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 Dolichopterus otisius Clarke

D. stylonuroides nov.

Stylonurus (Ctenopterus) cestrotus Clarke

S. (Ctenopterus) ''sp. α, sp. β, sp. γ''

S. myops Clarke

S. sp.

Hughmilleria shawangunk Clarke

Pterygotus globiceps nov. of black shale of the Shawangunk grit with indeterminable patches suggestive but not demonstrative of eurypterid integument. (See Appendix).

From the National Museum are three lots. The first, two split pieces of one slab of waterlime, is from the Salina of Selinsgrove Junction, Pa., and exhibits segments which suggest an Eurypterus, like. This occurrence was recorded by Schuchert in 1903 [Lower Devonic and Ontaric Formations of Maryland, p. 416]. In character of the rock and the association of these remains with large Leperditias this slab is very like the Bertie waterlime.

The second lot consists of "black shale interbedded in the Keefer sandstone member of the McKenzie formation (basal Cayugan), Lock 53, 4 or 5 miles above Hancock, Md." The shale and the mode of preservation of the fossils here are as at Otisville. The material contains some recognizable parts of the integument; two carapaces, some tergites, small patches with ornamentation, and a telson. All these, save the carapaces, have the characteristics of a Pterygotus, especially in the sculpture which consists of large, semicircular, posteriorly rising scales and the telson. The smaller of the two carapaces is either a distorted Dolichopterus comparable to, or a Pterygotus, approaching a Slimonia in outline. The larger is too incomplete for determination; what there is of it also points to the Hughmilleria-Pterygotus group. There is also a small fragment that suggests a badly crumpled carapace of Hughmilleria. On account of the interest attaching to this new locality, we have figured the carapaces and telson [ pl. 70, fig. 6–8].

The third lot consists of thin slabs of waterlime, collected, according to the label, from the upper part of the McKenzie formation. In this the remains of the integument are so comminuted, that but a small tergite and several pieces with Pterygotus sculpture are recognizable.

It appears from these small lots of fossils that the peculiar eurypterid facies, both of the waterlime and of the shale extended in Cayugan time into the narrow bay reaching southward from New York into the Appalachian basin. Favorable conditions, such as for a time existed at Otisville through extensive quarrying, will undoubtedly some day bring these faunas more fully to light.


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Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 21, 1910.djvu/349

Rh gennas for name-giving, ear-piercing, and hair-cutting are also as a rule household gennas, though McCulloch states that "in February (of each year) there is a festival of three days continuance in which the ears of the children born after the last festival of this nature are pierced. This festival loses its interest for those who have frequently participated in it, and is looked forward to chiefly by those for whom it is new." I am not sure from this whether or not the festival is looked forward to by the babies, but my reason for quoting the passage is to show that it may mean that this was a village genna like the other festivals which he was describing, not, as I found it elsewhere, a household genna. I find that at Maolong, a Kabul village, there is a village genna for unmarried boys and girls held annually (which may be a rite of initiation, and, if so, demands further investigation), and one for cutting the children's hair. As an example of the variety in local custom, I may say that my notebook shows that at almost the next village the child's hair is cut during the birth genna, and that the ear-piercing takes place during November or December at the mangla tha, the genna when the annual ceremony on behalf of the dead is performed. But there is no departure from the rule that the birth genua proper extends to the parents only, and is purely a household affair. The marriage gennas are similarly private matters, but the clans of the contracting parties take part in the rites. The smallest social unit that takes part in a death genna is the clan, while there are occasions on which the participation of the whole village is obligatory on account of the manner of the death of the departed tribesman.

There are some odd items of information about children which may perhaps be mentioned. There seems to be a general agreement that twins, boy and girl, forebode bad luck. Some say that twin boys bring good luck to the

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 312 whole village, while twin girls keep the good results to their parents. Some again say that children born out of wedlock bring good luck, but I suspect that they mean the children of people who are free to marry, since the marriage laws are strict enough. They interpret a dream of putting a hen in a basket as meaning that a girl child will be born to the dreamer soon. Dreaming of water is always a good sign, and we may connect this with the worship of the river spirit performed before the birth of a child. To dream of a tiger is good at marriage, but of bad import at other times. To dream that an unmarried girl has a child is usually interpreted as a sign of good crops or of other prosperity.

In this sketch I have tried on a small scale to bring birth customs into relation with social structure viewed from several aspects, and, while I am fully conscious of the many gaps in my information, due perhaps to the difficulties under which my work was carried on, yet I think I have shown the main features of the rites which express the interest of Nāga society in the processes which repair the ravages which death causes in its fabric.


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Eurypterus remipes Dekay. Herkimer, Oneida, Madison, Cayuga and Erie counties, N. Y.

E. lacustris Hall. Erie and Cayuga counties, N. Y.; Bertie, Ontario

E. lacustris var. pachychirus Hall. Erie county, N. Y.

E. dekayi Hall. Erie county, N. Y.

E. pustulosus Hall. Erie county, N. Y.

Eusarcus scorpionis Grote & Pitt. Erie county, N. Y.

Dolichopterus macrochirus Hall. Herkimer and Erie counties, N. Y.

D. siluriceps nov. Erie county, N. Y.

D. testudineus nov. Herkimer county, N. Y.

Pterygotus macrophthalmus Hall. Herkimer county, N. Y.

P. buffaloensis Pohlman. Erie county, N. Y.

P. cobbi Hall. Herkimer and Erie counties, N. Y.

P. grandis (Pohlman). Erie county, N. Y.

Eurypterus remipes Dekay. Seneca and Genesee counties, N. Y.

Eurypterus microphthalmus Hall. Herkimer, Onondaga and Otsego counties, N. Y.; Monroe limestone, Put-in-Bay, Lake Erie, Ohio

Pterygotus atlanticus, nov. Campbellton, New Brunswick

P. sp. Gaspé, Prov. Quebec; Dalhousie, New Brunswick

? Eurypterus pulicaris Salter. New Brunswick

? Eurypterella ornata Matthew. Lancaster, New Brunswick

Stylonurus (?) wrightianus (Dawson). Yates county, N. Y.

Stylonurus (Ctenopterus) excelsior Hall. Delaware county, N. Y.; Wyoming county, Pennsylvania

S. beecheri (Hall). Warren, Warren co., Pennsylvania


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Eurypterus approximatus Hall & Clarke. Warren, Warren co., Pennsylvania

Eurypterus (Anthraconectes) mazonensis Meek & Worthen. Mazon creek, Indiana

E. (A.) mansfieldi C. E. Hall. Beaver county, Pennsylvania

E. (A.) pennsylvanicus C. E. Hall. Venango county, Pennsylvania

E. ? potens J. Hall. Pennsylvania

E. (A.) stylus J. Hall. Beaver county, Pennsylvania

It is not necessary for us to discuss here the Algonkian and Cambric occurrences, further than to mention that the Cambric species which is a true eurypterid, conclusively demonstrates the great age of the merostomes and their early existence in truly marine beds.

The earliest appearance of the eurypterids in profusion is in the Lower Siluric Frankfort shale of Schenectady and Schoharie counties, N. Y., lately discovered. Here at least 11 species, at present referred to the genera Eurypterus, Dolichopterus, Stylonurus, Eusarcus, Hughmilleria and Pteryrgotus, have been found to range through the eastern littoral marine development of the formation.

The earliest appearance of the characteristic biologic facies of the Eurypterida in America is that in the waterlime of Kokomo, Indiana which contains four species of the order. Kindle [1904] has distinguished two stratigraphic horizons in the Niagaran of Indiana, which correspond to the Lockport and Guelph formations of New York respectively, and


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 Schuchert [1904] is of the opinion that, judging from the associated brachiopods, the Kokomo cement beds are probably of Noblesville, i.e. essentially Lockport age, and surely not of the age of the Bertie waterlime of New York, since no beds younger than the Guelph are known from northern Indiana. The aspect of the Kokomo fauna is in full accordance with this correlation since at least two of the species ( and  ) may be considered as older types than the species of the Bertie waterlime and following faunas.

The Guelph dolomite, like the Clinton, has afforded only a single straggler, the eurypterid facies of the horizon not yet having been observed; but the directly following age, that of the basal Salina, is represented by two faunas in New York State, viz, those of the Pittsford and Shawangunk shales. While these two have no species in common, they are characterized as probably belonging to approximate horizons by the presence of the genus Hughmilleria in both and by the similarity of their sedimentary and faunal aspects in general.

The Pittsford Eurypterus bed has been found by Sarle to be but 20 feet from the base of the Salina group; while the Shawangunk grit rests unconformably on the upturned edges of the Lower Siluric shale and, before the discovery of its eurypterid fauna, had been referred to the Salina by Hartnagel [1903, p. 1175; 1907, p. 50] on purely stratigraphical evidence, the latter consisting in the fact that the Shawangunk grit is conformably overlain by a series of formations of upper Salina age.

The Pittsford shale is separated by the main body of the Salina formation (Vernon and Camillus shales) from the principal eurypterid-bearing horizon of the State, the Bertie waterlime. In the exposures of the latter about Jerusalem hill in Herkimer county and in the quarries at Buffalo it has afforded the fauna described by Hall in the Palaeontology of New York and later exploited by Grote, Pitt and Pohlman. It is a fauna in which the genera Eurypterus and Pterygotus prevail in number of species (Eurypterus with five, Pterygotus with three) and in the size of the creatures,


text:
Page:Earle, Does Price Fixing Destroy Liberty, 1920, 135.jpg

Rh and down to Branson vs. Bush, decided by the Supreme Court in November, 1919. Mr., in direct contradiction to such a conclusion, there says: "The value of property results from the use to which it is put and varies with the profitableness of that use, present and prospective, actual and anticipated. There is no pecuniary value outside of that which results from such use."

The Fifth Amendment is really of no consequence, if all that is necessary to deprive citizens of their property is for a Court to determine that the public needs the property, and, therefore, has a right to impair or destroy that which alone constitutes its value. If this really be the law, the inspiring opinion of the Supreme Court in the Monongahela Case has been overruled. The great necessity for a commodity naturally increases its value. But it is contended that that which creates value deprives it of the protection which the Constitution gives it. However, the Supreme Court, in the case just mentioned, said: "Obviously, this question, as all others which run along the line of the extent of the protection the individual has under the Constitution against the demands of the Government, is of importance, for in any society the fullness and sufficiency of the securities which surround the individual in the use and enjoyment of his property constitute one of the most certain tests of the character and value of the Government. * * *  Illegitimate and unconstitutional practices get their first footing  * * *  by silent approaches and slight deviations from legal modes of procedure.  This can only be obviated by


text: The Eurypterida of New York/Volume 1/Geological distribution and bionomic relations


text: Folk-Lore/Volume 21/Some Nāga Customs and Superstitions


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Page:The Eurypterida of New York Volume 1.pdf/96

 which are there obviously near the climax of their development. It is also the horizon where individual development is greatest.Though we have been discussing the eurypterids of the Bertie waterlime as if they constituted a single congeries, there is actually a very marked geographic distinction in their distribution. At the two productive localities, Erie county and Herkimer county, there are noteworthy distinctions in respect to species. The two faunules are as follows:

The species common to both are  and , both of which are quite rare, while the predominant species in both places are unlike. It is not believed that these differences necessarily express distinct stratigraphic horizons, as both congeries lie near the top of the waterlime succession, but rather indicate original regional separation into distinct lagoons or pools, so that we may without impropriety speak of these regions as the Buffalo pool and the Herkimer pool, which we may assume to have been synchronous. There is, in the face of the differences suggested, a certain degree of approximation in the two expressed by such vicarious species as  and ,   and  , which may well mean distinctions due to geographic isolation. The Herkimer pool is well restricted and its faunule can not be traced very far toward the west; the Buffalo, however, appears alone as far east as Union Springs, Cayuga co., and as far west as Bertie, Ontario. Another difference in these faunas is the preponderating great size of all the species in the Buffalo pool and, by contrast, the small size of and abundant young among the Herkimer county species; a distinction which may be due to differences in depth. That the smaller creatures lived in conditions of shallower water is evinced by the sun-dried and cracked rock surfaces of their matrix, while such evidences are wanting in the Buffalo pool; and indeed it would be quite in accordance with our acquaintance with


text:
User talk:Polyglottalstop

— billinghurst  sDrewth  13:20, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

Proofread pages
Hi, please feel free to mark the pages you are proofreading as "Proofread" by selecting the yellow radio button. See this help page for more details. Beeswaxcandle (talk) 07:47, 2 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Hi Beeswaxcandle. I actually wasn't sure on the policy for proofreading one's own uploads. Naturally, I am proofreading as I format successive pages, but I wasn't sure if it's standard practice to proofread your own uploads in that way. If this is, in fact, accepted practice, I will make sure to mark each completed page as yellow for having been proofread once. Thanks! Polyglottalstop (talk) 08:43, 2 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Our policy is that two different people proofread each page. It doesn't matter if one of them is the uploader of the file. If the pages are marked as unproofread, then we need another two people to get them to validated status. Just gets a bit messy that way. Have fun, Beeswaxcandle (talk) 08:53, 2 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I'm making the changes now. If you have a few minutes, could you look at the formatting on pages 5, 7, and the ToC on page 9? Especially on the ToC, I was having a formatting issue with the Appendices section, and I'm not experienced enough with the markup to get it right. Also, I haven't tackled the frontispiece and title page on pages 2 and 3 yet, but do you have any advice on how best to complete those? I'm especially interested as to whether I should include the portrait on the frontispiece and whether I should include the central logotype on page 3 (I imagine trying to do the border would be disruptive, but I saw an example of logo inclusion here, and I wasn't sure of the best way to extract and do that. I do have access to Photoshop and Gimp, and I'd prefer to do it myself for learning purposes. Thanks again. Polyglottalstop (talk) 09:04, 2 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Hmm, also what should I do with the large initial D on page 11? I've seen larger, decorative initial letters included as an image before, but since the D here is just bigger but not decorative, I thought I'd just leave it like I have it now. Thoughts? Polyglottalstop (talk) 09:21, 2 June 2011 (UTC)

OK, I've had a look at some of the pages and tinkered a little. You're doing just fine. I see you've worked out dropinitial for yourself. Have a look at what I've done to pages 5, 7, 9 and 12. Most of it is just pretties or simplifying things. There are just two things I want to draw to your attention.
 * 1) I've modified the links on the TOC to Chapters and Appendices. These are easier to link to when other works refer to this book. (See this bit of the Style Guide for more info.)
 * 2) The rh or Running header template belongs in the Header field rather than in the main Page body field. This is because the running head doesn't get transcluded to the Mainspace. If you can't see the Header and Footer fields click on the [[File:Button category plus.png]] button in the Edit toolbar.

With respect to your question about the fancy border on the title page: we don't usually bother unless it is either a particularly fine piece of art or is integral to the work. The mantra is that "the text is key." We don't try to imitate every printer's trick. In this particular case, I personally don't find the border attractive and I wouldn't bring it in. However, that doesn't stop you doing it. To use it you will need to make an image of the whole page including the text - we can't directly overlay text onto an image in wikiworld - then upload the image to Commons and transclude it onto the Page.

If there's anything else I can help with just let me know here. I'm watching your talkpage so there's no need to put a talkback on mine. Beeswaxcandle (talk) 07:43, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I looked at the pages you mentioned, and the changes are indeed very helpful both to the text and to me as a new contributor. With regards to [[File:Button category plus.png]], there does not seem to be such a button on my editing toolbar. Is that something I need to add through my monobook.js subpage? I just created this page today and am not entirely sure how it works. Just to experiment, I followed the directions here, but I'm still not seeing those new buttons on my edit toolbar. Polyglottalstop (talk) 08:53, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Hmm, still never found the button, but I found the option in account preferences to show header and footer by default, so that'll work. Polyglottalstop (talk) 09:01, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Umm. Try this. In your Preferences under the Editing tab do you have "Show edit toolbar" switched on? And, in the beta section of that tab ensure that the enhanced toolbar is disabled (it doesn't play nicely with the Page namespace with side-by-side proofreading). Beeswaxcandle (talk) 09:22, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Disabling the advanced toolbar took care of it. I never used the damned thing anyway. Polyglottalstop (talk) 09:25, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks for making the pagelist changes and adding the ToC to the index. I wasn't sure how to do that, but now I'll know for the future! Polyglottalstop (talk) 10:41, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I went ahead and changed the initial pages to display roman numerals. Polyglottalstop (talk) 10:47, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

On Page 73, is there a way to force the two bits at the bottom to occupy one line instead of two but still preserve the separate alignments? Polyglottalstop (talk) 13:15, 3 June 2011 (UTC)
 * RunningHeader is what we use to capture the header and/or footer components when there is more than one. Note that these header and footer components should be put in the header and footer parts respectively (note the above conversation about [+] and that you can have it default to display through your gadgets). — billinghurst  sDrewth  16:28, 3 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks for fixing page 79. I have fixed all other affected pages (7,11,31,47,55). I noticed you had removed the Vol. info from page 7, so I restored it but placed it in the footer instead. Thanks for the continued guidance/advice. I've also randomly been working on A Handbook of Anarchy and it should just need validated now that I've spent some time on it. Is there a place to request validations, or should I just leave it for the next fellow who decides he wants to randomly validated something? Polyglottalstop (talk) 18:27, 3 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Change the Progress to "To be Validated" - this flags that the all the pages that are part of the work are at least yellow. Beeswaxcandle (talk) 20:41, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

Should I start transcluding the The Rough Riders as I complete chapters and leave the links to the remaining chapters red, or should I wait until I've completely finished to transclude? Polyglottalstop (talk) 01:20, 5 June 2011 (UTC)

Rough Riders - Muster pages
Hi, I suggest you use tables for these pages. Have a look at what I've done with the first page. When you get to the "Troopers" pages, the number of columns will have to change from 3 to 2, so it can't be set as a single continuous table throughout. Help:Page breaks may be of some help, but feel free to ask about anything you don't understand. Beeswaxcandle (talk) 08:58, 27 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks Beeswaxcandle, that looks like it will work very well. I'll give it a go. Polyglottalstop (talk) 13:27, 27 March 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Polyglottalstop


text:
User talk:Jahobr

— billinghurst  sDrewth  13:20, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jahobr


text: Letters of Junius/Letter XXVIII

title: Letters of Junius/Letter XXVIII


text:
Letters from John Curtis to Alexander Henry Haliday 4th March 1833, 10th September 1833, 7th June 1835, 6th October 1835, 12th November 1835

4th March 1833 Curtis to A.H.H. My Dear Sir, Previous to my going to Oxford I obtained an Admiralty Frank for a letter I addressed to you and after sending and going myself to the Erin and other steamboat offices I found there were none bound for Belfast for three weeks. I therefore left it with my carrier who I find forwarded it by a sailing packet the Smack Ardent, John Gowan, Commander I directed the packet to Mr. J. Grimshaw, Museum and it was left the office of Mr. L. Ogilby Ship and Insurance Agent, No.3 Ingram Court, Fenchurch Street. As this boat was to sail on the 22nd Feby I trust it escaped the terrific gales which happened about that time and as it was expected to be 9 days on its passage I trust you have by this time received my parcel. To prevent any mistake I write them and beg that as soon as you receive my packet, you will be good enough to write to me for independent of any fear that it might be lost. I am somewhat alarmed that it should get wet or otherwise be damaged. I have only time to add that the beautiful crimson-coloured sphex is the S. latreilli of the Magazin of Entomologie p1.33 and therefore we are deprived of one of our splendid insects for I think I stated to you that only those insects are to be described that have not yet been either figured or described…..

Curtis to A.H.H. 10th Sept. 1833 I was most happy to find that my letter removed the anxiety you entertained for the safety of my last parcel and I was not less so to learn by your last letter that it had arrived almost miraculously at its proper destination. I hope however that the year after the next we may meet at Dublin, for nothing but bad health and an empty purse shall prevent me that pleasure. (absent in East Anglia). I had hoped to find a few lines from you to tell me you were well and unluckily Mr. Templeton and a friend had called during my absence so that I did not even hear of you. ….. I believe the only prizes I have taken are Dasytes Filiformis, a new Chalcis and a new plume moth. I have however some insects in a box for you and also some from Mr. Dale which I should have sent by Mr. Templeton had I seen him. I was truly gratified to see your Essay No.3 of Ent. Mag. it is a most valuable contribution and I hope, ere long, to have time to study it thoroughly. I may without vanity be proud of the handsome manner in which you have mentioned my name, you have so often made me your debtor by stating information but I never considered but I was returning your kindness by the little acts of courtesy which I regret I have not the opportunity of showing you now. I wish all entomologists were actuated by the same in print my willingness to forward to those engaged in science although there are men for whom I have certainly have put myself to inconvenience to serve indeed if it were not for about half a dozen men whom I do regard most sincerely I believe sometimes I would give up entomology altogether I meet with so little encouragement and so much vexation but I will turn from this unpleasant subject and answer your letter and before I do so let me ask you if you see the Annals de la Societe Ent. de France. It is very interesting and useful and cheap. There are some of the Braconidae I have had my eye on to publish, but you are quite at liberty to make drawings of any you please, for I cannot say whether I shall be able to publish them and if I do so it would not be many and therefore would not, I hope, interfere too much with you. 545 is one it is more allied to 546 Macrocentrum Hob. and Rogas is another. Pray don't forget Sericostoma and thanks for your observations as it has not been described I shall be most happy to adopt Latreilles name many thanks. Also for the promise of the leuchus. I am as much surprised as you are to hear of the imperfect structure of the palpi of the Braconidae, still I should hope agree with other characters so as not to render it a generic ….. as yourself but you are the only one to have acknowledged necessary to abandon them in primary divisions in that family. Pray look after the sexes of Dorthosia and Coccus also, the males of which I here are not uncommon in Whitethorn hedges. I was very sorry to hear such an unfavourable account of Mr. Tardy for his own sake and I can ill spare those who cordially support the B.E. I delivered your messages to Mr. Dale , Mr. Walker   and Mr. Rudd. Mr. W. is now with the family in Cornwall and Mr. R. I am glad to say has got a living which has carried him further north. Mr. Walker has said nothing about his progress in describing the American Diptera, I need not therefore hurry you but I hope on my return to town to attack my portion in earnest, otherwise I shall get into trouble I fear and have the cream taken away. If I could afford it I would go to Paris in the winter to compare the rarities for now poor Latreille is gone I have no friend in that Metropolis and I do not much admire the modern school of enty. there. I have just received some fine insects from Peru but no Hymenoptera, also interesting insects from Thebes, Greece, Italy and Colombia and an Ent tract from New Harmony, Indiana. Hope you are enjoying good health and have been able to devote some leisure to enty. and that I may ere long have the pleasure of hearing from you.

Curtis to A.H.H. 7th June 1835 since then I have received a letter from you by the Post which has given me unfeigned pleasure since I trust from its contents that nothing will prevent you from joining me in my intended excursion in the South of Ireland, and I shall only add that there was nothing I more earnestly desired and therefore began to fear from your not answering my last franked letter that you would be unable to give me the pleasure of your society. I beg to than you for the valuable topographical information that your letter contains which with the notes I made in reading Inglis's Tour [Henry D. Inglis, A Journey Throughout Ireland, During the Spring Summer & Autumn of 1834] I think will forward us in our route. I have been so occupied that I have not yet had time to order Wright's Guide to Killarney, but my views at present are to leave London on the 27th inst. for Bristol, to remain there Sunday and leave on Monday 29th for Cork, but as I know nothing about the Steamers I cannot tell whether I shall get there that day or the 30th, the last day of this month and as I am dependent on others very much my arrangements are sadly altered sometimes. ….. I wish to look about the southern part of Ireland, if time will allow, to see Killarney, go up the Shannon and afterwards visit Connemara and then I doubt not it will be time to start for the meeting at Dublin. I met a Captain Higham in Suffolk of the 4th Dragoon Guards who gave me some information strongly recommending me to visit the caverns at Michelstown, but from my disappointment in Skye I quite enter into your feelings and think such things never repay one for the trouble and inconvenience and moreover, it is not to my taste to be buried in the bowels of the Earth. I have much greater pleasure, indeed it fills me with sublime feelings to ascend a mountain and view as it were the world as we did from Scoat Fell and I would rather travel a thousand miles for such an hour as that than to cross the Thames to burrow into a cavern. I have merely given you the outline of my intended route but we can fill it up as you wish when we meet. There is an oak forest at Waterford and Comeragh  I should think worth going to. The Gap of Dunlow on the Lake of Killarney is fine and we ought to get Carrauntoohil  3410ft high. The pins etc you wish for I will bring with me. I shall put a knapsack in my Portmanteau for Connemara in case I should have occasion for it Dale and myself found it very convenient in the Highlands to have headquarters and start with our knapsacks when we could get no conveyance. ….. I feel greatly indebted to you for your kind invitation but I do not see how it will be possible for me to visit the North of Ireland this year but I hope it may be the means of giving me the pleasure of meeting you again before many years are over, for I should enjoy looking over your cabinet with you….. Many thanks for the names of plants, - any localities will be useful I have got some from Lady Blake and Dale which I believe are accurate. As I have nothing about Cork I shall call the first thing on Leiutenant Friend at his office. He is agent of the emigrants and a very kind gentle-manly man whom I have the pleasure of knowing. If you have not heard I shall leave my address there and if you arrive first please to leave your address for me, but as you know my arrangements you will hear of the steamers and it will delight me much to shake you by the hand on my arrival which remember will be the 29th or 30th June should anything delay me (which I have no reason to expect) I will write and beg you will do so if anything should occur to interfere with your arrangements but I trush such will not be the case for once plans are unsettled it is difficult to bring them again into train. Mr Gordon was so good as to forward your note yesterday saying that he should return to Dublin in about 10 days. I was very sorry I did not see your brother but it is very uncertain in finding me in except on Wednesdays. Davis has been visiting Lord Enniskillen and his brother has returned from China I called on Bailliere [Hypolitus Balliére (1809-1867), 219, Regent Street, London was a publisher] but he was not at home but hope to see him soon. As I must be up early tomorrow morning I must conclude with best remembrances and hoping that we may have a punctual and joyful meeting.

Curtis toA.H.H. 6th October 1835 As I am very anxious to hear from you after you trip I hope you will be so kind as to write to me in ten days as I shall remain here a fortnight and if you will direct your letter under cover to the Duke of Malmesbury - Heron Court at Ringwood, Hants, it will reach me free. I should have given myself the pleasure of writing to you earlier but I have been unwell. It was not until I had recourse to medicine that I got clear of the Galway Mulligrubs and until lately I have been absolutely confined to my chambers with rheumatism and a slow fever which took away all my strength, but I trust that the fresh air, pleasand society and kind hospitality I shall enjoy here shall set me up for the winter. I trust that you have not suffered in any way from our excursion and that altogether you do not regret the time you spent in rambling nor that you repent having attended the meeting of the Association. I however do regret that you were not the Secretary to our Section for which you were so well qualified and it was a compliment which no doubt would have been paid you had you been in the first instance on the general committee, however I hope we shall live to see you fill that office in your own town of Belfast. ….. I have not had time to look over my Essex and Irish boxes at present but I don't doubt I shall find many small insects to put into my cabinet although our little success in Ireland is really astonishing when one considers the extent of country we passed over and I cannot help thinking that we should have done more if we had been earlier and had been on the coast next the open sea for Roundstone I found decidedly the best place but it was ten rather late and having been rendered hours de combat I have little to show in proof of my assertion. By Mr Harris account Achill and the other parts of Mayo are much more uncivilized than the districts we ranged over and they are very likely to afford some good plants. I therefore hope that some day we will have the opportunity of completing our Irish tour. Next May and June I shall be compelled to go northwards for plants.

12th November 1835 Curtis to A.H.H. ….. I am happy to confirm your kind wishes for expecting a little Rheumatism which I imbibed I expect with the Goats Milk (from a Kerry cow probably) and Mountain Dew which I had to take for you as well as myself, I have not been in better health for many years which is a very pleasant change from the Galway Mulligrubs as Dr Farran calls them. The Harris is Charles Harris soon to be a Fellow of All Souls. I got a War office frank the other day to send my vasculum to Roundstone not for bad-water but for the Erica mediterranea which I have requested young MacCauley to send me fresh and it will thus come quickly and free through the kindness of my friend Mr Sulivan.


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 One or two stragglers, notably, return in the Rondout waterlime in greatly diminished number, and a new peculiar type of Eurypterus  appears in waterlime intercalations of the Manlius limestone above.

The North American Devonic has furnished but scanty remains of Pterygotus in the Dalhousie formation of New Brunswick, the Gaspé


text: Letters of Junius/Letter X

title: Letters of Junius/Letter X


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Author:Robert Hussey

Works

 * Letter to T. D. Acland, Esq., M.P., on the System of Education to be established in the Diocesan Schools for the Middle Classes (1839)

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 had been founded, and was filled by one [ Robert Hussey] who was undoubtedly the founder of the modern study of that subject in Oxford. I mean the study of the history of the Church as a whole, not from points of controversy to supply weapons for the discomfiture of opposing theologians, but as the life of the Christian Church itself, the whole history of the body of which the modern nations claim in their spiritual character to be members. But the theological exigencies of the time had so far narrowed the field of inquiry that it was practically restricted to the first three centuries, or at the outside to the period embraced under the topics of the general councils. The attempt which he made to extend the range by introducing the study of the Venerable Bede as a text-book was, as you are aware, foiled by the impossibility of getting together a lecture on a matter that was neither connected with the controversies of the day, nor required to be known by candidates for holy orders. The College libraries then as now afforded abundant resources for any student who would take up the subject for himself, but my grateful recollection of the first acquaintance made with Hearne, Dugdale, and Prynn, in Christ Church Library, is inseparably connected with the reminiscence of the amused, and I am glad to remember approving, surprise, with which Dean Gaisford took me unawares at my note-book. It is possible that the rooms of the Architectural Society in Holywell were the school in which a taste for medieval history, at least, was insensibly acquired.

The introduction of new studies into the course of University training was viewed with apprehension by many: some perhaps of us who are now here were inclined to waver between a mistrust of innovations which seemed likely to break down the traditionary character of our education and the desire of welcoming a study of all others the most germane to the true and perpetual genius of Oxford. I may now, I suppose, say it without offence, I think that the distrust of the new studies, at all events of the study of Modern History, was owing quite as much to the management of their advocates as to the conservative habits of the opponents. I am not sure that either party would have admitted, or indeed would now admit, what, to adopt a proper


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 sandstone of lower Quebec, the fish beds at Campbellton, N. B., the  of the Portage sandstone, the gigantic   of the Catskill beds of New York and   from the Chemung of Pennsylvania.

The Waverly beds of Pennsylvania, near the New York boundary, have furnished a single straggler in  but the Productive Coal Measures of Pennsylvania frequently contain remains of the peculiar phylogerontic group of the genus Eurypterus, distinguished as Anthraconectes.

In Scotland and on the shores of the Baltic occur beds comparable in wealth of merostomes with those of New York, and there the eurypterid horizons exhibit a remarkable parallelism with our series and are approximately homotaxial.

The lowest distinct eurypterid horizon in Scotland is the lower one in Lanarkshire and the Pentland hills, characterized by species of Eurypterus and Stylonurus and especially by the genus Slimonia and is now correlated with the Wenlock. It hence corresponds in age to our lowest American eurypterid horizon, that of the Kokomo waterlime. It has in common with the latter the primitive stylonuroid genus Drepanopterus.

The upper horizon of the Lanarkshire eurypterids is in beds that protrude, islandlike, from the Old Red sandstone and for this reason were formerly confused with the latter but are now correlated with the Ludlow and the "Passage" beds. Their fauna corresponds in age to our Salina faunas. The presence of species properly referred to Eusarcus ( Woodward) and Hughmilleria


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 professorial tone, I may say is certain, that whilst of all studies in the whole range of knowledge, the study of law affords the most conservative training, so the study of Modern History is, next to Theology itself, and only next in so far as Theology rests on a divine revelation, the most thoroughly religious training that the mind can receive. It is no paradox to say that Modern History, including Medieval History in the term, is co-extensive in its field of view, in its habits of criticism, in the persons of its most famous students, with Ecclesiastical History. We may call them sister studies, but, if they are not really one and the same, they are twin sisters, so much alike that there is no distinguishing between them. Men who are bent on seeing only differences and ignoring points of agreement refused to see that in 1850, and I dare say refuse to see it still.

So much, however, has changed and changed rapidly in sixteen years; so many old friends have sought new fields of work, so great changes have passed over the moral and intellectual atmosphere of Oxford, that one is prone to forget that in truth the precedent era from 1830 to 1850 was itself only a transient phase, and not to be looked on as stamping for ever the character of the University. I for one can rejoice in looking back on those days, and I can look forward with hope and sympathy to what is before us in these respects. If I regret the absence of some things that were pleasant in the old life, at least I can appreciate much of that which promises to be the charm of the new. Happily removed for all these years from Oxford controversies, and I am glad to say that in the humblest way I have not had a finger in them, I can still clothe the old life with that gladness which for most men gilds the recollection of undergraduate days. But the world did not stop with me when I left Oxford, and I trust, if God shall spare me, to work with a good heart as long as it is called to-day.

I rejoice then to find on my return the School of Law and Modern History occupying a well-defined and still improving position, and bestowing honours which the men most honoured in the other contests of the academic arena are glad not only


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 to win but to work for. The Modern History School has thriven with very little nursing; and it needs but a glance at the class lists to show that there has been and continues to be, I will not say abundant promise, but actual work done m the cause of historical study by those who have distinguished themselves in our examinations. It is not invidious to mention the names of some who have challenged public criticism by their books, and have not merely shown in them the usefulness of historical training, but conferred lasting benefits on the students that follow them. The Law and Modern History School helped at least to train my excellent colleague, the Chichele Professor, for his labours; and it has helped to give us from Mr. Kington an English life of Frederick II, from Mr. Bryce a monograph on the Western Empire, which have already taken their place as standard books on our shelves. But far more than this has been done by the direction into the same channel of a considerable part of the more industrious teaching power of the Colleges, so that there is now a strong and, I hope, an increasing, staff of College tutors, whose time and mind are devoted primarily to the cultivation of this study. With these my occasional visits here as examiner have put me into communication, and the association with them in their work is to my mind one of the happiest incidents of my present position. I would, indeed, that this thought had been without the drawback that, at the very moment of my return, I in common with the whole of the rest of the University should have to lament the loss of one [Dr. Shirley], noble, good, and wise far beyond his years, who had watched and worked for the development of this study from the day of its introduction to Oxford, whose labours and influence were ever used for good and for every thing that was good, whose early promotion and effective character had marked him out as the man who was to do great things for the University and the Church of God in this age. Seldom has so much promise, seldom have so great earnests of great work been so sadly or so fatally blighted: we cannot look that his place can ever in all respects be so filled that there will not still be much, very much, to desiderate; for it


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 ( Salter) is faunistic evidence of this homotaxy.

Still closer is the faunistic and stratigraphic agreement of the Bertie waterlime with the eurypterid beds of Oesel. The upper Oesel zone contains in  a species which is conceded by Schmidt and Holm to be but a vicarious form of the  ; and as both the Bertie waterlime and the upper Oesel are situated close to the top of the Siluric, there is little doubt that they are homotaxial [ Schmidt, 1892].

The Devonic of Great Britain contains one eurypterid horizon, that of the Old Red sandstone, characterized by the giant, the "seraphim" of the Scottish quarrymen. To this monster of the great lakes and estuaries of the Old Red sandstone continent, Eria, the  of the Catskill beds is a parallel; it lived at the same time, under like physical conditions, in the same continental waters and is found in a similar association of ganoids (Holoptychius), placoderms and land plants. In a similar association these remains are found in the Upper Devonic of Belgium and of New Brunswick.

Minor occurrences are also known from Podolia, Galicia, and Bohemia [Barrande, 1872; Semper, 1898; Seeman, 1906]. Those of Podolia and Galicia are essentially a continuation of the Oesel horizon [v. Alth, 1874; v. Siemiradzki, 1906]. Australia has furnished a single fragment of Pterygotus from the Upper Siluric [McCoy, 1899].

The last outburst occurs both in Great Britain and North America in the Productive Coal Measures where a number of species of Eurypterus appear which bear the distinct marks of the approaching extinction of the race, and because of their phylogerontic characters these have been united under the subgenus Anthraconectes. In North America the Coal Measures of Pennsylvania and the iron stone nodules of Mazon Creek, Illinois, have furnished about half a dozen species of this peculiar group.


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 is not Oxford alone that laments him, nor the cause of Historical study only with which he had identified himself both here and throughout the literary world. But I will not touch on questions beyond the scope of my present consideration.

Besides the very advantageous position which, without nursing, I repeat, our study has attained here, in men, books, and honours, the immense treasures of historical lore which are now being poured liberally from the great storehouses of record throughout Europe, but most especially in England, form, a feature of the present time that promises to renew the youth of the Historic Muse. The great Continental collections of Historians are growing slowly but substantially; the German collection, begun in 1826, nearly rivals the French one a century its senior; the Sardinian Government had one of its own, which we may hope will not be smothered for the sake of more ambitious plans; the Vatican itself, under the kindly influence of a German Oratorian, has begun to thaw from its old reserve. Last and greatest, our own national work under the direction of Lord Romilly has in eight years proved itself more than a worthy rival both in bulk and workmanship of the older repositories. And not to speak of the collection of Historians, of which from my own connexion with it I am obliged to speak with modesty and reserve, the extracts and abstracts of public and private documents found in our Record offices and in those of Spain and Venice are rapidly filling our libraries with cases of stout green volumes from which the history of the most eventful of our years is being rewritten, and which will soon involve the necessity of a new Macaulay as they have already brought into being a new Burnet and a new Robertson.

From this sudden breaking up of the fountains of historical refreshment I dare not augur what results may follow, or what new worlds may be opening for other generations to exercise their logical acuteness and their historical perspicacity upon. We have our work set, in a literary point of view, in arranging, and bringing into bearing on one another, the masses of information that are threatening to overwhelm us. Happily, there is


text: Letters of Junius/Letter XI

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 The Permic of Portugal has furnished the final straggler of the race in a small Eurypterus [de Lima, 1890].

A very interesting problem in the study of the eurypterids is that of their bionomic relations and geologic facies. A philosophic contribution to the discussion of this problem has been given by Professor Chamberlin in his paper On the Habitat of the Early Vertebrates [1900, p. 400].

Chamberlin's hypothesis is to the effect that "the fish and the eurypterids descended from the rivers to the sea in the mid-Paleozoic, though their remote ancestors may have ascended from it," and the principal argument in its support is found in the claim that "there is only one conspicuous type that is facilely suited to free life, independent of the bottom, in swift streams, and that is the fish form"; it is further urged that "this could have developed only in water that possesses a persistent and usually rather rapid motion in a fixed direction, i. e., in rivers."

In support of this hypothesis it is pointed out that the Paleozoic fish and the similarly built eurypterids are always associated and it is suggested that the two possessed a parallel development due to the same physical influence. This view of the fresh-water origin of the eurypterids is directly contradictory to the current view among paleontologists of their originally marine habitat and later adoption of first a brackish and finally a freshwater life. Zittel-Eastman's Textbook of Paleontology expresses this prevailing view as follows [1896, p. 673]:

They are found associated with graptolites, cephalopods, and trilobites in the Ordovician of Bohemia and North America; with marine Crustacea (Phyllocarids and Ostracods) in the Silurian; with Ostracoderms and Arthrodires in the Devonian; and with land plants, scorpions, insects, fishes and fresh-water amphibians in the Productive Coal Measures. It is apparent, therefore, that from being originally marine forms, they became gradually adapted to brackish, and possibly even fresh-water conditions.


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Barber græna, 2nd edit. 136, 137). Previously to the year 1641 Barber was kept eleven months in Newgate for denying the baptism of infants and that the payment of tithes to the clergy was God's ordinance under the gospel (Preface to his Treatise of Baptism; and his petition to the king and parliament). He preached his doctrines in season and out of season, and he has himself left an account of the disturbance he caused in 1648 in the parish church of St. Benet Fink. The date of his death is unknown, but in 1674 he was succeeded in the care of the baptist church in Bishopsgate by Jonathan Jennings.

He is the author of: 1. ‘To the King's most Excellent Maiesty, and the Honourable Court of Parliament. The humble Petition of many his Maiesties loyall and faithfull subiects, some of which having beene miserably persecuted by the Prelates and their Adherents, by all rigorous courses, for their Consciences, practising nothing but what was instituted by the Lord Jesus Christ,’ &c., London, 1641, s. sh. fol. This petition, which prays for liberty of worship for the baptists, is signed ‘Edward Barber, sometimes Prisoner in Newgate for the Gospel of Christ.’ 2. ‘A small Treatise of Baptisme, or, Dipping, wherein is cleerely shewed that the Lord Christ ordained Dipping for those only that professe repentance and faith. (1) Proved by Scriptures; (2) By Arguments; (3) A paralell betwixt circumcision and dipping; (4) An answer to some objections by P[raisegod] B[arebone],’ London, 1641, 4to. 3. ‘A declaration and vindication of the carriage of Edward Barber, at the parish meeting house of Benetfinck, London, Fryday the 14 of Iuly 1648, after the morning exercise of Mr. Callamy was ended, wherein the pride of the Ministers, and Babylonish or confused carriage of the hearers is laid down,’ London, 1648, 4to. 4. ‘An Answer to the Essex Watchmens Watchword, being 63 of them in number. Or a discovery of their Ignorance, in denying liberty to tender consciences in religious worship, to be granted alike to all,’ London, 1649, 4to.

[T. Crosby's Hist. of the English Baptists, i. 151, 219, iii. 3; Ivimey's Hist. of the English Baptists, ii. 390; H. Brook's Puritans, iii. 330; Adam Taylor's Hist. of the English General Baptists, i. 119, 168, 250; Cat. of Printed Books in Brit. Mus.]  BARBER, JOHN, D.C.L. (d. 1549), clergyman and civilian, of All Souls College, Oxford, graduated doctor of civil law and became a member of the College of Advocates in 1532. He was one of Archbishop Cranmer's chaplains, and official of his court at Canterbury, but his special vocation was to advise the archbishop on civil-law matters. In 1537 he was consulted by Cranmer on behalf of Henry VIII, on a subtle point of law touching the dower of the Duchess of Richmond, widow of the king's natural son; and in 1538 the archbishop, in a letter to Cromwell, requests that Dr. Barbor, ‘his chaplain’ (who Jenkyns says is probably John Barber), may be one of a royal commission to try and examine whether the blood of St. Thomas of Canterbury was not ‘a feigned thing and made of some red ochre, or of such like matter.’ In the same year Cranmer used his influence with Cromwell to obtain for ‘his chaplain, Doctor Barbar,’ a prebendal stall at Christ Church, Oxford. But he does not appear to have been successful, for Dr. Barbar's name is not mentioned by Wood in his account of Christ Church. In this letter to Cromwell the archbishop speaks of Cromwell's knowledge of the ‘qualities and learning’ of Barber, and he himself calls him ‘an honest and meet man.’ Barber is probably identical, too, with the John Barbour who appeared as proctor for Anne Boleyn on the occasion of her divorce. In 1541 Cranmer appointed him to visit, as his deputy, for the second time, the college of All Souls, whose ‘compotations, ingurgitations, and enormous commessations’ had excited the archbishop's indignation (, Life of Cranmer, i. 131). He is said by Rose to have assisted in the preparation of the famous ‘King's Book,’ a revised and enlarged edition of the ‘Bishops' Book,’ but his name does not appear upon the list of ‘composers.’ He was probably, however, consulted in the matter, for his signature is appended to ‘a declaration made of the functions and divine institution of priests,’ and to a Latin judgment on the rite of confirmation, both documents framed to suit the demands of the time. Barber made a poor return to Cranmer for all his kindness by joining, in 1543, a plot for his ruin. Foxe, on the authority of Ralph Morice, Cranmer's secretary, tells us that the archbishop elicited from Barber and the suffragan of Dover a condemnation of a hypothetical case of treachery, and then by producing their letters showed that they were the guilty persons, and magnanimously forgave them. Strype says, however, that Cranmer ‘thought fit no more to trust them, and so discharged them of his service.’ Barber died in 1549, and was buried at Wrotham in Kent, of which living—a ‘peculiar’ in the patronage of the Archbishop of Canterbury—he was probably incumbent. Hasted in his list of the rectors and vicars of Wrotham leaves a blank for the period likely to cover Barber's incumbency.


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 In describing the geologic occurrence of the fish and eurypterids, Chamberlin lays special stress on the abrupt appearance of both groups of fossils in the Siluric, heralded by very scanty remains in the preceding formations, and gives the following account of the phenomena of their distribution in the rocks.

In the Ludlow "bone bed" of England, where they first make their appearance in abundance, the fish remains are associated with eurypterids, probably the most gigantic crustaceans that have ever lived, some of them attaining two meters in length. There is the same association on the continent, notably in the island of Oesel in the Russian Baltic and in Podolia and Galicia, and so again in the waterlime group of America in which the  of Claypole occurs. The physical conditions in all these cases seem to have been peculiar, and in the case of the waterlime group they were singularly so, for they permitted a host of these larger eurypterids and other crustaceans to flourish in seeming luxuriance, while only a meager and pauperate marine fauna found an occasional entrance into the series. The conditions seem to have been congenial to the fish and eurypterids but not to a typical marine fauna.

In the Old Red sandstone of the Devonian both in Europe and America a similar association obtained. A most extraordinary group of fishes and a family of most gigantic crustaceans flourished where marine life found only an occasional and meager presence. These few marine forms, here and there in a massive deposit, no more imply prevalent salt water than the present marine species in the bay of San Francisco imply that the gravels, sands and silts of the valley of California and of the Great Basin, which seem to be analogues of the Old Red sandstone, are prevailingly marine. The further association of the fishes and eurypterids with land plants and fresh-water mollusks, together with a total absence of marine relics from the same beds, leaves no solid ground for hesitating to accept the dominant view of English and other geologists that the typical Old Red sandstone and its homologues are the deposits of fresh waters and that both the fishes and the eurypterids found congenial conditions of life in them. As fishes and eurypterids were found both earlier and later in marine deposits the question arises: Were the fishes and eurypterids primarily marine and later became adapted to fresh water, or were they primarily fresh-water forms which were occasionally carried out to sea, and which later became adapted to salt water? The two cases do not necessarily


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   BARBER, JOSEPH (1757–1811), landscape painter, was born at Newcastle in 1757. He settled at Birmingham, where after several years of difficulty he succeeded in establishing a drawing school. He conducted this with unremitting industry, and gained in addition a considerable local reputation as a landscape painter. But his work was unknown in London, and he never exhibited in the Royal Academy. He attained to easy circumstances in his later years, and died in Birmingham in 1811, leaving a son, John Vincent Barber, who followed his father's profession. John Vincent Barber exhibited landscapes at the Royal Academy in 1812, 1821, 1829, and 1830, and prepared some of the drawings for the ‘Graphic Illustrations of Warwickshire’ published in 1829. He died at Rome.

 BARBER, MARY (1690?–1757), poetess and friend of Swift, was born about 1690, probably in Ireland, where she became the wife of one Barber, a wool clothier or tailor, living in Capel Street, Dublin. Several children were born to Mrs. Barber (among them a son, Constantine, born in 1714), and she, being ‘poetically given, and, for a woman, having a sort of genius that way’ (Swift to Pope, Swift, xvii. 388), began writing poetry for the purpose of enlivening her children's lessons. She taught them at first herself, as they sat round her tiled fireplace (her own Poems on Several Occasions, p. 8); and at the same time ‘no woman was ever more useful to her husband in the way of his business’ (Swift to Lord Orrery, Swift, xviii. 162). About 1724, while Tickell, the poet, was secretary to the lords justices of Ireland, Mrs. Barber wrote a poem to excite charity on behalf of an officer's widow left penniless and with a blind child (Poems, &c. supra, p. 2, ‘The Widow Gordon's Petition’), and she sent the composition to Tickell anonymously, with a request that he would call the attention of Lord Carteret, then viceroy, to it. Tickell succeeded; Lady Carteret succoured the widow and sought out her benefactress, Mrs. Barber. The poetess was thus brought under Swift's notice, and a friendship sprang up between them. Swift visited her at her shop (Swift to Pope, supra); presented her to Lady Suffolk at Marble Hill ( Swift, xvii. 430); received her at the deanery, and for a while took charge of one of her sons, eccentrically sent him as a birthday present, together with some of his mother's verses echoing the current enthusiasm roused by ‘Wood's Halfpence’ and others of Swift's Irish patriotic pamphlets. Sapphira was the poetic name given to Mrs. Barber at the deanery; and there her poems were read, and canvassed, and corrected. ‘Mighty Thomas, a solemn Senatus I call, To consult for Sapphira; so come, one and all,’ are the opening lines of ‘An Invitation by Dr. Delany, in the Name of Dr. Swift,’ and they indicate the friendly and sympathetic treatment she enjoyed at the hands of Swift and his friends. In 1730 Swift provided Mrs. Barber with introductions to his most influential friends on her first visit to England in an endeavour to publish her poems by subscription. Her husband took indiscreet advantage of his wife's position, and when Lady Betty Germaine had coaxed the Duke of Dorset to order liveries from him, he asked ‘a greater price than anybody else’ (ibid. xvii. 410); at the same time the gout attacked her incessantly, and she was one of Dr. Mead's patients; but, in response, mainly, to Swift's recommendations, Arbuthnot, Gay, Mrs. Cæsar, Barber the printer (then lord mayor), the Boyles, the Temples, Pope, Ambrose Philips, Walpole, Tonson, Banks, and a host of the nobility, either visited her or became subscribers for her book; and after passing to and fro between Tunbridge Wells, Bath, and Dublin, for a long period, she finally abandoned her Irish home, and settled in England. In June 1731, when Mrs. Barber was busily seeking subscribers, the ‘Three Letters to the Queen on the Distresses of Ireland’ were published, with Swift's forged signature; they called express attention to Mrs. Barber as ‘the best female poet of this or perhaps of any age,’ and it was rumoured that they had been concocted by her to injure her patron and to serve her personal advantage. All evidence goes against this supposition, and Swift himself never entertained it. His opinion of Mrs. Barber, on the contrary, was as high as ever, and Lady Suffolk bantered him on the ‘violent passion’ he had for her (ibid. xvii. 415); in 1733 he wrote to Alderman Barber that he had ‘not known a more bashful, modest person than she, nor one less likely to ply her friends, patrons, and protectors’ (ibid. xviii. 154). In 1736 he invited her back to Ireland, promising to contribute to her support (ibid.


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 require an identical answer, but the singular association of the two in unusual display under peculiar conditions and on both continents strongly implies a community of habit, at least at the stages in question. The association is one of the most unique [!] faunal and physical combinations of geologic history.

The earlier occurrence of the eurypterids in marine deposits is almost as limited as that of the fishes, and yet they were well adapted to fossilization and were actually fossilized as far back as Precambrian times, as Walcott has recently shown by their discovery in the Belt Mountain terrane of Montana. Of about a dozen known genera of eurypterids, only two or three of those least well known are without associations with formations regarded as fresh water. The relics found in marine sediments may be attributed to transportation from the land just as is done in the case of the terrestrial plants and land insects not infrequently found in marine beds; but transportation in the opposite direction can not be assigned. . . From the occurrence of eurypterids first in marine beds apparently and later in fresh-water deposits it has been inferred that they were originally sea dwellers and later became adapted to land waters, but the meagerness of their marine record on the one hand, and their abundance and fine preservation in the fresh-water deposits on the other give point to the question whether their early marine record is anything more than the chance deposit of river forms borne out to sea.

In view of the contrasting opinions which have been thus expressed as to the original habitat of the eurypterids, it will be well to analyze closely here the evidence from the rocks which contain the eurypterids, and from the associated species.

In regard to the Cambric, the Lower Siluric   and  , the Clinton   and the Guelph  , we might concede, in view of the fact that all these remains have been found in only a single individual each, that they are remains carried out to sea from terrestrial waters, yet their combined evidence inclines to the side of the marine habitat.

The profuse Lower Siluric (Frankfort) fauna is associated with seaweeds, graptolites, trilobites, cephalopods and brachiopods, and inhabited the pools of a littoral region with abundant detrital sediments. All


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 xix. 5). In his ‘List of Friends Grateful, Ungrateful, Indifferent, and Doubtful,’ he describes her with the best as ‘G,’ i.e. ‘grateful;’ and in his will, dated 1740, nine years after the ‘Letters,’ he makes a bequest to her of ‘the medal of Queen Anne and Prince George which she formerly gave me’ (, Swift, p. 566). The false suspicion as to her authorship of the unfortunate ‘Letters’ did Mrs. Barber little injury with others of her friends. In 1734, her ‘Poems on Several Occasions’ (4to, Rivingtons) were at last published, and were prefaced by a letter from Swift to Lord Orrery. But many troubles now befell their authoress; a few severe critics said that the work was not poetic, and a few fine ladies complained that it was dull (ibid. xviii. 310). At the time Mrs. Barber was a victim to a three months' attack of gout; and she fell ‘under the hands of the law,’ in company with Motte, the printer, although she was discharged the same day with him (, xiii. 105). Her condition excited pity in very many quarters, and the Duchess of Queensberry told Swift: ‘Mrs. Barber has met with a good deal of trouble … we shall leave our guineas for her with Mr. Pope’ ( Swift, xviii. 198). In 1735 appeared a second edition of Mrs. Barber's ‘Poems’ (8vo), and in 1736 there followed a third. In November of the same year, at Bath, again laid up with gout, and having her husband and daughters to support, Mrs. Barber entertained a scheme for selling Irish linens. She could not let lodgings because of her ill-health (ibid. xix. 5); and, to support her meanwhile, she begged Swift to give her his ‘Polite Conversations,’ still in manuscript, though written thirty years before. Everybody, she said, would subscribe for a work of his, and the sale of it would put her in easy circumstances. In 1737 the manuscript was hers, conveyed to her by Lord Orrery ( Swift, xix. 93); in 1738 it was published, and it met with so much favour that it was presented as a play at the theatre in Aungier Street, Dublin, with great applause (, xiv. 692). It thus secured for Mrs. Barber all the benefits that Swift, in his continuous kindness to her, desired. In 1755 a selection from her ‘Poems’ was published in two volumes of ‘Poems by Eminent Ladies,’ including Aphra Behn, Elizabeth Carter, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, and others, and Mrs. Barber's verse was given the first place. In 1757 she died. Of her two sons, Rupert was well known as a miniature painter and engraver, and Constantine became president of the College of Physicians at Dublin.

 BARBER, SAMUEL (1738?–1811), Irish presbyterian minister, a native of county Antrim, was the younger son of John Barber, a farmer near Killead. He entered Glasgow College in 1757, was licensed 1761 (on second trials 28 Aug. at Larne) by Templepatrick presbytery, and ordained by Dromore presbytery, 3 May 1763, at Rathfriland, co. Down, where he ministered till his death. He was a good Latinist, Tacitus being his favourite author; his Greek was thin; he was somewhat given to rabbinical studies, having collected a small store of learned books on this subject. He is best known for the public spirit with which he threw himself into the political and ecclesiastical struggles of his time. Teeling considers him ‘one of the first and boldest advocates of the emancipation of his country and the union of all her sons.’ When Lord Glerawley disarmed the Rathfriland regiment of volunteers in 1782, the officers and men chose Barber as their colonel in his stead. In this double capacity he preached (in regimentals) a sermon to the volunteers, in the Third Presbyterian Congregation, Belfast. He sat in the three volunteer conventions of 1782, 1783, and 1793, as a strong advocate of parliamentary reform, catholic emancipation, and a revision of the tithe system, the revenue laws, and the Irish pension list. Lord Kilwarlin, being asked to contribute to the rebuilding of his meeting-house, said he would rather pay to pull it down (broadsheet of August 1783). In 1786 Richard Woodward, bishop of Cloyne, published his ‘Present State of the Church of Ireland,’ to prove that none but episcopalians could be loyal to the constitution. Barber's ‘Remarks’ in reply showed him a master of satire, and embodied the most trenchant pleas for disestablishment that any dissenter had yet put forth (‘Must seven-eighths of the nation for ever crouch to the eighth?’). Woodward made no response. In 1790 Barber was moderator of the general synod. He took a leading part in the Down election of that year, which returned the Hon. Robert Stewart (afterwards Lord Castlereagh) in the presbyterian interest, after a contest of thirteen weeks. In 1798 the authorities regarded him as a dangerous man. He was seized by a body of troops at his residence in the townland of Tullyquilly, and lodged in Downpatrick gaol on a charge of high treason. On 14 and 16 July he was tried by court-martial, but nothing was proved against him; he was never a United Irishman. However, he was detained in durance, and his third daughter, Margaret, a girl of sixteen, voluntarily shared


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 the Lower Siluric eurypterids thus far known were hence still purely marine.The investigation of this Frankfort shale fauna proves it to be restricted geographically to the exposures of the formation in the lower Mohawk valley, where it seems to pass with equal profusion through a thickness of several thousand feet. Specimens have been obtained in the Dettbarn quarry at Schenectady, the bluestone quarries at Aqueduct and Rexford Flats, on both sides of the Mohawk river; and a profuse association of Sphenothallus and the eurypterids was found in the upper part of the section described by Cumings [N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 34, p. 451] from Rotterdam Junction, west of Schenectady. In much higher beds of the Frankfort shale the same fauna was obtained in abundance at quarries at Duanesburg and Delanson, on the Schenectady branch of the Delaware & Hudson Railroad, and still farther southwest in the reentrant of the Helderberg escarpment, caused by the Schoharie creek, in exposures along that creek above Schoharie Junction. In a ravine of a small stream which joins the Cobleskill between Central Bridge and Howes Cave (mentioned by Grabau [N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 92, p. 102] on account of its fine exposure of the Brayman shale), the eurypterid fauna could be traced quite up to the Brayman shale. Thus in the western part of its range it occupies the whole thickness of the Frankfort shale, unless it is absent in the lowermost part of the formation, not yet found in good exposures in that region. The fauna does not seem to extend to the western localities, for it has not been observed in the Frankfort shale sections at Frankfort and Ilion, where the fossils have been very thoroughly studied by the junior author.

Toward the southeast the last traces of the eurypterids are found in the sandy shales exposed along the Vly, below Voorheesville. Here the eurypterid beds are

The rich faunas of the Kokomo and Salina beds (the latter containing these creatures by thousands) are all intercalated in distinctly marine deposits; the Kokomo beds carry such brachiopods as  and , and the Salina eurypterid shales Leperditias, Pterineas , cephalopods (Orthoceras, Gomphoceras), marine gastropods, Conularias, Lingulas and Orbiculoideas. The same is true of the European eurypterid horizons intercalated in the Wenlock and Ludlow beds of Great Britain, and of the Oesel beds of Russia. The latter horizon lies between the lower Oesel zone with heavy coral banks, numerous trilobites (as,  , etc.) and


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 his imprisonment. On his release, after a long confinement, he could obtain no redress. In religion, as in politics, he was a pronounced liberal, though no controversialist. His manuscript sermons are unmistakably Arian, and in the original draft of his ‘Remarks’ he says, ‘Suppose now any legislator should so far forget common sense as to decree three one, and one three, &c.’ He was fond of quoting the Greek Testament in his sermons, and (marvellous to say) his draft of a petition to parliament from his presbytery contains two citations from Theodoret in the original. For an incident of his pastoral experience, turning on the difficulties of the then Irish marriage law, see Mem. of Catherine Cappe, 1822, p. 268. Montgomery assigns to him ‘a singularly vigorous mind, a cultivated taste, a ready wit, a fluent elocution, a firm purpose, an unsullied character, and a most courteous demeanour.’ He died 5 Sept. 1811, in his seventy-fourth year. In 1771 he married Elizabeth, eldest daughter of the Rev. Andrew Kennedy, of Mourne, and had seven children, but no son survived him. His daughter Margaret, above mentioned (b. 12 Aug. 1782, d. 21 May 1875), married John Galt Smith, of Belfast, whose son, George Kennedy Smith, possesses Barber's portrait and manuscripts. He published: 1. Funeral Sermon for the Rev. George Richey [Job xxxiv. 15], Newry, 1772. 2. Volunteer Sermon [2 Sam. xiii. 28], 1782 (a very spirited piece, under apprehension of foreign invasion). 3. ‘Remarks on a Pamphlet … by Richard, Lord Bishop of Cloyne,’ Dublin, 1787. 4. ‘Synodical Sermon at Lurgan’ [Rev. xviii. 20], 1791 (reckons the Nicene council as the beginning of the reign of Antichrist, and the French revolution as the omen of its fall). Nos. 2 and 4 appear to have been published, but were also circulated in manuscript.

[Barber's MSS., including his own account of his Tryal, 1798; Glasgow Matriculation Book; Kennedy pedigree, MS.; Belfast News-Letter, 10 Sept. 1811; Teeling's Sequel to Personal Narrative of Irish Rebellion, 1832, p. 31; Irish Unitarian Mag. 1847, pp. 286, 291; Chr. Unitarian, 1866, p. 359; Witherow's Hist. and Lit. Mem. of Presbyterianism in Ireland, 2 ser. 1880; Porter's In Memoriam … Margaret Smith, 1875.]  BARBON, NICHOLAS, M.D. (d. 1698), a writer of two treatises on money, and the originator of fire insurance in this country, was born in London, and entered as a student of physic at the university of Leyden on 2 July 1661. He was probably the son of Praisegod Barbon [see ]. In October 1661 he graduated M.D. at Utrecht, and was admitted an honorary fellow of the College of Physicians in December 1664. He represented Bramber in the parliaments of 1690 and 1695. After the great fire of 1666, Barbon was one of the first and most considerable builders of the city of London, and first instituted fire insurance in this country. He ‘hath sett up an office for it,’ writes Luttrell in his ‘Brief Relation,’ under date 30 Oct. 1681 (i. 135), ‘and is likely to gett vastly by it.’ While engaged in rebuilding London, he purchased ‘the Red Lyon feilds, near Graies Inn Walks, to build on,’ and 11 June 1684 a serious riot took place between his workmen and ‘the gentlemen of Graies Inn.’ As late as 1692 he was engaged in improving Chancery Lane and Lincoln's Inn. A square near Gerrard Street, Newport Market, is said to have been called Barbon Square in the reign of George II. Reynolds's ‘Wells Cathedral’ (pref. p. 67) gives the following from Chyle's (unpublished) history of the church of Wells. Exeter House, belonging to the see of Exeter, first went to Lord Paget, then to R. Dudley, earl of Leicester, and then to the Earl of Essex, and was called Essex House, ‘which ever since has kept the name, till last year, when one Dr. Barbone, the son, I am told, of honest prays God, bought it of the executors of the late Duchess of Somerset, d. of the said Robert (E. of Essex), not to restore it to the right owner, the Bp. of Exeter; but converted into houses and tenements for tavernes, ale houses, cooks-shoppes, and vaulting schooles, and the garden adjoining the river into wharfes for brewers and woodmongers.’ Barbon was the author of ‘A Discourse of Trade’ (12mo, London, 1690), and a ‘Discourse concerning coining the new money lighter, in answer to Mr. Lock's considerations about raising the value of money’ (12mo, London, 1696). This latter work was one of the numerous pamphlets which issued from the presses of London on the subject of the great controversy which raged at that time, when there was such urgent demand for a renewal of the currency—a controversy in which, as Flamsteed, the astronomer royal, is reported to have said, the real point at issue was, whether five was six or only five.

Barbon ranged himself under the banner of William Lowndes, whose ‘Essay for the Amendment of Silver Coins’ had become the text-book of a party composed partly of dull men who really believed what he told them, and partly of shrewd men who were perfectly willing to be authorised by law to pay a hundred pounds with eighty (, Hist. of Eng. iv. 632).


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Author talk:Roundell Palmer

Sources available
Name: Sir Roundell Palmer

Birth - Death: 1812-1895

Source Citation:
 * The Houghton Mifflin Dictionary of Biography. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003. (HouMifDB)
 * Obituaries from the Times. 1971-1975. Compiled by Frank C. Roberts. Reading, England: Newspaper Archive Developments, 1978. (ObitT 1971)
 * Chambers Biographical Dictionary. Sixth edition. Edited by Melanie Parry. New York: Larousse Kingfisher Chambers, 1997. (ChamBiD)
 * Allibone's Critical Dictionary of English Literature. British and American authors living and deceased from the earliest accounts to the latter half of the Nineteenth Century. Three volumes. By S. Austin Allibone. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1858-1871. (Alli)
 * Allibone's Critical Dictionary of English Literature: A Supplement. British and American authors. Two volumes. By John Foster Kirk. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1891. (Alli SUP)
 * British Authors of the Nineteenth Century. Edited by Stanley J. Kunitz. New York: H.W. Wilson Co., 1936. (BritAuNC)
 * The New Century Handbook of English Literature. Revised edition. Edited by Clarence L. Barnhart with the assistance of William D. Halsey. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1967. (NewC)
 * The Dictionary of National Biography. The Concise Dictionary. Part 1, From the beginnings to 1900. London: Oxford University Press, 1953. Contains abstracts of the biographies found in The Dictionary of National Biography (21 volumes, New York: Macmillan Co.; London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1908). (DcNaB)
 * The Oxford Companion to Law. By David M. Walker. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, Clarendon Press, 1980. (OxCLaw)
 * The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Third edition revised. Edited by E.A. Livingstone. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. (OxDcChC)
 * A Dictionary of Biography, Past and Present. Containing the chief events in the lives of eminent persons of all ages and nations. Edited by Benjamin Vincent. London: Ward, Lock, & Co., 1877. (DcBiPP)
 * The History Today Who's Who in British History. Edited by Juliet Gardiner. London: Collins & Brown, 2000. (HisToWhoBH)

title: Author talk:Roundell Palmer


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 brachiopods (, etc.) and the so called Ostergarn beds which still contain Eurypterus, but also ,  , Leperditia and in their uppermost layers species of Chonetes, Spirifer, Beyrichia, etc.

Thus the Eurypterus beds of the Salina formation in which the fauna reaches its climacteric development, are clearly stamped with their marine origin, and the profusion and perfection of preservation of the eurypterid remains precludes the possibility of their transportation into the basin by land waters; it is also apparent that the beds were not formed under normal marine conditions. The eurypterid horizons of Kokomo, of the Salina and of Oesel, as well as of Great Britain, exhibit as clearly all the characteristics of a particular and peculiar marine facies, as do the graptolites or the corals. These facies are indicated partly by the unusual nature of the rocks and partly by the peculiar aspect of the associated


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Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 18, 1907.djvu/433

 THE PRINCIPLES OF FASTING.

BY EDWARD WESTERMARCK, PH.D.

fasting is understood abstinence from all food and drink, or at least—in a looser sense of the word—from certain kinds of food, for a determined period. The custom of fasting is wide-spread among peoples at very different stages of civilisation, and is practised for a variety of purposes. In the present article I shall attempt to set forth the chief principles to which it may be traced.

A frequent and well-known object of fasting is to serve as a means of having supernatural converse, or acquiring supernatural powers. The savage, as Professor Tylor remarks, has many a time, for days and weeks together, to try involuntarily the effects of fasting, accompanied with other privations and with prolonged solitary contemplation in the desert or the forest. Under these circumstances he soon comes to see and talk with phantoms, which are to him visible personal spirits, and, having thus learnt the secret of spiritual intercourse, he thenceforth reproduces the cause in order to renew the effects. The Hindus believe that a fasting person will ascend to the heaven of that god in whose name he


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 animals. The most characteristic of eurypterid rocks is the waterlime. It is in this that the faunas of Kokomo and of the Bertie waterlime of New York are contained. How close is this association of eurypterids and waterlime, is shown by the fact that with the recurrence of waterlime formation (Rondout) in the Salina section after the close of the salt deposition and the Cobleskill dolomitic limestone stage, Eurypterus reappears, though much diminished in number, and later again, after the introduction of the Manlius fauna the upper waterlime bed of the Manlius brings back a single species. The section at Manlius given by Hartnagel [1903, p. 1165] illustrates well the intimate connection of waterlimes with eurypterids on one hand and the intercalation of limestones with Stromatopora and brachiopods on the other.


text: Letters of Junius/Letter XII

title: Letters of Junius/Letter XII


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 Barbon, in the preface to his second treatise, makes allusion to having, in the ‘Discourse on Trade,’ defined money differently from Mr. Locke; and begins his argument by disputing Locke's fundamental proposition that silver has an intrinsic value, asserting that there is no intrinsic value in silver, ‘but that it is money that men give and take and contract with, having regard more to the stamp and currency of the money than to the quantity of fine silver in each piece.’ With this as one of his premises, he argues in favour of debasing the currency, or, as he euphemistically terms it, raising the value of money. Mr. Cunningham (English Industry and Commerce, p. 368) quotes a passage from the second discourse for a lucid argument against the balance of trade. Barbon took part in the land-bank speculations of the time. He founded one, which is stated by Luttrell, under date 15 Aug. 1695, to ‘goe on very successfully,’ and under date 4 Feb. 1695–6 to have been united with another land-bank conducted by one Mr. Brisco, and to have offered to advance two millions of money. He died in 1698. His friend Asgill [see ] was the executor of his will, which directed that none of his debts should be paid. Asgill was also soon afterwards his successor as member for Bramber.

[Barbon's Discourse on Trade, and Treatise on Coining; Luttrell's Brief Relation of State Affairs, i. 309, ii. 403, iii. 572, iv. 13, 364; Notes and Queries (first series), vi. 3; Macaulay's England, chaps. xxi. xxii.; Walford's Encyclopædia of Insurance; Hist. of Fire Insurance; Munk's College of Physicians; Names of Members of Parliament, i. 555.]  BARBON, or BAREBONE, or BAREBONES, PRAISEGOD (1596?–1679), anabaptist, leather-seller, and politician, has an obscure family history. In the ‘Spending of the Money of Robert Nowell, of Read Hall, Lancashire’ (edited by Dr. Grosart, 1877), one of the objects of his bounty (Xs) was ‘a John Barbon.’ The following data concerning him are drawn from Dr. Bloxam's ‘Register of Magdalen College, Oxford’—‘John Barebone, of Magdalen, 1567, aged 16; of the county of Gloucester; B.A. 23 Oct. 1570; probably Fellow 1571–78; M.A. 9 July 1574; Vice-Principall, 1578;’ described in 1574 as ‘a noted and zealous Romanist’ (iv. 170–1, and Spending, ut supra, pp. 206, 208). Another was a prominent puritan in Northamptonshire from 1587 onwards ( Annals, i. 691, ii. 479;  Whitgift, ii. 7). Probably the same Barbon took part in a disputation upon nonconformity held about 1606 at the house of Sir William Bowes, at Coventry (, Parallels, Censures and Observations, &c., p. 128;, Puritans, ii. 196).

In notes of a trial in an ecclesiastical case wherein Dr. William Bates was a party, Barbon in giving evidence incidentally mentioned that he was eighty years of age. This was in 1676, so that he was born about 1596 (, Londinium Redivivum, iii. 453). While young he became a leather-seller in Fleet Street; he was admitted freeman of the Leathersellers' Company 20 Jan. 1623, elected a warder of the yeomanry 6 July 1630, a liveryman 13 Oct. 1634, and third warder 16 June 1648 (Notes and Queries, 3rd series, i. 211; cf. pp. 253, 395).

Probably shortly after 1630 Praisegod Barbon was chosen minister by half the members of a baptist congregation which had been under the pastoral care of Stephen More, but which had on More's death divided by ‘mutual consent’ into two parties. The one half chose Henry Jessey, and the other half Praisegod Barbon. Those who fixed on Barbon were pædobaptists, maintaining that the baptism of infants was scriptural, while the other part of the congregation comprised baptists proper. Some even of the latter must, however, have adhered to Barbon as well; for in the ‘Declaration’ of the baptists issued in 1654 ‘twenty-two’ names sign it as ‘of the church that walks with Mr. Barebone.’ In 1642 Praisegod Barbon published a defence of pædobaptism in ‘A Discourse tending to prove Baptisme in or under the Defection of Anti-Christ, to be the Ordinance of Jesus Christ. As also that the Baptism of Infants or Children is warrantable and agreeable to the Word of God. Where … sundry other particular things are controverted and discussed.’ In Edward Barber's ‘Small Treatise of Baptism or Dipping,’ also published in 1642 [see ], we read: ‘Beloved, since part of this treatise was in presse, there came to my hand a book set forth by P. Barboon, which could I have gotten sooner, I should have answered more fully;’ and then he quotes a number of objections to the baptist view urged by Barbon, which he in brief answers. Barbon replied to Barber in another book, published in 1643: ‘A Reply to the Frivolous and Impertinent Answer of E. B. to the Discourse of P. B. …’

From contemporary references, it appears that those who had chosen Barbon assembled as a church in their pastor's own ‘great house,’ called the ‘Lock and Key,’ in Fleet Street, near Fetter Lane. As a preacher he speedily made his mark. The libellers of the puritans called his preaching ‘long harangues,’


text: Letters of Junius/Letter XIII

title: Letters of Junius/Letter XIII


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Steiner, Bernard Christian

STEINER, stī'nėr, Bernard Christian, American educator: b. Guilford, Conn., 13 Aug. 1867; prepared for college at the Frederick (Md.) Academy; was graduated at Yale A.B. 1888, A.M. 1890; was a Fellow in history at Johns Hopkins, 1890-91 and Ph.D. 1891; instructor in history at Williams College, 1891-92; instructor of history at Johns Hopkins, 1893, and associate there from 1894 to 1911. He was graduated at University of Maryland with degree of LL.B. in 1894; was dean and professor of constitutional law, Baltimore University, 1897-1900, and was dean and professor of public law in the Baltimore Law School from 1900 to 1904. Since 1892 he has been librarian of the Enoch Pratt Free Library of Baltimore City. His publications include ‘Education in Connecticut’ (1893); ‘Education in Maryland’

(1894); ‘Citizenship and Suffrage in Maryland’ (1895); ‘Institutions and Civil Government of Maryland’ (1899); ‘Life of James McHenry’ (1907); ‘Life of Reverdy Johnson’ (1914), etc.


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392 observes the fast. The Hebrews associated fasting with divine revelations. St. Chrysostom says that fasting "makes the soul brighter, and gives it wings to mount up and soar on high."

Ideas of this kind partly underlie the common practice of abstaining from food before or in connection with the performance of a magic or religious ceremony; but there is yet another ground for this practice. The effect attributed to fasting is not merely psychical, but it also prevents pollution. Food may cause defilement, and, like other polluting matter, be detrimental to sanctity. Among the Maoris, "no food is permitted to touch the head or hair of a chief, which is sacred; and if food is mentioned in connection with anything sacred (or 'tapu') it is considered as an insult, and revenged as such." So also a full stomach may be polluting. This is obviously the reason why in Morocco and elsewhere


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Page:Two Treatises of Government.djvu/39

 cononant to the hitory of the Bible, and natural reaon, Obervations, 210. And in his Pref. to his Obervations on Aritotle, he ays thus, The firt government in the world was monarchical in the father of all fleh, Adam being commanded to multiply and people the earth, and to ubdue it, and having dominion given him over all creatures, was thereby the monarch of the whole world : none of his poterity had any right to poes any thing, but by his grant or permiion, or by ucceion from him : The earth, aith the Palmit, hath he given to the children of men, which hew the title comes from fatherhood.

§. 22. Before I examine this argument, and the text on which it is founded, it is neceary to deire the reader to oberve, that our author, according to his uual method, begins in one ene, and concludes in another ; he begins here with Adam's propriety, or private dominion, by donation ; and his concluion is, which hew the title comes from fatherhood.

§. 23. But let us ee the argument. The words of the text are thee ; and God bleed them, and God aid unto them, be fruitful and multiply, and replenih the earth and ubdue it, and have dominion over the fih of the ea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth, i. Gen. 28. from whence our author concludes, that Adam, having here dominion given him over all creatures, was thereby the monarch of the whole


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Page:The Eurypterida of New York Volume 1.pdf/106

 The peculiar yellow plattenkalke and marls of Oesel which contain the well known Baltic eurypterid fauna are of similar character with the Salina eurypterid beds.

A different rock facies containing eurypterids is represented in the Pittsford shale and the Shawangunk grit shale beds. In the former the fossils occur in a rather fissile, very dark olive-green to black shale. Its relations to the Salina section have been recorded by Sarle [1903, p. 1082].


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Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 18, 1907.djvu/435

 Rh certain magic practices, in order to be efficacious, have to be performed before breakfast. The Masai use strong purges before they venture to eat holy meat. The Caribs purified their bodies by purging, bloodletting, and fasting; and the natives of the Antilles, at certain religious festivals, cleansed themselves by vomiting before they approached the sanctuary. The true object of fasting often appears from the fact that it is practised hand in hand with other ceremonies of a purificatory character. A Lappish noaide, or wizard, prepares himself for the offering of a sacrifice by abstinence from food and ablutions. Herodotus tells us that the ancient Egyptians fasted before making a sacrifice to Isis, and beat their bodies while the victims were burnt. When a Hindu resolves to visit a sacred place, he has his head shaved two days preceding the commencement of his journey, and fasts the next day; on the last day of his journey he fasts again, and on his arrival at the sacred spot he has his whole body shaved, after which he bathes. In Christianity we likewise meet with fasting as a rite of purification. At least as early as the time of Tertullian it was usual for communicants to prepare themselves by fasting for receiving the Eucharist; and to this day Roman Catholicism regards it as unlawful to consecrate or partake of it after food or drink. The Lent fast itself was partly interpreted as a purifying preparation for the holy table. And in the early


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Author:Ali Ahmad Jalali

Works

 * The Other Side of the Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War (1995)

title: Author:Ali Ahmad Jalali


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Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 18, 1907.djvu/436

 394 Church catechumens were also accustomed to fast before baptism.

In the case of a sacrifice it is considered necessary not only that he who offers it, but that the victim also, should be free from pollution. In ancient Egypt a sacrificial animal had to be perfectly clean. According to Hindu notions the gods enjoy pure sacrifices only. In the Kalika-Purana, a work supposed to have been written under the direction of Siva, it is said that if a man is offered he must be free from corporal defect and unstained with great crimes, and that if an animal is offered it must have exceeded its third year and be without blemish or disease; and in no case must the victim be a woman or a she animal, because, as it seems, females are regarded as naturally unclean. According to the religious law of the Hebrews, no leaven or honey should be used in connection with vegetable offerings, on the ground that these articles have the effect of producing fermentation and tend to acidify and spoil anything with which they are mixed; and the animal which was intended for sacrifice should be absolutely free from blemish and at least eight days old, that is, untainted with the impurity of birth. Quite in harmony with these prescriptions is the notion that human or animal victims have to abstain from food for some time before they are offered up. Among the Kandhs the man who was destined to be sacrificed was kept fasting from the preceding evening, but on the day of the sacrifice he was refreshed with a little milk and palm-sago; and before he was led forth from the village in solemn procession he


text: Author:Carl Friedrich Keil

title: Author:Carl Friedrich Keil


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User talk:SimbaBinMufasa

— billinghurst  sDrewth  15:03, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

Hi, would you be able to find a volunteer to upload the images for The Other Side of the Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War for me? I am overwhelmed editing the work and could appreciate the aide. SimbaBinMufasa (talk) 19:55, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:SimbaBinMufasa


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User talk:Darker Dreams

— billinghurst  sDrewth  15:05, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Darker Dreams


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Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 18, 1907.djvu/437

 Rh was carefully washed and dressed in a new gannent. In Morocco it is not only considered meritorious for the people to fast on the day previous to the celebration of the yearly sacrificial feast, l-'aid l-kbir, but in several parts of the country the sheep which is going to be sacrificed has to fast on that day or at least on the following morning, till some food is given it immediately before it is slaughtered. The Jewish custom which compels the first-born to fast on the eve of Passover may also perhaps be a survival from a time when all the first-born belonged to the Lord.

In some cases the custom of fasting before the performance of a sacrifice may be due to the idea that it is dangerous or improper for the worshipper to partake of food before the god has had his share. In India a regular performance of two half-monthly sacrifices is enjoined on the Brahmanical householder for a period of thirty years from the time when he has set up a fire of his own—according to some authorities even for the rest of his life. The ceremony usually occupies two consecutive days, the first of which is chiefly taken up with preparatory rites and the vow of abstinence (vrata) by the sacrificer and his wife, whilst the second day is reserved for the main performance of the sacrifice. The vrata includes the abstention from certain kinds of food, especially meat, which will be offered to the gods on the following day, as also from other carnal pleasures. The Satapatha-Brâhmana gives the following explanation of it:—"The gods see through the mind of man; they know that, when he enters on this vow, he means to sacrifice to them the next morning. Therefore all the gods betake themselves to his house, and abide by him or the fires (upa-vas) in


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/December 1887/Science and Practical Life


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/December 1887/Changes in the Relative Values of the Precious Metals