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User:Notafly/Recent Works on the Diptera of Northern Europe

Recent Works on the Diptera of Northern Europe 1855 Review. Recent works on the Diptera of Northern Europe. Natural History Review (Proc.) 2: 49-61

RECENT WORKS ON THE DIPTERA OF NORTHERN EUROPE. 1. ZETTERSTEDT, INSECTA LAPPONICA, ETC. 1 Tom. Folio; Lipsise, 1840. 2. ZETTERSTEDT, DIPTERA SCANDINAVIA, ETC. 11 Tomi, 8vo. Lundse, 1842-1852. 3. STAEGER, SYSTEMATISE FORTEGNELSE OVER DE i DANMARK FUNDNE DIPTERA, samt DANSKE DOLICHOPODER, o.s.v. i Kroyers Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, Iste Raekke, lste-4de Bind, 1837-1844. 4. STENHAMMAR, FORSOK TILL GRUPPERING OCH REVISION AF DE SVENSKA EPHYDRINAE, i Kongl. Sv. Vet. Akademiens Handlingar for aar 1843. 5. WAHLBERG,DAHLBOM, BOHEMANN NYA SVENSKA DIPTERA) i detsamma, och Oefversigt af K. Sv. Vet. Akad. Fbrhandlingar, aatskiliga aar. THE extent of the field which Entomology appropriates, even since the Crustacea and Arachnida have been detached from it, has made its literature already voluminous, though barely of the growth of a century, and promises an increase in proportion for a long time to come. Apart from the common domains of anatomy and physiology, the history and classification of its countless species, probably outnumbering all the other denizens of the land, are enough to occupy Reaumurs and Degeers, if such there should be, yet unborn. Probably, in consequence, a somewhat partial and one-sided character has been impressed upon the science with most who have pursued it with predilection ; so that the results to be looked for from the study of the endlessly-diversified, yet closely-linked, modifications of that onem well marked type of organization, have scarcely yet redounded to the benefit of biological science in general. And not only has Entomology been treated as if it were an independent branch, but the attention both of collectors and systematists has been much confined to one or two orders out of the whole. Indeed, reasons may be easily found for the preference so generally given to the Lepidoptera and Coleoptera; and the classification of the latter has now arrived at such a stage, that the study of it may be considered as a preliminary training for that of the other orders. But, this point attained, we are glad to see increasing attention of late directed towards the sometime slighted clearwings of collectors, as preparing the way for broader views of the class of insects, in itself as a whole, and in its relations to the rest of animated nature. Each of the other orders, meantime, may, invite a study as particular as the Coleoptera have received, and some of them, perhaps, will afford a field as ample. Local Faunas, Monographs, the collections of voyagers, all have their use in building up parts of the unfinished fabric ; and the productions of our own country naturally will occupy the greatest number of students at home. But, with the exception of the two orders before named, the British collector quickly finds himself at a loss for any ready means of determining even the names of the puny myriads that flit or creep, dive or burrow, on every side about him. In default of manuals devoted to the productions of our own country, we may look abroad, next, to those which describe the insects of the nearest mainland, from which chiefly the island Fauna seems derived, a colony diminished by the broken continuity of land, and the lower summer temperature of a seagirt shore. The Fauna of France, whose territorial limits lean on the snowy buttresses of the Alps and Pyrenees, on either hand, flanking a gulf of the Mediterranean, whither many of the insects seem as if transmitted, with the hot winds, from the African coasts opposite, is enriched with Alpine and southern forms wholly strange to us. But a comparison of the Coleoptera of each, points to the inference that the British insect Fauna might almost be presented as an extract from that of neighbouring France ; while the species deficient in the latter may mostly be found in the Scandinavian Fauna, along with the great majority common to the three countries. Passing beyond that order and the Lepidoptera, the materials for such a comparison have been hitherto more imperfect.We have coupled together, at the head of this article, the chief contributions to the Dipterous Fauna of Scandinavia, which have appeared since Meigen's Systematic Description of the Diptera of Europe was completed. The impulse given by that classical work to the study of this order has tended to antiquate itself in some degree, as Meigen's terse and scientific definitions became inadequate, amid the additions made by the industry of his scholars. Among those who have contributed to such a revolution, the Swedes may justly claim a foremost place ; and we would scarcely dispute Bohemann's judgment of the great work of Zetterstedt now concluded, that no other country can show a descriptive catalogue of its Diptera so complete and accurate as Sweden possesses.* Restricted to the limits of the Scandinavian and Jutish peninsulas and islands, it does not affect the character of a DIPTEROLOGIA EUROPAEA, as Oken has ventured to style it.f But for the determination of the British species of Diptera in general, we have, up to this time, no book of reference as use- ful and complete. The other essays, which we have coupled with it, having been chiefly incorporated in this comprehensive work, we shall have little occasion to review them individually, but some notice of them seemed necessary towards a general summary of the contributions to the literature of the order, which have proceeded from this quarter, since the last additions were engrafted on the system by Meigen.Staeger commenced, in 1838, publishing a catalogue of the Diptera of Denmark, in Kroyer's N. H. Journal, with descriptions of the new species only, of which the number was not inconsiderable. We owe to him the institution of two new genera, Ptiolina and Boletina. Having gone through the Nemocera on this plan, and commenced a Monograph of the Dolichopidae, of which only the species of Dolichopus, Sybistroma, and Orthochile were given in detail, he transferred the materials for the rest to the behoof of Zetterstedt's work, which his communications chiefly have rendered a Fauna for both countries.Stenhanmmar has produced a very accurate and complete description of the Ephydrini of Sweden, the number of which he has much more than doubled. His generic arrangement deserves the highest praise, and the changes which Zetterstedt has made, while adopting it in the main, cannot be called improvements. His careful delineation also of the external anatomy of these insects has both laid the grounds for a better characteristic of the genera and species, and supplied materials for a more precise glossary of the parts. We think the term praelabrum, which he has introduced, superfluous,the part denoted corresponding to the epistoma in other orders,where it is separated by a distinct suture from the hypostoma or face. We gladly look for a promised Monograph of the Sphaerocerini from the same pen, expecting that an enlarged acquaintance with the literature of Entomology will exclude from it such nominally new, but, in fact, previously described, species and genera, as have gone to swell the synonyms among the Ephydrini.Of the shorter essays in the Transactions and Proceedings of the Swedish Academy, in which many species have been described originally, those by Wahlberg are the most important, as containing the characters of several new genera, Thinophilus, Psairoptera, Amphipogon, Lobioptera, Selachops.Zetterstedt's earlier work, INSECTA LAPPONICA, opens with a very interesting sketch of the distribution of insects on the several stages of ascent of the Lappish Alps. The outline, drawn with a masterly hand by Heer," On the Highest Limits of Animal and Vegetable Life on the Swiss Alps" has since been filled up, in part, for the zones -of the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Riesengebirge, and Caucasus, respectively, by Ghiliani, Dufour, Kiesenwetter, Kolenati, and others ; but scarcely one of them has produced a picture more full of life, or rich in details, than Zetterstedt, the earliest of the list. The greatest number of the new Dipterous genera, and a large proportion of new species, were characterized in this volume ; but we propose to treat all such together in our examination of the DIPTERA SCANDINAVIAE. This great work, a monument both of untiring industry, erudition, and acute discrimination, is comprised in eleven 8vo volumes, which average above four hundred pages each ; and the publication, commenced at the author's own expense, and afterwards worthily sustained by the public purse, has extended over a period of ten years. After a short preface, and list of works cited, an hundred and three pages are given to the analysis and characteristic of the families and genera. A final index of one hundred and ninety-two pages, containing the synonyms, as well as the generic and trivial names of the text, affords every facility for reference that can be desired. The specialities, analysis, description, and history of the species, with supplementary characters of the genera (two hundred and eighty-five in number), fill nearly four thousand two hundred and fifty pages, giving for each of the 3,462 species described, after all deductions, a good deal more than a page on the average. Of this number, 1,585 purport to have been first described in one or other of the books we have titled, making the proportion rather more than five new species to six previously included among the European Diptera of Meigen ; and of these last, Fallen had recorded but 845, where Zetterstedt has 1,260 in the corresponding families ; so largely has the older stock of Fallen and Fries been added to by the author's own travels in Lapland, and by the communications of Dahlbom, Wahlberg, Anderson, and Skogmann, from the same source; of Liebke, in Norway; Sahlberg, Nylander, and Mannerheim, in Finland; Staeger, Schiodte, Drewsen, Boje, Jacobsen, and Westermann, in Denmark ; besides a list of about twenty correspondents in the Swedish provinces, including the honoured names of Schonherr and Bohemann. When will our own islands furnish such help to any one who may undertake for them a task like that Zetterstedt has achieved for his country ? Particular attention has been paid to the geographical distribution of the species, and various localities are assigned for most of them ; so that the names of some of these correspondents recur as authorities almost in every page. These volumes of Zetterstedt's are the more available to the British student, as they are wholly written in Latin fair, entomological Latin ; a quality which, without pretending to classical nicety, we are not disposed to undervalue, with the recollection fresh of the curious dialects that certain naturalists, on either side of the Alps, have muffled in the folds of the toga. Erichson has given a recipe for such cases when, criticising a compatriot, he goes on to say " Our western neighbours, also, in their natural history works, favour us pretty often with a Latin which can only be deciphered through the medium of a literal retranslation into the vernacular idiom of the writers." The closer affinity of the Runic idioms to the English may render us less sensitive to isms from this source than we are to the German, French, or Italian dialects of Latin. Certainly we have found no occasion for a Latin-Swedish dictionary, in order to understand Zetterstedt's descriptions. We must demur, however, when he calls in question subsultans of Linnaeus, or borrows such a superfluous barbarism as anciennetas, foreign alike to the vocabulary of the great master, and of his classical models. But these are the rare and pardonable slips of a style sufficiently correct in general. To us the least satisfactory portion of Zetterstedt's work is the composition and arrangement of the families.Commencing with Tabanus, the series of the Brachycera is made to end in Phora, followed by the Coriaceae, which again the Nemocera succeed.Here the interposition of Phora and the Coriaceae excludes all thoughts of a natural transition between the two great sections of the order. The system of the Diptera Scandinavia is avowedly an artificial one; but viewed simply as such, seems not to fulfil the end so well as to compensate for the disregard of natural affinities. Zetterstedt, in grateful deference to the authority of his illustrious master in Entomology, has retained the arrangement and names of Fallen's older system to a great extent, when, perhaps, his unbiassed judgment might have accorded better with the more recent systems of Meigen or Macquart. But in the Nemocera also, where he had not that precedent to constrain him, and his classification is more original, some of the families appear as far from natural groups. Perhaps the most signal instance is that which Schaum has already singled out the Ryphii, in which Rhyphus, the typical genus, possessing three equal and equidistant ocelii, an ambient vein, and normal system of venation, stands associated with Ceroplatus and Cordyla, two genera transferred from the Mycetophilinae, a family whose characters are nearly the opposite of those ; while the larvae of the two are no less different, that of Rliyphus being amphipneustic,* those of the Mycetophilinae peripneustic.f Another genus, Pachyneura, having three ocelli, and wanting the suture of the mesonotum that is characteristic of the Tipulides, with which it is ranked by Zetterstedt, should probably also be referred to the
 * Aarsberattelse for 1847-8. t Isis, 1848, 696.
 * With anterior and posterior spiracles only. f With intermediate spiracles also.

Mycetophilinae, with some of which it closely agrees in the venation. The latter family, again, should be rid of Corynocera a genus whose affinity to his Chironomii has not entirely escaped Zetterstedt's observation, and to us appears unquestionable. In the section Brachycera, again, the conjunction of Lonchoptera with Phytomyza in one family (Phytomyzides) seems unaccountable, except on the ground of Fallen's preponderating authority, all other modern systematists having removed the former genus entirely from the Muscidae. This great family has been carved by Zetterstedt, following Fallen, into a number of groups, which, though here denominated families, cannot, in respect of characters, be accounted co-ordinate with the other families of this order, however the multitude of species to be grouped may recommend such a plan in a system professedly artificial. But, indeed, the subdivisions of this family have been so variously treated, that we do not venture to criticise closely the order or limits of Zetterstedt's corresponding groups. Only the Haematomyzides may be specified as a merely artificial assemblage of members taken from three different natural groups ; Siphona being closely related to Tachina, Prosena to Dexia, and Stomoxys to Musca. We are compelled to regard it as a retrograde step, that Zetterstedt has fused again so many modern genera into one vast one as in the cases of Tachina, Anthomyia, Aricia, the last two being distinguished from each other merely by the colour of the legs. The carefully - constructed analytical tables of the species, given with each at least of the more extensive genera, do, however, remedy, in a great degree, the inconveniences of such a fusion ; nor can we attribute the rejection of so many genera to any indolence, since in the notes he has been at the pains of referring every species he has described of these to its appropriate place in some one of the genera adopted by Meigen in his supplementary volume. The descriptions of the species in the DIPTERA SCANDINAVIA we have found in general as clear as they are full ; and we must commend, in particular, the simple phrases by which he has, in many instances, delineated the varying venation of the wings without the help of figures. Having expressed dissatisfaction with the families he has given, we shall rather follow the arrangement proposed in the first volume of the INSECTA BRITANNICA, and refer the new genera we have to notice to their places in the families according to it. MYCETOPHILIDAE Pachyneura, venation not very unlike Platyura, antennae filiform (18-jointed?), palpi 4-jointed, lateral spines of tibia 3 very slight; one species P. fasciata, 9-11 lines long; Lapland and N. Sweden about rotten trunks of trees. Boletina Stg., for the species of Leja Mg., in which the forks of the two brachial veins are equally distant from the base of the wing. CHIRONOMIDAE Corynocera, wings adiaphauous, with four or five very obsolete veins, the tip armed with a long curved bristle, which is triple in the female, antennae 12-jointed, the first joint short and stout, the last oblong and thickened, the intermediate joints small, globose, and compact; one species C. ambigua, 1-2 lines long, found on the shore of a lake in Tornea Lapland. TIPULIDAE Psiloconopa, wings divaricated, venation nearly as is Limnobia, Mg. Zw. i. t. 5, f. 6, antennae 16-jointed, moniliform, eyes meeting under the antenna, proboscis short, palpi 4-jointed ; one species Ps. meigeni, 3 lines long, like Erioptera lateralis in colour ; found throughout the northern provinces in watery places. Tricyphona, distinguished from Limnobia by the peculiar venation, type L. immaculata, Mg. Zw. i. t. 5, f. 8. Dicranota, antenna? 13-jointed, type Limnobia pavida Hal. (D. guerinii Ztt.), and it seems to us that L. bimaculata (Schummel) is congenerous, although Zetterstedt has left that species among his Limnobiae. LEPTIDAE Ptiolina Stg., dismembered from Atherix, third joint of antenna oval, with short apical arista; e.gr. A. melcena Mg. BOMBYLIDAE Psilocephala, founded on the species of Thereva with naked face ; but Loew (Beytr. ii.) has retained them as a portion of that genus. ACROCERIDAE Sphcerogaster, resembling Cyrtus in the antennae and exserted proboscis (which is horizontal and as long as the head), and Henops in venation ; the alulae very small ; one species Sph. arcticus, little more than a line long, a single specimen found on a mountain of Finmark. EMPIDAE Anthalia, like Euthyneura, third joint of antennae ovate, without a style, hind femora rather long ; seven species, almost exclusively northern; A.furcata having the cubital vein forked, should probably be removed from this genus. Iteaphila, like Euthyneura, but the cubital vein forked ; two species, chiefly northern. Hormopeza, seems to come near to Ragas, but the third joint of the antenna? is ovate, and the style longer in proportion, the fore tarsi moniliform in the male ; one species H. obliterata, above two lines long; Tornea Lapland and the north of Bothnia. Microcera Ztt. is synonymous with Sciodromia. Phyllodromia, type Tachydromia melanocephala Fabr., differing from Hemerodromia chiefly by the simple cubital vein. Wiedemannia, type Heleodromia bistigma Curtis (W. borealis Ztt.)] Wahlberg has remarked that longicornis is the only genuine Brachystoma, and that the other species referred to that genus by Zetterstedt belong to Paramesia Macquart (synonymous with Heleodromia) ; we would add that both Heleodromia and Wiedemannia, and, perhaps, Ardoptera too, might be reunited with Clinocera; and Wiedemannia has been employed as a generic name, not only in another family of Diptera, but in botany also. DOLICHOPIDAE Thinophilus, like Rhaphium, but the third joint of antennae round, with dorsal arista ; type Rhaphium flavipalpe Ztt. PLATYPEZIDAE Platycnema, two species, type Empis pulicaria Fin. Microsania, including Cyrtoma pectipennis Mg. and a second species, differs from the preceding chiefly in venation, the cubital vein running to the hind margin. PIPUNCULIDAE Nephrocerus, antennae with the third joint reniform, the venation nearly as in Pipunculus auctus; two species, larger than any of that genus. MUSCIDAE, 1. CALYPTERI Micra, placed next to Phania, the clothing pubescence without bristles, the abdomen ovate ; one species M. Trixina, 2 lines long, a single specimen found in Northland. Wahlbergia, type Tachina melanura Mg., allied to Ocyptera, the radial vein longer and not curved, the angle of the subapical vein more obtuse, the alulae smaller. Gymnopeza, distinguished from Phasia by the nearly naked body and legs, and the gentle curvature of the subapical vein, which joins the cubital exactly at the end, and resembling Phania by the incurved extremity of the abdomen ; two species, scarcely exceeding 2 lines in length. Cinochira, of rather doubtful affinity ; the subapical vein approaching the cubital with a slight curve towards the end, the alulae pretty large, antennae with the third joint not longer than the rest, rounded, the arista long and capillary, eyes distant (in male ?) ; one species C. atra, 2 lines long ; allied to the Tachinides in the opinion of Wahlberg the discoverer, but placed by Zetterstedt at the end of the Muscides, immediately before the Anthomyzides. 2. ACALYPTERI Leptopa, one species L.filiformis Ztt. (Cordylura flava Hal., Ent. Mag. A.D. 1836, but Wiedemann had previously a C. flava from Egypt); separated from Cordylura on account of the shorter antenna and oblong eyes ; the orbits of the face very prominent below, where they bear the ordinary "mystacine" cilia. Ectinocera, differing from Tetanocera in the comparative length of the joints of the antennae, the third being elongated, and the two preceding short ; E. borealis, a northern species, 2 lines long. Psceroptera Wlbg., allied to Ortalis, and the wings spotted in like manner, hypostoma short not keeled, habit of Sepsis; four species, from 1 to 3 lines in length ; frequent the trunks of trees, running with the wings extended horizontally in constant motion ; the larvae feed under the bark. Colobcea, type Opomyza bifasciella Fin. (Sciomyza concentrica Mg.). Rhynchaea, resembling Lonchaea, but the oral angles of the face armed with a bristle ; one species Rh. lonchaeoides, 1 line long. Macrochira (Clusia Hal, Ann. Nat. Hist, ii., 188, A.D. 1838), type Heteromyza flava Mg., but Zetterstedt has not recognised their identity, though he happens to have adopted the same trivial name. Amphipogon Wlbg., much resembles the preceding, but the round third joint of antenna bears the naked arista near the base ; one species A. spectrum Wlbg., between 2 and 3 lines long, the male distinguished by the cheeks, hypopygium, fore and hind thighs, and middle tibiaa being pectinated; generally found on fungi in the northern provinces. Ampycophora Wlbg., identified by Zetterstedt with Aulacigaster Macquart. Earomyia, like Lonchaea, face more prominent, eyes smaller ; one species E. lonchaeoides, 2 lines long. Anthophilina, synonymous with Leptomyza Macquart. Lobioptera Wlbg., allied to Milichia, but the fore edge of the wing with a deep incision at the end of the subcostal vein, and the costal vein vanishes before the end of the subapical ; one species L. ludens Wlbg., 1 line long. Selachops Wlbg., like Lonchcea, but the mediastinal vein indistinct, and the ovipositor not protruded, form of the head somewhat like Tetanops, the protuberant front overhanging the short antennae, the third joint of which is round, with the naked arista implanted towards the tip ; one species S. flavocincta Wlbg. (Eucodocera bicolor Lw.), occurring in the northern and central provinces, and abundant on the banks of the River Luleaa. And of the " sections" of Stenhammar, but which are formally named and divided as genera, Parydra Stnh. is synonymous with Napaea Desvoidy, but the latter name pre-occupied in botany ; Epipela Stnh. is Ilythea Hal. ; Philygria Stnh. is Hydrina Desvoidy, including Hyadina and Axysta Hal. ; Clasiopa Stnh. is Discocerina Macq., as limited by Haliday, A.D. 1839. HIPPOBOSCIDLE Leptopteryx, of rather doubtful affinity, differing from the rest of this family by the distinctly triarticulate antennas without an arista, long slender legs, and wings not distinctly veined; L. nivalis, 1J lines long; a single specimen found crawling on the mountain snow in Lapland. Among the more remarkable species made known by Zetterstedt, are a species of Scenopinus, with the second branch of the cubital vein again forked, S. furcinervis, and an Echinomyia, with 4-jointed tarsi, E. tetramera. Only one specimen had occurred of each. May they not be symmetrical monstrosities, such as are not without example ? The space will not allow us to pass in review the multitude of species first made known in these volumes, or to indicate the synonyms of some, which appear to have been described before. We hope to see this yet done, as well for the " Diptera Scandinavia?," as the " Insecta Britannica," when the concluding volume of the latter shall have appeared, since the collation of both works may lead to more satisfactory results. We have endeavoured to arrive at some estimate, of course a very problematical one, of the relative numbers of Diptera in Sweden and in the British Islands. Walker, in a preface to the second volume of " Insecta Britannica," has expressed an opinion that the numbers may be about equal; but such a conclusion seems scarcely borne out by the data, as we have collected them in the annexed table : COMPARATIVE NUMBER OF RECORDED SPECIES OF

PULICIDAE Scandinavian Zetterstedt N spp. - Total - British Curtis Guide 17 Brit -

MYCETOPHILIDAE Scandinavian Zetterstedt N spp.135 Total 235 British Curtis Guide 138

CECIDOMYZIDAE Scandinavian Zetterstedt N spp. 21 Total 33  British Curtis Guide 33

BIBIONIDAE Scandinavian Zetterstedt N spp. 10  Total 37  British Curtis Guide 34

SIMULIIDAE Scandinavian Zetterstedt N spp. 5  Total 12 British Curtis Guide 13

CHIRONOMIDAE Scandinavian Zetterstedt N spp. 107  Total 222 British Curtis Guide 154

CULICIDAE Scandinavian Zetterstedt N spp. 7  Total 20 British Curtis Guide 27

PHLEBOTOMIDAE Scandinavian Zetterstedt N spp. 1  Total 10 British Curtis Guide 9

HETEROCLITAE Scandinavian Zetterstedt N spp. 1  Total 5  British Curtis Guide 10

TIPULIDAE Scandinavian Zetterstedt N spp. 62  Total 198  British Curtis Guide 161

RHYPHIDAE Scandinavian Zetterstedt N spp. 0 Total 3   British Curtis Guide 4

STRATIOMIDAE Scandinavian Zetterstedt N spp. 9 Total 42   British Curtis Guide 50 Walker Ins Brit 49

XYLOPHAGIDAE Scandinavian Zetterstedt N spp. 0 Total 4   British Curtis Guide 2 Walker Ins Brit 3

TABANIDAE Scandinavian Zetterstedt N spp. 16  Total 38    British Curtis Guide 29 Walker Ins Brit 17

ACROCERIDAE Scandinavian Zetterstedt N spp. 2  Total 6   British Curtis Guide 4 Walker Ins Brit 3

LEPTIDAE Scandinavian Zetterstedt N spp. 3  Total 19   British Curtis Guide 20 Walker Ins Brit 15

BOMBYLIDAE Scandinavian Zetterstedt N spp. 4 Total 35   British Curtis Guide 27 Walker Ins Brit 17

SCENOPINIDAE Scandinavian Zetterstedt N spp. 1 Total 3   British Curtis Guide (8) Walker Ins Brit 2 EMPIDAE Scandinavian Zetterstedt N spp. 146 Total 267   British Curtis Guide 183  Walker Ins 155

DOLICHOPIDAE Scandinavian Zetterstedt N spp. 104 Total 204   British Curtis Guide 132  Walker Ins Brit 138

LONCHOPTERIDAE Scandinavian Zetterstedt N spp. 3 Total 8   British Curtis Guide 8 Walker Ins Brit 5

PLATYPEZIDAE Scandinavian Zetterstedt N spp. 8 Total 24 British Curtis Guide 19  Walker Ins Brit 17

PIPUNCULIDAE Scandinavian Zetterstedt N spp. 11 Total 25 British Curtis Guide 14  Walker Ins Brit 12

SYRPHIDAE Scandinavian Zetterstedt N spp. 106 Total 284 British Curtis Guide 210 Walker Ins Brit 153

CONOPIDAE Scandinavian Zetterstedt N spp. 0 Total 7  British Curtis Guide 8 Walker Ins Brit 9

MUSCIDAE Calyptrati Scandinavian Zetterstedt N spp. 473 Total 859  British Curtis Guide 369 MUSCIDAE Acalyptrati Scandinavian Zetterstedt N spp. 338 Total 775  British Curtis Guide 584

Muscidae Walker Ins Brit 730* (computed)

OESTRIDAE Scandinavian Zetterstedt N spp. 1 Total 11  British Curtis Guide 8 Walker Ins Brit 7

PHORIDAE Scandinavian Zetterstedt N spp. 16 Total 38  British Curtis Guide 32 Walker Ins Brit 18

HIPPOBOSCIDAE Scandinavian Zetterstedt N spp. 1 Total 7   British Curtis Guide 10 Walker Ins Brit 5

NYCTEREBIDAE Scandinavian Zetterstedt N spp. 0 Total 0   British Curtis Guide 2  Walker Ins Brit 2

TOTAL DIPTERA Scandinavian Zetterstedt N spp.1599 Total 3468 British Curtis Guide 2353

We may here observe that since the completion of Zetterstedt's work in 1852, more species appear to have been added to the Swedish Diptera than have been added to the British since 1851 when the first volme of Insecta Britannica was published, if we may judge from a comparison of one or two of the principal families in each. Thus the Dolichopidae have been increased by two with us and as many for Sweden: the Empidae by three for Sweden and none here. Curtis in his Guide has enumerated, as it appears, 2,335 species of British Diptera, exclusive of the Pulicidce, which neither he nor Zetterstedt has included in this order. Of these, 650 belong to the families treated in detail in the first of Walker's volumes, where they are reduced to 620, out of which 470, or more than three-fourths, are 'described in the DIPTERA SCANDINAVIAE.If the same proportion hold good in the remaining families, the total number of British species known would be about 2,130, and we might expect above 1,600 of them in Zetterstedt. Walker, however, thinks the Tachinides and Anthomyzides are much more numerous than has been supposed hitherto. Adopting his estimate of them (uncertain as such a computation of species unnamed may be), we should have nearly 400 to be added to the number of these given in the Guide, still leaving the total of British Diptera. short of the Swedish by about 950 species. Nor does this seem a very improbable excess on the other side, taking into account the extent of the peninsula, with the greater variety of temperature and elevation, the tracts that border on the Arctic circle, the Alpine chains of Lapland and Norway, the breadth of primeval forest, and the more genial summer of the south of Sweden, parted only by a narrow strait from Jutland and the vicinity of central Europe. Accordingly, the Swedish fauna has representatives of many Continental genera unknown with us Ceroplatus 6 spp., Gnoriste 3, Penthetria, Macropeza, Chionea 2, Pachystomus, Canomyia, Hexatoma, Microsania 2, Gloma, Pelecocera 2, Stachynia, Lophosia, Wahlbergia, Cystogaster, Rhinophora 2, Dialyta, Selachops, Colobaaa ; against which we can set off only Mochlonyx, Sycorax, Geranomyia, Actina, Spania, Euthyneura 2, Ulidia, Lucina, Eurhina, Camarota, Tichomyza, Nycteribia 2. So far as known at present, the following Pachyneura, Corynocera, Psiloconopa, Sphaerogaster, Anthalia, Iteaphila, Hormopeza, Nephrocerus, Gymnopeza, Ciuochira, Ectinocera, Psasroptera, Rhynchasa, Amphipogon, Earomyia, Lobioptera, Leptopteryx appear to be peculiar to the Scandinavian fauna; while the British islands claim on their side Leptomorphus, Epidapus, Cluuio, Ragas, Aphrosylus, Tethina, Atissa, Glenanthe, Canace, unknown to Sweden. In certain genera of wide geographical range, and rich in species, the great disparity between the lists is probably owing, in part, to the neglect of them by the British collectors. The genus Rhamphomyia numbers only 24 species in Curtis's Guide, reduced to 10 by Walker ; while Zetterstedt has described no less than 72, and, out of that number, 21 as new species of Swedish authors. Other genera augmented largely, in like manner, if not in equal proportion, are Anthomyia with new species 122 to 68 previously described, Alicia 176 to 66, Tachina 112 to 94,Cordylura 46 to 21, Dolichopus 71 to 65, Mycetophila 48 to 20, and many more which might be mentioned. We had extracted from the INSECTA LAPPONICA a list of species given there as proper to Lapland or the northern provinces of Sweden, which have been found in these islands. Later investigation, however, has proved most of these to be diffused farther south, several of them extending into Germany also ; and probably the few remaining exceptions may also be withdrawn by future research. It is possible that North Britain, when explored more diligently, may yield other species hitherto attributed as peculiar to the northern provinces of Scandinavia ; but it is not likely that the number should be considerable, since our mountains scarcely attain to the limits of an Alpine fauna, and the disconnected lower ranges are everywhere comparatively poor in number of species, and in peculiar forms. But experiment will best solve the question, which at present we approach with such imperfect evidence.Zetterstedt is not one of the writers who are content to make a parade of erudition, by transcribing synonyms one after another, without the pains of critical discrimination. The authorities he cites have evidently been collated with scrupulous care, while he has not thought it necessary, in general, to go back to the older authorities, with the exception of Linnaeus, Fabricius, and Degeer. But he has not had access to all the recent sources, especially those of the English literature, so that some portions of his matter will turn out to have been anticipated. The admirable BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY, of Curtis, is not once referred to, and thus, among other things, the genus Dolichopeza is attributed, without remark, to Meigen, who had omitted to cite from Curtis, the original author. Hence, also, the representatives of other modern genera, in the Swedish fauna, lie disguised under alias names Diadocidia ferruginosa as Sciara testacea Catocha under Lestremia Corynoneura among the Chironomi of Zetterstedt.Having inserted, for completeness' sake, the descriptions from otherpens of some species, the originals of which he had not an opportunity of collating, he has, consequently, been led, in one or two instances, to give the same insect twice over ; thus,, the genus Cordyla appears among the Rhyphii, and, again, as Pachypalpus (Macquart), among the Mycetophilinae, and Ditomyia annulata is twice described as Ceroplatus flavus, and as Mycetobia annulata. He has not constantly regarded the strict law of priority to which we have been accustomed to defer, in the application of generic and trivial names. Fallen and Fabricius seem to weigh more with him sometimes than age or usage,and rules are made to yield to predilection. We will let the dates stand, instead of statements in detail, for judgment of the principal instances of this sort, which affect thegeneric nomenclature. Zetterstedt has adopted (1) Hirtea Fb. (1798) for Bibio Geoffroy (1764) ; Hirtea Scopoli (1763) being a different genus. (2) Chenesia Macq. (1834) for Orphnephila Haliday(1831), or Thaumalea Ruthe (same year). (3) Sicus Fb. (1798) for Coenomyia Latr. (1797) ; Sicus of Scopoli (1763) being Myopa. (4) Eristalis Fallen (1810) for Chilosia Mg. ; whereas Eristalis was first named and characterized by Latreille in 1804, while Eristalis of Fb. Antl. (1805) is made up of species of the genera Chilosia, Eristalis, Helophilus, Merodon, Mallota, Milesia, Eumerns, Pipiza and Chrysogaster. (5) Syrphus Fallen, for Eristalis Latr.; Meigen having defined the genus Syrphus otherwise in 1803, and Syrphus of Fb. Antl. including Volucella and Sericomyia along with part of Eristalis. (6) Scaeva Fb. (1805) for Syrphus, previously applied by Meigen as above. (7) Scatomyza Fallen (1810) for Scatophaga Mg. (1803) and (8) Scatophaga Fallen for Psila Mg. (1803), being four years before Jurine applied the name of Psilus to the Hymenopterous genus Diapria Latr. (1797). (9) Oxyrhina Mg. (1838) for Trigonometopus Macq. (1835). (lO) UlidiaMg. (1826) for Mosillus Latr. (1804), or Chrysomyza Fallen (1817). But Ulidia also maybe retained, being limited, according to Loew's suggestion (Beytr. i. 27), to U. erythrophthalma and the allied species. Here we close the chapter of criticism ; and if we should seem to have discharged the task in a spirit more captious than tolerant, the volumes on which we have dwelt so long do not need, and could not gain by, any commendation we might bestow, while every correction, and every doubt, may contribute in some small degree to their better use, which we would desire to see more general in the hands of our fellow-students. We lay them down, glad to see that the latest portions of his long labours betray no symptoms of failing eyes or energy diminished, and hoping that the venerable author, now in his seventieth year, may be enabled, next, to complete a like history of the HEMIPTERA of Sweden, which we are authorized to expect from his hand. A. H. H.


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Author:Henry Montagu Butler

Works

 * Lord Chatham as an Orator, 1912 Romanes Lecture

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Author:Henry Montagu Butler


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Author:Charles Pierpoint Johnson

Works

 * (ed.) J. E. Sowerby's English Botany

 * British Wildflowers (1876) ; Additional material.

title: Author:Charles Pierpoint Johnson


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User:SDrewth/common.js

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Author:Friedrich Hirth

Works

 * Notes of the Chinese Documentary Style (1888, 2nd ed. 1909)
 * The Ancient History of China to the End of the Chóu Dynasty
 * China and the Roman Orient: Researches into Their Ancient and Mediaeval Relations as Represented in Old Chinese Records (1885)
 * Chinese Literature, in Columbia University Lectures on Literature (1911)

Contribution to EB1911

 * (History (in part))

title: Author:Friedrich Hirth


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Page:Australia, from Port Macquarie to Moreton Bay.djvu/35

 mile wide, composed of pebbles of granite, limestone, beautiful crimson jasper, greenstone, basalt, quartz, &c. The alluvial brushes on its banks are now frequently superseded by park-like forest ground, verdant rocky eminences, and luxuriant grassy flats of the greatest richness, lightly timbered with Apple trees, (Angophora lanceolata,) whose gnarled branches, and light green foliage, resembling that of the English oak, render it the most picturesque forest tree in Australia. Several small tributary streams now begin to join the river. The first we meet, on the south side, is Dongai Creek. In the narrow valley of this stream, the land is of the richest quality possible, consisting of a narrow border of alluvial flats, covered with broad-bladed grass, growing breast high, and with a few large blue gum trees scattered so far apart as to offer no impediment to immediate tillage. All the squatters on this stream have, in consequence, brought patches of ground under cultivation. Dongai Creek is hemmed in on both sides by fertile ranges, well clothed with grass, and lightly wooded; apple trees being the predominating trees on their lower slopes. The scenery is often very pleasing; the ranges rise in smooth round cones, and their sloping sides, covered with bright green verdure, contrast strongly with the dark glistening green of the brush vegetation* which occasionally invades some of the hills. The stream itself, of crystal brightness, rushes rapidly through the glen, over a bed of large pebbles, and


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102 to excuse herself by saying that she would not be able to find the way thither. Her betrothed only replied, "You must come and see me next Sunday; I have already invited guests for that day, and that you may not mistake the way, I will strew ashes along the path."

When Sunday came, and it was time for the girl to start, a feeling of dread came over her which she could not explain, and that she might be able to find her path again, she filled her pockets with peas and lentils to sprinkle on the ground as she went along. On reaching the entrance to the forest she found the path strewed with ashes, and these she followed, throwing down some peas on either side of her at every step she took. She walked the whole day until she came to the deepest, darkest part of the forest. There she saw a lonely house, looking so grim and mysterious, that it did not please her at all. She stepped inside, but not a soul was to be seen, and a great silence reigned throughout. Suddenly a voice cried:

The girl looked up and saw that the voice came from a bird hanging in a cage on the wall. Again it cried:

The girl passed on, going from room to room of the house, but they were all empty, and still she saw no one. At last she came to the cellar, and there sat a very, very old woman, who could not keep her head from shaking. "Can you tell me," asked the girl, "if my betrothed husband lives here?"

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 Rh "Ah, you poor child," answered the old woman, "what a place for you to come to! This is a murderer's den. You think yourself a promised bride, and that your marriage will soon take place, but it is with death that you will keep your marriage-feast. Look, do you see that large cauldron of water which I am obliged to keep on the fire? As soon as they have you in their power they will kill you without mercy, and cook and eat you, for they are eaters of men. If I did not take pity on you and save you, you would be lost."

Thereupon the old woman led her behind a large cask, which quite hid her from view. "Keep as still as a mouse," she said; "do not move or speak, or it will be all over with you. To-night, when the robbers are all asleep, we will flee together. I have long been waiting for an opportunity to escape."

The words were hardly out of her mouth when the godless crew returned, dragging another young girl along with them. They were all drunk, and paid no heed to her cries and lamentations. They gave her wine to drink, three glasses full, one of white wine, one of red, and one of yellow, and with that her heart gave way and she died. Then they tore off her dainty clothing, laid her on a table, and cut her beautiful body into pieces, and sprinkled salt upon it.

The poor betrothed girl crouched trembling and shuddering behind the cask, for she saw what a terrible fate had been intended for her by the robbers. One of them now noticed a gold ring still remaining on the little finger of the murdered girl, and as he could not draw it off easily, he took a hatchet and cut off the finger; but the finger sprang into the air, and fell behind the cask into the lap of the girl who was hiding there. The robber

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 104 took a light and began looking for it, but he could not find it. "Have you looked behind the large cask," said one of the others. But the old woman called out, "Come and eat your suppers, and let the thing be till to-morrow; the finger won't run away."

"The old woman is right," said the robbers, and they ceased looking for the finger and sat down. The old woman then mixed a sleeping draught with their wine, and before long they were all lying on the floor of the cellar, fast asleep and snoring. As soon as the girl was assured of this, she came from behind the cask. She was obliged to step over the bodies of the sleepers, who were lying close together, and every moment she was filled with renewed dread lest she should awaken them. But God helped her, so that she passed safely over them, and then she and the old woman went upstairs, opened the door, and hastened as fast as they could from the murderer's den. They found the ashes scattered by the wind, but the peas and lentils had sprouted, and grown sufficiently above the ground to guide them in the moonlight along the path. All night long they walked, and it was morning before they reached the mill. Then the girl told her father all that had happened.

The day came that had been fixed for the marriage. The bridegroom arrived and also a large company of guests, for the miller had taken care to invite all his friends and relations. As they sat at the feast, each guest in turn was asked to tell a tale; the bride sat still and did not say a word.

"And you, my love," said the bridegroom, turning to her, "is there no tale you know? Tell us something."

"I will tell you a dream, then," said the bride. "I went alone through a forest and came at last to a house;

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 Rh not a soul could I find within, but a bird that was hanging in a cage on the wall cried:

and again a second time it said these words.

"My darling, this is only a dream.

"I went on through the house from room to room, but they were all empty, and everything was so grim and mysterious. At last I went down to the cellar, and there sat a very, very old woman, who could not keep her head still. I asked her if my betrothed lived here, and she answered, 'Ah, you poor child, you are come to a murderer's den; your betrothed does indeed live here, but he will kill you without mercy and afterwards cook and eat you.'

"My darling, this is only a dream.

"The old woman hid me behind a large cask, and scarcely had she done this when the robbers returned home, dragging a young girl along with them. They gave her three kinds of wine to drink, white, red and yellow, and with that she died.

"My darling, this is only a dream.

"Then they tore off her dainty clothing, and cut her beautiful body into pieces and sprinkled salt upon it.

"My darling, this is only a dream.

"And one of the robbers saw that there was a gold ring still left on her finger, and as it was difficult to draw off, he took a hatchet and cut off her finger; but the finger sprang into the air and fell behind the great cask into my lap. And here is the finger with the ring," and with these words the bride drew forth the finger and shewed it to the assembled guests.

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 frequently forms diminutive cascades over opposing rocks; this, with the magnificent trees, and beautiful flowering creepers, forming natural arches, with a glimpse of distant hills, softened and blended with the deep azure of an Australian sky, cannot fail of affording gratification to any one who can admire nature unadorned by art. The ranges of hills in the neighbourhood of Dongai Creek, are principally composed of clay-slate, and other soft slaty rocks. Granular limestone and marble frequently occur, which formation contains numerous caverns encrusted with stalactites. Some of the ranges were composed of a rock which I thought might be porphyritic trap. The limestone ranges are generally covered all over with brush, bearing a great resemblance to that on alluvial land, the trees being of large dimensions, and interwoven with creepers; turpentine, (Tristania albicans,) iron bark, (Eucalyptus resinifera,) box, and myrtle trees, being the prevailing timber.

The soft slaty ranges just mentioned, are very general in the basin of the MacLeay, especially on the south side of the river, the strata form a considerable angle with the horizon, and their edges are almost in every instance more than usually disintegrated and decomposed, forming, in consequence, a


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 rich loose soil, on which the grass is generally comparatively better than on ranges of other formations. The clay-slate ranges rise in smooth, round, waving summits; they are not in general thickly wooded, and would be pre-eminently suitable for the growth of the vine. It is well known that scarcely any thing exercises so much influence on the quality of wine, as the nature of the rocks and soils among which vines are planted. According to the best authorities, clay-slates seem peculiarly favourable for vines. Thus Albertus Magnus has observed, " that the vines thrive well in earth which is mixed with fragments of black roofing slate." And Humboldt remarks, "that the vines which grow upon the mountains of the valley of the Rhine, consisting of black day-slate' afford a most excellent wine." Dr. Adam, in his remarks on the rocks and soils of the celebrated Constantia vineyards at the Cape of Good Hope, notices also how well the vine thrives in a soil produced by the decomposition of clay-slate, and mixed with the fragments of it.

I have already observed that many caves are met with in the limestone formation at Dongai creek. Mr. Ralfe and myself examined a great number, which he found near the summit of a heavily wooded, brushy range, in the vicinity of Lieutenant Baxter's station. They were full of the stalactites ordinarily met with, but we could discover no traces of ancient organic remains. In the hills at the sources of Parabel brook, I examined a cave of rather singular


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106 The bridegroom, who during this recital had grown deadly pale, jumped up and tried to escape, but the guests seized him and held him fast. They delivered him up to justice, and he and all his murderous band were condemned to death for their wicked deeds.

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 conformation. Its entrance was in the middle of the grassy sloping hollow, the waters of which entered the mouth of the cave. The first chamber was tolerably lofty, and illuminated by a small aperture overhead, resembling a skylight, so hidden by grass outside, that if any one of us had chanced to pass that way, before entering the cave, he would have probably fallen through it. At the extremity of the first chamber, was a narrow perpendicular hole, resembling the vent of a chimney. On descending this à la ramoneur, we passed through a narrow lofty passage, fantastically adorned with stalactites, until our further progress was arrested by a perpendicular cleft, too small to get through. On breaking through the stalagmitic crust, forming the floor of the most remote passage, I found one bone evidently belonging to a recent animal, as the nature of the rock (mountain limestone) was not such as to lead me to expect the discovery of any ancient organic remains.

Tracing the MacLeay upwards, from Dongai Creek, we pass a great number of squatting stations, belonging mostly to retired officers. The country they occupy as cattle runs is abundantly watered, independently of the river, by a vast number of permanent chains of small ponds, and water-courses; the grass is good, but the country available for grazing extends but a very few miles back from the river, especially on the north side, as the ranges soon become lofty and serrated, rising one beyond


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1. .—We now pass to one of the special forms which the general function of education assumes: namely, that of direction, control, or guidance. Of these three words, direction, control, and guidance, the last best conveys the idea of assisting through coöperation the natural capacities of the individuals guided; control conveys rather the notion of an energy brought to bear from without and meeting some resistance from the one controlled; direction is a more neutral term and suggests the fact that the active tendencies of those directed are led in a certain continuous course, instead of dispersing aimlessly. Direction expresses the basic function, which tends at one extreme to become a guiding assistance and at another, a regulation or ruling. But in any case, we must carefully avoid a meaning sometimes read into the term 'control.' It is sometimes assumed, explicitly or unconsciously, that an individual's tendencies are naturally purely individualistic or egoistic, and thus antisocial. Control then denotes the process by which he is brought to subordinate his natural impulses to public or common ends. Since, by conception, his own nature is quite alien to this process and opposes it rather than helps it, control has in this view a flavor of coercion or compulsion about it. Systems of government and theories of the state have been built upon this notion, and it has seriously affected educational ideas and practices. But there is no ground for any such view. Individuals are certainly interested, at times, in having their own way, and their own way may go contrary to the ways of others.

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text:
The Robber Bridegroom

 * "The Robber-Bridegroom" (1826), translated by Edgar Taylor, in German Popular Stories

title: The Robber Bridegroom


text: Grimm's Household Tales (Edwardes)/The Robber Bridegroom


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 <49 |»ISC£LLANEOUS POEMS. To an amiable Friend, Mourning the DeatH 9/ an excelUm Fathbi^ X^ET deep deje£lion hide her pallid face. And from thy bread each painful image rafe ; Forbid thy lip to utter one complaint. But view the glories of the rifing laint, Ripe for a crown, and waiting the reward <Of watching long the vineyard ofhis Xord.* The ^nerous purpofe (if his zealous heart. Truth to enforce, andlcnowledge to impart, 'Infures his welcome on fhc unknown fliore V^here choirs of faints, and angel forms adore : .A feraph met him on (he tracklefs way. And (Irung his harp to join the heavenly lay. Complain no more of Death's cxtenHvo power, Whofe foeptre ivafts us to fome tiliftful fliore. Where the rough billows that roll o'er the head. That fliake the frame, and fill the mind with dmd. Are huA'd in (ilence, and the foul ferene Xooks back delighted on the doling fcene. Happy, thrice happy, that exalted mind. Who, leaving earth and all its cares behind, Has not a wi(h to ruffle or contr The equal temper of his tranquil foul-^ W^ho, on a retrofpe6t, is fafe within, JNfo private pafSon, nor a darling (in, vCan check his hope, when death's infatiate power Stands hovering on the laft dedfinre hour* Thia ^ The fenfcleman aUtt4c4 to, was a clergymtn .of^iftlnguiibed d by Google


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Rh But they are also interested, and chiefly interested upon the whole, in entering into the activities of others and taking part in conjoint and coöperative doings. Otherwise, no such thing as a community would be possible. And there would not even be any one interested in furnishing the policeman to keep a semblance of harmony unless he thought that thereby he could gain some personal advantage. Control, in truth, means only an emphatic form of direction of powers, and covers the regulation gained by an individual through his own efforts quite as much as that brought about when others take the lead.

In general, every stimulus directs activity. It does not simply excite it or stir it up, but directs it toward an object. Put the other way around, a response is not just a re-action, a protest, as it were, against being disturbed; it is, as the word indicates, an answer. It meets the stimulus, and corresponds with it. There is an adaptation of the stimulus and response to each other. A light is the stimulus to the eye to see something, and the business of the eye is to see. If the eyes are open and there is light, seeing occurs; the stimulus is but a condition of the fulfillment of the proper function of the organ, not an outside interruption. To some extent, then, all direction or control is a guiding of activity to its own end; it is an assistance in doing fully what some organ is already tending to do.

This general statement needs, however, to be qualified in two respects. In the first place, except in the case of a small number of instincts, the stimuli to which an immature human being is subject are not sufficiently definite to call out, in the beginning, specific responses. There is always a great deal of superfluous energy aroused. This energy may be wasted, going aside from the point; it may also go against the successful performance of an act. It does harm by getting in the way. Compare the behavior of a beginner in riding a bicycle with that of the expert. There is little axis of direction in the

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30 energies put forth; they are largely dispersive and centrifugal. Direction involves a focusing and fixating of action in order that it may be truly a response, and this requires an elimination of unnecessary and confusing movements. In the second place, although no activity can be produced in which the person does not coöperate to some extent, yet a response may be of a kind which does not fit into the sequence and continuity of action. A person boxing may dodge a particular blow successfully, but in such a way as to expose himself the next instant to a still harder blow. Adequate control means that the successive acts are brought into a continuous order; each act not only meets its immediate stimulus but helps the acts which follow.

In short, direction is both simultaneous and successive. At a given time, it requires that, from all the tendencies that are partially called out, those be selected which center energy upon the point of need. Successively, it requires that each act be balanced with those which precede and come after, so that order of activity is achieved. Focusing and ordering are thus the two aspects of direction, one spatial, the other temporal. The first insures hitting the mark; the second keeps the balance required for further action. Obviously, it is not possible to separate them in practice as we have distinguished them in idea. Activity must be centered at a given time in such a way as to prepare for what comes next. The problem of the immediate response is complicated by one's having to be on the lookout for future occurrences.

Two conclusions emerge from these general statements. On the one hand, purely external direction is impossible. The environment can at most only supply stimuli to call out responses. These responses proceed from tendencies already possessed by the individual. Even when a person is frightened by threats into doing something, the threats work only because the person has an instinct of fear. If he has not, or if, though having it, it is under his own control, the threat has

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Rh no more influence upon him than light has in causing a person to see who has no eyes. While the customs and rules of adults furnish stimuli which direct as well as evoke the activities of the young, the young, after all, participate in the direction which their actions finally take. In the strict sense, nothing can be forced upon them or into them. To overlook this fact means to distort and pervert human nature. To take into account the contribution made by the existing instincts and habits of those directed is to direct them economically and wisely. Speaking accurately, all direction is but re-direction; it shifts the activities already going on into another channel. Unless one is cognizant of the energies which are already in operation, one's attempts at direction will almost surely go amiss.

On the other hand, the control afforded by the customs and regulations of others may be short-sighted. It may accomplish its immediate effect, but at the expense of throwing the subsequent action of the person out of balance. A threat may, for example, prevent a person from doing something to which he is naturally inclined by arousing fear of disagreeable consequences if he persists. But he may be left in the position which exposes him later on to influences which will lead him to do even worse things. His instincts of cunning and slyness may be aroused, so that things henceforth appeal to him on the side of evasion and trickery more than would otherwise have been the case. Those engaged in directing the actions of others are always in danger of overlooking the importance of the sequential development of those they direct.

2. .—Adults are naturally most conscious of directing the conduct of others when they are immediately aiming so to do. As a rule, they have such an aim consciously when they find themselves resisted; when others are doing things they do not wish them to do. But the more permanent and influential modes of control are those which operate from moment to moment continuously without such deliberate intention on our part.

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32 1. When others are not doing what we would like them to or are threatening disobedience, we are most conscious of the need of controlling them and of the influences by which they are controlled. In such cases, our control becomes most direct, and at this point we are most likely to make the mistakes just spoken of. We are even likely to take the influence of superior force for control, forgetting that while we may lead a horse to water we cannot make him drink; and that while we can shut a man up in a penitentiary we cannot make him penitent. In all such cases of immediate action upon others, we need to discriminate between physical results and moral results. A person may be in such a condition that forcible feeding or enforced confinement is necessary for his own good. A child may have to be snatched with roughness away from a fire so that he shall not be burnt. But no improvement of disposition, no educative effect, need follow. A harsh and commanding tone may be effectual in keeping a child away from the fire, and the same desirable physical effect will follow as if he had been snatched away. But there may be no more obedience of a moral sort in one case than in the other. A man can be prevented from breaking into other persons' houses by shutting him up, but shutting him up may not alter his disposition to commit burglary. When we confuse a physical with an educative result, we always lose the chance of enlisting the person's own participating disposition in getting the result desired, and thereby of developing within him an intrinsic and persisting direction in the right way.

In general, the occasion for the more conscious acts of control should be limited to acts which are so instinctive or impulsive that the one performing them has no means of foreseeing their outcome. If a person cannot foresee the consequences of his act, and is not capable of understanding what he is told about its outcome by those with more experience, it is impossible for him to guide his act intelligently. In such a state, every act is alike to him. Whatever moves him does

title: Page:Democracy and Education.djvu/51


text:
Page:Democracy and Education.djvu/52

Rh move him, and that is all there is to it. In some cases, it is well to permit him to experiment, and to discover the consequences for himself in order that he may act intelligently next time under similar circumstances. But some courses of action are too discommoding and obnoxious to others to allow of this course being pursued. Direct disapproval is now resorted to. Shaming, ridicule, disfavor, rebuke, and punishment are used. Or contrary tendencies in the child are appealed to to divert him from his troublesome line of behavior. His sensitiveness to approbation, his hope of winning favor by an agreeable act, are made use of to induce action in another direction.

2. These methods of control are so obvious (because so intentionally employed) that it would hardly be worth while to mention them if it were not that notice may now be taken, by way of contrast, of the other more important and permanent mode of control. This other method resides in the ways in which persons, with whom the immature being is associated, use things; the instrumentalities with which they accomplish their own ends. The very existence of the social medium in which an individual lives, moves, and has his being is the standing effective agency of directing his activity.

This fact makes it necessary for us to examine in greater detail what is meant by the social environment. We are given to separating from each other the physical and social environments in which we live. The separation is responsible on one hand for an exaggeration of the moral importance of the more direct or personal modes of control of which we have been speaking; and on the other hand for an exaggeration, in current psychology and philosophy, of the intellectual possibilities of contact with a purely physical environment. There is not, in fact, any such thing as the direct influence of one human being on another apart from use of the physical environment as an intermediary. A smile, a frown, a rebuke,

title: Page:Democracy and Education.djvu/52


text:
Page:Constitution Amendment Act 1992.djvu/1

REPUBLIEK VAN SUID-AFRIKA

OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

{|width="100%" rules="cols" cellpadding="5"
 * -valign="top"
 * width="50%"|KANTOOR VAN DIE STAATSPRESIDENT

Hierby word bekend gemaak dat die Staatspresident sy goedkeuring geheg het aan die onderstaande Wet wat hierby ter algemene inligting gepubliseer word:—

No. 149 van 1992: Wysigingswet op die Grondwet, 1992.
 * width="50%"|STATE PRESIDENT’S OFFICE

It is hereby notified that the State President has assented to the following Act which is hereby published for general information:—

No. 149 of 1992: Constitution Amendment Act, 1992.
 * }


text:
Author:Henry Wheeler Robinson

Works

 * (in part)
 * (in part)
 * (in part)
 * (in part)
 * (in part)
 * (in part)
 * (in part)

title: Author:Henry Wheeler Robinson


text:
Page:Constitution Second Amendment Act 1992.djvu/1

REPUBLIEK VAN SUID-AFRIKA

OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

{|width="100%" rules="cols" cellpadding="5"
 * -valign="top"
 * width="50%"|KANTOOR VAN DIE STAATSPRESIDENT

Hierby word bekend gemaak dat die Staatspresident sy goedkeuring geheg het aan die onderstaande Wet wat hierby ter algemene inligting gepubliseer word:—

No. 146 van 1992: Tweede Wysigingswet op die Grondwet, 1992.
 * width="50%"|STATE PRESIDENT’S OFFICE

It is hereby notified that the State President has assented to the following Act which is hereby published for general information:—

No. 146 of 1992: Constitution Second Amendment Act, 1992.
 * }


text:
Page:Democracy and Education.djvu/53

34 a word of warning or encouragement, all involve some physical change. Otherwise, the attitude of one would not get over to alter the attitude of another. Comparatively speaking, such modes of influence may be regarded as personal. The physical medium is reduced to a mere means of personal contact. In contrast with such direct modes of mutual influence, stand associations in common pursuits involving the use of things as means and as measures of results. Even if the mother never told her daughter to help her, or never rebuked her for not helping, the child would be subjected to direction in her activities by the mere fact that she was engaged, along with the parent, in the household life. Imitation, emulation, the need of working together, enforce control.

If the mother hands the child something needed, the latter must reach the thing in order to get it. Where there is giving there must be taking. The way the child handles the thing after it is got, the use to which it is put, is surely influenced by the fact that the child has watched the mother. When the child sees the parent looking for something, it is as natural for it also to look for the object and to give it over when it finds it, as it was, under other circumstances, to receive it. Multiply such an instance by the thousand details of daily intercourse, and one has a picture of the most permanent and enduring method of giving direction to the activities of the young.

In saying this, we are only repeating what was said previously about participating in a joint activity as the chief way of forming disposition. We have explicitly added, however, the recognition of the part played in the joint activity by the use of things. The philosophy of learning has been unduly dominated by a false psychology. It is frequently stated that a person learns by merely having the qualities of things impressed upon his mind through the gateway of the senses. Having received a store of sensory impressions, association or some power of mental synthesis is supposed to

title: Page:Democracy and Education.djvu/53


text:
Page:Constitution Amendment Act 1992.djvu/2

GENERAL EXPLANATORY NOTE

To amend the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983, so as to make further provision in relation to the making of the oath of office by an Acting State President; and to delete the requirement that a person who is appointed as a Minister or Deputy Minister should be or become a member of a House of Parliament; and to provide for matters in connection therewith.

(Afrikaans text signed by the State President.) (Assented to 27 October 1992.)

E IT ENACTED by the State President and the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa, as follows:―

Amendment of section 11 of Act 110 of 1983

1. Section 11 of the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983 (hereinafter referred to as the principal Act), is hereby amended by the addition of the following subsection: “ (3) The oath of office referred to in subsection (1) made by any person when assuming the office of Acting State President shall be deemed to be such oath made also in respect of every subsequent assumption, during the tenure of office of a specific State President, of that office by that person. ”.

Amendment of section 24 of Act 110 of 1983, as amended by section 3 of Act 105 of 1984

2. Section 24 of the principal Act is hereby amended by the deletion of paragraph (a) of subsection (3).

Amendment of section 27 of Act 110 of 1983 3. Section 27 of the principal Act is hereby amended by the deletion of paragraph (a) of subsection (2).

Short title 4. This Act shall be called the Constitution Amendment Act, 1992.


text: Constitution Amendment Act, 1992

title: Constitution Amendment Act, 1992


text:
Page:A Handbook of Anarchy.djvu/16

THE WORKING MAN'S PARADISE, by Lane, the founder of New Australia, 1. 3d. One of the noblest works ever written, full of the living power of humanity. Not an Anarchist work, but regards Anarchy favorably.

It may be as well to point out here that the dynamite policy has nothing to do with Anarchy, though it has been so misrepresented that people maddened to such desperation at the evils around them, as to go bomb throwing, are now sometimes thus persuaded that they are Anarchists.

title: Page:A Handbook of Anarchy.djvu/16


text:
Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 26, 1915.djvu/98

 88 this day have an annual feast called Terhengi (Terhu-ngi), "the spirits' feast," for Zise was a spirit.

[This tale seems to be aetiological, intended to explain the Terhengi Genna, or Harvest Home, with the slaughter of bulls which takes place on this occasion. For the Gennas of the Nagas, see T. C. Hodson, The Nāga Tribes of Manipur, p. 164 sqq. The incident of marking the road by dropping husks is common. In one of Somadeva's tales the heroine finds her way to her father's hermitage, having previously sown mustard seeds on the road which had sprung up (Katha-sarit-sāgara, 1880, vol. i., p. 290). With this Mr. Tawney compares Grimm's "The Robber Bridegroom," where the road is marked for the heroine with ashes, peas, and lentils (Household Tales, edited by M. Hunt, 1884, vol. i., p. 165), and the second and forty-ninth tale in L. Gonzenbach, Sicilianische Märchen. ]

Even in the twentieth century belief in the "little people" or fairies still lingers, particularly in mountainous and primitive districts. On the slopes of the Alps and down into the Valley of the Waldenses much delightful folklore may be found, which has been collected to form an interesting book, Legendes Vaudoises, or Légendes des Vallées Vaudoises (August Coisson, editeur).

Sometimes these stories give some vivid glimpses into local life and usages.

Lichen.—Lichen, as is well known, contains very little nourishment and presents a withered, dried-up appearance. Formerly this was not so, it was a beautiful plant, and such excellent fodder that a cow feeding on it could give enough' milk for the wants of a big family. One day an old woman was invited to a wedding. After having milked her goat she began adorning herself, when she noticed the animal was nibbling at the lichen. This necessitated her re-milking it before her departure, and in her impatience she cursed the plant, and from that time neither goat nor cow could


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fortescue, Adrian


text:
Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 26, 1915.djvu/99

 Rh feed from it again. If they did they gave no milk. Thus the people of Val S. Martin call lichen "Old women's herb."

Dead Leaves.—Another legend with two versions is current about dead leaves. An old woman was picking violets near Lake Envy, one of the thirteen lakes in Waldenses Valley. After filling her apron with the fragrant flowers she was returning home, when she chanced to approach a hollow trunk. An enormous goat emerged from within it, and demanded her lovely bunches of violets one by one, offering in return only a few dead leaves. When she reached home the dead leaves which she had hidden in her shoes had turned into solid gold.

The second version is that a young girl had noticed some beautiful tinted dried beech leaves which were spread on a stone plate at Riail (Augrogne). So she filled her apron with them, and was returning home when a large goat met her, and demanded half of her treasure. He browsed on it so heartily that soon very few leaves were left. Despairing of keeping any she emptied her apron crying, "Please eat them all, enchanted goat!" Some leaves, however, that had fallen into her shoes were found on removing them to have turned into pieces of gold. Reproaching herself for laying such slight value on the others she rushed back, but all traces of them had disappeared.

The old tree trunk where the magic goat is supposed to have lived is still pointed out to tourists, and tradition avers that he who climbs down into its recesses will find a locked door, and on turning the key will find not only beautiful ladies but heaps of gold. If people are silent they are allowed to fill their pockets and leave unhurt, but if they speak a single word to the fairies a spell is cast over them, and they are never heard of again.

The Punishment of Avarice.—Another legend deals with the punishment of avarice and self-seeking. Two women, mother and daughter-in-law, lived together. Both were misers, and the older woman had amassed a great hoard of gold, which she was so afraid might be stolen that she wrapped it up in linen bags which she tied round her legs. The daughter-in-law, almost mad with spite and greed, cast the evil eye over the old crone, and thus hastened her death. Scarcely had her victim breathed her last when the daughter-in-law discovered where the treasure had been


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fortescue, Anthony


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fortescue, Edmund


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fortescue, Faithful


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fortescue, George


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fortescue, Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fortescue, James


text:
Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 26, 1915.djvu/100

 90 placed, and, after making sure no one was about, proceeded to try and secure the bags, but they were tied on to her body with so many knots that she lost patience and taking a saw she cut off the old woman's leg. This revived the supposed corpse, who cried in a hollow voice, "Give me my leg." The daughter-in-law was so horrified at this manifestation that she fell back lifeless herself.

.

Muldarbi.—The object of the propitiatory rites practised by the natives of this part of Australia is to ward off the anger of Muldarbi, the evil spirit. Only men take part in these ceremonies, while the women and children conceal themselves and hide their faces as far as possible. The full moon is the time selected for those rites.

Black Magic.—When a party of Blacks are eating, and particularly if the meal consists of teal, the greatest care is taken to burn all the bones to ashes. If an enemy were to secure a bone the person who had eaten a teal would fall completely into his power. To make such a bone capable of doing injury to another person it must be well smeared with the fat of a corpse. It must then be thrust into a hollow kangaroo bone lubricated in the same way, and the ends of the bone in which it is enclosed must be carefully plugged with resin obtained from the gum tree. When the victim's enemy wishes to work the charm he must place the magic bone in an upright position close to a fire. As the fat in the bone begins to melt the strength of the victim wastes away, and unless it be removed from the neighbourhood of the fire the man attacked will rapidly weaken and eventually perish. If it is removed before dangerous symptoms begin to occur he will gradually recover. For such magical rites the fat round the kidneys of a corpse is preferred. The greatest secrecy is used in the performance of this rite, and a stranger finds it very difficult to obtain information about it; in fact, all questions are usually met with a denial that such rites are performed, and an outsider must


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fortescue, John (1394?-1476?)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fortescue, John (1531?-1607)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fortescue, Nicholas (1575?-1633)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fortescue, Nicholas (1605?-1644)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fortescue, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fortescue, William


text:
Page:Constitution Second Amendment Act 1992.djvu/2

GENERAL EXPLANATORY NOTE

To amend the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983, so as, with a view to further constitutional development, to empower the State President in certain circumstances to determine that certain matters which at present are own affairs of a population group shall be general affairs, and to take the necessary legislative measures for the smooth administration of such a determination by him; and to provide for matters in connection therewith.

(English text signed by the State President.) (Assented to 27 October 1992.)

E IT ENACTED by the State President and the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa, as follows:―

Insertion of section 98A in Act 110 of 1983

1. The following section is hereby inserted in the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983, after section 98: “Measures in connection with further constitutional development

98A. (1) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Act or any other law the State President may, if he considers it desirable in the interest of further constitutional development, by proclamation in the Gazette amend Schedule 1 from a date fixed by him and specified in the proclamation.

(2) If an amendment contemplated in subsection (1) affects a decision by the State President in terms of section 16(1)(a) that any particular matter is an own affair of a population group, the State President shall rescind that decision by proclamation in the Gazette as from the date referred to in subsection (1).

(3) A decision of the State President to act under this section is a general affair.

(4) As from the date on which the State President rescinds a decision in terms of subsection (2) the matter in question shall, notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Act, be deemed to be a general affair.

(5) The State President shall, as from the date on which he rescinds any decision in terms of subsection (2), by proclamation in the Gazette―


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fortune, Robert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fosbroke, Thomas Dudley


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Foss, Edward


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Foster, Augustus John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Foster, Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Foster, John (1731-1774)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Foster, John (1740-1828)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Foster, John (1770-1843)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Foster, John (1787?-1846)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Foster, John Leslie


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Foster, Michael


text: Folk-Lore/Volume 26/Folklore of the Waldenses Valley


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Foster, Peter Le Neve


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Foster, Thomas (1798-1826)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Foster, Thomas Campbell


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Foster, Walter


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Foster, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fotherby, Martin


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fothergill, Anthony (1685?-1761)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fothergill, Anthony (1732?-1813)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fothergill, George


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fothergill, John (1712-1780)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fothergill, John Milner


text:
Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 26, 1915.djvu/101

 Rh obtain the complete confidence of the tribe before he is able to ascertain the facts.

Tienatinnati and the Giant Goat-sucker Bird.—Many years ago, when I was living in the Long Desert, a dreary heath country lying between Adelaide and Melbourne, and close to the Victorian boundary, I amused myself by collecting natural history specimens. One day I secured a giant goat-sucker, a night bird with a collection of stiff hairs upon its beak. While I was away from home I left the bird in charge of my cook. On my return I found the bird dead, and the chief of the Coorong tribe told me the following story, which his nephew, a favourite of mine, interpreted to me.

In an age long ago there was a gigantic, savage member of the tribe called Tienatinnati, who was greatly feared. He had two wives, from whom two sons were born. Detested on account of his sulky disposition, he left his tribe and retired to the interior, where he made his home. Food was easily obtained, as the district abounded in kangaroo and emu. At last a drought occurred, and the family were reduced to grievous straits. Tienatinnati did not mind his wives suffering privations, but he was deeply concerned about his sons and himself. So at last he seized one of his wives, cut off one of her arms, and cooked it. Finally he killed and devoured both the women. After a time the rain broke, and when his kinsmen in the tribe heard what had happened they determined to be revenged. It was thought too dangerous to attack Tienatinnati openly, so the brothers of the murdered women devised a plan. Taking with them only their hunting weapons and a large quantity of an intoxicant made from the gnoudong root, they went to his camp. They were received in a sulky fashion, but as they were only two in number they were allowed to erect a mi-mi shelter. They offered the liquor to their enemy, who at once fell into a drunken sleep. Then the brothers went into the bush and collected a quantity of bind-weed, which is like the tendrils of the vine. They told the boys that they intended only to make their father warm and comfortable; and they commenced winding the fibre in and out round his mi-mi. When they had succeeded in confining him, they set fire to his mi-mi; and when the boys showed fight they were immediately killed. Aroused to a sense of his danger, Tienatinnati made


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Fothergill, Samuel


text:
Page:Constitution Second Amendment Act 1992.djvu/3

(6) The State President may by proclamation in the Gazette―

(7) When the administration of any law has been assigned to any Minister or any administrator in terms of subsection (5)(a), the provisions of section 10(5) and (5A) of the Interpretation Act, 1957 (Act No. 33 of 1957), shall apply mutatis mutandis in relation to that law as if that administrator, the provincial administration in question, and an officer of that administration, were a Minister of State, the department of State controlled by him, and an officer in the Public Service, respectively.

(8) A proclamation made under this section shall be tabled in Parliament within 14 days after promulgation thereof, if Parliament is in session or, if Parliament is not in session, within 14 days after the commencement of its next session.

(9) (a) If Parliament by resolution disapproves of such a proclamation or of any provision of such a proclamation, that proclamation or that provision, as the case may be, shall lapse to the extent to which it is so disapproved.

(b) The lapsing of such a proclamation or provision shall not affect―

Amendment of section 99 of Act 110 of 1983

2. Section 99 of the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983, is hereby amended―


text:
Page:Constitution Second Amendment Act 1992.djvu/4

Short title

3. This Act shall be called the Constitution Second Amendment Act, 1992.


text:
Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 26, 1915.djvu/102

92 vigorous attempts to escape. But he was burnt to ashes. The Blacks believe that his spirit still animates the giant goat-sucker, and it is still known by his name.

Gloucester.

In Hall's Chronicle, Vlth year Henry VIII. (p. 568), it is recorded that Prior John, a great captain in the French navy, raided the village of Helmston in Sussex. But an alarm was raised and the French were pursued by English archers, who wounded many of the sailors, and Prior John was shot in the face with an arrow, and was in evil case. "Therefore he offered his image of wax before Our Lady at Bolleyn with the English arrow in the face for a miracle." It would be interesting to know if the arrow referred to was preserved any length of time in the church at Boulogne.

.

. . . The patients are brought to hospital often after many days' journey in carts drawn by an ox and a mule yoked together, or in a round basket hung on poles. A sad feature of the work is the fact that they so often refuse operation, as their religion forbids maiming or mutilation. The conditions under which doctors are obliged to operate, owing to deep-rooted suspicion, sound quite amazing. Sometimes baths can be given before operation, but usually local cleansing of parts is all that can be achieved. Two or more friends must always be present during operation to prevent foul play, and all parts removed, whether limbs or internal organs, have to be restored to the patients or their friends, in case the "foreign doctors" should make medicine from such broken bits of humanity. ...

 * From an address by Dr. Norah L. Bryson to the Nurses' Missionary League, reported in The Nursing Times, Feb. 24, 1912.


text: Constitution Second Amendment Act, 1992

title: Constitution Second Amendment Act, 1992


text: Author:Wilton Hack

title: Author:Wilton Hack


text:
Author:Edmund Beckett

Works

 * The Life of John Lonsdale, Bishop of Lichfield: With Some of His Writings (1868)

Contributions to EB1911

 * (in part)
 * (in part)

title: Author:Edmund Beckett


text: Folk-Lore/Volume 26/Folklore Notes from South-East Australia


text:
Template talk:USStat

Looking for input
... on how best to expand the functionality of this template. Thank you in advance for your consideration and any feedback or input you might add to the discussion.

At some point in the recent past, the Wikipedia version of this same template was expanded to to externally link to the GoogleBooks or Library of Congress versions of a hit-or-miss range of United States Statutes at Large volumes and their specific pages. This usage and functionality is depicted in the Example section of the template's documentation sub-page.

While the Wikipedia approach is better than nothing, over the months "we've" been adding most of those volumes (and then some) as djvu files to Commons and creating Indexes for them here on Wikisource. (see the current library of scans in the table below).

I was wondering what is the best way to mimic the current Wikipedia template's external functionality but in doing so replace the volume no. (prefix) so that it points to the corresponding volume Index here on Wikisource as well as have the Stat. page (suffix) point to the correct djvu scan page accounting for any pagelist alignments in play? -- George Orwell III (talk) 19:25, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

title: Template talk:USStat


text:
Page talk:A Handbook of Anarchy.djvu/1

I think the full cover should be transcluded, there seems to be a fair enough amount of artistic merit. Any objection? - Theornamentalist (talk) 20:30, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

title: Page talk:A Handbook of Anarchy.djvu/1


text: Author:Otto Krümmel

title: Author:Otto Krümmel


text:
Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 24, 1913.djvu/219

 Plate III.

Plate 3 Folk-Lore, vol. 24.jpg

To face p. 202.


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 Plate IV. SI lucmticmern's cell TOMFINLOUGH. T BRECAN'S LEAC TEAMPUU BRECAIN .ARAN ST. BRECAX, ST. LLXHTICHPLRX, AND ST. IXGHINE HAOITH. To J (lie p. 204.


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 Plate V.

Plate 5 Folk-Lore, vol. 24.jpg ST. MACCREICHE'S TOMB, KILMACREEHY CHURCH, CO. CLARE.

(Lent by the North Munster Archæological Society.) To face p. 208.


text: Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 24, 1913.djvu/230


text: Page:The Life of Michael Angelo.djvu/23

title: Page:The Life of Michael Angelo.djvu/23


text:
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 carry into execution. In the ensuing years he occupied several important offices of trust. Five years afterwards (1678) he commanded the British troops in the service of the Prince of Orange, and at the battle of Mons contributed not a little to the defeat of Marshal Luxembourg. He died 1680, aged 46, "to the universal regret of this nation and the general grief of a great part of Europe." His father was thereafter accustomed to say that "he would not exchange his dead son for any living son in Christendom." Mr. Wills writes: "In an age degraded by the vices of Buckingham and Rochester, he ran the race of Sidney, without the reward of royal favour which valour and virtue could win in better times." His body, after resting for a time in "Westminster Abbey, was removed to Kilkenny. There is a long disquisition upon his character in Carte's 8th Book.

Butler, James, 2nd Duke of Ormond, son of preceding, born in Dublin Castle, 29th April 1665, was, with his brother and sisters, brought up by his grandfather, the great Duke. He was educated in France and at Oxford. When but seventeen, he married a daughter of Lord Hyde, and was left a widower at twenty. He served at the siege of Luxembourg, and in suppressing the Duke of Monmouth's rebellion. Shortly afterwards he took as his second wife a daughter of the Duke of Beaufort. Upon his grandfather's death he succeeded to the title of Duke, and was by the University of Oxford appointed Chancellor. He went over to William of Orange upon his arrival in England, was made a Privy-Councillor, and had other honours heaped upon him. At the battle of the Boyne he commanded the Life Guards; and a few weeks afterwards entertained William at a grand banquet at Kilkenny Castle, which had been protected from plunder by General Lauzun. He afterwards attended William to Flanders. At Landen he was severely wounded, and taken prisoner, but was soon exchanged. He served again on the Continent, among other commands leading the land forces in the attack on Cadiz in 1702. He was twice Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and was present in the English Council Chamber at the time of Guiscard's attack on Harley. After Marlborough's disgrace, he was appointed Commander-in-chief, and met but a cool reception from the Dutch and Prince Eugene when he landed in Flanders in 1712; nor did the subsequent separate negotiations with the French, in which he was the instrument employed by the English Ministry, raise him in the estimation of the allies. On his return to England, he was warmly received and made Warden of the Cinque Ports and Governor of Dover, and his Duchess a Lady of the Bedchamber. Through his interest. Swift was appointed Dean of St. Patrick's. Upon George I.'s accession he was deprived of his offices, and fled to France. Before leaving he is said to have visited Lord Oxford in the Tower, and upon parting with him to have exclaimed, "Farewell! Oxford without a head:" to which Oxford rejoined, "Farewell! Duke without a duchy." He was immediately impeached for: (1) corresponding with Marshal Villars in the late war; (2) having engaged not to attack the French army; (3) having endeavoured to persuade the confederate generals to raise the siege of Quesnoy, These charges being proved, he was attainted of high treason, and his name was erased from the list of Peers and from the order of the Garter; while the Irish Houses set £10,000 upon his head, and his estate was vested in the Crown. He thenceforth lived upon an allowance of £1,500 a year from the court of Spain, and devoted the remainder of his life to the cause of the Pretender, his house at Avignon being the head-quarters of Jacobite intrigue. Though of an amiable disposition, his married life was unhappy. In 1721 he is described as "short and fat in person, but yet of most graceful demeanour, and most noble aspect; remarkable for his attachment to the Church of England, and refusing large demesnes which were offered to him as the price of his conversion … He loves and is beloved by the ladies; is of low stature, but well shaped, of a good mien and address, a fair complexion, and very beautiful face." He died, after thirty years exile, 16th November 1745, aged 80. His body was conveyed secretly to England as a bale of goods, and buried in Henry VII.'s chapel, with some of his ancestors. [His brother Charles, the Earl of Arran, repurchased his escheated estates from Government, and was in truth 3rd Duke of Ormond, but he never assumed or was aware of possessing the title, as it had not then been decided that an attainder in the English Parliament did not affect Irish titles. On his death in December 1758, the titles of the house became dormant, until revived in 1791, by John Butler, a descendant of Walter, 11th Earl, being created 17th Earl of Ormond. James, 19th Earl, was in 1825 created a Marquis, the title now borne by the Butlers.] Sir B. Burke adopts the modern spelling, Ormonde.

Butler, Pierce, Viscount Galmoy, descended from the 10th Earl of Ormond, was born 21st March 1652. In 1677 he took  63


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Author:Strabo

Full translations

 * The Geography of Strabo (1854), translated by Hans Claude Hamilton and William Falconer
 * The Geography of Strabo (1917–32), translated by Horace Leonard Jones vol 1: Geography books I and II (Βιβλίο Α' and B'), vol 5: books X, XI and XII (Βιβλίο Ι΄, ΙA΄, and ΙB΄), vol 6: books XIII and XIV (Βιβλίο ΙΓ΄ and ΙΔ΄), vol 7: books XV and XVI (Βιβλίο ΙΕ΄ and ΙΣΤ΄), vol 8: book XVII (Βιβλίο ΙΖ΄)

Partial translations

 * Selections from Strabo (1893) by Henry Fanshawe Tozer

title: Author:Strabo


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Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 24, 1913.djvu/14

2 Mr. M. Trophimoff read a paper entitled "Modern Russian Popular Songs," (Vol. xxiii., pp. 427-42), which was illustrated by the singing of songs by Mrs. Kipmann and by Messrs. Volovi, Musatov, and the reader of the paper.

In the discussion which followed the President, Miss Broadwood, Dr. Gaster, Mr. Marchant, and Miss Hullah took part. The meeting concluded with hearty votes of thanks to Dr. Hildburgh for his exhibition and to Mr. Trophirnoff for his paper and to the lady and gentlemen who had assisted him in illustrating it. WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 18th, 1912. The minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. The death of Mr. W. F. Kirby was announced. On the motion of the Chairman the following resolutions were passed, viz.: — (1) The Folk-Lore Society desires to express its profound regret at the death of Mr. Andrew Lang, one of the original members of the Society and a former President. During the entire existence of the Society he displayed the greatest interest in its operations and contributed largely to its Proceedings. His numerous and valuable works have done much to establish the foundations of scientific folklore, and have largely contributed to its popularisation among the British Public and abroad. The Society desires to express the condolence of its members with Mrs. Lang on his unexpected death, and directs that a copy of this resolution, with an expression of