text:
Author:Henry Spenser Wilkinson

Works

 * Learners as Leaders (1918)
 * Learners as Leaders (1918)

title: Author:Henry Spenser Wilkinson


text:
Republic Act No. 4166

Section 1
The twelfth day of June is hereby proclaimed as the Philippine Independence Day, and all citizens of the Philippines are enjoined to observe such day with rites befitting Independence Day

Section 2
Section twenty-nine of the Revised Administrative Code, as amended, is further amended to read as follows:

The legal holidays are: the first of January, the ninth of April, the first of May, the twelfth of June (Independence Day), the fourth of July (Philippine Republic Day), the thirtieth of November, the thirtieth of December, and the day appointed by law for the holding of a general election: Provided, however, That when any regular holiday of fixed date falls on Sunday, the next succeeding day shall be observed as legal holiday.

Section 3
This Act shall take effect upon its approval.

Approved: August 4, 1964

 (Signed)  Diosdado Macapagal

President of the Philippines

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Republic Act No. 4166


text:
Page:The Eurypterida of New York Volume 1.pdf/276

 edge; antelateral angles rounded; lateral margins divergent forward and gently convex; posterior margin slightly concave, the edge slightly raised; genal angles obtuse; lateral eyes large, about one third the length of the carapace, situated in the antelateral angles and submarginal, with semicircular eye nodes and crescent-shaped (when compressed) visual surfaces; ocelli situated between the posterior portions of the lateral eyes. No ornamentation has been observed.

Horizon and locality. Two specimens have been found in the Frankfort shale at Schenectady, N. Y.

Remarks. The carapace described here differs from the preceding species mainly in the posterior contraction. In this feature it agrees closely with, a species from Otisville. The eyes in position and form are typically those of Dolichopterus.

The type specimen measures 14 mm in length, 14 mm in frontal width and 9 mm in basal width. The eyes are 4.5 mm long.

Clarke. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 107. 1907. p. 308, pl. 6, fig. 6, 7

Description. The original description of this species is:

An elongate subquadrate head with eyes anterior, far apart and just within the margins; ocellar mound well back between the posterior horns of the eye crescent; surface quite smooth. The specimen figured and one other of similar character are all that is known of this species.

Although later collections have afforded us upward of 30 specimens of this odd species, none of them retains more than the carapace and two body segments. The generic determination is therefore dependent as before on the character of the carapace and suffers the resulting lack of positiveness. The better and varied preservation of the new material which ranges considerably in size, permits however a greater elaboration of the description.


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4 never desire to be on better terms with all my friends than now, when distant mountains rise, once more, in my path. For I need not hesitate to avow, that, bent on correcting a brief mistake I made, not long ago, in disturbing the old relations between myself and my readers, and departing for a moment from my old pursuits, I am about to resume them, joyfully, in Switzerland: where, during another year of absence, I can at once work out the themes I have now in my mind, without interruption: and, while I keep my English audience within speaking distance, extend my knowledge of a noble country, inexpressibly attractive to me. This book is made as accessible as possible, because it would be a great pleasure to me if I could hope, through its means, to compare impressions with some among the multitudes who will hereafter visit the scenes described, with interest and delight.

And I have only now, in passport wise, to sketch my reader's portrait, which I hope may be thus supposititiously traced for either sex:—

title: Page:Pictures From Italy.djvu/16


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 The carapace is subquadrate in outline, narrowing slightly toward the base. The frontal margin is the most convex, increasing in prominence with advancing age and in the largest specimens becoming distinctly angular. The antelateral angles project but are well rounded; behind them the carapace contracts somewhat rapidly and widens again in the posterior half forming low cheeklike projections of the lateral margins. The posterior angles are subrectangular and but little rounded. The posterior margin is gently concave or straight. A fine thickened filiform rim surrounds the lateral and anterior sides. The produced frontal part of the carapace is flat or depressed and continuous with a flat border on the sides. The remaining part appears to have been moderately elevated and to have culminated behind the ocellar mound. The doublure of the underside is broadest in front, corresponding in extension to the flat frontal border and is narrower on the sides. It possesses one to two deep wrinkles that cross the frontal portion transversely. The lateral eyes are situated in the anterior corners, near the margin, separated from the latter by about twice the width of the flat border. They are very large (one third the length of the carapace), prominent, semielliptic in outline, the outer side convex, the inner straight. The visual surface is crescent-shaped, situated on the outer slope. The supporting ridges are apparently very strong, especially so along the convex outer margin. In one specimen the surface exposed is ornamented with low, small, very closely arranged circular tubercles.

The first tergite is a very short band of subequal length, nearly eight times as wide as long. The second tergite is twice as long and considerably wider.

Measurements


text:
Portal:Cartoons

Standalone works

 * Humorous Phases of Funny Faces (1906)
 * Little Nemo (1911)
 * Red Riding Hood (1931)
 * Gumbasia (1955)
 * Sintel (2010)

Animated television series

 * See also Portal:Television series
 * The Adventures of Paddy the Pelican (1950)
 * Colonel Bleep (late 1950s)
 * Bucky and Pepito (late 1950s-early 1960s)

Bobby Bumps

 * Bobby Bumps and His Pointer Pup (1916) - Could be chronologically considered the first film, as it details Bobby having first met Fido
 * Bobby Bumps and the Stork (1916)
 * Bobby Bumps at the Circus (1916)
 * Bobby Bumps' Fly Swatter (1916)
 * Bobby Bumps Gets a Substitute (1916)
 * Bobby Bumps Helps Out a Book Agent (1916)
 * Bobby Bumps Starts a Lodge (1916)
 * Bobby Bumps Adopts a Turtle (1917)

Felix the Cat

 * Feline Follies (1919)

Popeye

 * Bride and Gloom (1954)

title: Portal:Cartoons


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 {| width="500px" align="center"
 * colspan="2" | Smallest specimen observed: || align="right" | millimeters
 * width="20px" | || Length of carapace || align="right" | 5.1
 * || Width of carapace || align="right" | 5.1
 * || Length of eyes || align="right" | 1.9
 * }
 * || Width of carapace || align="right" | 5.1
 * || Length of eyes || align="right" | 1.9
 * }
 * }

The largest specimen observed is but slightly larger than the type.

Horizon and locality. Shawangunk grit at Otisville, N. Y.

Observations. The carapace of this species does not bear the typical expression of any genus; its aspect is rather suggestive of several; viz, Pterygotus, Slimonia and Dolichopterus. The type specimen in which the outline is more rounded than in the rest may be well compared with Pterygotus, while the approach of the eyes to the anterior corners, the quadrangular outline of the carapace and the frontal rim are quite likely to suggest Slimonia. The lateral eyes, however, although possessing an elliptic outline as those of Pterygotus and Slimonia, are quite obviously not furnished with a visual surface extending over the whole prominence as in those genera, but with one that is crescent-shaped as in the genera more closely allied to Eurypterus. This, taken in connection with the fact that the eyes are distinctly within the margins, necessitates a reference to the latter group of genera. This granted, the identification of the species with Dolichopterus becomes imperative, for the squarish outline, the position of the eyes in the corners, their relatively large size and the broad border of the carapace are features which are combined only in the genotype of Dolichopterus. We may add that the semielliptic outline of the eyes, also a very characteristic feature in all well preserved specimens of the present species, are repeated in.

The youngest specimens are of special interest in this connection; for they lack the frontal angular extension which constitutes a difference from  although it is only a further development of the broad frontal rim common to the young of   and to the genotype. The young [pl. 46, fig. 4] is hence still more like Dolichopterus: in fact it has the typical expression of that genus in every particular.


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Pohlman. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. Bul. 1886. v. 5, no. 1. p. 30, pl. 3, fig. 3

Description. In 1886, as above cited, Pohlman figured and described as belonging to Eusarcus scorpionis, a carapace that subsequently came into the possession of Prof. J. S. Newberry and this specimen is now in the museum of Columbia University (no. 3078).

has a subtriangular carapace and it is apparent that this specimen, both in outline and the position of the eyes, belongs to Dolichopterus; at the same time it differs in its proportions specifically from the genotype. In the carapace of the former the proportion of length and width is as 6 : 7, but here it is as 6 : 8.5, as a result of which the carapace of  looks squarish in outline, while this is broadly quadrangular. The relation of these carapaces is similar to those of  and. A further obvious difference consists in the marked contraction of the carapace in the anterior half and the resulting strongly converging anterior lateral margins in.

The carapace of this species furnishes the following description:

Hexagonal, basal side the longest, curving broadly forward in the middle third; the lateral margins are very slightly divergent behind and more strongly convergent in front; the greatest width of the carapace being at the point of change of direction in the lateral margins. The postlateral angles are nearly right angles, very slightly rounding, while the very obtuse antelateral angles are broadly rounded, and are connected in front by a nearly straight or slightly concave anterior margin. The eye tumescences are broken out. Their cavities occupy nearly one


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 fourth the length of the carapace, are broadly oval in shape and only 4 mm distant from the margin, at the antelateral angles. The ocelli have not been seen. An obscure tumescence which may have borne them is noticeable midway between the posterior portions of the lateral eyes. The doublure of the carapace does not seem to have been very broad on either the front or the sides. The surface is smooth.

Measurements. The carapace measures 81 mm in length along the median line and 85 mm where it is longest. It is 77 mm just in front of the eyes, 108.5 mm in its widest part and about 99 mm at the base.

Horizon and locality. Rare in the Bertie limestone at Williams ville, N.Y.

Observations. There is no other species in our faunas, save a small form from Otisville, with both similar outline of carapace and like anterior position of the eyes. Nor are we aware of European forms that invite comparison.

Description. A single uncompressed carapace from the Bertie beds is of small size, obovate in outline; the greatest width, which surpasses the length by one tenth, forward of the middle, just behind the eyes; thence the well rounded margins converge to a point in front; and they also converge rather strongly toward the base of the head shield, so that the latter is but three fourths as wide as the widest part of the carapace. As the lateral and frontal margins form an evenly rounded curve, no indications of antelateral angles are present, but a slightly projecting anteromedian or frontal angle is produced. The posterior margin is broadly concave in the middle and gently curved forward at the genal angles, so that the latter are obtuse and rounded.

By breaking away parts of the head shield a broad doublure is exposed. It passes all around to the genal angles, where it is abruptly cut off; the posterior margin being lined by a very narrow doublure. The


text:
Author:Henry Stuart Jones

Works

 * (Constantine I.)
 * (Aegean, Greek, Etruscan and Roman)
 * (Ancient)
 * (Ancient)
 * (Ancient City (in part), Christian Rome (in part) and Ancient History (in part))
 * (Ancient (in part))
 * (Ancient City (in part), Christian Rome (in part) and Ancient History (in part))
 * (Ancient (in part))
 * (Ancient (in part))
 * (Ancient (in part))

title: Author:Henry Stuart Jones


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 surface of the carapace appears to have been uniformly convex, but just behind the frontal angle a rather sharp transverse ridge is observed.

As in the other species of Dolichopterus, the compound or lateral eyes are situated within the margin where the frontal and lateral margins unite. They are of great size (one fourth the length of the head shield) and separated by a distance equal to their own length. The ocular node is semicircular in outline; the inner margin straight, the outer a semicircle; its top flat or slightly depressed; the visual surface is crescent-shaped. The ocellar node is situated between the lateral eyes; ocelli not seen.

Horizon and locality. Bertie waterlime; Schooley's farm, east of Crane's Corners, town of Litchfield, Herkimer co., N. Y.

Remarks. This species, as represented by the single carapace, is quite similar to  [comp. pl. 46, fig. 2]. It differs from the latter mainly by the greater extension of the frontal portion and by the more pronounced posterior contraction of the carapace. The frontal transverse ridge or fold observed in the species is also seen in.

The same locality has also furnished a swimming leg [pl. 57, fig. 1] which while distinctly belonging to a Dolichopterus, is greatly different from that of, the only fully known congener occurring at Litchfield. We consider it therefore probable that it belongs to. Its most striking character is the development of the palette or ninth segment, which is very elongate elliptic, with an obliquely truncate base and which much resembles the palette (or eighth segment) of Pterygotus. The preceding segments are very broad, indicating a powerful organ, but lack the distinct development of lobelike appendages seen in  and still more striking in.


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 The fourth and fifth segments are well shown, the latter with the typical elongate development seen in Dolichopterus. The sixth and seventh are pushed so into each other that it is impossible to clearly separate them; the eighth is of cup-shaped outline and shorter than the corresponding segment in the genotype, but, as indicated by wrinkles, probably much compressed longitudinally.

A rare and interesting species from Otisville is represented in the collections by three carapaces and one more complete specimen retaining besides the carapace one entire swimming leg and three tergites. From these specimens the following description is derived.

Description. Body small, probably slender. Carapace spadelike in outline, as long as wide, widest on anterior fourth and contracting by about one fourth to posterior margin; frontal margin convex, quite uniformly rounded, sometimes slightly produced in the middle; antelateral angles well rounded; lateral margins gently concave; posterior margin slightly concave in the middle. A broad, level rim of approximately uniform width surrounds the frontal and lateral margins, while the underside of the carapace shows a still wider doublure most expanded in the middle of the front where a triangular lobe extends backward; and which also broadens toward the posterior margin. The lateral eyes are large (one fourth length of carapace), kidney-shaped and situated in the antelateral corners, one third the length of the carapace from the frontal margin and half way between the median line and the lateral margin. The visual surface is crescent-shaped. The ocelli are very distinct, and situated on a circular tubercle between the anterior parts of the lateral eyes. A longitudinal ridge seems to extend thence backward.

Abdomen. The first tergite is very short (six times as wide as long), closely parallel to the posterior margin of the carapace. The following tergites are two to three times as long and slightly increase in width.


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Page:Earle, Does Price Fixing Destroy Liberty, 1920, 157.jpg

If the purpose sought has been accomplished, and it is understood that free and untrammeled competition is a necessary foundation both of Liberty and plenty; that market price is but the price varying from moment to moment which results from unrestricted freedom, and without which real competition is an impossibility; that those things which men use have real value, and not the mere counters which carry on the exchange of commodity for commodity called "trade"; that men should not, as is customary, thank others when they give things of real value in exchange for the mere facility of trading called "money"; that Courts have fallen into error in deciding that an essentially wrongful act has been committed when grown men, in a bargain freely made and to their mutual satisfaction, have given a moderate amount of goods for a large number of depreciated counters; that no one ever feels any distress when the reverse takes place and a larger amount of real things is exchanged for a smaller amount of such counters;—when these foregoing fundamental principles are fully taken into account, then only can clearly be comprehended the results of a violation of these essential truths.


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 Appendages. The swimming leg, the only appendage observed, is relatively short, twice as long as the carapace. The coxa and second segment have not been seen. The third is short and ring like, the fourth tubular, long, slender (two and one half times as long as wide) and slightly curved. The next is again shorter (half as long as preceding) and also tubular, slightly widening distally. The sixth is of the same length with the fifth and elongate pentagonal in outline. Like the following segments it bears two broad leaflike spines of greater length than the segment. The seventh and eighth segments are of similar length but broader; apparently of inverted cuplike outline but obscured by the overlying spines, which give the terminal part of the leg the appearance of a bud-bearing twig. The last joint is apparently subdivided into three bractlike lobes, the middle of which is the longest.

No traces of the ornamentation of the test are shown.

Horizon and locality. In the Shawangunk grit of Otisville, N. Y.

Observations. We have already noted the stylonuroid features of the carapace of this species. The spadelike form of the carapace is also


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 shown by  (Salter) [see Woodward, 1872, pl. 21, fig. 4] and   Laurie. Neither of these two species, however, has as long a carapace as. has a shorter carapace and is a much larger species.

The genus Stylonurus was proposed by Page in 1855 in a paper read before the British Association [see Bibliography]. It was based on a single species figured and named the following year in his Advanced Text-Book of Geology. Only a single specimen, not very favorably preserved in sandstone, has been recorded and although Page's not very correct figure and explanation have been followed by Woodward's elaborate description and careful illustration, this genotype is still incompletely known. Indeed, when the investigation of a considerable number of species revealed to us the presence of divisions of undoubted subgeneric rank, it remained doubtful with which of these the genotype belongs and which of the divisions therefore represents Stylonurus sensu stricto. A conventional conception of the genus has been created by the restorations made by Woodward and by Beecher. Woodward's restoration is based on the species, and Beecher in his restoration of   had to follow Woodward in nearly all important features, only the carapace, the chelicerae and first pair of legs of   being known.

It is especially on the character of the limbs that the most important subgeneric differences are to be based; it is therefore necessary to subject the genotype and the restorations mentioned to a critical review in regard to these structures. Woodward's conception of the relative lengths of the legs obviously resulted from a combination of the two specimens of  and. The former furnished the evidence for the conclusion that the last pairs of legs are "about equal both in length and breadth" [1872, p. 123], for it was the only specimen known to him retaining these legs; while the specimen of  which


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102 portrait is also found in each, and both state the time of Jean's exile as seven years. II. differs from all the other versions in placing the later adventures of the story at Calais rather than at the court of the heroine's father. In II., as in VI., the ghost announces himself at the first meeting, which is undoubtedly a modification of the original story. Thus the two forms are sufficiently independent of one another, in spite of their common use of an animal as the hero's friend.

Jean de Calais VIII., though like VI. from a Breton source, differs from all the other variants, chiefly in transposing the burial and the ransom. Jean Carré, sent out by his godmother as a sea-captain, ransoms an English princess with her maid, and marries the former. After two years, when a son has been born to them, Jean goes on another voyage, and adorns the stern of his vessel with portraits of his wife, the child, and the maid, which he is begged to show while anchored at London. He does so, and is received by the king as a son-in-law. One day he sees a poor debtor's body dragged along the street, pays the debts, and has it buried. He then sets out with a fleet to seek his wife, and is cast overboard by a Jew, who is the pilot; but he is saved by a supernatural man, who carries him to a green rock in the sea. The princess refuses to go to England when the fleet arrives, and is wooed by the Jew so persistently that after two years she promises him marriage At this juncture Jean, who has been asleep during the whole interval, is awakened by his rescuer and carried over the sea, where the man explains that he is the ghost of the debtor. Jean is first recognized by his little son, the Jew is burned by the gendarmes, and all ends well.

The transposition mentioned above is clearly a change due to the individual narrator or some local predecessor, since everywhere else the burial takes place before the

title: Page:The Grateful Dead.djvu/118


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158 It has been said that men expect results, but receive consequences, and perennial consequences have always come, true to principle, where these eternal laws are violated by men. The guardianship of adults by the State destroys manhood and the Liberty that manhood always craves. The mother of risk is uncertainty, and, no matter what the effort to ignore it, risk must be paid for—and it is the most expensive thing in business. To make the penalty of a mistaken opinion, as to anything, possible destruction, is the worst form of tyranny; and to threaten men in trade with discredit, ruin, and even imprisonment, for guessing wrongly the inscruitable risks of production as a means of terminating scarcity, is no more effective than to attempt to stop a conflagration by deluging it with a combustible. But the worst evil of all is that nothing so jeopardizes Liberty as economic distress. Those who have sufficient influence to lead the world into these errors, as Mr. Mill has pointed out, are always ready enough to shift the burden of their errors upon those who have chiefly suffered by them, and thus to urge an establishment of that terror which is always the ultimate result of such a propaganda. Envy, though the meanest basis of human conduct, is always the most certainly and promptly punished of any of our faults, even punished not merely by a loss of prosperity, but the greatest punishment—the loss of Liberty also. But as our poet has so well said: "Happiness was born a twin." We must all rise or fall together, where freedom and free competition are preserved; and though men have persecuted those who preached the duty of brotherly love with its accompanying well wishing, they have always paid for such deeds in sackcloth and ashes.


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 retained the last long leg and several of the anterior limbs scattered about the carapace, furnished the evidence for the two pairs of short limbs in his restoration. Woodward figured in front of these two feelerlike appendages which in Beecher's restoration of  are replaced by a first pair of short walking legs, the latter together with a chelicera having been successfully prepared by Clarke [1888, pl. 26A].

An example from the dark shales at Otisville has shown by preparation a series of four legs on one side and this species exhibits in the formation of its carapace the typical characters of a Stylonurus. The structure of this species,, has suggested a different conception of the limbs of Stylonurus, for, (1) the last two legs are of distinctly different length, (2) the second and third pairs of legs are so long as to form a progressively growing series with the fourth and fifth pairs. The question then arises whether Stylonurus had been incorrectly understood or whether the Otisville form represents a new and different group.

A survey of the 13 species, cited below as falling under the head of Stylonurus by virtue of the characters of their carapaces and abdomina, shows that, besides the original representatives of the genus,  and , of only four species are specimens known that retain sufficient fragments of the legs to indicate their structure. These are  and   Laurie,   Clarke and   Woodward. Taken together these demonstrate two important facts; (1) that the legs increased in length quite regularly backward instead of being divided sharply into two different sets as represented by Woodward and Beecher: an anterior one of very short legs and a posterior one of exceedingly long ones, (2) that there are three distinct types of legs among species referred to this genus.

As already stated, Woodward seems to have combined the aspects of his specimens of  and   to effect his restoration of  ; the former furnishing the two long legs, the other the preceding two short pairs. In considering the question of the two "subequal" long pairs of swimming legs, it may be observed that the


text: Does Price Fixing Destroy Liberty?/General Conclusions


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 specimen of   which retains both in full length, distinctly shows that there was a considerable difference in the two pairs, the fourth being shorter in total length by about one sixth, and each of its segments a little shorter than the corresponding one of the fifth [pl. 49, fig. 6]. In  Laurie, where the last two pairs are also shown, this difference is still greater [text fig. 62] and the same is suggested by Laurie's drawing of   [1892, pl. 2, fig. 10]. It would seem then that all specimens of Stylonurus, except the original, exhibit a distinct difference in length between the last two pairs of legs. From the two figures of, published successively by Woodward [1865, pl. 13, fig. 1; 1872, pl. 21, fig. 1], it also becomes obvious that that specimen must possess the same


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, however, proved superfluous; for, a few days after, an epidemical fever began to manifest itself, which, in eight-and-forty hours, carried off Matthew, and soon after Pereira, the servant of Don Roderigo; so that no opportunity now offered for an explanation with the king about his or the empress's promise of ceding one-third of the kingdom to the Portuguese in cafe the king would fend them succour. Terrified by the fever, and the bad prospect of the weather, they resumed their journey.

monastery of Bisan (to which they were now going) is so called from the great quantity of water which is everywhere found about it. The similitude of found has made Poncet, and several other travellers, call it the Monastery of the Vision; but Bisan (water) is its true name, being plentifully supplied with that moil valuable clement. A number of lakes and rivers are interspersed through its plains; while abundant springs, that are never dry, flow from the top of each rock, dashing their rills against the rugged projections of the cliffs below.

monastery of Bisan, properly so called, is the head of six others in the compass of 26 miles; each convent placed, like a tower on the top of its own rock. That upon which Bisan is situated is very high, and almost perpendicular; and from this rises another still higher than it, which, unless to its inhabitants, is perfectly inaccessible. It is, on every side, surrounded with wood, interspersed with fruit-trees of many different kinds, as well of those known as of those


text:
Author:Larz Bourne

Works

 * Bride and Gloom

title: Author:Larz Bourne


text:
Page:The Cambridge History of American Literature, v3.djvu/11

P. 17, 1. 18, for at the Court of King Arthur read in King Arthur's Court.

P. 84, 1. 2, add He died 11 May, 1920.

P. 104, 1. 26, for A Turn of the Screw read The Turn of the Screw.

P. 163, 1. 1, for Adirondack read Adirondacks.

P. 164, 1. 4, for as regards of read as regards.

P. 260, 1. 25, for mode or read mode of.

P. 294, 1. 9, for The Songs of Songs read The Song of Songs.

P. 345, 1. 13, for because read because of.

P. 375, 1. 26, for spring read summer.


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, for the segments of the fourth pair are throughout shorter than those of the fifth, but as noted above, the single type is poorly preserved, was therefore apt to mislead and is not conclusive in this regard. In view of the fact that Drepanopterus, which clearly leads

phylogenetically to Stylonurus, exhibits a much greater difference between these two leg pairs, it is a fair deduction that such difference also existed in typical Stylonurus, though less pronounced and perhaps in various gradations.


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 A further question relating to the legs, suggested by the Otisville specimen of, is whether the second and third pairs were as short and as nearly equal in size as represented by Woodward and Beecher. Here again all the types which retain these legs; those of,  ,   and  , give direct evidence that they also formed a posteriorly increasing series, the last being the longest and that, on the whole, they were much longer than represented in the restorations. The specimen of  [text fig. 63] which served as the basis of the restorations exhibits a fragment of two segments of one of these legs attached to the body and is surrounded by two (three in first figure, 1864) detached anterior legs. The smaller of these undoubtedly represents the first pair of postoral limbs, as clearly indicated by its rapid contraction and the shortness of the segments. As the first pair Woodward introduced antennae and constituted as the second pair what we believe to be obviously the first, while the other, which has about twice the length of the former, to us represents the second pair. The third pair is only represented by the small fragment still attached. It is quite clear that there is considerable difference in length between the first and second legs and a still greater difference between the second and third legs. The relative lengths of the first and second legs are well shown in Laurie's type of  [text fig. 64] and the relative great length of the third pair is evident in   [text fig. 62] where it nearly equals the fourth pair and surpasses it in width. Looking back again, in relation to these legs, to Drepanopterus, the ancestor of Stylonurus, we find that there the first three pairs also form a series increasing in length backward.

The combined evidence, then, of the material at present available is that the legs formed an approximately continuous series, the anterior members being longer than hitherto supposed and the last two not so greatly surpassing the others in length and not of so nearly equal length. On the basis of these facts we have drawn a new reconstruction of, although only the first pair of legs of that species are known, using mainly our specimen of   for this reconstruction.


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, for whose assistance, he thought, he should have no use.

, whose first object was the conquest of India, had met there so rude a reception that he began to despair of further success in his undertaking; but, having conquered Arabia on one side of the Red Sea, he was desirous of extending his dominions to the other also, and for three reasons: The first was, that the safety of the holy place of Mecca would be much endangered should a Portuguese army and fleet rendezvous in Abyssinia, and be joined by an army there. The second, that his ships and gallies could not be in security at the bottom of the Gulf, should the Portuguese obtain leave to fortify any island or harbour belonging to the Abyssinians. The third, that the king of Abyssinia being, as he was taught to believe, the prince whom the prophet Mahomet had honoured with his correspondence, he thought it a duty incumbent upon him to convert this prince and kingdom to the Mahometan religion by the sword, a method allowable in no religion but that of Mahomet and of Rome.

ancient and feeble arms of lances and bows, carried by half-naked peasants assembled in haste and at random for an occasion, were now laid aside. In place of these, Selim had left garrisons of veteran troops in all the sea-coast towns of Arabia, exercised in fire-arms, and furnished with large trains of artillery, supported by a large fleet which, though destined against the Portuguese in India, and constantly beat by them, never failed, both going and coming, to reinforce their posts in Arabia with stores and fresh soldiers.


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 * }


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 It is proper to say here that the restorations of  and   have always looked unnatural to us in leg construction, because it is not apparent how the two very different sets of legs could have been used harmoniously. Woodward and Beecher were not in accord in their opinions as to the use of these legs; the former considered the long legs as the swimming feet [see his description of ] and the short ones as the walking feet, while Beecher per contra considered the long legs as the crawling feet [see 1900, p. 149]. As to the latter conception, it is unintelligible to us how the creature could have balanced itself on these four legs or could have taken up its food without correspondingly long prehensile organs, much like the chelae of Pterygotus and those of the recent sea spiders. The short anterior legs of the restoration would seem to have been hardly competent to propel the huge body in swimming and their position at the front of the carapace would have scarcely allowed their effective use for walking without the assistance of the other legs.

The gradually lengthening series of legs suggests to us that they, all combined, were functional in crawling, the long hinder pairs, on account of their stronger curvature and backward direction, reaching the same level as the shorter forward pairs with their terminal claws, thereby carrying the body as it is carried in nearly all crustaceans and arachnoids, on four or more pairs of legs.

There is a difference of opinion as to whether the last pair or pairs were the more active in swimming, as in the other eurypterids, or the first three pairs, as suggested by Beecher. On one hand analogy with the other eurypterids would indicate the use of the last pair of legs as swimming organs, and it would constitute a wide departure if this group reversed the functions of the fore and hind limbs. On the other hand, these hind legs show none of those characters which naturally accompany a swimming function, such as a widening of the joints and an intricate articulation insuring rigidity of the legs, while the preceding legs, in some species as, are provided with a dense fringe of contiguous


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 unknown in Europe. Oranges, citrons, and limes are in great abundance; wild peaches and small figs of a very indifferent quality; black grapes, on loaded branches, hang down from the barren timber round which they are twined, and afford plentiful supply to man and beast: The fields are covered with myrtles and many species of jessamin; with roses too of various colours; but fragrance is denied to them all, except one sort, which is the white one, single-leafed.

monks of these convents were said once to be about a thousand in number. They have a large territory, and pay a tribute in cows and horses to the Baharnagash, who is their superior. Their horses are esteemed good, as coming from the neighbourhood of the Arabs. However, though I had the absolute choice of them all during the time I commanded the king's guard, I never could draw from that part of the country above a score of sufficient strength and size to bear a man in complete armour.

now leave Don Roderigo to pursue his journey towards the king at Shoa. The history of it, and of his embassy, published at large by Alvarez his chaplain, has not met, from the historians of his own country, with a reception which favours the authenticity of its narrative. There are, indeed, in the whole of it, and especially where religion is concerned, many things very difficult of belief, which seem to be the work of the Jesuits some years posterior to the time in which Alvarez was in Abyssinia. Tellez condemns him, though a writer of those times; and Damianus


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 spines or bristles well adapted to broaden the swimming surface of the limbs. To the first leg of  which is the only one observed, paired flat spines are attached whose form suggests their adaptation to swimming. We are disposed to regard all legs as adapted for crawling. Though in some species the forelegs served as swimming organs, the long posterior ones were mainly active in pushing the animal forward.

In another group of species again the forelegs do not differ in relative length and character from the walking legs of Eurypterus. The typical representative of this group is. This leads us to the discussion of the subdivisions of Stylonurus, distinguishable on the basis of leg structure. On comparing the figures of  and   [text fig. 65] with those of   and , it is at once evident that in the former the forelegs are not only relatively smaller and narrower than in the other but are also provided with only one pair of spines each, as in Eurypterus, while in the latter group these legs are relatively much longer, more powerful and furnished with a contiguous series of long spines, each segment carrying a greater number of spines than two, a character apparently not repeated in other genera. A third group is represented by  Woodward. In this, the single limb known (obviously one of the last pair) is greatly broadened from the beginning and is distinctly a swimming leg. The similarity of this swimming leg to that of Eurypterus would suggest a reference to the latter genus if the other characters of the animal were not so manifestly stylonuroid. Still the species is not a typical Stylonurus but distinctly a later and more specialized form. This is shown not only by the swimming leg but also by the large hooked, winglike epimera of the postabdomen and the sculpture of the tergites. It demands recognition as representing a subdivision of Stylonurus.


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 The genotype is not sufficiently known to establish its relationship to any of the three subdivisions here proposed.

Subgenus A is typically represented by  and. Its first three pairs of legs retain the characters of those of Drepanopterus and are like those of Eurypterus, i. e. relatively short and stout and furnished with two curved, strong spines on each segment. Laurie also belongs in this group.

We suspect that also, a curious form described by Woodward [1887, p. 481] from the Lower Carbonic shales of Eskdale, belongs here, although the specimen does not retain the fifth pair of legs, whicht are of critical importance in the distinction of Eurypterus from Stylonurus. The great length and slenderness of the preceding legs, however, are a character only found in Stylonurus, but not in any of the species of Eurypterus known to us. Likewise the coarse, roundish, tuberculate sculpture of the posterior margins of the tergites is more suggestive of Stylonurus than of Eurypterus.

Subgenus B. This is typically represented by  Laurie and   Clarke. Its second and third pairs of legs are relatively much longer and furnished with more than two pairs of long, less curved spines which are vertical on the lower side of the segments. Besides the species mentioned, another form from the Pittsford shale,, only known from two of its legs, clearly belongs here; and we surmise that   also, from the character of its first legs which alone are known, should be brought under this group. In case this structure should not be found in Stylonurus proper, the


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 term Ctenopterus may be applied to this group. The leg from the Utica shale figured by Walcott as, shows a like structure in exaggerated form and may prove to represent the group, in which case the term Echinognathus would take precedence. At present the employment of the latter term would be unwarranted as the body of the Utica form may be entirely different from that of Stylonurus.

Subgenus C. This is represented alone by. Its differential characters are the flat broad last pair of legs, the greatly enlarged winglike epimera of the postabdomen and the emphasized sculpture of the posterior margin of the tergites. The short club-shaped telson is also notable. The carapace and the form of the abdomen are as in Stylonurus. We propose for this group the term Tarsopterus.

Subgenus D. Finally Drepanopterus is, in our opinion, not more differentiated from the typical Stylonurus than, though it stands quite at the other end of the phylogenetic line. nov. is a form distinctly intermediate between Stylonurus and the type of Drepanopterus. On account of its phylogenetic importance in the development of Stylonurus we have treated this division as a separate genus.

The majority of the species can not at present be definitely referred to any of these groups as only their carapaces are known. The following is a provisional synoptic table of the species:


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 his reign was marked by a mutiny of his soldiers, who, joining themselves to some Mahometans, plundered the town, and then disbanded. A misunderstanding also happened with Ayto Hamelmal, son to Romana Werk, daughter of Hatzé Naod, which threatened many misfortunes in its consequences.

, governor of Tigré, was ordered by the king to march against him; and the armies fought with equal advantage. But Hamelmal dying foon after, his party dispersed without further trouble. Fasil, too, his cousin, who had been appointed governor of Damot, rebelled soon after, and was defeated by the king, who this year (the fourth; of his reign) commanded his army for the first time in person, and greatly contributed to the victory, though he was but then sixteen years of age.

sixth year of his reign he marched against a clan of Galla, called Azé, whom he often beat, staying in the country two whole years. Upon his return, he found the Baharnagash, Isaac and Harla, and other malcontents, when a sort of a pacification followed; and having received from, the rebels considerable presents, he fat down at Dobu, a small town in Dembea, where he passed the winter.

this time Oviedo and the Portuguese did not appear at court. The king, however, did not molest the priests in their baptisms, preachings, or any of their functions. He often spake favourably of their moral characters their sobriety, patience, and decency of their lives; but he condemned decisively the whole of their religious tenets, which he pronounced to be full of danger and contradiction, and


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 {| width="500px" align="center"
 * colspan="2" align="center" | Subgenus D. (Drepanopterus)
 * width="50%" | S. lobatus Laurie || width="50%" | S. bembycoides Laurie
 * S. pentlandicus Laurie || S. longicaudatus nov.
 * }
 * S. pentlandicus Laurie || S. longicaudatus nov.
 * }
 * }

Among the American species only group B (Ctenopterus) and group D (Drepanopterus) have thus far been recognized, the former with one, the latter with two species. The subgeneric relations of the four other American species:,  ,   and   remain undetermined.

Clarke. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 107. 1907. p. 307, pl. 3, fig. 8–10

The original description of this species reads: "Of this species we have only enough to satisfactorily establish its difference from other forms—the two specimens here illustrated. Both show the peculiarly ornamented frontal border of the cephalon which carries a row of denticulations. One of these specimens conveys a satisfactory idea of the form of the body, and presents the ventral aspect but there is some uncertainty in regard to the number of segments and though evidences of four pairs of legs are present the structure of these is not apparent. The head shown in figure 10 indicates that the compound eyes are large and very far forward. It is entirely probable that when this species becomes better known it will have to be excluded from the genus Eurypterus."

The larger collections acquired since this date and the development of the counterpart of the first of the two specimens figured in the preliminary paper, have afforded sufficient data to form a fairly accurate conception of this most peculiar type.

Description. Body of small size, slender and terete, all parts being noticeably elongate.


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 empress Helena died in 1525, the year before the Portuguese embassy ended, after having brought about an interview between the two nations, which, by the continual disavowal of Matthew's embassy, it is plain that David knew not how to turn to his advantage. Soon after her death, the king prepared to renew the war with the Moors, without having received the lead advantage from the Portuguese. But very differently had the people of Adel employed this interval of peace. They had strengthened themselves by the strictest friendship with the Turkish officers in Arabia, especially with the basha of Zibit, a large trading port nearly opposite to Masuah. A Turkish garrison was put into Zeyla; and a Turk, with a large train of artillery, commanded in it. All was ready against the first invasion the king was to make, and he was now marching directly towards their country.

first retaliation, for the Portuguese friendship, (as we have already observed) had been the cutting off the caravan for Jerusalem. In revenge for this, the king had marched into Dawaro, and sent a body of troops from that province to see what was the state of the Moorish forces in Adel. These were no sooner arrived on the frontiers of that kingdom, than they were met by a number of the enemy appointed to guard those confines, and, coming to blows, the Abyssinians defeated, and drove them into the desert parts of their own country. The king still advanced till he met the Mahometan army, and a battle was fought at Shimbra Cord, where the Abyssinian army was totally defeated; the Betwudet, Hadug Ras, the governor of Amhara, Robel, governor of the mountain of Geshen, with the greatest part of the nobility, and four thousand men, were all slain.


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 Carapace elongate oval in outline, broadest in the posterior fourth, whence it contracts to half the width at the frontal margin. Its length and greatest width are but slightly different. The lateral margin is most convex at the broadest portion of the carapace which is frequently somewhat expanded into a kind of cheek. It becomes gently convex more anteriorly and passes rather abruptly at the antelateral angles into the more or less projecting frontal margin. The postlateral angles are well rounded and the posterior margin is deeply concave in the middle. The frontal border is furnished with a row of 8–16 acute denticulations which are longest in the middle and decrease in size toward the lateral ends. The serrae are directed obliquely upward. The lateral margins are bordered by a thickened rim.

The upper side of the carapace is highly sculptured. Its most prominent parts are the big bulging compound eyes. The portion of the carapace in front of these is flat but rises in the middle to a large subcircular mound, bearing tubercles of greater size than those forming the ornamentation of the rest of the carapace. Oval, sharply set-off cheeklike ridges extend backward from the lateral eyes to near the posterior margin, and from the intervening depression, midway between the lateral eyes, rises the very prominent small mound bearing the ocelli. The underside of the carapace bears a broad and thick doublure which is widest along the frontal margin and there exhibits a deep concentric furrow.

The lateral eyes are very large (one third the length of the carapace), forming projecting elliptical bodies that lie near the lateral margin and parallel to the latter in their major axis, thus converging strongly forward. Their posterior extremities lie approximately on the transverse bisecting line. The visual surface is crescent-shaped and narrow; its horns approach each other on the inner side. The eye mound overtops the visual surface considerably and forms apparently an overhanging ridge on the inner side of the visual surface so that the latter frequently disappears entirely in compressed specimens.

The ornamentation of the carapace consists of small tubercles which


text:
Author:William Abbott Herdman

Works

 * Report upon the Tunicata collected during the Voyage of the “Challenger”

title: Author:William Abbott Herdman


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 Goez, one of the first historians, says, that he had seen a journal written in Alvarez's own name, very different from the journal that is gone forth to the public. For my part, I can only say, that what is related of the first audience with the king, and many of the following pages, seem to me to be fabrications of people that never have been in Abyssinia; and, if this is the case, no imputation can be laid against Francisco Alvarez, as, perhaps, he is not the author of the misrepresentation in question. But, as to the cordiality with which the Catholic religion was received by the monks and people in general, during the long stay and bad reception Don Roderigo met with, I have no sort of doubt that this is a falsehood, and this must be charged directly to his account.

have already seen that, early as Zara Jacob's time, the religion of the Franks was held in the utmost detestation, and that in Bæda Mariam's reign the whole country was in rebellion, because the king had directed the Virgin Mary to be painted by one Branca Leon, a Venetian painter, then alive, and in court, when Don Roderigo de Lima was with the king in Shoa. Iscander and Naod were both strict in the tenets of the church of Alexandria; and two Abunas, Imaranha Christos, who lived till Iscander's time, and Abuna Marcus, alive in Alvarez's, had given no allowance for strange or foreign worship to be introduced. How the Catholic could be so favourably and generally received in the time of Alvarez is what I cannot conceive. Blood enough was spilt immediately afterwards, to shew that this affection to the Roman Catholic religion, if any such there was in Alvarez's time, must have been merely transitory. When, therefore, I find any thing in this journal plainly


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, called Gragne, (which signifies left-handed) commanded this army. He was governor of Zeyla, and had promoted the league, with the Turkish bashas on the coast of Arabia; and, having now given the king a check in his first enterprise, be resolved to carry on the war with him in a way that should produce something decisive. He remained then quiet two years at home, sent all the prisoners he had made in the last expedition to Mecca, and to the Turkish powers on the coast, and required from them in return the number of troops stipulated, with a train of portable artillery, which was punctually furnished, while a large body of janizaries crossed over and joined the Moorish army. Mahomet led these troops straight into Fatigar, which he over-ran, as he did the two other neighbouring provinces, Ifat and Dawaro, burning and laying waste the whole country, and driving, as was his usual manner, immense numbers of the inhabitants, whom the sword had spared, back with him to Adel.

next year, Mahomet marched from Adel directly into Dawaro, committing the same excesses. The king, who saw in despair that total ruin threatened his whole country, and that there were no hopes but in a battle, met the Moorish army at Ifras, very much inferior to them in every sort of appointment. The battle was fought 1st May 1528; the king was defeated, and Islam Segued, his first minister, who commanded the army that day, with many of his principal officers, were slain upon the spot, and the Moorish army took possession of Shoa. David retreated with his broken army into Amhara, and encamped at Hegu, thinking to procure reinforcements during the bad weather, but Gragne was too near to give him time for this. He entered Amhara,


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Steinhauer, Henry Bird


text:
Author:James Stuart Blackton

Films directed

 *  (1899)
 * Humorous Phases of Funny Faces (1906)
 * Oliver Twist (1909)

title: Author:James Stuart Blackton


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 flood, I explain and vindicate it; where I see there is a fact deliberately misrepresented, such as the celebration of the Epiphany, I refute it from ocular demonstration. The rest of the journal I leave in medio to the judgment of my reader, who will find it at his bookseller's; only observing, that there can be no doubt that the journey itself was made by Don Roderigo, and the persons named with him.

preserved the several stations of these travellers in my map, though a great part of the countries through which they passed is now in the hands of the Galla, and is as inaccessible to Abyssinians as it is to strangers.

are two particulars in Alvarez's account of this journey which very much surprise me. The first is, the daily and constant danger this company was in from tigers, so daring as to present themselves within pike-length. Of this I have taken notice in the appendix when speaking of the hyæna.

other particular relates to the field of beans through which they passed. I never yet saw this sort of grain, or pulse, in Abyssinia. The lupine, a wild plant, somewhat similar, chiefly infects those provinces from which the honey comes, and is regarded there with the utmost aversion. The reason of which will be seen in the sequel. But as these Mahometans, through whose country Don Roderigo passed, are not indigenous, and never had any connection with the ancient slate of manners or religion of this country, it is more than probable the cultivation of the bean is no older than the settlement of these Mahometans here, long after


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repeated attempts made in every session of Parliament to pass a Bill which shall enable a widower to marry the sister of his deceased wife, and the very considerable sympathy which exists in the public mind in favour of those who are working for a relaxation of the existing laws, make it very important to state clearly and briefly the grounds on which the prohibition ought still to be maintained. The sympathy of the public, as far as it exists, rests upon a very narrow basis. People imagine that the best guardian for a widower's children would be found in the sister of his deceased wife, and they think it hard that the widower may not marry her. They forget that the widower can have this aid and solace immediately under the protection of the existing law; and that if such marriages were lawful, a widower could no more have a sister-in-law to dwell with him and keep his house than he could any other woman of equal social position; and that in fact the possibility of such a marriage would probably render both the widower and the sister-in-law unwilling to enter upon relations, which, confessedly might terminate in the sister taking the deceased wife's place., A man would thus be debarred from having this most natural aid and solace, in the hour of his first distress, and when he saw his children in need of a mother's care, if he had no sister of his own, and wished for his wife's sister as guardian for them, he must face the disagreeable question whether he was prepared finally to marry her. But very frequently the wife's death is preceded by illness, during which, at present she looks to her sisters for relief in the cares of housekeeping and the management of her children. They come as being equally the husband's sisters, and the drooping wife is not distressed at the thought that one of them is to take her place in his affections, and be her

title: Page:Maymanmarryhisde00mack.djvu/7


text:
Author:Helen Catherine Douglas Mackenzie

Works

 * Life in the Mission, the Camp, and the Zenáná: Six Years in India (1853)
 * May a Man Marry His Deceased Wife's Sister? (1880)
 * Storms and Sunshine of a Soldier's Life (1884)
 * Volume 1
 * Volume 2

Editor

 * The Great Day of Atonement, 1859 translation edited by Mackenzie

Works about Mackenzie

 * Mentioned in:


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 successor. Finally, the relaxation of the law would destroy those happy relations which now exist between families united by marriage, and which add so much to the purity and enjoyment of domestic life.

But, with many, these considerations would weigh but little against their own selfish interests, or against that indolent good nature of the public, which would let everybody do as they like. It is necessary therefore to shew that this prohibition rests upon higher authority, and those who might not care much for considerations respecting the general good and happiness would not willingly do anything contrary to Holy Scripture. They feel that they have in the Bible the only sufficient code of morals. Once depart from it, we know not whither our route may take us. Especially women feel truly that they owe to Christianity the equal position which they now hold towards men, and they would not wish the authority of the Bible tampered with. The object of this little pamphlet written by a woman, is to state the scriptural argument clearly and sufficiently, and there are, I am persuaded few, who when they have read it, will not feel that there are strong reasons for regarding the prohibition as resting upon the authority of the Bible. Most indubitably the Bible puts relationships by affinity upon the same footing as relationships by blood. It takes, no doubt, a high view of marriage, but are not such views the very palladium of the sanctity of the home, and the safeguard of all that is best in society! And all such as are unwilling to have marriage degraded to a mere matter of convenience, and would wish it still to hold the high position given to it in Holy Scripture will do well carefully to consider the arguments here stated, and weigh both them and the possible consequences that may follow from our setting aside any portion of the moral law, enacted for us, as all believers in the Inspiration of the Bible firmly hold, by God himself.

R. PAYNE SMITH.
 * Deanery, Canterbury.
 * March, 1880.

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 MAY A MAN MARRY HIS DECEASED WIFE'S SISTER?

is a question with some persons, whether it is lawful for a widower to marry the sister of his deceased wife. The Presbyterian Church has long ago given her judgment on this question, in her Confession of faith, which, at the time it was drawn up, was acknowledged as the standard of the united kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland, and is still maintained by all English-speaking Presbyterian congregations and churches throughout the world; while in Scotland it is to this day, I am thankful to say, the law of the land as wellas the law of the church. In the twenty-fourth chapter it declares, "Marriage ought not to be within the degrees of consanguinity or affnity forbidden in the word, nor can such incestuous marriages ever be made lawful by any law of man or consent of parties, so as those persons may live together as man and wife. The man may not marry any of his wife's kindred nearer in blood than he may of his own; nor the woman of her husband's kindred nearer in blood than of her own."

That this simple intelligible principle is a Scriptural one, and therefore binding upon all Christians, is evident from the eighteenth chapter of Leviticus, 6th verse, where the reason given for prohibiting marriage with an uncle's wife is because "she is thine aunt." This proves that consanguinity and affinity, that is relationship by blood, and relationship by

title: Page:Maymanmarryhisde00mack.djvu/9


text:
Author:James Bell Pettigrew

Works

 * Animal Locomotion
 * (in part)

title: Author:James Bell Pettigrew


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 marriage, are reckoned as the same in the sight of God. It is He who said "she is thine aunt." Now if your aunt-in-law be your aunt, your sister-in-law is your sister.

Again, marriage with a wife's daughter or granddaughter is forbidden because "they are" thy near kinswomen, verse 17. What makes them "thy near kinswomen"? They are no blood relations. It is the oneness of husband and wife. "They shall be one flesh" (Gen. ii. 24). These words are repeated emphatically by our Blessed Lord (Matt. xix. 2) who added "so then they are no more twain but one flesh" (Mark x. 8.) This absolute unity and identity of man and wife is used as the type of the perfect union between Christ and His Church. He is our Head (Eph. v. 23,) "and we are members of His body," and after His example "so ought men to love their wives as (being) their own bodies." He that loveth his wife loveth himself, for no man ever yet hated his own flesh, &c., see (1 Cor. xi. 2.)

Husband and wife being one, the wife's kindred are the husband's kindred, and stand in exactly the same relationship to him as to her. And that this is not merely a deduction of right reason, but a Scriptural principle, is proved by the Divine assertion that the wife of an uncle "is thine aunt" the daughter or granddaughter of a wife is "thy near kinswoman," and the wife of a father or a brother is spoken of as identical with her husband.

This is sufficient to settle the whole question for those who take the word of God as the infallible Rule of Righteousness, but there are many other considerations which must lead to the same conclusion.

title: Page:Maymanmarryhisde00mack.djvu/10


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 Certain connections are forbidden in the eighteenth and twentieth of Leviticus. Those which are expressly named are as follows : — "Mother. Father's Wife, or Stepmother. Sister. Half-sister. Granddaughter, by either Son or Daughter. Aunt, by either Father or Mother. Uncle's Wife, or Aunt-in-law. Son's Wife, or Daughter-in-law. Brother's Wife, or Sister-in-law. Wife's Mother, or Mother-in-law. Wife's Daughter, or Daughter-in-law, Stepdaughter, Wife's Granddaughter, or Granddaughter-in-law." Here there are just as many relationships by affinity as by blood — the most distant being the aunt. No sort of Mother (or grandmother), of aunt, of sister or of daughter is allowed.

Now it may be laid down as an acknowledged principle, that no part of the Law given to Moses either has passed, or ever shall pass away (Matt. v. 17-19). It either has been fulfilled, or, it is still binding. The whole of our Redeemer's Mission was a proof of the unchangeableness of the Law; which, being an expression of the will of its Divine Author, is as immutable as Himself The Lord Jesus left the throne of His Glory to magnify the Law and to make it honourable by fulfilling every title of its demands; He suffered and died to atone for its violated majesty; and the new covenant in Christ Jesus is comprised in these two promises, that "sin should be forgiven and forgotten," and "that the Law should be written in our hearts and minds" (Heb. x. 16 18, viii. 10 12.)

Thus the moral law can never change. All the ceremonial

title: Page:Maymanmarryhisde00mack.djvu/11


text: Page:Congressional Government.djvu/365

title: Page:Congressional Government.djvu/365


text: Pictures From Italy/Chapter 2

title: Pictures From Italy/Chapter 2


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 observances, all the rules relating to inheritances, (types and signs whereby a stupid and stiff-necked people were trained to look forward to eternal realities) and among these rules the injunction to the brother, or next kinsman of a childless husband, to marry his widow, and to heiresses to marry within their father's family, have fulfilled their purpose. The earthly Israel and their earthly inheritance have given way to spiritual and heavenly realities.

Some few things were permitted to the Jews, "because of the hardness of their hearts," which were expressly forbidden by our blessed Lord (Matt. v. 31-32, xix. 4 ; Mark x. 6), such as divorce, but no part of the moral law was ever relaxed, or made less stringent. Look at the manner in which our Lord opens out the requirements of that law as a sufficient proof that He established instead of overthrowing it, as a rule of life (see Matt. v). Now a prohibition of marriage is clearly a moral, and not a ceremonial prohibition, and as such it is equally binding on the Christian as on the Jew. Therefore these prohibitions are binding on Christians.

The manner in which these laws are introduced and the reasons given for them, show that the forbidden acts are gross sins, hateful in the sight of God.

Nothing can be more solemn than the preface, I am the Lord your God, after the doings of the land of Egypt. . . and after the doings of the land of Canaan. . . shall ye not do, neither shall ye walk in their ordinances. Ye shall do My Judgments and keep Mine ordinances. I am the Lord your God. Then follow these prohibitions — which conclude with the awful warning, "Defile not ye yourselves with any of these things, for in all these the nations are defiled which I cast out before you, and the land is defiled, therefore do I visit the iniquity thereof upon it. Ye shall not commit any of

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 these abominations." I am the Lord your God, ye shall be holy for I the Lord your God am holy, (xix. 2, xx. 7.)"

It is by an error in the heading of the chapter that these prohibited connections are styled "unlawful marriages." They are not marriages at all. The expression in verse 6, "to uncover," &c., is shown by Gesenius never to be applied to marriage, but always to denote something abominable and vile. The Vulgate translates it ut revelat turpitudinem ejus, and Selden defines it: id est incestus. The laws themselves style these sins indiscriminately "wickedness," — "defilement," — "abomination." This alone is sufficient to make them hateful to all who fear God.

The reason given is nearness of kin. No one is to ally himself with any that is near of kin to him, verse 6, and then follow the degrees specified. The case of Abraham and that of Amram and Jochebed are probably the reason why so many kinds of sisters and aunts are named, but it is evident that all forbidden degrees are not expressly named in this list: a man is not expressly forbidden to marry his grandmother, his daughter, or his niece, therefore the omission of an express prohibition against marrying his wife's sister goes for nothing.

If these laws are not binding, there is no other Scriptural ground for prohibiting marriage with an aunt or daughter-in-law, step-daughter or granddaughter, or even the nearest relations; for a sense of propriety, or inward sense of right is no proof to another person who may choose to deny it.

We should thus be cast adrift without chart or compass on the "troubled sea" of human passion, with no law whatever to guide us on the most important point of domestic life, except the reference in Corinthians to the sin of taking a father's wife — a case of affinity — "no blood relationship"

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Isabella (1214-1241)


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GOING THROUGH FRANCE.

N a fine Sunday morning in the Midsummer time and weather of eighteen hundred and forty-four, it was, my good friend, when—don't be alarmed; not when two travellers might have been observed slowly making their way over that picturesque and broken ground by which the first chapter of a Middle Aged novel is usually attained—but when an English travelling carriage of considerable proportions, fresh from the shady halls of the Pantechnicon near Belgrave-square, London,

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6 was observed (by a very small French soldier; for I saw him look at it) to issue from the gate of the Hotel Meurice in the Rue Rivoli at Paris. I am no more bound to explain why the English family travelling by this carriage, inside and out, should be starting for Italy on a Sunday morning, of all good days in the week, than I am to assign a reason for all the little men in France being soldiers, and all the big men postilions: which is the invariable rule. But, they had some sort of reason for what they did, I have no doubt; and their reason for being there at all, was, as you know, that they were going to live in fair Genoa for a year; and that the head of the family purposed, in that space of time, to stroll about, wherever his restless humour carried him. And it would have been small comfort to me to have explained to the population of Paris generally, that I was that Head and Chief; and not the radiant embodiment of good-humour who sat beside me in the person of a French Courier—best of servants and most beaming of men! Truth to say, he looked a great deal more patriarchal than I, who, in the shadow of his portly presence, dwindled down to no account at all.

There was, of course, very little in the aspect of Paris—as we rattled near the dismal Morgue and over the Pont Neuf—to reproach us for our Sunday travelling. The wine-shops (every second house) were driving a roaring trade; awnings were spreading, and chairs and tables arranging, outside the cafés, preparatory to the eating of ices, and drinking of cool liquids, later in the

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 Gojam, appearing anywhere in force to Hop the desolation of their country. The whole tract between Narea and the Nile was now cleared of enemies, and a number of priests at that time sent to revive drooping Christianity in those parts.

the year 1617, a league was again made among the Boren Galla, that part of them should invade Gojam, while the others (namely the Marawa) should enter Begemder. Upon hearing this, the king in haste marched to Begemder, that he might be ready in cafe of need to assist Tigré. He then fixed his head-quarters at Shima, but from this he speedily removed; and, palling Emfras, came to Dobit, a favourite residence of the emperor Jacob, where he held a council to determine which of the two provinces he should first assist.

was the general opinion of his officers, that to march at that time of the year into Tigré by Begemder, was to destroy the army, and distress both provinces; that an army, well provided with horse, was necessary for acting with success against the Galla, and that, in effect, though the royal army at present was so appointed, yet there was no grass at that time of the year in all that march for the subsistence of the cavalry, and very little water for the use of man or beast, an inconvenience the Galla themselves must experience if they attempted an invasion that way. It was, moreover, urged, that, if the king should march through Woggora and Lamalmon, they might get more food for their beads, and water too; but then they would throw themselves far from the place where the Galla had entered, and would be obliged to fall into the former road, with the inconveniencies already stated. The consequence of this


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 yet so heinous a sin that it was "not so much as named among the Gentiles: "1 Cor. v. 1.

It is incredible that the Church should be left wholly without guidance on such a subject, which she has been, unless the law in Leviticus is a law for all ages.

The Law is clearly stated. All unions are forbidden with those that are near of kin (Lev. xviii. 6), and the degrees subsequently specified seem intended to define what degrees are intended by this expression.

If these rules are binding, the converse of them is true, that is to say they are equally binding upon man and woman. Now the relationship between a man and his wife's sister is exactly the same as that between a woman and her husband's brother. If the prohibition of a man's marriage with his brother's wife does not equally forbid the marriage of a woman with her sister's husband, the two relationships being identical, then a woman may marry her grandson, or her uncle, or her aunt's husband, or her niece's husband, though a man may not marry his granddaughter, his aunt, or his uncle's wife.

Some objections remain to be noticed. Their fewness is of itself a strong argument in favour of the doctrine we maintain.

The verse, "Thou shalt not take a wife to her sister to vex her, beside the other, in her lifetime" (Lev. xxviii. 18.) is said to give a tacit permission to take a wife's sister after the death of the first wife: but it by no means follows that because an act is prohibited at one time it is therefore lawful at another. It is most illogical to say he may not do so during her lifetime therefore he may after her death. If the above is the true rendering of the verse, it would appear to be an allusion to Jacob having married two sisters, which

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 no man henceforward was to do. But as this kind of marriage is already forbidden by implication in the 16th verse, where the marriage of a woman with two brothers, and therefore that of a man with two sisters, is prohibited, the marginal reading, "Thou shalt not take one wife to another," appears preferable. At any rate, it prevents any doctrine being built on a verse of doubtful interpretation. But some reply, that had polygamy been forbidden in this verse, it would not have been so generally practised. But neither does this follow. David, Solomon, and their descendants knew perfectly well the command (Deut. xvii. 17), not to multiply wives to themselves, yet they openly disobeyed it.

Secondly, it is urged that the marriage of a woman with two brothers cannot be wrong, or it would not have been sanctioned in a particular case; and hence it is rather illogically argued that the marriage of a man with two sisters is lawful. Now as we see by the history of Judah's sons, marriage with the widow of a childless brother was a Hebrew custom before the law was given, but this no more sanctions it now, than divorce and polygamy are sanctioned by their having been permitted to the Jews. The express command of the law-giver makes any act lawful in that particular instance, just as the Israelites were justified in slaying the Canaanites. Cain and Abel married their sisters, Jacob his sister-in-law; Amram married Jochebed, his aunt; in this special instance, where a Jew was allowed to marry his sister-in-law, the exception proves the rule. In all but that one case, of a Jew dying childless, a specified case among a specified people, the prohibition was explicit. The marriage of a woman with two brothers was pronounced "an unclean thing," Lev. xx. 20, 21, and the curse of dying childless was denounced upon it. Some may require proof of the

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text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Steinhefer, Juan


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 fulfilment of the curse in these days, as a proof of the continuance of the law: but we are no longer under a system of visible earthly rewards and punishments, as the Jews were; yet blasphemy, adultery, and Sabbath-breaking, are not less sinful now, because the offenders are not punished with death. And it most probably means that they should be childless in the sense Jehoichin was — with no heirs, their children being illegitimate.

Again, the reason for this permission does not exist now, neither could it apply to marrying two sisters. It was permitted in order to prevent the fusion of too many inheritances into one, and to keep up the name of the deceased, an object inexpressibly dear to the heart of a Jew.

Moreover, those who take permission from this passage, should remember the conditions. It was only permitted to the Jews, and the deceased must have been childless. This wholly excludes the favourite argument, that a wife's sister is the most proper person to have charge of her children which in many cases might be urged with superior force in regard to her Mother. Such opinions of man's corrupt heart and reason prove nothing as to the rightness of any step; were they to be met on their own ground, it might easily be proved that the permission which would be a convenience in one case would carry disunion into a thousand families where no advantage could ever be derived from it, and instead of the perfectly brotherly and sisterly terms on which such relations (confident in the sanctity of the barrier between them), now live, the distant friendliness of comparative strangers must be substituted.

Surely no Christian could enter on a marriage, (a step in which he is so peculiarly bound to the greatest purity and holiness) against the lawfulness of which, even in the eyes of

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 its advocates, the presumptions are so strong, and the arguments in favour of which rest on one verse of doubtful interpretation, and one specific case, which does not apply. And I hardly think any Christian can examine the question impartially without coming to the conclusion that such a marriage is directly contrary to the revealed Law of God, and therefore no marriage at all. To sum up the question—

II.—The kindred of the one are therefore equally the kindred of the other. Lev. xviii. 14.

A man is forbidden to marry his uncle's wife, "for she is thine aunt." This proves that relationship by blood and relationship by marriage are reckoned as the same by the Lord.

If your aunt-in-law is your aunt, your sister-in-law must be your sister.

No man may ally himself with any "that is near of kin to him."

A sister is a near kinswoman v. 12, 13.

Near kinswomen of the wife are expressly prohibited v. 17.

The reason against marrying a wife's daughter or granddaughter is, that they are her "near kinswomen." So is her sister. Marriage with a brother's wife or an uncle's wife is pronounced "an unclean thing."

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Rh How then can marriage with a sister's husband be clean? How can you prove any difference between the relationships?

Lastly; Remember that neither Church nor State are infallible guides in this matter. Take Scripture as your only rule. The case of the Corinthian Church should be remembered as a warning to us. The Apostle reproaches them with having permitted a connexion which was "not so much as named among the Gentiles,—that one should have his father's wife" (1 Cor. v. 1). This shows us that even a Christian Church may sanction gross sin, and should warn us not to think the approbation of any Community sufficient to make that excusable which the laws of God, natural or revealed, disallow.

It is remarkable that hardly any one advocates the marriage of a woman with two brothers. Why? Because men make the laws; and what man can endure the idea of his wife marrying his brother? The feeling is, however, equally strong in the other sex. What woman can endure the idea of her sister marrying her husband? And yet this is advocated, though no example of its being allowed can be brought forward from Scripture. These two facts show us that no body of men are secure from error in this or any other matter. It is not therefore superfluous, again to direct the reader's attention to the consequences of permitting marriage with two sisters.

The marriage of uncle and niece may be vindicated on precisely the same grounds as that of a brother and sister-in-law. It is no where expressly forbidden. Some, who boldly maintain that the Old Testament is not a rule for Christians in these matters, would throw open the door to the marriage of still closer connexions. Nowhere but in the Old Testament

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 is the marriage of a man with his wife's mother or daughter forbidden; or with his son's, uncle's, or brother's wife. Allow the marriage of a man with his wife's sister, and you cannot forbid his marriage with his niece. Deny the authority of the Old Testament, and Christians may marry those who stand in the nearest degrees of affinity, a father's wife being the only exception expressly made in the New Testament.

Deny that men and women stand on precisely the same ground, and a woman may marry her grandson or her uncle.

There is, however, no fear of such results among Christians, until the reasons against the lawfulness of such a connexion are fairly met and answered, which I venture to say they never can be.

the present Lord Chancellor, in his speech opposing the Bill for Legalizing Marriage with a Deceased Wife's Sister uttered these weighty words.

"You must consider how far your principle ought to go, and I am sure you can never stop short of the abolition of all marriages of "affinity."

"If we are to prohibit only such marriages as are prohibited by the letter of the Old Testament, we must repeal the prohibition in the case of 13 degrees prohibited by our law and not prohibited by the letter of Leviticus; if on the other hand you endeavour to arrive at the principle contained in that chapter in Leviticus and to lay down a marriage law within the range and limit of the degrees which are prohibited there, you will arrive at our present marriage law."

the Lord Chancellor of Ireland on the same occasion truly stated that the Bill was opposed

"To the harmonious teaching of the Christian Church and the unbroken tradition of the Christian people since Christianity first rose into existence. The vital principle of Christian marriage is 'that husband

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Rh day; shoe-blacks were busy on the bridges; shops were open; carts and waggons clattered to and fro; the narrow, up-hill, funnel-like streets across the River, were so many dense perspectives of crowd and bustle, parti-coloured night-caps, tobacco-pipes, blouses, large boots, and shaggy heads of hair; nothing at that hour denoted a day of rest, unless it were the appearance, here and there, of a family pleasure-party, crammed into a bulky old lumbering cab; or of some contemplative holiday maker in the freest and easiest dishabille, leaning out of a low garret window, watching the drying of his newly polished shoes on the little parapet outside (if a gentleman), or the airing of her stockings in the sun (if a lady), with calm anticipation.

Once clear of the never-to-be-forgotten-or-forgiven pavement which surrounds Paris, the first three days of travelling towards Marseilles, are quiet and monotonous enough. To Sens. To Avallon. To Chalons. A sketch of one day's proceedings is a sketch of all three; and here it is.

We have four horses, and one postilion, who has a very long whip, and drives his team, something like the Courier of Saint Petersburgh in the circle at Astley's or Franconi's: only he sits his own horse instead of standing on him. The immense jack-boots worn by these postilions, are sometimes a century or two old; and are so ludicrously disproportionate to the wearer's foot, that the spur, which is put where his own heel comes, is generally halfway up the leg of the boots. The man often comes out of the stable-yard, with his whip in his hand and his shoes on, and brings out, in both

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Rh and wife are one flesh,' and from this has always been deduced the inference that the kinship of the wife should be held to be the kinship of the husband."

This became the law of the empire when the empire became Christian. The Theodosian code declared marriage with a deceased wife's sister unlawful. An Address from the Presbyterian Ministers of Scotland to the Non-Conformist Ministers of England in 1871, published by, after an able summary of Scripture doctrine shows that it was universally received by the Christian Church of the East and West from the time of Basil the Great in the middle of the 4th century, was first infringed by a dispensation of Pope Alexander VI. (the infamous Borgia) in 1550, and unanimously upheld by the Reformers, who rejected the authority of the Canon Law.

Dr. says "There was never any doubt among interpreters until early in the last century, when some Jews in Holland desired to form such connections and the three Universities of Holland unanimously affirmed that no Christian Government should tolerate such among their subjects. There was no difference of opinion among the Reformers, they believed the prohibition to be part of the universal law of God for men," and there was no difference of opinion in the Church on this subject till the 17th century, when some petty German princes wished to marry their wives' sisters and asked some professors to undertake the defence of these connections.

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8 hands, one boot at a time, which he plants on the ground by the side of his horse, with great gravity, until everything is ready. When it is——and oh Heaven! the noise they make about it!—he gets into the boots, shoes and all, or is hoisted into them by a couple of friends; adjusts the rope-harness, embossed by the labours of innumerable pigeons in the stables; makes all the horses kick and plunge; cracks his whip like a madman; shouts "En route—Hi!" and away we go. He is sure to have a contest with his horse before we have gone very far; and then he calls him a Thief, and a Brigand, and a Pig, and what not; and beats him about the head as if he were made of wood. There is little more than one variety in the appearance of the country, for the first two days. From a dreary plain, to an interminable avenue; and from an interminable avenue, to a dreary plain again. Plenty of vines there are, in the open fields, but of a short low kind, and not trained in festoons, but about straight sticks. Beggars innumerable there are, everywhere; but an extraordinarily scanty population, and fewer children than I ever encountered, I don't believe we saw a hundred children between Paris and Chalons. Queer old towns, draw-bridged and walled: with odd little towers at the angles, like grotesque faces, as if the wall had put a mask on, and were staring, down into the moat; other strange little towers, in gardens and fields, and down lanes, and in farm-yards: all alone, and always round, with a peaked roof, and never used for any purpose at all; ruinous buildings of all

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text: Index:Notes on Nursing What It Is, and What It Is Not.djvu


text: Author:Francis William Raikes

title: Author:Francis William Raikes


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Rh purchased it at five and one-half cents per pound, with the result that it became relatively the cheapest of all food commodities, and with the natural result that it advanced enormously in consumption. It is important to remember that everybody was left free to buy or not to buy, and that there was no interference with the liberty of trade. All that Mr. Hoover really did was, with rare good judgment, to foresee conditions and make a wonderfully advantageous purchase, and subsequently to fix his own selling terms, thereby giving the benefit of his endeavors to the people at large. He made no one sell to him or buy from him, but left each dealer free to accept his terms or do as he pleased otherwise. Prohibition laws and the increased consumption from the unnatural price established as compared with other commodities necessarily enormously increased the demand, indeed, to an extent that has not yet been measured because of the inadequacy of available supply. Matters were so successfully handled that the President of the United States thereafter received a further offer of another year's crop of raw sugar at the price of only six and one-half cents per pound. This price, however, was double that at which sugar had actually sold under normal conditions. Had he accepted it, this discussion, as far as sugar is concerned, would have been entirely unnecessary. But, though he had the advantage of all the resources of the National Government to guide him, he refused to purchase. Now, this is not stated by way of criticism, because the great majority of those expert in the trade were unwilling to purchase adequate supplies at a similar price. Moreover, since that time duty paid raw sugars actually have been purchased, and in far less quantities than was called for and desired, at upward of twenty-four and one-half cents a pound. This