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 stone posset-pot, which is still preserved as a family heirloom. This same Adam was a typical Winthrop, a diligent inditer of letters and diaries (quaint fragments of which evince good sense and right feeling), and a great encourager of prophesying. He informs us that at Groton and the two neighbouring parishes of Boxford and Edwardston he managed within the limits of a single year to hear as many as thirty-three different preachers.

John Winthrop was admitted at Trinity College, Cambridge, on 2 Dec. 1602, but his academic course was interrupted when he was little over seventeen by his betrothal and marriage, on 16 April 1605, to Mary (1583–1615), daughter and heiress of John Forth of Great Stanbridge, Essex, in which place he settled and abode for some years. His eldest son, John, was born there on 12 Feb. 1606, and he had issue two more sons and two daughters by his first wife, with whom his sympathy appears to have been at times imperfect. She died and was buried at Groton on 26 June 1615. The religious impressions which so deeply imbued his whole life were derived by Winthrop during this period from Ezekiel Culverwell. His early piety, of the self-accusing puritanic type, was remarkable. The workings of his conscience were often curious. He was extremely fond of wild-fowl shooting with a gun, but conceiving from the fact that he was a very bad shot that the practice was sinful, he ‘covenanted with the Lord’ to give over shooting, except upon rare and secret occasions. He had no doubts as to the depraving effects of the ‘creature tobacco’ or the practice of drinking healths, and he combated both these infirmities in a more uncompromising fashion. He married, within six months of his first wife's death, Thomasine, daughter of William Clopton of Castleins Manor, near Groton (her marriage settlements are printed in ‘Evidences of the Winthrops,’ 1896, p. 22). She died on 7 Dec. 1616, just a year after marriage, and was buried in Groton church on 11 Dec. A detailed and powerful, if somewhat morbid, account of her deathbed is given by Winthrop in an autobiographical fragment (cited in Life, i. 79–89). After a period of great depression and diffidence, he married, thirdly, on 29 April 1618, at Great Maplested, Margaret (d. 1647), daughter of Sir John Tyndal, kt. Under her influence the tendency to undue religious introspection was gradually subdued, and Winthrop gained that moral ascendency among his puritan neighbours to which the depth of his character justly entitled him. A charming letter from his father to this fiancée, and a number of his love-letters to his third wife (nearly all written after marriage), are printed in the ‘Life,’ and the series was edited in 1893 by J. H. Twichell as ‘Some Old Puritan Love-letters.’ For some time past Winthrop had contemplated taking orders, but he was dissuaded from this course both by his father's advice and by his newly found married happiness. He began taking a more active part in his duties as a justice of the peace and lord of Groton Manor, and in 1626 he was appointed an attorney of the court of wards and liveries, of which Sir Robert Naunton [q. v.] had become master in 1623. He appears to have been admitted of the Inner Temple in November 1628 (Members of Inner Temple, p. 252), a fact which seems to indicate that his emigration was not the result of long previous deliberation.

John Winthrop had not joined any of the colonial companies as an adventurer, and the earliest intimation of his leaving the old world for the new is conveyed in a letter of 15 May 1629, in which he says: ‘My deare wife, I am verylye persuaded God will bring some heavye affliction upon this lande, and that speedylye … if the Lord seeth it will be good for us, he will provide a shelter and a hiding-place for us and others, as a Zoar for Lott.’ The dissolution of parliament in 1629 was the moving cause of his discontent, and his decision to cast in his lot with the emigrants was no doubt stimulated by the death of his mother and the loss of his post. He saw everything now through darkened glasses. The land seemed to him to be grown ‘weary of her inhabitants.’ The growth of luxury and extravagance, the increased expenses of education, and the difficulty of providing for children in the liberal arts and professions are all reflected upon in his correspondence at this time. ‘Evil times,’ he concluded, ‘are coming, when the church must fly to the wilderness.’ In June or July 1629 he was carefully preparing a statement of the ‘Reasons to be considered for justifyeing the undertakers of the intended Plantation in New England, and for incouraginge such whose hartes God shall move to joyne with them in it.’ In July he appears to have paid a visit to Isaac Johnson at Sempringham, and the matter was discussed in all its bearings between them. His ‘Reasons’ would seem to have been shown to Sir John Eliot and other prominent leaders of puritan feeling.

The emigration movement was greatly facilitated by the decision of the Old England proprietors to convert the Massachusetts plantation into a self-governing community, as the prospering Plymouth colony had virtually been from the commencement.


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Rh Lamb Ale. The village of Kirtlington is about nine miles north of Oxford on the east bank of the Cherwell. Here, on the Monday after Trinity Sunday, was held, up to 1858, the "Lamb Ale." This feast is said to have been originally kept up by the proceeds of certain lands belonging to the parish, but where or of what size these lands were no one now knows.

It is said that the barley grown on these lands was used for brewing ale to be consumed at the feast, and that a small quantity of wheat was grown for making into "crown-cakes" (v. below, p. 314). Of later years, however, the Lord of the Manor had provided the ale at his own cost ; and for a few years after the feast was discontinued, he paid the sum of £2 12s. yearly to the poor of the village on the feast-day. This payment has long since been dropped.

The centre of the festivities was the "Bowery," a shed made of green boughs set up on the village-green, where the ale previously brewed was sold during the nine days of the feast without a license, the proceeds going towards the expenses incurred. One of the villagers was chosen "Lord" of the feast, and he with his mates picked out a "Lady," who was paid for her services. At 11 o'clock on the Monday morning the "Lord" started from the "Bowery" to the "Lady's" house, whence a procession marched round the village. First came a man carrying a live lamb on his shoulders, which was, if possible, the first-born of the season, and the finest of the flock. Its legs were tied together with blue and pink ribbons, and blue ribbons were hung round its neck.

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 The company of Massachusetts was originally designed to be, like that of Virginia, a corporation established in England administering the affairs of an American colony. But on 28 July 1629 Matthew Cradock, governor of the Massachusetts Company, at a meeting held at the house of the deputy-governor, Thomas Goffe, in London, read certain propositions conceived by himself, giving reason for transferring the government from the council in London to the plantation itself. The authorities at Salem, now of several years' standing, had hitherto been subordinate to those of the company at home; on 26 Aug. 1629, at a meeting held at Cambridge, John Winthrop was one of the twelve signatories (including the names of Richard Saltonstall [q. v.], Thomas Dudley [q. v.], William Vassall [q. v.], Increase Nowell [q. v.], and William Pynchon [q. v.], all of whom are separately noticed) to an agreement by which the framers pledged themselves to set sail with their families to ‘inhabit and continue in New England, provided that the whole government, together with the patent for the plantation, be first by an order of court legally transferred and established, to remain with us and others which shall inhabit upon the said plantation.’ On 20 Oct. it was announced by the court of the company that the transference of the government had been decided upon, and that same day, from among four nominees, John Winthrop was by general vote and show of hands chosen to be governor for the ensuing year.

After some five months of preparation, on 22 March 1629–30 four ships out of the eleven that the emigrants had chartered were ready to sail from Southampton, and upon that day Winthrop embarked with Saltonstall, and with Thomas Dudley, William Coddington [q. v.], and Simon Bradstreet [see under ], upon the principal ship, the Arbella. Two of his younger children were with him, but his wife was obliged by reason of her pregnancy to postpone her departure for a little over a year. Winthrop and his comrades were delayed by contrary winds off the Isle of Wight for a fortnight, and they took the opportunity to promulgate the notable ‘letter of farewell’ to their fellow-countrymen, entitled ‘The Humble Request of his Majesty's Loyall Subjects, the Governor and the Company, late gone for New England, to the rest of their brethren in and of the Church of England, for the obtaining of their Prayers and the removal of Suspicions and misconstruction of their Intentions.’ While still at ‘the Cowes’ Winthrop also commenced that diary or journal (see below) which was continued thenceforth until the close of his career, and was destined to form the staple of all subsequent histories of the infant colony of New England. In the course of the voyage, which proved a tedious one, Winthrop further wrote a little work of edification entitled ‘Christian Charitie. A Modell hereof.’ The manuscript was presented to the New York Historical Society by Francis B. Winthrop, a lineal descendant of the author, and in 1838 it was printed by the Massachusetts Historical Society (Collections, 1838, 3rd ser. vii. 31).

After a voyage of sixty-six days the Arbella and her consorts came to an anchor in the harbour of Salem. On 17 June 1630 (O.S.) Winthrop definitely decided upon Charlestown (now the northern suburb of Boston) in preference to Salem as a residence. Here he was welcomed by John Endecott [q. v.], who made over to him the authority which he had exercised as acting governor since September 1628. The colony, which (exclusive of the Mayflower emigrants of Plymouth plantation, not incorporated in Massachusetts until 1691) numbered barely three hundred souls, was now increased at a bound to between two and three thousand. Winthrop drew up a church covenant on 30 July, and some five weeks later was driven by lack of water to quit Charlestown and to establish his headquarters upon the neighbouring peninsula of Shawmut, to which the name of Boston was given. A general court (the second) was held at Boston on 18 May 1631, when Winthrop was re-elected governor, and a most important decision was arrived at, to the effect that ‘for time to come no man shall be admitted to the freedom of the body politic but such as are members of some of the churches within the limits of the same.’ In May 1632 Winthrop was re-elected governor, and shortly after this date, in a letter from Captain Thomas Wiggin to Secretary Coke, we have a brief picture of the plantation and its chief ruler. The English there, ‘numbering about 2,000, and generally most industrious, have done more in three years than others in seven times that space, and at a tenth of the expense. They are loved and respected by the Indians, who repair to the governor for justice. He [John Winthrop] is a discreet and sober man, wearing plain apparel, assisting in any ordinary labour, and ruling with much mildness and justice’ (Cal. State Papers, Colonial, 1574–1660, p. 156). In September 1632, in his capacity as governor, Winthrop paid a ceremonious visit to the planters at Plymouth. About this same period an animated quarrel between the governor and his deputy, Thomas Dudley, was allayed


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 by Winthrop's pacific demeanour. An insulting letter from Dudley is said to have been returned by Winthrop with the remark, ‘I am not willing to keep such an occasion of provocation by me.’

In 1634 the positions of Winthrop and Dudley (now reconciled) as governor and deputy were reversed. From July in this year the town records of Boston are extant as commenced in Winthrop's own hand. Their early pages record the provision of a common space and a free school for the town, and sumptuary laws against the wearing of lace and the use of tobacco in public. In May 1635 John Haynes was elected governor. Winthrop supported at this time the disciplinary banishment of Roger Williams. He was nevertheless in the following November called to account for dealing too remissly in point of justice. The ministers sided against him, and Winthrop acknowledged that he was ‘convinced that he had failed in overmuch lenity and remissness, and would endeavour (by God's assistance) to take a more strict course hereafter’ (Journal, i. 213). Articles were accordingly drawn up to the effect that there should be more strictness used in civil government and military discipline. These articles enjoined among other things that ‘trivial things should be ended in towns, &c.,’ that the magistrates should ‘in tenderness and love admonish one another, without reserving any secret grudge,’ and that the magistrates should henceforth ‘appear more solemnly in public, with attendance, apparel, and open notice of their entrance into the court’ (ib. p. 214). From this same year Winthrop abandoned as ‘superstitious’ the commonly received names of the days and months. In 1636 Sir Henry Vane was chosen governor, while Winthrop and Dudley were made councillors for life. The ferment raised by the ‘antinomian’ opinions of Anne Hutchinson came to a head in 1637. Vane championed a liberal and tolerant admission of the new opinions; Winthrop supported the ministers in their demand for a more repressive policy. The struggle was finally decided by Winthrop's election as governor in preference to Vane at a general court held at Newtown (now Cambridge) on 17 May 1637. Winthrop was in November instrumental in banishing Anne Hutchinson ‘for having impudently persisted in untruth.’ Two of her followers were disfranchised and fined, eight disfranchised, two fined, three banished, and seventy-six disarmed. In order to prevent a possible repetition of such an incident, the general court passed an order to the effect that ‘none should be allowed to inhabit at Boston but by permission of the magistrates.’ Winthrop defended the order in an elaborate paper. Vane replied in ‘A Briefe Answer’ (so called), to which Winthrop rejoined. In the meantime Vane had left for England, the governor providing for his ‘honourable dismission.’

After a two years' interval Winthrop resumed the governorship in 1642, in which year the functions of deputies and magistrates in the general court were differentiated, and the first ‘commencement’ of Harvard College in Cambridge was recorded. In 1638 Winthrop had invited out to Boston his nephew (Sir) George Downing, who was educated at the newly founded college. In this same year as governor he had shrewdly evaded the demand of the commissioners of plantations for the return of the company's charter. In 1643 the plantation was divided into the four shires of Suffolk, Norfolk, Essex, and Middlesex. Both Groton and Winthrop were commemorated by place-names. In the same year the four New England colonies of Massachusetts and Plymouth, Connecticut and New Haven, were confederated under a written agreement. In 1645 Winthrop, being then deputy-governor, was arraigned for exercising a strained and arbitrary authority, and the charge acquired some seriousness from the fact that it was supported by a minister; but he was eventually acquitted, and the minister and his followers fined. On his acquittal he made a speech famous in the annals of Massachusetts, and cited by De Tocqueville as containing a noble definition of liberty. In May 1646 Robert Child and six others addressed to the court a remonstrance, complaining that as non-church members they were excluded from the civil privileges of Englishmen. But Winthrop, now again governor, was staunch in his support of the religious oligarchy, and drew up (4 Nov.) a ‘stiff declaration.’ The petitioners declaring their intention of carrying their appeal to parliament, Child was arrested by Winthrop's order, and (with his followers) imprisoned and heavily fined. The remainder of his tenure of the chief magistracy, which terminated only with his life, was uneventful, save for the death of his faithful Margaret on 14 June 1647. She was a woman, wrote a contemporary, ‘of singular prudence, modesty, and virtue, and specially beloved and honoured of all the country’ (her life has been sketched by James Anderson in ‘Memorable Women of Puritan Times,’ 1862, and forms the subject of a separate memoir by Alice M. Earle, 1895).


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 Winthrop married, as his fourth wife, early in 1648, Martha, daughter of Captain William Rainsborough, and widow of Thomas Coytmore. Her estate was a welcome relief to his necessities, for he had spent much of his substance on the colony, and through the roguery of a bailiff his estate had dwindled almost to vanishing point.

Winthrop himself died on 26 March 1649. He was buried in the King's Chapel graveyard, Boston, on 3 April, when a funeral salute was fired by the Ancient and Honourable Artillery Company of Boston. A funeral ‘Elegy’ was printed by ‘Perciful Lowle.’ Winthrop gave thirty-nine books (for a list see Life, 1867, App.) to Harvard. During his last illness it is related that his old colleague Thomas Dudley waited upon Winthrop to urge him to sign an order for the banishment of a heterodox citizen, but he refused, saying he had done too much of that work already (, New England Judged, 1661, p. 172). By his first and third wives Winthrop had large families. His eldest son, John [q. v.], is separately noticed. His eldest son by his third wife, Stephen Winthrop (1619–1658), came to England in 1646, became a colonel in Cromwell's army, sat for Banff and Aberdeen in the assembly of 1656, but died in London two years later.

Between the ancestor worship of the majority of American historians and the reactionary views of one or two writers who protest against this tendency, it is difficult to arrive at a true delineation of Winthrop. His letters to his wife show him to have been tender and gentle, and that his disposition was one to inspire love is proved by the affection those bore him who had suffered much at his hands, Williams, Vane, and Coddington among them. ‘A great lover of the saints, especially able ministers of the gospel,’ he was the wisest champion the clergy could have had; but they drove him far and forced him into severe and even rancorous measures of discipline from which his judgment and heart alike recoiled. His tendencies in early life were liberal, but in America, especially after the rebuke for lenity in 1635, he grew narrower. His claim to eminence as a statesman must rest not upon brilliant or original intellectual qualities, but upon his good judgment, his calm unvindictive temper, and the purity of his moral character. In the hall of historical statues in the Capitol at Washington a statue of him was placed beside that of John Adams to represent Massachusetts. The commissioners responsible for this choice, in their report of February 1866, said with justice of John Winthrop: ‘His mind, more than any other, arranged the social state of Massachusetts; Massachusetts moulded the society of New England.’

In addition to this statue there is a second of Winthrop in the chapel at Mount Auburn (figured in Life, 1867, vol. ii.), and a third in bronze was unveiled at Boston on 17 Sept. 1883. Two original portraits of Winthrop are extant: one, doubtfully attributed to Van Dyck, in the senate chamber of Massachusetts state house (copies in Memorial Hall, Cambridge, Boston Athenæum, and elsewhere); a second in the hall of the American Antiquarian Society at Worcester (a replica of this is at New York). Both have been frequently engraved. The family also possess a miniature, which is, however, inferior both in quality and preservation. A vignette portrait appeared upon the covers of the early issues of the ‘Atlantic Monthly.’ A number of relics and memorials are in the hands of descendants. Winthrop's house at Boston, subsequently occupied by the historical antiquary Thomas Prince, was demolished by the British troops and used as fuel in 1775. The ‘Old South’ church at Boston now marks the site.

For over a hundred years from the date of the governor's death no mention was made of Winthrop's ‘Journal.’ Although it was largely drawn upon by Hubbard in his ‘History’ (1680) and by Cotton Mather in his ‘Magnalia,’ it was cited by neither, and was first mentioned by Thomas Prince on the cover of the first number of his ‘Annals’ (1755, vol. ii.). The manuscript journal, in three volumes, seems to have been procured from the Winthrop family. Two volumes were returned to them and edited by Noah Webster (Hartford, 1790). A third volume was subsequently discovered in the Prince Library in 1816, and all three were given to the Massachusetts Historical Society. The complete document was published in 1825–6 under the editorial care of the genealogist James Savage, under the title ‘The History of New England. By John Winthrop, first Governor of the Colony of the Massachusetts Bay.’ A second edition with few alterations appeared at Boston in 2 vols. 1853. Some severe but not altogether undeserved strictures upon the editing were passed in ‘A Review of Winthrop's “Journal,” as edited by James Savage.’ The ‘Journal,’ to give it its original and appropriate title, is an invaluable document, no less for its historical detail than as a revelation of puritan modes of thought and administration.

[R. C. Winthrop's Life and Letters of John Winthrop, vol. i. 1864, vol. ii. 1867; A Short


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 Account of the Winthrop Family, Cambridge, 1887; Whitmore's Notes on the Winthrop Family, Albany, 1864; Hunter's Suffolk Emigrants (ap. Mass. Hist. Coll. 3rd ser. vol. x.); Winthrop Papers in Mass. Hist. Collections, 3rd ser. vol. vii., 4th ser. vol. vi., 5th ser. vol. viii.; Muskett's Suffolk Manorial Families; Davy's Suffolk Collections in Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 19156; Cotton Mather's Magnalia; Winsor's Memorial Hist. of Boston (1883), vol. i.; Winsor's Hist. of America, vol. iii.; Palfrey's History of New England; Goodwin's Pilgrim Republic, 1888, passim; Adams's Massachusetts, its Historians and its History, 1894, passim; Doyle's English in America: the Puritan Colonies; The Fifth Half Century of the Arrival of John Winthrop (Commem. Exercises of the Essex Institute), Salem, 1880; Lowell Institute Lectures, 1869; Gardiner's History of England, vol. vii.; Brooks Adams's Emancipation of Massachusetts, Boston, 1887; Bancroft's History of the United States, vol. i.; Tyler's History of American Literature, i. 128–36; Blackwood's Mag. August 1867; Atlantic Monthly, January 1864.]

WINTHROP, JOHN, the younger (1606–1676), governor of Connecticut, the eldest son of John Winthrop [q. v.], governor of Massachusetts, by his first wife, was born at Groton Manor, Suffolk, on 12 Feb. 1605–6. He was educated at the grammar school, Bury St. Edmunds, and was admitted a student at Trinity College, Dublin, but his name does not appear upon the roll of graduates (which commences in 1591). In November 1624 he was admitted of the Inner Temple (List of Students Admitted, 1547–1660, p. 241), but he found the law little to his taste. In the summer of 1627 he joined the ill-fated expedition to the Isle of Rhé under the Duke of Buckingham. After this he travelled for some time in Italy and the Levant, and was at Constantinople in 1628. In November 1631 he joined his father in New England. In 1634 he was chosen one of the assistants, and held this office in 1635, in 1640 and 1641, and again from 1644 to 1649. In 1633 Winthrop took a leading part in the establishment of a new township at Agawam, afterwards called Ipswich. In the following year Lord Saye and Sele, Lord Brooke, Lord Rich, Richard Saltonstall, and eight other leading men of the puritan party, having obtained a large tract of land by a patent from Lord Warwick and the New England Company, dated 19 March 1631–2, established a settlement on the river Connecticut, and appointed Winthrop governor. But the projected settlement was little more than a factory protected by a fort, and when emigrants from Massachusetts founded the colony of Connecticut the earlier settlement was absorbed in it. It is not clear how long Winthrop's connection with the settlement lasted, but it was evidently at an end in 1639, since the patentees had another agent acting for them; nor does Winthrop seem to have lived there. In 1641 Winthrop was in England. Two years later he started ironworks in Connecticut, which, however, came to nothing. In 1646 he began planting at Pequot (afterwards known as New London), and he moved his principal residence thither in 1650. In 1651 he was chosen one of the magistrates of Connecticut. In 1659 Winthrop was elected deputy-governor of Connecticut, and in the following year governor, a post which he retained till his death in 1676; his salary was fixed in 1671 at 150l. per annum. In 1662 Winthrop came to England bearing with him a loyal address from the government of Connecticut to the king, and a petition for a charter. Winthrop made himself acceptable at court. His taste for natural science secured his nomination as a fellow of the Royal Society (August 1662), and brought him into contact with influential men, and to this was largely due his success in obtaining a favourable charter (sealed on 10 May 1662) for Connecticut. He was also able to secure the incorporation of Newhaven with Connecticut. He contributed two papers to the ‘Philosophical Transactions’—one on ‘Some Natural Curiosities from New England’ (v. 1151), and a second on ‘The Description, Culture, and Use of Maize’ (xii. 1065). At the close of 1675 he went to Boston as one of the commissioners of the united colonies of New England.

Winthrop died on 5 April 1676 at Boston, where he was buried in the same tomb with his father. He married, on 8 Feb. 1631, his first cousin, Martha Fones. She died in 1634, and he married, in 1635, while in England, Elizabeth, daughter of Edmund Read of Wickford, Essex, a colonel in the parliamentary army. By his first wife he had no children; by his second wife (she died at Hartford, Connecticut, on 24 Nov. 1672) he had two sons and five daughters. The eldest son, Fitz John, born on 14 March 1638, served under Monck in Scotland, but returned to New England and was governor of Connecticut from 1698 till his death in 1707. The other son, Waitstill, born on 27 Feb. 1641–2, returned to Massachusetts, and became chief justice of that colony. He died at Boston on 7 Nov. 1717. Much of the correspondence between John Winthrop the younger and his two sons is published


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 in the ‘Massachusetts Historical Collection,’ 4th ser. vols. vi. and vii., 5th ser. vol. viii. A portrait is in the gallery of the Massachusetts Historical Society; it is reproduced in ‘Winthrop Papers’ (vol. vi.), in Bowen's ‘Boundary Disputes of Connecticut,’ in Winsor's ‘History’ (iii. 331), and elsewhere.

[Massachusetts Hist. Soc. Collections (esp. 3rd ser. vols. ix. and x.); Winthrop's Hist. of New England; Life and Letters of John Winthrop by Robert C. Winthrop; Benjamin Trumbull's Hist. of Connecticut, 1797, i. 363; J. H. Trumbull's Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut, 1850–2, vols. i. and ii.; Palfrey's Hist. of New England; Evidences of the Winthrops of Groton, 1896, p. 27; Thomson's Hist. of the Royal Soc.; Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 19156, f. 24.]

WINTON,. [See, third earl, 1584–1650; , fifth earl, d. 1749;, 1812–1861.]

WINTON, ANDREW (fl. 1415), Scottish poet. [See .] WINTOUR. [See also .]

WINTOUR, JOHN CRAWFORD (1825–1882), landscape-painter, was born in Wright's Houses, Edinburgh, in October 1825. His father, William Wintour, was a working currier; his mother, Margaret Crawford, a farmer's daughter. At an early age Wintour exhibited a talent for drawing, and, entering the Trustees' Academy, he made rapid progress and became a favourite with his master, Sir William Allan [q. v.] From the time he was seventeen he maintained himself by miniature and portrait painting, and by making anatomical diagrams for the university professors. He also painted a few figure pictures, notably one or two of fairy subjects, which, although immature in many ways, are remarkable for beauty of colour and grace of composition. About 1850, however, he turned his attention to landscape, in which he found his real vocation. At first his landscapes were somewhat flimsy and superficial, but during the next few years he seems to have come under the influence of John Constable (1776–1837) [q. v.], and his work gained in strength and evinced a closer study of nature. In 1859 Wintour was elected an associate of the Royal Scottish Academy, and two years later he spent the autumn in Warwickshire. From this date his pictures became more personal in feeling, broader and more expressive in handling, and richer in colour and composition.

Wintour's art occupies a distinct place in Scottish landscape painting. Beginning with his own feeling for nature, he received an impulse from Constable, which resulted in effects similar in kind to those of the French romantics of 1830, who had also been influenced by the English painter's work. Perhaps his finest period was about 1870, when he painted the ‘Moonlight’ at Killiecrankie and the ‘Border Castle;’ but, while his latest pictures were often careless in draughtsmanship and handling, his special qualities of colour and design culminated in the ‘Gloamin on the Eye,’ painted two years before his death. For a number of years his health had been failing, his self-control was not what it might have been, his associates were not of the best, and when, on 29 July 1882, he died, medical examination revealed a tumour on the brain. An exhibition of nearly 150 of his pictures and drawings was held in Edinburgh in 1888. The catalogue contains a portrait of Wintour, reproduced from a photograph, and a critical and biographical note by P. McOmish Dott.

Wintour was married to Charlotte Ross, but had no family. His widow survived him a few months.

[Catalogue of Loan Exhibition of Wintour's Works, 1888; Scottish Art Review, July 1888; Academy, 16 June 1888; Blackwood's Magazine, March 1895; information from relatives.]

WINTRINGHAM, CLIFTON (1689–1748), physician, baptised at East Retford in Nottinghamshire on 11 April 1689, was the son of William Wintringham, vicar of East Retford, by his wife Gertrude, daughter of Clifton Rodes of Sturton, son of Sir Francis Rodes, bart., of Barlborough, and great-grandson of the judge, Francis Rodes [q. v.] He was educated at Jesus College, Cambridge, and on 3 July 1711 was admitted an extra licentiate of the College of Physicians, settling at York, where he practised with great success for more than thirty-five years. In 1746 he was appointed one of the physicians in the York county hospital. He died at York on 12 March 1747–8, and was buried at St. Michael-le-Belfry in that city three days later. He was twice married. By his first wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Nettleton of Earls Heaton in Yorkshire, he had a son, Sir Clifton Wintringham, bart. [q. v.], who is separately noticed.

Wintringham was the author of several medical works ‘full of good sense and practical information’ : 1. ‘Tractatus de Podagra, in quo de ultimis vasis et liquidis et succo nutritio tractatur,’ York, 1714, 8vo. 2. ‘A Treatise of Endemic Diseases,’ York, 1718, 8vo. 3. ‘An Essay on Contagious


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 Diseases, more particularly on the Small Pox, Measles, Putrid, Malignant, and Pestilential Fevers,’ York, 1721, 8vo. 4. ‘Observations on Dr. Freind's “History of Physick,”’ London, 1726, 8vo [see ]. 5. ‘Commentarium Nosologicum, morbos epidemicos et aëris variationes in urbe Eboracensi locisque vicinis per decem annos grassantes complectens,’ London, 1727, 8vo; 2nd edit. by his son, 1733. In 1752 his ‘Works,’ collected from the original manuscripts by his son Clifton, were published in two octavo volumes with large additions and numerous emendations.

WINTRINGHAN, CLIFTON (1710–1794), bart., physician, born at York in 1710, was the son of  [q. v.] He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating M.B. in 1734, and M.D. in 1749. Soon after graduating M.B. he entered the army medical service. In 1749 he was appointed physician to the Duke of Cumberland, whom he attended in his last illness. In 1756 he was nominated jointly with (Sir) [q. v.], physician to the hospital for the service of the forces of Great Britain. In 1762 he was gazetted physician in ordinary to George III. He was knighted in the same year on 11 Feb., and on 25 June 1763 was admitted a fellow of the College of Physicians. In 1770 he served the office of censor, and on 7 Nov. 1774 he was created a baronet. On 5 Dec. 1786 he was nominated physician-general to the forces. On 23 Dec. 1792 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and he was also a member of the Société Royale de Medécine de France. Wintringham died at his house in the Upper Mall, Hammersmith, on 10 Jan. 1794. By his wife Anna he left no issue.

Wintringham was the author of: He also edited ‘The Works of the late Clifton Wintringham, physician, at York’ (London, 1752, 2 vols. 8vo). Two autograph letters from Wintringham to the Duke of Newcastle are preserved in the British Museum (Addit. MS. 32965, ff. 375, 378).
 * 1) ‘An Experimental Enquiry concerning some Parts of the Animal Structure,’ London, 1740, 8vo.
 * 2) ‘An Enquiry into the Exility of the Human Body,’ London, 1743, 8vo.
 * 3) ‘Notationes et Observationes in Richardi Mead Monita et Præcepta Medica,’ Paris, 1773, 8vo.
 * 4) ‘De Morbis quibusdam Commentarii,’ vol. i. 1782, vol. ii. 1791, London, 8vo.

WINWOOD, RALPH (1563?–1617), diplomatist and secretary of state, born about 1563 at Aynhoe in Northamptonshire, was the son of Richard Winwood. His grandfather, Lewis Winwood, was at one time secretary to Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk. His father was described in the university registers as ‘plebeius.’ He owned no land, and possibly was a tenant on the Aynhoe estate which belonged to Magdalen College, Oxford. On his death, before 1581, his widow Joan married John Weekes of Buckingham, yeoman of the guard. She died (May 1617) five months before her son, Ralph Winwood, and was buried in the chancel of Aynhoe church in the tomb of her first husband, Richard Winwood.

Ralph matriculated from St. John's College, Oxford, on 20 Dec. 1577, aged fourteen. In 1582 he was elected a probationer-fellow of Magdalen College, and retained that position till 1601. He graduated B.A. 15 Nov. 1582 and M.A. 22 June 1587. A month after the last date he was granted permission to study civil law, and on 2 Feb. 1590–1 he proceeded to the degree of B.C.L. In 1592 he was proctor of the university, and soon afterwards left Oxford for travel on the continent. On his return his accomplishments were recognised by the Earl of Essex, who recommended him for diplomatic employment. In 1599, ‘at Lord Essex's command,’ he was nominated secretary to Sir [q. v.], ambassador to France. Neville was much in England, and as a partisan of Essex was dismissed from his post in 1601. Winwood, who performed most of the duties of the embassy in Neville's absence, was appointed his successor. He was chiefly occupied in reporting the progress of the quarrel between Henry IV and the Duc de Bouillon, but he found time to correspond with Sir Henry Savile respecting his projected edition of Chrysostom's ‘Commentaries.’ In June 1602 he was superseded by Sir Thomas Parry, but at the wish of Sir Robert Cecil, the queen's secretary, who had a ‘good conceit of him and his services,’ he remained till the end of the year in Paris in order to instruct Parry in the business of the embassy. In February 1602–3 he was finally recalled, and soon afterwards was nominated English agent to the States-General of Holland. He arrived at The Hague in July 1603, and, in accordance with old treaty arrange-


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 with England, was at once sworn in as councillor of state in the assembly of the States-General.

As a staunch protestant, Winwood sympathised with the political and religious principles of the Dutch republic. He loathed Spain and the house of Austria, and he sought as far as his instructions permitted him to support the republic and the princes of the German union in their policy of hostility to Spain. He strongly urged the states to refuse permission to catholics to dwell within their jurisdiction. ‘Let the religion be taught and preached in its purity throughout your provinces without the least mixture,’ said Sir Ralph Winwood in the name of his sovereign. ‘Those who are willing to tolerate any religion whatever it may be, and try to make you believe that liberty for both is necessary in your commonwealth, are paving the way towards atheism’ (, United Netherlands, iv. 491–2).

Winwood revisited England in 1607, and on 28 June of that year was knighted by the king at Richmond. He returned to The Hague in August, together with Sir Richard Spencer, in order to represent England at the conferences which were to arrange a treaty between Holland and England, and to suggest terms of peace between Holland and Spain after a strife of forty years. Prince Maurice had little faith in James I's and his ambassadors' protestations of good will to the republic, and Winwood and his colleague were warned by the English government to encourage the states to renew the war in Spain if they should find that they were resolute against peace (commission to Winwood and Spencer, 10 Aug.,, xvi. 662; instructions, , ii. 329). Finally a general pacification was arranged, and the treaty of the states with England was signed by Winwood and Spencer on 26 June 1608. It was stipulated that the debt of the states to England, then amounting to 818,408l. sterling, should be settled by annual payments of 60,000l. Winwood did not expect to remain abroad longer. His London agent, John More, took a house for him at Westminster, and he entered into negotiations for the hire of a country house, so as to be near his friend Sir Henry Neville. But threatening movements in Germany, where war between the protestant and catholic princes was imminent, led to the imposition on Winwood of new duties on the continent.

The succession to the duchies of Juliers and Cleves was hotly disputed. In the autumn of 1609 Winwood was sent to Düsseldorf, in order to join the French ambassador, Boississe, in mediation between the protestant princes and the emperor, who alike laid claim to the territory. His task was difficult. James was anxious for peace. ‘My ambassadors,’ he wrote, ‘can do me no better service than in assisting to the treaty of this reconciliation.’ But no peace was possible, and Winwood returned to The Hague to enlist four thousand men in James I's service to fight against the emperor in behalf of the protestant claimants to the duchies. Nor were the internal affairs of the Dutch republic proceeding as James wished. In August 1609 Winwood delivered to the assembly of the states James I's remonstrance against the appointment to the professorship of theology at Leyden of Conrad Vorstius, a champion of Arminianism and Arianism. Little attention was paid to his protest at the moment. Subsequently Winwood was directed to negotiate a closer union between James and the protestant princes of the empire. The elector palatine was to marry James I's daughter Elizabeth. To show that something more than a merely family alliance was intended, James directed Winwood to attend a meeting of the German protestants at Wesel in the beginning of 1612, and to assent to a treaty by which the king of England and the princes of the union agreed upon the succours which they were mutually to afford to one another in case of need (28 March;, xvi. 714).

The death in 1612 of the Earl of Salisbury, with whom Winwood's relations had grown unsatisfactory of late, opened to him the prospect of employment at home. In July he was in England, and was employed by James in writing letters for him. The friends who sympathised with his religious and his political views deemed it desirable that he should become James's secretary. But at the end of July he was ordered to return to The Hague, and he stayed there till September 1613. He remained in name English agent at The Hague till March 1614, but did not leave England again.

Winwood lost no opportunity of paying court to the favourite, Rochester. At the close of 1613, when Rochester, just created earl of Somerset, was entertained, with his newly married wife (the divorced Countess of Essex), by the aldermen of London, the bride sent to Winwood to borrow his horses, on the ground that she had none good enough for her coach on such an occasion. Winwood answered that it was not fit for so great a lady to use anything borrowed, and begged that she would accept his horses as a present (Court and Times of James I, i. 284, 287). Somerset's friendship, which was thus cemented, proved of avail. On 29 March 1614 Winwood was appointed secretary of


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 state and took the oaths (, ii. 332). A few days later he entered the House of Commons as member for Buckingham. On 7 April he received the post of secretary for life.

Winwood's duties included leadership of the House of Commons during the few months in the spring of 1614 that parliament sat. He was wholly untried in parliamentary life, and was not of the conciliatory temperament which ensures success in it. The chief question that exercised the House of Commons was James I's claim to levy impositions without their assent. On 11 April 1614 Winwood moved a grant of supplies, and read over the list of concessions which the king was prepared to make; but the grant was postponed. On 21 May 1614 Winwood spoke in support of the theory that the power of making impositions belonged to hereditary, although not to elective, monarchs. Parliament was soon afterwards dissolved without any settlement with the opposition being reached; it did not meet again in Winwood's lifetime.

The king's want of money embarrassed his ministers. His debts amounted to 700,000l., and Winwood next year urged on him the wisdom of making some concession to the parliamentary opposition. On 25–28 Sept. 1615 the council debated the question of obtaining a liberal grant from a parliament to be summoned anew for the purpose. Winwood expressed a wish that a special committee might examine the impositions, and suggested that assurance should be given to the parliament that whatever supplies it might grant should be employed upon the public service, and in no other way. But the proposal was not accepted. On 24 Jan. 1615–1616 Winwood's responsibilities were reduced by the appointment of Sir Thomas Lake to share with him the post of secretary. Thenceforth less satisfactory means of raising money were adopted, and by them Winwood personally benefited. In 1616 the need for providing Lord Hay with funds for his mission to Paris was met by the sale of peerages. The sum obtained by the first sale—to Sir John Roper—was handed to Hay. The proceeds of the second sale—to Philip Stanhope—was divided equally between the king and Winwood, who received 10,000l. and was promised 5,000l. more when the next baron was made.

Winwood had not maintained personal relations with Somerset after he assumed office, and in 1616 was much occupied in arranging for the trial of the earl and countess and their accomplices on a charge of murdering Sir Thomas Overbury four years before. There is no ground for the widespread suspicion that Winwood in any way connived at the murder of Overbury. There is no reason to doubt his statements in his letter to Wake (15 Nov. 1615, State Papers, Savoy): ‘Not long since there was some notice brought unto me that Sir Thomas Overbury … was poisoned in the Tower, whilst he was there a prisoner; with this I acquainted His Majesty, who, though he could not out of the clearness of his judgment but perceive that it might closely touch some that were in the nearest place about him, yet such is his love to justice that he gave open way to the searching of this business.’ Winwood throughout the proceedings exerted himself in the interests of justice. Far less creditable were his relations in his latest years with Sir Walter Ralegh. Winwood was largely responsible for the release of Ralegh in 1616, and for the grant to him of permission nominally to make explorations in South America, but really, although covertly, to attack and pillage the Spanish possessions there. Winwood's hatred of Spain was the moving cause of his conduct, but the expectation of pecuniary gain was not without influence on him. For carrying out the filibustering design Ralegh was executed, but before that result was reached Winwood died, and his complicity was unsuspected while he lived. It is certain that had his life been spared he would have suffered Ralegh's fate.

Early in October Winwood fell ill of fever. Mayerne attended him, and it is said bled him ‘too soon.’ He died on 27 Oct. 1617 at his London residence, Mordant House, in the parish of St. Bartholomew the Less, in the church of which he was buried. He left a nuncupative will.

According to Lloyd, Winwood was ‘well seen in most affairs, but most expert in matters of trade and war.’ His fanatical hatred of Spain impaired his statesmanship, and led him into doubtful courses, as his relations with Ralegh prove. He sought to do his duty as far as his narrow views permitted, but a harsh and supercilious demeanour prevented him from acquiring popularity. By his best friends his manner was allowed to be unconciliatory. The story of a trivial quarrel between him and Bacon in 1617 illustrates his temperament on its good and bad sides. Winwood, coming into a room where Bacon was, found a dog upon his chair. He struck the animal. ‘Every gentleman,’ Bacon remarked, ‘loves a dog.’ A few days afterwards Bacon fancied that Winwood pressed too close to him at the council-table, and bade him keep his distance. When, some months later, the queen,


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 * SIRE,

been the first of subjects who was deputed by the Government to visit Guatemala—a country most interesting in every political and commercial point of view,—I experience unbounded gratification in being allowed to submit to  this humble exposition of my inquiries and observations respecting it.

exalted and revered name, thus identified with a subject certainly deserving of Your Royal


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, sheds upon my short Narrative a dignity and consequence which I feel it too much wants, and, I fear, it too little deserves.

Under the deepest and most indelible impression of the distinguished honour conferred upon my humble endeavours,

 * I AM,
 * SIRE,
 * YOUR MAJESTY'S MOST FAITHFUL, OBLIGED,
 * AND DEVOTED SUBJECT,

 * GEORGE ALEXANDER THOMPSON.


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 who took Winwood's part in the quarrel, asked Bacon what was its cause, he answered ‘Madam, I can say no more than that he is proud, and I am proud’ (, Court of James I, i. 283; Chamberlain to Carleton, 5 July 1617; State Papers, Dom. James I, xcii. 88). Finally the king reconciled the two men, and said that Winwood had never spoken to him to any man's prejudice—a strong testimony in his favour.

In July 1603 Winwood married Elizabeth, daughter and coheiress of Nicholas Ball of Totnes, and stepdaughter of Sir Thomas Bodley, who had married the lady's mother in 1587. By patents dated in 1615 and 1617 he was granted by James I for himself and his heirs male the office of keeper of ‘the capital, messuage, and park of Ditton’ in Buckinghamshire. On 24 Feb. 1629–1630 the widow Lady Winwood purchased a grant in fee of Ditton Park, and in 1632 her son Richard bought Ditton Manor. Winwood left three sons and two daughters, all minors at the date of his death. The eldest surviving son, Richard (1603–1688), who became owner of Ditton Park and Manor, was elected M.P. for New Windsor in 1641, April 1660, 1678–9, 1679, 1681. A daughter Anne married, in 1633, Edward Montagu, second baron Montagu. Her son, Ralph Montagu (afterwards first Duke of Montagu) [q. v.], inherited her brother Richard's estate of Ditton on his death without issue in 1688.

A portrait of Winwood by Van Miereveldt is in the National Portrait Gallery, London.

Winwood amassed a vast official correspondence and many documents of state, which passed to his grandson, the Duke of Montagu. The greater part of it is now at Montagu House, London, in the library of the Duke of Buccleuch; it includes a few papers anterior and posterior to Winwood's official career. In 1725 Edmund Sawyer published in London (3 vols. folio) an imperfect selection from Winwood's papers, together with extracts from the papers of Winwood's contemporaries, Sir Henry Neville, Sir Charles Cornwallis, Sir Dudley Carleton, Sir Thomas Edmonds, William Trumbull (d. 1635), and Francis (afterwards Lord) Cottington. Sawyer's work bore the title: ‘Memorials of Affairs of State in the Reigns of Queen Elizabeth and King James I, collected chiefly from the Original Papers of the right honourable Sir Ralph Winwood, knight, sometime one of the principal Secretaries of State.’ The letters printed by Sawyer begin in 1590 and end in 1614, before Winwood became secretary of state. Sawyer's first paper belonging to the Winwood collection is dated in 1600. The whole extant Winwood collection at Montagu House is calendared in the historical manuscripts commissioners' report on the manuscripts of the Duke of Buccleuch, vol. i. (1899). Some of the papers printed by Sawyer are missing, but a vast number of Winwood's letters, which Sawyer omitted, are noticed in the report.

[Introduction to Report on the Manuscripts of the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, 1899 (Hist. MSS. Comm.); Chalmers's Dictionary; Wood's Athenæ Oxon.; Bloxam's Register of Members of Magdalen Coll. Oxford, 1873, pp. 210 seq.; Spedding's Letters and Life of Bacon, 1890, vols. ii–vii.; Gardiner's Hist. of England (1603–42), 1883, vols. i–ii.; Motley's Hist. of United Netherlands, 1876, vol. iv.; Granger's Biogr. Hist. of England; Lloyd's Worthies.]

WINZET, WINYET, or WINGATE, NINIAN (1518–1592), Scottish controversialist, was born in Renfrew in 1518. Families of the same name held property and rented lands in Glasgow and the vicinity. He was educated at the university of Glasgow, according to Mackenzie (Lives and Characters of the most Eminent Writers of the Scots Nation, 1708–22, iii. 148), and Ziegelbauer (Historia Rei Literariæ Ordinis S. Benedicti, iii. 360, 361, Augsburg and Würzburg, 1754); but the registers of Glasgow in 1537 give the name of ‘William Windegait,’ who became a bachelor, then master, of arts in 1539, and remained at the university till 1552 in a subordinate capacity and as assistant to the rector. William probably changed his name to Ninian (Certain Tractates, vol. i. Introd. pp. xii–xvi, xliv, xcviii, ed. Hewison, 1888, Scottish Text Soc.) when he was ordained priest in 1540. Winzet was appointed master of the grammar school of Linlithgow in 1551–2, and subsequently provost of the collegiate church of St. Michael there. He remained a staunch supporter of the old order during the Reformation era, and being an independent thinker, with feelings and views very similar to those of the ‘old catholic’ school of this century, tried to stem the reformation of the church from within.

The arrival of Knox in 1559 moved Winzet to dispute face to face with the reformer ‘afor the haill court,’ and to write polemics on the questions then at issue, which he afterwards collected into ‘The Buke of Four Scoir Thre Questions.’ In the summer of 1561 Winzet was ejected from his office for refusing to sign the protestant confession of faith. He loitered about Queen Mary's catholic court, and issued from the press at Edinburgh in May 1562


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Author:Edward Livingston Wilson

Works

 * The American Carbon Manual (1868)

title: Author:Edward Livingston Wilson


text: Category:American photographers

title: Category:American photographers


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Constitution of Sri Lanka/Ninth Amendment

Section 1 Short title
1. This Act may be cited as the Ninth Amendment to the Constitution.

Section 2 Amendment of Article 91 of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
2. Article 91 of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is hereby amended in sub-paragraph (d) of paragraph (1) of that Article, by the substitution for items (vii), (viii), (ix) and (x) of that sub-paragraph, of the following new items : -
 * "(vii) a public officer holding any office created prior to November 18, 1970, the initial of the salary scale of which was, on November 18, 1970, not less than Rs. 6,720 per annum, or such other amount per annum as would, under any subsequent revision of salary scales, correspond to such initial,
 * (viii) a public officer holding any office created after November 18, 197.0, the initial of the salary scale, of which is, on the date of the creation of that office, not less than the initial of the salary scale applicable, on that date, to an office referred to in item (vii) or such other amount per annum as would, under any subsequent revision of salary scales, correspond to the first-mentioned initial,
 * (ix) an officer in any public corporation holding any office created prior to November 18, 1970, the initial of the salary scale of which was, on November 18, 1970, not less than Rs. 7,200 per annum or such other amount per annum as would, under any subsequent revision of salary scales, correspond to such initial,
 * (x) an officer In any public corporation holding any office created after November 18, 1970, the initial of the salary scale of which is, on the date of creation of that office, not less than the initial of the salary scale applicable on that date to an office referred to in item (ix) or such. other amount per annum as would, under any subsequent revision of salary scales, correspond to the first-mentioned initial,
 * (xi) a member of the Regular Force of the Army, Navy or Air Force, or
 * (xii) a police officer or a public officer exercising police functions;".


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Constitution of Sri Lanka/Tenth Amendment

Section 1 Short title
1. This Act may be cited as the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution.

Section 2 Amendment of Article 155 of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
2. Article 155 of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is hereby amended as follows; -
 * (1) by the repeal of paragraphs (8) and (9) of that Article :
 * (2) by the renumbering of paragraphs (10) and (11) 01 that Article as paragraphs (8) and (9') respectively of that Article; and
 * (3) by the substitution, in the renumbered paragraph (9) of that Article, for the words and figures " Contained in paragraph (6), (7), (8) or (9) of this Article,", of the words and figures " contained in paragraph (6) or (7) of this Article,".


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 ‘Certane Tractatis [three in number] for Reformatioun of Doctryne and Maneris set furth at the desyre and in the name of the afflictit Catholikis of inferiour ordour of Clergie and layit men in Scotland.’ In July appeared his pamphlet ‘The Last Blast of the Trompet of Godis VVorde aganis the vsurpit auctorite of Johne Knox.’ He seems to have been acting as the queen's chaplain at this time. In September he was exiled and proceeded to Antwerp, where in 1563 he published a translation of the ‘Commonitorium’ of Vincent of Lerins. From Louvain and Antwerp he issued in the Scots vernacular, in 1563, ‘The Buke of Four Scoir Thre Questions,’ as a challenge to the Scots reformers, and from Antwerp also issued translations of patristic writers now lost. In Paris, from 1565 to 1570, he studied, became a preceptor in arts in the university, and published a translation of Benoist's ‘Certus Modus.’ In 1571 he visited England and entered Queen Mary's service, thereafter proceeding to Douay to study theology.

Pope Gregory in 1577 instituted Winzet abbot of the Benedictine monastery of St. James at Ratisbon, the duties of which he began on 9 Aug. He revived this ancient decayed seminary of learning, and by introducing the old Scots method of instruction soon restored its celebrity. There he published in 1581 ‘In D. Paulum Commentaria;’ in 1582 ‘Flagellum Sectariorum’ and ‘Velitatio in Georgium Buchananum,’ the latter being a reply to Buchanan's ‘De Jure Regni apud Scotos;’ and probably at the same time a translation of the Catechism of Canisius.

Winzet died on 21 Sept. 1592, and was buried in the monastery, where in the church (Kirche des Schotten-Klosters zu S. Jakob) his effigy and epitaph are preserved. His more important works are mentioned above; a fuller list is given in the Scottish Text Society's reprint of the ‘Certain Tractates,’ vol. i. pref. p. lxxv.

WIREKER, NIGEL (fl. 1190), satirist. [See .]

WIRLEY, WILLIAM (d. 1618), herald. [See .]

WISDOM, ROBERT (d. 1568), archdeacon of Ely, probably belonged to the family of that name settled at Burford, Oxford, where one Simon Wisdom was a great benefactor and reputed founder of the free grammar school. Another Simon Wisdom (d. 1623) of Burford, an alumnus of Gloucester Hall, Oxford, was author of various religious tracts, and of ‘An Abridgement of the Holy History of the Old Testament,’ London, 1594, 8vo (, Athenæ, ed. Bliss, ii. 337). A Gregory Wisdom was sent to the Tower on 21 May 1553 for spreading reports about Edward VI's health (Acts P. C. ed. Dasent, 1552–4, p. 275).

Robert, who is claimed as one of the four eminent writers produced by St. Martin's, Oxford, is said to have been educated at Cambridge, though no details of his academical career are forthcoming, except that he was B.D. of some university, and he would more naturally be assumed to have been at Oxford, where he was one of the earliest preachers of the Reformation and was on that account compelled to leave the city. Tanner says that he became rector of Stisted in Essex; but his name does not appear in the list of rectors, and probably he was only curate. About 1538 his religious opinions brought him into collision with Stokesley, bishop of London, and in 1540 he was accused of heresy before Stokesley's successor, Bonner; he was committed by the council to the Lollards' Tower, whence he wrote an answer to the thirteen articles laid to his charge (extant in Harl. MS. 425, art. 3, and printed in Ecclesiastical Memorials, . ii. 570–1). Foxe makes him parish priest of St. Margaret's, Lothbury, and Strype of St. Catherine's (sic), Lothbury, in 1541, when he is said to have been forced to recant at St. Paul's Cross; the date is apparently an error for 1543, on 14 July of which year his recantation took place (, Chron. i. 142;, ed. Townsend, v. 496, and app. No. xii.). He was then curate to Edward Crome [q. v.] at St. Mary's Aldermary, and there is no record of his having held any benefice in London (cf., Nov. Rep. Eccl. 1898).

Wisdom's companion in misfortune was [q. v.], and with Becon he retired into Staffordshire, where they were hospitably received by [q. v.] (, Works, vol. i. pref. pp. viii–ix, vol. ii. pp. 422–3;, Cranmer, i. 397–8). He continued to preach Reformation doc-


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Constitution of Sri Lanka/Eleventh Amendment

Section 1 Short title
1. This Act may be cited as the Eleventh Amendment to the Constitution.

Section 2 Amendment of Article 111 of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
2. Article 111 of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (hereinafter referred to as " the Constitution ") is hereby amended by the repeal of paragraph (1) of that Article, and the substitution of the following paragraph therefor : -
 * "(1) There shall be a High Court of Sri Lanka, which shall exercise such jurisdiction and powers as Parliament may by law vest or ordain.".

Section 3 Amendment of Article 112 of the Constitution
3. Article 112 of the Constitution is hereby amended in sub-paragraph (a) of paragraph (8) of that Article, by the substitution for the words "the appointment of judicial officers ; ", of the words " the appointment of judicial officers, and scheduled public officers ;.

Section 4 Insertion of Article 113A in the Constitution
4. The following Article is hereby inserted immediately after Article 113, and shall have effect as Article 113a of the Constitution: -
 * 113A. There shall be a Fiscal who shall be the Fiscal for the whole Island, and shall exercise supervision and control over Deputy Fiscals attached to all Courts of First Instance.".

Section 5 Amendment of Article 114 of the Constitution
5. Article 11-1 of the Constitution is hereby amended as follows: -
 * (1) in paragraph (4) of that Article, by the substitution for the words " the power to make all transfers,", of the words "the power to make transfers in respect of scheduled public officers," ; and
 * (2) in paragraph (6) of that Article, in the definition of " scheduled public officer ", by the substitution for the words " the Registrar of the Court of Appeal, the Registrar of any Court of First Instance,", of the words " the Registrar of the Court of Appeal, the Fiscal, the Registrar of any, Court of First Instance.

Section 6 Amendment of Article 146 of the Constitution
6. Article 146 of the Constitution is hereby amended by the repeal of paragraph (2) of that Article, and the substitution therefor, of the following paragraph: -
 * "(2) The jurisdiction of the Court of Appeal may be exercised in different matters at the same time by the several judges of the Court sitting apart :

Section 7 Amendment of the Fifth Schedule to the Constitution
7. The Fifth Schedule to the Constitution is hereby amended by the substitution for the item " Fiscals", appearing in that Schedule, of the item " Deputy Fiscals. ".


text: Constitution of Sri Lanka/Twelfth Amendment


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text: The American Carbon Manual/Preface

title: The American Carbon Manual/Preface


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of the greatest hindrances to the progress of the art of Photography, is the doubtful permanency of its productions. It will become an immense power if we can overcome this objection. Its votaries have learned how to secure beautiful lights and shades; brilliant chemical effects and most artistic and pleasing pictures. Never before has our art shown greater promise of improvement; never before has there been such a thirst for information and thorough training exercised as at present; and yet what a mortification to every earnest photographer to feel that his efforts can produce nothing that will bear him honor and credit longer than a few short years!

With this in view, constantly staring us in the face, is it not strange that the growth of photography has been so great as it has, and its improvement so evident as it is?

It would be so, were it not that one ray of hope has beckoned us on for a number of years back, i.e., the hope that at no distant period we might produce permanent results. That hope is now fully realized in the Carbon

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Journal on South America, and that, too, at a moment when the very mention of those countries is apt to excite emotions of distrust, seems to make necessary some apology for its appearance. An ancient sage observed, that no one should write a history without prefacing it with an account of himself: the general indifference which at present prevails on the subject on which I am about to treat, and the moderate claims which I enjoy to the attention of the public, must excuse me for venturing to say something respecting the humble pretensions which the following pages may have to their notice.

It may not be unknown to some of my readers that I translated Alçedo's


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 printing process, several of which are described herein, by which we may produce permanent photographic prints.

Many, however, are debarred from its practice by the want of a proper practical manual of instruction.

The object of this work is to observe, collate, and condense, as far as possible, the best and most practical thoughts of the few who have experimented with, and written on this process, not only abroad but at home, and to combine them with my own experience and observation.

I am particularly indebted to my friend G. Wharton Simpson, A.M., editor of the “Photographic News,” London, whose excellent manual “On the Production of Photographs in Pigments — Swan's Process” — has recently been given to the world, and who is one of the earliest experimenters in the process. I also gratefully acknowledge the receipt of some useful and practical ideas from Dr. Herman Vogel, editor of the ''Photo. Mittheilungen'', Berlin, translator and author of a revise of Mr. Simpson's work.

By careful and extended experiment I am able to indorse their views, and to add a few notes here and there of what has occurred to me in my own practice, and several other matters which I trust will be found useful. It is more difficult to sift out from a large amount of thought and record that which is most important to know—using one's brains as a sieve or filter to separate the good grain from the tares—the sediment from the

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 pure solution, as it were—than to scatter the seed—to distribute the mixture—as one has gathered it from one's own experience and experiment. I have endeavored, however, to compile and write such matter for these pages as will make the novel, fascinating and valuable Carbon Process, plain, practical and easy to all workers in photography.

Although it will be seen by the historical notes that follow, that many carbon processes have been worked more or less, yet to Mr. Joseph Wilson Swan, New Castle-upon-Tyne, England, we are indebted for the most practical and perfect one, and to this I will ask you to give your especial attention. It is now practised considerably and successfully in this country, as our specimen will testify, and most largely abroad, by Messrs, Swan, Braun, and others.

Like many other useful discoveries, this process has been perfected only by slow degrees, and by the laborious and patient research of many individuals. As early as 1814 M. Niepce made experiments in Carbon printing, and to him it owes its origin; but after all the manifold experiments by the many who shall be named in proper place, to Mr. Swan is due the honor and praise for having simplified, perfected, and made easy of practice, a process for photographic printing, where every beauty of management and manipulation is preserved perfectly and permanently.

Those who endeavor to practise it will find it entirely different from the silver process—no gold, no silver, no

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 hyposulphite, entering the construction of a carbon print—yet quite as easy and possessed of many advantages. If what follows should not meet every case, any who may be troubled with failures I shall be glad to answer through the columns of the Philadelphia Photographer, wherein also notes of future experiments, improvements and discoveries in the process shall be regularly recorded.

Edward L. Wilson. , May, 1868.

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ii of America and the West Indies; that my work was published in 1814, in five volumes quarto, and that it embraced, in addition to the translation, all the authentic information then extant, or which, through the most respectable patronage, could be obtained up to that period: I may be permitted to add, that I went out as Secretary to His Britannic Majesty's Mexican Commission, of which Mr. Lionel Hervey was chief, in 1823; and had the advantage of witnessing and being confidentially acquainted with the difficult and delicate circumstances in which the Commission was occasionally involved; and which the nice tact and energetic decision of its chief so mainly contributed to counteract or turn in favour not only of that republic, but of the country for whose interests he was the more immediately concerned. I had also the satisfaction of being there under Mr. Morier, when that gentleman, of whose talent in diplomacy it would be as unbecoming in me as it would be useless to speak, compiled


text:
Author:Charles Johnson (1870-1961)

Works

 * (in part)
 * (joint editor) Domesday Survey for the Victoria County History: Norfolk
 * editor and translator from the Latin of Course of the Exchequer
 * editor and translator from De moneta of Nicolas Oresme and English Mint Documents
 * (co-author) An Index of British and Irish Latin Writers, 400-1570
 * The Public Record Office

title: Author:Charles Johnson (1870-1961)


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text:
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Rh and wrote his report on the state of Mexico,—an undertaking, for which, I may be allowed to say, by the condescending urbanity of his disposition, and the unlimited respect which was consequently entertained for him by all parties, he was enabled to collect from every quarter the most authentic materials; and that I was, finally, with the Commission until the despatch of the Treaty which he and Mr. Ward, as Plenipotentiaries of His Britannic Majesty, had been directed to negotiate. In referring, as I do with humble though sincere satisfaction, to these points, I trust I shall not wound the delicacy of the feelings of the parties to whom I allude: the mention of them will, I hope not, as regards myself, be thought irrelevant to the public. They will, perhaps, in consequence, excuse me for offering the following pages to their perusal.

Having been ordered to leave Mexico, after the signing of the Treaty, for the purpose of proceeding to Guatemala, to report


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viii

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text: The American Carbon Manual/toc

title: The American Carbon Manual/toc


text:
Constitution of Sri Lanka/Fourteenth Amendment

Section 1 Short title
1. This Act may be cited as the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution.

Section 2 Amendment of Article 35 of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
2. Article 35 of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (hereinafter referred to as " the Constitution ") is hereby amended m paragraph (3) of that Article, by the substitution, for the words " relating of the election of the President ", of the words relating to the! election of the President or the validity of a referendum or to proceedings in the Court of Appeal under Article 144 or in the Supreme Court, relating to the election of a Member of Parliament"..

Section 3 Amendment of Article 62 of the .Constitution
3. Article 62 of the Constitution is hereby amended by the repeal of paragraph (1) of that Article and the substitution, of the following paragraph therefor :-
 * "(1) There shall be a Parliament which shall consist of two hundred and twenty-five Members elected in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.".

Section 4 Amendment of Article 80 of the Constitution
4. Article 80 of the Constitution is hereby amended in paragraph (2) of that Article by the substitution for the words " duly approved by the People at a Referendum.", of the following : - "duly approved by the People at a Referendum. No such certificate shall be endorsed by the President on a Bill -
 * (a) in any case where no petition is filed challenging the validity of the Referendum at which such Bill was approved by the People, until after the expiration of the period within which a petition may be filed, under the law applicable in that behalf, challenging the validity of such referendum;
 * (b) in any case where a petition is filed challenging the validity of the Referendum at which such Bill was approved by the People, until after the Supreme Court determines that such Referendum was. valid ".

Section 5 Insertion at Article 96a in the Constitution
5. The following Article is hereby inserted immediately after Article 96 and shall have effect as Article 96A of the Constitution:-
 * 96A (Division of electoral districts into zones)
 * (1) Within two weeks of the coming into force a1 this Article, the President shall, for the purpose of dividing where necessary, electoral districts entitled to return more than ten members into zones, establish a Delimitation Commission consisting of three persons appointed by him who he is satisfied are not actively engaged in politics. The President shall appoint one of such person. to be the Chairman.
 * (2) If any member of the Delimitation Commission shall die or resign or if the President is satisfied that any such member has become incapable of discharging his functions as such, the President shall, in accordance with paragraph (1) of this Article, appoint another person in his place.
 * (3) Where it appears to the Delimitation Commission that there is in• any electoral district entitled to return more than ten members, a substantial concentration of persons united by a community of interest, whether racial religious:- or such other like interest, but differing in one or more respects from "the majority of the electors i:1 that electoral district, the Delimitation Com-mission may, after affording the public an opportunity of making representation as for as possible divide that electoral district into zones so as to ensure the representation of that interest, so however: that an electoral district entitled to return more than ten but. less than twenty members, shall be divided into not more than two zones, and an electoral district entitled to return more than twenty members, shall be divided into not more than three zones.
 * (4) In dividing an electoral district into zones, the Delimitation Commission shall have regard to the polling divisions into which that electoral district has been divided under the law for the time being in force relating to 'the registration of electors, So as to ensure, as far as practicable, that each zone is a combination of two or more of such polling divisions.
 * (5) The provisions of paragraphs (5) and (6) of Article 96 shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to decisions of the Delimitation Com-mission:
 * (6) The Chairman of the Delimitation Commission shall communicate to the President, the decisions of the Commission as regards the division of electoral districts into zones within two months of the coming into force of this Article.
 * (7) The President shall by Proclamation publish the names and boundaries of the zones into which an electoral district has been divided, in accordance with the decisions of the Delimitation Commission. The zones specified in the Proclamation shall come into operation at the next ensuing General-Election of Members of Parliament, and shall be the zones of that electoral district for the purposes of the Constitution and any law for the time being in force relating to the election of Members of Parliament.".

Section 6 Amendment of Article 98 of the Constitution
6. Article 98 of the Constitution is hereby amended by the repeal of paragraph (8) of that Article and the substitution, of the following paragraph therefor: -
 * "(8)
 * (a) The Commissioner of Elections, as soon as possible after the certification of the registers of electors for all the electoral districts, shall, by Order published in the Gazette certify the number of members which each electoral district is entitled to return by virtue of the Proclamation under Article 97 and this Article, and in the case of an electoral district divided into zones, shall certify the number of members which each zone in such electoral district is entitled to return.
 * (b) Where an electoral district has been divided into zones the apportionment of the members which such electoral district is entitled to return among the zones into which such electoral district has been divided shall be in the same proportion as the proportion which the total number of electors whose names appear in the electoral register for each such zone bears to the total number of electors whose names appear in the electoral register for that electoral district and the provisions of paragraphs (4), (5), (6) and ('1) shall, mutatis mutandis, apply for the purposes of such apportionment subject to the following modifications--
 * (i) as if for the expression " the total number of electors whose names appear in the registers of electors of all the electoral districts", there were substituted the expression " the total number of electors whose names appear in the register of electors of an electoral! district " ;
 * (ii) as if for the words " one hundred and sixty", ~ere were substituted the words " the number (of members which such electoral district is entitled to return reduced by one ";
 * (iii) as if fur the expression " the total number of electors whose names appear in the register of electors of each electoral district", there were substituted. the expression " the total number of electors whose names appear in the register of electors for each zone ";
 * (iv) as if for the words " electoral district" there we::-e substituted the word " zone ".

Section 7 Replacement of Article 99 of the Constitution
7. Article 99 of the Constitution is hereby repealed and the following Article substituted therefor : -
 * 99 (Proportional representation)
 * (1) At any election of Members of Parliament, the total number of members which an electoral district is entitled to return shall be the number specified by the Commissioner of Elections in the. Order published in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (8) of Article 98.
 * (2) Every elector at an election, of Members of Parliament shall, in addition to his vote be entitled to indicate his preferences for not more than three candidates nominated by the same recognized political party or independent group,
 * (3) Any recognized political party or any pup of persons contesting as independent candidates (hereinafter referred to as an u independent group") may for the purpose of any election of Members of Parliament for any electoral district, submit one nomination paper setting out the names of such number of candidates as is equivalent to the number of members to be elected for that electoral district, increased by three.
 * (4) Each elector whose name appears in the register of electors shall be entitled to only one vote notwithstanding that his name appears in the electoral register in more than one electoral district.
 * (5) The recognized political party or independent group which polls the highest number of votes in any electoral district shall be entitled to have the candidate nominated by it, who has secured the highest number of preferences, declared elected.
 * (6)
 * (a) Every recognized political party and independent group polling less than one eighth of the total votes polled at any election in any electoral district shall be disqualified from having any candidates of such party or group being elected for that electoral district.
 * (b) The votes polled by the disqualified parties and independent groups, if any, shall be deducted from the total votes polled at the election in that electoral district and the number of votes resulting from such deduction is hereinafter referred to as the "relevant number of votes.".
 * (7) The relevant number of votes shall be divided by the number of members to be elected for that electoral district reduced. by One. If the number resulting from such division is an integer, that integer, or if that number is an integer and fraction, the integer immediately higher to, that integer and fraction is hereinafter referred to as the " resulting number ".
 * (8) The number of votes polled by each recognised political party and independent group (other than those parties or groups disqualified under paragraph (6) of this Article) beginning with the party or group which polled the highest number of votes shall then be divided by the resulting number and the returning officer shall declare elected from each such party or group, in accordance with the preferences secured by each of the candidates nominated by such party or group (the candidate securing the highest number of preferences being declared elected first, the candidate securing the next highest number of preferences being declared elected next and 80 on) such number of candidates (excluding the candidate declared elected under paragraph (5) of this Article) as is equivalent to the whole number resulting from the division by the resulting number of the votes polled by such party or group. The remainder of the votes, if any, after such division, shall be dealt with if necessary, under paragraph (9) of this Article.
 * (9) Where after the declaration of the election of members as provided in paragraph (8) of this Article there are one or more members yet to be declared elected, such member or members shall be declared elected by reference to the remainder 8f the vote referred to in paragraph (8) to the credit of each party or group after the declaration made under that paragraph and the votes polled by any party or group not having any of it. candidates declared elected under paragraph (8), the Candidate nominated by the party or group having the highest of such votes, who has secured the highest or next highest number of preferences being declared elected a member and so on until all the members to be elected are declared elected.
 * (10)
 * (a) Where the number of votes polled by each recognized political party or independent group is less than the resulting number referred to in paragraph (7) of this Article the party or group which has polled the highest number of votes shall be entitled to have the candidate nominated by that party or group (excluding the candidate declared elected under paragraph (5) of this Article) who has secured the highest number of preferences declared elected and if there are one or more members yet to be declared elected, the party or group having •the next highest number of votes polled shall be entitled to have the candidate nominated by that party or group who has secured the highest number of preference declared elected and so on, until all the members to be elected for that electoral district are declared elected under the provisions of this paragraph.
 * (b) After the determination under paragraph (a) if there are one or more members yet to be declared elected in respect of that electoral district the provisions of that paragraph shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to the election of such members.
 * (11) Where under paragraph (5) or (9) or (10) of this Article an equality is found, to exist between the votes polled by two or more recognized political parties or two or more independent groups or any combination of them and the addition of a vote would entitle the candidate of one such party or group to be elected, the determination of the party or group to which such additional vote shall be deemed to have been given shall be made by lot.
 * (12) For the purposes of this Article the number of votes polled shall be deemed to be the number of votes counted other than rejected votes.
 * (13)
 * (a) Where a Member of Parliament ceases, by resignation, explusion or otherwise,' to be a member of a recognized political party or independent group on whose nomination paper (hereinafter referred to as the relevant nomination paper") his name appeared at the time of his becoming such Member of Parliament, his seat shall become vacant upon the expiration of a period of one month from the date of his ceasing to be such member :
 * (b) Where the seat of a Member of Parliament becomes vacant as provided in Article 66, (other than paragraph (g) of that Article) or by virtue of the preceding provisions of this paragraph the candidate from the relevant recognized political party or independent group who has secured the next highest number of preferences shall be declared elected to fill such vacancy.
 * (14)
 * (a) Where an electoral district has been divided into zones, the preceding provisions of this Article (other than the provisions of paragraph (5) ) shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to the nomination of candidates in respect of, and the election of members. from, such zones subject to the following modifications: -
 * (i) as if the words " reduced by one " were omitted from paragraph (7) ;
 * (ii) as if the words "excluding the candidate declared elected under paragraph (5) of this' Article" were Omitted from paragraphs (8), and (10) (a)
 * (b) Where an electoral district has been divided into zones, the recognized political party or independent group which polls the highest number of votes in all the zones of that electoral district shall be entitled to have a candidate whose name appears in the nomination paper submitted by such party or group in respect of any such zone (not being a candidate already declared elected) declared elected. The Commissioner or Election shall require the secretary of such recognized political party or the group leader of such independent group, to name such candidate, and upon such candidate being named, 'shall declare him elected as a Member of Parliament.

Section 8 Insertion of Article 99A in the Constitution
8. The following Article is hereby inserted after Article 99 and shall have effect as Article 99a of the Constitution : -
 * 99A (Election of Members of Parliament on the basis of the total number of votes polled at a General Election)
 * After the one hundred and ninety six members referred to in Article 98 have been declared elected at a General Election of Members of Parliament, the Commissioner of Elections shall for forthwith apportion the balance twenty nine seats among the recognised political parties and independent groups contesting such General Election in the same proportion as the proportion which the number of votes polled by each such party or group at such General Election bears to the total number of votes polled at such General Election and for the purposes of such apportionment, the provions of paragraphs (4), (5), (6) and (7) of Article 98 shall, mutatis mutandis, apply.

Section 9 Amendment of Article 130 of the Constitution
9. Article 130 of the Constitution is hereby amended as follows: -
 * (1) in paragraph (a) of that Article, by the substitution for words " election of the President;", of the words " election of the President or the validity of a referendum ;" ;
 * (2) in the proviso to that Article by the substitution, for the words " election of the President shall be " of the words " election of the President or the validity of a referendum shall be " ;. and
 * (3) in the marginal note to that Article, by the substitution, for the words " election petitions ", of the worlds " election and referendum petitions ".


text:
Constitution of Sri Lanka/Fifteenth Amendment

Section 1 Short title
1. This Act may be cited as the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution.

Section 2 Repeal of Article 96a of the Constitution
2. Article 96A of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (hereinafter referred to is " the Constitution") is hereby repealed.

Section 3 Amendment of Article 98 of the Constitution
3. Article 98 of the Constitution is hereby amended by ' he repeal of paragraph (3) of that Article and substitution of the following paragraph therefor: -
 * "(8) The Commissioner of Elections, as soon as possible after the certification of the registers of electors for all the electoral districts, shall, by Order published in the Gazette, certify the number of members which each electoral district is entitled to return by virtue of the Proclamation under Article 97 and this Article.".

Section 4 Amendment of Article 99 of the Constitution
4. Article D9 of the Constitution is hereby amended as follows: -
 * (1) by the substitution, in sub-paragraph (a) of paragraph (6) of that Article, for the words less than one eighth of the total votes", of the words " less than one twentieth of the total votes " ; and
 * (2) by the repeal of paragraph (1.4) of that Article,

Section 5 Amendment of Article 99A of the Constitution
5. Article 99A of the Constitution is hereby amended by the insertion immediately after the third paragraph of that Article, of the following new paragraph :- " The Commissioner of Elections shall before issuing the aforesaid notice determine whether the number of members belonging to any community, ethnic or otherwise, elected to Parliament under Article 98 is commensurate with its national population ratio and D 002056..10,410 (88/12) request the secretary of such recognized political party or group leader of such independent group in so nominating persons to be elected as Members of Parliament to ensure as far as practicable, that the representation of all communities is commensurate with its national population ratio.".

Section 6 Amendment of Article 99A of the Constitution
6. For the avoidance of doubts, it is hereby declared. that the Proclamation made under paragraph ('1} of Article-96A of the Constitution and published in Gazette Extraordinary No. 516/8 of July 27, 1988, shall be of no force and effect after the date of commencement of this Act.


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Rh trained to charge in any kind of line, and we made up our minds to devote our time to this. Dismounted work with the rifle we already felt thoroughly competent to perform.

My time was still much occupied with looking after the health of my brigade, but the fact that we were going home, where I knew that their health would improve, lightened my mind, and I was able thoroughly to enjoy the beauty of the country, and even of the storms, which hitherto I had regarded purely as enemies.

The surroundings of the city of Santiago are very grand. The circling mountains rise sheer and high. The plains are threaded by rapid winding brooks and are dotted here and there with quaint villages, curiously picturesque from their combining traces of an outworn old-world civilization with new and raw barbarism. The tall, graceful, feathery bamboos rise by the water's edge, and elsewhere, even on the mountain-crests, where the soil is wet and rank enough; and the splendid royal palms and cocoanut palms tower high above the matted green jungle.

Generally the thunder-storms came in the afternoon, but once I saw one at sunrise, driving down the high mountain valleys toward us. It was a very beautiful and almost terrible sight; for the sun rose behind the storm, and shone through the gusty


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208 rifts, lighting the mountain crests here and there, while the plain below lay shrouded in the lingering night. The angry, level rays edged the dark clouds with crimson, and turned the downpour into sheets of golden rain; in the valleys the glimmering mists were tinted every wild hue; and the remotest heavens were lit with flaming glory. One day General Lawton, General Wood and I, with Ferguson and poor Tiffany, went down the bay to visit Morro Castle. The shores were beautiful, especially where there were groves of palms and of the scarlet-flower tree, and the castle itself, on a jutting headland, overlooking the sea and guarding the deep, narrow entrance to the bay, showed just what it was, the splendid relic of a vanished power and a vanished age. We wandered all through it, among the castellated battlements, and in the dungeons, where we found hideous rusty implements of torture; and looked at the guns, some modern and some very old. It had been little hurt by the bombardment of the ships. Afterward I had a swim, not trusting much to the shark stories. We passed by the sunken hulks of the Merrimac and the Reina Mercedes, lying just outside the main channel. Our own people had tried to sink the first and the Spaniards had tried to sink the second, so as to block the entrance. Neither attempt was successful.


text: The American Carbon Manual/Introduction

title: The American Carbon Manual/Introduction


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Rh On August 6th we were ordered to embark, and next morning we sailed on the transport Miami. General Wheeler was with us and a squadron of the Third Cavalry under Major Jackson. The General put the policing and management of the ship into my hands, and I had great aid from Captain McCormick, who had been acting with me as adjutant-general of the brigade. I had profited by my experience coming down, and as Dr. Church knew his work well, although he was very sick, we kept the ship in such good sanitary condition that we were one of the very few organizations allowed to land at Montauk immediately upon our arrival.

Soon after leaving port the captain of the ship notified me that his stokers and engineers were insubordinate and drunken, due, he thought, to liquor which my men had given them. I at once started a search of the ship, explaining to the men that they could not keep the liquor; that if they surrendered whatever they had to me I should return it to them when we went ashore; and that meanwhile I would allow the sick to drink when they really needed it; but that if they did not give the liquor to me of their own accord I would throw it overboard. About seventy flasks and bottles were handed to me, and I found and threw overboard about twenty. This at once put a stop to all drunkenness. The stokers and engineers were sullen and half mutinous, so I sent a


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Page:TheAmericanCarbonManual.djvu/19

in the strict sense of the word, is an image in carbon produced by the action of light. The term, as commonly used by photographers, has, however, a wider application, and is employed to designate any sun picture produced in permanent pigments, whether consisting of carbon or not.

Almost all the methods which have been proposed for the production of such pictures depend upon one principle. They are based on the fact that light renders certain soluble bodies insoluble in the usual menstrua. This principle admits of varied application in producing pictures; but in the processes which have been brought to the highest practical perfection, some coloring matter—Indian ink or lampblack for instance—has been added to a colorless body like gelatine or gum, which,

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Page:Pictures From Italy.djvu/64

 and blushing oleander in full bloom, twenty, thirty, forty, feet above the street—the painted halls, mouldering, and blotting, and rotting in the damp comers, and still shining out in beautiful colours and voluptuous designs, where the walls are dry—the faded figures on the outsides of the houses, holding wreaths, and crowns, and flying upward, and downward, and standing in niches, and here and there looking fainter and more feeble than elsewhere, by contrast with some fresh little Cupids, who on a more recently-decorated portion of the front, are stretching out what seems to be the semblance of a blanket, but is, indeed, a sun-dial—the steep, steep, uphill streets of small palaces (but very large palaces for all that), with marble terraces looking down into close byways—the magnificent and innumerable Churches; and the rapid passage from a street of stately edifices, into a maze of the vilest squalor, steaming with unwholesome stenches, and swarming with half-naked children and whole worlds of dirty people—make up, altogether, such a scene of wonder: so lively, and yet so dead: so noisy, and yet so quiet: so obtrusive, and yet so shy and lowering: so wide awake, and yet so fast asleep: that it is a sort of intoxication to a stranger to walk on, and on, and on, and look about him. A bewildering phantasmagoria, with all the inconsistency of a dream, and all the pain and all the pleasure of an extravagant reality!

The different uses to which some of these Palaces are applied, all at once, is characteristic. For instance, the English Banker (my excellent and hospitable friend) has

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