text:
On Some Remaining Blanks in the Natural History of the Native Diptera

ON SOME REMAINING BLANKS IN THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE NATIVE DIPTERA. The natural history of the Diptera, in particular, as I understand it, is the history of the changes through which they pass, and the manner of life of the larva. Arrived at the perfect state, the winged insect is usually content with light nourishment, such as the nectar drops from the chalice of a flower, the golden dust of the anthers, or the honey-dew with which the leaves are besmeared by colonies of Aphides. Some tribes, indeed, make an exception to this general rule, preying on their weaker kindred with carnivorous appetite, or assailing the larger animals, and man himself, to drain their blood with keen though tiny lancets.But the majority, in this stage of their existence, give themselves either to the offices of parentage, as the selection of a proper nidus for their eggs, or to the delights of aerial dances, now associated in the full refulgence of the midday sun, now under the shadow of the forest canopy, suspended over the liquid mirror of the pool, or towering high, in spiral columns, above the summits of the tallest trees, when the lengthening shadows are beginning to invite the cool dews of twilight to descend and refresh the earth again. Far different is the history of that protracted period during which the wingless, legless, wormlike progeny has played its obscure but not unimportant part, unconscious of the more brilliant sphere of life for which it is growing up. Various and widely dissimilar are the situations in which those 'grubs' and ' maggots' obtain, consume, and assimilate the aliment, which is to furnish materials for the sinewy muscles and burnished armour, the legs and wings, and the ample and complex eyes of the two-winged fly.But their office in the economy of Nature is no trivial one, and they are fitted to fulfil it by their exceeding fecundity, voracity, and rapidity of growth in general. Linnaeus has said—and it is, perhaps, scarcely an exaggeration—that a couple of flesh-flies will dispose of a bullock as quickly as a single lion could devour the same. In that case and in many others, the part assigned to this order, above all other insects, seems to be that of the scavengers of Nature ; in which capacity, if in someminor instances troublesome to man, they are, to an extent almost incalculable, conducive to the salubrity and purity of the air he breathes,and the soil he treads on ; however unobservant, in most cases, he may be of the agents or their benefits, or only conscious of disgust when they are forced upon his notice. Many other kinds, however, appear to workhim injury, decimating his most precious crops, or deforming the produce of the orchard and the garden. Apart from its Economical bearing, the history of the development of the Diptera has a further interest, as it exemplifies nearly the most complete type of metamorphosis among the insect race, whether the change of habits, or of form, be considered, with all the new organs and faculties finally acquired, and the death-like slumber,—coffined, as it were, in many instances, in the spoils of the gross body that existed before that change, the last but one,—awaiting the moment when the imprisoned tenant, ripe for new life, shall burst from its cerements, to taste the freshness of a purer air, and revel in the untried delights of a higher existence.If enough has been ascertained of the transformations of the Diptera,to afford such a general sketch of the aspect in which it meets our observation,yet we know too little, as yet, to satisfy either the purposes of System, or the requisitions of Natural History in its larger sense.The caterpillars of the Lepidoptera live comparatively in public ; even the minute, hidden leaf-miners have been drawn out to light, for the sake of their great relations, or for the beauty of their own last, perfect garb. The Ephemera, the Mayflies, the Dragonflies, have early found their historian. More slowly and laboriously the materials have been accumulated for a history of Coleopterous larvae also, which Chapuis and Candeze have condensed and methodized in their useful Catalogue ; while we are yet far indeed from the prospect of a similar acquisition to the study of the Diptera. That minimum development of specific organs of sense or motion, which characterizes the larvae of this order generally, seems to narrow the base on which a systematic arrangement of them may be reared ; and their most conspicuous outward differences of general form and peculiar appendages stand in a more intimate relation to the particular mode of life and medium of habitation, than to the zoological characters which determine the systematic place of the perfect insect. A closer study will doubtless guide us hereafter to the appreciation of other external marks of distinction and affinity, at present overlooked or not understood. Still it seems probable that, for a long time, wehall not be able to dispense with considerations of the internal anatomy and physiological functions in the characteristic and arrangement of the Dipterous larvae. In the list I have compiled of British species, the earlier history of which is known in some degree (with other European species which may serve to illustrate the indigenous genera), I have aspired to nothing more than to furnish an index, carried forward by additions subsequent to the date of Mr. Westwood's " Modern Classification of Insects," but without the aid of descriptions and figures, such as he has given in that very useful work,—a collection which is indeed indispensable to the student of the Diptera, as I know of no other work in which he can look, with any hope of satisfaction, for similar condensed and digested information. Much less shall I attempt to follow the precedent of the excellent "Catalogue of Coleopterous Larvae" above referred to, by extracting the full descriptions, or the essence of them, from the bestauthorities. My object has not been to compile even a complete list of references, but to select such as,would be most practically useful, by their intrinsic completeness and accuracy, or as supplemental to one another, paying, in most instances, so much deference to the earliest observers as to cite them,—except when their accounts were so vague as to be quite insignificant,—even though they may have been since almost superseded by more recent and complete observations. As to classification and description, I have gone no further than, following Bouche, to indicate under each family, in a general way, the few broad characters which seem to distribute the larvae into their primary large groups. These characters are partly drawn from the disposition of the Inspiratory system,—the Spiracles being either distributed one at each side of several of the intermediate segments also (Peripneustic),—or limited to the pair of anterior openings in the first segment after the head, and another terminal pair frequently compound (Amphipneustic), or finally, these last alone remaining (Metapneustic). Next in importance to this we consider the development of a distinct Head, strengthened by a horny integument, affording a fulcrum for strong muscles which move biting or grinding jaws (Eucephalous) ;—while in a great number the head, or first segment, differs from the following segments not by texture, but merely by its terminal position, and as the seat of the antennae and organs of the mouth; the jaws, in this case, being usually metamorphosed into hooks, with long internal roots, having an alternate motion, and mutually parallel (Acephalous). Such an imperfect head is usually capable of being wholly withdrawn and concealed within the following segments, whence Bouche has applied to this last description generally the term " Leech-like." Finally, we admit a character of a different nature, and which we may be able to dispense with hereafter, when the organization of the larvae shall have been more closely studied, and comes to be better understood; that is thecircumstance, that in many instances the skin of the larva is not cast, but contracted and hardened into a case to protect the included pupa (Obtected); while in other instances, as is usual in most orders of insects, the larva-skin splits and shrivels up, the pupa being stripped either partially or completely (Extricated). The spines and other processes found in certain larvae—those being the most remarkable which are subservient to the peculiar economy of the aquatic kinds—appear to be of a slighter systematic moment than the other characters we have specified ; and even the presence of eyes, rare and almost exceptional as it seems to be among the larvae of this order, has not afforded any clue but what is also deducible, simultaneously, from other more obvious appearances.For the references to authorities compiled in the following list, I have adopted the same abbreviations, in general, as Mr. Walker has employed in his "Insecta Britannica Diptera," as that work will be almost necessarily in the hands of all who study this order in our own country ; but for the sake of beginners who may not possess the book, I have subjoined the explanation of such references as I have had occasion to use abbreviated, as this may tend to the convenience of the reader, without adding much to the bulk of the list :—

LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF BRITISH DIPTERA, THE EARLIER STAGES OF WHICH ARE MORE OR LESS PERFECTLY KNOWN, WITH REFERENCES TO THE PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES. N. B.—The genera and species known as British are in capitals; the other European species introduced into this list, for illustration, in default of indigenous examples, are in Italics ; as are also the Synonyms and Subgenera.

Fam, i. Pulicidae. Larva of thirteen segments, peripneustic, eucephalous, sanguisugous. Pupa extricated, commonly folliculate. Pulex, (B. D. rv 1.) Cestoni, Philosophical Transactions, 1699. Esl., Ins. B. ii. Dg., M. vii. Wwd., G. Chr. 1848. Hal., N. H. R. 1855.

Fam., ii. MYCETOPHILIDAE. Larva peripneustic,* eucephalous, vermiform ; fungivorous or saprophagous. Pupa extricated, often folliculate.Bolitophila fusca, (B. D. iv. 71.) Grn., A. S. N., x. 1827. Df., (M. hybrida) A. S. N. xii. 1839. Mycetobia pallipes, (B. D. iv. 50.) Lyonnet, 0. P. PI. xvii. f. 20, etc. Df., A. S. E. F. vii. 1849. Ditomyia fasciata, (B. D. iv. 63.) Mg., Zw. i. Wz. (trifasciata,) E. Z. 1846. Plesiastina boleti, Klt., A. N. H. ii. 1848. Ceroplatus tipuloides, Df., A. S. N. xi. 1839. C. sesioides, Wlbg., A. Holm. 1848. See Em., M. v. Platytura marginata, (B. D. iv. 64.) Mg., Zw. i. P. laticornis, (B. D. iv. 65.) Schil., V. Schl. G. 1837. Asindulum flavum, (B. D. iv. 47.) Wz., (Macrorrhyncha id.) E. Z. vii. 1846. Cordyla (B. D. iv. 24.) crassicornis, Df., A. S. E. F. xii. 1839. C. fusca, Br., Isis 1846. Sciophlla marginata, (B. D. iv. 36.) Roser, W. Zw. S. melanocephala, Df., A. S. N. xii. 1839. S. unimaculata, striata, Per., A. S. E. F. vii. 1849. Tetragoneura hirta, (B. D. iv. 44.) Wz., E. Z. 1846.

Sciara vitripennis, (B. D. iv. 53.) Bou., Ng. S. thomae (B. D. iv. 52.) Berthold, D. N. H. Z. i. 1846. S. fuscipes (B. D. iv. 52.) Hg., Sb. W. A. xi. 1853. S. fuscata, (B. D. iv. 54 ) Ct., G. Chr. 1845. See also, Mg., Zw. i. Olivier, Memoire etc. 1813. Schilling, V. Schl. G. 1831. Df., A. S. N, xii. 1839. Lw., E. Z. 1843. Maerkel, Grm. Z. E. v. 1844. Gim., A. N. V. Riga, i. 1847. Kollar, Schaedl. Ins. Scholz, S. E. Z. 1849.

Fam iii. CECIDOMYIDAE. Larva peripneustic, ff acephalous,f phytophagous, mostly enclosed in galls of plants. Pupa extricated, sometimes folliculate.

Cecidomyia tritici, (B. D. iv. 103.) Kby., Linn. S. Tr. iv., v. Wwd., G. Chr. 1847. C. tritici (B. D. iv. 89.) Per., A. S. E. F. ix. 1840. C. entomophila, Per., M. S. Liege, x. 1855. See also, Dg., M. vi. Vallot, A. S. N. 1833. Bou., Ng.— E. Z. 1847. Mcq., D. N. F. Gene, Memorie del 1'Accademia di Torino : xxxvi. Df., A. S. E. F. vi. 1837.—vii. 1838.—A. S. E. F. xvi. 18. Boje, Kr. N. H. T. ii. 1838. Lw., D. N. H. Z. ii. 1847. Rzbg., E. I. iii Boser, W. Zw. Ct., G. Chr. 1845. Hardy, A. N. H. vi. 1849. Harris, Insects of Massachusetts. Fitch, A. J. A. 1847. But more especially Br., M. N. S. H. ix. 1847. Lw., D. Btr. iv. 1850. Wz., L. E. viii. 1853. Lasioptera rubi, (B. D. iv. 133.) Hg., Sb. W. A. vii. 1851. L. arundinis, Hg., Sb. W. A. xx. 1856. See also, Df., A. S. E. F xvi. 1851. Lw., E. Z. 1843. Kollar, Sb. W. A. 1849. Passerini, Acta Nova Academic Scientiarum Bononiensis : 1850. Lw., D. Btr. iv. Wz., Linn. Ent. viii. 1853.

Fam. iv. BIBIONIDAE. Larva peripneustic, eucephalous, often spiny, rhizophagous or saprophagous. Pupa extricated. Penthetria holosericea, Zlr., Isis: 1842. Dilophus spinatus, (B. D. iv. 140.) Ct., G. Chr. 1844. D. femoratus, (B. D. iv. 140.) Schleck, Isis 1838. Buttner, Grm. M. iv. 1821. Bibio hortulanus (B. D. iv. 136.) Bou., Hg. B. marci, (B. D. iv. 136.) Hg., Sb. W. A. ix. 1852. See also Km., M. iv., v. Dg., M. vi. BsL, Ins. B. ii. Lyonnet, O. P. Ct., G. Chr. Scatopse notata, (B. D. iv. 141.) Bou., Hg. Df., A. S. E. F. vi. 1846. Per., A. S. E. F. v. 1847. Ct., J. R. A. S. x. 1850.

Fam. v. SIMULIDAE. Larva amphipneustic, eucephalous, appendiculate, aquatic, predaceous. Pupa folliculate, appendiculate, fixed under water. Simulia reptans, (B. D. iv. 147.) Verdat, Naturwissenschaftliche Anzeigen der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft, 1 822. Fries, Observationes Entomologies, 1824. Kollar, Sb. W. A. 1848. Wwd., G. Chr. 1848. According to both Dufour and Bouche, the larvae of certain species of Cecidomyia present the anomaly of spiracles in the third and fourth segments also. f According to Dufour, the larva of Lasioptera should be eucephalous. ff According to both Dufour and Perris, the larva of Scatopse is amphipneustic, while Bouche attributes to it the normal distribution of spiracles.

Fam. vi. CHIRONONOMIDAE. Larva amphipneustic, eucephalous, usually aquatic and appendiculate, sometimes entomostraciform. Pupa extricated, free, floating, or folliculate.

Ceratopogon bipunctatus, (B. D. iv. 210.) Grn., A. S. E. F. ii. 1833. Df. A. S. E. F. iii. 1845. Lw., E. Z. 1843. C. varius, Hg., Sb. W. A. xx. 1856. See also, Bou., Ng. Per. A. S. E. F. v. 1847. Scholz, S. E. Z. 1849. Tanypus monilis, (B. D. iv. 202.) Dg., M. vi. T. varius, (B. D. iv. 199.) Fries, Monographia Tanypodum Sueciae. T. plumipes, (B. D. iv. 202.) Mg., Zw. i. See also Lyonnet, 0. P. PI. xvii. f. 1, etc. Chironomus plumosus, (B. D. iv. 171.) Em., M. iv. v. C. stercorarius, (B. D. iv. 186.) Dg. M. vi. Diamesa culicoides, Hg., Sb. W. A. x. 1853. Hydrobaenus lugabris, (B. D. iv. 193.) Fries, A. Holm. 1829. See also Br., Isis : 1846. Ellenberger, Lotos : 1851.

Fam. vii. CULICIDAE. Larva amphipneustic, eucephalous, aquatic, appendiculate, entomostraciform. Pupa extricated, floating.

Corethra culiciformis, (B. D. iv. 251.) Em., M. v. Lyonnet, 0. P. pi. vii. fig. 3, etc. Culex ciliaris, (B. D. iv. 247.) Em., M. iv. Swam., B. K Dg., M. vi. Anopheles bifurcatus, (B. D. iv. 249.) Fischer, M. S. N. Mosq. iv. 1813.

Fam. viii. PHLEBOTOMIDAE. Larva amphipneustic, eucephaous, saprophagous, often sub-aquatic. Pupa extricated. Psychoda sexpunctata, B. D. iv. 255. Bou., (phalanoides) Ng. P. phalanoides,* B. D. iv. 255. Ct., (nervosa) J. R. A. S. x. 1850. Pericoma nubila, B. D. iv. 254, 260. P. palustris, (B. D. iv. 259.) Roser, W. Zw. Scholz, S. E. Z. 1 849. P. humeralis, Gim., A. N. H. V. Riga: i. 1847. Illomyia hirta, B. D. iv. 254, 261.

Fam. ix. HETEROCLITAE Larva (amphipneustic ?) eucephalous, aquatic. Pupa extricated. Dixa (B. D. v. 266) nigra, Stg., Kr. N. H. T. iv. 1842.

Fam. x. TIPULIDAE. Larva metapneustic or amphipneustic, eucephalous, phytophagous, saprophagous, sometimes aquatic. Pupa extricated. Trichocera hyemalis, (B. D. iv. 271.) Ct, J. R. A. S. ; T. regelationis, (B. D. iv. 271.) Df., A. S. N. xiii. 1840. T. annulata, Df., ib. Per., A. S. E. F. vi. 1847. Anisomera nigra, (B. D. iv. 272.) Roser, W. Zw. Erioptera (B. D. iv. 273) Dg., M. vi. PI. xxiv. f. 1-14. some other family of Diptera, as that of P. phaltenoides.
 * Ferris (A. S. N. xiii. 1840) has figured a larva, which undoubtedly belongs to

Limnobia bifasciata, (B. D. iv. 293, 342.) Schum., (xanthoptera) Schl. Btr. i. 1 829. L. clavata, Br., Isis : 1 842. L. annulus, Roser, W.Zw. L. platyptera, Hg., Sb. W. A. xi. 1853. L. replicata, Dg., M. vi. Limnophila dispar, (B. D. iv. 286) Per., A. S. E. F. vii. 1849. Ula pilosa, (B. D. iv. 308.) Schum., Schl. Btr. i. 1829. Per., (macroptera,) A. S. E. F. viii. 1849. Cylindrotoma distinctissima, (B. D. iv. 313.) Boje, Kr. K. H. T. ii. 1838. Zlr., Isis: 1852. Tipula oleracea, (B. D. iv. 325.) Ct., Gr. Chr. 1845. (Pachyrrhina) maculosa, Ct., J. R. A. S. vi. 1846. For other species, see Em., M. v. Dg., M. vi. Rsl, Ins. B. ii. Bouche, Ng. Scholz, S. E. Z. 1849. Nephrotoma, (B. D. iv. 316.) Br., Isis: 1846. Ctenophora atrata, (B. D. iv. 336.) Em., M. v. Per., A. S. N. xiv. 1840. Nordlinger, E. Z. ix. 1848. For other species, see Scholz, S. E. Z. 1850. Ptychoptera fasciata, (B. D. iv. 339.) Em., M. v. Lyonnet, 0. P. Pl. xviii. f. 1-7. Brauer, V. Z. B. Y. W. iv. 1854.

Fam. xi. RHYPHIDAE. Larva amphipneustic, eucephalous, serpentiform, saprophagous. Pupa extricated. Rhyphus fenestealis, (cinctus, B. D. iv. 341.) Rm., M. v. Df., A. S. E. F. vii. 1848. Bou., Ng. Grn., Iconographie du Regne Animal. R. nigricans, (B. D. iv. 341.) Ct, (fuscatus), G. Chr.

Fam. xii. STRATIOMYDAE. Larva peripneustic, eucephalous, with distinct eyes, coriaceous, depressed, saprophagous, sometimes aquatic. Pupa obtected. Stratiomys chameleon, (B. D. i. 15.) Em., M. iv. and for other references see Wwd., M. C. S. ii. S. ornata, (B. D. i. 17.) Em., M. iv. S. argentata, (B. D. i. 17.) Zlr., Isis: 1842. S. hydroleon, (B. D. i. 19.) Dg., M. vi. Oxycera, (B. D. i. 19.) Br., Isis : 1846. 0. meigenii, 0. trilineata, Hg., Sb. W. A. xx. 1856. 0. morrisii, Hal., N. H. R. 1857. Clitellaria ephippium, (B. D. i. 24.) Roser, W. Zw. Zlr., Isis : 1842. Markel, Grm., Z. E. V. 1844. Nemotelus uliginosus Hal., N. H. R. Proceedings of D. U. Zool. Botan. Association, 1857. Pachygaster ater, (B. D. i. 27.) Carcel, E. M. x. Mcq., D. N. F. Df., A. S. K xvi. 1841. Schilling, Schl. Btr. i. 1829. Hg., Sb. W. A. x. 1853. Chrysomyia polita, (B. D. i. 28.) Roser, W. Zw. Sargus cuprarius, (B. D. i. 30.) Lyonnet, 0. P. PI. xvii. f. 21, etc. Bou. Ng. S. bipunctatus, (B. D. i. 32.) Em., M. iv. Pl xxii. f. 5-8.

Fam. xiii. XYLOPHAGIDAE Larva amphipneustic, eucephalous. Pupa obtected. Subula varia, (B. D. i. 34.) Roser, W. Zw. S. maculata, (B. D.i. 34.) Wwd., M. C. I. ii. See also Wesmael, A. S. E. F. vi. 1837. Df., A. S. N. vii. 1847. Xylophagus ater, (B. D. i. 33.) Drewsen, Kr. N. H. T. iv. 1842. Wwd., M. C. I. ii.

Fam. xiv. TABANIDAE Larva amphipneustic, eucephalous, saprophagous. Pupa extricated.

Tabanus bovinus, (B. D. i. 37.) Dg., M. vi. T. autumnalis, tropicus, (B. D. i. 37. 39.) Scholz, S. E. Z. 1849. T. quadrinotatus, Kollar, Sb. W. A. xiii. 1854. Haematopota pluvialis, (B. D. i. 42.) Fb., S. E. Scholz, S. E. Z. 1849. Chrysops caecutiens, (B. D. i. 43.) Fb., S. E.

Fam. xv. ACROCERIDAE. Transformation unknown. See, however, Gerstaecker, E. Z. 1856.

Fam. xvi. ASILIDAE. Larva amphipneustic, eucephalous, thalerophagous. Pupa extricated. Laphria, (B. D. i. 47.) Lucas, A. S. E. F. vi. 1848. Df., A. S. N. xiii. 1849. Zlr., Isis: 1842. Asilus crabroniformis, (B. D. i. 55.) Frisch, Insekten Deutschlands. A. forcipatus, (B. D. i. 52.) Dg., M. vi. Df., A. S. N. xiii. 1850. A. germanicus, (B. D. i. 55.) Rzbg., F. I. iii. A. aestivus, (B. D. i. 51.) Harris, Exposition of English Insects.

Fam. xvii. LEPTIDAE. Larva amphipneustic, eucephalous. Pupa extricated. Leptis scolopacea, (B. D. i. 65.) Bou., Ng. Atherix ibis, (B. D. i. 69.) Ent. Mag. iv. 1837.

Fam. xviii. BOMBYLIDAE. Larva amphipneustic, eucephalous,nentomobious. Pupa extricated. Anthrax hottentotta, (B. D. i. 78.) Schaeffer, Abhandlungen : ii. Wlbg., A. Holm. 1838. Mulsant, M. A. Lyon: ii. 1853. See also Dg., M. vi. Roser, W. Zw. Wwd., M. C. I. ii. Bombylius, (B. D. i. 80.) Imhoff, Isis: 1834. Wwd., M. C. I. ii. Lucas, A. S. E. F. x. 1852.

Fam. xix. THEREVIDAE. Larva amphipneustic, eucephalous, (serpentiform, with abdominal segments bisected,) saprophagous. Pupa extricated. Thereva plebeja, (B. D. i. 76.) Frisch, Insecten Deutschlands. Bou., Ng. T. anilis, (B. D. i. 76.) Bou., Kg. T. nolilitata, Mg., Zw. ii.

Fam. xx. Scenopinidae Larva amphipneustic, eucephalous, serpentiform, saprophagous. Pupa extricated. Scenopinus fenestralis, (B. D. i. 85.) Bou., Ng. Df., A. S. E. F. vii 1849.

Fam, xxi. EMPIDAE. Larva amphipneustic, eucephalous(?), saprophagous. Pupa extricated. Empis opaca, (B. D. i. 91.) Mcq., D. N. F. Rhamphomyia spinipes, (B. D. i. 109.) Bou., Kg. Platypalpus, (B. D. i. 121.) Boje, in Scholz, S. E. Z. 1849.

Fam. xxii. DOLICHOPIDAE. Larva amphipneustic, eucephalous, saprophagous. Pupa extricated. Dolichopus aneus, (B. D. i. 59.) Dg., M. vi. Rhaphium fascipes, (B. D. l 203.) Hg., Sb. W. A. ix. 1852.

Fam. xxiii. LONCHOPTERIDAE. Transformation unknown.

Fam. xxiv. PLATYPEZIDAE. Larva amphipneustic, acephalous, fungivorous. Pupa obtected. Platypeza boletina, (B. D. i. 225.) Roser, W. Zw. P. holosericea, (B. D. i. 227.) Df., A. S. E. F. xiii. 1840. P. furcata, (B. D. i. 225.) Ztt., D. S. p. 3199.

Fam. xxv. PIPUNCULIDAE. Larva amphipneustic, acephalous, entomobious. Pupa obtected. Pipunculus (B. D. i. 231.) fascipes, Boh., Ofw. Sw. A. 1854.

Fam. xxvi. SYRPHIDAE. Larva amphipneustic, acephalous ; form and economy various. Pupa obtected. Ceria conopsoides, (B. D. i. 238.) Roser, W. Zw. Df., A. S. E. F. v. 1847. Microdon mutabilis, (B. D. i. 240.) Schottlauber, Isis: 1840. Elditt, E. Z. 1845. M. apiformis, (B. D. i. 240.) Wissman, E. Z. 1848. Eumerus aneus, (B. D. i. 244.) Bou., Kg. Ct., G. Chr. 1842. E. strigatus, Bou., Kg. Eristalis, (B. D. i. 242.) Em., M. iv. Swam., B. K. Br., Isis : 1846. Ztt., D. S. p. 666. Helophilus, (B. D. i. 247.) Em., M. iv. Merodon clavipes (B. D. i. 252.) Em., M. iv. St. Fargeau, E. M. x. Bou., Kg. Ct., G. Chr. 1842. Roser, W. Zw. Syritta pipiens, (B. D. i. 253.) Dg., M. vi. Xylota (B. D. i. 254.) florum, Roser, W. Zw. X. valgus, Br., Isis : 1846. Milesia (B. D. i. 256.) vespiformis, Mg., Zw. iii. Ceriorhina oxyacanthae}, (B. D. i. 259.) Roser, W. Zw. C. apicata, Schranck, (apiformis,) Enumeratio Insectorum Austria. Volucella bombylans, (B. D. i. 261.) Em., M. iv. Dg., M. vi. Boje, Kr. K. H. T. ii. 1838. V. inflata, (B. D. i. 261.) Br., Isis: 1846. V. inanis, (B. D. i. 261.) Schmitt, Isis: 1842. Ztt., D. S. p. 310. V. zonata, Em., M. iv. Chrysotoxum festivum, (B. D. i. 264.) Roser, (arcuatum,) W. Zw. vol. iv. 2 B

Fam. xxvii. CONOPIDAE. Larva entomobious. Pupa obtected.

Conops quadrifasciatus, (B. D. i. 306.) Br., Isis: 1846. See also Latreille, Histoire Naturelle Generale et Particuliere des Insectes. Audouin, Memoires de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris : i. 1823. Df., A. S. K vii. 1837. Boh., Ofw. Sw. A. 1851. Kirschbaum, Jahrbucher des Vereines fur Naturkunde im Herzogthum Nassau : ix. 1853. Myopa, (B. D. ii. 4) Heyden, Isis : 1842. A. S. E. F. Bulletin : iv. 1856.

Fam. xxviii. MUSCIDAE. Larva amphipneustic or metapneustic, acephalous ; various in form and economy. Pupa obtected. See the Rev. F. Hope's Memoir on Insects inhabiting the Human Body; in the Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, vol. ii. Phasia (B. D. ii. 7.) crassipennis, Df., A. S. E. F. vi. 1848. Hyalomyia dispar, Df., A. S. E. F. ix. 1851, x. 1852. Phania, (B. D. ii. 10.) Ztt., D. S. p. 1218. Ocyptera (B. D. ii. 8.) bicolor, Df., A. S. N. x. 1827. Gymnosoma rotundata, (B. D. ii. 11) Heyden, Amtliches Bericht, 1842. Gonia capitata, (B. D. ii. 13.) Htg., F. J. B. ii. 1838. G. fasciata, (B. D. ii. 13.) Ztt., D. S. p. 3252. Tachina grossa, (B. D. ii. 19.) Dg., M. vi. Krause, V. Schl. G. 1832. T. tessellata, (B. D. ii. 20) Boje, E. Z. 1848. T. viridis, (B. D. ii. 26.) Boje, Kr., N H. T. ii. 1838. T. pacta (B. D. ii. 52.) Winthem, Isis: 1831. Boje, Kr. N. H. T. ii. 1838. T. concinnata, (B. D. ii. 88.) Bou., Kg. Rzbg., E. Z. viii. 1849. T. setipennis, (B. D. ii. 298.) Boh., Ofw. Sw. A. 1850. T. nitidula (B. D. ii. 298.) Smith, Tr. E. S. ii. 1852. T. erinacea, Ztt., D. S. p. 107. T.flavoscutellata, Ztt., D. S. p. 926. T. inflexa, Bou.,- Kg. See also Desv., Myod A. S. E. F. viii. 1849,—R. M. Z. 1851. Rzbg., F. I. iii. Htg., F.J. B.ii. 1838. Df., A. S.E. F. iii. 1845. Lambert, A. S. E. F. ix. 1851. Gim., B. S. N. Mosc. i. 1829. Lacaze-Duthiers, A. S. N. xix. 1853. Mcq., D. N. F. Verloren, in Brant, Tijdsschrift voor natuurkundige Wetenschappen : i. 1848. Siebold, A. N. G. i. 1838. Goureau, A. S. E. F. i. 1843. Wwd., M. C. I. ii.Dexia nigripes, (B. D. ii. 96.) Scholz, S. E. Z. 1849. L. leucozona, Ztt., D. S. p. 1267. Trixa, (B. D. ii. 100.) Desv., A. S. E. F. viii. 1850. Bulletin, p.ix. Sarcophaga caenaeia, (B. D. ii. 102). Bou., Ng. Fln., D. S. Ct., G. Chr. 1844. S. albiceps, (B. D. ii. 103.) Htg., F. J. B. ii. 1838. S. hamorrhoidalis, (B. D. ii. 104.) Bou., Kg. Desv., A. S. E. F. vii. 1849, Bull. p. xviii. S. quadrata, Bou., Ng. S. muscaria, Per., M. S. Lille: 1851. See also Siebold, A. K. G. i. 1838. Miltogramma punctata, Siebold, Observationes Entomological, 1841. Ct., B. E. 529. M. oestracea, Ztt., D. 8. p. 3254. M. conica, Siebold, Obs. Ent. ibid. Musca caesar, (B. D. ii. 111.) Dg., M. vi. Bou., Ng. M. corvina, (B. D. ii. 111.) Bou., Kg. M. maculata, (B. D. ii. 114.) Mg., Zw. iv. M. hortorum, (B. D. ii. 113.) Bou., Ng. M. pascuorum, Br., Isis: 1846. M. stabulans, (B. D. ii. 113.) Htg., E. J. B. ii. 1838. Df., A. S. N. xiii. 1840. Ct., J. R. A. S. x. 1850. M. assimilis, Df., (fungivora,) A. S. N. xiii. 1840. Mesembrina meridiana, (B. D., ii. 115.) Dg., M. vi. M. mystacea, Dg., ib. Rm., M. iv. Stomoxys calcitrans, (B. D. ii. 116.) Bou., Ng. Anthomyia (B. D. ii. 117.) Macrosoma lardaria, (B. D. ii. 119.) Desv., Myod. Hydrotaea dentipes, (B. D. ii. 145.) Bou., Ng. H. armipes, (B. D. ii. 145.) Bou., Ng. H. meteorica, (B. D. ii. 145.) Sparmann, A. Holm. 1778. Ophyra leucostoma, (B. D. ii. 145.) Bou., Ng. Homalomyia scalaris, (B. D. ii. 1845.) Swamm., B. N- Bou., Ng. Ztt., D. S. p. 1575. H. manicata, (B. D. ii. 145.) Df., A. S. N. xiii. 1840. H. paradoxalis (monilis?) Df., ib. H. melania, Df., A. S. N. xii. 1839. H. canicularis, (B. D. ii. 136.) Bou., Ng. H. tuberosa, Ct., G. Chr. 1845. Aricia testacea, (B. D. ii. 125.) Df., A. S. N. xii. 1839. Hylemyia strigosa, (B. D. ii. 145.) Scholz, S. E. Z. 1849. Pegomyia bicolor, (B. D. ii. 146.) Ztt., D. S. p. 1774. P. hyoscyami, Ztt., D. S. p. 1792. P. solennis, (B. D. ii. 146.) Bou., (rumicis,) Ng. Boje, Kr. N. H. T. iii. 1841. Goureau, A. S. E. F. ix. 1851. Desv., R. M. Z. 1851. P. fulgens, (B. D. ii. 144.) Scholz, S. E. Z. 1849. P. versicolor, Br., Isis: 1846. P. betae, Ct., J. R. A. S. viii. 1848. Scholz, S. E. Z. 1849. Goureau, (atriplicis,) A. S. E. F. 1851. Desv., R. M. Z. 1851. A. lactucae, Bou., Kg. Kollar, (lactucarum,) Schadliche Insekten. A. varicolor, radicum, (B. D. ii. 137.) Scholz, E. S. Z. 1849. A. antiqua, (B. D. ii. 1845.) Bou., (ceparum,) Kg. Wwd., G. Chr. Ztt, D. S. p. 3297. A. platura, (B. D. ii. 145.) Goureau, A. S. E. F. vii. 1848. Bou., Ng. A. strigata, Scholz., S. E. Z. 1849. Ztt., D. S. p. 1655. A. gnava, Ct., J. R. A. S. viii. 1849. A. Triangula, (B. D. ii. 145.) Roser, W. Zw. A. albescens, Ztt., D. S. p. 1521. A. riparia, Hal., K. H. R. 1857. And for other species see Bou., Ng. Mcq., A. S. E. F. i. 1853. Goureau, A. S. E. F. vii. 1848. Desv., R. M. Z. 1851. Htg., E. J. B. ii. 1838. Ztt., D. S. Coenosia tigrina, (B. D. ii. 132.) Bou., (vaccarum,) Kg. C. fungorum (B. D. ii. 143.) Mg., Zw. v. Wwd., G. Chr. 1853. 188 Lispe tentaculata, (B. D. ii. 147.) Bou., Ng. Desv., Myod, Scholz, S. E. Z. 1850. Cordylura spinimana, (B. D. ii. 151.) Br., Isis: 1846. C. apicalis, Boje, Kr. N. H. T. ii. 1838. Scathophaga stercoraria (B. D. ii. 158.) Em., M. iv. S. merdaria, B. D. ii. 154.) Bou., Ng. S. sebotina, Per., A. S. E. F. viii. 1840. Thyreophora cynophila, Desv., A. S. E. F. x. 1841. T. anthropophaga, Desv., Myod. Sphaerocera subsultans, (B. D. ii. 173.) Br., Isis: 1846. Borborus equinus, (B. D. ii. 175.) Hal., Ent Mag. iv. B. nitidus, (B. D. ii. 174.) Mcq., H. N. D. ii. B. stercorarius, Br., Isis: 1846. Limosina limosa, (B. D. ii. 178.) Br., Isis: 1846. L. ocheipes, (B. D. ii. 179.) Scholz, S. E. Z. 1850. L. lugubris, Df., A. S. N xii. 1839. L. salina, Heyden, E. Z. 1848. Heteroptera pusilla, (B. D. ii. 184.) Br., Isis: 1846. Helomyza pallida, (B. D. ii. 162.) ustulata, Rm., M. iv. Lucas, A. S. E. F. vii. 1849. Df., A. S. ST. xii. 1839. Desv., Myod. Leria serrata, (B. D. ii. 162.) Bou., Eg. Df., A. S. N. xii. 1839, Tetanocera ferruginea, (B. D. ii. 168.) Df., A. S. E. F. vii. 1849. Dorycera graminum, (B. D. ii. 171.) Mg., Zw. V. Lucina fasciata, (B. D. ii. 171.) Per., M. S. Lille: 1851. Chyliza atriseta, (B. D. ii. 219.) Per., M. S. Lille, 1851. C. scutellata, (B. D. ii. 219.) Scholz, (leptogaster,) S. E. Z. 1849. Psila rosae (B. D. ii. 221.) Kollar, Schadliche Insekten. Ct., J. R. A. S. ix. 1850. P. nigricoenis, Ct., Morton's Cyclopaedia of Agriculture. Platycephala umbraculata, (B. D. ii. 224.) Boje, Kr. N. H. T. ii. 1838. Chlorops lineata, (B. D. ii. 228.) Grn., E. Z. 1844. Wwd., G. Chr. 1848. C. glabra, (B. D. ii. 228.) Wwd., G. Mag.xiii. C. taeniopus, (B. D. ii. 228.) Ct, G. Chr. 1846. Grn., M. S. E. A. 1842. Lipara lucens, similis, Hg., Sb. W. A. xx. 1856. Per., M. S. Lille : 1851, (Gymnopoda tomentosa, et Var.) Oscinis frit, (B. D. ii. 231.) Bjerkander, A. Holm. 1778. Ct, (granaria, vastator,) J. R . A. S. vi. 1846. 0. nigerrima (B. D. ii. 231.) Goureau, A. S. E. F. iv. 1847. Madiza nucis, Per., A. S. E. F. viii. 1839. Piophila casei, (B. D. ii. 222 ) Swamm., B. N. Bou., Ng. Grin,, E. Z. ii. 1841. P. luteata, (B. D. ii. 222.) Df., (petasionis,) A. S. N. i. 1844. P. apii, Wwd., G. Chr. 1848. Dichaeta caudata (B. D. ii. 251.) Br. Isis: 1846. Notiphila (B. D. ii. 250.) Br., Isis: 1846. Ztt, D. S. Psilopa, (B. D. iv. 324.) Ztt. D. S. p. 132. Ephydra halophila, (B. D. iv. 346.) Heyden, E. Z. 1844. Diruf, E. Z. 1847. Halmopota salinaria, (B. D. iv. 346.) Bou., Ng. Tichomyza fusca (B. D. ii. 267.) Desv., (urinaria,) A. S. E. F. vi. 1847. Aulacigaster rufitatarsis, Df., A. S. E. F. iv. 1845. Heteromyza flava, (B. D. ii. 163.) Boje, E. Z. 1847. Heteroneura albimana, Boje, E. Z. 1847. Opomyza gracilis, (B. D. ii. 239.) Per., M. S. Lille: 1851. Ztt., D. S. p. 3360. Drosophila cellaris, (B. D. ii. 237.) Rm., M. v. Ct., B. E. 473. D. aceti, Hg., Sb. W. A. vii. 1851. D. fasciata, maculata, Df., A. S. N. xii. 1839. xiii. 1840. D. pallipes, Df., A. S. E. F. iv. 1846. D. variegata, Hg., Sb. W. A. ix. 1852. D. flaveola, Hg., Sb. W. A. ix. 1852. Per., A. S. E. F. ix. 1850. Hardy, (apicalis,) Proceedings of Berwickshire Naturalists' Club: 1849. D. graminum, (B. D. ii. 238.) Hardy, ibid. Sapromyza obsoleta, (B. D. ii. 188.) Bou., Ng. S. 4-punctata, (B. D. ii. 190.) Per., A. S. E. F. ix. 1851. See also Rzbg., F. I. iii. Ztt, D. S. p. 3267. Lonchaea chorea, (B. D. ii. 187.) Bou., Ng. L. nigra, (B. D. ii. 187.) Per., A. S. E. F. vii. 1849. L.parvicornis, Per., A. S. E. F. viii. 1840. L. palposa, Scholz, S. E. Z. 1850. Teremyia laticornis, Per., A. S. E. F. viii. 1840. Milichia maculata, reared by Miss Knight from fungivorous larvae ; J. Curtis. Leucopis puncticornis, (B. D. ii. 240.) Bou., Ng. L. obscura, (B. D. ii. 240.) Htg., (griseola,) F. J. B. ii. 1838. L. albipennis, Br., Isis: 1838. L. annulipes, Boh., A. Holm. 1848. L. argentata, Hg., Isis: 1848. Gitona distigma, Lw., D. N. H. Z. ii. 1847. Agromyza aeneiventris, Rdn., A. S. E. F. iii. 1845. Nylander, Notitiae pro Fauna et Flora Fennica: 1847. Scholz, S. E. Z. 1849, A. lappae, Lw., E. Z. 1849. A. nigripes, (B. D. ii. 242.) Goureau. A. S. E. F. viii. 1850. A. ornata, B. D. ii. 243. A. violae, Ct., G. Chr. 1844. See for other species, Bou., E. Z. 1847. Lw., E. Z. 1849. Goureau, A. S. E. F. viii. 1850. Klt., A. N. H. ii. 1848. Hardy, A. N. H. iv. 1850. Scholz, S. E. Z. 1850. Phytomyza affinis, (B. D. ii. 246.) Boje, Kr. N. H. T. ii 1838. P. obscurella, (B. D. ii. 245.) Goureau, A. S. E. F. iv. 1846. P. aquifolii, (B. D. ii. 245.) Desv., R. M. Z. 1851. P. flava, (B. D. ii. 247.) Doubleday, Ent. Mag. iv. 1837. P. flaviceps, Desv., R. M. Z. 1850. P. nigra, Hardy, A. N. H. iv. 1850. P. nigricornis, Ct., G. Chr. 1845. P. albiceps, Hg., Sb. W. A. ix. 1852. And for other species see Klt., A. N. H. ii. 1848. Goureau, A. S. E. F. viii. 1850. Desv., R. M. Z. 1851. Tephritis cognata, (B. D. ii. 199.) Boje, Kr. N. H. T. ii. 1838. T. signata, (B. D. ii. 207.) Bach, E. Z. 1842. T. Artemisia, (B. D. ii. 199.) Bou., E. Z., 1848. Wwd., M. C. I. ii. Roser, W. Zw. T. gaedii, (B. D. ii. 198.) Boje, E. Z. 1848. Ztt., D. S. p. 3344. T. zoe, (B. D. ii. 200) Lw., E. Z. 1847. T. heraclei, (B. D. ii. 199.) Boje, E. Z. 1847. Ct., J. R. A. S. ix. 1850. T. parietina, (B. D. ii. 203.) Wissmann, E. Z. 1848. T. wiedemannii, (B. D. ii. 207.) Lw., D. N. H. Z. ii. 1847. T. cardui, (B. D. ii. 206.) Lw., ib. Wwd., G. Chr. 1847. T. stylata, solstitialis, (B. D. ii. 205.) Boje, E. Z. 1848. T. westermanni, (B. D. ii. 207.) T. leontodontis, (B. D. ii. 204.) T. arnicae, (B. D. ii. 201.) T. bardanae:, (B. D. ii. 204.) T. arctii, (B. D. ii. 205.) T. florescentiae (B. D. ii. 201.) T. marginata, (B. D. ii 202.) T. absynthii, (B. D. ii. 202.) T. stellata, (B. D. ii. 204.) T. colon, (B. D. ii. 207.) T. serratulae, (B. D. ii. 201.) T. sonchi, (B. D. ii. 200.) T. spoliata, (stigma,) Lw. D. N. H. Z. ii. 1847, which consult for the fullest information on the species in general. See also Scholz, S. E. Z. 1849. Swamm., B. K Rm., M. iii. Dg., M. vi. Rosenhauer, E. Z. 1847. Ortalis vibrans, (B. D. ii. 197.) Scholz, S. E. Z. 1849. O. fulminans, Bou., E. Z. viii. 1847. Platystoma (B. D. ii. 193.) umbrarum, Per., M. S. Liege, x. 1855 Ulidia demandata, (B. D. ii. 193.) Bou., Ng. Sepsis cynipsea (B. D. ii. 208.) Wwd., M. C. I. ii Nemopoda cylindrica, (B. D. ii. 211.) Bou. Ng. Themira leachii, (B. D. ii. 212.) Bou., Kg.

Fam. xxix. OESTRIDAE Larva metapneustic (?), acephalous, entozoic. Pupa obtected. Oestrus bovis, B. D. ii. 270. Joly, A. S. Lyon : ix. 1846. O. lineatus, Villars, (elaphi Schranck,) Kellner, E. Z. 1847. Cephalemyia ovis, B. D. ii. 272. Joly, A. S. Lyon: ix. 1846. Hennig, D. N. H. Z. 1855. Newport, Cyclopaedia of Anatomy. C. picta, B. D. ii. 272. Redi, Opera : i. Kellner, E. Z. 1 847. Clark, Zoologist : v. 1847. Hennig, (capreoli?) D. N. H. Z. 1855. Cephenemyia trompe, Rzbg., F. I. iii. Kellner, E. Z. 1847. Gasterophilus equi, (B. D. ii. 274.) Joly, A. S. Lyon: ix. 1846. Hennig, D. N. H. Z. 1855. See Schroder van der Kolk, Neiwe Verhandelingen v. h. Koninkl. Nederlandsche Institut: xi. 1845. Schwab, Oestraciden; Munchen, 1840, and the references collected by Wwd., M. C. I. ii. p. 575.

Fam. xxx. PHORIDAE. Larva amphipneustic, acephalous, (entomobious ?). Pupa obtected. Phora rufipes, (B. D. ii. 280.) Bou., Kg. Df., (pallipes,) A. S. N. xii. 1839. Rzbg., E. I. iii. Hg., Sb. W. A. x. 1853. Ztt, D. S. p. 2858. P. atra, (B. D. ii. 281.) etc. Bou., (dauci) Ng. P. annulata, etc. Htg., F. J. B. ii. 1838. Gim., V. K. H. Y. Riga : i. 1847. P. caliginosa, Br., Isis : 1846. For other species see Ct., B. E. 437. Df., M. S. Lille : 1840. Coquerel, A. S. E. F. vi. 1848. Scholz, S. E. Z. 1850.

Fam. xxxi. HIPPOBOSCIDAE. Larva metapneustic, acephalous, development uterine. Pupa obtected. Df., A. S. N. iii. 1845. Blanchard,Institut : 1846. Leuckaert, Bulletin de l'Academie E. des Sciences de Belgique: xxi 1854.*
 * There are considerable discrepancies among the authorities cited. The representation given by Leuckart, which is the latest and seems the most probable, is that which I am disposed to follow.

Fam. xxxii. NYCTERIBIDAE. Larva uterine. Pupa obtected. Nycteribia Sykesii, Wwd., Transactions of the Zoological Society of London: i. 1835.

The abbreviations of the references in the foregoing list are the same, in general, as those employed in Walker's "Insecta Britannica, Diptera (Lovell Reeve ; London: 3 vols. 8vo., 1851-1856). For the sake of those who may not possess that work, and for the convenience of readers generally, a Table, in alphabetical order, is subjoined, of such abbreviations as there has been occasion to use here.
 * A. Holm Kongliga Swenska Vetenskaps Akaderaiens Handlingar.
 * A. J. A.—American Journal of Agriculture.
 * A. N. G—Archiv fur Naturgeschichte.
 * A. N. H.—Annals of Natural History.
 * A. N. V. Riga Archiv des Naturhistorischen Vereines zu Riga.
 * A. S. E. F.—Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France.
 * A. S. N.—Annales des Sciences Naturelles.
 * B. D.—Insecta Britannica Diptera, by F. Walker, F. L. S.
 * Boh Bohemann.
 * Bou, (Ng.)—Bouche, Naturgeschichte der Insekten.
 * Br.—Bremi.
 * Ct—Curtis, J.
 * D. N. H. Z.—Allgemeine Deutsche Naturhistorische Zeitung.
 * Desv., (Myod.)—Robineau-Desvoidy, Les Myodaires de France.
 * Dg., M.—Degeer, Memoires pour servir a l'histoire des Insectes.
 * E. M.—Encyclopedic Methodique.
 * E. Z.—Entomologische Zeitung, herausgegeben v. d. Eutomologischen Vereine zu Stettin.
 * Ent. Mag. — Entomological Magazine, London: 1833-1838.
 * Fb., S. E.—Fabricius, J. C, Systema Entomologiae.
 * Fln., D. S.—Fallen, Diptera Sueciae.
 * G. Chr.—Gardiner's Chronicle, edited by Lindley.
 * Gim.—Gimmerthal.
 * Grm. M.—Germar, Magazin fur Insektenkunde.
 * Grm. Z. E.—Zeitschrift fiir Entomologie.
 * Guer.—Guerin-Meneville.
 * Hal.—Haliday.
 * Hg.—Heeger.
 * Htg., (F. J. B.)—Hartig, Forstliches Jahresbericht.
 * Isis. — Isis von Oken, Encyclopaedische Zeitschrift.
 * J. R. A. S.—Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England.
 * Klt.—Kaltenbach.
 * Kr., N. H. T.—Kroeyer, Naturkistorisk Tidsskrift.
 * L.—Linnaeus.
 * Linn. Ent Linnaea Entomologica, Zeitschrift herausg. v. d. Entomologischen Vereine zu Stettin.
 * Linn. S. Tr.—Transactions of the Linnean Society of London.
 * Lw., D. Btr.—Loew, H. Dipterologische Beitrage.
 * M. A. Lyon — Memoires de la Societe dAgriculture, etc. de Lyon.
 * M. N. S. H. —Memoires de la Society Helvetique des Sciences Naturelles.
 * M. S. Liege.—Memoires de la Societe des Sciences de Liege.
 * M. S. Lille.—Memoires de la Societe des Sciences de Lille.
 * M. S. N. Mosq—Memoires de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou.
 * M. S. R. A.—Memoires de la Societe Royale d'Agriculture de France.
 * Mcq., D. N. F.—Macquart, Dipteres du Nord de France.
 * Mcq., H. N. D.— Histoire Naturelle des Insectes Dipteres.
 * Mg., Zw.— Meigen, Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europaischen Zweyflugligen Insekten.
 * N. H. R Natural History Review (this Journal).
 * [Ng. Nordlinger, H. Nachtrag zu Ratzeburgs Forstinsecten. Ent. Ztg.[Stettin] 9:225-271. 1848.]
 * Ofw. Sw. A. — Ofversigt af Kongliga Swenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Forhandlingar.
 * O. P.—Oeuvres posthumes.
 * Per.—Perris, E.
 * R. M. Z.—Revue et Magazin de Zoologie, par Guerin-Meneville.
 * Rdn.—Rondani, C.
 * Rm., M. —Reaumur, Memoires pour servir 1' Histoire des Insectes.
 * Rsl., Ins. B.—Roesel, Insekten Belustigungen
 * Rzbg., (F.I.)—Ratzeburg, Forst-Insekten.
 * S. E. Z.—Zeitschrift fur Entomologie, im InsektenkundeAuftrage des Vereines fur Schlesische
 * Sb. W. A.—Sitzungsberichte der K. K.Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien Math Nat.Hist. Klasse
 * Schl. Btr.—Schl. Btr.—Beitrage zur Entomologie, im Bezug auf die Schlesische Fauna
 * Schum.—Schummel
 * Stg.—Staeger.
 * Swam., B. N.—Swammerdam, Biblia Naturae
 * Tr. E. S.—Transactions of the Entomological Society of London.
 * V. Schl.G —Arbeiten und Veranderungengungen. der Schlesiche Gesellschaft fur vaterlandische Kultur, u. s. w
 * V. Z. B. V. W.—Verhandlungen des Zoologisch-botanischen Vereines zu Wien.
 * W. Zw.—Verzeichniss der Wiirttemberg-Zweyfliigligen Insekten, von C. L. F. v. Roser.
 * Wlbg.—Wahlberg.
 * Wwd. (M. C. I.)—Westwood, Introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects.
 * [Z.E.-Zeitschrift für Entomologie]
 * Ztt., D. S— Zetterstedt, Diptera Scandinaviae

In conclusion, it appears from this list that while the history of many of the families is inferred only from the knowledge of that of a few genera in their earlier stages—sometimes from a single example,— and though the extent of that knowledge, in many cases, is very trifling, or little more than sufficient to guide us to further investigation, on the other hand there remain but three of the families in which we are absolutely without anything to be called information in regard to this part of their natural history ; these are, Orphnephilidae: (if, with Professor Rondani,we admit the family founded for the single genus Orphnephila), Acroceridae:, and Lonchopteridae. As no species of the second of these has been discovered in Ireland as yet, it would be hopeless to expect any elucidation regarding it from observations here. The case is different with respect to the other two, which are comparatively within our reach. The last-named family, in particular,—comprising the single genus Lonchoptera,—seems to present no particular difficulty in the way of the study of its history, as the individuals of various species of the genus are common enough, throughout almost the whole year, among moss, about roots of trees, &c, appearing even in the windows of houses in the town. With a view to excite some of our young and zealous students to observations which may dispel part of the obscurity yet resting upon these subjects, I have laid the preceding list before the Association, along with these cursory remarks

FURTHER INFORMATION on German literature See de.wikisource


text:
Page:Commencement of the Constitution Amendment Act 1993.djvu/1

Registered at the Post Office as a Newspaper

As ’n Nuusblad by die Poskantoor Geregistreer

Rh

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Constitution Amendment Act, 1993

title: Constitution Amendment Act, 1993


text: Commencement of the Constitution Amendment Act, 1993


text:
Author:William Fiddian Reddaway

Works

 * (History, 1397-1814)

title: Author:William Fiddian Reddaway


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100, one man killed and ten wounded; so, out of 964 men engaged on our side, 16 were killed and 52 wounded. The Spaniards were under General Rubin, with, as second in command. Colonel Alcarez. They had two guns, and eleven companies of about a hundred men each: three belonging to the Porto Rico regiment, three to the San Fernandino, two to the Talavero, two being so-called mobilized companies from the mineral districts, and one a company of engineers; over twelve hundred men in all, together with two guns.

General Rubin reported that he had repulsed the American attack, and Lieutenant Tejeiro states in his book that General Rubin forced the Americans to retreat, and enumerates the attacking force as consisting of three regular regiments of infantry, the Second Massachusetts and the Seventy-first


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Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 23, 1912.djvu/65

Rh The passage in Marmion runs as follows:—

But with regard to this reference, the important factor is not the oft-quoted, I had almost said "over-quoted," text, as Mr. Robinson's article suggests, but Sir Walter Scott's own note (No. 26) upon it, to which he does not refer, but which is printed at the end of the volume, and runs as follows:—

The word "Protestant" is evidently meant to "conceal a jest" on the part of Sir Walter! This, however, is not the whole of the story, for, as Mr. G. C. Crick has pointed out in a recent paper, as far back as 1818 James Sowerby figured in The Mineral Conchology of Great Britain "an example of common Whitby ammonite that had been furnished with a head." Mr. Sowerby's remarks upon this point are as follows:—

"The Ammonites are called in common [parlance] Snakestones, and superstition has accounted for their having been found constantly without heads, saying, the curse of St. Cuthbert [the local saint] was the cause of it; but as some of the dealers felt it a possible inconvenience, they were determined to be less barbarous, and compassionately supplied some with heads. I was so curious as to desire to see what sort of heads might be substituted, and Lady Wilson kindly procured me a specimen


text:
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Page:Theodore Roosevelt Rough Riders.djvu/107

Rh New York (not one of which fired a gun or were anywhere near the battle), in addition to the sixteen dismounted troops of cavalry. In other words, as the five infantry regiments each included twelve companies, he makes the attacking force consist of just five times the actual amount. As for the "repulse," our line never went back ten yards in any place, and the advance was practically steady; while an hour and a half after the fight began we were in complete possession of the entire Spanish position, and their troops were fleeing in masses down the road, our men being too exhausted to follow them.

General Rubin also reports that he lost but seven men killed. This is certainly incorrect, for Captain O'Neill and I went over the ground very carefully and counted eleven dead Spaniards, all of whom were actually buried by our burying squads. There were probably two or three men whom we missed, but I think that our official reports are incorrect in stating that forty-two dead Spaniards were found; this being based upon reports in which I think some of the Spanish dead were counted two or three times. Indeed, I should doubt whether their loss was as heavy as ours, for they were under cover, while we advanced, often in the open, and their main lines fled long before we could get to close quarters. It is a very difficult country, and a


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102 force of good soldiers resolutely handled could have held the pass with ease against two or three times their number. As it was, with a force half of regulars and half of volunteers, we drove out a superior number of Spanish regular troops, strongly posted, without suffering a very heavy loss. Although the Spanish fire was very heavy, it does not seem to me it was very well directed; and though they fired with great spirit while we merely stood at a distance and fired at them, they did not show much resolution, and when we advanced, always went back long before there was any chance of our coming into contact with them. Our men behaved very well indeed—white regulars, colored regulars, and Rough Riders alike. The newspaper press failed to do full justice to the white regulars, in my opinion, from the simple reason that everybody knew that they would fight, whereas there had been a good deal of question as to how the Rough Riders, who were volunteer troops, and the Tenth Cavalry, who were colored, would behave; so there was a tendency to exalt our deeds at the expense of those of the First Regulars, whose courage and good conduct were taken for granted. It was a trying fight beyond what the losses show, for it is hard upon raw soldiers to be pitted against an unseen foe, and to advance steadily when their comrades are falling around them, and when they can


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Rh only occasionally see a chance to retaliate. Wood's experience in fighting Apaches stood him in good stead. An entirely raw man at the head of the regiment, conducting, as Wood was, what was practically an independent fight, would have been in a very trying position. The fight cleared the way toward Santiago, and we experienced no further resistance. That afternoon we made camp and dined, subsisting chiefly on a load of beans which we found on one of the Spanish mules which had been shot. We also looked after the wounded. Dr. Church had himself gone out to the firing-line during the fight, and carried to the rear some of the worst wounded on his back or in his arms. Those who could walk had walked in to where the little field-hospital of the regiment was established on the trail. We found all our dead and all the badly wounded. Around one of the latter the big, hideous land-crabs had gathered in a grewsome ring, waiting for life to be extinct. One of our own men and most of the Spanish dead had been found by the vultures before we got to them; and their bodies were mangled, the eyes and wounds being torn.

The Rough Rider who had been thus treated was in Bucky O'Neill's troop; and as we looked at the body, O'Neill turned to me and asked, "Colonel, isn't it Whitman who says of the vultures that


text:
Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983/1993-07-01

as amended by

Constitution Amendment Act, No. 105 of 1984

Powers and Privileges of Parliament and the Constitution Amendment Act, No. 99 of 1985

Provincial Government Act, No. 69 of 1986

Constitution Amendment Act, No. 20 of 1987

Constitution Amendment Act, No. 50 of 1988

Constitution Third Amendment Act, No. 101 of 1988

Constitution Fourth Amendment Act, No. 71 of 1989

Constitution Amendment Act, No. 61 of 1990

Constitution Second Amendment Act, No. 146 of 1992

Constitution Amendment Act, No. 149 of 1992

Proclamation No. R. 19 of 1993

Proclamation No. R. 20 of 1993

Proclamation No. R. 21 of 1993

Constitution Amendment Act, No. 82 of 1993

17. (2) (a) Before the State President issues a certificate under section 31 in respect of a bill or an amendment or a proposed amendment thereof, he shall consult the Speaker of Parliament and the Chairmen of the respective Houses in such manner as he deems fit.

(b) Paragraph (a) does not apply to the issue of a certificate in respect of a bill or an amendment thereof which has been altered as a result of the consultation in terms of that paragraph.

32. (1) If during the same session of Parliament―

one or two Houses pass a bill and the other Houses or House rejects it or is deemed in terms of subsection (2) to have rejected it; or two Houses pass different versions of a bill and the other House rejects it or is so deemed to have rejected it; or two Houses pass a bill and the other House passes a different version of it; or each of the Houses passes a different version of a bill,

the State President may during that session refer the bill and the different versions thereof which have been passed, as the case may be, to a joint sitting of the Houses contemplated in section 67(2)(b)(ii) for consideration: Provided that the State President may withdraw the reference at any time before the Houses at the joint sitting give a decision on the bill.

(1A) Unless the State President withdraws a reference in terms of subsection (1), the Houses may at the joint sitting by a majority of the members present reject the bill or pass it as introduced or as amended at such joint sitting.

(1B) A bill passed by the Houses at a joint sitting in terms of subsection (1A) shall be deemed to have been passed by Parliament.

(2) (a) If―

the State President, by message to a House, has requested that a bill passed by another House and introduced in the House in question or in respect of which notice of a motion for its introduction or consideration has been given in that House, be disposed of by that House before a date mentioned in the message, which may not be a date earlier than 14 days after the date of the message; and that House has not disposed of such bill before the date mentioned in the message,

that House shall be deemed for the purposes of subsection (1) to have rejected the bill, unless the State President by like message determines otherwise within seven days after the date so mentioned.

(b) A House which has rejected a motion for the introduction or the consideration of a bill shall be deemed for the purposes of subsection (1) to have rejected the bill.

33. (1) When a bill which―

has been passed by Parliament; or

has been passed by a House in accordance with section 31,

is presented to the State President for his assent, he shall declare that he assents thereto or that he withholds assent, but he shall not declare that he withholds assent unless he is satisfied that the bill has not been dealt with as provided in this Act.

(2) The provisions of subsection (1) of this section shall not affect the State President’s powers in terms of subsection (2) of section 31 to issue a certificate contemplated in the last-mentioned subsection in respect of an amendment of a bill when the bill is presented to him for assent, and to return the bill to the House in question.

55. (1) A member of a House shall vacate his seat if he―

becomes subject to any disability mentioned in section 54; or ceases to be qualified as required by law; or fails for a whole ordinary session of Parliament or of the House of which he is a member to attend without the special leave of that House, unless his absence is due to his serving, while the Republic is at war, with the South African Defence Force or any other force or service established by or under the Defence Act, 1957.

(2) A member of a House who―

is appointed to the office of administrator of a province or of member of the executive committee of a province, shall vacate his seat as a member of such House with effect from the date on which he assumes such office.

67. (1) This section applies to joint sittings called thereunder, but does not otherwise derogate from the power of Parliament to regulate its business and proceedings.

(2) The State President―

may call a joint sitting of the Houses by message to them whenever he deems it desirable; and shall call such a joint sitting―

if requested to do so by all three Houses; or whenever he refers a bill to a joint sitting in terms of section 32(1).

(3) The Speaker of Parliament shall preside at such a joint sitting: Provided that in the case of such a sitting called in terms of subsection (2)(b)(ii) a Chairman of a House designated by the Speaker may preside thereat.

(4) The Speaker shall, subject to the other provisions of this section, determine the rules and orders for the order and conduct of the proceedings of such a joint sitting, and such rules and orders in respect of a joint sitting called in terms of subsection (2)(b)(ii) may differ from rules and orders in respect of any other joint sitting.

(5) No resolution shall be adopted at any joint sitting other than a joint sitting called in terms of subsection (2)(b)(ii).

(6) The quorum for a joint sitting called in terms of subsection (2)(b)(ii) shall be one half of the total number of members of the three Houses jointly.

[Part VIII repealed by s. 6 of Act No. 82 of 1993.]

99. (1) Subject to the provisions of subsections (2) and (3), Parliament may by law repeal or amend or authorize the repeal or amendment of any provision of this Act.

(2) No repeal or amendment of the provisions of section 89 or of this subsection or of any corresponding provisions of any law substituted for them, shall be valid unless the bill embodying such repeal or amendment has been agreed to in every House by not less than two-thirds of the total number of its members.

(3) No repeal or amendment of or authorization to repeal or amend section 7(1)(b), (5) or (6), section 8(5), section 9(1) or (3)(a), section 14 or 15, section 16(1), section 19, 20 or 21, section 23(2), section 30, section 31(1) or (2), section 32(1), (1A), (1B) or (2), section 33, section 34(2)(a), section 37(1), section 38(2), section 39(1) or (2), section 41(1), section 42(1), section 43(1), section 52, 53 or 54, section 64(3), section 67, this subsection, subsection (4) of this section or Schedule 1 shall be valid unless the bill embodying such repeal or amendment or authorization to repeal or amend has been agreed to in every House by a majority of the total number of its members.

(4) A bill embodying the repeal or amendment of or authorization to repeal or amend any provision mentioned in subsection (2) or (3) of this section shall not be referred to a joint sitting for decision under the circumstances contemplated in section 32(1).

(5) Any reference in a provision of this Act mentioned in sub-section (3) of this section, or in the definition in this Act of an expression used in any such provision, to any other provision of this Act not mentioned in that subsection or to any other law shall be construed as a reference to such other provision or other law as it exists from time to time after any amendment or replacement thereof, and the provisions of subsections (3) and (4) of this section shall not be construed as applying to any amendment or replacement of such other provision or other law.

102. (1) If section 19 (1) (b) comes into operation before the first State President has been elected in terms of this Act and has assumed office, a person designated by the Ministers referred to in subsection (2) of this section from among their number, shall serve as Acting State President, and such or any other Acting State President or the State President may exercise any power conferred upon the State President by this section or section 103 but not yet exercised by the State President referred to in section 103 (1) at the commencement of section 19 (1) (b).

(2) (a) The persons who immediately before the commencement of this Act are Ministers of the Republic or Deputy Ministers in terms of section 20 or 21 of the previous Constitution, shall be deemed to have been appointed as such Ministers or Deputy Ministers under section 24 or 27 of this Act, as the case may be, and the departments of State then administered by such Ministers shall be deemed to have been established under section 24 of this Act as departments referred to in section 20 and to be administered by them under the relevant provisions of this Act.

(b) A reference in any law to the Prime Minister which at the commencement of this Act is not in consequence of an assignment under section 20A of the previous Constitution to be construed as a reference to some other Minister, shall be deemed to be a reference to the State President acting under subsection (2) of section 26 of this Act, except in so far as the State President assigns the administration of such law to a Minister under subsection (1) of the last-mentioned section.

(3) Where any matter which, during the session of Parliament (as constituted under the previous Constitution) immediately preceding the commencement of this Act, was submitted to the said Parliament or the House of Assembly (as so constituted), has not been disposed of before such commencement, Parliament or the House of Assembly, as the case may be, constituted under this Act may continue with the disposal or consideration of that matter, and steps taken by the first-mentioned House of Assembly in connection with that matter, shall be deemed to have been taken by the House of Assembly constituted under this Act.

(4) The House of Assembly as constituted for the purposes of the previous Constitution and in existence immediately before the commencement of this Act, shall be deemed to have been duly constituted for the purposes of this Act, and any person elected or nominated as a member of that House of Assembly and holding office immediately before such commencement, shall be deemed to have been duly elected or nominated to the House of Assembly established by this Act.

(5) The regulations made under section 40 (1A) of the previous Constitution shall continue to be of force and to apply to the election of members of the House of Assembly in terms of section 41 (1) (c) of this Act, and shall apply mutatis mutandis to elections of members of the House of Representatives and members of the House of Delegates in terms of sections 42 (1) (c) and 43 (1) (c) of this Act, until they are replaced by regulations under section 46 (1) of this Act.

(6) (a) The rules and orders of the House of Assembly as they exist at the commencement of this Act, shall apply mutatis mutandis in connection with the functions and proceedings of the House of Representatives and the House of Delegates, unless and until the House in question provides otherwise.

(b) Rules and orders approved by the House of Assembly before the commencement of this Act as joint rules and orders of the Houses, shall after such commencement be deemed to be joint rules and orders approved by each of the Houses as contemplated in section 64, until, and except in so far as, they are replaced by rules and orders which have in fact been so approved: Provided that any rules and orders so approved by the House of Assembly shall lapse on the expiry of a period of two years after the commencement of the first session of the first Parliament constituted under this Act.

(7) The first session of the first Parliament constituted in terms of this Act shall commence within 21 days after the polling day or the last polling day of the first general election of members of the House of Representatives and the House of Delegates, according to whether the poll in respect of those Houses is held on the same day or on different days, and for the purposes of that session and until those Houses have been duly constituted (but not for a period longer than 14 days after the commencement of that session), each shall be deemed to consist of the members thereof elected at such general election.

(8) For the purposes of the application of section 39 (1) in relation to the first Parliament constituted in terms of this Act, its first session shall be deemed to have commenced on a date determined by the State President referred to in section 103 (1) by proclamation in the Gazette, which may not be a date earlier than the date of the first meeting of the House of Assembly which existed immediately before the commencement of this Act, or later than the day on which that first session actually commences.

(9) For the purposes of the first delimitation of electoral divisions of the House of Representatives and of the House of Delegates the words “voters of the House in the province in terms of the current voters’ lists, duly corrected up to the latest possible date” in section 49 (1) shall be deemed to be replaced by the words “persons who, according to the population register kept in terms of the Population Registration Act, 1950, and on a date not more than 30 days before the delimitation commission begins to perform its functions, would be entitled to be included in any lists of the voters contemplated in section 52 of the House in electoral divisions thereof in the province had the province been divided into electoral divisions of the House on the date in question”, and the references to voters in section 49 (2) and (3) shall be construed accordingly.

(10) (a) A person holding office as State President or Vice State President immediately before the commencement of this Act shall vacate his office at such commencement.

(b) The salary and allowances payable to the State President immediately before such commencement shall be deemed to have been determined in terms of section 12 as the salary and allowances payable to the State President, until they are altered under that section.

[Sub-ss. (11) and (12) deleted by s. 8 of Act No. 82 of 1993.]


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104 'they pluck the eyes of princes and tear the flesh of kings'?" I answered that I could not place the quotation. Just a week afterward we were shielding his own body from the birds of prey.

One of the men who fired first and who displayed conspicuous gallantry was a Cherokee half-breed, who was hit seven times, and of course had to go back to the States. Before he joined us at Montauk Point he had gone through a little private war of his own; for on his return he found that a cowboy had gone off with his sweetheart, and in the fight that ensued he shot his rival. Another man of L Troop who also showed marked gallantry was Elliot Cowdin. The men of the plains and mountains were trained by life-long habit to look on life and death with iron philosophy. As I passed by a couple of tall, lank, Oklahoma cow-punchers, I heard one say, "Well, some of the boys got it in the neck!" to which the other answered with the grim plains proverb of the South: "Many a good horse dies."

Thomas Isbell, a half-breed Cherokee in the squad under Hamilton Fish, was among the first to shoot and be shot at. He was wounded no less than seven times. The first wound was received by him two minutes after he had fired his first shot, the bullet going through his neck. The second hit him in the left thumb. The third struck near his


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Rh right hip, passing entirely through the body. The fourth bullet (which was apparently from a Remington and not from a Mauser) went into his neck and lodged against the bone, being afterward cut out. The fifth bullet again hit his left hand. The sixth scraped his head and the seventh his neck. He did not receive all of the wounds at the same time, over half an hour elapsing between the first and the last. Up to receiving the last wound he had declined to leave the firing-line, but by that time he had lost so much blood that he had to be sent to the rear. The man's wiry toughness was as notable as his courage.

We improvised litters, and carried the more sorely wounded back to Siboney that afternoon and the next morning; the others walked. One of the men who had been most severely wounded was Edward Marshall, the correspondent, and he showed as much heroism as any soldier in the whole army. He was shot through the spine, a terrible and very painful wound, which we supposed meant that he would surely die; but he made no complaint of any kind, and while he retained consciousness persisted in dictating the story of the fight. A very touching incident happened in the improvised open-air hospital after the fight, where the wounded were lying. They did not groan, and made no complaint, trying to help one another. One of them suddenly began


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Rh was known in 1815, and was also used by Sir Walter Scott. We can, however, go further back still, for Alban Butler, in his Life of St. Hilda or Hild, Abbess of Whitby. remarks:—

Now Woodward the geologist lived from 1665 to 1728, which shows us that the belief cannot have been altogether modern; and we are taken yet one step further back by a reference in the second part of Drayton's Polyolbion (1622, Song 28), in which he remarks with reference to Whitby:—

The other great centre in England round which the snakestone legend centres is Keynsham, in Somersetshire. The general form of the legend is very similar to that which is current at Whitby. The Rev. J. Mitford is quoted by J. E. Harting, the editor of White's The Natural History etc. of Selborne, for a "fabulous legend which says that St. Keyna, from whom [as he erroneously supposes] the place [Keynsham] takes its name, resided here in a solitary wood, [which we miss in the Whitby versions], full of venomous serpents, and her prayers converted them into stones, which still retain their shape." White himself, in his immortal work, (which appeared in 1789), calls them cornua ammonis or ammon's horns, and John Walcott


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106 to hum, "My Country 'Tis of Thee," and one by one the others joined in the chorus, which swelled out through the tropic woods, where the victors lay in camp beside their dead. I did not see any sign among the fighting men, whether wounded or unwounded, of the very complicated emotions assigned to their kind by some of the realistic modern novelists who have written about battles. At the front everyone behaved quite simply and took things as they came, in a matter-of-course way; but there was doubtless, as is always the case, a good deal of panic and confusion in the rear where the wounded, the stragglers, a few of the packers, and two or three newspaper correspondents were, and in consequence the first reports sent back to the coast were of a most alarming character, describing, with minute inaccuracy, how we had run into an ambush, etc. The packers with the mules which carried the rapid-fire guns were among those who ran, and they let the mules go in the jungle; in consequence the guns were never even brought to the firing-line, and only Fred Herrig's skill as a trailer enabled us to recover them. By patient work he followed up the mules' tracks in the forest until he found the animals.

Among the wounded who walked to the temporary hospital at Siboney was the trooper, Rowland, of whom I spoke before. There the doctors


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Rh examined him, and decreed that his wound was so serious that he must go back to the States. This was enough for Rowland, who waited until nightfall and then escaped, slipping out of the window and making his way back to camp with his rifle and pack, though his wound must have made all movement very painful to him. After this, we felt that he was entitled to stay, and he never left us for a day, distinguishing himself again in the fight at San Juan.

Next morning we buried seven dead Rough Riders in a grave on the summit of the trail, Chaplain Brown reading the solemn burial service of the Episcopalians, while the men stood around with bared heads and joined in singing, "Rock of Ages." Vast numbers of vultures were wheeling round and round in great circles through the blue sky overhead. There could be no more honorable burial than that of these men in a common grave—Indian and cow-boy, miner, packer, and college athlete—the man of unknown ancestry from the lonely Western plains, and the man who carried on his watch the crests of the Stuyvesants and the Fishes, one in the way they had met death, just as during life they had been one in their daring and their loyalty.

On the afternoon of the 25th we moved on a couple of miles, and camped in a marshy open spot close to a beautiful stream. Here we lay for


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108 days. Captain Lee, the British attaché, spent some time with us; we had begun to regard him as almost a member of the regiment. Count von Götzen, the German attaché, another good fellow, also visited us. General Young was struck down with the fever, and Wood took charge of the brigade. This left me in command of the regiment, of which I was very glad, for such experience as we had had is a quick teacher. By this time the men and I knew one another, and I felt able to make them do themselves justice in march or battle. They understood that I paid no heed to where they came from; no heed to their creed, politics, or social standing; that I would care for them to the utmost of my power, but that I demanded the highest performance of duty; while in return I had seen them tested, and knew I could depend absolutely on their courage, hardihood, obedience, and individual initiative.

There was nothing like enough transportation with the army, whether in the way of wagons or mule-trains; exactly as there had been no sufficient number of landing-boats with the transports. The officers' baggage had come up, but none of us had much, and the shelter-tents proved only a partial protection against the terrific downpours of rain. These occurred almost every afternoon, and turned the camp into a tarn, and the trails into torrents


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Rh and quagmires. We were not given quite the proper amount of food, and what we did get, like most of the clothing issued us, was fitter for the Klondyke than for Cuba. We got enough salt pork and hard-tack for the men, but not the full ration of coffee and sugar, and nothing else. I organized a couple of expeditions back to the seacoast, taking the strongest and best walkers, and also some of the officers' horses and a stray mule or two, and brought back beans and canned tomatoes. These I got partly by great exertions on my part, and partly by the aid of Colonel Weston of the Commissary Department, a particularly energetic man whose services were of great value. A silly regulation forbade my purchasing canned vegetables, etc., except for the officers; and I had no little difficulty in getting round this regulation, and purchasing (with my own money, of course) what I needed for the men.

One of the men I took with me on one of these trips was Sherman Bell, the former Deputy Marshal of Cripple Creek, and Wells-Fargo Express rider. In coming home with his load, through a blinding storm, he slipped and opened the old rupture. The agony was very great, and one of his comrades took his load. He himself, sometimes walking, and sometimes crawling, got back to camp, where Dr. Church fixed him up with a spike


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52 when at Whitby. I have figured that specimen for the information of others; see fig. 2."

This fossil is now, Mr. Crick informs us, in the British Museum Collection ; it is not so large as the figure in the March number of the Naturalist for 1910. The practice of supplying heads to the Whitby ammonites was also mentioned in the Geologist for 1858, and again as late as 1885 by J. E. Taylor, who, in Our Common British Fossils and Where to Find Them, remarks that

"they are found in blue nodules, which, when broken open, reveal the coiledup ringed shell, wonderfully resembling a snake in such species as Ammonites communis, and still more wonderfully resembling one when they put a "head" on, with eyes in—as they sometimes do."

Mr. Crick also mentions another example in the British Museum that has been provided with a head, the nose being much more pointed than in Sowerby's example, and much more closely resembling the specimen figured in the Naturalist: this was added to the national collection in 1859. I am told as an interesting fact that small specimens of ammonites, set in gold, (though, I believe, without the head), are worn as pendants by the lady students of St. Hilda's College, a boarding-house at Cheltenham, which I understand is on the same foundation with a similar institution at Oxford. A curious anecdote which should not be omitted here is that the well-known Sussex geologist Gideon Mantell (1790-1858) obtained the inspiration which launched him on his geological career from an ammonite or snakestone, which as a boy he happened to see lying in the clear waters of a shallow stream that ran into the Sussex Ouse; this fact is vouched for by Lower, the Sussex historian, and I may add that ammonites in this neighbourhood are still "snakestones" in popular Sussex parlance.

We have seen that the story of the (headless)


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110 bandage, but informed him that he would have to be sent back to the States when an ambulance came along. The ambulance did not come until the next day, which was the day before we marched to San Juan. It arrived after nightfall, and as soon as Bell heard it coming, he crawled out of the hospital tent into the jungle, where he lay all night; and the ambulance went off without him. The men shielded him just as school-boys would shield a companion, carrying his gun, belt, and bedding; while Bell kept out of sight until the column started, and then staggered along behind it, I found him the morning of the San Juan fight. He told me that he wanted to die fighting, if die he must, and I hadn't the heart to send him back. He did splendid service that day, and afterward in the trenches, and though the rupture opened twice again, and on each occasion he was within a hair's breadth of death, he escaped, and came back with us to the United States.

The army was camped along the valley, ahead of and behind us, our outposts being established on either side. From the generals to the privates all were eager to march against Santiago. At daybreak, when the tall palms began to show dimly through the rising mist, the scream of the cavalry trumpets tore the tropic dawn; and in the evening,


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Rh as the bands of regiment after regiment played the "Star-Spangled Banner," all, officers and men alike, stood with heads uncovered, wherever they were, until the last strains of the anthem died away in the hot sunset air.


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Page:Australia, from Port Macquarie to Moreton Bay.djvu/42

 occasioned by its great altitude above the level of the sea. In fact it is now considered as part of the New England country, and its features are exactly similar to the New England streams, flowing west to join the Peel river; smaller trees sparingly scattered over pasturage of quite different aspect to that on the lower MacLeay, and scrubs of Acacia pendula, now characterizing the scenery. There are several sheep stations on the upper branches of the MacLeay and Apsley rivers, but such is the rugged mountainous country intervening between them and the lower MacLeay, that they have never had any communication with it, or the settlers on it. They have, consequently, communicated with Sydney by way of Liverpool Plains and the Hunter; the land journey they had to perform to reach Maitland being upwards of 200 miles. Mr. Ralfe, however, when Government Surveyor for the district of Port Macquarie, discovered a road from that place over the mountains to the table land of New ' England; and owing to the exertions of the inhabitants of Port Macquarie, aided by the Colonial Government, a road, practicable for wool drays, was completed last season; and the wool of the table land settlers brought down by it to the town, and conveyed to Sydney in the steamer, which makes weekly trips to Port Macquarie. According to Mr. Ralfe, some parts of the New England mountains are 6000 feet above the level of the sea. It is one of the best sheep districts in the colony;


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 and the temperature of the air is, of course, proportionate to its great elevation.

One remarkable characteristic of the round-topped ranges in the bases of the lower MacLeay, is their very great fertility: for their steep slopes are never bare and rocky, but almost invariably covered with soil, clothed with good grass and lofty forest trees, and sometimes tangled brush; they are occasionally stoney on the higher ridges, but the grass is still abundant. A peculiarity I have noticed in the soft, slaty ranges, is the very great inclination of the sides of ranges and gullies, having a good covering of soil, with grass and trees, and which I have seen considerably greater than that which geologists seem to have assigned as the extreme limit at which rock can carry a soil. I have extracted from Professor Jameson's valuable notes to Cuvier's Theory of the Earth, the following observations of the celebrated Humboldt on this subject. According to his measurements, "a slope of even fifteen degrees appears steep, and a declivity of thirty-seven degrees so abrupt, that if it be covered with a dense sward, it can scarcely be climbed. The inclination of the pastures of the Alps seldom exceeds an angle of ten or fifteen degrees, and a slope of twenty degrees is pretty steep. At an inclination of forty degrees the surface of the rock is sometimes covered with earth bearing a sward, but at a greater elevation the rocks are usually destitute of soil and vegetation. In the Upper Hartz, the most common


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 inclination of the declivities of the mountains is twenty-five degrees, nor does it usually exceed thirty-three, at which inclination the beech and spruce grow. The greatest declivities at which ground can be advantageously cultivated have an inclination of thirty degrees." Now I have frequently observed at the MacLeay river, sides of gullies, &c. with an inclination of upwards of fifty degrees, covered with grass and trees; the long roots of the common Australian forest grass may possibly exercise some influence in retaining soil on a rocky surface of so great an inclination, whilst the edges of the almost vertically disposed strata of the schistose formation would occasion a rough surface, along which the soil could not easily slip.

In returning to the mouth of the MacLeay river, and proceeding eleven miles north of it, along the coast, we arrive at the mouth of the Nambucca river, which communicates with the ocean, over a rocky impassable bar. The Nambucca river is formed by several mountain streams, rising in brushy gullies. When these streams have attained a fall low enough to be affected by the tide, they form salt-water inlets, navigable for boats, which all unite in one main channel a short distance from the bar. In my survey of the navigable arms of the Nambucca river, I did not find it possessed of any important features; its banks consisted of mangroves, teatree swamps, dense forest, and cedar brushes. On


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 one arm, called by the natives Nymbedia, there is a curious passage, scarcely wide enough for a boat, through which the water passes, although the creek, immediately above and below this spot, is fifty yards wide. As the cedar on the MacLeay river is now quite exhausted, the cedar sawyers have lately migrated to the brushes at the Nambucca. They were at first exposed to murderous attacks from the native tribes on its banks, who killed and wounded several sawyers; and as retaliatory expeditions were undertaken, in consequence, against the natives, (on which occasion the sawyers mustered together, armed with their guns, and swords, roughly manufactured from their pit-saws,) a great number of blacks were killed in the skirmishes which took place, and they gradually became more peaceably inclined.

About six miles north of the embouchure of the Nambucca, a small stream, called by the natives "Coohalli," (which rises in a high pyramidical forest hill, and the adjacent ranges,) filters through a sand bank to the sea. I have considered this stream worth noticing, as being the farthest point south, and consequently, the nearest point to Sydney, at which I have found the magnificent variety of pine, generally known as "the Moreton Bay pine." These trees occur here all of a sudden, in considerable numbers, and of great size and altitude, although I have never detected one single individual pine in any of the brushes of the Nambucca, MacLeay, Hastings, or Manning rivers, or indeed any where


text:
Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983/1994-04-01

as amended by

Constitution Amendment Act, No. 105 of 1984

Powers and Privileges of Parliament and the Constitution Amendment Act, No. 99 of 1985

Provincial Government Act, No. 69 of 1986

Constitution Amendment Act, No. 20 of 1987

Constitution Amendment Act, No. 50 of 1988

Constitution Third Amendment Act, No. 101 of 1988

Constitution Fourth Amendment Act, No. 71 of 1989

Constitution Amendment Act, No. 61 of 1990

Constitution Second Amendment Act, No. 146 of 1992

Constitution Amendment Act, No. 149 of 1992

Proclamation No. R. 19 of 1993

Proclamation No. R. 20 of 1993

Proclamation No. R. 21 of 1993

Constitution Amendment Act, No. 82 of 1993

Proclamation No. R. 39 of 1994

Proclamation No. R. 40 of 1994

Proclamation No. R. 41 of 1994

Proclamation No. R. 42 of 1994

Schedule 1

Subjects referred to in section 14

[Item 1 deleted by Proclamation No. R. 40 of 1994 in terms of s. 98A.]

[Items 2 and 3 deleted by Proclamation No. R. 42 of 1994 in terms of s. 98A.]

[Item 4 deleted by Proclamation No. R. 21 of 1993 in terms of s. 98A.]

[Item 5 deleted by Proclamation No. R. 41 of 1994 in terms of s. 98A.]

[Item 6 deleted by Proclamation No. R. 20 of 1993 in terms of s. 98A.]

[Items 7 and 8 deleted by Proclamation No. R. 19 of 1993 in terms of s. 98A.]

[Item 9 deleted by Proclamation No. R. 39 of 1994 in terms of s. 98A.]

10. Elections of members of the House of Parliament in question, excluding matters prescribed or to be prescribed by or under any general law.

11. Finance in relation to own affairs of the population group in question, including―

estimates of revenue and expenditure, but excluding the form in which such estimates shall be prepared; the appropriation of moneys for the purposes of such estimates, but excluding such appropriation of moneys for any purpose other than that for which they are by or under any general law made available for appropriation; levies authorized by or under any general law, on services rendered over and above payments for such services; the receipt of donations; the making of donations not amounting to a supplementation of appropriations contemplated in paragraph (2); and the control over the collection and utilization of revenue, subject to the provisions of the Exchequer and Audit Act, 1975,

but excluding the levying of taxes and the raising of loans.

12. Staff administration in terms of the provisions of any general law in relation to staff in the employment of the State.

13. Auxiliary services necessary for the administration of own affairs of the population group in question, including the planning of and control over the work connected with the exercise or performance of powers, duties and functions in a department of State for such affairs, and the services provided by or in such a department, and the acquisition, alienation, provision and maintenance of and the control over land, supplies, services, buildings, works and accommodation, transport and other facilities for the purposes of the performance or rendering of such work and services, but subject to any general law in relation to such matters.

14. The rendering of services, either with the approval of the State President acting as provided in section 19 (1) (b) or in terms of arrangements made between Ministers with such approval, to persons who are not members of the population group in question.


text:
Author:Allan Cunningham

 * Author:Allan Cunningham (1784-1842), British author
 * Author:Allan Cunningham (1791-1839), British botanist

title: Author:Allan Cunningham


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 south of this point. This variety of pine, and the Araucaria excelsa, or Norfolk Island pine, which is grown as an ornamental tree in the Sydney gardens, and also grows very extensively on the northeastern coast of New Holland, are the most beautiful and stately of all the genus Coniferæ in the known world; they frequently exceed two hundred feet in height. The following remarks on the Araucaria excelsa, are by Mr. Cunningham, the late enterprising colonial botanist; they are quoted in Murray's Encyclopaedia of Geography, from which work I have copied them:—" The famous Araucaria excelsa, reckoned amongst the loftiest trees in the world, which was first found in Norfolk Island, and New Caledonia, has been ascertained by Allan CunninghamMr. Cunningham to extend from Mount Warning, on the east coast, in latitude 29° south, thence sparingly towards the tropics, within which it is very abundant, forming upon several islands the only timber. This is probably the nearest approach of the species to the equinoctial line; and although it occupies an area of nine hundred miles, it is probably limited in Terra Australis, to its immediate shores; and as


text: Pictures From Italy/Chapter 3

title: Pictures From Italy/Chapter 3


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Page:Pictures From Italy.djvu/29

 LYONS, THE RHONE, AND THE GOBLIN OF AVIGNON.

is a fair resting-place, in right of its good inn on the bank of the river, and the little steam-boats, gay with green and red paint, that come and go upon it: which make up a pleasant and refreshing scene, after the dusty roads. But, unless you would like to dwell on an enormous plain, with jagged rows of irregular poplars on it, that look in the distance like so many combs with broken teeth: and unless you would like to pass your life without the possibility of going up-hill, or going up anything but stairs: you would hardly approve of Chalons as a place of residence. You would probably like it better, however, than Lyons: which you may reach, if you will, in one of the before-mentioned steam-boats, in eight hours.

What a city Lyons is! Talk about people feeling, at certain unlucky times, as if they had tumbled from the clouds! Here is a whole town that has tumbled, anyhow, out of the sky; having been first caught up, like other stones that tumble down from that region, out of fens and barren places, dismal to behold! The two great streets through which the two great rivers

title: Page:Pictures From Italy.djvu/29


text:
Author:John Ellor Taylor

Works

 * Flowers: their Origin, Shapes, Perfumes, and Colours. London: Hardwicke and Bogue.
 * Geological Essays, and Sketch of the Geology of Manchester, London, 1864.
 * Half-hours at the Seaside, London, 1872; other editions in 1878 and 1890.
 * Half-hours in the Green Lanes, London, 1872; 7th ed. 1890.
 * Mountain and Moor, for the series entitled Natural History Rambles, London, 1879.
 * The Aquarium: its Inhabitants, London, 1876; 2nd ed. 1881.
 * Our Island Continent: a Naturalist's Holiday in Australia, London, 1886.
 * In and About Ancient Ipswich London: Jarrold & Sons, 1888 (PDF)

Articles in Popular Science Monthly

 * 1.

title: Author:John Ellor Taylor


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54 (1779) says, of Keynsham, "formerly the credulous inhabitants of this Village believed these Snake-stones to have been real serpents, changed into stone by one Keina, a devout British virgin." Alban Butler's version of this belief is as follows:—

I may remark here that this version of the legend is more important than the Whitby one, for Butler gives as his authority for the turning of serpents into stone Camden's Britannia, which takes us back at once to the Elizabethan period. The passage in Camden's Britannia, when translated, runs as follows:—

This quotation shows that the belief was a matter of general report as far back as the year 1586, but a different passage from Camden bearing upon the same subject is quoted by Plot in The Natural History of Oxfordshire. This second passage adds the important information that Camden believed himself to have seen another kind of snakestone, the head of which projected at its circumference, while its tail was rolled up in the