text:
Constitution of Sri Lanka/Sixteenth Amendment

Section 1 Short title
1. This Act may be cited as the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution.

Section 2 Amendment to Article 20 of the Constitution
2. Article 20 of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (hereinafter referred to as the Constitution) is hereby amended as follows :-
 * (1) by the substitution, for the words "or a member of a local authority ", of the words " or a member of Provincial Council or a local authority" ; and
 * (2) by the substitution, for the words "or in such local authority", of the words "or in such Provincial Council or local authority",

Section 3 Replacement of Article 22 and 23 of the Constitution
3. Articles 22 and 23 of the Constitution are hereby re-pealed and the following Articles substituted therefor; -
 * 22 (Languages of Administration)
 * (1) Sinhala and Tamil shall be the language:; of administration through out Sri Lanka and Sinhala shall be the language of administration and be used for the maintenance of public records and the transaction or all business by public institutions of all the provinces of Sri Lanka other than the Northern and Eastern Provinces where Tamil shall be so used :
 * (2) in any area where Sinhala is used as the language of administration a person other than an official acting in his official capacity, shall be entitled -
 * (a) to receive communications from and to communicate and transact business with, any official in his official capacity, in either Tamil or English;
 * (b) if the law recognizes his right to inspector to obtain copies of or extracts from any official register, record, publication or other document, to obtain a copy of, or an extract from such register, record, publication) or other document, or a translation thereof, as the case may be, in either Tamil or English ;
 * (c) where a document is executed by any official for the purpose of being issued to him, to obtain such document or a translation thereof, in either Tamil or English.
 * (3) In any area where Tamil is used as the language of administration, a person other than an official acting in his official capacity, shall be entitled to exercise the rights and to obtain the services, referred to in sub-paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of paragraph (2) of this Article, in Sinhala or English.
 * (4) A Provincial Council or a local authority which conducts its business in Sinhala shall be entitled to receive communications from and to communicate and transact business with, any official in his official capacity, in Sinhala, and a Provincial Council or a local authority which conducts its business in Tamil shall be entitled to receive communications from and to communicate and transact business with, any official in his official capacity, in Tamil :
 * (5) A person shall be entitled to be examined through the medium of either Sinhala or Tamil or a language of his choice at any examination for the admission of persons to the Public Service, Judicial Service, Provincial Public Service, Local Government Ser-vice or any public institution, subject to the condition that he may be required to acquire a sufficient knowledge of Tamil or Sinhala, as the case may be, within a reasonable time after admission to such service or public institution where such knowledge is reasonably necessary for the discharge of his duties:
 * (6) In this Article-

 * 23 (Language of Legislation)
 * (1) All laws and subordinate legislation shall be enacted or Made'! and published in Sinhala and Tamil, together with a translation thereof in English :
 * (2) All Orders, Proclamations. rules, by-laws, -regulations and notifications made or issued under any written law other than ' by a Provincial Council or a local authority, and the Gazette shall be published in Sinhala and Tamil together "with a translation thereof in English.
 * (3) All Orders, Proclamations rules. by-laws, regulations and notifications made or issued under any written law by any Provincial Council or local authority, and all documents including circulars and forms issued or used by such body or any public institution shall be published in the language used in the administration in the respective areas in which they function, together with a translation thereof in English.
 * (4) All laws and subordinate legislation in force immediately prior to the commencement of the Constitution, shall be published in the Gazette in the Sinhala and Tamil languages as expeditiously as possible.

Section 4 Amendment of Article 34 of the Constitution
4. Article 24 of the Constitution is hereby amended as follows:-
 * (1) by the repeal of paragraph 0) of that Article and the substitution of the following paragraph there-for :-
 * "(1) Sinhala and Tamil shall be the languages of the courts throughout Sri Lanka and Sinhala shall be used as the language of the court situated in all the areas of Sri Lanka except those in any area where Tamil is the language of administration. The record and proceedings shall be in the language of the, court. In the event of an appeal from any court records shall also be prepared in the language of the court hearing the appeal, if the language of such court is other than the language used by the court from which the appeal is preferred :
 * (2) in paragraph (2) of that Article by the substitution for the words " in either of the National Languages ", of the words " in either Sinhala or Tamil" :
 * (3) in paragraph (3) of that Article - (a) by, the substitution, for the words "the appropriate National, Language ", of the words "Sinhala or Tamil", and (1) by the substitution, for the words " either of the National Languages", of the words " such language " ;
 * (4) in paragraph (1) of that Article by the substitution for the word " the use of a language other than a National Language", of the words "the use of English",

Section 4 Insertion of Article 25A in the Constitution
5. The following Article is hereby inserted immediately after Article 25, and shall have effect as Article 25a of the Constitution -
 * 25A (Provision of any law inconsistent with this Chapter deemed to be repealed)
 * In the event of any inconsistency between the provisions of any law and the provisions of this Chapter, the provisions of this Chapter shall prevail. ".


text:
Page:Pictures From Italy.djvu/65

 his office in a good-sized Palazzo in the Strada Nuova. In the hall (every inch of which is elaborately painted, but which is as dirty as a police-station in London), a hook-nosed Saracen's Head with an immense quantity of black hair (there is a man attached to it) sells walking-sticks. On the other side of the doorway, a lady with a showy handkerchief for head-dress (wife to the Saracen's Head, I believe) sells articles of her own knitting; and sometimes flowers. A little further m, two or three blind men occasionally beg. Sometimes, they are visited by a man without legs, on a little go-cart, but who has such a fresh-coloured, lively face, and such a respectable, well-conditioned body, that he looks as if he had sunk into the ground up to his middle, or had come, but partially, up a flight of cellar-steps to speak to somebody. A little further in, a few men, perhaps, lie asleep in the middle of the day; or they may be chairmen waiting for their absent freight. If so, they have brought their chairs in with them, and there they stand also. On the left of the hall is a little room: a hatter's shop. On the first floor, is the English bank. On the first floor also, is a whole house, and a good large residence too. Heaven knows what there may be above that; but when you are there, you have only just begun to go up-stairs. And yet, coming down stairs again, thinking of this; and passing out at a great crazy door in the back of the hall, instead of turning the other way, to get into the street again; it bangs behind you, making the dismallest and most lonesome echoes, and you stand in a yard (the yard of the same house) which

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Page:Pictures From Italy.djvu/65


text:
Page:Pictures From Italy.djvu/66

 seems to have been unvisited by human foot, for a hundred years. Not a sound disturbs its repose. Not a head, thrust out of any of the grim, dark, jealous windows within sight, makes the weeds in the cracked pavement faint of heart, by suggesting the possibility of there being hands to grub them up. Opposite to you, is a giant figure carved in stone, reclining, with an urn, upon a lofty piece of artificial rockwork; and out of the urn, dangles the fag end of a leaden pipe, which, once upon a time, poured a small torrent down the rocks. But the eye-sockets of the giant are not drier than this channel is now. He seems to have given his urn, which is nearly upside down, a final tilt; and after crying, like a sepulchral child, "All gone!" to have lapsed into a stony silence.

In the streets of shops, the houses are much smaller, but of great size notwithstanding, and extremely high. They are very dirty: quite undrained, if my nose be at all reliable: and emit a peculiar fragrance, like the smell of very bad cheese, kept in very hot blankets. Notwithstanding the height of the houses, there would seem to have been a lack of room in the City, for new houses are thrust in everywhere. Wherever it has been possible to cram a tumble-down tenement into a crack or corner, in it has gone. If there be a nook or angle in the wall of a church, or a crevice in any other dead wall, of any sort, there you are sure to find some kind of habitation: looking as if it had grown there, like a fungus. Against the Government house, against the old Senate house, round about any large building, little

title: Page:Pictures From Italy.djvu/66


text:
Page:Theodore Roosevelt Rough Riders.djvu/218

210 detail of my men down to watch them and see that they did their work under the orders of the chief engineer; and we reduced them to obedience in short order. I could easily have drawn from the regiment sufficient skilled men to fill every position in the entire ship's crew, from captain to stoker.

We were very much crowded on board the ship, but rather better off than on the Yucatan, so far as the men were concerned, which was the important point. All the officers except General Wheeler slept in a kind of improvised shed, not unlike a chicken coop with bunks, on the aftermost part of the upper deck. The water was bad—some of it very bad. There was no ice. The canned beef proved practically uneatable, as we knew would be the case. There were not enough vegetables. We did not have enough disinfectants, and there was no provision whatever for a hospital or for isolating the sick; we simply put them on one portion of one deck. If, as so many of the high authorities had insisted, there had really been a yellow-fever epidemic, and if it had broken out on shipboard, the condition would have been frightful; but there was no yellow-fever epidemic. Three of our men had been kept behind as suspects, all three suffered simply from malarial fever. One of them, Lutz, a particularly good soldier, died; another, who was simply a malingerer and had nothing the matter with him whatever, of


text:
Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 8, 1897.djvu/344

314 Next came the "Lord" and "Lady" gaily dressed and decked with pink and blue ribbons. (On alternate days the "Lady" wore pink and white, and blue and white.) The "Lord" carried slung over his shoulder a tin money-box called the "treasury." Both he and his consort held in their hands badges of office, known as "maces" (pl. v., Nos. 1, 2). These "maces" are short staves, on the top of which is fastened a square horizontal board. To each corner of this square is attached the end of a semi-circular hoop which intersects in the middle. The whole "mace" is covered with pink and blue silk, with rosettes at intervals, and from the four corners hang silk streamers. The colours of the two "maces" are counter-changed. Following the "Lord" and "Lady" came the Fool, known as the "Squire," who wore a dress of motley, and carried a long staff with a bladder and a cow's tail at either end. His duties were to belabour the bystanders and to clear a ring for the dancers. Next came six morris-dancers, who were dressed in beaver hats, finely pleated white shirts, crossed with blue and pink ribbons and rosettes, and white moleskin trousers with bells at the knees. Their music was supplied by a fiddler, and a "whittle and dub man," as the musician was called who played the pipe and tabour. At the end of the procession were two men carrying "forest feathers," which were wooden clubs about three feet long, covered with leaves, flowers, rushes, and blue and pink ribbons. At stated times in the day the morris-dancers would give an exhibition of their skill. Before dancing they and the "Lord" went round the spectators, carrying each a "crown-cake" on the top of his hat. These cakes were about nine inches across, and were made of an outer crust of rich currant and plum dough, with a centre of minced meat and batter. Contributions in money were given by the spectators for looking at them. For half-a-crown a whole cake could be bought, and this was


text:
Page:TheAmericanCarbonManual.djvu/20

10 on being rendered insoluble by the action of light in parts, imprisons the coloring matter, and thus forms the dark parts of the image. A sheet of paper coated with such a substance mixed with a pigment, exposed to light under a negative, and then washed to remove all the soluble matter, will produce a picture, the blacks of which are formed by the insoluble substance and pigment, and the whites by the surface of the paper from which the colored coating has been washed away.

It will be seen, however, that in the production of an image by means of a photographic negative, in coloring matter so imprisoned, there is no provision for the rendering of gradation of tint. A layer of substance capable of being rendered insoluble by the action of light, if extended on a sheet of paper and exposed to light under a stencil plate, would be rendered insoluble wherever the luminous action penetrated the apertures in the plate. If the paper were then treated with a solvent of the substance with which it was coated, the coating would be removed from all portions protected from the action of light by the opaque parts of the plate, and a perfect transcript of the design would be formed on a white ground. If, instead of the stencil plate, a photographic negative be employed, the image in which is formed by varying gradations of opacity, the result is somewhat different. The layer of soluble matter is rendered insoluble wherever the light has penetrated sufficiently through the transparent parts of the negative; but where the more opaque parts of the negative, through which light has penetrated with much less intensity, protect the coated surface, a portion only of the coating is rendered insoluble, that portion being the surface in immediate contact with the negative. When the prepared paper is submitted to the action of a solvent, the thoroughly-exposed portions, being quite insoluble, are not

title: Page:TheAmericanCarbonManual.djvu/20


text:
Page:Pictures From Italy.djvu/67

Rh shops stick close, like parasite vermin to the great carcase. And for all this, look where you may: up steps, down steps, anywhere, everywhere: there are irregular houses, receding, starting forward, tumbling down, leaning against their neighbours, crippling themselves or their friends by some means or other, until one, more irregular than the rest, choaks up the way, and you can't see any further. One of the rottenest-looking parts of the town, I think, is down by the landing-wharf: though it may be, that its being associated with a great deal of rottenness on the evening of our arrival, has stamped it deeper in my mind. Here, again, the houses are very high, and are of an infinite variety of deformed shapes, and have (as most of the houses have) something hanging out of a great many windows, and wafting its frowsy fragrance on the breeze. Sometimes, it is a curtain; sometimes, it is a carpet; sometimes, it is a bed; sometimes, a whole line-full of clothes; but there is almost always something. Before the basements of these houses, is an arcade over the pavement: very massive, dark, and low, like an old crypt. The stone, or plaster, of which it is made, has turned quite black; and against every one of these black piles, all sorts of filth and garbage seem to accumulate spontaneously. Beneath some of the arches, the sellers of maccaroni and polenta establish their stalls, which are by no means inviting. The offal of a fish-market, near at hand—that is to say, of a back lane, where people sit upon the ground and on various old bulk-heads and sheds, and sell fish when they have any

title: Page:Pictures From Italy.djvu/67


text:
Page:Theodore Roosevelt Rough Riders.djvu/219

Rh course recovered; the third was Tiffany, who, I believe, would have lived had we been allowed to take him with us, but who was sent home later and died soon after landing.

I was very anxious to keep the men amused, and as the quarters were so crowded that it was out of the question for them to have any physical exercise, I did not interfere with their playing games of chance so long as no disorder followed. On shore this was not allowed; but in the particular emergency which we were meeting, the loss of a month's salary was as nothing compared to keeping the men thoroughly interested and diverted.

By care and diligence we succeeded in preventing any serious sickness. One man died, however. He had been suffering from dysentery ever since we landed, owing purely to his own fault, for on the very first night ashore he obtained a lot of fiery liquor from some of the Cubans, got very drunk, and had to march next day through the hot sun before he was entirely sober. He never recovered, and was useless from that time on. On board ship he died, and we gave him sea burial. Wrapped in a hammock, he was placed opposite a port, and the American flag thrown over him. The engine was stilled, and the great ship rocked on the waves unshaken by the screw, while the war-worn troopers clustered around with bare heads, to listen to Chaplain Brown


text:
Page:TheAmericanCarbonManual.djvu/21

Rh removed, but those parts representing the lighter tones of the picture, having become insoluble on the upper surface only, the layer underneath is readily dissolved, and the whole film in such parts is thus removed by the solvent. An imperfect image, possessing only deep blacks and masses of white without gradation of half-tone, is the result.

This was the great difficulty of carbon printing in the early experiments which succeeded the discovery by M. Poiteven, in 1855, of the principles upon which it is based, although the cause was not at first fully understood. After two or three years of comparatively unsuccessful effort, it was discovered, that in order to succeed in producing gradations of half-tone in such pictures, it was necessary to wash away the unaltered and still soluble matter at the side of the film opposite to that exposed to light, in order to preserve intact every portion of the film which had been rendered insoluble, and so leave a film varying in thickness according to the depth to which light had penetrated; this depth being governed by the varying degrees of transparency of the different parts of the negative. This varying thickness of a colored translucent film upon a white ground, accordingly rendered the gradations of the picture, a thick layer representing deep blacks, and thinner layers, various gradations of half-tint.

This principle recognized, it became possible to produce carbon prints, which were true transcripts of a photographic negative; but a mode of rendering the principle practically useful was wanting. The first idea was to place the back of the prepared paper in contact with the negative, so that the light should, after traversing the paper, act upon that surface of the sensitive layer which was in contact with the paper, rendering it insoluble in varying degrees. The soluble portion was then

title: Page:TheAmericanCarbonManual.djvu/21


text:
Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 8, 1897.djvu/332

308 north of the Thames, and fourteen miles west of Oxford. It is even now two miles from the nearest railway station, and its isolated position, — for till recently no made road at all passed near it — has been very favourable to the survival of ancient custom. Up to within forty or fifty years ago, a party of children used to go round the town on May Day, dressed in white, with red, white and blue ribbons (these are now the colours of the club). A boy called the "Lord" carried a stick dressed with ribbons and flowers, which was called a "sword," and a collecting box for pence. Two girls, known as the "Lady" and her "Maid," carried on a stick between them the "garland," which was made of two hoops crossed, and covered with moss, flowers and ribbons. The "Lady" also carried a "mace," a square piece of board mounted horizontally on a short staff, on the top of which were sweet-smelling herbs under a muslin cover, decorated with red, white and blue ribbons and rosettes (pl. v., No. 3). The "Lord" and "Lady" were accompanied by a "Jack-in-the-Green." From time to time the "Lady" sang the following words : After the words "kiss my face," it was the "Lord's" duty to kiss the "Lady," and then to hand round his money box. The farmers and well-to-do people, so my informants say, used to give as many half-pence as possible, for the fun of seeing the "Lord" kiss the "Lady" after the giving of every half-penny. This custom has been almost discontinued on May Day for many years past, but is kept up, without the Jack-in-the-


text:
Page:TheAmericanCarbonManual.djvu/22

12 washed away from the upper surface, leaving undisturbed the insoluble layer of various thicknesses, which forms the picture on the paper. This method was found to be comparatively impracticable from the long exposure it rendered necessary; the picture suffered also, and became coarse, from the granular texture of the paper through which the light had to pass. Various methods were tried, the details of which appear in a subsequent chapter; but none were found efficient until Mr. Swan discovered the method of preparing a sensitive film, which, having been exposed to light in direct contact with the negative, could be transferred to another support, so as to permit the easy washing away of the unaltered material at the side opposite to that which had been exposed to light. This method was found not only more simple in practice, but more excellent in result than any method previously attempted. It gave pictures of exquisite delicacy and force, rendering perfectly every gradation in the negative with a degree of beauty which had rarely been obtained even by the usual methods of silver printing.

It is unnecessary to enter into a consideration here of the possibility of producing permanent pictures by the usual photographic processes of silver printing. The stigma of instability has been hitherto the chief drawback to the beautiful results of photography. In no silver printing process has immunity from fading been obtained; and although many photographs have been preserved unchanged for years, others, produced under apparently the same conditions, have become, during the same period, faded and worthless; and uncertainty of permanence, if not certainty of fading, remains a characteristic of all silver prints.

In Swan's carbon process the image is produced in the pigments of the painter, and whatever of permanence

title: Page:TheAmericanCarbonManual.djvu/22


text:
Page:Theodore Roosevelt Rough Riders.djvu/220

212 read the funeral service, and to the band of the Third Cavalry as it played the funeral dirge. Then the port was knocked free, the flag withdrawn, and the shotted hammock plunged heavily over the side, rushing down through the dark water to lie, till the Judgment Day, in the ooze that holds the timbers of so many gallant ships, and the bones of so many fearless adventurers. We were favored by good weather during our nine days' voyage, and much of the time when there was little to do we simply sat together and talked, each man contributing from the fund of his own experiences. Voyages around Cape Horn, yacht races for the America's cup, experiences on foot-ball teams which are famous in the annals of college sport; more serious feats of desperate prowess in Indian fighting and in breaking up gangs of white outlaws; adventures in hunting big game, in breaking wild horses, in tending great herds of cattle, and in wandering winter and summer among the mountains and across the lonely plains—the men who told the tales could draw upon countless memories such as these of the things they had done and the things they had seen others do. Sometimes General Wheeler joined us and told us about the great war, compared with which ours was such a small war—far-reaching in their importance though its effects were destined to be. When we had


text:
Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 8, 1897.djvu/331

Rh Gallois, a common-place fiction grafted on a misinterpreted poem. Orendel and Durmart le Gallois, Kulhwch and Svipdag, and the King's Son of Ireland are variations on the same theme, the product of different orders of imagination and expression. The story of Jaufre Rudel has had infinitely deeper meaning, and infinitely more honour, than any of these. It does not diminish either its imaginative meaning or its honour among poets and their hearers, to know how the story arose ; but possibly the history of this myth, a history which has been accurately worked out, may have some bearing on the problems of older myths and symbolisms. It proves that the religious or mythological import is not necessarily the beginning of the story.

SOME OXFORDSHIRE SEASONAL FESTIVALS:

(Read at meeting of 16th March, 1897.)

Under this title I have described typical instances of village feasts in Oxfordshire which illustrate the observances now or formerly in vogue on three of the seasonal festivals, May Day, Whitsuntide, and the Lamb Ale. I must express my obligation to Mr. T. J. Carter of Oxford, who has been invaluable in collecting information for me, and to Mr. C. Taphouse of Oxford, who kindly reduced to writing the airs of the songs from Bampton. May Day. Bampton-in-the-Bush is a small town about three miles


text:
Page:TheAmericanCarbonManual.djvu/23

Rh may be predicated of a water-color drawing, may be affirmed of the photographs produced in the same materials. If carbon be regarded as the most stable coloring matter which can be employed, lampblack or other similar preparations of carbon can be used in the production of the print. Sepia, bistre, Indian-ink, or any combination of these or other pigments, by which a pleasing monochrome may be produced and permanency attained, is equally available in this method of printing.

Thus, a more certain control over the tone and quality of the picture is obtained, whilst absolute stability is secured. The surface of pictures produced by this process is devoid of the gloss, which is regarded by many as vulgar, in prints on albumenized paper; the lights being absolutely flat or dead, the shadows only presenting, in some cases, a slightly glossy surface. It will be thus seen that the pictures gain not less in artistic qualities of color and texture than in permanency.

Mr. Adolph Braun, Dornach (Haut Rhin) France, has already applied the carbon process successfully in a direction heretofore considered almost impossible to reach. He has made negatives of thousands of the drawings of the old masters in the art museums of Europe, and reproduced them in the colors of the originals, which embrace almost every shade and color.

This is an immense reach for photography, and will greatly lead towards the elevation of the art, and the cultivation of artistic taste. Mr. Braun has purchased Mr. Swan's patent for France and Belgium, and is the largest worker in carbon printing in the world.

It is not necessary, however, to enter into more extended comment here on the beauty of the results, as the reader will form his own opinion from an examination of the print which accompanies these pages.

Before concluding these introductory remarks, it may

title: Page:TheAmericanCarbonManual.djvu/23


text:
Page:TheAmericanCarbonManual.djvu/24

 be desirable to give a brief summary of the grounds for stating that permanency is secured in the method of printing to be described. They are these: the image is formed of carbon or other known permanent pigment; the vehicle or menstruum in which the pigment is held is gelatine, rendered quite insoluble by combination with the oxide of chromium; the amount of gelatine present in the image, and uniting it with the paper on which it rests, is not greater than that on the surface of a sheet of well-sized writing-paper, so that there is as little danger of the vehicle cracking or decomposing, as there is of the pigment fading. Absolute imperishability cannot probably be predicated of any picture formed of pigments and paper; but, as much permanency may be anticipated for these prints as is found to pertain to an Indian-ink drawing, to which experience permits us to award a duration of at least several centuries.

title: Page:TheAmericanCarbonManual.djvu/24


text:
Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 8, 1897.djvu/348

316 There is no room within the limits of this paper for much discussion of the relations of these to similar ceremonies at other places, and all that can be done is to briefly note a few obvious parallels. The main feature is, of course, the sacrifice of a living victim by the community, to bring luck during the ensuing year to all who participate in it. This is shown directly in the Whit Hunt, where the piece of stag's skin brings luck to its possessor. As to the Kidlington lamb, the honour done to its captor shows the same thing. At Kirtlington we see the luck in process of being transferred from the lamb to the cake, for it is the latter that is treasured up during the year. At Bampton the transference is complete; the living victim has disappeared, and the cake represents it. Perhaps the sword impaling the cake is emblematic of sacrifice ; but this need not be insisted on. The whole body of customs bears a remarkable resemblance to the Southern Indian festival described by Mr. Gomme (Ethnology in Folk-Lore, pp. 22–6). It is enough to indicate some leading features common to both : 1. The victim is carried round the village on a man's head (Kirtlington). 2. The victim is seized with the mouth by a bound man (at Kidlington, by a woman). 3. Pieces of the victim are scrambled for (Whit Hunt). 4. The victim's head is specially reverenced, e.g., stag's head in the Whit Hunt, "head pie" at Kirtlington. 5. The possession of a piece of the victim or its substitute brings luck (common to all). 6. The victim is accompanied by dancing men and women, with a jester (common to all). With the aid of these and the King's Teignton, and Holne ceremonies (Ethnology in Folk-Lore, pp. 30–3) those who are interested in the question, can draw out for themselves a more detailed parallel than I have here space for.


text:
Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 8, 1897.djvu/349

To face page 316


text: Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 8, 1897.djvu/350


text:
Page:Theodore Roosevelt Rough Riders.djvu/221

Rh convinced that we would escape an epidemic of sickness the homeward voyage became very pleasant.

On the eve of leaving Santiago I had received from Mr. Laffan of the Sun a cable with the single word "Peace," and we speculated much on this, as the clumsy transport steamed slowly northward across the trade wind and then into the Gulf Stream. At last we sighted the low, sandy bluffs of the Long Island coast, and late on the afternoon of the 14th we steamed through the still waters of the Sound and cast anchor off Montauk. A gunboat of the Mosquito fleet came out to greet us and to inform us that peace negotiations had begun.

Next morning we were marched on shore. Many of the men were very sick indeed. Of the three or four who had been closest to me among the enlisted men, Color-Sergeant Wright was the only one in good health. Henry Bardshar was a wreck, literally at death's door. I was myself in first-class health, all the better for having lost twenty pounds. Faithful Marshall, my colored body-servant, was so sick as to be nearly helpless.

Bob Wrenn nearly died. He had joined us very late and we could not get him a Krag carbine; so I had given him my Winchester, which carried the government cartridge; and when he was mustered out he carried it home in triumph, to the envy of his


text:
Page:TheAmericanCarbonManual.djvu/32

 mount or support during development; and, after allowing the benzole or other solvent to evaporate, and while the surfaces coated with the cement are still tacky, I press them strongly together in such a manner as to cause them to cohere.

“When the photographically impressed, but still undeveloped tissue is to be cemented to a surface, that not only serves to support the picture during its development, but also constitutes permanently the basis of the picture, I prefer to use albumen or starch paste as the cementing medium; and where I employ albumen I coagulate or render it insoluble in water (by means of heat, by alcohol, or other means), after performing the cementing operation, and previous to developing. In the permanent, as in the temporary mode of mounting, I cement the tissue, with its photographically impressed surface downwards, upon the surface to which it is to be permanently attached. After mounting the tissue, as before described, and allowing the cement used time to dry, where it is of such a nature as to require it, I then submit the mounted tissue to the action of water, sufficiently heated to cause the solution and removal of those portions of the colored gelatinous matter of the tissue which have not been rendered insoluble by the action of light during exposure in the printing-frame or camera. Where paper has been used as a part of the original tissue; this paper soon becomes detached by the action of the warm water, which then has free access to the under stratum or back of the colored gelatinous-coating, and the soluble portions of it are therefore readily removed by the action of the water; and by this means the impression is developed that was produced by the action of light during the exposure of the tissue in the printing-frame or camera, and the picture remains attached to the mount, cemented to the photographichlly impressed surface previous to development. I allow the water to act upon the prints during several hours, so as to dissolve out the decomposed bichromate as far as possible. I then remove them from the water, and allow them to dry, and those not intended for transfer, but that have been permanently attached to paper, previous to development, I finish by pressing and trimming in the usual manner. Those which have been temporarily mounted, I transfer to paper, card, or other surface. In transferring to paper or card, I coat the surface of the print with gelatine, gum arabic, or other cement of similar character, and allow it to dry. I then trim the print to the proper shape and size, and place its surface in contact with the piece of paper or card to

title: Page:TheAmericanCarbonManual.djvu/32


text:
Page:TheAmericanCarbonManual.djvu/25

to entering into a detailed description of Mr. Swan's Carbon Process, it may be desirable to place before the reader the specification of the patent in which is stated the essential features of principle and practice combined in the process. It proceeds as follows:

“My invention relates to that manner or style of photographic printing known as carbon or pigment printing. In this style of printing, carbon or other coloring matter is fixed by the action of light passing through a negative, and impinging upon a surface composed of gelatine, or other like substance, colored with carbon or other coloring matter, and made sensitive to light by means of bichromate of potash, or bichromate of ammonia, or other chemical substance having like photographic property; those portions of the colored and sensitive gelatinous surface which are protected from the light by the opaque or semi-opaque portions of the negative, being afterwards washed away by means of water, while the parts made insoluble by light remain, and form a print. This kind of photographic printing, although possessing the advantage of permanency, and affording the means of insuring any required tone or color for the print, has not come into general use, because of the difficulties hitherto experienced in obtaining by it delicacy of detail, and complete gradation of light and shade.

“The difficulties referred to were more particularly experienced in attempts to employ paper coated with the colored gelatinous materials, and arose from the fact, that, in order to obtain half-tone, certain portions of the colored coating lying behind or at

title: Page:TheAmericanCarbonManual.djvu/25


text: The American Carbon Manual/Swan's Carbon Process


text:
Page:Two Treatises of Government.djvu/55

 the text itelf proves the contrary ; and in the other, the words and ene are directly againt it.

§. 37. But our author ays, Noah was the ole heir of the world ; why hould it be thought that God would diinherit' him of his birth-right? Heir, indeed, in England, ignifies the eldet on, who is by the law of England to have all his father's land ; but where God ever appointed any uch heir of the world, our author would have done well to have hewed us ; and how God diinherited him of his birth-right, or what harm was done him if God gave his ons a right to make ue of a part of the earth for the upport of themelves and families, when the whole was not only more than Noah himelf, but infinitely more than they all could make ue of, and the poeions of one could not at all prejudice, or, as to any ue, treighten that of the other.

§. 38. Our author probably foreeeing he might not be very uccesful in peruading people out of their enes, and, ay what he could, men would be apt to believe the plain words of cripture, and think, as they aw, that the grant was poken to Noah and his ons jointly ; he endeavours to ininuate, as if this grant to Noah conveyed no property, no dominion ; becaue, ubduing the earth and dominion over the creatures are therein omitted, nor the earth once named. And therefore, ays he, there is a con- iderable


text:
Page:Pictures From Italy.djvu/68

56 to dispose of—and of a vegetable market, constructed on the same principle—are contributed to the decoration of this quarter; and as all the mercantile business is transacted here, and it is crowded all day, it has a very decided flavour about it. The Porto Franco, or Free Port (where goods brought in from foreign countries pay no duty until they are sold and taken out, as in a bonded warehouse in England), is down here also; and two portentous officials, in cocked hats, stand at the gate to search you if they choose, and to keep out Monks and Ladies. For, Sanctity as well as Beauty has been known to yield to the temptation of smuggling, and in the same way: that is to say, by concealing the smuggled property beneath the loose folds of its dress. So Sanctity and Beauty may, by no means, enter.

The streets of Genoa would be all the better for the importation of a few Priests of prepossessing appearance. Every fourth or fifth man in the streets is a Priest or a Monk; and there is pretty sure to be at least one itinerant ecclesiastic inside or outside every hackney carriage on the neighbouring roads. I have no knowledge, elsewhere, of more repulsive countenances than are to be found among these gentry. If Nature's handwriting be at all legible, greater varieties of sloth, deceit, and intellectual torpor, could hardly be observed among any class of men in the world.

once heard a clergyman assert in his sermon, in illustration of his respect for the Priestly office, that if he could meet a Priest and angel together, he would salute the Priest first. I am rather of the

title: Page:Pictures From Italy.djvu/68


text:
Page:Pictures From Italy.djvu/69

Rh opinion of who, when his pupil  wrote to him in great tribulation, that he had been visited and admonished for his writings by a Carthusian Friar who claimed to be a messenger immediately commissioned by Heaven for that purpose, replied, that for his own part, he would take the liberty of testing the reality of the commission by personal observation of the Messenger's face, eyes, forehead behaviour, and discourse. I cannot but believe myself, from similar observation, that many unaccredited celestial messengers may be seen skulking through the streets of Genoa, or droning away their lives in other Italian towns. Perhaps the Cappuccini, though not a learned body, are, as an order, the best friends of the people. They seem to mingle with them more immediately, as their counsellors and comforters; and to go among them more, when they are sick; and to pry less than some other orders, into the secrets of families, for the purpose of establishing a baleful ascendancy over their weaker members; and to be influenced by a less fierce desire to make converts, and once made, to let them go to ruin, soul and body. They may be seen, in their coarse dress, in all parts of the town at all times, and begging in the markets early in the morning. The Jesuits too, muster strong in the streets, and go slinking noiselessly about, in pairs, like black cats. In some of the narrow passages, distinct trades congregate. There is a street of jewellers, and there is a row of booksellers; but even down in places where nobody ever can, or ever could, penetrate in a carriage,

title: Page:Pictures From Italy.djvu/69


text:
Page:Theodore Roosevelt Rough Riders.djvu/222

214 fellows, who themselves had to surrender their beloved rifles.

For the first few days there was great confusion and some want even after we got to Montauk. The men in hospitals suffered from lack of almost everything, even cots. But after these few days we were very well cared for and had abundance of all we needed, except that on several occasions there was a shortage of food for the horses, which I should have regarded as even more serious than a shortage for the men, had it not been that we were about to be disbanded. The men lived high, with milk, eggs, oranges, and any amount of tobacco, the lack of which during portions of the Cuban campaign had been felt as seriously as any lack of food. One of the distressing features of the malarial fever which had been ravaged the troops was that it was recurrent and persistent. Some of my men died after reaching home, and many were very sick. We owed much to the kindness not only of the New York hospitals and the Red Cross and kindred societies, but of individuals, notably Mr. Bayard Cutting and Mrs. Armitage, who took many of our men to their beautiful Long Island homes.

On the whole, however, the month we spent at Montauk before we disbanded was very pleasant. It was good to meet the rest of the regiment. They all felt dreadfully at not having been in Cuba. It


title: Page:TheAmericanCarbonManual.djvu/1


text:
Author:Stephen Edward Spring-Rice

Works

 * (in part)

title: Author:Stephen Edward Spring-Rice


title: Page:TheAmericanCarbonManual.djvu/2


text:
Page:TheAmericanCarbonManual.djvu/26

 the back of the photographically-impressed portions required to be washed away, and the employment of paper in the way it has been employed hitherto, not only as a means of supporting the colored coating, but also to form ultimately the basis or groundwork of the print, obstructed the removal of the inner or back portions of the colored coating, and prevented the obtaining of half-tone.

“Now, my invention consists in the formation of tissues adapted to the manner of printing referred to, and composed of, or prepared with, colored gelatinous matter, and so constructed, that while they allow, in the act of printing, free access of light to one surface of the colored gelatinous matter, they also allow free access of water, and the unobstructed removal of the non-affected portions of the colored matter, from the opposite surface, or back, in the act of developing; and I obtain this result either by the disuse of paper altogether, or by the use of it merely as a backing or temporary support of the colored gelatinous matter; the paper, so used, becoming entirely detached from the colored gelatinous matter in the act of developing, and forming no part of the print ultimately.

“My invention consists, furthermore, in the special mode of using the said tissues, whereby superior half-tone and definition in the print are obtained as aforesaid, and also in a mode of transferring the print, after developing, from a temporary to a permanent support, so as to obtain a correction in the position of the print in respect of right and left. In producing the photographic tissues referred to, I form a solution of gelatine, and for the purpose of imparting pliancy to the resultant tissue, I have found it advisable to add to the gelatine solution, sugar or other saccharine matter, or glycerine. To the said gelatinous solution I add carbonaceous or other coloring matter, either in a fine state of division, such as is used in water-color painting, or in the state of a solution or dye, or partly in a fine state of division, and partily in solution.

“With this colored gelatinous solution I form sheets or films, as hereafter described; and I render such sheets or films sensitive to light, either at the time of their formation, by introducing into the gelatinous compound bichromate of ammonia, or other agent of like photographic properties, or by applying to such non-sensitive sheets or films, after their formation, a solution of the bichromate, or other substances of like photographic property. This latter method I adopt when the sheet or film is not required for use immediately after its formation. I will, in my future references to the bichromate of ammonia or the bichromate of potash, or to

title: Page:TheAmericanCarbonManual.djvu/26


text:
Page:Two Treatises of Government.djvu/56

 iderable difference between thee two texts ; the firt bleing gave Adam a dominion over the earth and all creatures ; the latter allows Noah liberty to ue the living creatures for food : here is no alteration or diminihing of his title to a property of all things, but an enlargement only of his commons, Obervations, 211. So that in our author's ene, all that was aid here to Noah and his ons, gave them no dominion, no property, but only enlarged the commons ; their commons, I hould ay, ince God ays, to you are they given, though our author ays his ; for as for Noah's ons, they, it eems, by Sir Robert's appointment, during their father's life-time, were to keep fating days.

§. 39. Any one but our author would be mightily upected to be blinded with prejudice, that in all this bleing to Noah and his ons, could ee nothing but only an enlargement of commons : for as to dominion, which our author thinks omitted, the fear of you, and the dread of you, ays God, hall be upon every beat, which I uppoe exprees the dominion, or uperiority was deigned man over the living creatures, as fully as may be ; for in that fear and dread eems chiefly to conit what was given to Adam over the inferior animals ; who, as abolute a monarch as he was, could not make bold with a lark or rabbet to atisfy his hunger, and had the herbs but in common with the beats, as is plain from i Gen. 2, 9, and 30. In the next


text:
Page:Theodore Roosevelt Rough Riders.djvu/223

Rh was a sore trial to men who had given up much to go to the war, and who rebelled at nothing in the way of hardship or suffering, but who did bitterly feel the fact that their sacrifices seemed to have been useless. Of course those who stayed had done their duty precisely as did those who went, for the question of glory was not to be considered in comparison to the faithful performance of whatever was ordered; and no distinction of any kind was allowed in the regiment between those whose good fortune it had been to go and those whose harder fate it had been to remain. Nevertheless the latter could not be entirely comforted.

The regiment had three mascots; the two most characteristic—a young mountain lion brought by the Arizona troops, and a war eagle brought by the New Mexicans—we had been forced to leave behind in Tampa. The third, a rather disreputable but exceedingly knowing little dog, named Cuba, had accompanied us through all the vicissitudes of the campaign. The mountain lion, Josephine, possessed an infernal temper; whereas both Cuba and the eagle, which have been named in my honor, were extremely good-humored. Josephine was kept tied up. She sometimes escaped. One cool night in early September she wandered off and, entering the tent of a Third Cavalry man, got into bed with him; whereupon he fled into the darkness with yells,