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Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan

CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN

 * The present Constitution, expressing the will of the multinational people of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Tatar people,
 * embodies the priority of human and civil rights and freedoms,
 * proceeds from the conventional right of peoples to self-determination, principles of their equality, voluntarism and free will,
 * contributes to the preservation and development of historical, national and spiritual traditions, cultures, languages, maintenance of civil peace and interethnic accord,
 * promotes the strengthening of democracy, social and economic development of the Republic of Tatarstan, preservation of the historical unity of the nations of the Russian Federation on the basis of the principle of federalism.

SECTION I. FOUNDATIONS OF CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER

Article 1

1. The Republic of Tatarstan is a democratic constitutional State associated with the Russian Federation by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan “On Delimitation of Jurisdictional Subjects and Mutual Delegation of Powers between the State Bodies of the Russian Federation and the State Bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan”, and a subject of the Russian Federation. The sovereignty of the Republic of Tatarstan shall consist in full possession of the State authority (legislative, executive and judicial) beyond the competence of the Russian Federation and powers of the Russian Federation in the sphere of shared competence of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan and shall be an inalienable qualitative status of the Republic of Tatarstan.

2. The Republic of Tatarstan and Tatarstan shall be equivalent names.

3. The status of the Republic of Tatarstan may not be altered without the mutual consent of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Russian Federation. The borders of the Republic of Tatarstan may not be altered without its consent.

4. Within its competence the Republic of Tatarstan shall independently participate in international and foreign economic relations.

Article 2

Individual, his rights and freedoms, shall be the highest values. Recognition, observance and protection of human and civil rights and freedoms shall be the obligation of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Article 3

1. The Sovereignty of the Republic of Tatarstan shall lie on its multinational people, which shall be the only source of power in the Republic of Tatarstan

2. The people shall exercise its power directly, through the state bodies and the bodies of the local self-government.

3. The supreme direct expression of the people's sovereignty shall be a referendum and free elections.

4. The Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan and its amendments shall be adopted by the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan or by referendum.

5. No one may usurp sovereign powers in the Republic of Tatarstan. The seizure of power or the usurpation of the State's competences shall be prosecuted by the federal law.

Article 4

1. Beyond the competence of the Russian Federation, shared competence of the Russian Federation and its subjects, the Republic of Tatarstan shall exercise its own legal regulation, including adoption of statutes and other normative legal acts.

2. In case of contradiction between a federal law and a normative legal act of the Republic of Tatarstan issued on subjects belonging to the jurisdiction of the Republic of Tatarstan, the normative legal act of the Republic of Tatarstan shall prevail.

Article 5

1. The territory of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be indivisible and inviolable.

2. The borders between the Republic of Tatarstan and other subjects of the Russian Federation may be changed by their mutual consent.

Article 6

The Republic of Tatarstan shall be entitled within its powers to enter into international and foreign economic relations with subjects and administrative-territorial units of foreign states and foreign states, conclude international agreements, exchange diplomatic representations, participate in the activity of international organisations.

Article 7

The Republic of Tatarstan shall be entitled to enter into relations with subjects of the Russian Federation, to conclude contracts and agreements, exchange representations and participate in the activity of joint organisations.

Article 8

1. The Tatar and Russian languages shall be the state languages in the Republic of Tatarstan.

2. The official languages of the republic of Tatarstan shall be used on equal terms in all governmental bodies, self-government entities and official institutions.

Article 9

1. The state authority in the Republic of Tatarstan shall be exercised on the basis of the division of powers into legislative, executive and judicial. The legislative, executive and judicial powers shall be independent.

2. The state authority in the Republic of Tatarstan shall be exercised by the President of the Republic of Tatarstan, the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Cabinet of the Republic of Tatarstan and the courts of the Republic of Tatarstan.

3. The executive authority of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be constituted by the Cabinet of the Republic of Tatarstan, ministries, state committees of the Republic of Tatarstan and other executive bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan.

4. In the exercise of their competencies, the authorities of the Republic of Tatarstan shall take into account historical, national and other characteristics of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Article 10

The Republic of Tatarstan shall recognise and guarantee local self-government. Local self-government shall be independent within its powers. The bodies of local self-government shall not belong to the system of state authority.

Article 11

1. The Republic of Tatarstan shall be secular.

2. Religious associations shall be separated from the state and equal before the law.

Article 12

1. The Republic of Tatarstan shall recognise ideological diversity. No ideology may be established as state or obligatory.

2. Public associations shall have the right to participate in governing the state affairs through their representatives in the elected bodies of the state and the bodies of the local self-government.

3. No public association shall be established or act if its purpose or actions are to alter by means of violence the constitutional order and the integrity of the Republic of Tatarstan, to undermine the safety of the state, to create armed groups, to instigate social, racial, national and religious conflicts; the use of mass media and other means with these purposes shall be prohibited.

Article 13

The Republic of Tatarstan shall be a social state, pursuing a policy aimed at the creation of conditions to provide a worthy life and free development to all human beings.

Article 14

The Republic of Tatarstan shall assist in the development of national culture, language, and the preservation of the identity of Tatars living outside of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Article 15

1. The Republic of Tatarstan shall decline violence and war as a mean for the settlement of disputes between states and peoples.

2. The propaganda of war shall be prohibited in the Republic of Tatarstan.

Article 16

1. The land, mineral resources, water, wood and other natural resources, fauna and flora shall be used and protected in the Republic of Tatarstan as a basis of life and activity of the people.

2. Budgetary funds of the Republic of Tatarstan, other state property, cultural and historical values and other property, contributing to the economic self-sufficiency of the republic and preservation of material and spiritual culture, shall belong to the people.

Article 17

1. The economic system of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be based on a social market economy that according to the law shall provide for the free economic activity, various forms of property, and equality in their legal protection.

2. Economic relations between the citizen and state, consumers and manufacturers, workers and employers shall be based on social partnership.

3. The Republic of Tatarstan within the limits of its powers shall regulate the development of economy by means of the programs of economic and social development, budgetary, tax, structural, investment, credit, price and other economic policy, not interfering in the activity of economic entities.

Article 18

1. The Republic of Tatarstan shall equally recognise and protect private, state, municipal and other forms of property.

2. The land and other natural resources may be in private, state, municipal and other forms of property.

Article 19

1. Property shall be inviolable. No property rights of possession, use, administration of lawfully acquired property should be restricted except otherwise is provided by the federal law.

2. Property should not be used to the detriment of the state and public interests, human rights, freedoms and dignity.

3. Compulsory expropriation of property shall not be allowed except otherwise is provided by the federal law.

Article 20

1. The Republic of Tatarstan shall not allow economic activities aimed at monopolisation and unfair competition.

2. The state bodies shall promote small and medium business.

Article 21

1. The Republic of Tatarstan shall have its own citizenship.

2. A citizen of the Russian Federation permanently living in the Republic of Tatarstan shall be a citizen of the Republic of Tatarstan.

3. A citizen of the Republic of Tatarstan shall simultaneously be a citizen of the Russian Federation.

Article 22

Citizens of the Russian Federation shall in the Republic of Tatarstan have all rights and freedoms and equal duties, according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, conventional principles and the norms of international Law.

Article 23

The Republic of Tatarstan shall have its own state awards.

The order of their establishment and conferment shall be defined by Law.

Article 24

1. The Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be the supreme law of the republic, have the supreme validity in the legal system of the Republic of Tatarstan, direct application and be applied in the whole territory of the Republic of Tatarstan. Laws and other legal acts of the Republic of Tatarstan and legal acts of the bodies of local self-government should not contradict the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan.

2. The bodies of the government, local self-government, public associations, organisations, institutions, officials and citizens shall be obliged to observe the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Tatarstan.

3. Laws of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be subject to official publication. Unpublished laws shall not be applied. Any normative legal acts affecting human and civil rights, freedoms and duties should not be applied, if they are not officially published for general information.

4. The conventional principles and the norms of international law shall be a component part of the legal system of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Article 25

The Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan “On Delimitation of Jurisdictional Subjects and Mutual Delegation of Powers between the State Bodies of the Russian Federation and the State Bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan” shall be a component part of the legal system of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan.

Article 26

1. The provisions of the present section of the Constitution shall constitute the foundations of the constitutional order of the Republic of Tatarstan.

2. No other provisions of the present Constitution should contradict the foundations of the constitutional order of the Republic of Tatarstan.

SECTION II. FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN AND CIVIL RIGHTS, FREEDOMS AND DUTIES

Article 27

1. The Republic of Tatarstan shall recognise human and civil rights and freedoms according to the conventional principles and the norms of international law and according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan.

2. Human and civil rights and freedoms shall be directly applicable.

3. Fundamental human rights and freedoms shall be inalienable and innate.

Article 28

1. All citizens shall be equal before the law and the courts.

2. The State shall guarantee equality of human and civil rights and freedoms irrespective of origin, social and property status, race, nationality, sex, education, language, political convictions, religion, creed, occupation, residence and other circumstances.

3. Man and woman shall enjoy equal rights and freedoms and equal opportunities for their implementation.

Article 29

1. All forms of restriction of rights and freedoms or the establishment of priorities of citizens on racial, national and other basis shall be prohibited.

2. The Republic of Tatarstan shall guarantee equality in the protection of human and civil rights and freedoms.

3. The procedure of the implementation and protection of the constitutional rights and freedoms shall be established by the law.

Article 30

All citizens shall plainly enjoy individual, political, social, economic, and cultural rights and freedoms.

Article 31

1. Everyone shall have the right to life.

2. Human life, health, individual freedom and safety shall be protected by the State.

Article 32

Individual dignity shall be protected by the State. Nothing may be the basis for its derogation.

Article 33

1. Freedom and individual immunity shall be protected in the Republic of Tatarstan.

2. Arrest and custody should be subject to a court decision.

3. Everyone in the Republic of Tatarstan shall have the right to protect his rights and freedoms in all lawful ways.

4. Everyone shall have the right based on the international agreements of the Russian Federation to apply to the interstate bodies for protection of human rights and freedoms if all available internal means of legal protection are exhausted.

5. Everyone accused of a crime shall be considered innocent until his guilt is proved according to the law and within the framework of an appropriate legal procedure.

6. Everyone in the Republic of Tatarstan shall have the right to qualified legal assistance. In the cases provided by the law, legal assistance shall be rendered free.

Article 34

1. Everyone shall have the right to define and specify his national identity. No one may be forced to define and specify his national identity.

2. Everyone shall have the right to use his native language, to choose the language of communication, education, training and creative activity.

Article 35

Residence shall be inviolable. Nobody shall have the right to enter a residence against the will of persons living in it other than in the cases established by the federal law, or based on a court decision.

Article 36

1. Everyone shall have the right to inviolable private life, personal and family privacy, and protection of honour and reputation.

2. Everyone shall have the right to privacy of correspondence, telephone conversations, post, telegraphic and other messages. This right shall be subject to restrictions only on the basis of a court decision.

Article 37

1. Everyone shall be guaranteed freedom of conscience and religion, including the right to profess a religion individually or in group with other people or to profess no religion at all, to choose, have and spread religious and other beliefs and to act accordingly.

2. Instigation of enmity, hatred and national discord in connection with religions shall be prohibited.

Article 38

1. Family, maternity, paternity, childhood and old age shall be protected by the State.

2. Marriage shall be based on the free consent of woman and man; spouses shall enjoy equal rights and duties in their family relations.

3. The State shall support family, health of mothers and children and education of children.

4. The parents shall enjoy equal rights and duties in the treatment of children and their education,

5. Adult able-bodied children should support disabled parents.

Article 39

The right to free movement and choice of residence shall be guaranteed within the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan. This right may be restricted by the federal law.

Article 40

1. Everyone in the Republic of Tatarstan shall be guaranteed judicial protection of his rights and freedoms, honour and dignity, life, health and property.

2. Nobody should be exposed to torture, violence, or other cruel or humiliating treatment or punishment.

3. Nobody shall be involuntarily subjected to medical, scientific or other experiments.

Article 41

Decisions and acts (or omissions) of state bodies, bodies of the local self-government, officials, and public associations may be subject of appeal in a court of law.

Article 42

1. Everyone in the Republic of Tatarstan shall be guaranteed the freedom of speech, press, opinions and beliefs, their free expression and dissemination.

2. Propaganda causing social, racial, national or religious hatred and enmity shall be prohibited. Propaganda of social, racial, national, religious or language superiority shall be prohibited.

3. Nobody should be forced to express his opinions and beliefs or to renounce them.

Article 43

Citizens in the Republic of Tatarstan shall have the right, according to the law, to peaceful unarmed meetings, assemblies and demonstrations, processions and pickets.

Article 44

1. Everyone shall have the right to association, including the right to create trade unions for the protection of his interests. The State shall support the activity of public associations.

2. Public associations shall be guaranteed freedom of activity.

3. Nobody shall be forced to enter any association or to stay in it.

Article 45

1. Citizens in the Republic of Tatarstan shall have the right to participate in political life, in state and public affairs both directly and through their representatives.

2. Citizens in the Republic of Tatarstan shall have the right to elect and be elected to the state bodies and the bodies of the local self-government and to participate in referenda.

3. Citizens declared incapable by a court, and those serving a period of punishment in prison in furtherance of a judicial judgement shall have no right to elect and be elected.

Article 46

Everyone in the Republic of Tatarstan shall have the right to apply personally and to direct individual and collective applications to the state bodies and the bodies of the local self-government.

Article 47

Each citizen, in accordance with the law, shall be guaranteed equal rights of access to the state and municipal service.

Article 48

1. Everyone shall have the right to search, receive, transfer, make and disseminate information freely in any lawful way. Censorship shall be prohibited.

2. The state bodies, the bodies of the local self-government, officials shall guaranty to everyone the free access to their decisions and other acts affecting his rights, freedoms and legitimate interests.

3. The gathering and storage, use and dissemination of information relating to the private life of an individual shall not be allowed without his consent unless otherwise is provided by Law.

Article 49

The right of private property shall be protected by the law.

Article 50

1. Labour shall be free. Everyone shall have the right to use his labour potential, to choose a sphere of activity and trade freely.

2. Compulsory labour shall be prohibited.

3. Everyone shall have the right to labour conditions meeting safety and hygienic requirements, to salary payment without any discrimination and not below the minimum wages established by the law, as well as to be protected from unemployment.

4. The State shall recognise the right to individual and collective labour disputes and their settlement by the means provided by the federal law, including the right to strike.

5. Everyone shall have the right to rest. Those working under labour contracts shall be guaranteed the working hours, days off and holidays and paid annual leave as established by the federal law.

6. The State shall provide conditions for the labour of minors, invalids and other citizens who need social protection and have difficulties in search of work; in the cases provided by the law, the State shall organise their training and retraining.

Article 51

The Republic of Tatarstan shall protect the interests of consumers and support public activity to protect their rights. Consumers shall have the right to reparation for damages caused by manufactures of goods and services according to the rules established by the law.

Article 52

1. Everyone in the Republic of Tatarstan shall have the right to health protection, including medical aid by state and other public health services according to the rules established by the law.

2. The State shall encourage the activities promoting better health of citizens, development of physical training and sports.

Article 53

1. Everyone in the Republic of Tatarstan shall have the right to a favourable environment, reliable information about its condition and compensation for ecological damages caused to his health or property.

2. The State shall provide ecological safety and rational use of natural resources, take measures to preserve and improve the environment, encourage the activity contributing to ecological and sanitary-epidemiological well-being.

Article 54

1. Everyone shall be guaranteed social security on account of age, in case of illness, physical inability, loss of a supporter, for the education of children and in other cases provided by the law.

2. The state pensions and social benefits shall be established by the law.

3. The state shall encourage voluntary social insurance, additional forms of social security and charity.

Article 55

1. Everyone shall have the right to residence. Nobody may be arbitrarily deprived of his residence.

2. The state bodies and the bodies of the local self-government shall encourage housing construction, create conditions for implementation of the right to residence.

Article 56

1. Everyone in the Republic of Tatarstan shall have the right to education.

2. The Republic of Tatarstan shall guarantee available to all and free pre-school, basic general, primary and secondary vocational training in state or municipal educational institutions and at enterprises, as well as training in the state languages of the Republic of Tatarstan.

3. Everyone in the Republic of Tatarstan shall have the right to receive on a competitive basis free-of-charge higher education in the state or municipal educational institutions and at enterprises.

4. The basic general education shall be obligatory. Parents or surrogate parents shall provide basic general education for their children.

Article 57

1. Everyone in the Republic of Tatarstan shall be guaranteed the freedom to literary, art, scientific, technical and other kinds of creative activity and teaching.

2. The rights of authors, inventors and rationalises shall be protected by the law.

3. Everyone shall have the right to participate in cultural life, use cultural institutions, and access cultural values.

4. Everyone shall be obliged to care for the preservation of historical and cultural heritage, to protect historical and cultural monuments.

5. The Republic of Tatarstan shall preserve and protect the intellectual and art heritage, preserve and develop the Tatar culture, national cultures of other peoples living in the Republic of Tatarstan.

Article 58

1. The listing of the fundamental rights and freedoms in the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan should not be interpreted as denial of other conventional human and civil rights and freedoms.

2. The Republic of Tatarstan should not issue laws denying human and civil rights and freedoms.

Article 59

Implementation of human and civil rights and freedoms should not violate the right and freedom of other persons and damage state and public safety, public order, health and morals of the population.

Article 60

Everyone in the Republic of Tatarstan shall be obliged to observe the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan and laws of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws.

Article 61

1. Everyone shall be obliged to pay taxes and duties at the rate and according to the rules established by the law.

2. The laws establishing new taxes or impairing the position of taxpayers shall have no retroactive effect.

Article 62

Everyone shall be obliged to preserve nature and the environment, to treat natural resources carefully.

Article 63

1. Citizens in the Republic of Tatarstan shall be obliged to military service according to the federal law.

2. The order of alternative civilian service shall be established according to the federal law.

Article 64

1. Everyone in the Republic of Tatarstan shall have the duty to respect the state symbols of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan.

2. Public display of disrespect to the state symbols of the Republic of Tatarstan involves responsibility provided by the law.

SECTION III. ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL STRUCTURE

Article 65

1. The territory of the Republic of Tatarstan includes regions and cities of republican importance as administrative and territorial units of the republic. The territory of a city of republican importance may consist of districts.

2. The Republic of Tatarstan consists of administrative and territorial units:

regions - Agryzsky, Aznakayevsky, Aksubayevsky, Aktanyshsky, Alekseyevsky, Alkeyevsky, Almetyevsky, Apastovsky, Arsky, Atninsky, Bavlinsky, Baltasinsky, Bugulminsky, Buinsky, Verkhneuslonsky, Vysokogorsky, Drozhzhanovsky, Yelabuzhsky, Zainsky, Zelenodolsky, Kaibitsky, Kamsko-Ustinsky, Kukmorsky, Laishevsky, Leninogorsky, Mamadyshsky, Mendeleyevsky, Menzelinsky, Muslyumovsky, Nizhnekamsky, Novosheshminsky, Nurlatsky, Pestrechinsky, Rybno-Slobodsky, Sabinsky, Sarmanovsky, Spassky, Tetyushsky, Tukayevsky, Tyulyachinsky, Cheremshansky, Chistopolsky, Yutazinsky;

cities of republican importance -Aznakayevo, Almetyevsk, Bavly, Bugulma, Buinsk, Yelabuga, Zainsk, Zelenodolsk, Kazan, Leninogorsk, Naberezhnye Chelny, Nizhnekamsk, Nurlat, Chistopol.

Article 66

The administrative-territorial structure of the Republic of Tatarstan and the procedure for its modification shall be established by the law of the Republic of Tatarstan.

SECTION IV. STATE AUTHORITY ORGANIZATION

CHAPTER 1. STATE COUNCIL OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN

Article 67

The State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan – the Parliament of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be the permanent supreme representative and legislative body of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Article 68

The State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be elected for the term of five years.

Article 69

1. The State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan shall consist of 50 deputies.

2. Every citizen of the Republic of Tatarstan aged over 21 may be elected deputy of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan.

3. The rules of elections of deputies of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be determined by the law of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Article 70

1. Deputies of the State Council shall work on a professional permanent basis.

2. A deputy of the State Council during the term of his mandate may not serve as a deputy of other representative state bodies and bodies of the local self-government, as a state official of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan, as an employee of state or municipal bodies unless otherwise is provided by the federal law.

3. A deputy of the State Council may not be engaged in other paid activity, except for teaching, scientific and other creative activity unless otherwise is provided by the law of the Russian Federation.

4. A deputy of the State Council shall have no right to use his status for activities other than fulfilling his mandate.

5. A deputy of the State Council shall be responsible and accountable to his constituency. A deputy of the State Council who lost the confidence of his constituency may be recalled according to the rules established by the law.

Article 71

1. On the basis of the federal law a deputy of the State Council shall benefit of immunity during the term of his mandate.

2. Questions related to deprivation of immunity of deputies of the State Council shall be settled on the basis of the federal law.

3. Status of a deputy of the State Council and guarantee of his activities shall be established by federal law and law of the Republic of Tatarstan. Article 72

During the sessions of the State Council every Deputy of the State Council shall have the right to make an inquiry to the President of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Chairman of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Prime Minister, ministers, heads of other bodies formed or elected by the State Council (except for courts). The body or official inquired shall be obliged to give oral or, on demand of a deputy of the State Council, written answer according to the rules and in terms established by the law.

Article 73

1. The State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be convened for its first session within thirty days after the elections at a quorum of no less than two thirds of the established number of deputies of the State Council. The President of the Republic of Tatarstan may convoke the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan for its first session within this period on his own initiative.

2. Until the election of the Chairman of the State Council, the first session of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan after the elections shall be opened and conducted by the oldest deputy of the State Council.

Article 74

1. The principal form of work of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be sessions solving the questions of competence of the State Council.

2. A session of the State Council shall be legal if no less than two thirds of the established number of deputies of the State Council are present. 3. The State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan shall elect the Presidium and form committees to facilitate its work.

4. The rules of activity of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be determined by the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, federal laws, laws of the Republic of Tatarstan and regulations of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Article 75

The jurisdiction of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan shall include:

1) adoption of the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, its amendments and additions;

2) legislative regulation within the jurisdiction of the Republic of Tatarstan and shared competence of the Russian Federation and its subjects within the powers of the Republic of Tatarstan;

3) interpretation of laws of the Republic of Tatarstan;

4) participation in the development of the internal policy and directions of external activity of the Republic of Tatarstan;

5) approval of the budget of the Republic of Tatarstan and the report on its execution, consideration of a project of the consolidated budget of the Republic of Tatarstan;

6) approval of the programs of social and economic development of the Republic of Tatarstan;

7) establishment of taxes and duties of the Republic of Tatarstan in compliance with the federal legislation;

8) establishment of the order of formation and activity of off-budget and currency funds of the Republic of Tatarstan, approval of the reports on expenditures of these funds;

9) establishment of the order of management of the property of the Republic of Tatarstan;

10) establishment of the order of organization and activity of the republican state bodies;

11) election of the Chairman of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan, his deputies and the Secretary of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan among deputies of the State Council;

12) election of the Presidium of the State Council, formation and election of committees of the State Council among deputies of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan;

13) establishment of the system of the executive bodies of the state power of the Republic of Tatarstan;

14) announcement of a referendum of the Republic of Tatarstan;

15) calling for elections to the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan;

16) calling for elections of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan (suspended);

161) conferring authorities of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan;

17) adopting motions of no-confidence in the President of the Republic of Tatarstan according to the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan;

18) approval upon the initiative of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan of a candidature of the Prime Minister; coordination of suggestions of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan on appointment of assistants to the Prime Minister, formation and dissolution of ministers and state committees of the Republic of Tatarstan;

19) adoption of resolutions of no-confidence to the Prime Minister of the Republic of Tatarstan and his assistants;

20) establishment of the rules of elections to the bodies of the local self-government within the range of powers determined by the federal law;

21) election of judges of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Tatarstan; appointment of the Chairman and the deputy Chairman of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Tatarstan at the suggestion of judges of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Tatarstan;

22) election of the judges of peace of the Republic of Tatarstan;

221) appointment of the State Counsellor of the Republic of Tatarstan upon nomination by the President of the Republic of Tatarstan in compliance with the law of the Republic of Tatarstan;

23) election of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Republic of Tatarstan;

24) appointment of half of the members of the Central Election Committee of the Republic of Tatarstan;

25) approval of the pattern of formation of constituencies for elections of deputies of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan;

26) establishment of the administrative-territorial structure of the Republic of Tatarstan and the rules of its modification;

27) resolution of issues concerning the modification of the borders of the Republic of Tatarstan;

28) coordination of candidatures for the post of the Public Prosecutor of the Republic of Tatarstan;

29) appointment of public representatives to qualification board of judges of the Republic of Tatarstan according to the law;

30) establishment of the state awards and honorary titles of the Republic of Tatarstan;

31) approval of the draft Treaty on Delimitation of Jurisdictional Subjects and Mutual Delegation of Powers;

32) implementation of other powers established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, federal laws and laws of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Article 76

1. The right of legislative initiative shall belong to the President of the Republic of Tatarstan, deputies of the State Council, the Presidium and committees of the State Council, the Cabinet of the Republic of Tatarstan, the State Counsellor of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Public Prosecutor of the Republic of Tatarstan, representative bodies of local self-government. The right of legislative initiative shall also belong to the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Central Election Committee of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Republic of Tatarstan on issues within their jurisdiction.

2. The right of legislative initiative regarding introduction of amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan is attributed to the President of the Republic of Tatarstan, not less one third of the established number of the deputies State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Presidium of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Tatarstan.

3. Legislation concerning the introduction or cancellation of taxes, clearing of their payment in part added to the budget of the Republic of Tatarstan, issue of state loans, change of financial obligations of the State, other bills providing charges carried by the budget of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be considered by the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan upon the presentation of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan or upon his conclusion. The aforementioned conclusion of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be given within 30 days from the date of the reception of the bill.

Article 77

1. The State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan shall enact laws and resolutions.

2. Laws of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be adopted by a majority of the established number of deputies of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan if otherwise is not provided by the present Constitution.

3. Resolutions of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be adopted by a majority of the number of elected deputies of the State Council if otherwise is not provided by the present Constitution.

Article 78

Bills of the Republic of Tatarstan and other most important issues of its state life may be by the decision of the State Council submitted for a public discussion of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Article 79

1. Bills of the Republic of Tatarstan adopted by the State Council shall be sent to the President of the Republic of Tatarstan within fourteen calendar days.

2. The President of the Republic of Tatarstan shall sign and promulgate the law of the Republic of Tatarstan or reject the aforementioned law within fourteen calendar days from the moment of its receipt.

3. Bills rejected by the President of the Republic of Tatarstan may be approved in their original text by a majority of at least two thirds of the vote of the established number of deputies of the State Council.

4. Bills of the Republic of Tatarstan adopted in their original text may not be subject of a new rejection by the President of the Republic of Tatarstan and shall be subject to signing and promulgation in seven-day term.

Article 80

1. Laws of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be adopted and published in the Tatar and Russian languages.

2. The texts of laws in the Tatar and Russian languages shall be subject to identification.

Article 81

The State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan within the limits and forms established by the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Tatarstan shall control the observance and execution of laws of the Republic of Tatarstan, execution of the budget of the Republic of Tatarstan, observance of the established rules of the management of the property of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Article 82

1. The Chairman of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan shall head the State Council and preside its sessions, organize the work of the State Council, represent the State Council in relations with other state bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan and the bodies of local self-government, federal bodies of authority, parliaments of other states, public associations, carry out other powers provided by the Constitution, laws of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Regulations of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan.

2. Deputy Chairmen of the State Council shall carry out their separate functions upon authorization of the Chairman of the State Council and replace the Chairman in case of his absence or incapability to perform his duties.

3. The Secretary of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan shall head the Staff of the State Council.

Article 83

1. The Presidium of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan shall provide for the organization of work of the State Council. The Presidium shall be accountable to the State Council.

2. The structure of the Presidium of the State Council shall include the Chairman, vice-presidents, the Secretary of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan and the deputies of the State Council elected by the State Council.

3. The Presidium of the State Council shall be headed by the Chairman of the State Council.

4. The Presidium of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan shall adopt resolutions.

Article 84

The Presidium of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan shall:

1) convoke sessions of the State Council and prepare its sessions;

2) coordinate the activity of committees and commissions created by the State Council;

3) assist deputies of the State Council in the implementation of their mandate and provide them with necessary information;

4) prepare and conduct public discussions of bills of the Republic of Tatarstan and other most important issues of state life of the republic;

5) publish resolutions of the State Council and resolutions of the Presidium of the State Council;

6) resolve other questions of the organization of work of the State Council.

Article 85

On the expiry of the term of the mandate of the State Council the Presidium of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan shall organize the convocation and preparation of the first session of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan after the elections.

Article 86

1. The State Council shall form committees from its deputies for conducting legislative work, preliminary consideration and preparation of issues within the jurisdiction of the State Council.

2. The rules of formation, organization, activity and competence of committees of the State Council shall be determined by the law.

3. The State Council, if necessary, shall carry out parliamentary investigations, create auditing and other commissions.

Article 87

For the implementation of the state control over the execution of the budget of the Republic of Tatarstan the State Council shall form the Accounting Chamber of the Republic of Tatarstan, the structure, order of activity and powers of which shall be determined by the law.

Article 88

1. Powers of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan may be revoked in case of:

1) the adoption by the State Council of a decision on its self-dissolution;

2) dissolution of the State Council by the President of the Republic of Tatarstan according to the law;

3) in other cases provided by the federal law.

2. The decision of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan on its self-dissolution shall be adopted by two thirds of the vote of the established number of deputies of the State Council under the initiative of not less than one third of the established number of deputies of the State Council.

3. At the adoption of the decision on its self-dissolution the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan shall simultaneously call for extraordinary elections to the State Council to be carried out within four months from the date of coming into force of the decision on self-dissolution of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan.

4. The President of the Republic of Tatarstan shall have the right to decide upon the anticipated revocation of powers of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan in case the State Council adopts a law of the Republic of Tatarstan, other normative legal act, contradicting the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, federal laws, the Treaty of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan “On Delimitation of Jurisdictional Subjects and Mutual Delegation of Powers between the State Bodies of the Russian Federation and the State Bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan” if such contradictions are established by a judicial judgement, and the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan does not removed them within six months from the date of coming into force of the judgement.

5. Upon the anticipated termination of powers of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan the President of the Republic of Tatarstan shall simultaneously call for extraordinary elections to the State Council to be carried out within four months from the date of coming into force of the decision on the anticipated termination of powers of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan.

CHAPTER 2. PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN

Article 89

The President of the Republic of Tatarstan is the head of the state and the supreme official of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Article 90

The President of the Republic of Tatarstan shall act as a guarantor of protection of human and civil rights and freedoms in the Republic of Tatarstan, observance of the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Tatarstan, and also the international agreements of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Treaty of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan “On Delimitation of Jurisdictional Subjects and Mutual Delegation of Powers between the State Bodies of the Russian Federation and the State Bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan” and treaties of the Republic of Tatarstan and subjects of the Russian Federation.

Article 91 (suspended)

1. Any citizen in the Republic of Tatarstan not younger than thirty years of age, enjoying the suffrage and command of the state languages of the Republic of Tatarstan may be elected the President of the Republic of Tatarstan.

2. The President of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be elected on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot.

3. The President of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be elected for the period of five years.

4. The rules for electing the President of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be determined by the law of the Republic of Tatarstan.

5. The same person may not be elected President of the Republic of Tatarstan for more than two successive terms.

Article 911

1. Conferring authority of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be executed by the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan on submission by the President of the Russian Federation in keeping with the order envisaged by the federal Law and and the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan.

2. The State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan shall consider the candidate presented by the President of the Republic of Tatarstan within 14 days after the submission was made.

A resolution of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan to confer authority of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be passed if the majority of the established number of deputies of the State Council vote in favour of it.

3. The term of office of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be five years.

Article 92

The President of the Republic of Tatarstan may not serve simultaneously as a deputy of the State Duma of the State Assembly of the Russian Federation, as a member of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, as a judge, as an employee of state or municipal bodies. He may not engage in other paid activity, except for teaching, scientific and other creative activity unless otherwise is provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Article 93

1. The President of the Republic of Tatarstan shall take office within one month from the date of the official announcement of the results of the elections of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan (suspended).

11. The President of the Republic of Tatarstan shall take office within two weeks from the date when the decision to confer the authority of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan on him was taken.

2. The President of the Republic of Tatarstan shall start the execution of his mandate from the moment of taking his oath and terminate it upon the expiry of his term of office from the moment of taking the oath by the newly elected President of the Republic of Tatarstan (suspended).

21. The President of the Republic of Tatarstan shall start to perform the duties of the office from the moment of taking the oath and terminate it from the moment of taking the oath by the newly elected President of the Republic of Tatarstan.

3. The President of the Republic of Tatarstan when taking office shall take an oath of loyalty to the people and the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan. The text of the oath of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be subject to the approval by the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan.

4. The oath shall be taken in a solemn Act in the two state languages at the presence of deputies of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan, members of the Cabinet of the Republic of Tatarstan, judges of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Tatarstan and other invited persons.

5. The President of the Republic of Tatarstan shall have the Flag of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan - the symbol of the presidential authority in the Republic of Tatarstan.

Article 94

1. The President of the Republic of Tatarstan shall:

1) guarantee rights and freedoms of citizens of the Republic of Tatarstan, the sovereignty of the Republic of Tatarstan, public safety and territorial integrity of the republic, law and order in its territory;

2) head the executive system of the Republic of Tatarstan and provide its interaction with the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan, supervise the activity of the Cabinet of the Republic of Tatarstan, make decisions on resignation of the Cabinet of the Republic of Tatarstan;

3) define internal policy and directions of external activity of the Republic of Tatarstan;

4) annually present the bills on the budget of the Republic of Tatarstan and its execution for the consideration and approval of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan, annually present the draft consolidated budget of the Republic of Tatarstan for the consideration of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan;

5) present programs for the social and economic development of the Republic of Tatarstan and reports on their execution to the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan;

6) address the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan with the annual message about the internal and external position of the republic, inform the State Council on the important questions of life of the republic;

7) form the Cabinet of the Republic of Tatarstan, make suggestions to the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan on candidatures for the Prime Minister of the Republic of Tatarstan, in coordination with the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan appoint assistants to the Prime Minister, appoint ministers, chairmen of state committees, heads of other enforcement authorities of the Republic of Tatarstan - members of the Cabinet of the Republic of Tatarstan; dismiss the Prime Minister of the Republic of Tatarstan and members of the Cabinet of the Republic of Tatarstan; make suggestions to the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan on formation and abolition of ministries and state committees of the Republic of Tatarstan;

8) constitute the executive system in the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan according to the law;

9) determine the structure of executive bodies of the state power of the Republic of Tatarstan;

91) nominate the State Counsellor of the Republic of Tatarstan for approval by the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan;

10) present candidatures for the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Republic of Tatarstan to the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan;

11) appoint half of the members of the Central Election Committee of the Republic of Tatarstan;

12) coordinate candidatures for the Public Prosecutor of the Republic of Tatarstan;

13) represent the Republic of Tatarstan in relations with federal bodies and authorities, state bodies of the subjects of the Russian Federation, the bodies of the local self-government and in international and foreign economic relations, thus he shall sign contracts and agreements on behalf of the Republic of Tatarstan; appoint and withdraw the representatives of the Republic of Tatarstan in the Russian Federation, its subjects, subjects and administrative-territorial units of foreign states, foreign states and international organizations;

14) solve according to the law issues of citizenship of the Republic of Tatarstan;

15) sign laws of the Republic of Tatarstan or reject the laws adopted by the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan. In case of rejection of a law, the President returns it with his objections for reconsideration of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan. If the President within fourteen days has not returned a law for reconsideration, he shall be obliged to sign it. The signed laws shall be promulgated by the President;

16) derogate resolutions and decrees of the Cabinet of the Republic of Tatarstan, contradicting the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Tatarstan, the federal legislation, the decrees of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan;

17) confer the state awards of the Republic of Tatarstan;

18) establish and present the Prizes of the Republic of Tatarstan;

19) form the commission on pardoning in the Republic of Tatarstan and submit to the President of the Russian Federation representation on the expediency of application of the act of pardoning concerning a convict or a person serving a period of punishment in furtherance of a judicial judgement and having a previous conviction;

20) have the right to demand the convocation of an emergency meeting of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan, and to convoke the re-elected State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan for its first sitting within the established period;

21) have the right to participate in the work of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan and its Presidium;

22) ensure the coordination of the activity of the bodies of executive power of the Republic of Tatarstan with other bodies of state power of the Republic of Tatarstan and in accord with the legislation of the Russian Federation organise the interaction of the bodies of executive power of the Republic of Tatarstan with federal bodies of executive power and their territorial bodies, bodies of self-government and public association;

23) approve of a symbol of presidential authority in the Republic of Tatarstan;

24) implement other powers assigned to him by the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Tatarstan, federal laws, and also resulting from the international and external economic obligations of the Republic of Tatarstan.

2. The President of the Republic of Tatarstan for implementation of his functions shall constitute his Staff.

Article 95

The President of the Republic of Tatarstan on the basis and for the execution of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Treaty of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan “On Delimitation of Jurisdictional Subjects and Mutual Delegation of Powers between the State Bodies of the Russian Federation and the State Bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan”, federal laws, laws of the Republic of Tatarstan, statutory acts of the President of the Russian Federation, decisions of the Government of the Russian Federation shall issue decrees and orders obligatory for execution in all territory of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Article 96

The honor and dignity of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be protected by the law.

Article 97

1. The powers of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be anticipatory terminated in case of:

1) his removal from office by the President of the Russian Federation;

2) his resignation in connection with a resolution expressing non-confidence adopted by the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan;

3) in other cases provided by the federal law.

2. The resolution to anticipatory terminate the powers of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be accepted by the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan on submission by the President of the Russian Federation with the exception of cases envisaged by the federal Law.

3. The State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan shall have the right to express no-confidence in the President of the Republic of Tatarstan in case:

he issues acts contradicting the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, federal laws, laws of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Treaty of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan “On Delimitation of Jurisdictional Subjects and Mutual Delegation of Powers between the State Bodies of the Russian Federation and the State Bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan” if such contradictions are established by a judicial decision, and the President of the Republic of Tatarstan does not eradicate the specified contradictions within one month from the date of coming into force of the judicial decision;

other gross violations of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, federal legislation, laws of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Treaty of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan “On Delimitation of Jurisdictional Subjects and Mutual Delegation of Powers between the State Bodies of the Russian Federation and the State Bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan” established by the corresponding court if it causes mass violation of civil rights and freedoms;

improper performance of the duties by the President of the Republic of Tatarstan.

4. A resolution adopted by the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan expressing its non-confidence in the President of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be adopted by the vote of two thirds of the nominated deputies, on the initiative of at least one third of them.

5. A resolution adopted by the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan expressing its non-confidence in the President of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be sent for consideration to the President of the Russian Federation to decide on the removal of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan from office8.

6. In case of anticipatory termination of the powers of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan a proposal on a candidate for the post of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be considered in keeping with the order envisaged by the federal Law.

Article 98

1. In all cases when the President of the Republic of Tatarstan is temporally (because of illness or vacations) incapable of performing his duties, they shall be performed by the Prime Minister of the Republic of Tatarstan.

2. The acting President of the Republic of Tatarstan shall have no right to dissolve the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan, to amendments and additions to the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, to initiate a referendum as well as to dismiss on his own initiative members of the Cabinet of the Republic of Tatarstan.

CHAPTER 3. CABINET OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN

Article 99

1. The Cabinet of the Republic of Tatarstan - the Government of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be the executive and administrative state body of the Republic of Tatarstan.

2. The competence of the Cabinet of the Republic of Tatarstan, the rules of its activity, the relations with other state bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be determined by the law of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Article 100

The Cabinet of the Republic of Tatarstan shall consist of the Prime Minister, his deputies, ministers, chairmen of the state committees and heads of other executive state bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Article 101

1. The Cabinet of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be responsible to the President of the Republic of Tatarstan.

2. The newly formed Cabinet of the Republic of Tatarstan shall present to the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan a program of activities for the term of its mandate.

3. On certain issues, the Cabinet of the Republic of Tatarstan shall report the results of its work to the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan.

4. The State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan may express non-confidence in the Prime Minister of the Republic of Tatarstan, his deputies, which shall result in their resignation. Decisions on these issues shall be made by a majority vote of the elected deputies of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Article 102

The Cabinet of the Republic of Tatarstan shall:

1) within its powers take measures on the implementation, guarantee and protection of human and civil rights and freedoms, protection of property and public order, reduction of crime;

2) elaborate the draft budget of the Republic of Tatarstan, draft programs of social and economic development of the Republic of Tatarstan, the draft consolidated budget of the Republic of Tatarstan;

3) provide for the execution of the budget of the Republic of Tatarstan, prepare the report on its execution and reports on implementation of programs of social and economic development of the Republic of Tatarstan, prepare the report on implementation of the consolidated budget of the Republic of Tatarstan;

4) elaborate and take measures for the maintenance of complex social and economic development of the Republic of Tatarstan, participate in the fulfillment of a uniform state policy in the field of finances, culture, education, science, public health, social security, environmental conservation and ecology; contribute to the organisation of state insurance and a uniform accounting and statistical system, realisation of the national wage policy;

5) manage the property of the Republic of Tatarstan according to the law of the Republic of Tatarstan as well as the federal property transferred to the control of the Republic of Tatarstan according to federal laws and other normative legal acts of the Russian Federation;

6) conduct the foreign-economic activity;

7) constitute if necessary committees, boards and other departments to the Cabinet;

8) approve regulations on ministries, state committees and departments of the Republic of Tatarstan;

9) be empowered to propose the bodies of the local self-government, elected or other officials of the local self-government to harmonise the legal acts issued by these bodies with the legislation in cases where these acts contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, federal laws and other normative legal acts of the Russian Federation, laws and other normative legal acts of the Republic of Tatarstan as well as the right to take legal action;

10) conclude according to the federal law agreements with the federal executive bodies on mutual delegation in the exercise of their respective powers;

11) exercise other powers established by federal laws, the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan and laws of the Republic of Tatarstan as well as agreements with the federal executive bodies.

Article 103

The Cabinet of the Republic of Tatarstan shall guarantee the observance in the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, federal laws and other normative legal acts of the Russian Federation, laws and other normative legal acts of the Republic of Tatarstan, issue resolutions and orders and control their execution. Resolutions and orders of the Cabinet of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be compulsory for execution in the whole territory of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Article 104

The Cabinet of the Republic of Tatarstan shall have the right to revoke acts of ministries, state committees of the Republic of Tatarstan, other subordinate executive bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Article 105

1. The Cabinet of the Republic of Tatarstan shall coordinate the work of ministries, state committees of the Republic of Tatarstan and other subordinate executive bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan.

2. Ministries, state committees and other executive bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan shall implement the state policy in relevant sectors of management or at the intersectorial level.

CHAPTER 4. JUDICIAL AUTHORITY. OFFICE OF PUBLIC PROSECUTOR

Article 106

1. Justice in the Republic of Tatarstan shall only be administered by courts.

2. Judges shall be independent and respond only to the law.

Article 107

The judicial authority in the Republic of Tatarstan shall be exercised by the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Tatarstan, federal courts of general jurisdiction, the Arbitration Court of the Republic of Tatarstan and the judges of peace.

Article 108

1. The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Tatarstan shall consist of six judges elected from among citizens in the Republic of Tatarstan aged over 25 years with higher legal education and at least five years of the experience in legal work.

2. Candidates for judges of the Constitutional Court shall be presented to the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan by the President of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Chairman of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan equally.

3. Judges of the Constitutional Court shall propose a candidate for Chairman and deputy Chairman of the Constitutional Court for consideration of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan.

4. The competence, organisation and activity of the Constitutional Court, an the status of its judges shall be determined by the federal law and the law of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Article 109

1. The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Tatarstan with a view to protect the constitutional order of the Republic of Tatarstan, fundamental human rights and freedoms, to uphold supremacy in the legal system of the Republic of Tatarstan and direct application of the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan in its whole territory upon the inquiries of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan, the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan, its Presidium and committees, one fifth of the established number of deputies of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Republic of Tatarstan, the Cabinet of the Republic of Tatarstan and bodies of the local self-government shall consider cases concerning the constitutionality of:

1) laws of the Republic of Tatarstan;

2) normative legal acts of the President and the Cabinet of the Republic of Tatarstan, other state bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan;

3) normative legal acts of bodies of the local self-government;

4) agreements on international and foreign economic relations of the Republic of Tatarstan that have not come into force.

2. The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Tatarstan upon requests of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan, the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan, its committees, one fifth of the established number of deputies of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Cabinet of the Republic of Tatarstan shall give the interpretation of the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan.

3. The Constitutional Court shall consider the competence disputes:

1) between the state bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan;

2) between the state bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan and the bodies of the local self-government;

3) between the bodies of the local self-government.

4. Following a submission concerning the violation of constitutional civil rights and freedoms or under a court's inquiry, the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Tatarstan shall check the constitutionality of the law of the Republic of Tatarstan or its certain provisions, normative legal acts of the President and the Cabinet of the Republic of Tatarstan as well as of the bodies of the local self-government.

5. Acts or provisions recognised unconstitutional shall become ineffective from the date of publication of the decision of the Constitutional court of the Republic of Tatarstan.

6. The decision of the Constitutional court of the Republic of Tatarstan adopted within its powers shall be final and not subject for revision by other court.

Article 110

The Supreme Court of the Republic of Tatarstan and regional (city) and military courts shall be the federal courts of general jurisdiction.

Article 111

1. The judges of peace shall be judges of general jurisdiction of the Republic of Tatarstan and part of the uniform judicial system of the Russian Federation.

2. The powers, rules of activity and election of the judges of peace shall be established by specific laws.

Article 112

1. The Arbitration Court of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be a judicial body to administer justice by the settlement of economic disputes and others cases considered by arbitration courts.

2. The powers, rules of formation and activity of the Arbitration Court of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be established by the federal constitutional Law.

Article 113

The court procedure and records in courts of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be conducted according to the federal law.

Article 114

1. The Procurator of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be appointed by the Procurator-General of the Russian Federation upon agreement with the President of the Republic of Tatarstan and the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan.

2. The Procurator of the Republic of Tatarstan and his subordinate procurators shall according to the federal law supervise the observance of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, federal laws, laws of the Republic of Tatarstan.

3. The powers, rules of organisation and activity of the Procurator’s Office of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be established by the federal law.

Article 115

1. The legal assistance to citizens and organisations shall be rendered by the attorneys associations and in the cases provided by the law by other legal organisations and individual citizens.

2. The rules of organisation and activity of the attorneys associations in the Republic of Tatarstan shall be determined by the law.

SECTION V. LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT

Article 116

1. The local self-government shall provide for an independent decision according to the law and on its responsibility by the population of the issues of local importance, possession, use and management of the municipal property.

2. The local self-government shall be exercised by citizens through a referendum, elections, other forms of direct expression of the will of the people, through elected and other bodies of the local self-government and officials of the local self-government.

3. The local self-government may have its own symbols.

Article 117

1. The local self-government shall be administered in urban, rural settlements and in other areas with the consideration of historical and other local traditions.

2. The structure of the bodies of the local self-government shall be determined by the population independently.

3. The modification of the borders of the areas with the local self-government should be made with the consideration of the opinion of the population of the relevant areas.

Article 118

1. The bodies of the local self-government shall independently manage the municipal property, elaborate, approve and execute the local budget, introduce local taxes and dues, ensure the protection of public order and solve other issues of local importance.

2. The bodies of the local self-government may be delegated with certain state powers and receive material and financial resources necessary for their implementation. The implementation of the delegated powers shall be controlled by the State.

Article 119

The local self-government in the Republic of Tatarstan shall be guaranteed the right to judicial protection, compensation of additional charges resulting from the decisions adopted by the state bodies, prohibition of restriction of the rights of the local self-government established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, federal laws and laws of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Article 120

Legal acts of the bodies of the local self-government and officials of the local self-government contradicting the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, federal laws and laws of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be a subject to judicial review.

SECTION VI. STATE SYMBOLS AND CAPITAL OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN

Article 121

1. The Republic of Tatarstan shall have the State Coat of Arms, Flag and Anthem - the official symbols expressing the its sovereignty, identity and traditions of the people of Tatarstan.

2. The description and rules of official use of the state symbols of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be established by the law of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Article 122

The city of Kazan shall be the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan. The status of the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be established by the law of the Republic of Tatarstan.

SECTION VII. AMENDMENTS AND ADDITIONS TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN

Article 123

Provisions of Article 1 of the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan and the present Article may be altered only by a referendum of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Article 124

1. Decisions adopted at a referendum on acceptance of the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, law on introduction of amendments and additions to the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be passed if more than a half of voters who cast votes vote in favour of such.

2. The Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, law on introduction of amendments and additions to the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be passed by the State Council if a majority of not less than two thirds of the established number of deputies of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan vote in favour of such.

Article 125

1. The Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan and law on introduction of amendments and additions to the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan passed by referendum or the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan shall be sent to the President of the Republic of Tatarstan within fourteen calendar days by the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan.

2. The President of the Republic of Tatarstan shall sign and promulgate the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan or law on introduction of amendments and additions to the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan within fourteen calendar days.

3. The Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan and law on introduction of amendments and additions to the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan passed by referendum may not be subject to a rejection by the President of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Article 126

1. In case of rejection by the President of the Republic of Tatarstan of the law on amendments and additions to the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, adopted by the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan, the President of the Republic of Tatarstan on a par with the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan shall create a conciliatory commission.

2. The law on amendments and additions to the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan approved in earlier adopted reduction by a majority vote of at least two thirds of the vote of the established number of deputies of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan may not be repeatedly rejected by the President of the Republic of Tatarstan and shall be a subject for publication within seven days.

Конституция Республики Татарстан


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Sir George Laurence Gomme. by social intercourse with an amiable and gifted man. It was his reward to see the Society in whose creation he and W. J. Thoms (he died in 1885) took the leading part advance from strength to strength, become the medium of collection of material of incalculable value for study of social evolution (including in the term social, matters intellectual and spiritual) and give the impetus to the foundation of kindred societies in Europe and America.

As manifest in his article on "Folklore" contributed to Dr. Hastings' Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, he had firm grasp and correct sense of proportion in handling his subject, but when "the fields are white to harvest," the reaper must hasten each to his own plot. And Gomme's interest mainly centred round the study of material, traditional and documentary, bearing on the origin and development of village and municipal life. And this as no dryasdust antiquary, but as one revelling in the evidence of continuity in institutions linking the customs of to-day with a remote past. Some of the theories which he formulated were bound to be open to question, because of the uncertainty as to the exact meaning of the materials on which they were based, and the absence of full proof of the racial intercourse on which he laid stress. But so much in so many things is still in the melting-pot, and differences of interpretation in no whit diminish the value of Gomme's work in its suggestiveness. As the eye runs down the list of the books which he has written, and of his miscellaneous contributions to Folk-Lore and other scientific journals, all the outcomes, not of learned leisure, but of margins of time wrung from strenuous official duties, the comment is, "Well done, good and faithful servant." In the larger margin which was afforded by his retirement from the high position of Clerk of the London County Council, he had looked forward to completing work interest in which grew with advancing years. Dis aliter visum. But, happily for us mortals, they cannot efface what has been accomplished, and for all that Sir Laurence Gomme did in service to the science of folklore we hold him in affectionate and grateful memory.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Author:James Hastings

Works

 * Dictionary of the Bible
 * Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics (1908)

title: Author:James Hastings


text:
Author:William Wood (1745-1808)

Works
"Altruism" (republished 1899)

title: Author:William Wood (1745-1808)


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Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 27, 1916.djvu/138

 OBITUARIES.

RT. HON. SIR JOHN RHYS.

the 17th December last the world of scholarship suffered a serious loss by the sudden death of Sir John Rhys. He was born in 1840, in Cardiganshire. His parents belonged to that class of yeoman farmers which has produced so many distinguished sons of Wales, few or none of whom have been more greatly gifted, or have rendered more honourable or permanent service to the state and to their fellow-countrymen than Sir John Rhys. Through circumstances little favourable to learning he fought his way up to the University of Oxford, and there became the first occupant of the Chair when the Professorship of Celtic was established, the Principal of Jesus College, and one of the foremost philologists of his day, an authority whose reputation was everywhere recognized as of the highest rank. The recipient of abundant honours at home and abroad, he preserved to the end his intense sympathy with his Welsh fellow-countrymen in their political and social struggles: he was before all things a Welshman and a patriot. His labours on the various Government Commissions in which he took part from time to time have thrown much light on the history and condition of the Welsh peasantry, and have contributed valuable assistance in dealing with Welsh problems. The same sympathy was a prime condition of his success in his researches on the subject of Welsh folklore. Combined with it, his wide and intimate knowledge of the land, the people, and their history enabled him, not merely to collect their traditions, but to interpret those traditions and the ancient and deeply interesting literature wherein so many of them are embedded, and of which indeed they form an organic part. His Celtic learning was profound.


text: Folk-Lore/Volume 27/Obituary/Sir John Rhys


text: Folk-Lore/Volume 27/Obituary/Sir George Laurence Gomme


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Williamson, Adam


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Page:Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile - In the Years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, and 1773 volume 2.djvu/316

 prince of the Arabs, Nile Wed Ageeb, embraced the offer of the king of Abyssinia very readily; and a treaty was accordingly made between Socinios and him, and a territory in Abyssinia granted him on the frontiers, to which he could retire in safety, as often as his affairs were embroiled with the state of Sennaar.

happened soon after this, that Alico, a Mahometan, governor of the Mazaga for Socinios, that is, of Nara and Ras el Feel, a low country, as the name imports, of black earth, revolted from his master, and fled to Sennaar, carrying with him a number of the king's horses. Socinios made his complaint to the king of Sennaar, who took no notice of it, neither returned any answer, which exasperated Socinios so much that it produced the present expedition, and was a cause of much bloodshed, and of a war which, at least in intention, lasts to this day between the two kingdoms.

, upon Socinios's first summons, came to Gunke, his head-quarters, attended by a number of troops, and some of the bell horse in Atbara. Upon his entering the king's tent, he prostrated himself, (as is the Abyssinian custom) acknowledged himself the king's vassal, and brought presents with him to a very considerable value. Socinios received him with great marks of distinction and kindness. He decorated him with a chain and bracelets of gold, and gave him a dagger of exquisite workmanship, mounted with the same metal; clothed him in silk and damask after the Abyssinian fashion, and confirmed the ancient treaty with him. The fruit of all this was presently seen; the king and his new ally fell suddenly upon Serke, put all the male inhabitants to the sword, sold the women and children as


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Williamson, Alexander


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Williamson, John Suther


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Williamson, Joseph


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Williamson, Samuel


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Campbell, Archibald (1739-1791)


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Page:Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile - In the Years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, and 1773 volume 2.djvu/381

 upon the look-out likewise. These, upon seeing Keba Christos's horsemen, returned immediately to their master, and told him that they had seen armed men, and conceived them to be the soldiers of Keba Christos. To this intelligence Tecla Georgis answered, That Keba Christos was in the king's palace at Dancaz the 15th of November, and that it was impossible he then could be so near with an army, if he had even wings to fly; but that the men they had seen were probably reinforcements that he expected.

, on the contrary, hearing that the enemy was at hand, drew up his army in three divisions. The first consisted of his own household, the second of a body of horse of the king's household, called the Koccob Horse, or Star Cavalry, from a silver star which each of them wears on the front of his helmet; and the third, of the people of Tigré who had joined him. In this order he came in sight of his enemy posted upon a small height, divided only from him by a narrow plain. Tecla Georgis, convinced now that it was Keba Christos, formed his army into two divisions; the one composed of a body called Tcheraguas, the other of a body called Sultan ba Christos; with these was a large corps of Galla, which had lately joined them.

, now turning to his troops, briefly said, "My children, I will not waste my time nor yours in discourse, or in telling you what you are to do. You have all arms in your hands; you are good Christians; and I can positively assure you there is not before you one of your enemies that is not also an enemy to Christ." Then, placing himself before the Koccob horse, he pulled off his helmet and gave it to his servant, saying, "By my naked face you


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Williamson, William Crawford


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Willibald


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Willibrord


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Willis, Browne


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Willis, Francis


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Willis, Henry Brittan


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Willis, John (d.1628?)


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Helmuth, Justus Christian Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Willis, John Walpole


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Willis, Richard


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Willis, Robert (1800-1875)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Willis, Robert (1799-1878)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Willis, Thomas (1582-1660?)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Willis, Thomas (1621-1675)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Willis, Timothy


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Willisel, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Willison, George


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Willison, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Willmore, James Tibbitts


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Willmott, Robert Aris


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Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 27, 1916.djvu/342

 OBITUARY.

.

The outward facts of Giuseppe Pitrè's life are soon told. He was seventeen when the great historical romance of the last century, the landing of Garibaldi at Marsala, brought new destinies to the "Isle of Fire." Pitrè took part in the revolution at Palermo which was crowned by the hero's entry, and he accompanied the deputation which went to Naples to present the Sicilian plebiscite to Victor Emmanuel. He had nothing more to do with politics till he was made a Senator in 1915. Politics, when not heroic, were not to his taste, but he did not shun the duties of a citizen in municipal affairs, in which his voice was always raised in favour of moral no less than of material progress; he was one of the first, for instance, to promote the Palermitan Society for the Protection of Animals. He had many opportunities of "arriving," as the phrase goes, especially after his devoted services during two cholera epidemics were rewarded by a medal, much to his surprise. But he chose a life of obscurity as a doctor in a poor quarter, giving his days to his profession, and his nights, or a great part of them, to his beloved studies.

One of the writers of the many biographical notices which have appeared in the Italian papers, said truly, "Pitrè became a folklorist as other people become great generals or saints—by vocation." Sprung from the acute and imaginative Sicilian people, acuteness and imagination joined to a "genius for taking pains" were the gifts which enabled him to accomplish his life's work. He succeeded in revealing the inmost soul of his race, not by a process of cold analysis, but by that other process which is summed up in the French proverb: "Aimer c'est comprendre." Severely critical in detecting the least trace of artificial manipulation in the material which came into his hands, he held that nothing that was genuine could be dismissed as unimportant; if you followed it to its roots, it contributed somehow to building


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Willock, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Campbell, Archibald (1769-1843)


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 Rh the fabric, as varied, as eloquent, as one of those wonderful Sicilian churches where every stone speaks of history. In Pitre's twenty-five volumes of Sicilian folklore the soul of Sicily will live for ever. The Archivio delle Tradizioni Popolari which he edited with his friend Salomone Marino (who died a few days before his own death) became the pivot of folklore researches all over Italy, and may be said to have prevented them from dying out after the first enthusiasm aroused by the works of Tigri, Nigra, and other pioneers. Its publication was continued for thirty years in the face of all sorts of difficulties. Pitrè could not have done what he did for Sicilian folklore without a knowledge of the whole subject, which astonished even Professor Child, who was one of his warmest admirers. Added to this, he had great stores of general erudition acquired one hardly knows how, for he lived far away from museums and libraries, but he was helped by two things which, especially the last, are too often absent: a strong memory and a mental habit of scientific accuracy. What was most essential of all to his work, was his familiarity with every byway, every hidden corner in Sicilian history, every germ which went to form the people in whom the original stock was mixed with such extraordinarily various elements, Greek and Arab, Norman and French and Spanish, all of which left their traces in the bodies and minds, the passions and instincts of the Sicilian race—and in its folklore.

For a long while, though appreciated abroad, Pitrè was far from being a prophet in his own country. His fellow-citizens regarded him, if I am not mistaken, as slightly mad. Why, after a hard day's work in going his rounds among his patients, should he sit up half the night in writing down and setting in order those "childish things?" Why half ruin himself to get them printed? In Pitrè's case the gains of a doctor, that are not large at Palermo, were made the smaller by his refusal to take fees from those who could ill afford to give them. But whether mad or sane, the people of Palermo always loved him. It was the love that is never denied to him that loves. Of love Pitrè gave large draughts to his people, and in return they opened their inmost soul to him. He had an actual effluence of goodness. He could not bring himself to do what his conscience did not approve: thus, in spite of the exhortations of some eminent German professors, he would


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bobart, Jacob (1641-1719)


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Page:Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile - In the Years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, and 1773 volume 2.djvu/382

 shall know me to-day, that I am not going in the midst of you as general or commander, but foot for foot along with you like a common soldier."

having uncovered his head, he was quickly known by Tecla Georgis, from whose troops a number of muskets was fired at him. But this had so little effect upon this gallant officer, that, changing his place, (which then was at the head of the second division) he placed himself still nearer the enemy in the front of his own household troops, which were the first; and the Galla charging them in that instant, he flew their leader with his own hand. Upon the death of their commander, these barbarians immediately fled, as is their custom, while Keba Christos endeavoured to make his way to where Tecla Georgis was employed keeping his troops from following so bad an example. But so soon as that rebel saw his enemy approach him, he and his whole army joined the Galla in their flight; tho' he narrowly escaped, by the swiftness of his horse, a light javelin, thrown by Keba Christos, which struck him behind, but so feebly, by reason of the distance, that it did not pierce his armour.

king's troops pursued vigorously, and soon brought to their general the mule, the sword, and helmet of Tecla Georgis, with the heads of 300 slain in the battle, most of them Gallas, and with them 12 heads of the most turbulent rebellious monks of Tigré. With these they also brought Adera, sister to Tecla Georgis, wounded in the throat, who had instigated him very strongly to commit the violences against the professors of the Catholic religion. Tafa, too, his master of the household, was taken prisoner; and it being made known to Keba Christos that this man had


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 316 never allow the publication of a collection he had made for scholars of the undesirable part of popular traditions as it exists in the folklore of his native island. For this volume, and for this alone, he was offered a good sum of money, but in vain.

In the end his people discovered that they had a great man among them, and when honours were heaped on him in the last few years of his life, they were as much delighted as if they had been done to each of them severally. Those fortunate individuals who, like myself, many years before, had him for guide to the inexhaustible points of interest at Palermo, felt as if they were driving about with a royal personage, so universal was the salutation that greeted him. He witnessed the creation of a Chair of Demo-Psychology (as he preferred to call folklore) at the University of Palermo, of which he was, of course, appointed the first Professor. Thus the Science of Popular Traditions received academical recognition for the first time. It was the consecration of Pitre's labours. His other great desire, the constitution of an Ethnological Museum, was realised not long before he died. As previously stated, he was made a Senator in 1915, and on his visit to Rome to take his seat, everyone fêted him. Unhappily, his last years were clouded by losses which, with his affectionate disposition, he never got over: his only son, a promising young doctor, died from blood-poisoning, and his younger daughter perished with her new-born infant only a year after her marriage, in the Messina earthquake. I remember her as a beautiful child when I first knew Pitrè at Palermo in 1888. The blow almost overpowered him; he shut himself up in the little room she had occupied as a young girl, and remained for months prostrate with grief. At last he had the idea of privately printing as a memorial to her a little collection of tender and sweet swallow legends made by herself. This touching booklet he sent to a few friends, and I think the preparation of it was what brought him back to his own work, which he pursued till the day of his death without resting, though never with the old joy.

It is greatly to be wished that his surviving daughter, Signora Maria d'Alia Pitrè, who inherits much of his literary gift, would write his life. No one could do it so well.

.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bocfeld, Adam


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Page:The Grateful Dead.djvu/173

Rh The query at once suggests itself as to whether the simple division of the child or children as part of the hero's possessions gave rise to the introduction of the whole theme of The Two Friends in Oliver and Lope de Vega, or whether the twenty-two folk-tales have merely an echo of the theme as there found. To put the question is almost equivalent to answering it. One sees at once that the former is the case. Lope de Vega derives directly from Oliver and to the author of that romance must be due the combination of the two themes there presented. Reference to the earlier discussion of the variant will show that he was a conscious adapter of his material.

Yet it by no means follows that the suggestion for the combination was not present in the version of The Grateful Dead, which was used in making Oliver. Indeed, it seems probable that this source or prototype had the division of the child in somewhat the form in which it appears in so many tales. That such was the case is likely from the fact that of the twenty-two folk variants which refer to the child all but two are of the type The Grateful Dead + The Ransomed Woman, to which Oliver is approximated. Considering the alterations which the theme was likely to suffer at the hands of a writer who was more or less consciously combining various material in a romance, the wonder is that the type was not more changed than it seems to have been. In point of fact, the position of Oliver and its literary successors as examples of the compound comes out more clearly through this examination of their relationship to The Two Friends.

As to the introduction of the child, the trait by means of which, according to my theory, the actual combination of motives came about, the two folk-tales of the type The Grateful Dead + The Poison Maiden as well as Sir

title: Page:The Grateful Dead.djvu/173


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 the other sex, and a beautiful mule. With all. respect to the scruples of the father, I think it would have been fair to have kept the beautiful mule, and given the young female Gingerite to his companion in the journey, Fecur Egzie, who could have had no scruples.

says he received the boy from the only view of saving his foul by baptism. I wonder, since Providence had thrown the girl first in his way, by what rule of charity it was he consigned her foul to perdition by returning her, as he was not certain at the time that he might not have got a mule or camel in exchange for the girl; and then, upon his own principles, he certainly was author of the perdition of that soul which Providence seemed to have conduced by an extraordinary way to the enjoyment of all the advantages of Christianity; surely the care of neophytes of the female sex was not a new charge to the Jesuits in Abyssinia.

seems to be ridiculous for Fernandes to imagine that the sovereign of this little state called himself Gingiro, knowing that this word signified a monkey. His enemies might give him that name; but it is not likely he would adopt it himself. And the reason of that name is still more ridiculous; for he says it is because the gallery is like a monkey's cage. If that was the case, all the princes in Congo and Angola give their audiences in such places. Indeed, it seems to me that it is here the customs, used in these last-mentioned parts of Africa, begin, although Gingiro is nearer the coast of the Indian Ocean than that of the Atlantic. The colour of the people at Gingiro is nearly black, still it


text: Folk-Lore/Volume 27/Obituary/Giuseppe Pitrè


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bocher, Joan


text: Author:William Lee Corbin

title: Author:William Lee Corbin