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 1698, and made a fellow on 22 March 1702–3. He held the office of censor there in 1703, and again in 1714 and in 1710–11 delivered the Gulstonian lectures ‘On the Bile and its Uses.’

Woodward's attention was attracted to fossils while he was staying with his tutor Barwick's son-in-law, Sir Ralph Dutton, in Gloucestershire. He subsequently took the subject up and travelled in various parts of England, making notes and collecting specimens, the results of his observations being embodied in his still celebrated work, ‘An Essay toward a Natural History of the Earth,’ published in 1695. From this it appears that he recognised the existence of various strata in the earth's crust, and that the fossils were the ‘real spoils of once living animals,’ but he was so taken up with his theory that they had all been mixed up at the flood with the fragments of the disrupted crust, and that the whole had subsequently settled down in layers according to relative specific gravities, that he overlooked their true disposition in the strata, and so failed to anticipate (1769–1839) [q. v.], the ‘father of English geology.’

His ‘Essay’ was criticised by Dr. [q. v.], [q. v.], and others, who were answered by John Harris in his ‘Remarks on some late Papers relating to the Universal Deluge’ (8vo, 1697). The Latin translation of the work was commented on by Dr. E. Camerarius of Tübingen, and to him Woodward replied in his ‘Naturalis Historia Telluris illustrata.’ He was also well versed, for the period, in botany, Plukenet describing him as ‘insignis botanicus.’ His paper, ‘Some Thoughts and Experiments concerning Vegetation,’ read before the Royal Society in 1697, shows him to have been one of the founders of experimental plant-physiology, and one of the first to employ water culture and make careful experiments, while he certainly discovered ‘Transpiration’ (cf., Lit. of Europe, iii. 592, 595). To antiquities he also paid some attention, and was the possessor of an iron shield with sculptured centre, which was described by Dr. the elder [q. v.] in a posthumous tract, and was engraved by Pieter van Gunst for a print published at Amsterdam in 1705. This relic brought Woodward into notice among antiquaries, and also was the source of much ridicule among contemporary wits.

On medical subjects Woodward wrote but little. The one work published during his lifetime was his ‘State of Physic’ (1718), in which he attacked the work of Dr. [q. v.] The dispute that arose in consequence was carried on with great acrimony and violence between the partisans of either side; Dr. [q. v.] went as far as to assault Woodward one evening in June 1719 as the latter was entering Gresham College. Swords were drawn and a fracas ensued, in which Woodward lost his footing and lay at the mercy of his adversary, when the bystanders intervened.

Woodward often served on the council of the Royal Society, and in 1710 he grossly insulted Sir [q. v.] at a council meeting. Refusing to apologise, he was expelled the council, and brought an unsuccessful action at law against that body. ‘The Transactioneer,’ an anonymous pamphlet satirising the society, attributed by Dr. Johnson to Dr. W. King, was thought at the time to be the work of Woodward, who, however, warmly resented the imputation.

Woodward died of a decline in his apartments at Gresham College on 25 April 1728, and was buried the May-day following in Westminster Abbey, close to Sir Isaac Newton (, Westm. Abbey Reg. p. 322). By his will he directed his personal estate, with his library and collection of antiquities, to be sold, and land of the yearly value of 150l. to be bought and conveyed to the university of Cambridge; 100l. to be paid to a lecturer, who was to be a bachelor and preferably a layman, and who should deliver not fewer than four lectures every year, one at least of which was to be printed, on some or other of the subjects treated in his books. He also bequeathed his collection of fossils, with their cabinets and catalogues, to the same university under certain very minute directions and limitations as to their future care and maintenance. His collection formed the nucleus of the present Woodwardian Museum.

The complete list of his works is as follows:
 * 1) ‘An Essay toward a Natural History of the Earth,’ London, 1695, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1702; 3rd edit. 1723; Latin translation by J. J. Scheuchzer, entitled ‘Specimen Geographiæ Physicæ,’ Zürich, 1704, 8vo; French translation by M. Moguez, Paris and Amsterdam, 1735, 4to; Italian translation, Venice, 1739, 8vo.
 * 2) ‘Brief Instructions for making Observations in all parts of the World and sending over Natural Things’ [anon.], 1696, 4to.
 * 3) ‘An Account of some Roman Urns … With Reflections upon the Antient and Present State of London,’ London, 1713, 8vo; 3rd edit. 1723; also reissued in Somers's ‘Collection of Tracts’ (vol. iv. 1748, and vol. xiii. 1809).
 * 4) ‘Naturalis Historia Telluris illustrata et aucta,’


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 :: London, 1714, 3 pts. 8vo; English translation by B. Holloway, London, 1726, 2 pts. 8vo.
 * 1) ‘The State of Physick and of Diseases,’ London, 1718, 8vo; Latin translation by J. J. Scheuchzer, Zürich, 1720, 8vo.
 * 2) ‘An attempt towards a Natural History of the Fossils of England,’ London, 1728–9, 2 vols. 8vo; issued in five parts, each with its own title, vol. ii. appearing first.
 * 3) ‘Fossils of all kinds digested into a Method,’ London, 1728, 8vo.
 * 4) ‘Select Cases and Consultations in Physic … published by P. Templeman,’ London, 1757, 8vo.

In addition to the botanical paper already quoted, he communicated to the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ of the Royal Society ‘An Account … of the Procuring the Smallpox by Incision or Inoculation’ (1714), extracted from a letter by E. Timonius; and a paper on the ‘Method of preparing Prussian Blue’ (1724), which he received from a German correspondent, the process having previously been a secret; in 1776 a paper by him, edited by M. Lort, ‘Of the Wisdom of the Ancient Egyptians,’ was published in ‘Archæologia’ (vol. iv.), and separately in the following year.

WOODWARD, RICHARD (1726–1794), bishop of Cloyne, baptised at Oldlands, near Bitton in Gloucestershire, in July 1726, was the elder son of Francis Woodward (d. 1730) of Grimsbury in Gloucestershire, by his second wife, Elizabeth Bird of Bristol, who after his death married [q. v.], dean of Gloucester. Richard was educated by Tucker, and matriculated at Wadham College, Oxford, on 21 Oct. 1742, graduating B.C.L. on 16 Oct. 1749, and D.C.L. on 14 Feb. 1759. He was presented to the rectory of Donyatt in Somerset. While travelling on the continent, however, he made the acquaintance of [q. v.], who persuaded him to come to Ireland. Conolly's sister was the wife of, second earl of Buckinghamshire [q. v.], lord lieutenant from 1777 to 1780, and to his influence Woodward owed his later preferments. On 31 Jan. 1764 he was installed dean of Clogher, retaining his preferment till 1781. On 4 July 1772 he was installed chancellor of St. Patrick's, and in May 1778 he exchanged his chancellorship for the rectory of Louth.

Woodward took a keen interest in the welfare of the Irish poor, and in 1768 he published ‘An Argument in Support of the right of the Poor in Ireland to a National Provision’ (Dublin, 8vo). In the following year he was one of the principal founders of the House of Industry in Dublin, in connection with which, in 1775, he wrote ‘An Address to the Publick on the Expediency of a regular Plan for the Maintenance and Government of the Poor’ (Dublin and London, 8vo), a pamphlet remarkable for being one of the earliest as well as ablest pleas for the introduction of a compulsory provision for the poor into Ireland on the English model. On 4 Feb. 1781 he was consecrated bishop of Cloyne. In 1782, immediately after his enthronement, he distinguished himself in the Irish House of Peers by strenuously advocating the repeal of the penal statutes against Roman catholics. In 1787 he published a defence of the Irish church, entitled ‘The Present State of the Church in Ireland,’ which passed through nine editions in a few months, and earned him the thanks of the dean and chapter of Christ Church, Dublin. In this pamphlet he endeavoured to show that only adherents of the established church could be sincerely attached to the state, thus attacking both Roman catholics and presbyterians. It drew numerous replies, including treatises by [q. v.], Roman catholic archbishop of Cashel, and by [q. v.], a leading presbyterian divine.

Woodward died on 12 May 1794, and was buried in Cloyne Cathedral, where a monument was erected to him in the north transept. He was praised by Wesley as ‘one of the most easy, natural preachers’ he had heard (, Journal, 1827, iii. 422). By his wife Susanna (d. 11 May 1795), daughter of Richard Blake, he had five sons, of whom Richard (d. 11 Dec. 1828) was a prebendary of Cloyne; and Henry (d. 14 April 1863), rector of Fethard in the diocese of Cashel. His daughter Mary was married on 8 Dec. 1786 to Charles Brodrick, bishop of Kilmore (afterwards archbishop of Cashel). Through her he was ancestor of the present Viscount Midleton. Woodward was the intimate friend of [q. v.] (cf. Burdy's ‘Life of Skelton,’ prefixed to Complete Works, p. cxiii).

 * [Brady's Records of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross, 1864, iii. 122–6; Gardiner's Registers of Wad-


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  College, 1895, ii. 65; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1715–1886; Cotton's Fasti Eccles. Hib. i. 302, 324, 333, 342, ii. 120, iii. 89, v. 37, 46, 239; Allibone's Dict. of Engl. Lit.; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. x. 236; Reid's Hist. of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, 1853, iii. 469–472; McCulloch's Literature of Pol. Econ. 1845, p. 300; Mant's Hist. of the Church of Ireland, 1840, ii. 664, 708, 714–16, 769–70, 777.]

WOODWARD, SAMUEL (1790–1838), geologist and antiquary, born at Norwich on 2 Oct. 1790, was the only son of William Woodward, bombazine weaver, who died in 1795. Receiving but little school education, he was sent to work, when less than seven years old, with a shawl-weaver. In 1804 he was apprenticed to Alderman John Herring, manufacturer of camlets and bombazines, with whom he remained ten years. A taste for serious reading which he early manifested was stimulated by Alderman Herring, and to such good effect that he qualified himself to teach in both evening and Sunday schools. He thus became known to Joseph John Gurney, who greatly aided him. His interest was specially aroused in natural history and archæology, and he commenced to form the extensive collection of fossils and antiquities which after his death was purchased by subscription for the Norwich museum. From 1814 to 1820 he was employed in the Norwich Union Fire Office, and then obtained in Gurney's (now Barclay's) Bank at Norwich a clerkship which he held until his death. He thus came under the notice of [q. v.] and [q. v.], from whom he received great help and encouragement in his scientific work. In 1824 he exhibited before the Society of Antiquaries a series of maps of ancient Norfolk, which were afterwards published (through the liberality of Hudson Gurney) as an appendix to his ‘History and Antiquities of Norwich Castle.’ To the same society he later on sent several papers, which were printed in the ‘Archæologia.’ Among these were observations on the round church towers of Norfolk, the Roman remains in Norfolk, and the foundations of Wymondham Abbey. Between 1829 and 1836 he contributed articles on natural history and geology to the ‘Magazine of Natural History’ and the ‘Philosophical Magazine.’ He died on 14 Jan. 1838. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Bernard Bolingbroke of Norwich. His sons, Bernard Bolingbroke Woodward and Samuel Pickworth Woodward, are separately noticed. His independent works were:
 * 1) ‘A Synoptical Table of British Organic Remains,’ 1830, 8vo and 4to, in which, for the first time, all the known British fossils were enumerated.
 * 2) ‘An Outline of the Geology of Norfolk,’ 1833, 8vo and 4to, illustrated by geological map, sections, and plates of fossils.
 * 3) ‘The Norfolk Topographer's Manual,’ 1842, 8vo (posthumous); this was a catalogue of Norfolk books and engravings, revised and augmented by W. C. Ewing and Dawson Turner.
 * 4) ‘The History and Antiquities of Norwich Castle,’ 1847, 4to (posthumous), edited by his son B. B. Woodward.

WOODWARD, SAMUEL PICKWORTH (1821–1865), naturalist, born at Norwich on 17 Sept. 1821, was second son of [q. v.] [q. v.] was his elder brother. He was educated at Priory school, Greyfriars, under William Brooke, and was encouraged by his father to devote all spare time to the study of natural history, and more especially of the plants, insects, and land and fresh-water mollusca of the country around Norwich. Leaving school at the age of fifteen, he was engaged by [q. v.] to work at his extensive collection of dried plants at Yarmouth, and this greatly stimulated his botanical studies. In course of time he formed a valuable herbarium, which, after his death, was purchased for the Royal Agricultural College at Cirencester; and in 1841 he contributed to the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ an important list of plants found in central Norfolk. After the death of his father in 1838 he obtained an appointment in the library of the British Museum, and a year later (1839) he became sub-curator to the Geological Society of London at Somerset House. Here he worked under William Lonsdale, and afterwards under Edward Forbes, to both of whom he owed much help and encouragement in scientific work. He became an active member of the Botanical Society of London, and in 1841 was chosen an associate of the Linnean Society. In 1845 he was appointed professor of geology and natural history in the newly established Royal Agricultural College at Cirencester. In the following year, in conjunction with Sir Thomas Tancred and others, he assisted in founding the Cotteswold Naturalists' Field Club. In 1848 he was appointed first-class assistant in the department of


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 geology and mineralogy in the British Museum, a position which he occupied until the close of his life. His official duties led him to concentrate attention on invertebrate fossils, and more especially on the fossil mollusca, to the study of which he happily added that of the living forms; so that in a few years he came to be regarded as the highest authority on the subject of recent and fossil shells. His researches on the Hippuritidæ, an extinct family of mollusca, are worthy of note, while his ‘Manual of the Mollusca; or, Rudimentary Treatise of Recent and Fossil Shells,’ to the preparation of which he devoted all his leisure hours for six years, was at once adopted as the standard work on the subject. It appeared in three parts in 1851, 1853, and 1856 (London, 8vo), passed through several editions, and was translated into French in 1870. The illustrations, filling twenty-four plates, were engraved by J. W. Lowry from original drawings by the author, and they remain among the choicest specimens of steel engravings. Considerable attention was given by Woodward to the fossil Echinodermata. He named and described the new genus Echinothuria, from an anomalous fossil form. Long afterwards Sir [q. v.] founded a new family, Echinothuridæ, to contain the original fossil genus and also two recent genera brought to light by deep-sea dredgings. Woodward described some of the fossil species of echinoderms in the ‘Decades’ of the geological survey. He was elected a fellow of the Geological Society in 1854, and in 1864 the university of Göttingen conferred upon him the honorary degree of Doctor of Philosophy. He contributed many original papers to the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society,’ the ‘Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ the ‘Geologist,’ and the ‘Geological Magazine.’ He also wrote for the ‘Critic’ and other periodicals. He was for several years examiner in natural science to the council of military education at Sandhurst, and afterwards examiner in geology and palæontology to the university of London. He died at Herne Bay, whither he had gone to recruit his health, on 11 July 1865.

WOODWARD, THOMAS (1801–1852), animal painter, son of Herbert and Elizabeth Woodward, was born on 5 July 1801 at Pershore, Worcestershire, where his father practised as a solicitor. His childish efforts at painting meeting with encouragement from Benjamin West, he was articled to [q. v.], and from 1822 until his death was a large exhibitor at the Royal Academy and British Institution, chiefly of historical compositions, in which horses formed a prominent feature. Among these were ‘Turks and their Chargers,’ ‘The Chariot Race,’ ‘Horses pursued by Wolves,’ ‘A Detachment of Cromwell's Cavalry surprised in a Mountain Pass,’ ‘The Battle of Worcester,’ and ‘Mazeppa.’ On the recommendation of Sir Edwin Landseer, who thought highly of his talent, Woodward painted many portraits of favourite horses for the queen, the prince consort, and other distinguished persons; several of these were engraved for the ‘Sporting Magazine.’ His ‘Tempting Present’ has also been well engraved. Being unable, on account of his delicate health, to settle in London, Woodward resided chiefly in his native county. He died unmarried, at Worcester, on 30 Oct. 1852, and was buried in the abbey church of Pershore, where there is a mural tablet to his memory.

WOODWARD, THOMAS JENKINSON (1745?–1820), botanist, born about 1745, was a native of Huntingdon, where his family had long been established. His parents died when he was quite young, leaving him, however, well off. He was educated at Eton and Clare Hall, Cambridge, where he graduated LL.B. in 1769. Shortly after he married Frances (d. 27 Nov. 1833), the daughter and heiress of Thomas Manning of Bungay, Suffolk.

He was appointed a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant for the county of Suffolk, and on his subsequent removal to Walcot House, Diss, Norfolk, to the same offices for that county. On the establishment of the volunteer system he became lieutenant-colonel of the Diss volunteers. He was elected a fellow of the Linnean Society of London in 1789.

He died at Diss on 28 Jan. 1820, and was buried there. He left no issue. To botany, especially the English flora, he was devoted, and is described by Sir [q. v.] as ‘one of the best English botanists, whose skill and accuracy are only equalled by his liberality and zeal in the service of the science’ (, Cyclop.), and it was in his honour that Smith named the genus Woodwardia.


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 Woodward was joint-author with Samuel Goodenough [q. v.], bishop of Carlisle, of ‘Observations on the British Fuci,’ London, 1797, 4to, and contributed seven papers to the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ and the ‘Transactions of the Linnean Society of London’ between 1784 and 1794, on fungi and algæ. He also furnished much information to Sir J. E. Smith for Sowerby's ‘English Botany,’ and to William Withering [q. v.] for the second edition of his ‘Systematic Arrangement of British Plants,’ as well as to Thomas Martyn (1735–1825) [q. v.] for his edition of Philip Miller's ‘Gardeners' Dictionary.’

[Gent. Mag. 1820, i. 189, 280; Nat. Hist. Mus. Cat.; Watt's Bibl. Brit.; Britten and Boulger's Biogr. Index Brit. Bot.; Lady Smith's Memoirs of Sir J. E. Smith, vol. i.; Davy's Athenæ Suffolc. in Addit. MS. 19167, f. 169.]

WOOLER, THOMAS JONATHAN (1786?–1853), journalist and politician, was born in Yorkshire in 1785 or 1786. He was apprenticed to the printing trade, and for some years followed that occupation. While in business in Shoreditch he began a periodical of radical tendencies, called ‘The Stage,’ which acquired celebrity not only from the spirit of its criticisms, but from the editor's unusual habit of setting up his articles in type without first committing them to writing. Wooler was a remarkably fluent speaker, and a debater of great ability. He distinguished himself early in his career in public debating societies such as the British Forum, when he opposed successfully so redoubtable an antagonist as John Gale Jones [q. v.] In 1808 one of these debating societies, the Socratic Union, which held its meetings at the Mermaid Tavern at Hackney, started a periodical called ‘The Reasoner,’ of which Wooler became both printer and editor. He also succeeded Cobbett as editor of ‘The Statesman,’ then ‘fallen into the sere,’ and on its collapse he appealed to a larger public on 29 Jan. 1817 in ‘The Black Dwarf,’ published on Sunday mornings in Sun Street, Finsbury. The success of the paper, which was continued till 1824, led to the appearance of numerous rivals, including a ‘White Dwarf’ (1817–18), edited by Gibbons Merle, and it suggested the ‘Yellow Dwarf’ in 1818 to James Henry Leigh Hunt [q. v.] It contained pungent attacks on the ministry, and an article in the tenth number, entitled ‘Past, Present, and Future,’ led to two prosecutions for libel. The cases were tried before Justice Abbott and a special jury on 5 June 1817, and Wooler found innocent of the second libel. On the first, however, he was convicted, but as there was a doubt regarding the unanimity of the verdict a new trial was granted, in which he defended himself on the plea that he could not be said to write articles which he set up in type without a manuscript, and was successful in inducing the jury to disagree.

In 1819, when the agitation for parliamentary reform was at its height, he took part in electing Sir Charles Wolseley (1769–1846) [q. v.], ‘legislatorial attorney’ for Birmingham, an action which earned him eighteen months' imprisonment in Warwick gaol. After the passage of the Reform Bill he retired from political life, complaining that ‘these damned whigs have taken all the sedition out of my hands.’ At an earlier period he had contemplated qualifying himself as a barrister, but owing to his notoriety the benchers of Lincoln's Inn refused in January 1825 to admit him as a student, and he failed in an application to the court of king's bench for a mandamus requiring them to show cause for their action (, Case between Lincoln's Inn, the Court of King's Bench, and Mr. T. J. Wooler, 1826). In consequence he became a prisoners' advocate at the police-courts, obtaining employment from Samuel Harmer of Hatton Garden, the Old Bailey lawyer. He conducted for some time a Sunday paper called the ‘British Gazette.’ He died on 29 Oct. 1853 in Carburton Street, Portland Road, London. He married a daughter of John Pratt of Kingsland. In George Cruikshank's caricature of George IV as Coriolanus addressing the refractory citizens, Wooler is depicted beside the gigantic Cobbett as a diminutive black dwarf. In reality, however, his stature was tall. He was the author of 1. ‘An Appeal to the Citizens of London against the alleged lawful Mode of packing Special Juries,’ London, 1817, 8vo. 2. ‘A Political Lecture on Heads,’ 3rd ed. London, 1820. 3. ‘Every Man his own Lawyer,’ new ed. London, 1845, 8vo. He also translated Guglielmo Paladini's ‘Progetto di un nuovo Patto Sociale per lo Regno delle due Sicilie,’ London, 1827, 4 vols. 12mo, and he assisted Francis Place [q. v.] in editing Bentham's ‘Plan of Parliamentary Reform,’ London, 1818.

[Gent. Mag. 1853, ii. 647; Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. viii. 295, 358; a verbatim Report of the two Trials of Mr. T. J. Wooler, 1817; Remarks on Wooler and his Dwarf, Newcastle, 1820; Graham Wallas's Life of Place, 1898.]

WOOLF, ARTHUR (1766–1837), mining engineer, baptised at Camborne in Cornwall on 4 Nov. 1766, was the eldest son of Arthur


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 Woolf, a carpenter, by his wife, Jane Newton. He was apprenticed to a carpenter at Pool, near Camborne, and after the expiry of his indentures he went to London, and entered the service of Joseph Bramah [q. v.] at Pimlico as a millwright. In 1795 he became a master-engineer, and in the next year he assisted Jonathan Carter Hornblower [see under ] to repair a fault in a two-cylinder engine which he had erected at Meux's brewery. In consequence he was appointed resident engineer in the brewery, where he remained until October 1806. On 29 July 1803, while residing at Wood Street, Spa Fields, he took out a patent (No. 2726) for ‘an improved apparatus for converting water and other liquids into vapour or steam for working steam engines.’ Two boilers built according to his ideas were erected in 1803 in Meux's brewery. Woolf also proposed to turn his apparatus to heating ‘water or other liquids employed in brewing, distilling, dying, bleaching, tanning,’ and other processes.

Woolf had long considered the possibility of increasing the efficiency of steam engines by driving with steam at a higher pressure than Watt was accustomed to use. Richard Trevithick [q. v.] had already shown the advantages of high-pressure engines, but the danger of explosion prevented him from developing the new departure thoroughly. Woolf ingeniously avoided most of the risks of accident by raising the temperature of the steam in the cylinder itself. In 1804 and 1805 he took out patents embodying his improvements (Nos. 2772, 2863).

In 1806 Woolf became partner with an engineer named Edwards in a steam-engine factory at Lambeth, and while in this position he took out another patent (No. 3346) on 9 June 1810 for further ‘improvements in the construction and working of steam engines.’ His improvements, in fact, consisted of a revival of Hornblower's compound engine, which was rendered possible by the expiry of Watt's patent. Using steam of a fairly high pressure, and cutting off the supply before the end of the stroke in the small cylinder, Woolf expanded the steam to several times its original volume. In engines of this type the steam passed directly from the first to the second cylinder, and in consequence the term ‘Woolf engine’ has since been applied to all compound engines which discharge steam directly from the high to the low pressure cylinder without the use of an intermediate receiver. This type of engine has been more commonly adopted in France than in England.

In 1812 Woolf dissolved his partnership and returned to Cornwall to devote himself to improving methods of mining. In 1813 and 1814 he erected steam stamps for crushing ore at Wheal Fanny mine at Redruth. About 1814 he introduced his compound engine into the mines for the purpose of pumping, erecting engines at Wheal Abraham and Wheal Var in 1814 and 1815. In 1824 he erected engines at Wheal Busy, in 1825 at Wheal Alfred and Wheal Sparnon, and in 1827 at Consolidated mines. His engines were, however, quickly superseded by Trevithick's high-pressure single cylinder engine, which had the advantage of greater simplicity in construction. Until 1833 he acted as superintendent of Harvey & Co.'s engine manufactory at Hayle. He died at The Strand, Guernsey, on 26 Oct. 1837.

[Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Cornub.; Smiles's Lives of the Engineers, iii. 262; Kley's Einfach und direktwirkenden Woolf'schen Wasserhaltungsmaschinen der Grube Altenberg bei Aachen, Stuttgart, 1865; Gregory's Treatise of Mechanics, 1806, ii. 394–404; Stuart's Descriptive History of the Steam Engine, 1824, pp. 168–71; Stuart's Hist. and Descript. Anecdotes of Steam Engines, pp. 470–2, 511; Alban's High-pressure Steam Engine, ed. Pole, 1848, pp. 59–61; Trevithick's Life of Richard Trevithick, 1872; Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th edit. xxii. 477, 494; Mining Almanack, 1849, pp. 170–1; Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, 1872, pp. xlvii–ix; Cornish Telegraph, 15 July 1874; Tilloch's Philosophical Mag. xvii. 40–7, xix. 133–7, xxiii. 123–8, xxvi. 316–17, xlvi. 43–4, 120–2, 295–7, 460–1.]

WOOLHOUSE, JOHN THOMAS (1650?–1734), oculist, belonged to a family who followed that profession from father to son for four generations. Born, according to Haeser, about 1650, he travelled throughout Europe to make himself familiar with the various methods of treating diseases of the eye, and thus became known to the principal men of the age. He served for a time as groom of the chamber to James II, who also appointed him his oculist. In 1711 he was living at the Hôtel Notre-Dame, Rue St. Benoist, at Paris, where he served as surgeon to the Hospice des Quinze-Vingts. In Paris he is said to have had a large practice, but on his return to England later in his life he failed to secure much attention. He was, however, admitted a fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1721. He was a member of the Royal Academy at Berlin, and of the Noble Institute of Bologna. He died in England on 15 Jan. 1733–4.

Woolhouse appears by his writings to have approached perilously near to charlatanism,


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 yet we owe to him the performance of iridectomy for the restoration of sight in cases of occluded pupil, an operation which he described in 1711. On the other hand, he wrote strongly against Heister's correct teaching that the seat of cataract is the crystalline lens.

Woolhouse published: 1. ‘Catalogue des Instruments pour les Opérations des Yeux,’ Paris, 1696, 8vo. 2. ‘Expériences des différentes Opérations Manuelles et des Guérisons spécifiques,’ 1711, Paris, 12mo; a catchpenny account of the cases he had cured; translated into German, Jena, 1715. 3. ‘Observations sur le Mémoire Académique de Monsieur Morand,’ Paris, 1726, 12mo; published anonymously. 4. ‘Dissertations Scavantes et Critiques … sur la Cataracte et le Glaucome … par M. Christoffle Le Cerf,’ Offenbach-on-the-Main, undated. 5. ‘Dissertationes Ophthalmicæ de Cataracta et Glaucomate … e Gallica in Latinam Linguam translatæ,’ Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1719, 12mo. An unpublished manuscript of his, in two quarto volumes, is now in the library of the Royal College of Surgeons of England; the first part is headed ‘Definitiones Ophthalmicæ;’ the second part treats of disease of the eye curable (a) without, (b) with operation.

[Woolhouse's Works; Biographie Universelle, li. 197; Gent. Mag. 1734, p. 50; Haeser's Geschichte der Medicin, ii. 705.]

WOOLL, JOHN (1767–1833), schoolmaster, the son of John Wooll of Winchester, gentleman, was baptised at St. Thomas, Winchester, on 18 May 1767. He was educated at Winchester College under Joseph Warton [q. v.], being admitted as scholar in 1779. He matriculated from Balliol College, Oxford, on 17 Jan. 1785, but migrated to New College, graduating B.A. in 1790, M.A. in 1794, and B.D. and D.D. in 1807. He obtained a scholarship at New College on 19 July 1786, and held a fellowship there from 1788 to 1799, when he vacated it by marriage.

Wooll was instituted in 1796 to the living of Wynslade, Hampshire, but exchanged it for the rectory of Blackford, Somerset, the value of the latter benefice being within the maximum amount of preferment held to be tenable with a fellowship (information from Dr. Sewell of New College; Gent. Mag. 1796, ii. 973). In 1799 he was appointed to the head-mastership of Midhurst free grammar school, and raised the school to great efficiency. From 1807 to 1828 he was headmaster of Rugby school, during which period the school buildings were rebuilt and the number of scholars increased to 380. Many of his pupils were distinguished in after life in parliament and in the church. Claughton (afterwards bishop of St. Albans) and John Frederick Christie, fellow of Oriel College, are picked out as belonging to a ‘very good batch of sixth-form men sent to Oxford by Dr. Wooll’ (, Reminiscences, i. 145). He died at Worthing on 23 Nov. 1833. A monument (by Westmacott) to his memory was erected at the cost of his pupils in the school chapel at Rugby. His portrait by Lawrence was engraved by C. Turner and published by Colnaghi on 24 Nov. 1813.

Wooll was the author of 1. ‘The King's House at Winchester: a Poem,’ 1793; this edifice was appropriated at that time to the French refugee clergy. 2. ‘Biographical Memoirs of Joseph Warton, D.D.,’ 1806, with a collection of letters reserved by the doctor for publication. The second volume of this memoir referred to on page 407 as to appear in November 1806 was never published. A sermon exemplifying, for the benefit of his pupils, through the murder of Mr. Weare [see ], ‘the dangerous and irresistible progress of habitual sin’ passed through two editions in 1824.

[Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1715–1886; Gent. Mag. 1834, i. 227; Rugby School Reg. 1881, vol. i. p. xii; Kirby's Winchester Scholars, p. 272.]

WOOLLETT, WILLIAM (1735–1785), draughtsman and line engraver, son of Philip Woollett, a flax-dresser at Maidstone, was born there on 15 Aug. 1735. Shortly after that date his father, having won a share in a lottery prize, took the Turk's Head inn at Maidstone, and there young Woollett gave the first indication of his artistic talent by scratching the sign of the house on a pewter pot. He was, in consequence, sent to London, where he became a pupil of John Tinney [q. v.], and also studied drawing in the St. Martin's Lane Academy. His earliest plates, which were of a purely topographical character, in the style of his master, by whom they were published, included a set of eight views of Oxford, after Donowell, 1755; four views of the gardens of West Wycombe, after Hannan, 1757; and two views of Whitton, from his own drawings, 1757. His first important work of a higher class was the ‘Temple of Apollo,’ after Claude, published in 1760 by Boydell, who then commissioned him to engrave the ‘Niobe’ of Richard Wilson. This established his reputation as the


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 ablest landscape engraver who had yet appeared in England, and was followed by the ‘Phaeton,’ 1763, and ‘Celadon and Amelia,’ 1776, both from paintings by Wilson, and two admirable plates after C. Dusart, ‘The Cottagers’ and ‘The Jocund Peasants.’ So far Wollett had confined his practice almost exclusively to landscape work, but on the appearance in 1771 of West's ‘Death of General Wolfe,’ he undertook to engrave it, sharing the venture with Boydell and William Wynne Ryland [q. v.] The plate, which is his most celebrated work, was published in January 1776, and achieved extraordinary popularity both in England and abroad. On a proof of it being shown to the king shortly before its publication, the title of ‘Historical Engraver to His Majesty’ was conferred upon Woollett. The ‘Battle of La Hogue,’ also after West, which appeared in 1781, was almost equally well received, and both prints were copied by the best engravers in Paris and Vienna. Besides those already mentioned, Woollett produced about a hundred plates from pictures by Claude, Pillement, Zuccarelli, R. Wright, the Smiths of Chichester, W. Pars, G. Stubbs, J. Vernet, A. Carracci, and others. The last published by him was ‘Tobias and the Angel,’ after J. Glauber and G. Lairesse, 1785. ‘Morning’ and ‘Evening,’ a pair, after H. Swanevelt, which he left unfinished, were completed by B. T. Pouncy and S. Smith, and published by his widow in 1787. Some of his topographical drawings were engraved by Mason, Canot, and Elliott. In 1766 Woollett became a member of the Incorporated Society of Artists, of which he was also secretary for several years. He resided for some time in Green Street, Leicester Square, and later in Charlotte Street, Rathbone Place, where he died, after great suffering, on 23 May 1785, from an injury received some years before in playing at bowls. He was buried in old St. Pancras churchyard, his grave being marked by a plain headstone, which was restored in 1846 and now stands at the south-west angle of the church. A mural tablet to his memory, sculptured by T. Banks, R.A., was erected in the west cloister of Westminster Abbey.

Woollett stands in the front rank of the professors of his art, and he was the first English engraver whose works were admired and purchased on the continent. In his landscapes he succeeded, by a skilful combination of the graver and needle, in rendering the effects of distance, light, and atmosphere in a way not previously attempted, and his figure subjects are executed with remarkable vigour and purity of line. In landscape work he has, however, been surpassed by the modern school founded by John Pye [q. v.], and his prints of that class are now greatly depreciated. William Blake, who knew Woollett intimately, and did not like him, asserted that all his important plates were etched by his assistant, John Browne (1741–1801) [q. v.], and owed entirely to him whatever merit they possessed (, Life of Blake, i. 20).

Woollett left a widow Elizabeth and two daughters, who, when the trade in prints between this country and the continent was destroyed by the war which broke out in 1793, were reduced to great poverty, and in 1814 a subscription was raised for their benefit. Mrs. Woollett died in 1819, and her husband's plates were then sold to Messrs. Hurst & Robinson in consideration of an annuity for two lives, but, the firm failing six years later, this was lost. In 1843 the surviving daughter, Elizabeth Sophia, then aged sixty-eight, was the subject of another appeal for public assistance.

A portrait of Woollett, drawn and engraved by J. K. Sherwin, was published in 1784, and another, by Caroline Watson, from a painting by G. Stuart, in 1785. The portrait by Stuart is now in the National Portrait Gallery, London. A pencil drawing by T. Hearne, now in the print-room of the British Museum, was engraved by Bartolozzi in 1794.

[Fagan's Cat. of the Works of Woollett, 1885; Artists' Repository, iv. 134; Nägler's Künstler-Lexicon; Bryan's Dict. of Painters and Engravers (Armstrong); Dodd's manuscript Hist. of English Engravers in Brit. Mus., Addit. MS. 33407; Carlisle MSS. in Hist. MSS. Comm. 15th Rep. App. pt. vi. pp. 489, 547.]

 WOOLLEY or WOLLEY, HANNAH, afterwards  (fl. 1670), writer of works on cookery, was born about 1623. Her maiden name is not known. She tells how her ‘mother and elder sisters were very well skilled in physic and chirurgery,’ and taught her a little in her youth. After teaching in a small school, she served successively two noble families as governess. She became an adept in needlework, medicine (which she practised with success), cookery, and household management. In later life she wrote copiously on all these topics. At the age of twenty-four she married one Woolley, who had been master of the free school at Newport, Essex, from 1644 to 1655. They resided at Newport Pond, near Saffron Walden, for seven years, when they removed to Hackney. Her husband died before 1666, and on 16 April in that year she was licensed


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 to marry Francis Challinor ‘of St. Margaret's, Westminster.’

An engraved portrait by Faithorne appears in some editions of Mrs. Woolley's earlier works, and has been taken to represent the writer; but it seems more likely to have been the portrait of Mrs. Sarah Gilly, who died in 1659 (, Biogr. Hist. iv. 112).

The following works are ascribed to Mrs. Woolley, though Granger thinks her authorship as doubtful as her portrait: 1. ‘The Ladies' Directory in Choice Experiments of Preserving and Candying,’ London, 1661, 1662. 2. ‘The Cook's Guide,’ London, 1664. 3. ‘The Queenlike Closet, or Rich Cabinet, stored with all manner of Rich Receipts,’ London, 1672, 1674 (with supplement), 1675, 1681, 1684. 4. ‘The Ladies' Delight … together with the Exact Cook. … To which is added the Ladies' Physical Closet; or excellent Receipts and rare Waters for Beautifying the Face and Body,’ London, 1672; German translation, Hamburg, 1674, under the title of ‘Frauen-Zimmers Zeit-Vertrieb.’ 5. ‘The Gentlewoman's Companion,’ London, 1675, 1682 (3rd edit.).

[Mrs. Woolley's Works, passim; Chester's Marriage Licences; Bromley's Cat. of Engraved Portraits, p. 112; Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting, iii. 194.]

WOOLLEY, JOHN (1816–1866), first principal of Sydney University, born at Petersfield in Hampshire on 28 Feb. 1816, was the second son of George Woolley, a surgeon of that place, by his wife Charlotte, daughter of William Gell of Lewes in Sussex. Joseph Woolley [q. v.] was his younger brother. His father removing to London a few years after his birth, he was educated at the Western grammar school and at Brompton, and in 1830 entered London University (afterwards University College), where he won a first prize in logic and otherwise distinguished himself. He matriculated from Exeter College, Oxford, on 26 June 1832, and, after being elected to a scholarship, graduated B.A. on 9 June 1836, M.A. on 28 Feb. 1839, and D.C.L. on 26 April 1844. He held a scholarship at University College, Oxford, from 1837 to 1840, and a fellowship at Exeter from 1840 to 1841. While at Oxford he formed a warm friendship with Arthur Penrhyn Stanley [q. v.], then a fellow of University College. In 1840 he published an ‘Introduction to Logic’ (Oxford, 12mo), which was much used for some years, and which attracted the notice of Sir William Hamilton (1788–1856) [q. v.] On Trinity Sunday in the same year he took holy orders. In 1842 he was appointed headmaster of King Edward the Sixth's grammar school at Hereford, and in 1844 he was elected headmaster of Rossall. In this post he was not successful, for, though an able scholar, he was a poor disciplinarian. In 1849 he was appointed headmaster of Norwich grammar school, and in January 1852 he was chosen principal of Sydney University. He arrived in June, and delivered an inaugural speech at the opening of the university in October in the hall of the new Sydney grammar school. Besides filling the post of principal, he discharged the duties of professor of classics and logic in the university. He was one of the original trustees of the Sydney grammar school, and spent much time and labour in organising it. He was the first to propose the scheme, since established, for connecting the primary schools of New South Wales with the university by a system of public examinations. In 1865 he visited England, and during his absence in 1866 he was elected president of the Sydney Mechanics' School of Arts. Woolley was lost on his return voyage in the steamship London, which foundered in the Bay of Biscay on 11 Jan. 1866. A public testimonial amounting to 2,000l. was collected in New South Wales and presented to his widow as a tribute to his services. On 14 July 1842 he married, at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Mary Margaret, daughter of Major William Turner of the 13th light dragoons. There are portraits of Woolley in Sydney University and in the Mechanics' School of Arts.

Besides the work already mentioned, Woolley was the author of: 1. ‘The Social Use of Schools of Art,’ 1860. 2. ‘Lectures delivered in Australia,’ London and Cambridge, 1862, 8vo. He also published some single sermons and lectures.

[Article by Samuel Neil, from materials supplied by Dean Stanley, in the British Controversialist, 1866, xvi. 161–78; Heaton's Australian Dictionary, 1879; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1715–1886; Boase's Reg. of Exeter College, pp. 219, 372; Allibone's Dict. of Engl. Lit.; Beechey's Rise and Progress of Rossall, 1894, pp. 12–22 (with portrait).]

WOOLLEY, JOSEPH (1817–1889), naval architect, born at Petersfield in Hampshire on 27 June 1817, was the younger brother of John Woolley [q. v.] He was educated at Brompton grammar school, and afterwards, it is stated, at St. Paul's school, though his name does not occur in the admission register. In 1834 he matriculated from St. John's College, Cambridge, and in 1839 was elected a scholar, graduating B.A. as third wrangler in 1840 and M.A. in 1843. He was in-


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Rh maize, again (Cinteotl, son of the maize-goddess), had rites resembling those of the Greek Pyanepsion and Eiresione. The Aztecs used to make an image of the god, and offer it all manner of maize and beans. Curiously enough, the Greeks also regarded their Pyanepsion as a bean-feast. A more remarkable analogy is that of the Peruvian Mama Cora, the figure of a goddess made of maize, which was asked "if it hath strength sufficient to continue until the next year," and of which the purpose was, "that the seed of the maize may not perish." This corn image of the corn-goddess, preserved through all the year and replaced in the next year by a fresh image, is the Attic, a branch of olive hung with a loaf and with all the fruits of the season, and set up to stand for all the year in front of each house. "And it remains for a year, and when it is dry and withered, next year they make a fresh one." Children were sacrificed in Mexico to this deity. In the rites of a goddess of harvest, as has been said, torches were borne by the dancers, as in the Eleusinia; and in European and Oriental folklore. Demeter was the Greek harvest goddess, in whose rites torches had a place. One of her names is Demeter Erinnys. Mr. Max Müller recognises Erinnys as the dawn. Schwartz connects Demeter Erinnys with the thunderstorm. The torch in the hand of Demeter is the lightning, according to Schwartz. It is interesting,


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 corporated M.A. at Oxford on 28 May 1856. In 1840 he was elected a fellow and tutor of St. John's College. Among his pupils was the astronomer, John Couch Adams.

In 1846 Woolley married, relinquished his fellowship, and was ordained a curate in Norfolk. In the following year he was presented to the rectory of Crostwight in the same county by Edward Stanley (1779–1849) [q. v.], bishop of Norwich. In 1848 he was appointed principal of the school of naval construction, newly founded by the admiralty, at Portsmouth dockyard, retaining this post till the abolition of the school in 1853. During this period he had under his tuition many well-known naval architects, including Sir Edward James Reed and Sir Nathaniel Barnaby.

Woolley's mathematical attainments and the interest which he took in applying his scientific knowledge to the solution of problems connected with ship design and construction enabled him to render valuable services to the science of naval architecture. While in the position of principal of the school of naval construction he devoted his attention to advancing technical knowledge. In 1850 he published ‘The Elements of Descriptive Geometry’ (London, 8vo), which he intended as an introductory treatise on the application of descriptive geometry to shipbuilding. The second volume, however, though almost ready for press, never appeared owing to the abolition of the Portsmouth naval school. On quitting his post at Portsmouth Woolley was appointed admiralty inspector of schools, and in 1858 he was nominated a government inspector of schools.

In 1860 Woolley had a large share in founding the Institution of Naval Architects, and he afterwards assisted to carry on the institution. One of the earliest efforts of the new society was directed to influence government to re-establish a technical school for naval construction. In 1864 the Royal School of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering was founded, and Woolley was appointed inspector-general and director of studies. This post he held until the school was merged in the Royal Naval College at Greenwich in 1873. Shortly after the loss of the Captain in 1870 he was nominated a member of Lord Dufferin's committee which was appointed to consider many doubtful points concerning the design of ships of war. In 1874 and 1875 he was associated with (Sir) E. J. Reed as editor of ‘Naval Science,’ a quarterly magazine for promoting improvements in naval architecture and steam navigation. Woolley remained a clergyman until 1865, when he took advantage of the clergy relief bill to divest himself of his orders. He died on 24 March 1889 at Sevenoaks in Kent. In 1846 he married Ann, daughter of Robert Hicks of Afton in the Isle of Wight. Five papers by Woolley on naval architecture are printed in the ‘Transactions’ of the Institution of Naval Architects.

[Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architects, vol. i. pp. xv–xx, vol. xxx. pp. 463–465; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1715–1886; Times, 26 March 1889.]

 WOOLMAN, JOHN (1720–1772), quaker essayist, son of Samuel Woolman, a quaker farmer of Northampton, Burlington county, West Jersey, was born there in August 1720. He was a baker by trade, when, about the age of twenty-three, he began a lifelong testimony against slavery. He learned tailoring in order to support himself simply, became a travelling preacher in the states, and journeyed on foot handing payment to the wealthy host, or to the slaves themselves, rather than accept hospitality from slave-owners (, Nouveau Voyage, Paris, 1791, ii. 9). To his exertions, joined with those of the eccentric Benjamin Lay [q. v.], may be traced the abandonment of slave traffic by members of the yearly meetings of New England, New York, and Philadelphia during the years following 1760. In 1772 he embarked for England, and on landing at London on 8 June he proceeded straight to the yearly meeting of ministers and elders. His peculiar dress (he wore undyed homespun) created at first an unfavourable impression on the more conventional English quakers; but as soon as they knew him better he won their friendship, and passed on to work in the English counties. He reached York at the end of September 1772, and almost immediately sickened of smallpox. After little more than a week's illness, he died there in the house of Thomas Priestman on 7 Oct. 1772. He was buried on the 9th in the Friends' burial-ground, York. He had been thirty years a recorded minister. By his wife Sarah Ellis, whom he married in 1749, Woolman left a son John and other children.

Woolman's ‘Journal,’ his most memorable work, reflects the man. Its pure and simple diction is not its greatest charm. It is free from sectarianism, and there is a transparent guilelessness in the writer's recital of his experiences in the realm of the unseen. It has appealed to a large circle of divergent minds. John Stuart Mill was attracted by the ‘Journal;’ Charles Lamb says ‘Get the


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 in 1848, and ‘Titania and the Indian Boy’ at the British Institution in the same year. He now, however, from the lack of encouragement for idealistic sculpture, devoted himself chiefly to portrait medallions. Among these was one of Carlyle, to whom and to Mrs. Carlyle he became greatly attached. He also, through Coventry Patmore, made the acquaintance of Tennyson. A visit to him at Coniston in the autumn of 1850 led to his executing the medallion of Wordsworth now in Grasmere church. He also competed for a monument to the poet, and produced a fine seated figure, with a spirited bas-relief in illustration of ‘Peter Bell’ upon the pedestal. The design, which is engraved in Professor Knight's edition of Wordsworth, was not accepted, and Woolner, weary of ill success, embraced, in common with many other struggling Englishmen, the idea of trying his fortune at the Australian goldfields. He sailed for Melbourne on 24 July 1852, accompanied by two friends, one, Mr. Latrobe Bateman, nephew to the governor of Victoria. The Rossettis, Madox Brown, and Holman Hunt accompanied him on board, and his exodus inspired Madox Brown's noble picture, ‘The Last of England.’ He arrived at Melbourne in October, and in November proceeded to the diggings, his object being to provide sufficient resources to tide him over the first difficulties of the artistic career which he looked forward for a time to following in Melbourne or Sydney. He could procure, however, little beyond a bare livelihood, and, upon establishing himself at Melbourne in the following May, found himself obliged to depend solely upon his professional exertions. These were not unfruitful. At Melbourne he executed a medallion of Governor Latrobe, and at Sydney fine portraits of the governor-general, Sir Charles Fitzroy, and of the father of Australian self-government, William Charles Wentworth [q. v.] A colossal statue of Wentworth was to have been executed, but the money was ultimately devoted to endowing a fellowship in Sydney University, much to the disappointment of Woolner, who had returned to England hoping to obtain the commission. He arrived in October 1854. On the way home he read a pathetic story of a fisherman, which he imparted to Tennyson, who founded ‘Enoch Arden’ upon it. The plot of ‘Aylmer's Field’ also was derived from him.

During Woolner's absence a great improvement had taken place in the position of English art and artists. Ruskin and the pre-Raphaelites between them had raised the standard of taste, and several friends whom Woolner had left poor and struggling were now celebrities. The turning-point of his career may be said to have been the fine bust of Tennyson, now in the library of Trinity College, executed in 1857. In the same year he exhibited the celebrated medallion portraits of the laureate and of Thomas Carlyle, and one equally fine of Robert Browning. The statue of Bacon in the New Oxford Museum was also executed in this year; and in 1858 Woolner modelled in alto-relievo figures of Moses, David, St. John the Baptist, and St. Paul for the pulpit of Llandaff Cathedral, then under restoration, for which Rossetti also laboured.

From this time Woolner's position was assured, and the history of the remainder of his life is little else than the chronicle of his successes. In 1861 he was commissioned to design and model the colossal Moses and other sculptures for the assize courts, Manchester. Among his most remarkable works were Constance and Arthur, children of Sir Thomas Fairbairn, 1862; Mrs. Archibald Peel and son, in Wrexham church, 1867, and in the same year a mother and child for Sir Walter Trevelyan; bust of Gladstone in the Bodleian Library, with three splendid bas-reliefs from the ‘Iliad,’ 1868; ‘In Memoriam,’ children in Paradise, 1870; Virgilia, wife of Coriolanus, 1871; ‘Guinevere,’ 1872; monument to Mrs. James Anthony Froude, in St. Lawrence Church, Ramsgate, 1875; ‘Godiva,’ 1876. Among the colossal and life-size statues the most important are: John Robert Godley, for Christ Church, Canterbury, New Zealand, 1865; Lord Macaulay, for Trinity College, 1866; Sir Bartle Frere, for Bombay, 1872; Dr. Whewell, Trinity College, 1873; Lord Lawrence, Calcutta, 1875; John Stuart Mill, Thames Embankment, 1878; Captain Cook, Sydney, 1879; Sir Stamford Raffles, Singapore, 1887; Bishop Fraser, Manchester, 1888. Among busts of distinguished men, besides those already mentioned, may be named the bearded bust of Tennyson, modelled in 1873, and those of Darwin, Newman, Maurice, Keble, Carlyle, Charles Dickens, Kingsley, Sir Hope Grant, Archbishop Temple, Professors Adam Sedgwick and Huxley, Rajah Brooke, and Archdeacon Hare. He also executed recumbent figures of Bishop Jackson in St. Paul's, and of Lord Frederick Cavendish in Cartmel Priory church.

Woolner was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in 1871, and academician in 1874; his diploma work, exhibited in 1876, was an ideal group—‘Achilles and Pallas shouting from the Trenches.’ In 1877, upon the death of Henry Weekes [q. v.], he was


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 appointed professor of sculpture, but never lectured, and resigned in 1879. In 1864 he married Alice Gertrude Waugh, by whom he had two sons and four daughters. His death on 7 Oct. 1892 was somewhat sudden, following an internal complaint from which he seemed to be recovering. The fact that he died within a few days of Tennyson and Renan served to divert much of the notice which his disappearance would otherwise have occasioned. One of his most beautiful works, the statue of ‘The Housemaid,’ had been completed a few weeks previously. He was interred in the churchyard of St. Mary's, Hendon.

Woolner occupies a distinguished and highly individual place in English art, both as the chosen transmitter to posterity of the sculptured semblances of the most intellectual men of his day, and as filling more conspicuously than any other artist the interval between Gibson and the younger sculptors under whom the art has revived so remarkably in our own day. His open-air statues are reckoned among the ornaments of the cities where they are erected; that of Mill is perhaps the best in the metropolis for animation and expression. The finest of his busts, especially the two of Tennyson, are characterised by peculiar dignity. He restored the neglected art of medallion portraiture, and illustrated it by fine examples. Being chiefly known as a portrait-sculptor, he is regarded as in some measure a realist; it may be doubted, however, whether his genius was not in reality rather directed to the ideal. A graceful fancy characterised his earliest efforts, and when he could escape from portraiture, he gratified himself with such highly ideal works as ‘Guinevere’ and ‘Godiva.’ Perhaps the most beautiful work he ever wrought is not a sculpture at all, but the vignette of the flute-player on the title-page of Palgrave's ‘Golden Treasury,’ a gem of grace and charm. His last work, ‘The Housemaid,’ proves of what graceful treatment a homely and prosaic subject may admit. The maiden is simply wringing a cloth in a pail, but her attitude realises in sober earnest what, nearly half a century before, Clough had said in burlesque: Scrubbing requires for true grace frank and artistical handling. Woolner's poetry is that of a sculptor; he works, as it were, by little chipping strokes, and produces, especially in descriptive passages and in the expression of strong feeling, effects highly truthful and original, though scarcely to be termed captivating or inspiring. The recension of ‘My Beautiful Lady’ published separately in 1863 was very considerably expanded from the original version in the ‘Germ.’ It reached a third edition in 1866 (with a title-page vignette by Arthur Hughes). ‘Pygmalion’ was published in 1881, ‘Silenus’ in 1884, ‘Tiresias’ in 1886, and ‘Poems’ (comprising ‘Nelly Dale,’ written in 1886, and ‘Children’) in 1887. ‘My Beautiful Lady’ (in 3 parts, 17 cantos in all), together with ‘Nelly Dale,’ was issued in 1887 as volume lxxxii. of ‘Cassell's National Library.’

Woolner was a thoroughly sterling character; manly, animated, energetic; too impetuous in denouncing whatever he happened to dislike, and thus creating unnecessary enmities, but esteemed by all who knew his worth, and could appreciate the high standard he sought to maintain in the pursuit of his art. His appearance throughout life corresponded with F. G. Stephens's description of him as a young man, ‘robust, active, muscular, with a square-featured and noble face set in thick masses of hair, and penetrating eyes under full eyebrows.’

The print-room at the British Museum has a portrait engraved from a photograph and a drawing of Woolner in his studio after T. Blake Wirgman (see also Illustrated London News, 15 Oct. 1892).

[F. G. Stephens in the Art Journal for March 1894; Justin H. McCarthy in the Portrait, No. 5; Magazine of Art, December 1892; Athenæum, 15 Oct. 1892; Autobiographical Notes of the Life of W. Bell Scott, 1892; Miles's Poets and Poetry of the Century, v. 263; Saturday Review, 15 Oct. 1892; private information; personal knowledge.]

WOOLRIDGE, JOHN (fl. 1669), agricultural writer. [See .]

WOOLRYCH, HUMPHREY WILLIAM (1795–1871), biographer and legal writer, was the representative of an ancient Shropshire family [see ]. His father, Humphry Cornewall Woolrych, purchased in 1794 and 1799 an estate at Croxley in Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire, and died there on 25 March 1816. He married on 12 Sept. 1793, at the church of St. George the Martyr, Queen Square, London, Elizabeth, elder daughter and coheiress of William Bentley of Red Lion Square, London.

Their son, Humphry William, was born at Southgate, Middlesex, on 24 Sept. 1795. At the election of 1811 Woolrych was in the fifth form, upper division, at Eton (, Eton Lists, p. 67), and he


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 matriculated from St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, on 14 Dec. 1816, but did not proceed to a degree. He was admitted student at Lincoln's Inn on 24 Nov. 1819, and called to the bar in 1821. In 1830 he was called ad eundem at the Inner Temple; he was admitted at Gray's Inn on 13 July 1847, and in 1855 he was created serjeant-at-law. His love of the order of the coif prompted the publication of ‘Remarks on the Rank of Queen's Serjeant,’ 1866; ‘The Bar of England and the Serjeant-at-law,’ 1867; and ‘Lives of Eminent Serjeants-at-law,’ 1869, in two volumes; and he laboured zealously, but in vain, for the maintenance of the body. Woolrych dwelt at Croxley and at 9 Petersham Terrace, Kensington. He died at Kensington on 2 July 1871, and was buried in Rickmansworth cemetery. He married, on 3 July 1817, at Abbot's Langley, Hertfordshire, Penelope, youngest daughter of Francis Bradford of Great Westwood, Hertfordshire. She died at 9 Petersham Terrace on 23 Sept. 1876, aged 76, and was also buried at Rickmansworth. They had issue three sons and four daughters. His third daughter, Anna Maria Raikes Woolrych, married, on 2 July 1862, John James Stewart Perowne, at one time bishop of Worcester.

Besides the works mentioned above, Woolrych wrote: 1. ‘Winter: a Poem,’ 1824, which was inspired by Thomson's ‘Seasons.’ 2. ‘A Series of Lord Chancellors, Keepers, and other Legal Officers from Queen Elizabeth until the Present Day,’ 1826. 3. ‘The Life of Sir Edward Coke,’ 1826; and 4. ‘Memoirs of the Life of Judge Jeffreys,’ 1827. The permanent value of his biographical volumes is small.

His legal textbooks and tracts comprise: 5. ‘Rights of Common,’ 1824; 2nd edit. 1850. 6. ‘Law of Certificates,’ 1826. 7. ‘Law of Ways,’ 1829; 2nd edit. 1847. 8. ‘Commercial and Mercantile Law of England,’ 1829. 9. ‘Law of Waters and Sewers,’ 1830; 2nd edit. 1851. 10. ‘History and Results of Present Capital Punishments in England,’ 1832. 11. ‘Our Island: a Novel’ [anon.], 1832, 3 vols. 12. ‘Four Letters on Bill for General Registry of Deeds,’ 1833. 13. ‘Law of Window Lights,’ 1833. 14. ‘New Highways Act,’ 2nd edit. 1836. 15. ‘Treatise on Criminal Statutes of 7 Will. IV & 1 Vict. 1837.’ 16. ‘New Inclosure Act,’ 1837; with notes and indexes, 1846. 17. ‘Treatise on Misdemeanours,’ 1842. 18. ‘Law of Party Walls and Fences, including the New Metropolitan Buildings Act,’ 1845. 19. ‘Treatise on Sewers and Drainage Acts;’ 2nd edit. 1849; 3rd edit. 1864. 20. ‘Public Health Act,’ 1849. 21. ‘Legal Time, its Computations and Reckonings,’ 1851. 22. ‘Metropolitan Building Act,’ 1856; 2nd edit. 1877; 3rd edit. 1882. 23. ‘Game Laws,’ 1858. 24. ‘Criminal Law as amended by Statutes of 1861,’ 1862. 25. ‘Private Executions,’ 1867. He published in 1842 a ‘second edition, revised with additions,’ of Charles Penruddocke's ‘Short Analysis of the Criminal Law of England,’ was a frequent contributor to the ‘Globe and Traveller,’ and read many papers before the Law Amendment Society.

[Gent. Mag. 1793 ii. 861, 1816 i. 376; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1715–1886; Robinson's Herefordshire Mansions, p. 100; Cussans's Hertfordshire (Rickmansworth), pp. 131–2, 153, 160; Shirley's Noble Men of England, 1866 ed., p. 99; Lincoln's Inn Reg. ii. 59; Burke's Landed Gentry, 1894; information from Mr. W. R. Woolrych of Croxley House, Hertfordshire, and Mrs. Perowne.]

WOOLSTON, THOMAS (1670–1733), enthusiast and freethinker, fifth son of Henry Woolston (d. 1705), currier, was born at Northampton early in 1670. He got his schooling at Northampton and Daventry, and on 11 June 1685 was admitted to Sidney-Sussex College, Cambridge, as minor pensionary. On 16 Jan. 1685–6 he was elected a scholar; he graduated B.A. on 11 Jan. 1688–9, M.A. on 12 Feb. 1691–2. Having been elected a foundation fellow on 17 Jan. 1690–1, he took orders, was elected prælector 1694, ecclesiastical lecturer 1697, and graduated B.D. 1699. He bore the repute of a sound scholar, a good preacher, a charitable and estimable man. His reading led him to study the works of Origen, from whom he adopted the idea of interpreting the scripture as allegory. Applying this to the Old Testament he preached in the college chapel, and before the university, that the Mosaic narratives were to be taken as prophetic parables of Christ, and that as Moses proved his authority to Pharaoh, so our Lord proved his to the Roman emperors. His discourses were reduced to a volume, ‘The Old Apology for … the Christian Religion … revived,’ Cambridge, 1705, 8vo, printed at the university press.

He left the university in 1720; proceeding to London, he printed anonymously three Latin tracts. The first, dedicated to William Wake [q. v.], by ‘Mystagogus,’ was a ‘Dissertatio de Pontii Pilati ad Tiberium Epistola,’ 1720, 8vo, devoted to proving against Dupin the reality of a (lost) rescript of Pilate, a point already laboured in his ‘Old Apology’ (pp. 35 sq.) The ‘Epistola,’ 1720, 8vo, and ‘Epistola Secunda,’ 1720,


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 8vo, addressed to Whitby, Waterland, and Whiston, by ‘Origenes Adamantius,’ are in support of the allegorical exegesis favoured in the ‘Old Apology.’ An attack upon quakers, as pagans, in the ‘Delphick Oracle’ (January 1719–20, p. 46) led him to send to that periodical, writing as a quaker, and signing ‘Aristobulus,’ a challenge to a disputation, which was accepted (February 1719–20, p. 17). ‘Aristobulus’ forwarded a letter opening the discussion, and defending the quakers as allegorists. He affirms (Letter to Bennet, 1720, p. 19) that, being unable to meet his argument, the ‘Delphick Oracle’ did not publish another number; but his letter (abridged) with a long reply appears in the ‘Delphick Oracle,’ March 1719–20, p. 58 (the first and only number of an enlarged issue). He then turned to Thomas Bennet [q. v.], who had published a ‘Confutation of Quakerism’ (1705), and addressed to him ‘A Letter … upon this Question: Whether … Quakers do not the nearest … resemble the primitive Christians,’ 1720, 8vo, and ‘A Second Letter,’ 1721, 8vo, on the general question of the allegorical sense of scripture. Both are signed ‘Aristobulus,’ who claims to be ‘a foreigner’ in search of true religion; in these letters, especially in the second, he opens his peculiar vein of irreverent jocularity (not without real humour, but on subjects where humour is out of place), and his references to his own publications betray a disordered self-estimate. Bennet took no notice of either letter; an ‘Answer’ (1721, 8vo) ‘by a country curate,’ signed ‘N. N.,’ was by Woolston himself, and meant to provoke controversy. His friends, with some reason, thought him crazy; to rebut the imputation he presented himself at his college, and was at once called upon to resume residence in accordance with the statutes. Peremptorily refusing, he was deprived of his fellowship, contrary to the wish of the master, Bardsey Fisher, and in spite of the intercession of William Whiston [q. v.], whom he had abused. He complains (Defence of the Thundering Legion, 1726, p. iv) of ‘being deprived of my fellowship for my late writings.’ After his deprivation his brother, Alderman Woolston of Northampton, allowed him 30l. a year.

He next published ‘A Free-Gift to the Clergy’ (1722, 8vo), dedicated to the hierarchy. In this he attacks by name John Frankland, fellow of Sidney-Sussex, and others; and declares his intention ‘to be the founder of a new sect.’ He had a few disciples ‘called ænigmatists.’ His friends advised him to print his exercises in 1699 for B.D. (repeated in the university pulpit, 1702). They appeared as ‘The Exact Fitness of the Time in which Christ was manifested’ (1722, 8vo), with a blatant dedication to Fisher, contrasting with the tone of an able and ingenious treatise; at p. 37 is the germ of the argument of his ‘Old Apology.’ ‘A Second Free-Gift to the Clergy’ (1723, 8vo) complained of no replies to the first; it was followed by ‘A Third Free-Gift’ (1823, 8vo, dated 7 Sept.; in this he states (p. 32) that he had been carried up in a vision, and had an interview with Elias); by ‘A Fourth Free-Gift’ (1724, 8vo, dated 1 June), and by an ‘answer’ again ‘by a Country Curate,’ entitled ‘The Ministry of the Letter vindicated’ (1724, 8vo, dated 9 July). Rushing into the controversy between Anthony Collins [q. v.] and Edward Chandler [q. v.], he published ‘A Moderator between an Infidel and an Apostate’ (1725, 8vo; dedication to Wake, dated 10 Feb.), with two supplements, same year, dedicated (2 Nov.) to Joseph Craven, who succeeded Fisher as master of Sidney-Sussex, and (12 Nov.) to Peter King, first lord King [q. v.] (the whole came to a third edition, 1729–32, 8vo). In these he carried allegory to the length of questioning the historic reality of the resurrection and the virgin birth of our Lord. The government indicted him (between 2 and 12 Nov.) for blasphemy. Whiston made interest with the attorney-general, Sir Philip Yorke (afterwards first Earl of Hardwicke) [q. v.], to stop the prosecution; offering, if it went on, to give evidence on the subject of allegorical interpretations. The case was not proceeded with, for Woolston now attacked a posthumous dissertation of Walter Moyle [q. v.], in ‘A Defence of the Miracle of the Thundering Legion’ (1726, 8vo), dedicated to Whiston, who had written on the same side. ‘I had used you,’ he says, ‘with such freedom in my “Moderator” as would have provoked another man to resentment, and even to rejoice at any sufferings that could have fallen on me; but it is manifest that you are of a more Christian temper, and can forgive any treatment from an adversary; for which I shall always esteem you a brave and a good man; and I hope nobody, no, not those who were most zealous for my prosecution, will think the worse of you.’ The ‘Defence’ is a remarkable tour de force, and ends with a fine appeal for liberty of publication, on the ground that ‘it is the opposition of others that sharpens wit and brightens truth.’

Woolston's ‘Discourse on the Miracles of Our Saviour,’ 1727, 8vo (dedicated to Edmund Gibson [q. v.], 17 April), was followed


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Author:Ernest George Ravenstein

Works

 * (in part)
 * (ed.) The Strange Adventures of Andrew Battell of Leigh, in Angola and the Adjoining Regions by Battell (1901)

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CH. V.] kindly offered me their advice and assistance on the journey, I set off with them, about five o'clock in the evening.

There is a carriage-road the whole way from the port to the town, principally over a fine green sod, and through avenues intersecting a thick wood, which, in the summer time, is so umbrageous as hardly to leave the route, where the road should be, distinguishable. This wood is infested by a small tiger, which is very fierce, but seldom attacks a man, unless affronted: he does not require the same provocation to assault the herds, especially the calves and young mules. The bulls are so well acquainted with his malicious intentions that, forgetting their mutual animosities, they sometimes congregate for the general protection, in which case the tiger frequently gets the worst of the battle.

The guaco, with its parasitical tendrils, clinging to the gigantic trees which girt the path, assures us of the presence of the most noxious serpents; for,


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ROGERS, HENRY DARWIN (1808-1866), American geologist, was born at Philadelphia on the 1st of August 1808. At the age of twenty-one he was chosen professor of chemistry and natural philosophy at Dickinson College, Pennsylvania. After holding this post for three years, he went to Europe and took up the study of geology. Subsequently he was engaged for twenty-two years in the State surveys of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, his Reports on which were published during the years 1836-41. In 1842 he and his brother (1805-1882), who had been similarly occupied in Virginia (his Reports were published in 1838-41, and he wrote also on the connexion between thermal springs and anticlinal axes and faults), brought before the Association of American Geologists and Naturalists their conclusions on the physical structure of the Appalachian chain, and on the elevation of great mountain chains. The researches of H. D. Rogers were elaborated in his final Report on Pennsylvania (1858), in which he included a general account of the geology of the United States and of the coal-fields of North America and Great Britain. In this important work he dealt also with the structure of the great coal-fields, the method of formation of the strata, and the changes in the character of the coal from the bituminous type to anthracite. In 1857 he was appointed professor of natural history and geology at Glasgow. One of his later essays (1861) was on the parallel roads of Lochaber (Glen Roy), the origin of which he attributed to a vast inundation. He died at Glasgow on the 29th of May 1866.


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66 these are found, the natives tell you that the guaco, the unfailing antidote to all their poisons, is also at hand. The root and branches of this plant, which greatly resembles the vine, divested of its foliage, are equally effective; and its power is so instantaneous and astonishing, that, had not the stories of its efficacy been repeated by persons of veracity who have tried its effect on their persons, I could hardly credit them. Some of the snakes here are so venomous that the person bitten generally dies in the course of twenty minutes: if, however, he be provided with the guaco, he bites a bit, and applies the saliva to the part: he also swallows the saliva arising from the mastication, for a few hours, and he need have no further apprehension; he is quite well.

A young man of the name of Rascon, who accompanied me to England, and of whom I shall hereafter speak, told me that he has taken up in the palm of his hand that dreadful little viper called the


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CH. V.], the bite of which is instant death, and that the reptile became instantly inert and torpid, because he had in his hand a small piece of this wonderful plant. Another person, whose servant had been bitten by the same kind of snake, was dying of a mortification which had taken place in his arm: a strong decoction of the root in brandy was poured down his throat, and also applied to the part affected: he was cured, and never afterwards felt any effect from the wound. Might not this wonderful remedy be applied to cases of hydrophobia? Not to speak of its beneficial qualities in cases of agues, dysentery, fever, and generally all those maladies which are peculiar to the human constitution in the places where it is found, I can answer for its being of a very harmless nature, for I took it by the advice and after the example of the English gentlemen, almost daily, with a view of preventing sickness, and must conclude it had the effect, never having suffered from indisposition whilst


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By Edmund Gosse

ancient Rome, the secret fire,—
 * An intimate and holy thing,—

Was guarded by a tender choir
 * Of kindred maidens in a ring;

Deep, deep within the house it lay,
 * No stranger ever gazed thereon,

But, flickering still by night and day,
 * The beacon of the house, it shone;

Thro' birth and death, from age to age, It passed, a quenchless heritage;

And there were hymns of mystic tone
 * Sung round about the family flame,

Beyond the threshold all unknown,
 * Fast-welded to an ancient name;

There sacrificed the sire as priest, Before that altar, none but he, Alone

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woodroffe, Benjamin


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woodrooffe, Anne


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woodrow, Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woods, Joseph


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woods, Julian Edmund Tenison-


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woodville, Anthony


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woodville, Lionel


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woodville, Richard


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woodville, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woodward, Bernard Bolingbroke


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woodward, George Moutard


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woodward, Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woodward, Hezekiah


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woodward, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woodward, Richard


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woodward, Samuel (1790-1838)


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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woodward, Samuel Pickworth


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woodward, Thomas (1801-1852)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woodward, Thomas Jenkinson


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wooler, Thomas Jonathan


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woolf, Arthur


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woolhouse, John Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wooll, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woollett, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woolley, Hannah


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woolley, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woolley, Joseph


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woolman, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woolner, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woolrych, Humphry William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Woolston, Thomas


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[Report No. 1774.]

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

D 14, 1897.

Mr. P introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Invalid Pensions and ordered to be printed.

J 19, 1899

Reported with an amendment, committed to the Whole House, and ordered to be printed.

Granting a pension to Harriet Tubman Davis, late a nurse in the United States Army.

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By Will Rothenstein

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Author:Eduard Bernstein

Works

 * Ferdinand Lassalle's Reden und Schriften (1892-3)
 * Tr. by Eleanor Marx Aveling, Ferdinand Lassalle: As a Social Reformer (1893)
 * Die Voraussetzungen des Sozialismus und die Aufgaben der Sozialdemokratie (1899)
 * Tr. by Edith C. Harvey, Evolutionary socialism: a criticism and affirmation (1909)
 * Zur Theorie und Geschichte des Socialismus (1901)
 * Sozialismus und Demokratie in der englischen Revolution (1908)
 * Tr. by H. J. Stenning, Cromwell & Communism (1930)
 * Aus den Jahren meine Exile: Erinnerung eines Sozialisten (1915)
 * Tr. by Bernard Miall, My Years of Exile (1921)
 * Tr. by Bernard Miall, My Years of Exile (1921)

title: Author:Eduard Bernstein


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By George Egerton

REGRET it, but what am I to do? It was not my fault—I can only regret it. It was thus it happened to me.

I had come to town straight from a hillside cottage in a lonely ploughland, with the smell of the turf in my nostrils, and the swish of the scythes in my ears; the scythes that flashed in the meadows where the upland hay, drought-parched, stretched thirstily up to the clouds that mustered upon the mountain-tops, and marched mockingly away, and held no rain.

The desire to mix with the crowd, to lay my ear once more to the heart of the world and listen to its life-throbs, had grown too strong for me; and so I had come back—but the sights and sounds of my late life clung to me—it is singular how the most opposite things often fill one with associative memory.

That gamin of the bird-tribe, the Cockney sparrow, recalled the swallows that built in the tumble-down shed; and I could almost see the gleam of their white bellies, as they circled in ever narrowing sweeps and clove the air with forked wings, uttering a shrill note, with a querulous grace-note in front of it. The

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184 the ink is quite faded. "To my Lady Luce. Harold Sekbourne, 3rd November, 1863." What a strong handwriting it is! Luce! how strange that the name should be the same as[Looks suddenly at Lucy.]Oh, Auntie, forgive me. I never dreamt I am so sorry.

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 Latin into Danish, 1591 (Laing's edit. p. 249), indicates that he had a share also in furthering the Scandinavian reformation. Repeated popular editions were published between 1558 and 1776; and later, Pinkerton 1792, Sibbald 1803, Chalmers 1806, and Laing 1870, undertook their republication. The Early English Text Society commenced in 1867, but have not yet completed, an issue of his poems in a revised text.

LINDSAY, DAVID, eleventh (1547?–1607), eldest son of, tenth , by Margaret, daughter of Cardinal Beaton, was born about 1547. His grandfather, Alexander, son of David, eighth earl, was known as the ‘wicked master of Crawford,’ and his father had, by the forfeiture of the master and his issue for the murder of a servant of Lord Glammis, lost his right to the title, which passed to David Lindsay of Edzell, who succeeded as ninth earl. The latter had, however, no issue by his first wife, and adopted the son of the ‘wicked master,’ who in 1546 was put in fee of the earldom as master of Crawford, and succeeded to the full title on the death of the ninth earl in September 1558. Like his father, the tenth earl acquired an unenviable reputation for lawlessness and violence. In 1559 he obtained a charter annulling the clause in the conveyance of 1546 by which, on failure of his own heirs male, the succession was to pass to the house of Edzell, and assigning it to his heirs female, but on 22 March 1564–5 the charter of 1546 was restored. The tenth earl adhered to the catholic party, and was a consistent supporter of Queen Mary. At her marriage to Darnley he acted as cupbearer, and he took part in the roundabout raid against the Earl of Moray. He was one of the nobles who met at Dumbarton on 29 June 1567 to effect her rescue from Lochleven, and after her escape on 2 May of the following year, joined the association for her defence; but like Huntly and other northern lords he did not arrive in time for the battle of Langside, at which her cause was lost. On 23 July he was denounced by the lords of the congregation as a rebel (Reg. P. C. Scotl. i. 633), but having on 6 May 1569 signed a bond of allegiance to the young king and the Regent Moray, obtained pardon of all crimes ‘since his defection from the king's obedience’ (ib. p. 662). He died before 1 Nov. 1574, and was buried at Dundee. He had five sons: David, eleventh earl; Sir Henry of Kinfauns, thirteenth earl; Sir John of Ballinscho; Alexander, first lord Spynie [q. v.]; and James, mentioned 12 Oct. 1589 as James, brother-german of the Earl of Crawford (Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot. 1580–93, entry 1702). This was probably the Sir James Lindsay who acted as intermediary between the pope and King James in 1603–4 (see, History of England, i. 97, 124, and the authorities there quoted; also Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. x. 81, 351, 413). The tenth earl had also a daughter, Helen, married to Sir David Lindsay, lord Edzell [q. v.]

The eleventh earl, according to the family genealogist, was ‘a princely man,’ but luxurious and extravagant. He is described as ‘in affection French, in religion unsettled’ (Bannatyne Miscellany, i. 58). On 17 March 1577–8 he became involved in a fray which resulted in the death of his hereditary enemy, the Lord-chancellor Glammis. The two lords being in attendance on the king at Stirling happened with their followers to meet in the school house wynd, opposite the ‘Earl of Mar's lodging.’ They made way for each other, and ordered their followers to do the same, but the hindmost were, it appears, unable to resist the providential opportunity of coming to blows. In the fray the chancellor was shot dead, and the blame of the murder was assigned by many to Crawford. His skill ‘in shooting with a piece’ was pointed to as presumptive evidence against him, especially when coupled with the bitterness of the hereditary feud and the well-known lawlessness of his disposition. He was sent a prisoner to the castle of Edinburgh, but on 14 June was permitted to pass to his house at Cairnie in Fifeshire on giving sureties again to enter into ward on fifteen days' notice (Reg. P. C. Scotl. ii. 705). For his failure to act on this arrangement on 5 March 1579, his sureties, David Lindsay of Edzell and Patrick, lord Lindsay of the Byres were fined (, Crim. Trials, pt. i. p. 85), and on 1 Sept. they gave caution in 20,000l. for his appearance at the Tolbooth of Edinburgh on 3 Nov. (Reg. P. C. Scotl. iii. 212). According to Sir James Balfour, he was found innocent (Annals, i. 364), and on 5 Nov. he signed a band, under pain of 10,000l., not to molest Thomas Lyon of Balduckie, tutor or guardian of the young heir (Reg. P. C. Scotl. iii. 233). Not long afterwards the earl went over to France in company with the Earl of Huntly (, i. 364), having on 7 Dec. obtained a license to go abroad for three years (Reg. P. C. Scotl. iii. 245). He returned to Scotland


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 The freshness of the country still lurked in me, unconsciously influencing my attitude towards the city.

One forenoon business drove me citywards, and following an inclination that always impels me to water-ways rather than road-ways, I elected to go by river steamer.

I left home in a glad mood, disposed to view the whole world with kindly eyes. I was filled with a happy-go-lucky insouciance that made walking the pavements a loafing in Elysian fields. The coarser touches of street-life, the oddities of accent, the idiosyncrasies of that most eccentric of city-dwellers, the Londoner, did not jar as at other times—rather added a zest to enjoyment; impressions crowded in too quickly to admit of analysis, I was simply an interested spectator of a varied panorama.

I was conscious, too, of a peculiar dual action of brain and senses, for, though keenly alive to every unimportant detail of the life about me, I was yet able to follow a process by which delicate inner threads were being spun into a fanciful web that had nothing to do with my outer self.

At Chelsea I boarded a river steamer bound for London Bridge. The river was wrapped in a delicate grey haze with a golden sub-tone, like a beautiful bright thought struggling for utterance through a mist of obscure words. It glowed through the turbid waters under the arches, so that I feared to see a face or a hand wave through its dull amber—for I always think of drowned creatures washing wearily in its murky depths—it lit up the great warehouses, and warmed the brickwork of the monster chimneys in the background. No detail escaped my outer eyes—not the hideous green of the velveteen in the sleeves of the woman on my left, nor the supercilious giggle of the young ladies on my right, who made audible remarks about my personal appearance.

But what cared I? Was I not happy, absurdly happy? because

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 because all the while my inner eyes saw undercurrents of beauty and pathos, quaint contrasts, whimsical details that tickled my sense of humour deliciously. The elf that lurks in some inner cell was very busy, now throwing out tender mimosa-like threads of creative fancy, now recording fleeting impressions with delicate sure brushwork for future use; touching a hundred vagrant things with the magic of imagination, making a running comment on the scenes we passed.

The warehouses told a tale of an up-to-date Soll und Haben, one of my very own, one that would thrust old Freytag out of the book-mart. The tall chimneys ceased to be giraffic throats belching soot and smoke over the blackening city. They were obelisks rearing granite heads heavenwards! Joints in the bricks, weather-stains? You are mistaken; they were hieroglyphics, setting down for posterity a tragic epic of man the conqueror, and fire his slave; and how they strangled beauty in the grip of gain. A theme for a Whitman!

And so it talks and I listen with my inner ear—and yet nothing outward escapes me—the slackening of the boat—the stepping on and off of folk—the lowering of the funnel—the name "Stanley" on the little tug, with its self-sufficient puff-puff, fussing by with a line of grimy barges in tow; freight-laden, for the water washes over them and on the last a woman sits suckling her baby, and a terrier with badly cropped ears yaps at us as we pass

And as this English river scene flashes by, lines of association form angles in my brain; and the point of each is a dot of light that expands into a background for forgotten canal scenes, with green-grey water, and leaning balconies, and strange crafts—Canaletti and Guadi seen long ago in picture galleries

A delicate featured youth with gold-laced cap, scrapes a prelude on a thin-

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 a thin-toned violin, and his companion thrums an accompaniment on a harp.

I don't know what they play, some tuneful thing with an under-note of sadness and sentiment running through its commonplace—likely a music-hall ditty; for a lad with a cheap silk hat, and the hateful expression of knowingness that makes him a type of his kind, grins appreciatively and hums the words.

I turn from him to the harp. It is the wreck of a handsome instrument, its gold is tarnished, its white is smirched, its stucco rose-wreaths sadly battered. It has the air of an antique beauty in dirty ball finery; and is it fancy, or does not a shamed wail lurk in the tone of its strings?

The whimsical idea occurs to me that it has once belonged to a lady with drooping ringlets and an embroidered spencer; and that she touched its chords to the words of a song by Thomas Haynes Baily, and that Miss La Creevy transferred them both to ivory.

The youth played mechanically, without a trace of emotion; whilst the harpist, whose nose is a study in purples and whose bloodshot eyes have the glassy brightness of drink, felt every touch of beauty in the poor little tune, and drew it tenderly forth.

They added the musical note to my joyous mood; the poetry of the city dovetailed harmoniously with country scenes too recent to be treated as memories—and I stepped off the boat with the melody vibrating through the city sounds.

I swung from place to place in happy, lightsome mood, glad as a fairy prince in quest of adventures. The air of the city was exhilarating ether—and all mankind my brethren—in fact I felt effusively affectionate.

I smiled at a pretty anæmic city girl, and only remembered that she was a stranger when she flashed back an indignant look of affected affront. But

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 now: because I don't choose to listen to that tiresome Cricket, who knows, according to him, how many misfortunes are to happen to me! I am even to meet with assassins! That is, however, of little consequence, for I don't believe in assassins—I have never believed in them. For me, I think that assassins have been invented purposely by papas to frighten boys who want to go out at night. Besides, supposing I was to come across them here in the road, do you imagine they would frighten me? not the least in the world. I should go to meet them and cry: "Gentlemen assassins, what do you want with me? Remember that with me there is no joking. Therefore go about your business and be quiet!" At this speech, said in a determined tone, those poor assassins—I think I see them—would run away like the wind. If, however, they were so badly educated as not to run away, why, then, I would run away myself, and there would be an end of it. . . .'

But Pinocchio had not time to finish his reasoning, for at that moment he thought that he heard a slight rustle of leaves behind him.

He turned to look, and saw in the gloom two evil-looking black figures completely enveloped in charcoal sacks. They were running after him on tiptoe, and making great leaps like two phantoms.

'Here they are in reality!' he said to


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 But what cared I? Not a jot! I could afford to say pityingly: "Go thy way, little city maid, get thee to thy typing."

And all the while that these outward insignificant things occupied me, I knew that a precious little pearl of a thought was evolving slowly out of the inner chaos.

It was such an unique little gem, with the lustre of a tear, and the light of moonlight and streamlight and love smiles reflected in its pure sheen—and, best of all, it was all my own—a priceless possession, not to be bartered for the Jagersfontein diamond—a city childling with the prepotency of the country working in it—and I revelled in its fresh charm and dainty strength; it seemed original, it was so frankly natural.

And as I dodged through the great waggons laden with wares from outer continents, I listened and watched it forming inside, until my soul became filled with the light of its brightness; and a wild elation possessed me at the thought of this darling brain-child, this offspring of my fancy, this rare little creation, perhaps embryo of genius that was my very own.

I smiled benevolently at the passers-by, with their harassed business faces, and shiny black bags bulging with the weight of common every-day documents, as I thought of the treat I would give them later on; the delicate feast I held in store for them, when I would transfer this dainty elusive birthling of my brain to paper for their benefit.

It would make them dream of moonlit lanes and sweethearting; reveal to them the golden threads in the sober city woof; creep in close and whisper good cheer, and smooth out tired creases in heart and brain; a draught from the fountain of Jouvence could work no greater miracle than the tale I had to unfold.

Aye, they might pass me by now, not even give me the inside of

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, and not knowing where to hide his gold pieces he put them in his mouth precisely under his tongue.

Then he tried to escape. But he had not gone a step when he felt himself seized by the arm, and heard two horrid sepulchral voices saying to him:

'Your money or your life!'

Pinocchio, not being able to answer in words, owing to the money that was in his mouth, made a thousand low bows and a thousand pantomimes. He tried thus to make the two muffled figures, whose eyes were only visible through the holes in their sacks, understand that he was a poor puppet, and that he had not as much as a false farthing in his pocket.

'Come now! Less nonsense and out with the money!' cried the two brigands threateningly.

And the puppet made a gesture with his hands to signify: 'I have got none.'

'Deliver up your money or you are dead,' said the tallest of the brigands.

'Dead!' repeated the other. 'And after we have killed you, we will also kill your father.'

'Also your father!'

'No, no, no, not my poor papa!' cried Pinocchio in a despairing tone; and as he said it, the sovereigns clinked in his mouth.

'Ah! you rascal! Then you have hidden