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 BARCROFT, GEORGE (d. 1610), musician, matriculated as a sizar of Trinity College, Cambridge, on 12 Dec. 1574, and took the degree of B.A. in 1577–8. He was appointed a minor canon of Ely and organist of that cathedral in 1579, and it is supposed that he died about 1610. Two anthems composed by him are extant, and to him has been ascribed a service in G. It appears, however, that this service was composed in 1632, probably by Thomas Barcroft, who is said to have been organist of Ely about 1535.

[Dickson's Cat. of Ely Music MSS. 14; Willet's Epist. Ded. to Harmonie on 2 Sam.; Cooper's Athenæ Cantab. iii. 14.]  BARD, HENRY, (1604?–1660), soldier and diplomatist, was descended from an old Norfolk family, and was the younger of two sons of the Rev. George Bard, vicar of Staines, Middlesex. The exact date of his birth is not recorded, but it was probably 1604. From Eton College, he, in 1632, entered King's College, Cambridge, where he took his master's degree and a fellowship. Previous to this he had, without the leave of his guardians, visited Paris, and afterwards he made an excursion on foot into France, Italy, Turkey, Palestine, and Egypt. While in Egypt he obtained, or rather stole, from a mosque an Alcoran, which he some years afterwards presented to his college. Wood, who styles him ‘a compact body of vanity and ambition, yet proper, modest, comely,’ states that on his return home he lived ‘high,’ his expenses being met by his brother Maximilian, a wealthy girdler, according to Wood, ‘a great admirer of his accomplishments and as much despised by him.’ Bard's mastery of several languages, and his experience as a traveller, commended him to the attention of Charles I, and while at Oxford, in 1643, he was nominated for the degree of D.C.L. At the battle of Cheriton Down, between Lord Hopton and Sir William Waller, he greatly distinguished himself, but was so severely wounded as to lose his arm, and was also taken prisoner. Receiving his discharge, he, in May 1644, obtained the reversionary grant of the offices of governor of the isle of Guernsey and captain of Cornet Castle. After joining the king at Oxford, he was appointed to the command of a brigade, and subsequently was made governor of Camden House, Gloucestershire, which, when he found it necessary to vacate it, he, by the orders, it is supposed, of Prince Rupert, burned to the ground. On 8 Oct. following he was created a baronet. Shortly afterwards he married Anne, daughter of Sir William Gardiner, knight, of Peckham, Surrey. In May 1645, he was present with the king at the taking of Leicester, and, according to Rushworth, was the first along with Sir Bernard Astley to scale the walls. At the battle of Naseby, in June following, he, according to Lloyd (Memoirs, 668), led, on the left hand, Tertia, with Sir G. Lisle. On 8 July 1646 he was created Baron Bard and Viscount Bellamont in the kingdom of Ireland. While on the passage from England to Ireland in December following he was taken prisoner, but in 1647 parliament decreed ‘that Mr. Bard, long since committed, should be discharged of his imprisonment, provided he give security to the parliament that he go beyond the seas, and never return again without the license of both houses of parliament.’ Accordingly he proceeded to the Hague, to the court of Charles II. At the Hague he was arrested 12 May 1649, charged with the murder of Dr. Dorislaus (, Memorials, p. 402), but the charge turned out to be unfounded. Having been sent, in 1656, from Bruges, by Charles II, as ambassador to the emperor of Persia, he was overtaken, in 1660, by a whirlwind in the desert of Arabia, and choked in the sand. He left his widow in great poverty, as is testified by her petition in the state papers for a pension. One of his two daughters became mistress to Prince Rupert.

[Wood's Fasti, i. 490, ii. 66; Visitation of London; Collectanea Topographica et Genealogica, iii. 18, iv. 59; Harwood's Alumni Etoniani, 233–4; Whitelocke's Memorials; Lloyd's Memoirs; Rushworth's Historical Collections; Add. MSS. 5533 and 5816, ff. 137–9; Gent. Mag. 2nd series, vii. 52–5.]  BARDELBY, ROBERT (fl. 1323), judge, acted in a subordinate capacity as one of the keepers of the great seal between 1302 and 1321. In 1315 he was appointed keeper of the hospital of St. Thomas Martyr of Acon in London, during the temporary absence of Richard of Southampton. In 1315 he was assigned as one of the commissioners to hear petitions to parliament (then sitting at Lincoln), and was entrusted with the business of answering petitions in the parliament of 1320 at Westminster. In 1323 we find him described as canon of Chichester in a writ appointing him one of a commission of justices directed to try certain commissioners of array accused of acts of malversation and oppression, and in 1325 as ‘clericus cancellarius’ in a memorandum of the appointment of Henry de Clyf as keeper of the rolls.

[Hardy's Catalogue of Lords Chancellors, &c., 15–27; Rot. Parl. i. 287; Parl. Writs, ii. div. ii. pt. i. 634, pt. ii. 272.]


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Rh that behalf between Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom and the government of Singapore in accordance with any provision of those laws.

(2) An Order in Council made under this section may determine the classes of cases in which, and the conditions as to leave and otherwise subject to which, any such appeal may be entertained by the said Committee and the practice and procedure to be followed on any such appeal, and may contain such incidental or supplemental provisions as appear to Her Majesty to be expedient.

(3) Except as otherwise provided by an Order in Council under this section, and subject to such modifications as may be so provided, the Judicial Committee Act 1833 shall have effect in relation to appeals in respect of which jurisdiction is conferred under this section as it applies in relation to appeals to Her Majesty in Council.

(4) An Order in Council under this section may be varied or revoked by a subsequent Order in Council.

4.—(1) Her Majesty may by Order in Council make such adaptations in any Act of Parliament passed before this Act as appear to Her necessary or expedient in consequence of Singapore's becoming an independent sovereign state within the Commonwealth.

(2) An Order in Council under this section and any Order in Council or other instrument made under any other enactment which varies or revokes a previous Order in Council or instrument in consequence of Singapore's becoming an independent sovereign state within the Commonwealth may be made so as to have effect from 9th August 1965.

(3) An Order in Council made under this section shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament, and may be varied or revoked by a subsequent Order so made.

5.—(1) This Act may be cited as the Singapore Act 1966.

(2) References in this Act to any enactment are references to that enactment as amended or extended by or under any other enactment.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Author:Erik Norman Kjellesvig-Waering

 * The Mazon Creek eurypterid: A revision of the genus Lepidoderma. Illinois State Mus., Sci. Papers, 2, no. 4, 46 pp., 1 text fig., 8 pls. (1948)
 * The genera, species and subspecies of the family Eurypteridae, Burmeister, 1845. Jour. Pal., 32, no. 6, pp. 143–148, 27 text figs. (1958)
 * A taxonomic review of some Late Paleozoic Eurypterida. Jour. Pal., 33, no. 2, pp. 251–256, pl. 38. (1959)
 * The Silurian Eurypterida of the Welsh Borderland. Jour. Pal., 35, no. 4, pp. 789–835, pls. 94–96, 4 text figs. (1961)
 * Eurypterids of the Devonian Holland Quarry Shale of Ohio. Fieldiana, Geology. Vol. 14, No. 5 (1961)
 * A New Eurypterid from the Upper Silurian of Southern Michigan. With Erwin C. Stumm. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology. Vol. 17, No. 7 (1962)
 * Pennsylvanian invertebrates of the Mazon Creek Area, Illinois: Eurypterida. Fieldiana, Geology. Vol. 12, No. 6 (1963)
 * A Revision of the Families and Genera of the Stylonuracea (Eurypterida). Fieldiana, Geology. Vol. 14, No. 9 (1966)
 * The Scorpions of Trinidad and Tobago. Caribbean Journal of Science. Vol. 6, No. 3–4 (1966)
 * Scorpionida: The holotype of Mazonia woodiana Meek and Worthen, 1868. Fieldiana, Geology. Vol. 12, No. 11 (1969)
 * A Restudy of the Fossil Scorpionida of the World. Palaeontographica Americana. No. 55 (1986)

title: Author:Erik Norman Kjellesvig-Waering


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Author:George Buchanan Gray

Works

 * (Old Testament, Textual Criticism, and Higher Criticism)

title: Author:George Buchanan Gray


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 The popular names of the most remarkable brush trees are as follow:—Red Cedar, White Cedar, Mahogany, Tulipwood, Rosewood, Ironwood, Lightwood, Sassafras, Corkwood, the Australian Tamarind, Box, the numerous and elegant varieties of trees of the Myrtle genus, the Australian Palms, and the Brush Fig-tree, which, from being originally a mere creeper, requiring the support of another tree, gradually envelopes it, and attains occasionally such a size, as to cause it to rank among the largest vegetable productions in the world. But the peculiar appearance of the brush is principally caused by the countless species of creepers, wild vines, and parasitical plants of singular conformation, which, interlaced and entwined in


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 inextricable confusion, bind and weave together the trees almost to their summits, and hang in rich and elegant flowering festoons from the highest branches. The luxuriant and vigorous character of the brush, on alluvial land, in the northern part of the territory of New South Wales, cannot be surpassed in any tropical region. When this brush land is cleared, and cultivated, its fertility seems inexhaustible. For even in the old settled parts of the colony, near Sydney, the productiveness of the thickly wooded alluvial flats is most wonderful; thus, on the banks of the Hawkesbury, there is some land of this description, which has now been cultivated for forty years, without intermission, and without any renovating application to the soil; and it has been observed by Mr. Wentworth, the present member for Sydney, in the New Legislative Council, that, on the banks of that river, the same acre of ground has been known to produce, in the course of the same year, fifty bushels of wheat, and a hundred bushels of maize, and yet the settlers have never any occasion for manure. I have also been informed of fourteen successive crops of wheat having been reaped off the same piece of ground at Illawarra, without manure, and on ground, too, out of the reach of flood.


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 Facts such as these will appear almost incredible to the English, or even the Canadian agriculturist; several causes may be assigned for this more than ordinary richness in alluvial soils in some situations on the east coast of Australia. First, the more than ordinary quantity of renovating substances which have been deposited on them during heavy floods. For in those districts in which we find the most of this rich brush land, (the Illawarra country, the Williams and Paterson rivers which join the Hunter, and all the northern rivers), the mountain ranges are eminently formed, from their height, steepness, and narrow shelving ravines and gullies, to effect the rapid transportation of rain-water to the lower grounds; and as the Australian climate is characterised by long intervals of fine weather, followed by sudden and violent rains, the decayed vegetation on the ranges becomes desiccated and pulverized by the heat during the dry weather, or else is reduced to ashes by the frequent bush fires, and is therefore in a state most favourable for being easily washed away by heavy rains, and subsequently deposited on the alluvial lands.

The geological formation of the basins of different rivers in Australia, exercises also a most


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 marked influence on the comparative fertility of the soil of their respective alluvial lands. For instance, in examining a well dried handful of alluvial soil, taken from the banks of the MacLeay river, with a microscope, I saw in it minute particles of felspar, and quartz, and little thin laminae of mica; thus at once indicating, that in the basin of this river there is a preponderance of primitive rooks. Now soil containing minute particles of these kinds of rocks, would, of course, have different qualities from soil in which particles of other kinds of rock, such as sandstone, predominated.

Professor Jameson has made the following apposite remarks on the different qualities of alluvial soils produced from this cause.—"The varieties of transported soil depend chiefly upon three circumstances: first, the nature of the rocks from which they are derived; 2ndly, the quality and effect of the moving powers; 3rdly, the changes which they may have undergone after their formation. The origin of the materials, which enter into the composition of transported soil, has already been considered. From their difference may be easily explained why soil generated from the debris of primitive crystalline rocks, has different qualities from soil which has been derived from strata of sandstone."

There is, indeed, scarcely any country where the surface rocks exercise so great an influence on the fertility of the soil, and the aspect of the vegetation, as in Australia. Thus, sandstone, the all-pervading


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 rock of the central part of the colony, and of which the Blue Mountains are composed, from the Shoalhaven to the Liverpool range, except in a few places where it is overlaid by whinstone, is always indicative of barrenness and sterility; whilst nearly all the varieties of trap, with the clay slates, (so frequently met between the Hunter and Moreton), limestone and granite, are generally accompanied by good soil, and a more luxuriant vegetation. Thus the richness and tropical aspect of the isolated district of Illawarra, is principally attributable to the whinstone, of which the abrupt range, which separates it from the surrounding country, is composed; whilst a few of the higher summits near Sidney, such as Hay, Tomah, and Warrawolong, which consist of trap, are crowned with lofty trees, and stand conspicuously prominent amidst the miserable sandstone ridges around them. Sir Thomas Mitchell, in the valuable dissertation on the geology of the eastern part of New Holland, given in his interesting work, has observed, that, "by a little attention to the geological structure of Australia, we learn how much the superficial qualities of the soil and productions depend upon it, and where to look for arable spots amid the general barrenness." He also frequently alludes to the sterility of the country wherever sandstone occurs, whilst he observes, that trap forms an excellent soil on decomposition. Captain Sturt, also, was much struck with the apparent connection between the geology and


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Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 27, 1916.djvu/267

 EXAMPLES OF FOLK MEMORY FROM STAFFORDSHIRE.

BY SAMBROOKE A. H. BURNE, M.A., BARRISTER-AT-LAW.

(Read at Meeting, 21st June, 1916.)

supposes that there is by now a fairly general assent among folklorists as regards the existence of a more than ordinary power of memory among certain (using the term relatively) unlettered classes of society. This can be tested over and over again by anyone who is in touch with the farm-labourer class. What is still a matter of controversy may be termed the credibility of the traditional matter which the memory of the folk provides. Is it to be classed as "the drivelling of antiquated crones" (this classification is somewhere about half-a-century old) or as historical material worthy the attention of the serious student?

The following examples collected quite casually in Staffordshire may be considered relevant to what is undoubtedly matter of controversy. I could have added other cases, but they have already appeared in print:

I. The first example comes from Needwood Forest and relates to the curious parochial geography of the old forest area. Prior to the enclosure in 1801 something like twenty townships intercommoned in the forest. As a result of the enclosure this common land was divided among five parishes, not in compact areas but in patchwork fashion, here a piece and there a piece. It well illustrates the anomalous condition of things that the Derbyshire parish of Scropton obtained several small patches of old


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 240 forest land, lying mainly between Draycott Cliff and Yoxall, both in Staffordshire.

Mr. John Wright, who for ten years prior to 1877, was resident in Scropton village and an overseer of the parish, gave me the reason for this irregularity as he had learnt it from "a very old Scropton farmer, William Shipton, whose family had been freeholders there for generations." Another member of the family lived at Yoxall in Staffs, and actually on one of the above-mentioned patches of land which belonged to Scropton parish.

The tradition ran as follows: When Oliver Cromwell destroyed Tutbury Castle the Scropton people rang their church bells. This so pleased Cromwell that he gave to every freeholder a piece of land in Needwood Forest.

Now, it was certainly not book-learning which prompted Mr. Shipton. Any book to which this Derbyshire yeoman and his circle were at all likely to have had access would have informed him of the Enclosure Act of 1801 and its effect on parochial divisions. Was his story then an ingenious piece of guesswork by way of explanation of these distant and isolated patches? It might be thought so, but it is possible to show that this tradition is deeply rooted in past local history.

In the first place, there is the fact that Tutbury was destroyed by the Parliamentarian army in the Civil War. Scropton Church is distant about a mile and a half, and although there is no proof that the bells were rung in celebration of the Royalist defeat, it is far from unlikely. Further, we have the important historical fact that in 1654 Cromwell issued an ordinance which in effect provided that the forest of Needwood should be sold "for the satisfaction of the soldiery."


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 {| width=400px
 * +CONTENTS

 * The Life of Michael Angelo/Preface || | v
 * The Life of Michael Angelo/Introduction || | 3
 * | PART I—THE STRUGGLE
 * IThe Life of Michael Angelo/Strength || | 23
 * IIThe Life of Michael Angelo/Shattered || | 50
 * IIIThe Life of Michael Angelo/Despair || | 70
 * | PART II—ABDICATION
 * IThe Life of Michael Angelo/Love || | 91
 * IIThe Life of Michael Angelo/Faith || | 125
 * IIIThe Life of Michael Angelo/Solitude || | 149
 * | EPILOGUE
 * The Life of Michael Angelo/Death || | 165
 * | APPENDIX
 * IThe Life of Michael Angelo/Poems ||  | 175
 * The Life of Michael Angelo/Bibliography || | 192
 * The Life of Michael Angelo/Index || | 197
 * }
 * IThe Life of Michael Angelo/Love || | 91
 * IIThe Life of Michael Angelo/Faith || | 125
 * IIIThe Life of Michael Angelo/Solitude || | 149
 * | EPILOGUE
 * The Life of Michael Angelo/Death || | 165
 * | APPENDIX
 * IThe Life of Michael Angelo/Poems ||  | 175
 * The Life of Michael Angelo/Bibliography || | 192
 * The Life of Michael Angelo/Index || | 197
 * }
 * | APPENDIX
 * IThe Life of Michael Angelo/Poems ||  | 175
 * The Life of Michael Angelo/Bibliography || | 192
 * The Life of Michael Angelo/Index || | 197
 * }
 * The Life of Michael Angelo/Index || | 197
 * }
 * }

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Rh This proposal was by no means popular. There were many vested interests to be propitiated. Most formidable, because most democratic, was the opposition of Scropton and the nineteen other townships which enjoyed common of pasture in the forest. Accordingly in 1658 Cromwell amended his scheme by proposing to allocate a definite area of forest land to each township in substitution for its lost grazing rights. In the Salt Library at Stafford is a map which shows the proposed partition. Commissioners went so far as actually to measure up and stake out the allotments. Scropton had 158 acres assigned to it. Two years later came the Restoration, and the forest was saved—for a time. In 1780 another attempt was made, and a Bill for the enclosure was brought forward, which adopted ready made the partition prepared by Cromwell's surveyors. This Bill was, however, rejected. Finally came the Enclosure Act of 1861 by which the Scropton freeholders received the strips of land concerning which the tradition is told. I am unable to prove that the actual allotment corresponded in area and locality with that proposed in 1658, but this is for lack of sufficient research. It is more than likely that it did. Be this as it may, it is hardly stretching language beyond its proper bounds to say that village tradition, unshaken by and apparently oblivious of that monument of Parliamentary draughtsmanship known as 41 Geo. III. c. 66, has substantially preserved the memory of historical events of a far earlier period.

II. The next concrete product of folk memory that I produce is a lullaby or jingle which in 1892 was heard sung to a child at Harriseahead, a remote colliery village in North Staffordshire. The singer was an old woman, and there were several verses, but only one was noted:


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Nomina urbium, pagorum, montium, aliorumque locurum

Haliday Nomina urbium, pagorum, montium, aliorumque locurum

Anglia Southgate, Darent Wood, Bath, Borrowdale,Honister Pass, Buttermere, Wasdale, Pillar Rock, Scafell Pike, Ambleside, Derwent Water, Langdale Pikes Helvellyn range, Langdale,  Eskdale, Coniston Water, Windermere Bowfell, Skiddaw Little Man, Scoat Fell chalk-cliffs, which rise above the river Derwent, near Cromford, Derbyshire My companion (A. H. Haliday, Esq.,) found quite a harvest of insects on the railing of the bridge William Thompson Natural History of Ireland

Scotia [1834 John Curtis and Haliday]. Bute (beginning August), Kyles of Bute, Arran (August 14), Coire Na Creiche, The Storr and Isleornsay, Skye (23 August) also towards Knoch, Skye (27 August) (Curtis 568) Skye (end August) (Curtis 557), Lough Katrine (10 August), New Lanark (2 September), Carland Crags (3 September).

Hibernia

Holywood, Belfast, Killarney, Blasquets, Rush, Powerscourt, Portmarnock, Killarney, Lough Neagh, Castlemaine, Cork, Slieve Donard,

Portugallia

Évora, Lisboa, Viseu, Tagus [ River Tagus],Estra Madura, Figueira

Musei Belfast Dublin


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 242 The genesis of this rhyme can only be the events of the year 1660, when General Monk, having crossed the Tweed at Coldstream, marched to London, transmuted the long discredited "Rump" into a more representative body by recalling some of the old members of Charles I.'s reign, and in the name of this Parliament welcomed Charles II. back to London.

The rhyme seems to breathe not only thankfulness but secrecy, and thus it accurately expresses the political conditions obtaining at the time.

Cromwell's rule was a despotism of the Executive which soon came to be profoundly disliked by all classes of society. Quarter Session records show the extent to which the liberty of the subject was restrained. People were sent to gaol for "driving of horses upon the Lord's Day"; for swearing such mild oaths as "upon my life" and "God is my witness" they were fined six and eightpence. As for liberty of conscience it was a thing undreamed of, and Quakers were no better off than Papists. Colonel Hutchinson's Memoirs contain many glimpses of the discontent smouldering under a despotism worse than that of the Stuarts. Provincial Major-Generals were appointed, who pushed the local J. P. from his position of dignity and "behaved like bashaws" in their enforcement of an exaggerated moral code. They set all the people "muttering." Notice Hutchinson's choice of a word. Of open manifestations of joy at the prospect of the return of the Monarchy we are to understand that there were but few. One reason was that a very strict censorship prevailed to check the circulation of broadsheets, pamphlets, and newspapers. I lay stress upon these circumstances, because they show the historical interest of this jingle. It was only in obscure tracts and chimney-corner and alehouse ditties such as this that the smouldering discontent could find articulate expression. This rhyme is not confined to North Staffordshire. A member of the North Staffordshire Field Club


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 of Australia; and he observes, that this connection was so strong, that he had little difficulty, after a short experience, in judging of the rock that formed the basis of the country over which he was travelling, from the kind of tree or herbage that flourished in the soil above it.

Begging the reader to pardon this long digression, I will now continue the description of the MacLeay river. It is navigable for vessels of fifty or sixty tons, to a distance of thirty-four miles from its bar, the water being of a good depth, except at Shark and Pelican islands, where sand flats extend across the river, which can be passed by vessels only at high water. The reaches of the river are long and straight, averaging about a quarter of a mile in width, and flanked on both sides by huge walls of the dense brush I have just now described. These borders of alluvial brush land on the banks of the river, are generally half a mile, or a mile wide, and are then backed by extensive swamps of many thousand acres in extent, whose verdant sea, of high waving reeds and sedge, stretches away to the base of the distant forest ranges. There are several lagoons in these swamps, and stagnant water is very generally diffused over their surface. Their soil is very good in some parts, and rice would probably grow in them very well; for Richard Oakes, Esq. the late Commissioner of Crown Lands for the MacLeay river, planted a small quantity of rice at his station, situated on the


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 verge of Clybucca Swamp, and the experiment was very successful. The continuous brush renders the aspect of the lower part of the MacLeay very monotonous to the admirer of picturesque scenery; however, an occasional glimpse of the azure tinted peaks of the distant mountain ranges, with green islands covered with palms, now and then varying the uniform sameness of the reaches of the river, not to speak of the air of cheerfulness imparted to the scene, by the large flocks of aquatic birds, of wonderful variety, all busily engaged, and fish leaping out of the water in every direction, renders an excursion on the waters of the MacLeay pleasant enough.

At the distance of twenty miles from the mouth of the river, and from thence to the point where the river ceases to be navigable, the brush land is interspersed with small alluvial plains, clear of trees, and varying in extent from fifty to a hundred acres. These clear patches of ground possess all the exuberant fertility of the brush land, and have now been cultivated for several years by squatters, (the MacLeay river being beyond the boundaries). This part of the river, however, has the great drawback of giving ague to those residing there, which is not to be wondered at, when one considers the immense extent of the surrounding swamps. This disorder was particularly prevalent among the cedar sawyers, who lead a life, compared with which, the life of the lumberers, or wood-cutters in Canada, is civilization


text: Author:George Frederick Zimmer

title: Author:George Frederick Zimmer


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 Rh writes that she remembers it being sung to her in her childhood by a nurse, "probably a Cambridgeshire woman, and almost certainly from the Fens."

III. The moorlands of Staffordshire—high, bleak, thinly-populated hillsides—provide two traditional place-names of great interest.

Mr. John Clark, for five years resident at Waterhouses, a village on the turnpike road from Macclesfield to Ashbourne, pointed out to the writer some few months ago a road with what struck him as a peculiar name. It is the length of road running almost due south from the Crown Inn at Waterhouses until it is turned abruptly right and left by the sheer side of the Weaver Hills, This road—it is scarcely more than a lane—is known as "Earlsway." When Mr. Clark first came into the district the pronunciation was "Yarlsway," and on the six-inch O.S. it appears as "Yelsway Lane." The insertion of the consonant Y before vowels and in place of aspirates is a common feature of midland and north country dialects.

The value and interest of this survival seem to be that it can be tested while so many can not. Taking it at its face value, the advocates of the historical faithfulness of folk memory will claim that this place-name will indicate the ownership or the user (at any rate the close personal association) of some historical person with the rank of Earl. Their opponents will, no doubt, urge that the name is a corruption proving nothing at all. In the majority of survivals of this class proof one way or the other is never obtainable. Here, however, a solitary documentary record which I came across entirely by chance decides this issue at least triumphantly in favour of the traditionalists.

It occurs in the Chartulary of Burton Abbey. A deed


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 itself. These men are generally convicts, who have become free by servitude; they live in pairs in the dense dark brushes; their habitation being merely a few sheets of bark temporarily piled together, as they are continually moving in search of fresh cedar. Here they live exposed to the myriads of noxious insects with which the brush abounds, whilst not a breath of air can reach them through the entangled mass of surrounding vegetation.—The cedar dealers furnish them from time to time with salt provisions, flour, tea, and sugar; and every three or four months the sawyers travel down to the cedar dealers, who live at the mouths of the rivers, for a settlement of their accounts. As these latter individuals are not remarkable for delicate scruples of conscience, they generally settle the balance due to the sawyers in a very summary way. They take care to have a good assortment of clothing, tobacco, &c. in their huts, with which they furnish the sawyers at an advance of about three hundred per cent, on the Sidney prices: this, with a cask or so of rum and wine, to enable the sawyers to have a fortnight's drinking bout, generally balances their accounts. The scenes I have witnessed at. the MacLeay river, on these occasions, surpass all description. Men and women, (for many of the sawyers have wives), lying day and night on the bare grass in a state of intoxication, and only recovering to renew their orgies; casks broken in, and the contents passed round in buckets; men fighting;