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 mother country. The meal into which it is ground is sometimes made into a sort of porridge or pudding called hominy, somewhat similar both in taste and appearance to the preparation of oatmeal so general as an article of food among the lower classes in Scotland. With an equal quantity of wheaten flour, it also makes excellent household bread, the maize meal being in the first instance reduced to the state of hominy. Indeed, maize might in all probability form a profitable article of export to the mother country, especially as it can generally be obtained at Hunter's river, of the very best quality, at from 1s. 3d. to 2s. 6d. a bushel, a price which would enable the merchants to sell it at a rate that would render it a cheap as well as wholesome article of food for the labouring classes in England. This valuable grain is much used as an article of food among the peasants of New England, who prepare it in a great variety of ways."

Now that the land-mania has subsided, and a contrary reaction has taken place, the most fertile tracts of ground, whether improved, or in a state of nature, are quite unsaleable at any price, and many beautiful, well-cultivated farms have been sold by execution at frightful sacrifices. Even when prosperity shall revisit the colony, I do not think that rural lands will ever attain a higher value than that determined by the actual profit, or income that can be derived from them yearly, all fancied value from proximity to village reserves, &c. will never


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 more be entertained by persons of sense; and if agriculture does not yield any profit to those who embark in that pursuit, alluvial land would then indeed be totally valueless. When Dr. Lang wrote his valuable Historical and Statistical Account of New South Wales in 1834, it appears that wheat was quoted at 3s. a bushel and maize proportionally low. Now, during all the long continued commercial depression, and monetary confusion, under which the colony still suffers, and the consequent low prices obtained for all kinds of produce, the cash prices of wheat have never been so low as this. Nevertheless, that author particularly alludes to the advantages attending agricultural pursuits in New South Wales, when those who engage in them are small capitalists, especially that industrious class of working farmers with large families, whose position at home in England is so miserably dependent and precarious.

If these advantages existed then, do they no longer continue to do so? Good rich land, on navigable waters, whether improved and cultivated, or yet in a state of nature, can be purchased at the present time for probably one-fourth of the price it was worth when Dr. Lang wrote. Labour is more cheap and abundant than it ever was before; supplies of all kinds for the use of a farm, including agricultural implements, are twenty per cent, lower than they formerly were, and working bullocks and horses are much cheaper, the latter especially being

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12 of a spot close to the sea, that the unknown land beyond it is otherwise than fertile. On the contrary, if any conclusion may be drawn from the sterility of some part of the coast line, it is that, probably, as in so many known cases, there is land of a superior quality not far off; and more especially if there be any range of high land in the neighbourhood.

4. In thickly-peopled countries, deep alluvial land on the banks of rivers, which when in a state of nature was liable to floods, is considered the most fertile.

But in the settled parts of Australia, such land, unless in a most favourable position with respect to markets, is not highly esteemed. In many cases it is despised, and is entirely neglected for land of far less natural fertility. For this there are two reasons.

First, in the present scattered state of the population, no measures can be taken to confine a river within its ordinary channel; so that, during floods, nearly all rich alluvial land becomes morass, as happened in the time of Alfred with tens of thousands of acres on the banks of the Thames, which are now eminently productive. Secondly, flooded land, being for the most part heavily timbered, or covered with strong reeds, requires before it can be used for production a quantity of labour such as no settler in New South Wales can readily command. Most of the deep alluvial soils, which are neglected in the Australian settlements, would be highly prized in Europe. We may say, therefore, that, up to a certain point, the soil of Australia will become more fit to support a dense population as her population shall become more dense.

5. This conclusion from the present impossibility


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The New International Encyclopædia/Lange, Ludwig

LANGE, (1825-85). A German philologist and archæologist, born in Hanover. He studied at Göttingen under Hermann, in 1853 was made professor at Prague, in 1859 went to Giessen, and in 1871 to Leipzig. His principal work was Handbuch der römischen Altertümer (3d ed. 1876-79); and he also wrote Der homerische Gebrauch der Partikel  (1872-73) and Die Epheten und der Areopag vor Solon (1874). His lesser writings were posthumously collected and edited, with a biographical sketch by K. Lange, under the title Kleine Schriften aus dem Gebiet der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft (1887). Consult Neumann, Ludwig Lange (Berlin, 1886).


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Rh of guarding against the ravages of water, is confirmed by observing the effects and causes of a total neglect by the Australian settlers of the means by which, in corresponding latitudes of Europe, Asia, and Africa, water is made to exert a fertilizing power. Though during the course of a year more rain, it is believed, falls in New South Wales than in England, the Australian settlers suffer terribly from long periods without rain—from what they call "Australian droughts;" and vast tracts of laud in that colony, which would be thought excellent if constantly supplied with water, are but little esteemed, because deficient in that natural quality. But this would be the case in some of the most fertile and populous districts of Europe, Africa, and Asia, if their inhabitants should, like the Australians, depend wholly upon nature for a supply of water. The extraordinary fertility of the left bank of the Po, from the source almost of that river to its mouths, depends upon skill in the management of its tributary streams—upon artificial irrigation. The Nile, if its waters were not skilfully guided by man, would only devastate, instead of fertilizing. When the north-west of Africa supported many populous nations, it must have been by means of the greatest skill in preserving water that fell from the clouds, and in raising water from the bowels of the earth. Many fertile parts of Spain, the South of Italy, Greece, and Turkey, would become barren if it were not for wells, pumps, reservoirs, and aqueducts. In the countries round about the Caspian Sea, where a very dense population once existed, there are mixed with the ruins of cities, the ruins of all sorts of contrivances for the management of water; and in order to restore the


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 not one-fourth of their former price. Besides, very extensive tracts of country have been discovered since 1834, much more suitable for agriculture than the more central parts of the colony. It would therefore appear, that if agriculture were profitable in 1834, it ought to be more so now.

But I am wandering from the subject I promised to discuss, viz., that a farmer now on the spot, to take advantage of the frightful sacrifice in landed property, with a small capital, partly invested in a cleared farm of rich soil, consisting of a portion of alluvial land, and a portion of moist forest land, situated in a district unvisited by serious droughts, and with water carriage to Sydney, would realize a tolerable profit on his money, even supposing that the price of wheat and maize in the Sydney market should fall to as low a rate as 26 shillings a quarter for wheat, and 14 shillings a quarter for maize.

Notwithstanding the prevalent notion that the periodical droughts of Australia will always render agricultural operations uncertain in that part of the world, there are even in the old settled parts of New South Wales, many districts which, from their physical conformation, never suffer much from those visitations; among these favoured localities, I may enumerate, Illawarra, the Williams and Paterson rivers, the Manning river, and Port Macquarie.


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 Numerous farms at any of these places can be readily purchased, with all the qualifications I have stipulated for.

I will therefore suppose that the small farmer purchases a farm of one hundred acres of rich land, such as I have described in the beginning of this work. A farm such as this, situated on a navigable river or creek, well fenced in, and with all necessary buildings in good repair, would not cost more than four hundred pounds, when I left the colony, although to bring it into its present improved state, from a state of nature, four times that amount had probably been expended:—

Six hundred pounds are therefore invested before commencing operations. We must now consider the current annual expenditure for rations, wages, seed, &c. By contrasting afterwards this current annual expenditure with the assumed value of the farm produce in Sydney, diminished by the expenses of freight, we shall obtain the profit or loss attendant on the undertakings.

To cultivate one hundred acres properly, and perform all the work of a farm of that size would require four men, with the occasional assistance of


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14 cities, it would be necessary to begin by restoring the wells, tanks, and aqueducts. Without such contrivances, a great part of the dense population of Southern China must inevitably perish. Where, indeed, in latitudes corresponding with extra-tropical Australia, has a dense population ever been maintained without such contrivances? No where: there is no exception to the rule. In New South Wales, as in similar latitudes of the northern hemisphere, more rain falls during the year than in England; but in England, some rain falls almost every week; while at Naples and Sydney months pass without a cloud. Why, then, one is led to ask, have the settlers in Australia never, to any extent whatever, employed those contrivances for the management of water, to which the inhabitants of other countries are so largely indebted? The answer is full of instruction to future settlers in Australia. Because, in the first place, Australia has been settled by Englishmen, in whose native country, water, falling every week, is often an incumbrance; where fertility depends rather on the art of draining, than on that of collecting and preserving water; Englishmen, whose ignorance of the latter art was not likely to be cured by a sense of its value. Because, secondly, even if the settlers in Australia had seen the value of that art, still, being scattered as they are over a wide expanse of country, they could not have formed dams, embankments, water-courses, tanks, reservoirs, and wells. For to conduct such works, combination is required; combination of two sorts: first that combination of purpose which takes place amongst the landowners of a valley in Europe which is artificially irrigated—a kind


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 the farmer and his family during harvest time, &c. Another person would also be required as cook and house-servant. The ordinary rations for each labourer weekly, are ten pounds of flour, ten pounds of meat, two pounds of sugar, and one quarter of a pound of tea. Soap and tobacco are not given to free labourers.

Supposing that the farmer and his family consume four of these rations, there would be nine rations in all, In the following estimate I have taken the Sydney prices of the supplies required for rations, and made thereunto a small addition, equivalent to the expense of freight and carriage to a farm, situated as I have supposed.

We must now see what will be the yearly average produce which might be expected from the hundred acres, under consideration. We will


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Rh of agreement for co-operation, under which all behave as if they were directed by a single will; secondly, that combination of labour in particular works, that helping of each other by many, without which no work can be performed which requires, like the formation of embankments, reservoirs, and water-courses, the constant employment of many hands in the same work, at the same time, and for a long period of consecutive time. If Australia had consisted only of the banks of the Hawkesbury, her inhabitants would probably, ere now, have obtained complete control over that river and its tributary streams, confining them within their beds during the rainy seasons, and during the dry seasons conveying their waters, which had been artificially pent up in favourable spots, over a great tract of country, that is now despised as being liable to suffer either from flood or from drought.

Considering also what, in this case, the Australians, being a society, and having therefore such classes as tank-makers and well-diggers, would have done to preserve rain water, and to draw water out of the earth,—from all these considerations it appears again, that when the population of Australia shall become more dense, her soil will be more fit to support a dense population.

6. There is a vague but common impression that Australia is not fit to become an agricultural country; that it is fit only to be a pastoral country. This impression may be correct; but it is not at present a reasonable conclusion. The conclusion is drawn from an English estimate of the soil and climate of Australia, and from the fact that hitherto in Australia it has been far more easy to produce sheep and cattle,


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 suppose that the farmer has every year fifty acres of it in wheat, and fifty acres in maize, with a secondary crop on part of the ground after the maize is harvested, of swede turnips, sugar-loaf cabbages, &c. which might be sold to the cow-keepers in Sydney. Much diversity of opinion prevails with regard to the average crops of wheat, (allowing for failures), throughout the whole colony of New South Wales. It has been stated to be as low as sixteen bushels per acre, throughout the whole territory for a long period of years, but in this estimate the greater portion of the crops were rudely grown at cattle and sheep stations, for the mere supply of the shepherds and stockmen, and not the slightest attention was paid to the growing wheat, from the time that it was unskilfully [sic] sown on indifferent ground, rather scratched than ploughed, until it was reaped. In those districts, where the cultivation of the ground, and the production of grain for the Sydney market, form the principal occupation of the settler, I should consider the average crop of wheat one year with another, and allowing for losses, to be, at least, at the rate of twenty-one bushels to the acre; and indeed my own experience in colonial agriculture would induce me to suppose it higher even than this. I have heard of fifty bushels per acre of wheat being harvested on cleared forest land, and Mr. Wentworth says, that he has known one hundred bushels of


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 Plate XVIII. 7 s: SUNDIAL AT TRELLECK. To face p. 165.


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Strabops thacheri Beecher

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 maize to the acre, and fifty bushels of wheat to the acre, produced by the same ground in the same year, the maize having been planted immediately the wheat was off the ground. In the fertile southern parts of the territory of New South Wales, wheat, equal in quality to that of Van Diemen's Land, yields crops of forty bushels to the acre. I shall not be therefore going too high, in assuming twenty-one bushels per acre, as the average crop of wheat on good ground.

Maize is a never-failing crop in the districts I have supposed the farm to be selected in. One hundred bushels to the acre, appears to be about the maximum crop; this has often been harvested at the Wilson river, near Port Macquarie. At our station on the MacLeay river, we never had more than seventy-five bushels to the acre, and our ordinary crop was fifty bushels; pumpkins being grown between the rows, which of course diminished the crop of maize. Dr. Lang considers eighty bushels to the acre a good crop. I shall therefore assume fifty bushels to the acre as an average crop of maize. As to the less important crop of swede turnips, cabbages, &c. they grow with greater rapidity, certainty and abundance, than on the best English soils, when planted on the alluvial flooded lands of New South Wales.


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 {|
 * Fifty acres of wheat at the rate of 21 bushels to the acre, will yield 1050 bushels. The expense of sending the wheat to Sydney, I will assume to be ninepence per bushel, which must be deducted from the price I have taken, viz. 3s. 4d. per bushel, leaving 2s. 7d. 1050 bushels at this price will be||  | 135 12  6
 * Fifty acres in maize, at the rate of 50 bushels to the acre, will yield 2500 bushels. The expense of sending maize to Sydney, I will suppose to be ninepence per bushel, which must be deducted from the price I have assumed, viz. 1s. 9d. per bushel, leaving 1s. per bushel. 2500 bushels, at one shilling will be|| | 125  0  0
 * Swede turnips, cabbages, potatoes, &c.|| |  40  0   0
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 * £|||100 12  6
 * }
 * Deduct annual expenses|| |200   0   0
 * £|||100 12  6
 * }
 * £|||100 12  6
 * }

The capital invested in the farm, agricultural implements, furniture, &c. having been £600. and the expenses of wages, &c. having been £200. the farmer would require a capital of £800. for a farm such as I have described. According to my calculation he would only realize thirteen per cent, on his £800.; but as I have included among the yearly expenses, the wages and rations for a house-servant, and supplies sufficient for a large family, something more ought to be added to obtain the real gain.

I therefore think that under all circumstances, an emigrant who selects a farm with the qualifications I have stipulated for, cannot fail of doing well, since even if wheat should fall as low as 3s. 4d. per


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All from photographs of which the originals are in the State Museum


text: Does Price Fixing Destroy Liberty?/Annotated/Prices of Commodities Cannot be Made Fair by Governmental Regulation


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 bushel, (at which rate it could be, according to Mr. Hutt, advantageously exported to England), and maize at 1s. 9d. he would still realize thirteen per cent. according to my calculation.

I do not, however, wish it to be supposed, from the preceding observations, that wheat might be produced, in New South Wales generally, at prices so low as this. In districts subject to drought the crops would often be injured in consequence, and if land carriage had to be resorted to in order to convey farm produce to Sydney, it would evidently be impossible to grow wheat at such a low price. In fact, as I have said before, to produce grain profitably at such low prices, the land must be of the best quality, situated in a district unvisited by drought, and in the vicinity of navigable waters, and purchased for one fourth of the money originally expended on it.

At present, however, the colonists of New South Wales are so far from entertaining the idea of exporting wheat, that those who are engaged exclusively in agriculture are very urgent in their endeavours to obtain an Act imposing duties on wheat imported into the colony. The advocates of the present free trade in wheat oppose this, by arguing that Australia is not adapted for the production of wheat, on account of the extreme aridity of its soil; and that it would be contrary to all true principles of political economy to encourage, by protective duties, the production of corn in a country so unsuitable for its growth when such cheap wheat can be obtained from Chili.


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User talk:Place Clichy

I am Place Clichy from Wikipedia fr.
 * Flag of the United Kingdom.svg You can leave me a message on my English Wikipedia talk page.
 * Flag of France.svg Vous pouvez me laisser un message sur ma page de discussion Wikipédia en français

— billinghurst  sDrewth  13:55, 9 June 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Place Clichy


text: Does Price Fixing Destroy Liberty?/Annotated/The Act in Relation to the Uncertainties in Trade


text: Does Price Fixing Destroy Liberty?/Annotated/Our Paramount Interest


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16 than to raise corn and other products of agriculture. But settlers coming from a corresponding latitude of Europe, would have formed a different estimate of the soil and climate of Australia, and, probably, a more correct one. Moreover, the colonists of Australia have been so planted, so widely dispersed and separated from each other, that they could not have been an agricultural people, even though their soil and climate had resembled those of the plains of Lombardy or the Low Countries. For in order to raise the agricultural products of Flanders and the north of Italy, such as corn, rice, wine, tobacco, and silk, it is necessary to employ considerable masses of labour, and of capital as well, in constant combination; and this skilful application of capital and labour could not take place amongst a few scattered shepherds. But those people, it may be said, were so dispersed, and became shepherds, because the soil of their new country was unfit for agriculture; and this argument has been used to show the inexpediency of measures for preventing such dispersion.

To this argument the reply is short and conclusive.

Settlers on the very rich plains of the Ohio and the Mississippi, have been scattered quite as much as the Australians, if not more. In all modern colonies, whatever the nature of the soil, the settlers have been scattered as if the object had been to prevent them from becoming an agricultural people. It may be, therefore, that the pastoral habits of the Australians are owing rather to the mode in which the country has been colonized, than to the nature of its soil.

And this view of the subject is confirmed by observing, that in colonies of which the soil was equally fit for


text: Does Price Fixing Destroy Liberty?/Annotated/The Aftermath


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 Without giving any opinion of my own, as to whether it would be good or bad policy for the Legislature to impose a protective duty on wheat imported into New South Wales, I certainly think that the capabilities of that colony, as an agricultural country, have been very much underrated both in the colony itself, and in England; as to Chili, I have heard or read from good authorities, that it is a barren country, subject to great droughts; but then the Chilian agriculturists, although they use the most primitive implements of husbandry of the rudest construction, yet possess one great advantage over the English colonists of Australia,—they know how to irrigate their lands As to the comparative quality of Australian wheat, and Chilian wheat, imported from Valparaiso, their respective quotations in the Sydney Morning Herald, when I left the colony in the beginning of last August, were as follow:—

Agriculturists in New South Wales will therefore possess for a long time one great advantage over those of Van Diemen's Land and South Australia; for these colonies now produce more wheat than they can consume, and have become wheat-exporting countries. But owing to the large population of Sydney, and the circumstance that the majority of


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Rh agriculture and pasturage (the deep and rich, but clear and grassy plains of Buenos Ayres are a striking example), the settlers, being widely dispersed, and not having slaves whose labour might be used in combination, have invariably adopted the pastoral life. In fact, when a colony is planted so that the labour of each settler is separated from that of all the other settlers, and still further weakened by being divided amongst a great number of different occupations, the easiest, not the most productive, kind of industry must he adopted; the easiest, that is, under the circumstance of dispersion. Now, under the circumstance of dispersion, the easiest kind of industry, in countries that happen to be clear by nature, is the pastoral life; while, in countries covered with wood, it is the exhaustion, by over-cropping, of the natural richness of virgin land. Thus the colonist of Buenos Ayres or Australia depends, even for his support, on the grasses supplied by nature, while the settler in the forests of Canada depends on the great but perishable fertility of rotten leaves. In either case, the skill of man contributes but little to production: nearly the whole work is left to nature. But we cannot say that the former case establishes the unfitness of Australia and Buenos Ayres for agricultural production; any more than that the latter case proves the soil of North America to be unfit for the support of sheep and cattle. Both cases, on the contrary, show, that in judging of the productive capacity of land about to be colonized, the intended mode of colonization is a circumstance of equal importance, at least, with the natural features of the country. It were idle


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Photograph. Original in the museum of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences


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Photograph. Original in the State Museum


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28


text: The Eurypterida of New York/Volume 2/Explanations of plates/Plate 3


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 the inhabitants in the rural districts of New South Wales are engaged in tending sheep, cattle, and vineyards, it will be long before the comparatively small number of agriculturists in that colony grow more wheat than is equal to the consumption; although the great advance which has been made during the last eight years in our knowledge of the more distant parts of the territory of New South Wales has established the fact, that we possess in that colony, millions of acres of rich land, situated in districts unvisited by the droughts so prevalent in New Holland, watered by numerous rivers, with good harbours, and capable of producing enough grain for a population fifty times greater than the present one. Among the finest wheat districts in the territory of New South Wales are the fertile plains, of vast extent, which are situated among the ramifications of the Australian Alps, or Warragong mountains, which attain an altitude of 7000 feet above the level of the sea, and are capped by eternal snow. The squatters, who have formed stations on these plains, speak highly of the wheat they grow for the use of their establishments; wheat having always been with them a certain and abundant crop. Gipps Land, between these mountains and the sea, is also a most fertile region, possessing a vast level tract of the richest soil in one large block. In the settled parts of New South Wales, the extensive plains, in the fertile county of Argyle, have long yielded crops of wheat quite equal to Van


text: The Eurypterida of New York/Volume 2/Explanations of plates/Plate 4


text: The Eurypterida of New York/Volume 2/Explanations of plates/Plate 5


text: The Eurypterida of New York/Volume 2/Explanations of plates/Plate 6


text: The Eurypterida of New York/Volume 2/Explanations of plates/Plate 7


text: The Eurypterida of New York/Volume 2/Explanations of plates/Plate 8


text: The Eurypterida of New York/Volume 2/Explanations of plates/Plate 9


text: The Eurypterida of New York/Volume 2/Explanations of plates/Plate 10


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 Diemen's Land wheat; fifty bushels to the acre being of frequent occurrence. At present, however, only enough wheat is grown in this fine district to supply its thinly scattered population, for the land carriage to Sydney would be so long, that it would be impossible to grow it for that distant market. Port Philip is also a very good wheat country. The exuberant richness of the district of Illawarra is well known; shut in by an abrupt, densely wooded range of mountains it has never suffered from those severe droughts which have often visited the counties of Camden and Cumberland. The northern part of the territory of New South Wales, already described in the first part of this work, is not certainly so well adapted for wheat as the southern parts of the colony, but then it yields large and certain crops of maize, millet, &c. besides which its climate and soil are well suited for the growth of rice and various productions of the tropics.

Experience has proved in Australia, that the only districts in which one may be assured of exemption from drought, are those where the chains of mountains attain a very great elevation, and throw off numerous lofty ranges extending to the sea coast; their formation, also, being of a nature favourable to


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 fertility and moisture. Thus, in the country at the foot of the Australian Alps, which are seven thousand feet high, and the Port Macquarie district, in which the mountains are often upwards of six thousand feet in elevation, no injury or serious inconvenience has ever been sustained from long droughts. It has been lately averred that South Australia is superior, as an agricultural country, to any other of the Australian colonies. I am, however, afraid that South Australia will be found to be subject to severe droughts and scarcity of water, notwithstanding that it has now had several successive rainy seasons.

There are no mountains in that province, (for the ranges extending along the eastern shores of St. Vincent's and Spencer's gulfs, do not deserve that name), and there are no streams deserving the names of rivers; even the Murray river receives no tributaries of importance after entering the southern colony. The natural advantages of South Australia appear to me to be very inferior to those of New South Wales; for the former colony, as I have just observed, possesses no rivers of importance, with the exception of the lower Murray, and the land, beyond the mere banks of this large river, is an unavailable arid desert. There is, consequently, a great deficiency of rich alluvial land in South Australia; and although its plains of light chocolate-coloured loam, or black sandy earth, may yield, at present, good crops of wheat, they will soon require


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Rh producers of Van Diemen's Land, as well as cheap food, and an ample supply of cheap stock from the very beginning, the plantation in South Australia will be the same as a new settlement on Van Diemen's Land, if not better: it will be better, unless the supposed new settlement in the old colony were connected by the means of water-carriage with some district superabounding in food and stock. It seems needless to dwell further on this most important and satisfactory consideration.


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 to be renovated by manure, and are quite different from those inexhaustible alluvial soils on the banks of some of the coast rivers of New South Wales. I should very much doubt whether there be land in South Australia capable of yielding two crops of grain in the same year without manure, and at the rate of fifty bushels of wheat, and one hundred bushels of maize to each acre, which, Mr. Wentworth says, have been harvested at the Hawkesbury river. The near approach of the sandy wastes of the interior to the coast, will also never allow that almost unlimited extension of sheep and cattle stations in that colony, which has taken place in New South Wales. I have penned these remarks in fear and trembling, as I am aware that South Australia is much more favourably thought of in England than the other Australian colonies.

The colonists of that province are certainly much more industrious than those of New South Wales. They have been indefatigable in examining into all the natural advantages of their adopted country, and have been laudably anxious in their endeavours to make these advantages generally known in


text: Author:German Sims Woodhead

title: Author:German Sims Woodhead


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74 The average passage from England to Port Lincoln will occupy rather more than 100 days, and with little variation, since the voyage is, for its length, peculiarly safe and favourable. Moreover, the emigrant should bear in mind, that, going to a new settlement on the sea-shore, he will disembark from the ship in which he shall leave England, on the very spot of his future home. This will appear extremely advantageous to those who know how much time is lost, and how much cost and trouble are incurred, in conveying a family or goods from the sea-coast to the interior of any of our established colonies.


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Rh {| style="font-size:69%; line-height:69%" !colspan=10|!!rowspan=52 | !!colspan=9| ! !!£.!!s.!!d.!! !! !!£.!!s.!!d.!! !!£.!!s.!!d.!! !! !!£.!!s.!!d.!!
 * —Calves||align=right| ||align=right|6||align=right|0|| ||align=center|to||align=right| ||align=right|8||align=right|0|| ||align=right| ||align=right|12||align=right|0|| ||align=center|to||align=right| ||align=right|14||align=right|0||
 * Sheep||align=right| ||align=right|6||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|8||align=right|0|| ||align=right| ||align=right|8||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|9||align=right|6||
 * Pigs||align=right| ||align=right|7||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|10||align=right|0|| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|3||colspan="6"|½ per lb.
 * Ditto roasting.||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|4||align=right|0|| ||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|4||align=right|0||
 * Cheese, English, lb.||align=right| ||align=right|2||align=right|3
 * Colonial||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|4|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|6|| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|4|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|6||
 * Cloth, Paramatta, per yard||align=right| ||align=right|1||align=right|8|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| || ||align=right| ||align=right|1||align=right|8|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||
 * Ditto, broad||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|4|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| || ||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|4|| ||align=center| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||
 * Coffee, ground per lb.||align=right| ||align=right|2||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|2||align=right|3|| ||align=right| ||align=right|2||align=right|3|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|2||align=right|6||
 * Eggs per dozen||align=right| ||align=right|1||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| || ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|8|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|11||
 * Flax, New Zealand, per ton||align=right|16||align=right|0||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right|18||align=right|0||align=right|0|| ||align=right|16||align=right|0||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right|18||align=right|0||align=right|0||
 * Ditto pec 100 lbs., fine||align=right| ||align=right|11||align=right|0|| ||align=center| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| || ||align=right|1||align=right|1||align=right|0|| ||align=center| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||
 * Ditto seconds||align=right| ||align=right|9||align=right|0|| ||align=center| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| || ||align=right| ||align=right|19||align=right|0|| ||align=center| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||
 * Fruit (not in season)
 * Apples per dozen||align=right| ||align=right|1||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|2||align=right|0|| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| || ||align=center| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||
 * Oranges, ditto||align=right| ||align=right|1||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|1||align=right|6|| ||align=right| ||align=right|1||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|1||align=right|6||
 * Peaches, ditto.||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|8|| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| || ||align=center| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||
 * Lemons||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| || ||align=center| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| || ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|4|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|0||align=right|6||
 * Wheat, per Bushel||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|8|| ||align=right| ||align=right|6||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|7||align=right|6||
 * Maize||align=right| ||align=right|2||align=right|3|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|2||align=right|6|| ||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|4||align=right|0||
 * Barley||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| || ||align=right| ||align=right|2||align=right|3|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|0||
 * Oats||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|3|| ||align=right| ||align=right|2||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|4||align=right|0||
 * Rye||align=right| ||align=right|2||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|2||align=right|3|| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| || ||align=center| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||
 * Hay, English Seed, per ton||align=right|8||align=right|10||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right|10||align=right|0||align=right|0|| ||align=right|9||align=right|0||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right|11||align=right|0||align=right|0||
 * Colonial||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| || ||align=center| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| || ||align=right|6||align=right|0||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right|8||align=right|0||align=right|0||
 * Hides, per lb.||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|1||½||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| || ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|1||¼||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||
 * Horns, per 100||align=right| ||align=right|8||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|10||align=right| || ||align=right| ||align=right|8||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|10||align=right|0||
 * Leather sole, per lb||align=right| ||align=right|0||align=right|8|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|10|| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|8|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|10||
 * Dressed shoe, per lb.||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|10||align=right|0|| ||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|10||align=right|0||
 * Basils, per dozen||align=right| ||align=right|6||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|12||align=right|0|| ||align=right| ||align=right|6||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|12||align=right|0||
 * —Beef, quarter, per lb.||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|1||¼||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|1||½||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|1||¼||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|1||½
 * Joint||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|2|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|3|| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|2|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|2||½
 * Salted||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|2||½||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|3|| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|2||½||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|3||
 * Mutton, carcass||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|1||¾||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|2|| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|2|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||
 * Joint||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|2||½||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|3|| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|2||½||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|3||
 * Pork carcass||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|3|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|4|| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|7||
 * Joint||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|5|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|5||½||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| || ||align=center| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||
 * Salted||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|4|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|5||½||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|7||
 * Bacon||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|5|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| || ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||
 * Ham||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|8|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|10|| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|8|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|1||align=right|0||
 * Veal per quarter||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|3|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| || ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|2|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|3||
 * Joint||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|5|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| || ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|4|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|4||½
 * Milk per quart||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| || ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|6|| ||align=center| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||
 * Sperm, per gallon||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|4||align=right|0|| ||align=right| ||align=right|5||align=right|0|| ||align=center| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||
 * Black,ditto||align=right| ||align=right|1||align=right|9|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|2||align=right|2|| ||align=right| ||align=right|1||align=right|9|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|2||align=right|0||
 * Neats-foot||align=right| ||align=right|4||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|5||align=right|0|| ||align=right| ||align=right|4||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|5||align=right|0||
 * —Geese, each||align=right| ||align=right|2||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|0|| ||align=right| ||align=right|4||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|4||align=right|6||
 * Turkeys||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|4||align=right|0|| ||align=right| ||align=right|4||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|5||align=right|0||
 * Ducks||align=right| ||align=right|2||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|0|| ||align=right| ||align=right|2||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|6||
 * Rice, per lb.||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|3|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|4|| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|3|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|6||
 * }
 * Hides, per lb.||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|1||½||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| || ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|1||¼||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||
 * Horns, per 100||align=right| ||align=right|8||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|10||align=right| || ||align=right| ||align=right|8||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|10||align=right|0||
 * Leather sole, per lb||align=right| ||align=right|0||align=right|8|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|10|| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|8|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|10||
 * Dressed shoe, per lb.||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|10||align=right|0|| ||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|10||align=right|0||
 * Basils, per dozen||align=right| ||align=right|6||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|12||align=right|0|| ||align=right| ||align=right|6||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|12||align=right|0||
 * —Beef, quarter, per lb.||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|1||¼||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|1||½||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|1||¼||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|1||½
 * Joint||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|2|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|3|| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|2|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|2||½
 * Salted||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|2||½||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|3|| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|2||½||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|3||
 * Mutton, carcass||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|1||¾||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|2|| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|2|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||
 * Joint||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|2||½||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|3|| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|2||½||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|3||
 * Pork carcass||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|3|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|4|| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|7||
 * Joint||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|5|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|5||½||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| || ||align=center| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||
 * Salted||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|4|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|5||½||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|7||
 * Bacon||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|5|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| || ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||
 * Ham||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|8|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|10|| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|8|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|1||align=right|0||
 * Veal per quarter||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|3|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| || ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|2|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|3||
 * Joint||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|5|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| || ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|4|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|4||½
 * Milk per quart||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| || ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|6|| ||align=center| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||
 * Sperm, per gallon||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|4||align=right|0|| ||align=right| ||align=right|5||align=right|0|| ||align=center| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||
 * Black,ditto||align=right| ||align=right|1||align=right|9|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|2||align=right|2|| ||align=right| ||align=right|1||align=right|9|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|2||align=right|0||
 * Neats-foot||align=right| ||align=right|4||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|5||align=right|0|| ||align=right| ||align=right|4||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|5||align=right|0||
 * —Geese, each||align=right| ||align=right|2||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|0|| ||align=right| ||align=right|4||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|4||align=right|6||
 * Turkeys||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|4||align=right|0|| ||align=right| ||align=right|4||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|5||align=right|0||
 * Ducks||align=right| ||align=right|2||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|0|| ||align=right| ||align=right|2||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|6||
 * Rice, per lb.||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|3|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|4|| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|3|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|6||
 * }
 * Bacon||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|5|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| || ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||
 * Ham||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|8|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|10|| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|8|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|1||align=right|0||
 * Veal per quarter||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|3|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| || ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|2|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|3||
 * Joint||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|5|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| || ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|4|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|4||½
 * Milk per quart||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| || ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|6|| ||align=center| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||
 * Sperm, per gallon||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|4||align=right|0|| ||align=right| ||align=right|5||align=right|0|| ||align=center| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||
 * Black,ditto||align=right| ||align=right|1||align=right|9|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|2||align=right|2|| ||align=right| ||align=right|1||align=right|9|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|2||align=right|0||
 * Neats-foot||align=right| ||align=right|4||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|5||align=right|0|| ||align=right| ||align=right|4||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|5||align=right|0||
 * —Geese, each||align=right| ||align=right|2||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|0|| ||align=right| ||align=right|4||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|4||align=right|6||
 * Turkeys||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|4||align=right|0|| ||align=right| ||align=right|4||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|5||align=right|0||
 * Ducks||align=right| ||align=right|2||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|0|| ||align=right| ||align=right|2||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|6||
 * Rice, per lb.||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|3|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|4|| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|3|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|6||
 * }
 * Neats-foot||align=right| ||align=right|4||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|5||align=right|0|| ||align=right| ||align=right|4||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|5||align=right|0||
 * —Geese, each||align=right| ||align=right|2||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|0|| ||align=right| ||align=right|4||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|4||align=right|6||
 * Turkeys||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|4||align=right|0|| ||align=right| ||align=right|4||align=right|0|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|5||align=right|0||
 * Ducks||align=right| ||align=right|2||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|0|| ||align=right| ||align=right|2||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|6||
 * Rice, per lb.||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|3|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|4|| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|3|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|6||
 * }
 * Ducks||align=right| ||align=right|2||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|0|| ||align=right| ||align=right|2||align=right|6|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right|3||align=right|6||
 * Rice, per lb.||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|3|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|4|| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|3|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|6||
 * }
 * Rice, per lb.||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|3|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|4|| ||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|3|| ||align=center|..||align=right| ||align=right| ||align=right|6||
 * }


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Page:The new British province of South Australia.djvu/95

76 New South Wales. £. s. d. Salt, Colonial, cwt 4 6 fo Sperm caudles, lb • Spermaceti, Spirits— Rum, gallon 9. Brandy 12 6. Gin 12 6. Colonial 7 6. Soap, lb 4. Starch 9. Straw, oat, load 1 0. Barley 10 0. Sugar, loaf/ lb 8. Moist 3. Tallow, per cwt 1 8 0. Rough fat I 3 4. TEA,hyson 4 6. Young hyson 5 6. Souchong 4. Pekoe, 5. GunpDwder 7 0. Tobacco— Brazil, lb 2. . Colonial, leaf • ■ 6. Fig 1 3. Stalks 4. Negro-head 4 6. Cigar, col., box 7. Uavannah 15. Chinsurah 10. Manilla 2 15. Snuff; col. per lb 6. Vegetables— Potatoes, cwt. 6 . Cabbages, each If. Turnips, bunch 2. Carrots, ditto 3*. Radishes, ditto 1. Onions, lb 2}. Peas , Cucumbers 2. Vinegar, Col. gal. ......... 2 6. Woods, Cedar board, ft. .. , 4 . plank. 1 j. ' Blue Gum plank 19., log 1 .. Firewood, load 4. Trenails, 100 4. Wine, Port, per dozen 1 15. Madeira 1 15. Sherry 1 15 ., Claret 2 10 0. Cape per gal M 8 6. Elder....? Wool, lb 10. Van Diemen's Land. £. s. d. £.8. d. £ to 0> .. 6 ..  6* .. 8  3  ..  5  ..  5  ..  .. •  17 4 I .. 1 8 .. 1  4  0..  6  0..  6  6..  0..  0'  0..  8  ..  9  .,  9  2..  6 ..-  ..  ..  15 .. 3
 * . d.

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Page:Australia, from Port Macquarie to Moreton Bay.djvu/204

, that those numerous classes, now receiving scarcely any return from their small properties in the mother country, might be induced to better their condition by emigrating to that thoroughly British colony. In this respect, they present a great contrast to the supineness and want of union among the colonists of New South Wales. Should the South Australian settlers find that they can continue to grow wheat at a rate low enough to allow of its being profitably exported, I have no doubt that they will become a thriving community; especially if they adopt means of irrigating their lands during seasons of drought, which, I am afraid, will visit South Australia periodically, in common with the other level parts of New Holland.

I will now make a few observations on vineyards. All persons of intelligence in New South Wales, who have acquired some knowledge of the resources of that colony, entertain the same opinion of its peculiar adaptation to become a great wine country; whilst no other branch of rural industry can be at all compared for the profits eventually attending it. It is only within the last ten years that vineyards of any extent have been planted in New South Wales; and those only by a few of the more wealthy colonists, as English emigrants have hitherto invested their capital, almost exclusively, in flocks and herds; being deterred from planting vineyards by their ignorance of the culture of the vine, the great care and attention required in the fabrication of


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Page:Australia, from Port Macquarie to Moreton Bay.djvu/262

 corroberrees. The Yarra-Hapinni tribe, which I saw execute this dance near the Clybucca creek, were so elaborately painted with white for the occasion, that even their very toes and fingers were carefully and regularly coloured with concentric rings, whilst their hair was drawn up in a close knot, and stuck all over with the snowy down of the white cockatoo, which gave them the appearance of being decorated with white wings. In this dance, the performers arranged themselves in the form of a semicircle, and grasping the ends of their boomerangs, which are also painted with great minuteness and regularity, they swayed their bodies rapidly from right to left, displaying a degree of flexibility in their limbs, which might have created the envy of many a pantomimic artist. Each movement of their bodies to and fro was accompanied by a loud hiss, whilst a number of other natives similarly painted, beat time with sticks, and kept up an incessant and obstreperous song. Every now and then the dancers' would stop and rush, crowding together, into a circle, raising their weapons with outstretched arms, and joining with frantic energy in the song. They would then be more composed, and walk backwards and forwards in couples, holding each other by the hand, until again roused by an elderly native to resume the dance. It was not until midnight that the noise ceased, which, every evening, whilst the ceremonies lasted, might be heard at a distance of two or three miles. The tribes of natives near


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Page:The Life of Michael Angelo.djvu/146

 Later, in 1533, Michael Angelo became enamoured of Febo di Poggio, and in 1544 it was the turn of Cecchino dei Bracci. His friendship for Cavalieri was not, therefore, exclusive and unique. But it was durable, and it reached a height which, to a certain extent, was justified not only by the friend’s beauty but by his moral nobility.


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Page:Australia, from Port Macquarie to Moreton Bay.djvu/264

 the kangaroo; and then bounded round the boys in imitation of the movement of that animal, whilst others pretended to spear them.

All this time an incessant shouting, singing, and dancing, had been kept up. After this the boys were placed in a cluster together, with their heads lowered and their hands crossed over their breasts, whilst the most ridiculous antics were performed by the rest of the natives, who, mounted on each other's backs, threw themselves on the ground, whilst the boys were made to walk over their prostrate bodies, and executed a multitude of evolutions with their spears and shields. The final operation was then performed; the gums being lanced with the bones before mentioned, a stick was applied to the tooth, and a large stone employed to strike it out. As each boy lost his front tooth, the gum was closed up, but the blood was not allowed to be washed or wiped off; he was then furnished with the belt of manhood, boomerangs, &c. and joined in the corroberree dances which concluded the ceremony.

The fights of the natives are generally conducted on the principles of retributive justice. Their mode of warfare is fair, open, and manly; for tribes on hostile terms scorn to take the least undue advantage of each other, and the instant a fight is concluded, both parties seem perfectly reconciled, and jointly assist in tending the wounded men. In this respect the quarrels of the Aborigines of New South Wales, present a striking contrast to the cruel and


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Page:Australia, from Port Macquarie to Moreton Bay.djvu/265

 treacherous warfare of the North American Indians, and the ferocious and implacable contests which used to take place among the ci-devant man-eating New Zealanders.

Acts of treachery sometimes occur between individual natives, but these acts, though they involve the tribe, to which the offending party belongs, in war with the other tribe, are always punished, as the offender has always to bear the brunt of the engagement, and stand for some time alone, unassisted by his companions, as a butt for the spears of the immediate relations of the man whom he has killed or wounded.

It seems to be a regular principle with the Australian Aborigines, that blood must be shed for blood; and as an example will better illustrate the warfare of the natives, than a general description, I will give a short account of a quarrel among some MacLeay river tribes, during my stay there.

Three young men, belonging to the Yarra-Bandini tribe, which was also the name of our cattle-station, (as that locality was the head-quarters of this tribe,) had descended the river in a canoe to Verge's station, which is within the limits of the boundaries of the Calliteeni or Kempsey tribe. The object they had in view, was to kill a Tryal bay native, whom the sawyers had nicknamed Cranky Tom, from his comical hilarity:—for it would appear that Cranky Tom had some time before killed one of the relations of these men in a


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User talk:Vivekjha25

— billinghurst  sDrewth  14:30, 9 June 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vivekjha25


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Page:Australia, from Port Macquarie to Moreton Bay.djvu/205

 superior wines, and the length of time before they would begin to obtain a return for their outlay.

Although wine is made in the fourth year from the plantation of the vine cuttings, yet it is not until vines attain a more mature age,—fifteen years old, for instance, that they begin to furnish the best wine they are capable of affording.

Now, although it might naturally have been expected, from the immature state of the young vineyards hitherto planted in New South Wales, and our comparative inexperience as to what kind of grapes are best suited in that country for making first rate wines, that the Australian wine, hitherto made, would have proved of an inferior description, yet the contrary result has taken place; for the generality of the wine of New South Wales, notwithstanding its newness, is of most excellent quality. I have drank some very good wine, the produce of the vineyards of the Messrs, Macarthur, &c.; and better judges of the comparative merits of wine than myself, have pronounced it worthy of bearing comparison with the finer products of the French and Rhenish vineyards. A foreign friend of mine, who returned with me lately from Sydney, and who has been all his life connected with the wine-growing districts of the Rhine, praises, in the highest terms, the colonial wine, and he has brought with him to Europe, several samples of it for exposition to the vine-growers of his native country, to prove to them the advantage which would attend their emigration


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Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 16, 1905.djvu/281

 THE DANCING-TOWER PROCESSIONS OF ITALY.

BY ALBINIA WHERRY, AUTHOR OF "STORIES OF THE TUSCAN ARTISTS," ETC.

(Read at Meeting, 15th March, 1905.)

Midsummer Day in the year 1492, Tito Melema, the unworthy lover of Romola, was seated with his friends Nello, Cennini, and the painter Piero di Cosimo, in an upper chamber of the barber's house on the Piazza di San Giovanni at Florence. Amid the ringing of bells and the shouting of the populace, a many- coloured train was slowly defiling beneath them, passing from the shadow of the frowning palaces that hem in the narrow street, to the sunny open places where Giotto's Tower rises rose-flushed against the blue sky. Horses, giants, banners, huge figures of saints, had already passed in review, straggling along in the irregular order which characterises Italian ecclesiastical processions. But the part of the spectacle which more especially arrested the attention of the stranger were certain tall slender towers called Ceri.

"These gigantic Ceri, some of them so large as to be of necessity carried on wheels, were not solid, but hollow, and had their surface made not solely of wax but of wood and paste-board, gilded, carved and painted as real sacred tapers often are, with successive circles of figures, warriors, dancing maidens, animals, trees and fruit, and in fine, says the old chronicler, all that could delight the eye and the heart, the hollowness having the further


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Alexander Henry Haliday, also known as Enrico Alessandro Haliday and Alexis Heinrich Haliday (1807–1870) Letters and manuscripts/Fragmentia

IBD
 * Ags.—Agassiz.
 * Ahr. f. e. and fu.—Ahrens, Fauna lnsectorum Europae
 * Be.—Bouche.
 * Brm. aud Bms.—Burmeister.
 * Brulle exp. m. — Brulle, Expedition Scientifique de la Moree.
 * Carlier, ann. soc. ent. fr.— Carlier, Annales de la Societe Entomologique de la France.
 * Ct. b. e.—Curtis, British Entomology
 * Den. and De.—Duncan.
 * Dg. aud Deg. ius. and i.—De Geer, Insectes,&c.
 * Dmr. and Dml.—Dumeril, Dict. Nouv.de l'Histoire Naturelle.
 * Duv. and Dnvn.—Donovan, British Insects.
 * Duf. and Df.—Leon Dufour.
 * Fb. 8. e. ; sp. i., sp., and s. i. ; mnt. ;e. s. ; s. a.—Fabricius, Systema Entomologiae, Species Insectorum,Mantissa Insectorum, Entomologia Systematica, Systema Antliatorum.
 * Fln. d. s. ; spl., sppl., suppl. ; anthri-.asil. ; dol.; emp. ; str. ; syrph- —Fallen, Diptera Sueciae; Supplement; Anthracides ; Asilici ; Dolichopodes; Empidae ; Stratiomydae; Syrphici.
 * Fischer progr.—Fischer von Waldheini Programme.
 * Ftr. aud Frst., s. sp., and ct.—Forster,Cent. ; Novae Species Insectorum.
 * Gf. and Gfr. ; ins. cd. Fery.—Geoffoy,Histoire des Insects ; Insecta edente Fourcroy, or Entomologia Parisiensis.

The 9th and 10th vols, of the Linnean Transactions, the 2nd and 3rd vols, of Germar's Magazin, and the 3rd and 4th parts of Gyllenhal, contain valuable information relating to the genus Apion, which comprises the following British species, arranged by Germar nearly in the succeeding order. I. Rostrum porrected. A. Rostrum subulated. 1. Pomonae F.— caerulescens K..— glaber Marsh. 2. subulatum Kirby. 3. Craccae L. K.—ruficorne K. 4. Platalea Germ. 5. Spencii K. B. Rostrum cylindric or filiform. a. Antennas inserted towards the base. 1. Legs dark. 6. vicinum K. —Loti Gyll.—incrassatum Ger. 7. pusillum Ger.—atomarium K. 8. pubescens Kirby supp. 9. confluens Kirby. 10. Hookeri Kirby. 11. laevigatum Kirby. aeneum P.—chalceus M.—cyaneus Pz. Curtisii Kirby Mss.—aciculare? Ger. Onopordi Kirby. Carduorum K.—Sorbi M.—gibbirostre Gyll radiolus K.—oxurum K.—aterrimus M. 2. Legs pale. 17. Malva; Fab. K. 18. vernaleP.—Lythri Pz.—concinnus M. 19. rufirostre F. K.—Malvarum K. 20. pallipes K.—geniculatum Ger. 21. flavifemoratum K.—Trifolii M.— apricans Herb, b. Antennae inserted at the middle. 1. Legs pale. Viciae Pk. K.—Trifolii J/.—difficile H. obscurum M. K. difforme Ger. Curt. varipes Gerin. laevicolle K. supp. 27. flavipes F. K. Pz. 28. aestivum Ger. 29. assimile K. 30. nigritarse K. 31. frumentarium L. Pz. -sanguineus DeG. Gyll. 32. haematodes K. 2. Legs dark. a. Body oblong. 33. Seniculus K. — plebeium Ger.— tenuius? Ger. 34. civicum Ger. 35. Loti K. 36. tenue K. 37. brevirostre K-.—humile Ger.—curtirostre Ger. 38. minimum Herb.—velox K. supp. 39. ebeninum K. 40. scutellare K. supp. 41. Kirbii Germ. 42. Meliloti K. 43. cyaneum Herb.—violaceum K. 44. Hydrolapathi M. K. 45. marchicum K.. 46. Rumicis K. same as last, 47. affine K. 48. virens Herb. K.—aeneo-cephalum Gyll._ 49. Astragali Pk. K. 50. simile K., supp. 51. glabratum Ger. 52. vorax K.—villosulus & fuscicornis M. Body subglobose. 53. filirostre K. 54. Pisi F.—striatum M. K. 55. immune K 56. atratulum Germ. 57. unicolor K.— aethiops Gyll. 58. Gyllenhalii K. same as last, 59. subsulcatum M. K. 60. Ononis K. 61. Ervi K. 62. Lathyri K. var. of last, 63. pavidum Germ. 64. Spartii K. 65. foveolatum K..—cyaneum Gyll. 66. punctifrons K. 67. punctigerum Ger.—punctiger Pk. —sulcifrons K. 68. Limonii K. 69. Sorbi F. Pz.—laevigatus Pk.—viridescens M. II. Rostrum nutant. 70.Genistas K. 71. fuscirostre F.—melanopum K. 72. ulicis M. K.

Entomological Magazine 2 1834 Note.—As the variations of the palpi in this genus [Aphidius. Essenbeck] are not always indicated by any evident distinction in other external characters, I have sought, where an opportunity offered, to obtain a view of them in recent specimens ; but in many cases have been obliged to content myself with relaxing the parts. As, however, such minute characters may be easily mistaken on a superficial view, I wish to enumerate the species whose trophi were submitted to actual dissection :—Nos. 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 17, 21, 22, 24, 27, 29, 30, 32, 34, m, 37, 39, 40, 43, and 44. A. H. Haliday. 3, New Cumberland-street, Dublin. Nov. 22, 1833.

Entomological Magazine 2 1834 COLLOQUIA ENTOMOLOGICA.

Amb. The medical properties of Clericus and double D, I should imagine, to be sudorific. Erro. And Osteology occasions cough, by sticking in the trachea:—but John Curtis has put an extinguisher on that. Ent. The Osteology 's [Entomological Magazine 2, 1834 Art. VI. Osteology, or External Anatomy of Insects. By Edward Newman] nothing to me ; one of -'s writers say it isn't mine. Erro. What envious mortal has done that? Amb. Who does he say wrote it, then ? Ent. Haliday. Ven. Haliday ! he 'll very soon set that at rest ; Haliday 's one of the most honourable men I know. Ent. I think he'll look queerish, when he sees all my rigmarole fathered upon him. Amb. What shall you do? Ent. Do! nothing! laugh and grow fat. Erro. I say. Ambulator, — (leaning across the table)— Parca non mendax dedit et malignum Spernere vulgus. Ent. How does that run in the vernacular ? Amb. Something in this way : — Th' indulgent fates to you have given A glorious boon, a boon of heaven, A joyous soul, that laughs to scorn The envy of the lowly born. Ven. Capital !—good !—very good

Hope Department Oxford Haliday A. H. Two specimens of Nebria borealis from Lough Neagh and three of Pseudopsis sulcata from Holywood to Hope (September 1846). Part of his collection of Chalcidoidea Mymaridae through exchange with J. 0. Westwood (1886) (see Graham, M. W. R. de V., 1982, Proc. R. 1rish.Acad. (B) 82 B(12), 191 -2,237-9).The Collections contain a few syntypes of other Chalcidoidea collected by Haliday and described by F. Walker, and a few described by Haliday himself; also Irish Coleopterous larvae sent to Westwood in 1856.

Dale J,. C. and C. W. Collection mainly of British insects of unique historic interest begun by J. C. Dale. Bequeathed with additions by his son C. W. Dale (a great friend of J. 0. Westwood) in 1906 on condition that it should be kept permanently separate under the name of the 'Dale Collection'. Originally comprised seven cabinets of British Lepidoptera, three cabinets of foreign Lepidoptera, five cabinets of British Coleoptera, 14 cabinets of British Hymenoptera and Diptera, four cabinets of Odonata, seven or eight cabinets of shells, eggs, etc. The Odonata and Orthoptera have been transferred to modern cabinets in the general collection for safety. The collection contains some Types of Lepidoptera, described by J. Curtis, collected during Sir John Ross's second voyage in search of a north-west passage,1829-33, a few Selys Odonata Types, some syntypes of Walker Chalcidoidea, a number of Haliday specimens, insects collected in France by Curtis in 1830, and some taken by P. Walker in Sweden and Norway in 1836. There are also four drawers of Wollaston beetles from Madeira, Cape Verde, Canary Islands, and St Helena and five drawers of shells from the Atlantic Islands.Two bronze celts which had formed part of the Dale Collection were transferred to the Ashmolean Museum in 1961.

Insecta Britannica Diptera

[Francis Walker's Insecta Britannica Diptera is a masterwork of entomology because of Haliday's contribution- the Synonyma and the Synopsis of families.This is not to undervalue Walker who compiled and organised it and, no doubt wrote unaided many parts especially the descrptions of species, and without error transcribed Haliday's messily altered manuscripts with uncertainly attached marginal notes.The work, which is in three volumes, begins with a characteristic Haliday logic, a description of the order in Latin].

Os suctorium, probiscide, setis inclusis, palpisque. Alae binae; halteres bine pone alas. Tarsi pentameri.

[This is followed by a Synonyma *for the Order

Typically, and most unusually for the date, the synonyms, which differ in kind, are explained. Such completeness is seldom evident even today and demonstrates as much as any other part of Haliday's work his grasp of fundamental principle. There were few such. In Diptera, Zetterstedt perhaps comes closest in this most important arena as Haliday recognized.

"Zetterstedt is not one of the writers who are content to make a parade of erudition, by transcribing synonyms one after the other, without the pains of critical discrimination. The authorities he cites have evidently been collated with scrupulous care, while he has not thought it necessary, in general, to go back to the older authorities, with the exception of Linnaeus, Fabricius and Degeer. But he has not had access to all the recent sources, especially those of the English literature, so that some portions of his matter will turn out to have been anticipated. The admirable BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY of Curtis, is not once referred to, and thus, among other things, the geunus Dolichopeza is attributed, without remark, to Meigen who had ommitted to cite from Curtis the original author. Hence also the representatives of other modern genera, in the Swedish fauna lie disguied under alias names- Diadocidia ferruginosa as Sciara testacea- Catocha under Lestremia- Corynoneura among the Chironomi of Zetterstedt. Having inserted, for completeness sake, the descriptions from other pens of some species, the originals of which he had not an oppurtunity of collating, he has, consequently, been led, in one or two instances, to give the same insect twice over; thus the genus Cordyla appears among the Rhyphii, and again, as Pachypalpus (Macquart), among the Mycetophilinae, and Ditomyia annulata is twice described as Ceroplatus flavus and as Mycetobia annulata. He has not constantly regarded the strict law of priority to which we have been accustomed to defer, in the application of generic and trivial names. Fallen and Fabricius seem to weigh with him sometimes more than age or usage, and rules are made to yield to predilection."

Zetterstedt was seventy and had most likely decided to abandon perfection so as to enable him to proceed with "a like history of the Hemiptera which we are authorized to expect from his hand". Here we have to choose between quantity (Zetterstedt) and quality (Haliday). The same is true of other prolific authors. Haliday's obsessive perfectionism delayed many of his works and no doubt eliminated others planned but on the other hand his expert and very complete synonymies progressed the science of taxonomic entomology. Names accepted or rejected by Haliday could be taken as definitive. The price he paid was less recognition as a major author in later years, though it gave him preeminence in his day. The same is true of later nomenclatorists today, though not amongst their contemporaries.

A technical matter The Synonyma is very technical but it is partially given here to illustrate the clarity and logical nature of Haliday's procedure as well as the huge knowledge to which it was applied. None of the books listed which are in several languages are easy reading.]

DIPTERA

Os suctorium, probiscide, setis inclusis, palpisque. Alae binae; halteres bine pone alas. Tarsi pentameri. Synonyma

The synonyms are arranged in the following gradations:-

1, homonymous [Line]1 1. Equivalent 2, synonymous[Line] 2 1, in two members[Line] 3-6 2. Collective 2, in three members Line]7-10

3. Supplementary An entire group and part of another co-ordinate [Line]11-17

4. Indefinite Portions only of groups [Line]18,19

5. Ancient, before the distinct gradations of groups were observed [Line]20-22

Insect Britannica -"This, that and the other thing"- Synonyms for the Order Diptera

Line 1. Oken, 1821.--Burmeister; Strauss Durkheim; Erichson; Siebold. Haliday is explaining here that his use of the name Diptera is precisely equivalent to that of the authors listed.

Line 2. Antliata: Schioedte, 1841. Here Haliday is stating that his use of the name Diptera is for an identical systematic group which Shiodte named Antliata

Line 3. Diptera et Suctoria: Degeer, 1778; Latreille, 1797; Savigny; Dugès. Here Haliday is saying that his systematic group named Diptera includes the Suctoria, or fleas, a group separated from the Diptera under the name Suctoria by Degeer, Latreille, Savigny and Dugès.

Line 4. Diptera et Aptera : M'Leay, 1821. McLeay, unlike Haliday, considered the fleas a separate order for which he used Linnaeus name Aptera

Line 5. Diptera et Siphonaptera: Latreille, 1825 Modern authors, unlike Haliday, consider the fleas a separate order from the Diptera, using Latreille's name Siphonaptera for them.

Line 6. Diptera et Aphaniptera : Kirby, 1826; Westwood Westwood called the fleas Aphaniptera as do some modern authors.

From 7-10 Three order level groups not two, are included in Haliday's single order Diptera.

Line 7. Diptera, Omaloptera et Aptera : Leach, 1819. A third group is introduced- the Omaloptera.These perplexing insects, in which the young are born in a stage like the pupa, are really Diptera as Haliday thought. According to Leach Omaloptera, Aptera and Diptera are separate orders.

Line 8. Diptera, Pupipara et Suctoria: Latr., 1821 Latreille called the insects Leach had called Omaloptera, Pupipara. He called the fleas Suctoria. Latreille thought all three were separate orders.

Line 9. Diptera, Homaloptera et Aphaniptera : Stephens, 1821 Curtis. Here called Homaloptera, Diptera and Aphaniptera are treated as three separate orders.

Line 10. Diptera, Omaloptera et Pulicarii : Rondani, 1841 In this work Rondani reverted to the spelling Omaloptera and called the fleas Pulicarii.

In the next group of synynoyms (11-17) Haliday merges "an entire group and part of another co-ordinate". From here on the situation becomes complicated and more detail than Haliday gives is necessary for complete understanding.

Line 11. Diptera et Aptera p.: Linnaeus, 1753; Geoffroy; Müller; Olivier: p means part, ie. only part of the Aptera are included.

Line 12. [continuation of 11] Cuvier; Dumeril; (Meigen; Fallen; Zetterstedt)The entire group here is Diptera only the Aphaniptera, or fleas are included here by Haliday although this is not stated.

Line 13. Halterata et Pedestria p.: Scopoli, 17 The Halterata are a whole group within the Diptera. Only part of the Pedestria which are, partially, also Diptera.

Line 14. Muscoides et Oniscoides p. : Laicharting, 1781: These names are seldom found, the work is obscure.

Line 15. Halteriptera et Rophoteira p. : Claireville, 1798: Again the names are obscure and the purpose of their inclusion is to eliminate them.

Line 16. Diptera et Antennidia p. : Rafinesque, 1815 Rafinesque considered the Antennidia a separate and equivalent group to the Diptera. Here Haliday is merging the two.

Line 17. Aptera et Diptera p.: Lamarck. Lamarck's Diptera included insect groups other than Diptera.

Line 18. Angioptera p. : Linnaeus, 1735: Haliday was uncertain as to exactly what Linnaeus, writing in 1735 had meant by Angioptera, hence the term "Indefinite". Linnaeus initially divided the insects into four orders: Coleoptera, Angioptera, Hemiptera, and Aptera. Diptera were only part of the order Angioptera.

Line 19. Antliata p. et Ryngota p. Fabricius, 1775; Illiger etc.: Haliday is rendering these groups redundant.

Ancient synonyms

And for completeness Haliday includes "Ancient, before the distinct gradations of groups were observed" These names go back to antiquity. Aristotle lived from 384-322 BC, Pliny from 23-79 AD. Martin Lister was a much later figure (1775-1858).

Line 20. Diptera et Aptera p.: Aristoteles.

Line 21. Bipennia et Impennia p.: Plinius

Line 22. Anelytra Bipennia, &c.: Lister

The divisions of Diptera

[Synonyma is followed by a description of the order Diptera in note form, then in a short explanatory essay. Both the description and the essay are in English. Then, using antennal placement (lying flat in cavities on side of head as opposed to seated in front of the head) the Diptera are divided into the SUCTORIDEA and, together, the PROBOSCIDEA and EPROBOSCIDEA. This divides the fleas, now separated as an Order, Siphonaptera from the Diptera as now construed.

The Proboscidea and Eproboscidea are divided by leg placement (on the thorax): close side by side in the Proboscidea, distant in the Eproboscidea.

A synonyma for the Suctoridea (fleas) follows, then brief notes, in Latin, on the features of the order.

Next a synonyma for the Proboscidea is followed by brief notes, in Latin, then more fully in English.

The Proboscidea are then divided into 1. Nemocera and 2. and 3. together, the Brachycera- Antennae - with distinct joints, at least 6, (usually more than10) and Hypocera- Antennae- with 3 to ten joints; after the third closely united, or abruptly slighter.

The Brachycera and Hypocera are then divided using differences in wing venation.

Brachycera "Posterior veins of the wing branched or interlaced, more or less".

Hypocera "Posterior veins of the wing simple, detached and very faint".

Next:-

Nemocera ( attributed to Latr. [Latreille] ; Macq. [Macquart] ; &c ) are briefly described in Latin, with additions to previous diagnoses.

Brachycera ( attributed to Macq. are briefly described in Latin, then, more in essay form, in English

Hypocera (attributed to Macq. [Macquart] = Trineurae Latr. [Latreille] are briefly described in Latin

Eproboscidea (unattributed - but Latreille, 1089) a synonyma then the taxon is briefly described in Latin, with additions to previous diagnoses.

The name Brachycera, dipterists should note is used in a far less restricted way than it is today. For those interested in such matters a fascinating website "Nomina Circumscribentia Insectorum - Catalogue of Circumscriptional names of arthropod taxa compiled by Nikita Julievitch Kluge is an invaluable aid- ]

Mr. Haliday, in some observations upon the distribution of the Pupivora (Ent. Mag. vol. i. 343, note i), thinks it would be rash to divide this family into families, [as Mr. Shuckard,* and Mr.Haliday himself, but less extensively, have since proposed,] the chain being so much interrupted from the small number of genera comprised in it ; adding - the family besides, is, in its presentform, far too convenient a receptacle for all stray articles to be lightly resigned. I am obliged to enrich it further, at the expense of the Ichneumones, with two genera [Mr. J. O. Westwood on Evania] —Stephanus and Plancus

The Bibliography of the order Thripsina may be said to be exclusively in the hands of Mr. Haliday : I am aware that species have been described by Linnaeus, Fabricius, Kirby, Muller, Burmeister, Amyot, Heeger and others, but the collection and arrangement of the scattered and somewhat crude descriptions of other writers has been undertaken and achieved by that accomplished Entomologist, who has interwoven his materials with a mass of original observations that confers the chief value on the digested summary. Mr. Haliday's papers on Thrips were published in the Third Volume of the Entomological Magazine, pp. 439—551, in the year 1836, and in the fourth part of the Catalogue of Homopterous Insects in the British Museum, pp. 1094—1118, in the year 1852. In both instances the group is called an " order," and named, in the first instance, Thysanoptera, in the second,Physapoda, the termination of the first name appearing to indicate that the learned author considered the Thripsina an equivalent group to Hemiptera and Orthoptera, with which he especially contrasts it ; and the second implying a sectional or secondary>>> division, such an one in fact as they occupy as a portion of the Homoptera in the Museum Catalogue, lie this as it may, 1 learn from Mr. Haliday himself that he is about to undertake a complete revision of his previous labours, which revision he will doubtless accompany with a careful consideration of the position and rank held by the Thripsina in the insect world. Until the publication of his views I shall continue to regard them as forming an intrinsic and essential portion of the restricted class Neuroptera, with which the metamorphosis and alary characters are in


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 to the British colony of New South Wales. He informed me that there would be little trouble in engaging any number of the vinedressers of the Rhine to emigrate to New South Wales; I mention this in passing, as I am sure that few speculations would be attended with such safe and certain profit as the plantation of extensive vineyards in that colony, to be cultivated by French or German vinedressers. Persons of large capital, or a joint stock company, might undertake this with great advantage.

The generality of the Australian wine hitherto made, approximates to the wines of Burgundy, and the other more full-bodied wines of the south of France ; though the product of the vineyards on the light sandy soils near Sydney, are more similar to the wines of Greve, Medoc, St. Emilien, and other lighter vines produced in the departement de la Gironde.

The following copy of an advertisement, in the Sydney Morning Herald, will shew the varieties of grapes successfully cultivated in New South Wales, and the price of vine cuttings : —


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 244 advantage that men could stand inside these hyperbolical tapers, and whirl them continually so as to produce a phantasmagoric effect, which, considering that the towers were numerous, must have been calculated to produce giddiness on a magnificent scale."

The procession of San Giovanni is now shorn of its former splendour, and but few of the English-speaking travellers who throng the City of the Lily are aware that though towers no longer perform their whirling course through Florence they are still to be met with in other parts of Italy.

The "Rua" of Vicenza.

The largest of these so-called "dancing towers" is the "Rua" of Vicenza, a stupendous edifice twenty-five metres in height, and weighing eighty-five quintali. The property of the Guild of the Notaries, it was once one only among many similar erections, each of which bore the insignia of a trade, was surmounted by the image of a patron saint, and usually contained some sacred relic. In the year 1441 the Guild of the Notaries erected a new and superior Cero, henceforth called the Rua or Ruata. It was a permanent structure, redecorated each year, and some portion of it at least could be made to revolve with great rapidity like the towers of San Giovanni. Formerly the Ceri of the various Guilds paraded the streets at the Festa of the Corpus Domini, but, in the eighteenth century the Rua was secularized, the form of its decoration was altered, and it was no longer permitted to take part in the ecclesiastical procession.