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 Naper, Robert, s. Robert, of Old Castle, co. Meath, Ireland, arm. , matric. 26 Jan., 1743-4, aged 19. See Foster's Peerage,.  Naper, William, s. James Dutton (formerly or ), of Sherborne, co. Gloucester, arm. , matric. 13 July, 1768, aged 19; of Loughcrew, co. Meath, brother of James, 1st Lord Sherborne, resumed the name of, died 28 Nov., 1791. See Foster's Peerage.  Napier, Arthur Sampson, 1s. George Webster, of Wilmslow, Cheshire, gent. , matric. 23 May. 1874, aged 20, scholar 1874-8, B.A. 1878, M.A. 1881, fellow 1885, professor English language and literature 1885. See Boase, 167.  Napier, Bertram Harold, 1s. William Donald, of London, arm. , matric. 15 Oct., 1880, aged 19.  Napier, Charles Frederick, 2s. Hon. William, of London, arm. , matric. 19 Oct., 1880, aged 18; B.A. 1883, bar.-at-law, Middle Temple, 1885.  [5] Napier, Charles Walter Albyn, 2s. Gerard Martin Berkeley, of Penward, Somerset, arm. , matric. 19 May, 1836, aged 18; B.A. 1840, vicar of Evercreech, Somerset, 1843-50, rector of Wiston, Sussex, 1850.  Napier, Edward, s. Thomas, of Tintenhull, Somerset, gent. , matric. 8 May, 1739, aged 18; B.A. 1742 (as ), father of Edward next named.  Napier, Edward, s. Edward, of Tintenhull, Somerset, cler. , matric. 11 July, 1764, aged 17 (? rector of Sutton Waldron, Dorset, 1782, until his death in 1816, aged 67). See Hutchins' Dorset, ii. 185, 779.

Napier, Edward (Berkeley), s. Andrew, of Westminster, arm. , matric. 11 Feb., 1778, aged 18; of Pylle House, Somerset, bar.-at-law, Middle Temple, 1783, died in 1798, father of Gerard Martin Napier 1809.

Napier, Edward Berkeley, 3s. Edward Berkeley, of Shepton Mallet, Somerset, arm. , matric. 18 Oct., 1880, aged 18.
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Napier, Rev. George, 7s. Charles Walter Albyn, of wiston, Sussex, cler. , matric. 2 Feb., 1878, aged 18; B.A. 1881.

Napier, (Sir) Gerard (Bart.), s. Nathaniel, of Critchell, Dorset, baronet. , matric. 11 May, 1719, aged 18; 5th baronet, died 25 Oct., 1759.

Napier, (Sir) Gerard (Bart.), s. Gerard, of Middle Marsh Hall, Dorset, baronet. , matric. 13 April, 1758, aged 18; 6th baronet, M.P. Bridport, 1761, until his death 25 Jan., 1765.

Napier, Gerard Martin Berkeley, s. Edward, of Pylle House, Somerset, arm. , matric. 16 Oct., 1809, aged 17; of Pennard House, Somerset, died 13 May, 1820, father of Charles 1836.

Napier, Hon. Henry Alfred, s. Francis, of Wilton Lodge, Roxburgh, Scotland, Baron Napier. , matric. 23 Jan., 1817, aged 19; B.A. 1820, M.A. 1822, rector of Swyncombe, Oxon, 1826, until his death 20 Nov., 1871.
 [15]

Napier, (Sir) John (Bart.), s. Archibald, of Luton Hoo, Beds. , matric. 19 Jan., 1721-2, aged 16; 6th baronet, died in 1747.

Napier, Right Hon. Sir Joseph, Bart., created D.C.L. 7 June, 1853 (son of William Napier, of Belfast, merchant), B.A., Dublin, 1825, M.A. 1828, LL.B. & LL.D. 1851, bar.-at- law, King's Inns, Easter, 1831, Q.C 1844, attorney-general Ireland 1852, M.P. Dublin University 1848-58, lord chancellor of Ireland 1858-9, vice-chancellor of Dublin University 1867-82, P.C., created a baronet 9 April, 1867, died 9 Dec., 1882. See Foster's Baronetage.

Napier, Richard, s. George, of Celbridge, co. Kildare, Ireland, arm. , matric. 17 May, 1806, aged 18, B.A. 1810; fellow 1811-18, M.A. 1814, bar.-at-law, Lincoln's Inn, 1817, died in Jan., 1868.

Napier, Robert Cornelis, Lord Napier, of Magdab, created D.C.L. 26 June, 1878 (s. Major Charles Frederick Napier, ), field-marshal in the army 1882, colonel commandant royal engineers 1874, commander-in-chief Bombay 1865-9, and in India 1870-5, commanded the Abyssinian Expedition 1867-8, governor of Gibraltar 1876-82, constable of the Tower 1886, created a peer 17 July, 1868, G.C.S.I. 16 Sep., 1867, G.C.B. 27 April, 1868. See Foster's Peerage.

Napier, Walter John, 2s. George Webster, of Wimslow, Cheshire, arm. , matric. 23 Oct., 1877, aged 20; B.A. 1880, B.C.L. & M.A. 1884, bar.-law, Lincoln's Inn, 1881. See Foster's Men at the Bar & Rugby School Reg.
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Napier, Wyndham, s. Nath., of Grange, Dorset, baronet. , matric. 12 Oct., 1723, aged 18; B.A. 1727, brother of Gerard 1719.

Napleton, John, s. John, of Pembridge, co. Hereford, cler. , matric. 22 March, 1755, aged 16; B.A. 1758, M.A. 1761, B. & D.D. 1789, rector of Would, Northants, 1777, canon of Hereford 1789, and chancellor of the diocese, master of the hospital at Ledbury, rector of Stoke Edith, and vicar of Lugwardine, co. Hereford, and praelector in divinity Hereford Cathedral 1810, died 9 Dec., 1817. See Manchester School Reg., i. 155.

Napleton, John, o.s. John Charles, of Munderfield, co. Hereford, cler. , matric. 16 Oct., 1872, aged 21; perp. curate Christ Church, Coventry, 1881-4, rector of Wymington 1885.

Napleton, John Charles, 9s. Timothy, of Powderham, Devon, cler. , matric. 13 May, 1829, aged 18; bible clerk 1830-2, B.A. 1833, perp. curate Hatfield, co. Hereford, 1844-58, of Grendon Bishop 1849-58, of All Saints, Lambeth, 1858, until his death 13 April, 1867.

Napleton, Timothy, s. Marsh, of Tenbury, co. Worcester, gent. , matric. 4 April, 1772, aged 15, B.A. 1775; M.A. from, Cambridge, 1785, rector of Powderham, Devon, 1799, and of North Bovey 1802, until his death 16 Jan., 1816. See Manchester School Reg., i. 153.

Napper, Campion, o.s. Campion, of Sutton-on-the-Forest, Yorks, cler. , matric. 20 Oct., 1856, aged 21.
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Napper, Edward, 1s. Edward, of Ifold, Sussex, gent. , matric. 12 Feb., 1823, aged 18.

Nares, Edward, y.s. George, of London, equitis. , matric. 22 March, 1779, aged 16, B.A. 1783; fellow 1788-90, M.A. 1789, B. & D.D. 1814, Bampton lecturer 1805, regius professor modern history 1813-41, rector of Biddenden, Kent, 1798, until his death 20 Aug., 1841. See Alumni West., 405.

Nares, Edward Robert, 1s. Edward, of Biddenden, Kent, doctor. , matric. 2 Nov., 1821, aged 17; postmaster 1822-5, B.A. 1826, rector of Wittersham, and vicar of Brenzett, Kent, died 17 May, 1865.

Nares, Hon. Sir George, created D.C.L. 7 July, 1773 (son of George, of Albury, Oxon, gent.), educated at Magdalen College School; admitted to, bar.-at-law, Inner Temple, 1741, king's serjt.-at-law 1759, M.P. Oxford 1768 to Jan., 1771, and recorder, a judge of Court of Common Pleas, Jan., 1771 (knighted 27th), until his death 20 July, 1786, father of Edward 1779, and of George Strange 1776.
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Nares, George Strange, s. George, of London, equitis. , matric. 5 June, 1776, aged 17; captain 70th regiment of foot, died in the West Indies 1794. See Alumni West., 405.

Nares, John Bever, s. John, of Llandwywydd, co. Cardigan, arm. , matric. 8 June, 1803, aged 16.
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 Nutcher, William, 3s. Thomas, of Hugglescote, co. Leicester, pleb. , matric. 21 Feb., 1867, aged 31; clerk St. John's College 1861-5, master of the boys 1861-73.  Nuthall, William, s. John, of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, Middlesex, gent. , matric. 27 April, 1720, aged 18.  Nutcombe, John Nutcombe Gould, 5s. John Gould, of Tratheage, Cornwall, arm. , matric. 5 June, 1823, aged 17; B.A. 1827, assumed the additional surname of, held various curacies, chaplain at Weisbaden and Frankfort-on-Maine, and chaplain R.N., rector of Stokeinteignhead 1847, until his death 19 Oct., 1878. See also Gent.'s Mag., 1809, ii. 1237.  Nutt, Charles, s. George, of Speenhamland, Berks, arm. , matric. 9 May, 1816, aged 18, exhibitioner 1816-7 demy 1817-22, B.A. 1820, M.A. 1824, vicar of East Harptree, Somerset, 1853, until his death 9 March, 1878. See Bloxam, vii. 271.  Nutt, Charles Henry, 1s. Charles, of Tiverton, Somerset, cler. , matric. 25 July, 1846, aged 17; demy 1846-61, B.A. 1851, M.A. 1853, rector and vicar of East Harptree 1864. See ''Coll. Reg.'', vii. 379.  [5]

Nutt, George, 3s. William Young, of Stoke, Surrey, cler. , matric. 21 Nov., 1834, aged 18; B.A. 1838, vicar of Shaw and Whitley in Sarum.  Nutt, George, 1s. George, of Erie Stoke, near Melksham, Wilts, cler. , matric. 14 Oct., 1864, aged 18, scholar 1864-9, B.A. 1869; fellow 1869-77, M.A. 1871, classical lecturer 1869, a master at Cheltenham College and at Rugby 1874. See Boase, 142.  Nutt, George Arthur, o.s. Josiah, of London, gent. , matric. 25 Oct., 1880, aged 19; scholar 1880-4, B.A. 1885.

Nutt, Horace Young, 1s. Horace, of Stourbridge, co. Worcester, gent. , matric. 16 Oct., 1886, aged 22.

Nutt, John William, 3s. Charles, of Tiverton, Somerset, cler. , matric. 6 Feb., 1852, aged 17, scholar 1852-8, B.A. 1856, M.A. 1858; fellow 1858-75, chaplain 1873-9, inspector of schools 1860-7, Grinfield lecturer on the Septuagint 1874-6, sub-librarian Bodleian 1867-79, public examiner 1875, etc., rector of Harrietsham, Kent, 1879-88, and of Sheffield 1888. See Robinson, 302.
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Nutt, Robert, 5s. William Young, of Burrow-in-Collem, co. Leicester, cler. , matric. 8 July, 1843, aged 19; B.A. 1849, M.A. 1850, has held various curacies since 1854.

Nutt, Thomas, s. James, of Newport, Isle of Wight, pleb. , matric. 8 Dec., 1806, aged 26; B.A. 1810, curate of Bodicote, Oxon, died 24 Jan., 1853.

Nutt, William, s. John, of Masefield, Sussex, gent. , matric. 10 June, 1721, aged 17. See Sussex Archæological Journal, vi. 238.

Nuttall, Rev. Ebenezer Appleby, y.s. James, of Barnoldswick, Yorks, gent. , matric. 21 Oct., 1880, aged 19; B.A. 1883.

Nuttall, John, s. Robert, of Bury, Lancashire, arm. , matric. 27 Feb., 1786, aged 16; died at Overleigh Hall, Cheshire, in Nov., 1813.

Nuttall, Thomas Kirkpatrick, o.s. Thomas, of Liverpool, gent. , matric. 26 Oct., 1881, aged 17; B.A. 1885.
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Nuttall, William, s. William, of Dean, Lancashire, pleb. , matric. 28 March, 1783, aged 20; B.A. & M.A. 1789, perp. curate Swinton, Lancashire, 1791, until his death in 1833.

Nutter, Ellis, s. Ellis, of Burnley, Lancashire, pleb. , matric. 31 March, 1726, aged 18.

Nutter, John, s. Richard, of Burnley, Lancashire, gent. , matric. 5 April, 1731, aged 17; B.A. 1735.

Nutting, Philip Henry, 4s. George Horace, of Bridgewater, Somerset, cler. , matric. 13 Oct., 1871, aged 20.
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 Oakden, Rev. Roger, 2s. Ralph, of Goudhurst, near Staplehurst, Kent, gent. , matric. 14 Oct., 1865. aged 19; B.A. 1870, M.A. 1872.  Oake, George, s. George, of Falmouth, Cornwall, arm. , matric. 27 March, 1779, aged 17; B.A. 1782.  Oakeley, Arthur, 4s. Herbert, of Oakeley Lydham, Salop, cler. , matric. 28 Feb., 1834, aged 18; B.A. from 1840, M.A. 1841, rector of Lydham, Salop, 1842, until his death 2 Jan., 1870. See Eton School Lists.  Oakeley, Sir Charles, Bart., created D.C.L. 15 June, 1825 (s. William Oakeley, rector of Forton, Stafford, etc.), entered 1766, Governor of Madras 1790-4, created a baronet 5 June, 1790, died 7 Sep., 1826. See Foster's Baronetage.  Oakeley, (Sir) Charles (William Atholl, Bart.), 1s. Herbert, of Ealing, Middlesex, baronet. , matric. 4 June, 1846, aged 17; 4th baronet. See Foster's Baronetage & Eton School Lists.  [5]

Oakeley, Edward de Clifford William, o.s. William Edward, of London, arm. , matric. 25 May, 1883, aged 18.  Oakeley, Frederick, 6s. Charles, of Holy Cross, Shrewsbury, baronet. , matric. 15 June, 1820, aged 17, B.A. 1824; fellow Balliol Coll. 1827-45, M.A. 1827, tutor 1831-7, senior dean 1834, catechetical and logic lecturer, bursar 1837, preb. of Lichfield 1832-45, incumbent of Margaret Chapel, Margaret Street, London, 1839-45, seceded to Rome, R.C. canon of Westminster 1852, died 29 Jan., 1880.  Oakeley, Rev. Herbert, s. Richard, of Croft, co. Hereford, arm. , matric. 8 Dec., 1730, aged 17; B.A. 1734, M.A. 1737, died in 1788, father of the next named, and of John 1761.

Oakeley, Herbert, s. Herbert, of Firgrove, Salop, cler. , matric. 10 April, 1767, aged 18; B.A. from 1772, M.A. 1776, died rector of Hopton Castle and Lydham in 1812.

Oakeley, Herbert, s. John, of Lydham, Salop, arm. , matric. 27 Feb., 1797, aged 18; B.A. 1800, M.A. 1803, B.D. 1805, D.D. 1828, of Oakeley, Salop, rector (and patron) of Lydham 1812, preb. of Hereford 1817, until his death 5 Jan., 1830.
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Oakeley, (Sir) Herbert (Bart.), s. Charles, of Madras, East Indies, baronet. , matric. 25 April, 1807, aged 16; student 1807-23, B.A. 1811, M.A. 1813, 3rd baronet, preb. of St. Paul's 1816, of Lichfield 1816, and of Worcester 1817, dean and rector of Bocking 1834-45, archdeacon of Colchester 1841, vicar of Ealing, Middlesex, 1822-34, died 27 March, 1845.

Oakeley, (Sir) Herbert Stanley, 2s. Herbert, of Ealing, Middlesex, cler. and baronet. , matric. 17 Oct., 1849, aged 19; B.A. 1853, M.A. 1856, created D.Mus. 19 June, 1879, and D.Mus. Cambridge 1871, professor of music Edinburgh University, etc., 1865, knighted at Edinburgh 17 Aug., 1876. See Foster's Baronetage & Rugby School Reg., 248.

Oakeley, James, 4s. Thomas, of Mitcheltroy, co. Monmouth, gent. , matric. 6 April, 1848, aged 18; B.A. 1852, perp. curate of Llanishen, co. Monmouth, 1861-86.

Oakeley, Rev. James Bagnall Bagnall, 1s. William, of ——, co. Monmouth, cler. , matric. 21 Oct., 1873, aged 19; B.A. 1877.

Oakeley, John, s. Rowland, of South Kilworth, co. Leicester, cler. , matric. 21 March, 1715-6, aged 18; B.A. 1719.
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Oakeley, John, s. Herbert, of Lydbury, Salop, cler. , matric. 3 Aug., 1761, aged 17; bar.-at-law, Inner Temple, 1771, brother of Herbert 1767.

Oakeley, John, 2s. Henry, of Croft, co. Hereford, arm. , matric. 28 May, 1874, aged 17; of Oakeley, Salop. See Foster's Baronetage.

Oakeley, Richard, s. Richard, of Hereford (city), arm. , matric. 25 May, 1728, aged 18; of Oakeley, Salop, brother of Herbert 1730.

Oakeley, Robert, s. Jer., of St. Clement Danes, London, arm. , matric. 17 March, 1721-2, aged 17; B.A. 1725, M.A. 1728.

Oakeley, William, s. William, of Steventon, Salop, arm. , matric. 4 March, 1736-7, aged 18; B.A. 6 March, 1740-1, M.A. 7 March, 1743-4, rector of Eaton-under-Heywood, and of Forton, co. Stafford, vicar of Holy Cross, Shrewsbury, 1782, until his death 3 Oct., 1863, father of Charles, D.C.L. See Foster's Baronetage.
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Oakeley, Rev. William (Bagnall), 3s. Thomas, of Mitcheltroy, co. Monmouth, gent. , matric. 6 June, 1840, aged 18; scholar 1843-6, B.A. 1844, fellow 1846-54, M.A. 1847, father of James Bagnall B. 1873.

Oakeley, William Edward, o.s. William Edward, of Lichfield, co. Stafford, arm. , matric. 27 March, 1847, aged 18; of Plas, Tan-y-Bwlch, co. Merioneth, high sheriff 1874. See Foster's Baronetage & Eton School Lists.

Oakeley, William Gryffydd, s. William, of Shrewsbury, Salop, arm. , matric. 26 Jan., 1809, aged 18; B.A. 1812, of Tan-y-bwlch Hall, co. Merioneth, where he died 12 Oct., 1835.

Oakeley, Rev. William Pearce, 4s. Thomas William, of Mitcheltroy, co. Monmouth, gent. , matric. 13 Oct., 1879, aged 19; B.A. 1883.

Oakes, Charles, 3s. Humphrey, of Bridgnorth, Salop, gent. , matric. 14 April, 1820, aged 18; B.A. 1824, M.A. 1827, rector of Kimberton, and vicar of Sutton Maddock, Salop, 1830, died 24 June, 1830.
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A SHORT HISTORY OF ENGLAND days does not praise her as spacious, but only as small, like a jewel. The vision of universal expansion was wholly veiled until the eighteenth century; and even when it came it was far less vivid and vital than what came in the sixteenth. What came then was not Imperialism; it was Anti-Imperialism. England achieved, at the beginning of her modern history, that one thing human imagination will always find heroic—the story of a small nationality. The business of the Armada was to her what Bannockburn was to the Scots, or Majuba to the Boers—a victory that astonished even the victors. What was opposed to them was Imperialism in its complete and colossal sense, a thing unthinkable since Rome. It was, in no overstrained sense, civilization itself. It was the greatness of Spain that was the glory of England. It is only when we realize that the English were, by comparison, as dingy, as undeveloped, as petty and provincial as Boers, that we can appreciate the height of their defiance or the splendour of their escape. We can only grasp it by grasping that for a great part of Europe the cause of the Armada had almost the cosmopolitan common sense of a crusade. The Pope had declared Elizabeth illegitimate—logically, it is hard to see what else he could say, having declared her mother's marriage invalid; but the fact was another and perhaps a final stroke sundering England from the elder world. Meanwhile those picturesque English privateers who had plagued the Spanish Empire of the New 156


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SPAIN AND THE SCHISM OF NATIONS World were spoken of in the South simply as pirates, and technically the description was true; only technical assaults by the weaker party are in retrospect rightly judged with some generous weakness. Then, as if to stamp the contrast in an imperishable image, Spain, or rather the empire with Spain for its centre, put forth all its strength, and seemed to cover the sea with a navy like the legendary navy of Xerxes. It bore down on the doomed island with the weight and solemnity of a day of judgment; sailors or pirates struck at it with small ships staggering under large cannon, fought it with mere masses of flaming rubbish, and in that last hour of grapple a great storm arose out of the sea and swept round the island, and the gigantic fleet was seen no more. The uncanny completeness and abrupt silence that swallowed this prodigy touched a nerve that has never ceased to vibrate. The hope of England dates from that hopeless hour, for there is no real hope that has not once been a forlorn hope. The breaking of that vast naval net remained like a sign that the small thing which escaped would survive the greatness. And yet there is truly a sense in which we may never be so small or so great again.

For the splendour of the Elizabethan age, which is always spoken of as a sunrise, was in many ways a sunset. Whether we regard it as the end of the Renascence or the end of the old mediæval civilization, no candid critic can deny 157


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A SHORT HISTORY OF ENGLAND that its chief glories ended with it. Let the reader ask himself what strikes him specially in the Elizabethan magnificence, and he will generally find it is something of which there were at least traces in mediæval times, and far fewer traces in modern times. The Elizabethan drama is like one of its own tragedies—its tempestuous torch was soon to be trodden out by the Puritans. It is needless to say that the chief tragedy was the cutting short of the comedy; for the comedy that came to England after the Restoration was by comparison both foreign and frigid. At the best it is comedy in the sense of being humorous, but not in the sense of being happy. It may be noted that the givers of good news and good luck in the Shakespearian love-stories nearly all belong to a world which was passing, whether they are friars or fairies. It is the same with the chief Elizabethan ideals, often embodied in the Elizabethan drama. The national devotion to the Virgin Queen must not be wholly discredited by its incongruity with the coarse and crafty character of the historical Elizabeth. Her critics might indeed reasonably say that in replacing the Virgin Mary by the Virgin Queen, the English reformers merely exchanged a true virgin for a false one. But this truth does not dispose of a true, though limited, contemporary cult. Whatever we think of that particular Virgin Queen, the tragic heroines of the time offer us a whole procession of virgin queens. And it is certain that the mediævals would have understood much better than the 158


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SPAIN AND THE SCHISM OF NATIONS moderns the martyrdom of Measure for Measure. And as with the title of Virgin, so with the title of Queen. The mystical monarchy glorified in Richard II. was soon to be dethroned much more ruinously than in Richard II. The same Puritans who tore off the pasteboard crowns of the stage players were also to tear off the real crowns of the kings whose parts they played. All mummery was to be forbidden, and all monarchy to be called mummery.

Shakespeare died upon St. George's Day, and much of what St. George had meant died with him. I do not mean that the patriotism of Shakespeare or of England died; that remained and even rose steadily, to be the noblest pride of the coming times. But much more than patriotism had been involved in that image of St. George to whom the Lion Heart had dedicated England long ago in the deserts of Palestine. The conception of a patron saint had carried from the Middle Ages one very unique and as yet unreplaced idea. It was the idea of variation without antagonism. The Seven Champions of Christendom were multiplied by seventy times seven in the patrons of towns, trades and social types; but the very idea that they were all saints excluded the possibility of ultimate rivalry in the fact that they were all patrons. The Guild of the Shoemakers and the Guild of the Skinners, carrying the badges of St. Crispin and St. Bartholomew, might fight each other in the streets; but they did not believe that St. Crispin and St. Bartholomew were fighting 159


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A SHORT HISTORY OF ENGLAND each other in the skies. Similarly the English would cry in battle on St. George and the French on St. Denis; but they did not seriously believe that St. George hated St. Denis or even those who cried upon St. Denis. Joan of Arc, who was on the point of patriotism what many modern people would call very fanatical, was yet upon this point what most modern people would call very enlightened. Now, with, the religious schism, it cannot be denied, a deeper and more inhuman division appeared. It was no longer a scrap between the followers of saints who were themselves at peace, but a war between the followers of gods who were themselves at war. That the great Spanish ships were named after St. Francis or St. Philip was already beginning to mean little to the new England; soon it was to mean something almost cosmically conflicting, as if they were named after Baal or Thor. These are indeed mere symbols; but the process of which they are symbols was very practical and must be seriously followed. There entered with the religious wars the idea which modern science applies to racial wars; the idea of natural wars, not arising from a special quarrel but from the nature of the people quarrelling. The shadow of racial fatalism first fell across our path, and far away in distance and darkness something moved that men had almost forgotten.

Beyond the frontiers of the fading Empire lay that outer land, as loose and drifting as a sea, which had boiled over in the barbarian wars. 160


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SPAIN AND THE SCHISM OF NATIONS Most of it was now formally Christian, but barely civilized; a faint awe of the culture of the south and west lay on its wild forces like a light frost. This semi-civilized world had long been asleep; but it had begun to dream. In the generation before Elizabeth a great man who, with all his violence, was vitally a dreamer, Martin Luther, had cried out in his sleep in a voice like thunder, partly against the place of bad customs, but largely also against the place of good works in the Christian scheme. In the generation after Elizabeth the spread of the new wild doctrines in the old wild lands had sucked Central Europe into a cyclic war of creeds. In this the house which stood for the legend of the Holy Roman Empire, Austria, the Germanic partner of Spain, fought for the old religion against a league of other Germans fighting for the new. The continental conditions were indeed complicated, and grew more and more complicated as the dream of restoring religious unity receded. They were complicated by the firm determination of France to be a nation in the full modern sense; to stand free and foursquare from all combinations; a purpose which led her, while hating her own Protestants at home, to give diplomatic support to many Protesrants abroad, simply because it preserved the balance of power against the gigantic confederation of Spaniards and Austrians. It is complicated by the rise of a Calvinistic and commercial power in the Netherlands, logical, defiant, defending its own independence valiantly 161


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A SHORT HISTORY OF ENGLAND against Spain. But on the whole we shall be right if we see the first throes of the modern international problems in what is called the Thirty Years' War; whether we call it the revolt of half-heathens against the Holy Roman Empire, or whether we call it the coming of new sciences, new philosophies, and new ethics from the north. Sweden took a hand in the struggle, and sent a military hero to the help of the newer Germany. But the sort of military heroism everywhere exhibited offered a strange combination of more and more complex strategic science with the most naked and cannibal cruelty. Other forces besides Sweden found a career in the carnage. Far away to the north-east, in a sterile land of fens, a small ambitious family of money-lenders who had become squires, vigilant, thrifty, thoroughly selfish, rather thinly adopted the theories of Luther, and began to lend their almost savage hinds as soldiers on the Protestant side. They were well paid for it by step after step of promotion; but at this time their principality was only the old Mark of Brandenburg. Their own name was Hohenzollern. 162


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had arrived the night of the disastrous laundry experiment, and made his announcement at the supper table.

"An oil fire!" ejaculated Betty. "Where is it? Won't it burn the offices and houses? Perhaps they'll have it put out before we get there!"

Mr. Gordon did not seem to be at all excited, and continued to eat his supper placidly. He looked tired, and he later admitted that he had slept little the night before, having spent the time discussing ways of putting out the fire with the well foreman.

"No, we'll get to it in plenty of time in the morning," he assured his niece. "An oil fire is less dangerous than expensive, my dear. We've got a man coming up from beyond Tippewa with a sand blast on the first train. Telegraphed for him to-night. It will cost fifteen hundred dollars to put the fire out, but it's worth it."

"Fifteen hundred dollars!" Betty stared aghast.

"Well, think of the barrels of oil burning up," returned her uncle. "The fire's been going since Rh


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 CHAPTER XIV

THINK the Rocky Mountain goat is one of the most interesting animals on the North American Continent. In appearance he is extraordinary; in colour pure white; in mind a philosopher, and in habit an acrobat.

One, and sometimes two, baby goats are born at a time. At a very tender age he follows his mother up beyond the timberline into the rocky

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84 yesterday afternoon. The normal output of that well is round about three thousand barrels a day. Every twenty-four hours she burns, that much oil is lost to us. So we count the fifteen hundred cheap."

The Watterby household had the farm habit of retiring early, and to-night Betty and Bob were anxious to get to sleep early, too, that they might have a good start in the morning. Mr. Gordon was glad to turn in when the rest did and make up for lost sleep, so by nine o'clock the house was wrapped in slumber.

An hour or two later Betty was awakened by what sounded like a shot. Startled, she listened for a moment, and then, hearing no further commotion, went to sleep again.

She was the first one down in the morning, barring Mrs. Watterby, who, winter and summer, rose at half-past four or earlier. Going out to the pump for a drink of water she saw Ki bending over something beside the woodshed.

"Hey!" he hailed her, without getting up. "Come see what I got."

Ki and Betty were now excellent friends, the taciturn Indian apparently recognizing that her interest in his stories and Indian tales was unfeigned.

"Why, what is it?" she asked, stopping in


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134 heights of the mountains, and in a short time he learns to leap from crag to crag over ravines and gullies with the ease of a chamois. This youngster soon acquires a fleetness of foot, a steadiness of purpose and a gift of reasoning that mark him the general of the hoof animals. When pursued by his enemies he finds a line of retreat where nothing can follow except an eagle or an aëroplane. He is the best rock climber of the hoofed fellows, and, excepting the musk-ox, is the only ungulate (hoofed animal) not panic-stricken by dogs.

Deer, sheep and elk sometimes jump to their deaths when attacked, but not so with Mr. Mountain Goat. He plans his campaign like the general he is, and woe unto the dogs that fall victims to his cyclonic charges and the vicious stabs from his razor-like horns. His sharp hoofs soon reduce an enemy to pulp and he is left victorious, the monarch of all he surveys.

The dangers mountain goats face are many. The mother goats are courageous protectors and devoted to their little ones. They guard them

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Rh amazement as her foot touched a furry body. "Is it a dog? Oh, Ki, you didn't kill a dog?"

"No, not a dog," said the Indian showing his white teeth in a grin which was the nearest he ever permitted himself to come to a laugh. "Not a dog—a fox. I shot him last night. He would eat Mis' Watterby's chickens."

"So that was what I heard," Betty said, recalling the noise that had wakened her. "Bob, come and see the fox Ki shot."

Bob came running over to the woodshed, and appraised the reddish yellow body admiringly.

"Gee, he was a big one, wasn't he?" he murmured. "When'd you shoot him, Ki? Last night? I didn't hear anything. Stealing chickens, I'll bet a feather."

Ki nodded, and displayed a shining knife.

"You watch," he told them. "I skin him, and cure the fur—then I give it to Miss Betty. Make her a nice what you call neck-piece next winter."

"Oh, don't skin him!" Betty involuntarily shuddered. "I couldn't bear to watch you do that. He will bleed, and I'll think it hurts him. Poor little fox—I hate to see dead things!"

Her lips quivered, and Ki looked hurt.

"You no want a neck-piece?" he asked, bewildered. "Very nice young ladies wear them. I have seen."


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Rh against the onslaughts of prowling wolves, pumas, bears and man.

The mountain goat must be ever on the alert. Freshets, avalanches and snow-slides are a few of the dangers he has to guard against. The mountain goat is an adult at two years. He is very impressive now in appearance, and has marked characteristics. His high shoulders and low hindquarters, stocky legs, thick-set body and shaggy head carried low are bison-like in outline. But his white colour mark him to be of a widely different species. His features consist of small, short horns, long, comical face, and a black patch of musty, oily skin, the size of a half dollar, back of each horn.

I want to tell you my personal experience with baby mountain goats that began when I was a little kiddie four years old. At that time we lived on the outpost of civilisation in the heart of the Sierra Nevadas. There were no children there and except for my own family I was without human companionship. It was the most natural thing in the world that I should turn to the wild life for a playmate. The antics of the wild goats

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86 Betty smiled at him through the tears that would come.

"I would love to have the fur," she explained. "Only I'm such a coward I can't bear to see you skin the fox. I heard a man say once that women are all alike—we don't care if animals are killed to give us clothes, but we want some one else to do the killing."

Somewhat to her surprise, Ki seemed to understand.

"Bob help me skin him," he announced quietly. "You go in. When the fur is dry and clean, you have it for your neck-piece."

Betty thanked him and ran away to tell Mr. Gordon and Grandma Watterby of her present. A handsome fox skin was not to be despised, and Betty was all girl when it came to pretty clothes and furs.

Ki and Bob came in to breakfast, and the talk turned to the oil fire. Mr. Gordon generously invited as many as could get into his machine to go, but Mrs. Price could not stand excitement and the Watterbys were too busy to indulge in that luxury. Will Watterby offered to let Ki go, but the Indian had a curious antipathy to oil fields. Grandma Watterby always insisted it was because he was not a Reservation Indian and, unlike many of them, owned no oil lands.

"I'd go with you myself," she declared brightly,


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136 filled me with wonder and delight, and secretly I resolved to get acquainted with them. It didn't take me long to discover the broad shelf of rock, half-way down the mountainside, where the herd camped at night. One cold morning I made them a call and stampeded them. Their alarm at my presence didn't discourage me in the least, so the next morning I called again. They soon grew to know me and to realise there wasn't much to fear from a toddling youngster four years old, so in a short time we became great friends.

It was their custom to climb the mountain at sunrise in search of food. The tiny baby goats were left unprotected while their mothers sought the heights for the precious herbage that was so scarce during the early spring. I acted as nurse during their absence.

I would gather the goats in my chubby arms and trudge back to the cabin with them, caring for them for several hours until I heard the bleats of the returning mothers. Then I would hasten back with the babies and give them over to their mothers' care. The number of babies

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Rh "if the misery In my back wasn't a little mite onery this mornin'. Racketing about in that contraption o' yours, I reckon, wouldn't be the best kind of liniment for cricks like mine."

So only Mr. Gordon, Betty and Bob started for the fields.

"I saw a horse that I think will about suit you, Betty," said her uncle when they were well away from the house. "I'm having it sent out to-morrow. She is reputed gentle and used to being ridden by a woman. Then, if we can pick up some kind of a nag for Bob, you two needn't be tied down to the farm. All the orders I have for you is that you're to keep away from the town. Ride as far into the country as you like."

"But, Mr. Gordon," protested Bob, "I don't want you to get a horse for me! I'd rather have a job. Isn't there something I can do out at the oil fields? I'm used to looking out for myself."

"Look here, young man," came the reply with mock severity, "I thought I told you you had a job on your hands looking after Betty. I meant it. I can't go round on these inspection trips unless I can feel that she is all right. And, by the way, have you any objection to calling me Uncle Dick? I think I rather fancy the idea of a nephew."

Bob, of course, felt more at ease then, and


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88 Betty, too, was pleased. The boy found it easy to call Mr. Gordon "Uncle Dick," and as time went on and they became firmer friends it seemed most natural that he should do so.

They were approaching the oil fields gradurally, the road, which was full of treacherous ruts, being anything but straight. Whenever they met a team or another car, which was infrequently, they had to stop far to one side and let the other vehicle pass. Betty was much impressed with her first near view of the immense derricks.

"What a lot of them!" she said. "Just like a forest, isn't it, Uncle Dick?"

Her uncle frowned preoccupiedly.

"Those are not our fields," he announced curtly. "They're mostly the property of small leaseholders. It is mighty wasteful, Betty, to drill like that, cutting up the land into small holdings, and is bound to make trouble. They have no storage facilities, and if the pipe lines can't take all the oil produced, there is congestion right away. Also many of the leases are on short terms, and that means they've the one idea of getting all the oil out they can while they hold the land. So they tend to exhaust the sands early, and violate the principles of conservation."

They were following the road through the oil fields now, and presently Mr. Gordon announced that they were on his company's holdings. At


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Rh increased so rapidly that my entire mornings were spent carrying little goats from the shelf of rock to the cabin and back again. Among the new ones was a dear little beauty of superior intelligence and a sweet, affectionate disposition. I named her Bonnie Bell and chose her for my own pet. She became so attached to me she would follow me home of her own accord, and loved me as devotedly as a puppy. She was white as snow, her hair was long and silky, and her eyes a soft hazel and very expressive. She had cunning little hoofs, and looked quite a bit like a lamb. I gave her a blue ribbon collar and fed her condensed milk from a spoon. If we ran short of milk, she sucked my finger for a substitute.

At this time the wolves became troublesome. Their howls made the night hideous and the days lost their charm with those sly marauders skulking through the brush. The mother goats became worried about leaving the babies to go for the herbage that grew on the peaks, but hunger forced them. For several mornings all was well with the little ones. I was on the spot

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Rh the same time they saw a column of dense black smoke towering toward the sky.

"There's the firel" cried Betty, "Do hurry, Uncle Dick!"

Obediently the little car let out a notch, and they drew up beside a group of men, still some distance from the fire.

"Chandler's come," said one of these respectfully to Mr. Gordon. "The five-ton truck brought up a load of sand, and they're only waiting for you to give the word."

The speaker was introduced to Betty and Bob as Dave Thorne, a well foreman, and at a word from Mr. Gordon he jumped on the running board of the car and they proceeded another mile. This brought them to the load of sand dumped on one side of the road and the powerful high-pressure hose that had been brought up on the train that morning. The heat from the burning well was intense, though they were still some distance from the actual fire.

"Now, Betty, watch and you'll see a fire put out," commanded her uncle, getting out of the car and going forward, first cautioning both young people to stay where they were and not get in any one's way.

A half dozen men lifted the heavy hose, turned the nozzle toward the column of smoke, and a shower of fine sand curved high in the air. For


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138 as soon as the sun was over the hills. I gathered the little goats up and one by one I carried them to the cabin. One morning I overslept. The sun was high in the heavens when I arose. I hurriedly dressed and made my way to the goat camp. A tragedy met me. The villainous wolves had been there and wantonly killed my baby goats. Bonnie Bell's little body lay before me. The blue ribbon helped me to identify her. Only two little goats were left alive. I took them home with me and cried my heart out in my mother's arms.

That all happened many years ago, but my love for Bonnie Bell lives on in my heart of hearts. Whenever I see mountain goats the vision of her fleecy white form and soft hazel eyes shining out from the little white face comes up before me, and in fancy I hear the silvery beat of her little hoofs as she hurries down the trail on her wabbly legs to meet me.

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90 perhaps five minutes nothing could be noticed; then, almost imperceptibly, the smoke began to die down. Lower, lower, and lower it fell, and at last died away. The men continued to pump in sand for an extra ten minutes as a matter of precaution, then stopped. The fire was out.

"That fire wasn't no accident. Boss," proclaimed Dave Thorne, wiping his perspiring face with a red handkerchief. "She was set. And, believe me, where there's one, there'll be others. The north section keeps me awake nights. If a fire started there where that close drilling's going on, it couldn't help but spread. You can fight fire in a single well, but let half a dozen of 'em flare up and there'll be more than oil lost.

"What a croaker you are, Dave," said Mr. Gordon lightly. "Don't lose sleep about any section. A night's rest is far too valuable to be squandered. These young folks want to see the sights, and I'll take them around for an hour or so. Then I'll go over that bill of lading with you. Come, Betty and Bob, we'll leave the machine and take the trail on foot. Mind your clothes and shoes—there's oil on everything you touch."


text: Betty Gordon in the Land of Oil/Chapter 11


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" thought oil was for lamps," said Betty, as she picked her way after her uncle and Bob, "but there aren't enough lamps in the world to use all this oil."

They were walking toward a pumping station still in the distance, and Mr. Gordon waited for her to come up with him.

"Perhaps lamps are the least important factor in the whole big question," he answered earnestly. "Oil is being used more and more for fuel. Oil burners have been perfected for ships. And schools, apartment houses and public buildings are being heated with oil in many cities. And, of course, the demand for gasolene is enormous. I rather think the engine of the train that brought you to Flame City was an oil burner."

"I wish we'd gone and looked, don't you. Bob?" said Betty. "Oh, what a big derrick! How many quarts of oil does that pump in a day, Uncle Dick?"

Mr. Gordon laughed heartily.

"Little Miss Tenderfoot!" he teased. "I Rh


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92 thought you knew, goosie, that we measured oil by barrels. That well is flowing slightly over five thousand barrels a day. Altogether our wells are now yielding well over fifty thousand barrels of oil a day."

"I read in one of the papers about a man who paid three thousand dollars for one acre of oil land," said Bob thoughtfully. "How did he know he was going to find oil here?"

"He didn't know," was the prompt answer. "There is no way of knowing positively. Many and many a small investor has lost the savings of a lifetime because he had a 'hunch' that he would bring in a good well. Right here in Oklahoma, statistics show that in one section, of five thousand two hundred and forty-six wells driven, one thousand three hundred and fifty-six were dry. Now it takes a lot of money to drive a well, between twenty and thirty thousand dollars in fact, so you may count up the loss."

"But there is oil here—just look!" Bob waved comprehensively toward the beehive of industry that surrounded them.

"Right, my boy. And when they do strike oil, they strike it rich. Huge fortunes have been made in oil and will be made again. If the crooks who pose as brokers and promoters would keep their hands off, it might be possible to safeguard some of the smaller speculators."


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Rh Bob was minded to speak again of the two sharpers he had overheard on the train, but they had reached the pumping station, and he and Betty were immediately interested in what Mr. Gordon had to show them.

There was a long bunk house at one side where the employees slept and ate and where a comfortable, fat Chinese cook was sweeping off the screened porch. The pumping station was another long, one-story building, with eight tall iron stacks rising beside it. Inside, set in a concrete floor, huge dynamos were pumping away, sending oil through miles and miles of pipe lines to points where it would be loaded into cars or ships and sent all over the world. The engineer in charge took them around and explained every piece of machinery, much to the delight of Bob who had a boy's love for things that went.

From the station they walked to one of the largest storage tanks, a huge reservoir of oil, capable of holding fifty-five thousand barrels when full, Mr. Gordon told them. It was half empty at the time, and three long flights of steps were bare that would be covered when the storage capacity was used.

"If there isn't a laundry or a hotel in Flame City," observed Betty suddenly, "there is everything to run the oil business with, that's certain.


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 202 child began to mend. I saw him the next day, and he certainly looked much more normal and had lost the blue tint and drawn expression he had had previously; and in a week he was well.

The father, who had not hitherto believed in witchcraft, was firmly convinced of it afterwards, and told me he would like to see the worker of the spell burned to death in the market place.

(C) It certainly seems proved that the power of possessing and of ridding of vermin both persons and places was possessed by various people in the island. I have met too many well authenticated cases, which have been vouched for by people, who, for obvious reasons, would not have wished to own that they had been the victims of such a degrading infliction, to personally doubt the fact.

(D) I have a photograph of the "crooked" house. It does not show much, but no single line in it is straight. The front curves round from the centre door; no single window is set in straight or is parallel with the other; the neighbouring trees are more gnarled and deformed than any I have ever seen elsewhere; and the poor little deformed inhabitants have queer little crooked faces as well as dwarfed misshapen bodies.

A Karaite writer, Judah Hadasi, who lived in Constantinople in the first half of the twelfth century, tells the following story very briefly in a polemical work composed, by him in the year 1148, called Eshkol Kakofer, printed in Gozolow (Eupatoria) in 1836.

When describing the various miraculous beings created by God he comes to the story of the Pitikos (the Greek name for the dwarfs and pigmies), and he says:

"In a certain country far away, near Kushand Hairlahby, a great lake where aromatic plants and trees are growing, there lives a people known as the Pitikos. Their height is only of


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94 Is it all right to say you have very complete equipment, Uncle Dick?"

"Your phrase is correct," admitted her uncle, smiling. "Poor tools are the height of folly for any business or worker, Betty. As for Flame City, the place is literally swamped. People poured in from the day the first good well came in, and they've been arriving in droves ever since. You can't persuade any of them to take up the business they had before—to run a boarding house, or open a restaurant or a store. No, every blessed one of 'em has set his heart on owning and operating an oil well. It was just so in the California gold drive—the forty-niners wanted a gold mine, and they walked right over those that lay at their feet."

They took the automobile after inspecting the storage tank and went several miles farther up the field to the gasolene plant that was isolated from the rest of the buildings. Here they saw how the crude petroleum was refined to make gasolene and were told the elaborate precautions observed to keep this highly inflammable produce from catching fire. Seven large steel tanks, built on brick foundations, were used for storage, and there was also a larger oil tank from which the oil to be refined was pumped.

"I'd like to see a ship that carries oil," remarked Betty, as they came out of the gasolene


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Rh plant and made their way to the automobile.

One of the men had happened to mention in her hearing that an unusually large shipment of oil had been ordered to be sent to Egypt.

"Well, that's one request we can't fill," acknowledged her uncle regretfully. "You're inland for sure, Betty, and the good old ocean is many miles from Oklahoma. However, some day I hope you'll see an oil tanker. The whole story of oil, from production to consumption, is a fascinating one, and not the least wonderful is the part that deals with the marketing side of it. We have salesmen in South America, China, Egypt, and practically every large country. Who knows but Bob will one day be our representative in the Orient?"

They had dinner, a merry noisy meal, with the men at the bunk house. It was a novelty Bob and Betty thoroughly enjoyed and they found the men, mostly clerical workers, a few bosses and Dave Thorne, the well foreman, a friendly, clever crowd who were to a man keenly interested in the work at the fields. They talked shop incessantly, and both Betty and Bob gained much accurate information of positive value.

After dinner Mr. Gordon drove them back to the Watterby farm, promising another trip soon. He had to go back immediately, and slept at the fields that night. Thereafter he came and went


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96 as he could, sometimes being absent for two or three days at a time. The horse he had ordered for Betty arrived, and proved to be all that was said for it. She was a wiry little animal, and Betty christened her "Clover." For Bob, Mr. Gordon succeeded in capturing a big, rawboned white horse with a gift of astonishing speed. Riding horses were at a premium, for distances between wells were something to be reckoned with, and those who did not own a car had to depend on horses. Bob even saw one enthusiastic prospector mounted on a donkey.

As soon as they were used to their mounts, Betty and Bob began to go off for long rides, always remembering Mr. Gordon's injunction to stay away from the town.

"How tanned you are, Betty!" Bob said one day, as they were letting their horses walk after a brisk gallop. "I declare, you're almost as brown as Ki. I like you that way, though," he added hastily, as if he feared she might think he was criticising. "And that red tie is awfully pretty."

"You look like an Indian yourself," said Betty shyly.

But Bob's blue eyes, while attractive enough in his brown face, would preclude any idea that he might have Indian blood. Betty, on the other hand, as the boy said, was as brown as an


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Rh, and her dark eyes and heavy straight dark hair, which she now wore in a thick braid down her back, would have enabled her to play the part of Minnehaha, or that of a pretty Gypsy lass, with little trouble. Her khaki riding suit was very becoming, and to-day she had knotted a scarlet tie under the trim little collar that further emphasized her vivid coloring and the smooth tan of her cheeks. Although the sun was hot, she would not bother with a hat, and Bob, too, was bareheaded. They looked what they were—a healthy, happy, wide-awake American boy and girl and ready for either adventure or service, or a mixture of both, and reasonably sure to call whatever might befall them "fun".

"Why don't we go to that north section Dave Thorne is always talking about?" suggested Bob. "He is forever harping on the subject of a fire there, and I'd like to look it over."

"But it must be five miles from here," said Betty doubtfully. "Can we get back in time for dinner?"

"If we can't, we'll get some one of the Chinese cooks to give us a lunch," returned Bob confidently. "Let's go, Betty. I know the way, because I studied the map Uncle Dick had out on the table night before last. The north section is shut off from the others, and it's backed up against the furthest end of that perfect forest of derricks


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98 we saw the first time we went to Uncle Dick's wells—remember? I think that is what worries Dave—some of those small holders have tempers like porcupines and they always think some one is infringing on their rights. Let one of 'em get mad and take it out on Dave, and there might be a four-alarm fire without much trouble."

"Do you know what I miss more than anything else?" asked Betty, when the horses' heads were turned and they were on their way to the north section. "You'll never guess—ice-cream soda! I haven't had one for weeks—not since we left Chicago."

"And I guess it will be some more weeks before you get another," said Bob. "Ice doesn't seem to be known out here, does it? Did you see how the butter swam about under that hot kitchen lamp last night? We used to think the Peabodys were stingy because they wouldn't use butter, but I'd rather have none than have it so soft."

They reached the north section and found Dave Thorne directing the drilling of a well which he told them was expected to "come in" that morning.

"Bob, I wonder if you'd do an errand for me?" he inquired. "I have to go back to the pumping station, and I want to send a record book back to one of the men here. Will you ride back with me and get the book? Betty will be all right, and


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Rh she'll get a chance to see the well come in. MacDuffy will look after her."

Bob, of course, was glad to do Dave a service, and the old Scotchman, MacDuffy, promised to see that Betty did not get into any danger.

"You'll like to see the well shot off," he told her pleasantly. Tis a bonny sight, seen for the first time. The wee horse is not afraid? That is gude, then. Rein in here and keep your eye on that crowd of men. When they run you'll know the time has come."

Obediently Betty sat her horse and fixed her gaze on the small group of men who were moving about with more than ordinary quickness and a trace of excitement. There is always the hope that a well will "come in big" and offer substantial payment for the weeks of hard work and toil expended on it.

Suddenly the group scattered. Involuntarily Betty's hand tightened on Clover's rein. For a moment nothing happened. Then came a roar and a mighty rumble and the earth seemed to strain and crack.


text: Betty Gordon in the Land of Oil/Chapter 12


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Talk:The Grateful Dead; the history of a folk story

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This work was originally created as The Grateful Dead at 22:12, 21 November 2008, with some correction to OCR text [?], then moved to requested texts; these subpages have been deleted. A new transcript using a scan was completed under this title. CYGNIS INSIGNIS 09:25, 13 June 2011 (UTC)


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text: Author:Wilhelm Schlich

title: Author:Wilhelm Schlich


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User:Stevenphil

About Stevenphil
Hi there! I'm Steven Baldesco. Since August 14, 2007, I have mostly contributed to Philippine-related pages (which can been seen below) by revising, expanding and improving articles that concern the Philippines in any branch of knowledge - modern history, culture, religion, geography, government and people.

You may have noticed that I have contributed to many articles concerning the lives of the Philippines' revered heroes of democracy - the late Benigno 'Ninoy' Aquino, Jr., his wife, the late President Cory Aquino, and their son, incumbent President of the Philippines, Benigno 'Noynoy' Aquino III, whom I staunchly supported during the 2010 Philippine presidential campaign.

I first created an article on the late Gerardo 'Gerry' Roxas, former leader of the Liberal Party of the Philippines and former Senator of the Republic. As you can see, I also have great interest on the current democracy movement in Burma, especially on Aung San Suu Kyi, Burmese pro-democracy leader, recipient of the 1991 Nobel Peace Prize and one of the world's most famous political prisoners until her release from seven consecutive years of house arrest on November 13, 2010.

And, as famous politicians do as they deliver their final remarks, I will end with a quote from Benigno 'Ninoy' Aquino, Jr.:

"If I die, then I die and there's only one to suffer. But so long as each one of us will be willing to take on the struggle - even if I'm in prison; even if I die prison - so long as YOU will continue the struggle and carry the torch, then I think we'll have a better Philippines: rather than have one torch, we'll have many!"

title: User:Stevenphil


text: Page:Bride and Gloom.ogv/19

title: Page:Bride and Gloom.ogv/19


text: Author:Adolf Neubauer

title: Author:Adolf Neubauer


text:
Author:Valerius Maximus

Works

 * 9 Books of Memorable Deeds and Sayings (Latin: Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium Libri IX)
 * Romae Antiquae Descriptio: A View of the Religion, Laws, Customs, Manners, and Dispositions of the Ancient Romans... (Samuel Speed, 1678)

title: Author:Valerius Maximus


text:
Author:William John Charles Pitcher

Works

 * Littledom Castle, and Other Tales by Mrs. M. H. Spielmann. Also illustrated by Arthur Rackham, Kate Greenway, Hugh Thompson, Harry Furniss, and Madame Ronner (1903)

 * (Spectacle)

title: Author:William John Charles Pitcher


text:
User talk:Bionecrology

Bionecrology Founded and registered as a business in 1992. Studies the life and death of organisms.

title: User talk:Bionecrology


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72 The analogy constantly employed is that of a billiard player, or gymnast, who by repeated use of certain muscles in a uniform way at last secures automatic skill. Even the faculty of thinking was to be formed into a trained habit by repeated exercises in making and combining simple distinctions, for which, Locke thought, mathematics affords unrivaled opportunity.

Locke's statements fitted well into the dualism of his day. It seemed to do justice to both mind and matter, the individual and the world. One of the two supplied the matter of knowledge and the object upon which mind should work. The other supplied definite mental powers, which were few in number and which might be trained by specific exercises. The scheme appeared to give due weight to the subject matter of knowledge, and yet it insisted that the end of education is not the bare reception and storage of information, but the formation of personal powers of attention, memory, observation, abstraction, and generalization. It was realistic in its emphatic assertion that all material whatever is received from without; it was idealistic in that final stress fell upon the formation of intellectual powers. It was objective and impersonal in its assertion that the individual cannot possess or generate any true ideas on his own account; it was individualistic in placing the end of education in the perfecting of certain faculties possessed at the outset by the individual. This kind of distribution of values expressed with nicety the state of opinion in the generations following upon Locke. It became, without explicit reference to Locke, a commonplace of educational theory and of psychology. Practically, it seemed to provide the educator with definite, instead of vague, tasks. It made the elaboration of a technique of instruction relatively easy. All that was necessary was to provide for sufficient practice of each of the powers. This practice consists in repeated acts of attending, observing, memorizing, etc. By grading the difficulty of the acts, making

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 money. …' But for the past forty years you have lived on me, and never have I received from you even a good word. …"

A serious question was that of Leonardo's marriage. It occupied the uncle and the nephew for six years. The docile Leonardo treated the uncle with money to leave with the utmost deference. He accepted all his observations and left him to choose, discuss and reject the ladies who offered themselves: he seemed to be indifferent. Michael Angelo, on the contrary, took a passionate interest in the matter, every bit as much as though it was he who was going to marry. He regarded the marriage as a serious affair, in which love was the least important point. Nor did money weigh much more in the balance. That which counted was health and honourability. He gave his nephew some very austere advice, devoid of poetry—robust and positive counsels.

"It is a grave decision. Recollect that between man and woman there should always be a difference in age of ten years; and make sure that she whom you choose is not only good but healthy. …Several persons have been mentioned to me. One pleased me, the other not. If you think of it, write to me, in case you like one better than the other. I will give you my opinion. … You are free to have one or the other, provided that she is of noble birth and well educated, and rather without a dowry than a large one—in order to live in peace. …


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Rh each set of repetitions somewhat more difficult than the set which preceded it, a complete scheme of instruction is evolved.

There are various ways, equally conclusive, of criticizing this conception, in both its alleged foundations and in its educational application. (1) Perhaps the most direct mode of attack consists in pointing out that the supposed original faculties of observation, recollection, willing, thinking, etc., are purely mythological. There are no such ready-made powers waiting to be exercised and thereby trained. There are, indeed, a great number of original native tendencies, instinctive modes of action, based on the original connections of neurones in the central nervous system. There are impulsive tendencies of the eyes to follow and fixate light; of the neck muscles to turn toward light and sound; of the hands to reach and grasp; and turn and twist and thump; of the vocal apparatus to make sounds; of the mouth to spew out unpleasant substances; to gag and to curl the lip, and so on in almost indefinite number. But these tendencies (a) instead of being a small number sharply marked off from one another, are of an indefinite variety, interweaving with one another in all kinds of subtle ways. (b) Instead of being latent intellectual powers, requiring only exercise for their perfecting, they are tendencies to respond in certain ways to changes in the environment so as to bring about other changes. Something in the throat makes one cough; the tendency is to eject the obnoxious particle and thus modify the subsequent stimulus. The hand touches a hot thing; it is impulsively, wholly unintellectually, snatched away. But the withdrawal alters the stimuli operating, and tends to make them more consonant with the needs of the organism. It is by such specific changes of organic activities in response to specific changes in the medium that that control of the environment of which we have spoken (see ante, p. ) is effected. Now all of our first seeings and hearings and touchings and smellings and tastings are of this kind. In any legitimate sense of the words mental

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Abacus

 * "Abacus" in Dictionary of French Architecture from the 11th to 16th Century 1
 * "Abacus" in Dictionary of French Architecture from the 11th to 16th Century 1
 * "Abacus" in Dictionary of French Architecture from the 11th to 16th Century 1
 * "Abacus" in Dictionary of French Architecture from the 11th to 16th Century 1
 * "Abacus" in Dictionary of French Architecture from the 11th to 16th Century 1
 * "Abacus" in Dictionary of French Architecture from the 11th to 16th Century 1
 * "Abacus" in Dictionary of French Architecture from the 11th to 16th Century 1

title: Abacus


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74 or intellectual or cognitive, they are lacking in these qualities, and no amount of repetitious exercise could bestow any intellectual properties of observation, judgment, or intentional action (volition) upon them.

(2) Consequently the training of our original impulsive activities is not a refinement and perfecting achieved by 'exercise' as one might strengthen a muscle by practice. It consists rather (a) in selecting from the diffused responses which are evoked at a given time those which are especially adapted to the utilization of the stimulus. That is to say, among the reactions of the body in general and the hand in particular which instinctively occur upon stimulation of the eye by light, all except those which are specifically adapted to reaching, grasping, and manipulating the object effectively are gradually eliminated—or else no training occurs. As we have already noted, the primary reactions, with a very few exceptions, are too diffused and general to be practically of much use in the case of the human infant. Hence the identity of training with selective response. (Compare p. .) (b) Equally important is the specific coördination of different factors of response which takes place. There is not merely a selection of the hand reactions which effect grasping, but of the particular visual stimuli which call out just these reactions and no others, and an establishment of connection between the two. But the coördinating does not stop here. Characteristic temperature reactions may take place when the object is grasped. These will also be brought in; later, the temperature reaction may be connected directly with the optical stimulus, the hand reaction being suppressed—as a bright flame, independent of close contact, may steer one away. Or the child in handling

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text: Aberdeen

title: Aberdeen


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 A Florentine has told me that you have been spoken to about a daughter of the Ginori family, and that she pleases you. I do not care for you to take as a wife a girl whose father would not give her to you if he had sufficient to settle a suitable dowry upon her. I desire that he who gives you a wife gives her to you and not to your fortune. … All you have got to take into consideration is the health of her soul and body, the quality of her blood and morals, and, in addition, who her parents are, for that is of great importance. … Take the trouble to find a woman who will not be ashamed of washing the dishes, in case of necessity, and of looking after household matters. … As to beauty, since you are not exactly the handsomest young man in Florence, do not trouble yourself about it, provided that she is not a cripple, or repulsive. …"

After much searching, it looked as though they had found the rara avis. But at the last moment the lady was found to have a redhibitory defect.

"I learn that she is short-sighted, which appears to me to be no small defect. Consequently I have promised nothing yet. Since you also have promised nothing, my advice is: liberate yourself, if you are certain of the thing."

Leonardo grew discouraged. He expressed


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Rh the object pounds with it, or crumples it, and a sound issues. The ear-response is then brought into the system of response. If a certain sound (the conventional name) is made by others and accompanies the activity, response of both ear and the vocal apparatus connected with auditory stimulation will also become an associated factor in the complex response.

(3) The more specialized the adjustment of response and stimulus to each other (for, taking the sequence of activities into account, the stimuli are adapted to reactions as well as reactions to stimuli) the more rigid and the less generally available is the training secured. In equivalent language, less intellectual or educative quality attaches to the training. The usual way of stating this fact is that the more specialized the reaction, the less is the skill acquired in practicing and perfecting it transferable to other modes of behavior. According to the orthodox theory of formal discipline, a pupil in studying his spelling lesson acquires, besides ability to spell those particular words, an increase of power of observation, attention, and recollection which may be employed whenever these powers are needed. As matter of fact, the more he confines himself to noticing and fixating the forms of words, irrespective of connection with other things (such as the meaning of the words, the context in which they are habitually used, the derivation and classification of the verbal form, etc.) the less likely is he to acquire an ability which can be used for anything except the mere noting of verbal visual forms. He may not even be increasing his ability to make accurate distinctions among geometrical forms, to say nothing of ability to observe in general. He is merely selecting the stimuli supplied by the forms of the letters and the motor reactions of oral or written reproduction. The scope of coördination (to use our prior terminology) is extremely limited. The

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 at his uncle's insistence in wishing to get him married.

"It is true that I desire it," replied Michael Angelo. "This marriage is good, in order to prevent our family finishing with us. I know very well that if that happened the world would not receive a shock; but every animal strives to preserve its species. And that is why I want you to marry."

At last Michael Angelo himself got tired; he began to find that it was ridiculous that it was always he who occupied himself over Leonardo's marriage, whilst his nephew appeared to take no interest in it. So he declared that he would have nothing more to do with it.

"For the past sixty years I have occupied myself with your business. I am old now and must think of my own."

At that very moment he heard that his nephew had just become engaged to Cassandra Ridolfi. Michael Angelo rejoiced, congratulated him and promised him a dowry of 1500 ducats. Leonardo married. Michael Angelo sent his good wishes to the newly-married couple and promised Cassandra a pearl necklace. Still, joy did not prevent him warning his nephew that, "although he did not know much about these things, it seemed to him that Leonardo ought to have settled very exactly all money questions before leading the wife to his house, for there was ever the germ of disunion in these questions." He ended his


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 letter with this jovial recommendation: "And now try to live, remembering well that the number of widows is always greater than that of widowers."

Two months later he sent to Cassandra, instead of the promised necklace, two rings—one set with a diamond, the other with a ruby. To thank him, Cassandra made him a present of eight shirts. Michael Angelo wrote in reply:

"They are beautiful, especially the material, and they please me greatly. But I am sorry that you have gone to this expense, for I had everything I needed. Give my best thanks to Cassandra and tell her that I am at her disposal to send anything in the way of Roman or other articles I may find here. This time I have sent only a little thing; another time we will do better, with some object which will give her pleasure. Only tell me."

Soon children were born. The first was called Buonarroto, at the request of Michael Angelo; the second (who died shortly after birth) Michael Angelo. And the old uncle who invited the young couple to visit him in Rome in 1556 never ceased affectionately to take part in the joys as well as in the troubles of the family, but without ever allowing them to occupy themselves either with his affairs or even with his health.

Outside family relations Michael Angelo did not lack illustrious or distinguished friends. Notwithstanding


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76 which are employed in other observations and recollections (or reproductions) are deliberately eliminated when the pupil is exercised merely upon forms of letters and words. Having been excluded, they cannot be restored when needed. The ability secured to observe and to recall verbal forms is not available for perceiving and recalling other things. In the ordinary phraseology, it is not transferable. But the wider the context—that is to say, the more varied the stimuli and responses coördinated—the more the ability acquired is available for the effective performance of other acts; not, strictly speaking, because there is any 'transfer,' but because the wide range of factors employed in the specific act is equivalent to a broad range of activity, to a flexible, instead of to a narrow and rigid, coördination.

(4) Going to the root of the matter, the fundamental fallacy of the theory is its dualism; that is to say, its separation of activities and capacities from subject matter. There is no such thing as an ability to see or hear or remember in general; there is only the ability to see or hear or remember something. To talk about training a power, mental or physical, in general, apart from the subject matter involved in its exercise, is nonsense. Exercise may react upon circulation, breathing, and nutrition so as to develop vigor or strength, but this reservoir is available for specific ends only by use in connection with the material means which accomplish them. Vigor will enable a man to play tennis or golf or to sail a boat better than he would if he were weak. But only by employing ball and racket, ball and club, sail and tiller, in definite ways does he become expert in any one of them; and expertness in one secures expertness in another only so far as it is either a sign of aptitude for fine muscular coördinations or as the same kind of coördination is involved in all of them. Moreover, the difference between the training of ability to spell which comes from taking visual forms in a narrow context and one which takes them in connection with the activities

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Rh required to grasp meaning, such as context, affiliations of descent, etc., may be compared to the difference between exercises in the gymnasium with pulley weights to 'develop' certain muscles, and a game or sport. The former is uniform and mechanical; it is rigidly specialized. The latter is varied from moment to moment; no two acts are quite alike; novel emergencies have to be met; the coördinations forming have to be kept flexible and elastic. Consequently, the training is much more 'general'; that is to say, it covers a wider territory and includes more factors. Exactly the same thing holds of special and general education of the mind.

A monotonously uniform exercise may by practice give great skill in one special act; but the skill is limited to that act, be it bookkeeping or calculations in logarithms or experiments in hydrocarbons. One may be an authority in a particular field and yet of more than usually poor judgment in matters not closely allied, unless the training in the special field has been of a kind to ramify into the subject matter of the other fields.

(5) Consequently, such powers as observation, recollection, judgment, æsthetic taste, represent organized results of the occupation of native active tendencies with certain subject-matters. A man does not observe closely and fully by pressing a button for the observing faculty to get to work (in other words by 'willing' to observe); but if he has something to do which can be accomplished successfully only through intensive and extensive use of eye and hand, he naturally observes. Observation is an outcome, a consequence, of the interaction of sense organ and subject matter. It will vary, accordingly, with the subject matter employed.

It is consequently futile to set up even the ulterior development of faculties of observation, memory, etc., unless we have first determined what sort of subject matter we wish the pupil to become expert in observing and recalling and for what purpose. And it is only repeating in another form what

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 Italy. He vied in wit with the poet Francesco Berni; he corresponded with Benedetto Varchi; and he exchanged poems with Luigi del Riccio and Donato Giannotti. People sought to hear his conversation, his profound observations on art, and his remarks on Dante, whom no one knew better than he. A Roman lady wrote that he was, when he liked, "a gentleman of elegant and seductive manners, so much so that there hardly existed his equal in Europe." The dialogues of Giannotti and Francis of Holland show his exquisite politeness and familiarity with society. One can even see from certain letters written to princes that he could easily have become a perfect courtier. The world never


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Vincetoxicum

VINCETOXICUM, a genus of American vines, belonging to the milk-weed family. They have usually cordate leaves and rather large, white or purple-tinted, five-merous flowers with a cup-shaped crown, in axillary umbel-like fascicles. The United States species are found chiefly in the South. V. shortii has the odor of the strawberry shrub. Cynanthus acumniatum, with star-shaped, creamy flowers, called mosquito-catcher, because it secretes a viscid substance on which insects become fixed, was formerly placed in this genus. Vincetoxicum is the officinal name of the swallow-wort.


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78 has already been said, to declare that the criterion here must be social. We want the person to note and recall and judge those things which make him an effective competent member of the group in which he is associated with others. Otherwise we might as well set the pupil to observing carefully cracks on the wall and set him to memorizing meaningless lists of words in an unknown tongue—which is about what we do in fact when we give way to the doctrine of formal discipline. If the observing habits of a botanist or chemist or engineer are better habits than those which are thus formed, it is because they deal with subject matter which is more significant in life.

In concluding this portion of the discussion, we note that the distinction between special and general education has nothing to do with the transferability of function or power. In the literal sense, any transfer is miraculous and impossible. But some activities are broad; they involve a coördination of many factors. Their development demands continuous alteration and readjustment. As conditions change, certain factors are subordinated, and others which had been of minor importance come to the front. There is constant redistribution of the focus of the action, as is seen in the illustration of a game as over against pulling a fixed weight by a series of uniform motions. Thus there is practice in prompt making of new combinations with the focus of activity shifted to meet change in subject matter. Wherever an activity is broad in scope (that is, involves the coördinating of a large variety of sub-activities), and is constantly and unexpectedly obliged to change direction in its progressive development, general education is bound to result. For this is what 'general' means; broad and flexible. In practice, education meets these conditions, and hence is general, in the degree in which it takes account of social relationships. A person may become expert in technical philosophy, or philology, or mathematics or engineering or financiering, and be inept and ill-advised in his action and judgment outside of his specialty. If however his

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