads, tastefully hung, like the windows, with red and white drapery. The sitting-room is famous. Dinner is already laid in it for three; and the napkins are folded in cocked-hat fashion. The floors are of red tile. There are no carpets, and not much furniture to speak of; but there is abundance of looking-glass, and there are large vases under glass shades, filled with artificial flowers; and there are plenty of clocks. The whole party are in motion. The brave Cornier, in particular, is everywhere: looking after the beds, having wine poured down his throat by his dear brother the landlord, and picking up green cucumbers—always cucumbers; Heaven knows where he gets them—with which he walks about, one in each hand, like truncheons.

Dinner is announced. There is very thin soup; there are very large loaves—one apiece; a fish; four dishes

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1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Riviera

RIVIERA, the narrow belt of coast which lies between the mountains and the sea all round the Gulf of Genoa in the north of Italy, extending from Nice on the W. to Spezia on the E. It is usually spoken of as Riviera di Ponente (“the coast of the setting sun”), the portion between Nice and the city of Genoa; and as Riviera di Levante (“the coast of the rising sun”), the portion from Genoa to Spezia. All this district, being open to the S. and sheltered from the N. and E. winds, enjoys a remarkably mild climate (winter mean, about 49º Fahr.); so much so that the vegetation in many places partakes of a subtropical character (e.g. the pomegranate, agave, prickly pear, date, palm and banana). Large numbers of flowers, especially roses, violets, hyacinths, &c., are grown near Nice, Mentone, Bordighera and other towns, and sent to the London and Paris markets. Bordighera is particularly noted for its noble groves of date-palms, one of the few places in Europe where these trees grow. The uncommon mildness of the climate, conjoined with the natural beauty of the coast scenery, — the steep sea-crags, the ruined towers and the range of the Maritime Alps, — attracts thousands of invalids and convalescents to spend the winter in the chain of towns and villages which stretch from the one end of the Riviera to the other, while these resorts are frequented for sea-bathing in summer by the Italians. Proceeding from W. to E. the following are the places to which visitors principally resort: Nice, Monaco (an independent principality), Monte Carlo, Mentone (the last town on the French Riviera), Ventimiglia, Bordighera, Ospedaletti, San Remo, Porto Maurizio, Oneglia, Diano Marina, Alassio, Arenzano, Pegli (in the Riviera di Ponente), and Nervi, Santa Margherita, Rapallo, Chiavari, Sestri Levante, Levanto, Spezia, and San Terenzo (Lerici) in the Riviera di Levante. The Riviera labours, however, under the grave drawback of being liable to earthquakes. In the 19th century there were four such visitations, in 1818, 1831, 1854 and 1887, which especially affected the western Riviera. A railway runs close along the shore all through the Riviera, the distance from Nice to Genoa being 116 m., and the distance from Genoa to Spezia 56 m. In the latter stretch the line burrows through the many projecting headlands by means of more than eighty tunnels. The pearl of the eastern Riviera is the stretch (6 to 7 m.) between Rapallo and Chiavari. Lord Byron and Shelley both lived and wrote on the shores of the Gulf of Spezia, and Dickens wrote The Chimes at Genoa.

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Riviera


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14 afterwards; some poultry afterwards; a dessert afterwards; and no lack of wine. There is not much in the dishes; but they are very good, and always ready instantly. When it is nearly dark, the brave Courier, having eaten the two cucumbers, sliced up in the contents of a pretty large decanter of oil, and another of vinegar, emerges from his retreat below, and proposes a visit to the Cathedral, whose massive tower frowns down upon the courtyard of the inn. Off we go; and very solemn and grand it is, in the dim light: so dim at last, that the polite, old, lanthorn-jawed Sacristan has a feeble little bit of candle in his hand, to grope among the tombs with—and looks among the grim columns, very like a lost ghost who is searching for his own.

Underneath the balcony, when we return, the inferior servants of the inn are supping in the open air, at a great table; the dish a stew of meat and vegetables, smoking hot, and served in the iron cauldron it was boiled in. They have a pitcher of thin wine, and are very merry; merrier than the gentleman with the red beard, who is playing billiards in the light room on the left of the yard, where shadows, with cues in their hands, and cigars in their mouths, cross and recross the window, constantly. Still the thin Curé walks up and down alone, with his book and umbrella. And there he walks, and there the billiard-balls rattle, long after we are fast asleep. We are astir at six next morning. It is a delightful day, shaming yesterday's mud upon the carriage, if anything could shame a carriage, in a land where carriages

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Rh are never cleaned. Everybody is brisk; and as we finish breakfast, the horses come jingling into the yard from the Post-house. Everything taken out of the carriage is put back again. The brave Courier announces that all is ready, after walking into every room, and looking all round it, to be certain that nothing is left behind. Everybody gets in. Everybody connected with the Hôtel de l'Ecu d'Or is again enchanted. The brave Courier runs into the house for a parcel containing cold fowl, sliced ham, bread, and biscuits, for lunch; hands it into the coach; and runs back again. What has he got in his hand now? More cucumbers? No. A long strip of paper. It's the bill.

The brave Courier has two belts on, this morning: one supporting the purse: another, a mighty good sort of leathern bottle, filled to the throat with the best light Bordeaux wine in the house. He never pays the bill till this bottle is full. Then he disputes it.

He disputes it now, violently. He is still the landlord's brother, but by another father or mother. He is not so nearly related to him as he was last night. The landlord scratches his head. The brave Courier points to certain figures in the bill, and intimates that if they remain there, the Hôtel de l'Ecu d'Or is thenceforth and for ever an hotel de l'Ecu de cuivre. The landlord goes into a little counting-house. The brave Courier follows, forces the bill and a pen into his hand, and talks more rapidly than ever. The landlord takes the pen. The Courier smiles. The landlord makes an

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text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Serrell, Edward Wellman


text:
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Poole, Reginald Stuart

POOLE, REGINALD STUART (1832-1895), English archaeologist and orientalist, was born in London on the 27th of January 1832. His father was the Rev. Edward Poole, a well-known bibliophile. His mother, Sophia, authoress of The Englishwoman in Egypt (1844), was the sister of E. W. Lane, the Arabic scholar, with whom R. S. Poole lived in Cairo from 1842 to 1849, thus imbibing an early taste for Egyptian antiquities. In 1852 he became an assistant in the British Museum, and was assigned to the department of coins and medals, of which in 1870 he became keeper. In that capacity he did work of the highest value, alike as a writer, teacher and administrator. In 1882 he was largely responsible for founding the Egypt Exploration Fund, and in 1884 for starting the Society of English Medallists. He retired in 1893, and died on the 8th of February 1895. Some of Poole's best work was done in his articles for the ''Ency. Brit.'' (9th ed.) on Egypt, Hieroglyphics and Numismatics, and considerable portions have been retained in the present edition, even though later research has been active in his sphere of work; he also wrote for Smith's Dictionary of the Bible, and published several volumes dealing with his special subjects. He was for some time professor of archaeology at University College, London, and also lecturer at the Royal Academy.

His elder brother, (1830-1867), who was chief clerk in the science and art department at South Kensington, was an Arabic scholar, whose early death cut short a promising career. His two sons, Stanley Lane-Poole (b. 1854), professor of Arabic in Trinity College, Dublin, and Reginald Lane-Poole (b. 1857), keeper of the archives at Oxford, lecturer in diplomatic, and author of various historical works, carried on the family tradition of scholarship.


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Stein, Mark Aurel

STEIN, (1862—). An English Orientalist, archæologist, and educator. He was born at Budapest, Hungary. He studied at Vienna and Tübingen, and in England at Oxford and London. In 1888 he was appointed registrar of the Punjab University and principal of the Oriental College at Lahore, and in 1899 principal of the Calcutta Madrasah. He was deputed by the Indian Government to conduct archæological and topographical explorations in Chinese Turkestan. The first results of his discoveries on this journey are published in his Preliminary Report (London, 1901). On his return from

Turkestan he became inspector of schools in the Punjab. Among the more important of his publications are a critical edition of Kalhana's Rājataranginī, or Sanskrit Chronicle of the Kings of Kashmir (1892), together with an English translation and commentary on the same (2 vols. 1901); A Classified Catalogue of Sanskrit MSS. in the Raghunath Temple Library, Jammu (1894); and The Sand-buried Cities of Khotan (1903).


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Steinamanger

STEINAMANGER, stīn'ȧm-äng'ẽr (Hung. Szombathely). The capital of the County of Eisenburg (Vas), Hungary, 68 miles south of Pressburg (Map: Hungary, E 3). It has a beautiful modern cathedral, a fine county building, and a theological seminary. Important State railway workshops are located here, and two factories for agricultural machinery. Steinamanger is on the site of the Roman Sabaria, and has ruins of a triumphal arch, amphitheatre, and aqueduct in the vicinity, with many remains in the local museum. Population, in 1900, 24,751.


text: Constitution Third Amendment Act, 1988

title: Constitution Third Amendment Act, 1988


text:
Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983/1988-10-21

as amended by

Constitution Amendment Act, No. 105 of 1984

Powers and Privileges of Parliament and the Constitution Amendment Act, No. 99 of 1985

Provincial Government Act, No. 69 of 1986

Constitution Amendment Act, No. 20 of 1987

Constitution Amendment Act, No. 50 of 1988

Constitution Third Amendment Act, No. 101 of 1988

78. (1) The President’s Council shall at the request of the State President advise him on any matter referred to it by the State President for its advice, and may, in its discretion, advise him on any matter (excluding draft legislation) which, in its opinion, is of public interest.

(2) Whenever a matter is referred to the President’s Council for its advice or when that Council is of the opinion that a matter is of public interest, it may refer such matter to a committee contemplated in section 76 for advice, and if the Council is not in session, reference of such matter to such a committee for its advice may be effected in accordance with rules and orders made by the Council.

(3) The President’s Council may transmit any advice received by it in terms of subsection (2) to the State President as the advice of the Council, whether with or without its comments thereon.

(4) (a) When any bill or bills are referred for decision to the President’s Council under section 32, it may refer such bill or bills to a committee contemplated in section 76 for investigation and report, and if the Council is not in session, reference of such bill or bills to such a committee for investigation and report may be effected in accordance with rules and orders made by the Council, and the Council may take any such report and any recommendation contained therein into consideration when acting in terms of paragraph (b) of this subsection or in terms of subsection (5) of this section.

(b) The President’s Council may from time to time advise the State President that any bill or bills so referred to it, be amended or otherwise dealt with in the manner recommended by the President’s Council.

(5) Unless the State President withdraws the reference, the President’s Council shall decide―

in the case of a bill referred to in section 32 (1) (a), either that the bill is to he presented to the State President for assent or that it shall not be so presented; in the case of a bill referred to in section 32 (1) (b), either which one of the different versions of such bill that were passed is to be presented to the State President for assent, or that none of those versions shall be so presented; in the case of a bill referred to in section 32 (1) (c) or (d), which one of the different versions of such bill that were passed is to be presented to the State President for assent.

(6) The President’s Council or a committee thereof may, for the purposes of the performance of its functions and in its discretion, consult with any person or State institution on any matter, and may for such purpose establish consultative committees consisting of members of the President’s Council or such committee, as the case may be, and members of any council established by the State President in terms of any other law.

(7) Advice received by the State President in terms of subsection (1) shall be laid upon the Table in every House that has an interest in it within 14 days after its receipt, if Parliament is then in session, or, if Parliament is not then in session, within 14 days after the commencement of its next ensuing session.

(8) Advice received by the State President in terms of subsection (4) (b) and accepted by him, and any decision of the President’s Council in terms of subsection (5), shall be laid upon the Table of every House as soon as possible.


text:
Page:The Life of Michael Angelo.djvu/268

200

Angiolini, Bartolommeo, 97, 98 n.1, 149 n.2

Anjou, Duke of, 19

Antonio del Franzese, 17 n.2, 130 and n.4, 159 n.2, 167, 170 n.3

Antonio, Marc, "The Climbers," 34 n.3

"Apollo drawing an Arrow from his Quiver," Michael Angelo, 79, 86

Archadelt, Giacomo, 113 n.1, 137 n.5, 151 n.2

Aretino, attacks on Michael Angelo, 91, 92, 93 n.3, 121 and notes, 122, 159 n.2

Arezzo, 23 and n.2, 74

Ariosto, "Orlando," 103

drawing, Michael Angelo, 97

"Bacchus Drunk," Michael Angelo, 28 n.2

Baglione, Malatesta, 74, 78-79

Baif, Lazare de, 76

Bandinelli, 159 n.2

Bandini, 167

"Battle of Anghiari," cartoon, Michael Angelo, 34

"Battle of Cascina," cartoon, Michael Angelo, 34 and n.3


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Steinbock

STEINBOCK (Ger., stone-goat), or STEINBUCK. (1) The European ibex (q.v.). (2) In South Africa, by transference, the Dutch name (also ‘steenbok’) for the small antelopes of the genus Nanotragus, specifically the widespread Nanotragus campestris, which abounds in open or thinly wooded and hilly places from the Cape to the Zambezi River. It is of an indeterminate reddish hue, about 24 inches tall, long-necked, with short, erect, forward-curving ringed horns, and exceedingly swift and active, and skillful in hiding. Other species of the genus are the oribi, grysbok, and royal antelope (qq.v.), with still others in Zanzibar and Abyssinia. Consult Proceedinqs of the Zoölogical Society of London for 1900.


text:
Author:Edward Stanley Poole

Works

 * (History, II. in part)

title: Author:Edward Stanley Poole


text:
Page:Singapore Act 1966 (ukpga 19660029 en).pdf/5

 Rh

9. In section 2(4) of the Import Duties Act 1958, before the words "together with" there shall be inserted the word "Singapore".

10. In section 427(2) of the Merchant Shipping Act 1894, as set out in section 2(1) of the Merchant Shipping (Safety Convention) Act 1949, before the words "or in any" there shall be inserted the word "Singapore".

11. At the end of the proviso to section 6(2) of the Merchant Shipping Act 1948 there shall be added the words "or Singapore".

12. At the end of section 8 of the Imperial Institute Act 1925 (which confers power to vary the provisions of the said Act of 1925 if an agreement for the purpose is made with the Governments of territories which for the time being are contributing towards the expenses of the Commonwealth Institute and are specified in subsection (2) inserted in that section by the Commonwealth Institute Act 1958) there shall be added the words "and Singapore".

13. In section 50(1) of the Films Act 1960, in the definition of "Commonwealth country", before the words "any colony" there shall be inserted the word "Singapore".

14. For purposes of section 119 of the Companies Act 1948 as it has effect by virtue of the Companies Registers (Malaysia) Order 1964, Singapore shall, at the end of the period of six months beginning with the day on which this Act is passed, cease to be treated as if it formed part of Malaysia, and, accordingly, shall thereafter for those purposes continue to be treated as if it were a part of Her Majesty's dominions but separate from Malaysia.


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Steiner, Jakob

STEINER, stī'nẽr, (1796-1863). A Swiss mathematician, born at Utzenstorf, near Solothurn. He studied at Heidelberg, gave private instruction in Berlin, and in 1834 was made assistant professor in the university and member of the Academy of Sciences. Steiner's chief work is the Systematische Entwicklung der Abhängigkeit geometrischer Gestalten (1832; in the Ostwald Classics, 1896). He also wrote: Die geometrischen Konstruktionen ausgeführt mittels der geraden Linie und eines festen Kreises (1833; in the Ostwald Classics, 1895). His Vorlesungen über synthetische Geometrie (3d ed. 1887) and his Gesammelte Werke (1881-82) appeared posthumously. Consult Graf, Der Mathematiker Jakob Steiner von Utzenstorf (Bern, 1897).


text:
Page:Constitution Fourth Amendment Act 1989.djvu/1

OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

REPUBLIEK VAN SUID-AFRIKA


text:
Page:Lord Chatham as an Orator.djvu/36

Rh He moves for an Address to the Crown to put a stop to hostilities in America, and his speech begins without preamble: 'My Lords, this is a flying moment; perhaps but six weeks left to arrest the dangers that surround us. The gathering storm may break; it has already opened and in part burst.' This is the speech in which he taunts the Ministry with hiring soldiers from abroad to crush British subjects lately so loyal. 'You have ransacked every corner of Lower Saxony; but forty thousand foreign boors never can conquer ten times the number of British freemen. You may ravage, you cannot conquer. It is impossible. You cannot conquer the Americans.... I might as well talk of driving them before me with this crutch.'

A bold stroke for a gouty invalid, but, coming from such a man at such a crisis and with such a voice and eye, doubtless impressive.

The young eager son, conscious already of a genius of his own, can hardly have been shocked by it, though he may have been startled. This at least I should gather from what he wrote to his mother next morning:

'I cannot help expressing to you how happy beyond description I feel in reflecting that my Father was able to exert, in their full vigour, the sentiments and eloquence which have always distinguished him. His first speech took up half an hour, and was full of all his usual force and vivacity. I only regretted that he did not always raise his voice enough for all the House to hear everything he said. If they felt as I did, however, they must have heard abundantly enough to be charmed and transported.... He spoke a second time in answer to Lord Weymouth, to explain the object of his motion.... This he did in a flow of eloquence, and with a beauty of expression, animated and striking beyond description.'

title: Page:Lord Chatham as an Orator.djvu/36


text:
Page:Lord Chatham as an Orator.djvu/37

32 Once again in this year 1777 Chatham was to speak, and again the subject was America. Parliament had re-opened in November, and the Address to the King was little suited to procure a peace. Chatham is profoundly depressed at the humiliated state of the country which twenty years before he had made and left so great.

Again he insists, 'You cannot conquer America,' and, apart from this impossibility, he has the front to declare, 'If I were an American, as I am an Englishman, while a foreign troop was landed in my country, I never would lay down my arms, never! never! never!'

This is the speech in which he makes his famous but hardly discreet reply to Lord Suffolk, who had urged, in defence of the employment of the Indian tribes in America, that it was perfectly justifiable to 'use all the means that God and nature put into our hands'. Then followed the amazing outburst which critics will estimate according to their temperaments, in which the impassioned orator, scarcely remembering what he had himself sanctioned twenty years before, denounces such 'abominable principles as equally abhorrent to religion and humanity'; 'they shock me as a lover of honourable war and a detester of murderous barbarity'.

And then he makes his fervent appeal to the Bishops and the Judges to join in protest against such a pollution; and, pointing to the tapestry on the walls of the House representing the destruction of the Spanish Armada, he taunts Lord Suffolk with the exploits of his 'immortal ancestor', Lord Howard of Effingham, 'who led your victorious fleets against the invaders of Spain,' and had ordered this pictured monument to be wrought in the looms of Holland.

title: Page:Lord Chatham as an Orator.djvu/37


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Steinheil, Karl August

STEINHEIL, stīn'hīl, (1801-70). A German physicist and astronomer, born in Rappoltsweiler, Alsace. He studied law at the University of Erlangen, and astronomy at Göttingen and Königsberg. He became professor of physics and mathematics in the University of Munich; later entered the Austrian Government service, organized and perfected the telegraph system in that country, and brought about the Austrian-German Telegraph Association; performed a similar service for Switzerland; and in 1852 returned to Munich. In 1854 he founded an establishment for making superior optical and astronomical instruments, where the great telescopes of the observatories of Upsala, Mannheim, Leipzig, Utrecht, etc., were made, and where he

began the making of the photograph objectives since known by his name.

Steinheil devised an electromagnetic telegraph, in 1836 constructed the first printing telegraph, and in 1838 discovered the possibility of leading back the current through the ground. He invented the electrical clock, constructed an excellent pyroscope, and made the first daguerreotype picture in Germany. He also completed the laws of electrotype, and constructed several optical instruments. Consult Marggraff, Karl August Steinheil und sein Wirken (Munich, 1888).


text:
Page:Lord Chatham as an Orator.djvu/38

Rh Critics may, I think, venture to doubt the sobriety and the good taste of this celebrated outburst. For myself, I have not the heart to criticize. I seem to hear the old man's closing words, so nearly his very last:

'My Lords, I am old and weak'—only five days before he had completed his sixty-ninth year—'but my feelings and my in dignationindignation [sic] were too strong to have said less. I could not have slept this night in my bed, or have reposed my head on my pillow, without giving this vent to my eternal abhorrence of such preposterous and enormous principles.'

Lord Brougham tells us, I do not know on what authority, what seems to be in itself unlikely, that Chatham himself revised this speech. Young William Pitt does not appear to have been present. The only contemporary comment that has come under my notice is what Lord Stanhope, in his History of England, quotes from the Memoirs of the Duke of Grafton, Chatham's former colleague, once greatly alienated from him but now again reconciled:

'It would be useless', writes the Duke, 'to attempt to describe to you the brilliancy of Lord Chatham's powers as an orator on this memorable occasion, for no relation can give more than a faint idea of what he really displayed. In this debate he exceeded all that I had ever admired in his speaking. Nothing could be more eloquent and striking than the argument and language of his first speech. But in his reply to Lord Suffolk's inhuman position he started up with a degree of indignation that added to the force of the sudden and unexampled burst of eloquence which must have affected any audience, and which appeared to me to surpass all that we have ever heard of the celebrated oratory of Greece or Rome.'

title: Page:Lord Chatham as an Orator.djvu/38


text:
Page:Constitution Fourth Amendment Act 1989.djvu/2

2No. 11925

Act No. 71, 1989. GENERAL EXPLANATORY NOTE

To amend the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983, so as to make different provision in relation to the description of the boundaries of electoral divisions by a delimitation commission; and to provide for matters connected therewith.

(English text signed by the State President.) (Assented to 1 June 1989.)

E IT ENACTED by the State President and the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa, as follows:―

Amendment of section 50 of Act 110 of 1983

1. Section 50 of the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983, is hereby amended―

Short title 2. This Act shall be called the Constitution Fourth Amendment Act, 1989.


text:
Page:Lord Chatham as an Orator.djvu/39

34 VII

It is impossible to close our sketch without at least naming the final scene, which, like the death-bed on the conquered heights of Abraham, and the death-bed in the cockpit of the Victory, and the death-bed in the house at Putney Heath with the rolling up of the map of Europe and the last sad words, 'How I leave my country!', is one of the august and mournful memories that Englishmen have agreed to cherish as a nation's heirlooms. The scene has been again and again depicted by skilled hands.

Lord Stanhope and Macaulay described it very beautifully more than fifty years ago. Mr. Frederic Harrison, Dr. Holland Rose, and Sir George Trevelyan have in recent works again refreshed our memories. It is one of the most touching passages in Sir George's latest volume, George the Third and Charles Fox. For ourselves at this moment a few plain words must suffice.

The news from America grows worse and worse. There is a growing conviction in the country, and among Ministers themselves, that Lord Chatham must be called in; that he and he alone is equal to the crisis. Lord Stanhope's words seem to me at once moderate and forcible. 'The tide', he says, 'in favour of Lord Chatham was setting in too strong to be resisted. Great as was the King's aversion, he must soon have yielded. It seems to me beyond all doubt that had Lord Chatham's last and fatal illness been delayed a few weeks, perhaps even a few days longer, he would have been called to the head of public affairs, and invited, with such friends as he might choose, to solve the problem he had himself propounded—to regain the affections, while refusing the independence, of America.'

title: Page:Lord Chatham as an Orator.djvu/39


text: Constitution Fourth Amendment Act, 1989

title: Constitution Fourth Amendment Act, 1989


text:
Page:Lord Chatham as an Orator.djvu/40

Rh Strong as this language is, that of Mr. Lecky is scarcely less emphatic. 'There was one man to whom, in this hour of panic and consternation, the eyes of all patriotic Englishmen were turned.... Lord North, the Prime Minister, implored the King to accept his resignation, and to send for Chatham. Bute, the old Tory favourite, breaking his long silence, spoke of Chatham as now indispensable. Lord Mansfield, the bitterest and ablest rival of Chatham, said, with tears in his eyes, that unless the King sent for Chatham, the ship would assuredly go down.'

But the experiment was not to be tried. On April 6, 1778, the old man wrote a short and gentle letter to the Duke of Richmond, whom he esteemed, saying that he hoped to be in his place 'to-morrow' in the House of Lords, and to express his sentiments on his Grace's motion, which was practically to recognize American independence.

He was led into the House on that memorable 'morrow'—how often have we heard and been thrilled by the story—by two young men, his son-in-law Lord Mahon, and his younger son William. He was dressed in a rich suit of black velvet, and covered to the knees in flannel. He supported himself on crutches. The Lords stood up and made a lane for him to his seat. He bowed to them on his way.

The Duke of Richmond made his motion, to which Chatham listened with profound attention. Soon after, he rose from his seat slowly and with difficulty, leaning on his crutches, and supported by his two young kinsmen.

You will allow me to give you just the opening and the closing sentences. Taking one hand from his crutch, he raised it, and, casting his eyes towards heaven,

title: Page:Lord Chatham as an Orator.djvu/40


text:
Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983/1989-06-09

as amended by

Constitution Amendment Act, No. 105 of 1984

Powers and Privileges of Parliament and the Constitution Amendment Act, No. 99 of 1985

Provincial Government Act, No. 69 of 1986

Constitution Amendment Act, No. 20 of 1987

Constitution Amendment Act, No. 50 of 1988

Constitution Third Amendment Act, No. 101 of 1988

Constitution Fourth Amendment Act, No. 71 of 1989

50. (1) A delimitation commission, having delimited the electoral divisions of a House, shall submit to the State President―

a list of the electoral divisions, with the names given to them by the commission and, if the commission considers it necessary, a description of the boundaries or any part of the boundaries of any division.

a map or maps showing the electoral divisions into which the provinces have been divided; such further particulars as it considers necessary.

(2) The State President may refer to the commission for its consideration all matters relating to such list or arising out of the powers or duties of the commission.

(3) The State President shall by proclamation in the Gazette make known the names of the electoral divisions as finally settled and certified by the commission, or a majority thereof, on the aforesaid map or maps, and thereafter, until there shall be a redivision, the electoral divisions so named and settled, shall be the electoral divisions of the House in question in the Republic and the provinces.

(4) The map or maps so certified shall be filed at the office of the Chief Electoral Officer referred to in section 5 (1) (a) of the Electoral Act, 1979, and such map or maps, together with any description contemplated in subsection (1) (a), shall be conclusive evidence of the boundaries of the electoral divisions as settled by the commission.

(6) (a) The State President may by proclamation in the Gazette alter the name of any electoral division as made known under subsection (3).

(b) The name given to any electoral division under paragraph (a) shall, notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (3), be the name of that electoral division until there shall be a redivision.


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 03.djvu/217

 (1653), p. 108. His directions on catching and dressing fish are equally serviceable; but it is to be regretted that this cheery ‘brother of the angle’ advocated the use of salmon-roe bait, a pernicious doctrine unknown, or at least unpublished, before his time. The ‘Art of Angling’ met with good success, and passed through several editions. In the edition of 1657, and in later editions, the title is ‘Barker's Delight, or the Art of Angling.’

[Westwood and Satchell's Bibliotheca Piscatoria, 1883, pp. 21–23, where a full bibliography of the book will be found; Add. MS. 30501, ‘The Art of Angling Augmented’ (1664), is catalogued by the British Museum authorities as the ‘Second Part’ of Barker's Art of Angling. It is merely a book of extracts from Walton and Barker.]  BARKER, THOMAS (1722–1809), scientific and miscellaneous writer, son of Samuel Barker the Hebraist [q. v.], was born at Lyndon, Rutland, in 1722. His principal work is ‘An Account of the Discoveries concerning Comets, with the way to find their Orbits, and some improvements in constructing and calculating their places; by T. B. Gent.,’ London, 1757, 4to. It contains a catalogue of the elements of the comets then known, and an explanation of Newton's problem of finding a comet's orbit from three observations; but the most valuable and original part is a ‘Table of the Parabola,’ for ascertaining any orbits which are approximately parabolic, and ‘for use in the parabolick motion of projectiles.’ This table was afterwards reprinted by Sir Henry C. Englefield in his work on the orbits of comets (1793), with special praise of the author's skill and industry.

Barker was for many years an assiduous observer of meteorological phenomena, his principal results being regularly registered in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ of the Royal Society in which also appeared many other papers by him of a scientific nature. He also published three works in controversial theology, viz. 1. ‘A Treatise on the Duty of Baptism,’ London, 1771, 8vo. 2. ‘On Prophecies relating to the Messiah,’ London, 1780, 8vo. 3. ‘On the Nature and Circumstances of the Demoniacks in the Gospels,’ London, 1783, 8vo. Some of his views in this department are characterised in Nichols's ‘Literary Anecdotes’ as ‘sentiments not always orthodox or Calvinistic.’

It is specially remarked of Barker that though he lived to eighty-eight, he had from infancy subsisted entirely on a vegetable diet. He died at Lyndon on 29 Dec. 1809.

[Nichols's Literary Anecdotes, iii. 112 (note); Phil. Transactions, ix. 698, x. 645, xi. 432, 514, and xiii. 131, &c.; Sir H. C. Englefield's Orbits of Comets, note in Preface and table at end.]  BARKER, THOMAS (1769–1847), landscape and subject painter, known as ‘Barker of Bath,’ was born at a village near Pontypool in Monmouthshire in 1769. His father, Benjamin Barker, who died in 1793, was the son of a barrister, but having run through considerable property, he took to painting horses, and young Barker at an early age also showed a genius for drawing figures and sketching landscapes. Through the removal of his family to Bath, the talents of the lad attracted the notice of a wealthy coach-builder of that city named Spackman, who received him into his house, and afforded him the opportunity of copying works of the old Dutch and Flemish masters. At the age of twenty-one he was sent by Spackman to Rome, and provided during four years with ample funds to maintain his position as a gentleman. This proved of great advantage to him, although while there he painted but little, contenting himself with storing his mind with knowledge for future use. He was entirely self-taught, and neither in drawing nor in painting did he ever receive a single lesson. On his return to England in 1793 he settled at Bath, and although he devoted himself chiefly to landscapes and rustic scenes, he painted occasionally also portraits and scriptural subjects. His career was successful, and few pictures of the English school have been more widely known than ‘The Woodman,’ which was engraved by Bartolozzi, and copied in needlework by Miss Linwood. While Barker's talents were in full vigour, no artist of his time had a greater hold on popular favour. His pictures of ‘The Woodman,’ ‘Old Tom,’ and gipsy groups and rustic figures, were copied upon almost every available material which would admit of decoration—Staffordshire pottery, Worcester china, Manchester cottons, and Glasgow linens; yet for this service rendered by the artist to the artisan he never claimed anything for copyright, but rejoiced in the reflection that his labours and his talent afforded profitable employment to others, and were the means of enriching more than himself alone. He nevertheless amassed a considerable fortune by the practice of his art, and expended a large sum in the erection of a house at Sion Hill, Bath, upon the walls of which he painted in 1825 a fresco, thirty feet in length and twelve feet in height, representing ‘The Inroad of the Turks upon Scio in April 1822.’ This was his most remarkable work, and possessed qualities of


text:
Page:The Life of Michael Angelo.djvu/269

 "Battle of Hercules with the Centaurs," Michael Angelo, 25 and n.1

Beethoven, 132, 151

Belvedere, the, Bramante's work, 36 n.2

Bembo, 103

Benivieni, 24

Bentivoglio, 42

Bernardino, 41

Berni, Francesco, 50 n.3, 103 n.1, 137 n.5, 139, 148 n.2

Bertoldo, 24 n.3

Bettini, Bartolommeo 50 n.3, 159 n.2

Bibbiena, 27

Bibbiena, Cardinal, $6 n.1

Bigio, Nanni di Baccio, 126, 128-129, 129 n.1

Bilhères, Jean de, 29 n.1

Blanc, Charles, 80 n.1

Boboli, 59 n.2

Bologna, statue ol Julius II., 40-42

Bonasoni, Guilio, 17 n.2

Borgia, Cæsar, 33

Borgo fortifications, 126 n.2

Bottari, 127

Botticelli, 31, 53; "Mater Dolorosa," 29 n.1

Bracci, Cecchino del, 94 and n.1, 98 n.1

Bramante, Michael Angelo and, 36-39; the Sistine scafiolding, 43; death, 56 n.2

Bronzino, 137 n.5

"Brutus," bust, Michael Angelo, 72

Bugiardini, Guiliano, 25, 83, 147-148

Buonaccorsi, Biagio, 138 n.3

Buonaccorsi, Guiliano, 144

Buonarroti, Buonarroto, son of Leonardo, 137

Buonarroti, Cecca, 131, 161 n.3

Buonarroti, Leonardo, 23 and n.6, 26, 28

Buonarroti, Sigismondo, 23 and n.5, 45, 131, 133 n.2, 144 n.3

Buonarroti, Casa, 25 n.1

Buoninsegni, Domenico, 137 n.5; letters from Michael Angelo, 9 n.2, 57 n.1

Busini, 74 n.1

130 and n.4, 167, 169

"Campanile," the, Florence, 78

Canigiani, 137 n.5

"Capitol," the, Rome, 96, 129 and n.2

Capponi, 74, 75

"Captives," Louvre, 113

Capucines, the, 104 n.1

Caraffa, see Paul IV.

Cardiere, vision of, 26-27

Carducci, Francesco, 74

Careggi, 27

Carmelites, Church of the, frescoes, 25

Carnesecchi, Pietro, 104, 106 n.1


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Page:The Life of Michael Angelo.djvu/270

202

"Carteggio di Vittoria Colonna," 101 n.2

Casteldurante, Cesare da, 128

Castelnuovo, 75

Castiglione, "Cortegiano," 103

Cecchino, 137 n.5

Cellini, Benvenuto, 25, 137 n.5, 140 n.3, 145 n.1

Cepparello, Silvio di Giovanni, 143

Cervini, Cardinal, 126-127

Cesena, Biagio da, 120, 122

Charity of Michael Angelo, 159-161

Charles V., 73, 103 n.2

Charles VIII., 26, 29 n.1

"Christ," carving and drawing, executed for Vittoria Colonna, 112 and n.2

"Christ" of S. Maria Sopra Minerva, 55, 59 n.1, 61, 86, 143

"Christ taken down from the Cross" of the Cathedral, Florence, 130 and n.2, 158 n.3, 159 n.2

"Circolo Artistico" of Florence, 31 n.3

"Climbers (The)," Marc Antonio, 34 n.3

Collegium de emendandâ Ecclesiâ, 104

Colonna, Fabrizio, 100

"Conqueror (The)," Michael Angelo, 61

Consilium, 113 n.1

Contarini, Gaspare, 104 and n.3, 105

"Conversion of St. Paul," fresco, Michael Angelo, 123 n.3

Cormelia, wife of Urbino, 146 n.1

Corsini, Rinaldo, 75

Cosmo II., 15 n.1

Credi, Lorenzo di, 25

"Crucifix de Bois" at San Spirito, 26 n.3

"Cupid" at South Kensington, Michael Angelo, 28 n.2

"Cupid kissing Venus," Michael Angelo, 159 n.2

, remains brought to Florence, 61 n.1; Michael Angelo on, 72-73, 113 n.1, 139

"David," Michael Angelo, 30-32, 32 n.2

"Dawn" and "Twilight" statues, Michael Angelo, 80, 81 n.1

"Day," statue, Michael Angelo, 80, 81 n.1

Death, Michael Angelo on, 16-17, 153-155


text:
Author:René Poupardin

Articles and book chapters

 * "Louis the Pious", in H. M. Gwatkin, J. P. Whitney, J. R. Tanner and C. W. Previté-Orton (eds.), Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 3 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922), pp. 1–22.
 * "The Carolingian Kingdoms (840–877)", in H. M. Gwatkin, J. P. Whitney, J. R. Tanner and C. W. Previté-Orton (eds.), Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 3 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922), pp. 23–54.
 * "The Carolingian Kingdoms (877–918)", in H. M. Gwatkin, J. P. Whitney, J. R. Tanner and C. W. Previté-Orton (eds.), Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 3 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922), pp. 55–70.

title: Author:René Poupardin


text: Folk-Lore/Volume 28/Witchcraft in Great Britain


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pauli, Reinhold


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Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 29, 1918.djvu/262

 OBITUARY.

PAUL SÉBILLOT.

the death, on the 23rd April last, of M. Paul Sébillot, the founder, and for many years the secretary of the Société des Traditions Populaires, and editor of the Revue des Traditions Populaires, our French colleagues and the scientific world have suffered a severe, if not irreparable, loss. He was born at Matignon, Côtes du Nord, in 1843, of an old bourgeoise family. His father and forefathers for several generations had been medical practitioners. Dinan and Rennes were the scenes of his early education; and he was destined for the practice of the law. But his tastes were artistic rather than juridical, and it was on this side of his nature that he was first attracted to the study of folklore. To an intensely patriotic Breton like himself his native scenes and the stories, songs and sayings current among the people, were his inspiration, though he probably owed not a little also to those distinguished Bretons who, more than half a century ago, had begun to study the literature of Brittany and other Celtic countries, and whose studies led naturally on to that of popular traditions everywhere and in all forms. Of that band of pioneers I think only the venerable M. Henri Gaidoz still survives.

M. Sébillot is probably most widely known by his collections of Breton folktales obtained at first-hand from the peasantry of Upper (i.e. French-speaking) Brittany. But unsurpassed in charm as these tales are, they are by no means his only, perhaps not his most important, contributions to traditional science. He was an unwearied and methodical worker. Indeed,


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 educated and unpractised in composition. Barksted has been identified by some with W. B., the author of a rough verse-translation of a ‘Satire of Juvenal,’ entitled ‘That which seems Best is Worst, exprest in a paraphrastical transcript of Iuvenal's tenth Satyre. Together with the Tragicall Narration of Virginius's Death interserted,’ London, 1617. This is a paraphrase resembling in method Barksted's ‘Mirrha,’ which is paraphrased from the tenth book of Ovid's ‘Metamorphoses.’ Both ‘Mirrha’ and ‘Hiren’ owe much to ‘Venus and Adonis,’ and their author pays the following tribute to Shakespeare at the close of ‘Mirrha:’— But stay my Muse in thine owne confines keepe, And wage not warre with so deere lou'd a neighbor, But hauing sung thy day song, rest and sleepe, Preserue thy small fame and his greater fauor: His song was worthie merrit (Shakspeare hee) Sung the faire blossome, thou the withered tree: Lawrell is due to him, his art and wit Hath purchas'd it, Cypres thy brow will fit. [Dr. Grosart's reproduction of Mirrha and Hiren in Occasional Issues; Collier's Memoirs of Actors in Shakespeare's Plays, and Memoirs of Alleyn (Shakespeare Society); Henslowe's Diary; Warner's Dulwich Catalogue. Among Peele's Jests is an anecdote of one Barksted, which does not probably refer to the poet.]  BARKWORTH, or, MARK (d. 1601), Benedictine monk, a native of Lincolnshire, was converted to the catholic faith at the age of twenty-two, and studied divinity in the English colleges of Rheims and Valladolid. After being admitted to holy orders he was sent to labour on the English mission. He quickly fell into the hands of the persecutors, and having been tried and convicted as a catholic priest unlawfully abiding in England, he was hanged at Tyburn 27 Feb. 1600–1. Roger Filcock, a Jesuit, suffered with him; and Stow records that ‘also the same day, and in the same place, was hanged a gentlewoman, called Mistris Anne Line, for relieving a priest contrary to the same statute.’ Barkworth is claimed by the Benedictine monks as a member of the English congregation of their order, and it is certain that he was drawn to the gallows in the Benedictine habit.

[Challoner's Missionary Priests (1803), i. 210; Oliver's Catholic Collections relating to Cornwall, &c., 497; Weldon's Chronological Notes, 43; Dodd's Church Hist. ii. 72; More's Historia Missionis Anglicanæ Soc. Jesu, 257, 258; Stow's Annales, 794.]  BARLING, JOHN (1804–1883), dissenting minister, was born at Weymouth 11 Aug. 1804. He was educated for the ministry at Homerton, and settled as a congregationalist minister at Square Chapel, Halifax, in 1829. His opinions becoming unitarian, he resigned his charge in 1834, and became a worshipper at Northgate End Chapel. After a sojourn of some years in the south of England he returned to Halifax, and made public manifestation of his new views in some lectures on the Atonement (1849) at Northgate End, of which he became minister in January 1854 on the death of William Turner [see ]. From January 1856 he had as colleague Russell Lant Carpenter, B.A. He retired from the ministry in January 1858, and resided, in studious leisure, at Belle Grange, Windermere, for many years, and subsequently at Leeds, where he died 20 Aug. 1883. Through his first wife (d. September 1857), the elder daughter of Riley Kitson, of Halifax, he had acquired considerable property. He was married to his second wife, Emma Ellis, on 16 Jan. 1862. He left four sons. He had a mind of metaphysical power, and a spirit never embittered by controversy. Through life he adhered to the Paley type of teleology, and his unitarianism was cast in a scriptural mould. He published: 1. ‘A Review of Trinitarianism, chiefly as it appears in the writings of Bull, Waterland, Sherlock, Howe, Newman, Coleridge, Wallis, and Wardlaw,’ Lond. 1847. 2. ‘Leaves from my Writing Desk, being tracts on the question, What do we Know? By an Old Student,’ 1872 (anon.) He left manuscript essays on ‘Idealism and Scepticism,’ and on ‘Final Causes.’

[Chr. Reformer, 1849, p. 385; Inquirer, 1 Sept. 1853, p. 555, 15 Sept. p. 581; particulars from Rev. R. L. Carpenter.]  BARLOW, EDWARD, known as (1587–1641), Benedictine monk, son of Alexander Barlow, Esq., of the ancient family of Barlow of Barlow, was born at Manchester in 1587. He received his education at Douay and Valladolid. Afterwards he assumed, at Douay, the habit of St. Benedict, and was professed near St. Malo on 5 Jan. 1615–6. Being sent on the English mission, he exercised his priestly functions in Lancashire for about twenty years. At length he was tried, and condemned as a catholic priest unlawfully abiding in England, and executed at Lancaster Castle 10 Sept. 1641. He was brother of Dr. Rudesind Barlow [q. v.]


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 Rh none but such a student could have accomplishcd his voluminous labours, which have laid his fellow-students under a debt they can never adequately repay to his memory. His longest work, that remarkable digest, Le Folklore de France, in four volumes, is indispensable to every one who desires information on its subject. Scarcely less important (though occupying a smaller space) are two later books—Le Paganisme Contemporain chez les Peuples Celto-Latins, and Le Folk-lore, Littérature orale et Ethnographie traditionnelle. In these three books he gathered up the scientific results of his life's labours.

M. Sébillot also published two volumes of verse inspired by his native Brittany: La Bretagne enchantée and La Mer fleurie. He had a reputation as a painter, which his devotion to folklore alone prevented him from developing; and specimens of his art are preserved and prized in the public galleries of Brittany. He was vice-president and president of the Société d'Anthropologie, taking for many years an important part in its affairs. His gaiety of disposition made him widely loved, and adds poignancy to the regrets of his relatives and of his friends, whether in France or elsewhere. He was married to a sister of M. Yves Guiot, the French publicist, well known and widely honoured in this country as well as in his native land. His son, Paul Yves Sebillot, inherits his artistic, literary and traditional tastes, and has already made his mark in at least one delightful volume.

M. Sebillot's health had been failing for some time, but his intellectual activity and interests were unimpaired; nor was his end expected so soon by those who were about him. He died, we are told, before his hour, broken by the effect of the moral energy that strains everyone of us in these days when our hopes of a free and peaceful Europe have been so rudely threatened. His labours, however, were accomplished—labours such as few men have the capacity and the opportunity to perform. His memory will be held in reverence by his English as by his French colleagues, and wherever the study of tradition penetrates in the years to come.

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