text:
Page:A Revision of the Families and Genera of the Stylonuracea (Eurypterida).djvu/33

 {|
 * colspan="2" |
 * width="10px" |
 * style="text-indent:-10px; padding-left:10px" | 1934. Merostomata from the Downtonian Sandstone of Ringerike, Norway. Skrifter utgitt au Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademie i Oslo, I Matem.-Naturvid. Klasse, 1933, no. 10, 125 pp., 12 pls., 39 figs.
 * || style="text-indent:-10px; padding-left:10px" | 1936. Eurypteriden aus dem rheinischen Unterdevon. Preuss. Geol. Landesanst., Abh. N.F., H. 175, 74 pp., 12 pls., 10 figs.
 * || style="text-indent:-10px; padding-left:10px" | 1951. A new Eurypterid from the Ordovician of Montgomeryshire, Wales. Geol. Mag., 88, pp. 409–422, 2 text-figs.
 * || style="text-indent:-10px; padding-left:10px" | 1955. Treatise on Paleontology, Part P, Arthropoda 2; Chelicerata with sections on Pycnogonida and Palaeoisopus. (Part on Eurypterida: pp. 23–41, figs. 17–30.)
 * colspan="2" |
 * || style="text-indent:-10px; padding-left:10px" | 1926. Miscellanea nomenclatoria. Zool. et Pal. Arch. Naturgesch. v. 92 A.H. 8, pp. 30–75.
 * colspan="2" |
 * || style="text-indent:-10px; padding-left:10px" | 1877. Die Culmflora der Ostrauer und Waldenburger Schichten.—Abhandl. d. Geolg. R. Anstalt in Wien Bd. VIII, Heft 2, Wien.
 * colspan="2" |
 * || style="text-indent:-10px; padding-left:10px" | 1962. Pagea sturrocki gen. et sp. nov., A new Eurypterid from the Old Red Sandstone of Scotland. Palaeontology, 5, pt. 1, pp. 137–148, pl. 20, 4 text-figs.
 * colspan="2" |
 * || style="text-indent:-10px; padding-left:10px" | 1866–78. A Monograph of the British Fossil Crustacea belonging to the order Merostomata: Palaeont. Soc., 263 pp., 36 pls., 80 figs.
 * || style="text-indent:-10px; padding-left:10px" | 1877. On a new species of Eurypterus from the Lower Carboniferous shales of Glencartholm, Eskdale, Scotland. Geol. Mag., n.s., 4, pp. 481–484, pl. xiii.
 * }
 * || style="text-indent:-10px; padding-left:10px" | 1926. Miscellanea nomenclatoria. Zool. et Pal. Arch. Naturgesch. v. 92 A.H. 8, pp. 30–75.
 * colspan="2" |
 * || style="text-indent:-10px; padding-left:10px" | 1877. Die Culmflora der Ostrauer und Waldenburger Schichten.—Abhandl. d. Geolg. R. Anstalt in Wien Bd. VIII, Heft 2, Wien.
 * colspan="2" |
 * || style="text-indent:-10px; padding-left:10px" | 1962. Pagea sturrocki gen. et sp. nov., A new Eurypterid from the Old Red Sandstone of Scotland. Palaeontology, 5, pt. 1, pp. 137–148, pl. 20, 4 text-figs.
 * colspan="2" |
 * || style="text-indent:-10px; padding-left:10px" | 1866–78. A Monograph of the British Fossil Crustacea belonging to the order Merostomata: Palaeont. Soc., 263 pp., 36 pls., 80 figs.
 * || style="text-indent:-10px; padding-left:10px" | 1877. On a new species of Eurypterus from the Lower Carboniferous shales of Glencartholm, Eskdale, Scotland. Geol. Mag., n.s., 4, pp. 481–484, pl. xiii.
 * }
 * colspan="2" |
 * || style="text-indent:-10px; padding-left:10px" | 1962. Pagea sturrocki gen. et sp. nov., A new Eurypterid from the Old Red Sandstone of Scotland. Palaeontology, 5, pt. 1, pp. 137–148, pl. 20, 4 text-figs.
 * colspan="2" |
 * || style="text-indent:-10px; padding-left:10px" | 1866–78. A Monograph of the British Fossil Crustacea belonging to the order Merostomata: Palaeont. Soc., 263 pp., 36 pls., 80 figs.
 * || style="text-indent:-10px; padding-left:10px" | 1877. On a new species of Eurypterus from the Lower Carboniferous shales of Glencartholm, Eskdale, Scotland. Geol. Mag., n.s., 4, pp. 481–484, pl. xiii.
 * }
 * colspan="2" |
 * || style="text-indent:-10px; padding-left:10px" | 1866–78. A Monograph of the British Fossil Crustacea belonging to the order Merostomata: Palaeont. Soc., 263 pp., 36 pls., 80 figs.
 * || style="text-indent:-10px; padding-left:10px" | 1877. On a new species of Eurypterus from the Lower Carboniferous shales of Glencartholm, Eskdale, Scotland. Geol. Mag., n.s., 4, pp. 481–484, pl. xiii.
 * }
 * || style="text-indent:-10px; padding-left:10px" | 1877. On a new species of Eurypterus from the Lower Carboniferous shales of Glencartholm, Eskdale, Scotland. Geol. Mag., n.s., 4, pp. 481–484, pl. xiii.
 * }
 * }


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Page:The Folk-Lore Journal Volume 4 1886.djvu/117

Rh visited. During the week there were various amusements; many hundreds visited the place from all sides, with a very general display of generosity and goodwill amongst all. From about sixty or seventy years ago, the lamb used in the lambale has been borrowed and returned; but previous to that time—for how long I cannot say—the lamb was slaughtered within the week, made into pies and distributed, but in what way is uncertain. It would be interesting if some light could be thrown on the origin of the lamb-ale. There is much which seems to connect it with the Whitsun-ale of early times; but, from the difference in the days and the procession with the lamb, there seems to be a wide distinction between the festivals. As the lamb-ale appears to be unique, at least in this part of the country, an examination of the parish-registers might be interesting and throw some light on the subject.

CORNISH FEASTS AND "FEASTEN" CUSTOMS. ORNWALL has always been a county largely given to hospitality, and, as "all Cornish gentlemen are cousins," they have from time immemorial made it a practice to meet at each other's houses to celebrate their feasts and saints' days. Since "there are more saints is Cornwall than there are in heaven," these friendly gatherings must necessarily be very numerous. Each parish has its own particular saint to which its church is dedicated. The feasts held in their honour, probably dating from the foundation of the churches, are kept on the nearest Sunday and Monday to dedication day, called by the people "feasten" Sunday and Monday.


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110 On the Saturdays preceding these feasts large quantities of "plum cake" are baked; light currant cakes raised with barm (yeast), and coloured bright yellow with saffron (as dear as "saffern" is a very common simile in Cornwall). Every family, however poor, tries to have a better dinner than usual on feasten Sunday, generally a joint of meat with a "figgy pudden" (a baked or boiled suet-pudding with raisins in it). The "saffern cake" at tea is often supplemented with "heavy cake," a delicacy peculiar to Cornwall; it is a rich currant paste, about an inch thick, made with clotted cream, and is eaten hot. The Western hounds meet in all the villages situated at a convenient distance from their kennel, at ten o'clock on feasten Mondays, after a breakfast given by the squire of the parish to the huntsmen. They start for their run from somewhere near the parish church (the "church town"). Three or four houses clustered together, and even sometimes a single house, is called in Cornwall a town, a farmyard is a town place, and London is often spoken of as "Lunnon church town." The first of the West Penwith feasts is that of Paul, a parish close to Penzance, which has not the Apostle Paul but St. Pol-de-Leon for its patron saint. It falls on the nearest Sunday to 10th October. An old proverb says, "Rain for Paul, rain for all," therefore, should the day be wet, it is of course looked upon by the young people as a bad sign for their future merry-makings. Some families fix on this day as the one for beginning their winter fires. An annual bowling-match was formerly held here on feasten Monday, between Paul and Mousehole men (Mousehole is a fishing village in the same parish); the last of them took place sixty years ago. Up to that time the bowling-green, an artificially raised piece of ground, was kept in order by the parishioners. No one in the neighbourhood now knows the game, the church schools are built on a part of the site, the remainder is the village playground. If there were ever any other peculiar customs celebrated at Paul feast they are quite forgotten, and the Monday night's carousal at the public-houses has here, as elsewhere, given place to church and chapel teas, followed by concerts, in the school-rooms, although there are still a few "standings" (stalls) in the streets, for the sale of gingerbread nuts and sweetmeats, and


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Laudonnière, René de


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Rh pots, one filled with beef-stew, one with boiled rice, and one with boiled peas; there was a big demijohn of rum (all along the trenches which the Spaniards held were empty wine and liquor bottles); there were a number of loaves of rice-bread; and there were even some small cans of preserves and a few salt fish. Of course, among so many men, the food, which was equally divided, did not give very much to each, but it freshened us all.

Soon after dark. General Wheeler, who in the afternoon had resumed command of the cavalry division, came to the front. A very few words with General Wheeler reassured us about retiring. He had been through too much heavy firing in the Civil War to regard the present fight as very serious, and he told us not to be under any apprehension, for he had sent word that there was no need whatever of retiring, and was sure we would stay where we were until the chance came to advance. He was second in command; and to him more than to any other one man was due the prompt abandonment of the proposal to fall back—a, proposal which, if adopted, would have meant shame and disaster.

Shortly afterward General Wheeler sent us orders to intrench. The men of the different regiments were now getting in place again and sifting themselves out. All of our troops who had been kept at Kettle Hill came forward and rejoined us after


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148 nightfall. During the afternoon Greenway, apparently not having enough to do in the fighting, had taken advantage of a lull to explore the buildings himself, and had found a number of Spanish intrenching tools, picks, and shovels; and these we used in digging trenches along our line. The men were very tired indeed, but they went cheerfully to work, all the officers doing their part.

Crockett, the ex-Revenue officer from Georgia, was a slight man, not physically very strong. He came to me and told me he didn't think he would be much use in digging, but that he had found a lot of Spanish coffee and would spend his time making coffee for the men, if I approved. I did approve very heartily, and Crockett officiated as cook for the next three or four hours until the trench was dug, his coffee being much appreciated by all of us.

So many acts of gallantry were performed during the day that it is quite impossible to notice them all, and it seems unjust to single out any; yet I shall mention a few, which it must always be remembered are to stand, not as exceptions, but as instances of what very many men did. It happened that I saw these myself. There were innumerable others, which either were not seen at all, or were seen only by officers who happened not to mention them; and, of course, I know chiefly those that happened in my own regiment.


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Rh Captain Llewellen was a large, heavy man, who had a grown-up son in the ranks. On the march he had frequently carried the load of some man who weakened, and he was not feeling well on the morning of the fight. Nevertheless, he kept at the head of his troop all day. In the charging and rushing, he not only became very much exhausted, but finally fell, wrenching himself terribly, and though he remained with us all night, he was so sick by morning that we had to take him behind the hill into an improvised hospital. Lieutenant Day, after handling his troop with equal gallantry and efficiency, was shot, on the summit of Kettle Hill. He was hit in the arm and was forced to go to the rear, but he would not return to the States, and rejoined us at the front long before his wound was healed. Lieutenant Leahy was also wounded, not far from him. Thirteen of the men were wounded and yet kept on fighting until the end of the day, and in some cases never went to the rear at all, even to have their wounds dressed. They were Corporals Waller and Fortescue and Trooper McKinley of Troop E; Corporal Roades of Troop D; Troopers Albertson, Winter, McGregor, and Ray Clark of Troop F; Troopers Bugbee, Jackson, and Waller of Troop A; Trumpeter McDonald of Troop L; Sergeant Hughes of Troop B; and Trooper Gievers of Troop G. One of the Wallers was a cow-puncher from New


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150, the other the champion Yale high-jumper. The first was shot through the left arm so as to paralyze the fingers, but he continued in battle, pointing his rifle over the wounded arm as though it had been a rest. The other Waller, and Bugbee, were hit in the head, the bullets merely inflicting scalp wounds. Neither of them paid any heed to the wounds except that after nightfall each had his head done up in a bandage. Fortescue I was at times using as an extra orderly. I noticed he limped, but supposed that his foot was skinned. It proved, however, that he had been struck in the foot, though not very seriously, by a bullet, and I never knew what was the matter until the next day I saw him making wry faces as he drew off his bloody boot, which was stuck fast to the foot. Trooper Rowland again distinguished himself by his fearlessness.

For gallantry on the field of action Sergeants Dame, Ferguson, Tiffany, Greenwald, and, later on, McIlhenny, were promoted to second lieutenancies, as Sergeant Hayes had already been. Lieutenant Carr, who commanded his troop, and behaved with great gallantry throughout the day, was shot and severely wounded at nightfall. He was the son of a Confederate officer; his was the fifth generation which, from father to son, had fought in every war of the United States. Among the men whom I noticed as leading in the charges and always being


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Rh nearest the enemy, were the Pawnee, Pollock, Simpson of Texas, and Dudley Dean. Jenkins was made major, Woodbury Kane, Day, and Frantz, captains, and Greenway and Goodrich first lieutenants, for gallantry in action, and for the efficiency with which the first had handled his squadron, and the other five their troops—for each of them, owing to some accident to his superior, found himself in command of his troop.

Dr. Church had worked quite as hard as any man at the front in caring for the wounded; as had Chaplain Brown. Lieutenant Keyes, who acted as adjutant, did so well that he was given the position permanently. Lieutenant Coleman similarly won the position of quartermaster.

We finished digging the trench soon after midnight, and then the wornout men lay down in rows on their rifles and dropped heavily to sleep. About one in ten of them had blankets taken from the Spaniards. Henry Bardshar, my orderly, had procured one for me. He, Goodrich, and I slept together. If the men without blankets had not been so tired that they fell asleep anyhow, they would have been very cold, for, of course, we were all drenched with sweat, and above the waist had on nothing but our flannel shirts, while the night was cool, with a heavy dew.

Before any one had time to wake from the cold,


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152 however, we were all awakened by the Spaniards, whose skirmishers suddenly opened fire on us. Of course, we could not tell whether or not this was the forerunner of a heavy attack, for our Cossack posts were responding briskly. It was about three o'clock in the morning, at which time men's courage is said to be at the lowest ebb; but the cavalry division was certainly free from any weakness in that direction. At the alarm everybody jumped to his feet, and the stiff, shivering, haggard men, their eyes only half-opened, all clutched their rifles and ran forward to the trench on the crest of the hill.

The sputtering shots died away and we went to sleep again. But in another hour dawn broke and the Spaniards opened fire in good earnest. There was a little tree only a few feet away, under which I made my headquarters, and while I was lying there, with Goodrich and Keyes, a shrapnel burst among us, not hurting us in the least, but with the sweep of its bullets killing or wounding five men in our rear, one of whom was a singularly gallant young Harvard fellow, Stanley Hollister. An equally gallant young fellow from Yale, Theodore Miller, had already been mortally wounded. Hollister also died.

The Second Brigade lost more heavily than the First; but neither its brigade commander nor any


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Page:Theodore Roosevelt Rough Riders.djvu/161

Rh of its regimental commanders was touched, while the commander of the First Brigade and two of its three regimental commanders had been killed or wounded.

In this fight our regiment had numbered 490 men, as, in addition to the killed and wounded of the first fight, some had had to go to the hospital for sickness and some had been left behind with the baggage, or were detailed on other duty. Eighty-nine were killed and wounded: the heaviest loss suffered by any regiment in the cavalry division. The Spaniards made a stiff fight, standing firm until we charged home. They fought much more stubbornly than at Las Guasimas. We ought to have expected this, for they have always done well in holding intrenchments. On this day they showed themselves to be brave foes, worthy of honor for their gallantry.

In the attack on the San Juan hills our forces numbered about 6,600. There were about 4,500


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154 against us. The total Spanish force in Santiago under General Linares was 6,000: 4,000 regulars, 1,000 volunteers, and 1,000 marines and sailors from the ships. (Diary of the British Consul, Frederick W. Ramsden, entry of July 1st) Four thousand more troops entered next day. Of the 6,000 troops, 600 or thereabouts were at El Caney, and 900 in the forts at the mouth of the harbor. Lieutenant Tejeiro states that there were 520 men at E1 Caney, 970 in the forts at the mouth of the harbor, and 3,000 in the lines, not counting the cavalry and civil guard which were in reserve. He certainly very much understates the Spanish force; thus he nowhere accounts for the engineers mentioned on p. 135; and his figures would make the total number of Spanish artillerymen but 32. He excludes the cavalry, the civil guard, and the marines which had been stationed at the Plaza del Toros; yet he later mentions that these marines were brought up, and their commander, Bustamente, severely wounded; he states that the cavalry advanced to cover the retreat of the infantry, and I myself saw the cavalry come forward, for the most part dismounted, when the Spaniards attempted a forward movement late in the afternoon, and we shot many of their horses; while later I saw and conversed with officers and men of the civil guard who had been wounded at the same time—this in connection with returning them their wives and children, after the latter had fled from the city. Although the engineers are excluded. Lieutenant Tejeiro mentions that their colonel, as well as the colonel of the artillery, was wounded. Four thousand five hundred is surely an understatement of the forces which resisted the attack of the forces under Wheeler. Lieutenant Tejeiro is very careless in his figures. Thus in one place he states that the position of San Juan was held by two companies comprising 250 soldiers. Later he says it was held by three companies, whose strength he puts at 300—thus Our total loss in killed and wounded was 1,071. Of the cavalry division there were, all told, some 2,300 officers and men, of


text:
Page:Theodore Roosevelt Rough Riders.djvu/163

Rh whom 375 were killed and wounded. In the division over a fourth of the officers were killed or wounded, their loss being relatively half as great them average 100 instead of 125 men apiece. He then mentions another echelon of two companies, so situated as to cross their fire with the others. Doubtless the block-house and trenches at Fort San Juan proper were only held by three or four hundred men; they were taken by the Sixth and Sixteenth Infantry under Hawkins's immediate command; and they formed but one point in the line of hills, trenches, ranch-houses, and block-houses which the Spaniards held, and from which we drove them. When the city capitulated later, over 8,000 unwounded troops and over 16,000 rifles and carbines were surrendered; by that time the marines and sailors had of course gone, and the volunteers had disbanded.

In all these figures I have taken merely the statements from the Spanish side. I am inclined to think the actual numbers were much greater than those here given. Lieutenant Wiley, in his book "In Cuba with Shafter," which is practically an official statement, states that nearly 11,000 Spanish troops were surrendered; and this is the number given by the Spaniards themselves in the remarkable letter the captured soldiers addressed to General Shafter, which Wiley quotes in full. Lieutenant Tejeiro, in his chap. xiv., explains that the volunteers had disbanded before the end came, and the marines and sailors had of course gone, while nearly a thousand men had been killed or captured or had died of wounds and disease, so that there must have been at least 14,000 all told. Subtracting the reinforcements who arrived on the 2d, this would mean about 10,000 Spaniards present on the 1st; in which case Kent and Wheeler were opposed by at least equal numbers.

In dealing with the Spanish losses, Lieutenant Tejeiro contradicts himself. He puts their total loss on this day at 593, including 94 killed, 121 missing, and 2 prisoners—217 in all. Yet he states that of the 520 men at Caney but 80 got back, the remaining 440 being killed, captured, or missing. When


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Page:Theodore Roosevelt Rough Riders.djvu/164

156 again as that of the enlisted men—which was as it should be.

I think we suffered more heavily than the Spaniards did in killed and wounded (though we also captured some scores of prisoners). It would have been very extraordinary if the reverse was the case, for we did the charging; and to carry earthworks on foot with dismounted cavalry, when these earth-works are held by unbroken infantry armed with the best modern rifles, is a serious task.


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User:GreenC

w:User:Green Cardamom

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Author:William Charles Smith

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 delicious horrificness." A tribute which, failing all other endorsement, would send the "Derelict" a long way on her cruise to the future.

In a copy of the book mentioned above, presented to a certain person, Mr. Riley has inscribed this characteristic verse of appreciation (ah, collectors! wouldn't ye like to set gloating lamps upon it?— Hold off!—your pieces of eight shall not tempt me.)—

The more laws the less liberty. And no country in the world is piling up statutes at the rate that we are. But wait until the women begin legislating—ach, Himmel!

The American people are the worst afflicted in the world with that species of human puce known as the "busybody." There are several vicious kinds of him, but the journalistic species alone is sufficient to keep us in a permanently miserable and unhappy condition.

A woman writes:

"'A Drop of Dew' in the April is a beautifully written thing, but my very soul resents its hopeless conclusion, therefore I do not like it. Time was when I would have quite agreed with Hearn, but to-day I know better! Not for naught is  at . The  back of it all is striving for some thing beyond just fleeting, do not doubt it.

"But outside of any words (which tell us so little), I say to you that I rely on my own beyond all science, beyond all teachings, beyond all thought. To be conscious of a thing is to be aware of, to know it:

title: Page:The Phoenix Vol3 No1.djvu/31


text: Talk:Oklahoma v. Texas

title: Talk:Oklahoma v. Texas


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“author”, in relation to―

a literary, musical or artistic work, means the person who first makes or creates the work; a photograph, means the person who is responsible for the composition of the photograph; a sound recording, means the person by whom the arrangements for the making of the sound recording were made;

a cinematograph film, means the person by whom the arrangements for the making of the film were made; a broadcast, means the first broadcaster;

a programme-carrying signal, means the first person emitting the signal to a satellite;

a published edition, means the publisher of the edition;

a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work or computer program which is computer-generated, means the person by whom the arrangements necessary for the creation of the work were undertaken;

a computer program, the person who exercised control over the making of the computer program;

“broadcast”, when used as a noun, means a telecommunication service of transmissions consisting of sounds, images, signs or signals which―

takes place by means of electromagnetic waves of frequencies of lower than 3 000 GHz transmitted in space without an artifical conductor; and

is intended for reception by the public or sections of the public,

and includes the emitting of programme-carrying signals to a satellite, and, when used as a verb, shall be construed accordingly;

“broadcaster” means a person who undertakes a broadcast;

“building” includes any structure;

“cinematograph film” means any fixation or storage by any means whatsoever on film or any other material of data, signals or a sequence of images capable, when used in conjuction with any other mechanical, electronic or other device, of being seen as a moving picture and of reproduction, and includes the sounds embodied in a sound-track associated with the film, but shall not include a computer program;

“collecting society” means a collecting society established under this Act;

“computer program” means a set of instructions fixed or stored in any manner and which, when used directly or indirectly in a computer, directs its operation to bring about a result;

“copy” means a reproduction of a work, and, in the case of a literary, musical or artistic work, a cinematograph film or a computer program, also an adaptation thereof: Provided that an object shall not be taken to be a copy of a work of architecture unless the object is a building or a model of a building;

“copyright” means copyright under this Act;

“country” includes any colony, protectorate or territory subject to the authority or under the suzerainty of any other country, and any territory over which trusteeship is exercised;

“derived signal” is a signal obtained by modifying the technical characteristics of the emitted signal, whether or not there have been one or more intervening fixations;

“diffusion service” means a telecommunication service of transmissions consisting of sounds, images, signs or signals, which takes place over wires or other paths provided by material substance and intended for reception by specific members of the public; and diffusion shall not be deemed to constitute a performance or a broadcast or as causing sounds, images, signs or signals to be seen or heard; and where sounds, images, signs or signals are displayed or emitted by any receiving apparatus to which they are conveyed by diffusion in such manner as to constitute a performance or a causing of sounds, images, signs or signals to be seen or heard in public, this shall be deemed to be effected by the operation of the receiving apparatus;

“distribution”, in relation to a programme-carrying signal, means any operation by which a distributor transmits a derived signal to the general public or any section thereof;

“distributor”, in relation to a programme-carrying signal, means the person who decides that the transmission of the derived signal to the general public or any section thereof shall take place;

“dramatic work” includes a choreographic work or entertainment in dumb show, if reduced to the material form in which the work or entertainment is to be presented, but does not include a cinematograph film as distinct from a scenario or script for a cinematograph film;

“drawing” includes any drawing of a technical nature or any diagram, map, chart or plan;

“emitted signal” means a signal which goes to a satellite;

“engraving” includes any etching, lithograph, woodcut, print or similar work, but does not include a photograph;

“exclusive license” means a licence authorizing a licensee, to the exclusion of all other persons, including the grantor of the licence, to exercise a right which by virtue of this Act would, apart from the licence, be exercisable exclusively by the owner of the copyright; and “exclusive licensee” shall be construed accordingly;

“infringing copy”, in relation to—

a literary, musical or artistic work or a published edition, means a copy thereof;

a sound recording, means a record embodying that recording;

a cinematograph film, means a copy of the film or a still photograph made therefrom;

a broadcast, means a cinematograph film of it or a copy of a cinematograph film of it or a sound recording of it or a record embodying a sound recording of it or a still photograph made therefrom; and

a computer program, means a copy of such computer program,

being in any such case an article the making of which constituted an infringement of the copyright in the work, recording, cinematograph film, broadcast or computer program or, in the case of an imported article, would have constituted an infringement of that copyright if the article had been made in the Republic;

“judicial proceedings” means proceedings before any court, tribunal or person having by law power to hear, receive and examine evidence on oath;

“licence scheme”, for the purposes of Chapter 3, in relation to licences of any description, means a scheme prepared by one or more licensing bodies, setting out the classes of cases in which they are willing, or the person on whose behalf they act is willing, to grant licenses of that description, and the charges, if any, and terms and conditions subject to which licences may be granted in those classes of cases, and includes anything in the nature of such a scheme, whether described as a scheme or as a tariff or by any other name;

“literary work” includes, irrespective of literary quality and in whatever mode or form expressed―

novels, stories and poetical works;

dramatic works, stage directions, cinematograph film scenarios and broadcasting scripts;

textbooks, treatises, histories, biographies, essays and articles;

encyclopaedias and dictionaries;

letters, reports and memoranda;

lectures, speeches and sermons; and

tables and compilations, including tables and compilations of data stored or embodied in a computer or a medium used in conjunction with a computer,

but shall not include a computer program;

“Minister” means the Minister of Trade and Industry;

“musical work” means a work consisting of music, exclusive of any words or action intended to be sung, spoken or performed with the music;

“performance” includes any mode of visual or acoustic presentation of a work, including any such presentation by the operation of a loudspeaker, a radio, television or diffusion receiver or by the exhibition of a cinematograph film or by the use of a record or by any other means, and in relation to lectures, speeches and sermons, includes delivery thereof; and references to “perform” in relation to a work shall be construed accordingly: Provided that “performance” shall not include broadcasting or rebroadcasting or transmitting a work in a diffusion service;

“photograph” means any product of photography or of any process analogous to photography, but does not include any part of a cinematograph film;

“plate” includes any stereotype, stone, block, mould, matrix, transfer, negative, record, disc, storage medium or any version of a work of whatsoever nature used to make copies;

“prescribed” means prescribed by or under this Act;

“programme”, in relation to a programme-carrying signal, means a body of live or recorded material consisting of images or sounds or both, embodied in a signal;

“programme-carrying signal” means a signal embodying a program which is emitted and passes through a satellite;

“prospective owner”, in relation to copyright, means a person who shall be entitled to the copyright, wholly or partially, in a work in which copyright does not yet subsist or whose entitlement to the copyright which does exist shall become effective upon a future event;

“published edition” means the first print by whatever process of a particular typographical arrangement of a literary or musical work;

“qualified person” means a qualified person within the meaning of section 3 (1);

“rebroadcasting” means the simultaneous or subsequent broadcasting by one broadcaster of the broadcast of another broadcaster;

“record” means any disc, tape, perforated roll or other device in or on which sounds, or data and signals representing sounds, are embodied or represented so as to be capable of being automatically reproduced or performed therefrom;

“Registrar” means the Commissioner appointed in terms of section 189 of the Companies Act, 2008;

“regulation” means a regulation made under this Act;

“reproduction”, in relation to―

a literary or musical work or a broadcast, includes a reproduction in the form of a record or a cinematograph film;

an artistic work, includes a version produced by converting the work into a three-dimensional form or, if it is in three dimensions, by converting it into a two-dimensional form;

any work, includes a reproduction made from a reproduction of that work;

and references to “reproduce” and “reproducing” shall be construed accordingly;

“satellite” means any device in extra-terrestrial space capable of transmitting signals;

“signal” means an electronically generated carrier capable of transmitting programmes;

“sculpture” includes any cast or model made for purposes of sculpture;

“sound recording” means any fixation or storage of sounds, or data or signals representing sounds, capable of being reproduced, but does not include a sound-track associated with a cinematograph film;

“this Act” includes the regulations;

“work” a work contemplated in section 2;

“work of joint authorship” means a work produced by the collaboration of two or more authors in which the contribution of each author is not separable from the contribution of the other author or authors;

“writing” includes any form of notation, whether by hand or by printing, typewriting or any similar process.

(2) Any reference in this Act to a sound-track associated with a cinematograph film shall be construed as a reference to any record of sounds which is incorporated in any print, negative, tape or other article on which the film or part of it, in so far as it consists of visual images, is recorded or which is issued by the author of the film for use in conjunction with such an article.

(2A) Any reference in this Act to the doing of any act in relation to any work shall, unless the context otherwise indicates, be construed as a reference also to the doing of any such act in relation to any substantial part of such work.

(3) The provisions of this Act shall with reference to any act or omission outside the territorial limits of the Republic by or on any ship or aircraft registered under any law in the Republic apply in the same manner as it applies with reference to acts or omissions within the territorial limits of the Republic.

(4) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (i) of the definition of “author” in subsection (1), the author of a computer program made before the date of commencement of the Copyright Amendment Act, 1992, shall be deemed to be the person who first made or created the program, but if such computer program is original and has been published by a qualified person, such person shall be presumed to be the owner of the copyright subsisting in the computer program concerned, unless the contrary is proved.

(5) For the purposes of this Act the following provisions shall apply in connection with the publication of a work:

Subject to paragraph (e), a work shall be deemed to have been published if copies of such work have been issued to the public with the consent of the owner of the copyright in the work in sufficient quantities to reasonably meet the needs of the public, having regard to the nature of the work.

Publication of a cinematograph film or sound recording is the sale, letting, hire or offer for sale or hire, of copies thereof.

A publication shall not be treated as being other than the first publication by reason only of an earlier publication elsewhere within a period of 30 days.

Publication shall not include―

a performance of a musical or dramatic work, cinematograph film or sound recording;

a public delivery of a literary work;

a transmission in a diffusion service;

a broadcasting of a work;

an exhibition of a work of art;

a construction of a work of architecture.

For the purposes of sections 6, 7 and 11(b), a work shall be deemed to be published if copies thereof have been issued to the public.

title: Copyright Act, 1978/2011-05-01


text:
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 king, who did not believe that the Abuna's eloquence or learning would make any great alteration, ordered the disputations to be held a-new in the Abuna's presence. That priest's ignorance made the matter worse; and the king, holding this point as now settled, made his first public declaration, that there were two natures in Christ, perfect God and perfect man, really distinct between themselves, but united in one divine person, which is the Christ.

this time, letters came by way of India, both from the king of Spain, Philip II. dated in Madrid the 15th of March 1609, and from the pope Paul V. of the 4th of January 1611. These letters contain nothing but general declamatory exhortations to Socinios to persevere in the Christian faith, assuring him of the assistance of the Holy Spirit, instead of those Portuguese regiments which he had solicited. However, the affair of the conversion being altogether settled between the king and Paez, it was thought proper to make the renunciation first, and then depend upon the king of Spain and the pope for sending the soldiers, if their prayers were not effectual.

was necessary that Socinios should write to the pope, notifying his submission to the fee of Rome. But letters on such a subject were thought of too great consequence to be sent, as former dispatches to Europe had been, without being accompanied by proper persons, who, upon occasion, might assume the character of ambassadors, and give any assurance or explanation needful.

was at the same time considered, that the way by Masuah was so liable to accidents, the intermediate province of


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/November 1888/The Effects of Protection


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/November 1888/Paleolithic Man in America: His Antiquity and Environment


text:
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 day after, they found the ford, and passed it without difficulty; and, being on the other side, they began to be a little more composed, as being far from the Pagans, and now near entering the territory of Narea. After ascending a high mountain, they came to Gonea, where they found a garrison under one of the principal officers of that kingdom, who received them with great marks of honour and joy, on account of the warm recommendation Sela Christos had given them, and perhaps as much for a considerable present they had brought along with them.

, the southmost province of the Abyssinian empire, is still governed by its native princes, who are called the Bencros; its territory reached formerly to Bizamo.

Galla have quite surrounded them, especially on the south-east and north. What is to the west is a part of Africa, the most unknown. The people of Narea have a small trade with Melinda on the Indian Ocean, and with Angola on the western, by means of intermediate nations. Narea is abundantly supplied with gold from the Negro country that is nearest them. Some have, indeed, said there is gold in Narea; but, after a very diligent investigation, I find it comes chiefly from towards the Atlantic.

kingdom of Narea stands like a fortified place in the middle of a plain. Many rivers, rising in the fourth and fifth degrees of latitude, spread themselves, for want of level, over this flat country, and stagnate in very extensive marshes from south by east, to the point of north, or north-west.


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/November 1888/Habits of the Great Southern Tortoise


text:
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 Emana Christos received this intelligence almost dead with fear, for never was a prophecy made which seemed to have needed less time to accomplish than this of his brother's.

surrendered his prisoner to the king at Dancaz, who immediately assembled a full convocation of judges of all degrees; and the prisoner being ordered to answer to his charge concerning the rebellion of Julius and his conspiracy against the king's life, he took the part he had been advised, and palliated the whole of his actions, without positively denying any one of them, and submitted to the king's mercy. The judges, considering the defence, unanimously found him guilty of death; but the king, whose last vote, when fitting in judgment, supersedes and overturns all the rest, reprieved, and sent him prisoner to Amhara,

the king had contented himself with fixing two points in favour of the Roman church, in contradiction to that of Alexandria. The first denounced punishment to every one who did not believe that there are two natures in Christ, and that he is perfect: God and perfect man, without confusion of persons. The second was rather a point of discipline than of faith; yet it was urged as such, by declaring it to be unlawful to observe Saturday, the ancient Jewish sabbath. The first of these, if it was not the cause, had been assumed as the pretext for the rebellion of Julius. The second produced that of Jonael governor of Begemder, of which we are now to speak. But thus far only the king had gone. He had not openly joined the church of Rome, nor as yet renounced that of Alexandria, nor forced any one else to do so.


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/November 1888/Every-Day Life of Indian Women


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/November 1888/Altruism Economically Considered


text:
Page:Essays, First Series (1847).djvu/13

 == HISTORY. ==

There is no great and no small

To the Soul that maketh all :

And where it cometh, all things are ;

And it cometh everywhere.


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/November 1888/The Problem of a Flying-Machine


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/November 1888/Sun-Power and Growth


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/November 1888/Ainu Family-Life and Religion


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/November 1888/The Prolongation of Human Life


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/November 1888/Problematical Organs of Sense


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/November 1888/Four-Handed Sinners: A Zoological Study


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/November 1888/Sketch of Edward Atkinson


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/November 1888/Correspondence


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/November 1888/Editor's Table


text:
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 days the army within the mountain held out without complaining; but, in the evening of the third day, some monks and hermits (holy men, the abettors of this rebellion) came to Af Christos to remonstrate, that there were several convents and villages in the mountain, also small springs, and barley enough to answer the necessities of the ordinary inhabitants, but were not enough for such an additional number which had taken forcible possession of the wells, and drank up all the water, to the immediate danger of the whole inhabitants perishing with thirst.

this Af Christos answered, That the reducing the mountain, and the taking Emana Christos, was what was given him in commission by the king, to attain which end he would carefully improve all the means in his power. He was sorry, indeed, for the distress of the convents in the mountain, but could not help it; nor would he suffer one of them to remove or come down into the plain, nor would he discontinue blockading the mountain while Emana Christos was there and alive. No other alternative, therefore, remained but the delivering up Emana Christos. His army would have fought for him against a common enemy, but against thirst their shields and swords were useless.

, with his prisoner, forthwith proceeded to join the king, and passed the Nile into Begemder. At crossing the river Bashilo, they were informed of the defeat and death of Julius and the Abuna. The messenger had also letters for Emana Christos, whom the king did not know to be yet prisoner: among these was one from Sela Christos, in which he upbraided his brother with his unnatural treason, and assured him speedily of a fate like that of Julius.


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/November 1888/Literary Notices


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/November 1888/Popular Miscellany


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/November 1888/Notes


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/December 1888/The Psychology of Deception


text:
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 to give them a guard to the frontiers; and who, after some delay, in order to see what he could extort from them, at last gave them a party of eighty soldiers to conduct them, to the frontiers.

four long days journey through countries totally laid waste by the Galla, keeping scouts constantly before them to give advice of the first appearance of any enemy, that they might hide themselves in thickets and bushes; at mid-day they began to descend a very steep craggy ridge of mountains, when the ambassador of Gingiro, now their conductor, warned them, that, before they got to the foot of the mountain, they should enter into a very thick wood to hide themselves till night, that they might not be discovered by the Galla shepherds feeding their flocks in the plain below; for only at night, when they had retired, could those plains be passed in safety.

four o'clock in the afternoon they began to enter the wood, and were Lucky in getting a violent shower of rain, which dislodged the Galla sooner than ordinary, and sent them, and their cattle home to their huts. But it was, at the same time, very disagreeable to our travellers on account of its excessive coldness. Next day, in the evening, descending another very rugged chain of mountains, they came to the banks, of the large river Zebee,as the Portuguese call it; but its true name is Kibbee, a name given it by the Mahometan merchants, (the only travellers in this country) from, its whiteness, approaching to the colour of melted butter, which that word signifies.


text:
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28  of the New York "Times" into swallowing a yarn about the poem (found, as alleged, in an "old scrapbook") having been sung as a charity by English buccaneers in the Caribbem, say a century ago. The literary Hawkshaw was taken in so completely that subsequent admission of his error, upon an unanswerable presentation of the real facts, was not easily wrung from him:—there is nothing like a Texas mule or a literary expert for a certain kind of opinionative contumacioushess. Howbeit, the laurel of "The Dead Men's Song" has now finally been placed upon the modest yet Jovian brow of Mr. Young E. Allison, a veteran journalist of Louisville, Ky. Or to speak with allowable metaphor, that rakish craft, the "Derelict," with her papers finally cleared and her true skipper on board, now stands out to sea for the long voyage!

This same Allison ought to be a man delightfully worth knowing, to judge from a certain tall red-and-green volume of appreciation in his honor lately put forth in a privately published edition by his friend Champion Ingraham Hitchcock, also of Louisville and the honorable profession of journalism. The book fully establishes Mr. Allison's claim to the parentage of the truculent chef d'oeuvre so long disputed about and errantly fathered, and also raises the wonder that he should have been content with having once miraculously centred the bullseye of literary achievement. However, according to a famous French critic, the man who produces only one masterpiece,—be it only a single page of perfect prose or verse,—has a better chance of future fame than the author of many volumes indifferently good. Indeed fame seems to have made a special provision for carrying the monopoematic genius, as a search of the anthologies will readily disclose. In its peculiar class Allison's poem is as memorable as Poe's "Raven"—and I can see him still steering that sullen "Derelict" of his upon future seas not a wave of which will be hazarded by many admired literary cockboats of the present time.

This, I am proud to advance, is also the view of Mr. James Whitcomb Riley (an undoubted Immortal) who in a letter to the present writer coins an inspired word, "delishamous," to express his pleasure in the poe, and, who has heretofore estimated it as a "masterly, and exquisite ballad of

title: Page:The Phoenix Vol3 No1.djvu/30


text:
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Chartings ondoubt where a woman had been—

Yo—ho—ho and a bottle of rum!

A flimsy shift on a bunker cot,

With a thin dirk slot through the bosom spot

And the lace stiff-dry in a purplish blot.

Or was she wench. ..

Or some shuddering maid

That dared the knife

And that took the blade?

By God! she was stuff for a plucky jade!—

Yo—ho—ho and a bottle of rum!

Fifteen men on the dead man's chest—

Yo—ho—ho and a bottle of rum

Drink and the devil had done for the rest—

Yo—ho—ho and a bottle of rum!

We wrapped 'em all in a mains'l tight,

With twice ten turns of a hawser's bight,

And we heaved 'era over and out of sight—

With a yo—heave—ho!

And a fare—you—well!

And a sullen plunge

In the sullen swell,

Ten fathoms deep on the road to hell—

Yo—ho—ho and a bottle of rum!

The history of this poem illustrates anew the fallibility of human evidence and the tenuous character of human veracity. It has been traveling the rounds of the newspaper and so-called literary press, pawed over by editors and copyreaders, sniffed at by office critics and regarded with mixed favor and distrust by "literary" printers, during a matter of twenty-odd years. There has been a considerable variation of text, since everybody wants to "improve," and thereby claim something in, an anonymous masterpiece.

I can't understand why there should ever have been any mystery or question about its authorship, unless the poet was for a long time indifferent to caveat or judged that a temporary sequestration of his title would redound to his greater ultimate fame. At any rate, these circumstances have given full play to the invention of fakers, the "pipes" of well-meaning hallucinants, and the painful ingenuity of those who weave literary mare's nests.

A fabrication of the latter sort deceived the

title: Page:The Phoenix Vol3 No1.djvu/29


text:
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26 And there they lay,

All good dead men,

Like break-o'-day in a boozing-ken—

Yo—ho—ho and a bottle of rum!

Fifteen men of a whole ship's list—

Yo—ho—ho and a bottle of rum!

Dead and bedamned, and the rest gone whist!—

Yo—ho—ho and a bottle of rum!

The skipper lay with his nob in gore

Where the scullion's axe his cheek had shore

And the scullion he was stabbed times four.

And there they lay,

And the soggy skies

Dripped all day long

In up-staring eyes—

At murk sunset and at foul sunrise—

Yo—ho—ho and a bottle of rum!

Fifteen men of 'em stiff and stark—

Yo—ho—ho and a bottle of rum!

Ten of the crew had the Murder mark—

Yo—ho—ho and a bottle of rum!

'Twas a cutlass swipe, or an ounce of lead,

Or a yawing hole in a battered head—

And the scuppers glut with a rotting red.

And there they lay—

Aye, damn my eyes!—

All lookouts clapped

On paradise—

All souls bound just contrariwise—

Yo—ho—ho and a bottle of rum!

Fifteen men of 'era good and true—

Yo—ho—ho and a bottle of rum!

Every man jack could ha' sailed with Old Pew—

Yo—ho—ho and a bottle of rum!

There was chest on chest full of Spanish gold,

With a ton of plate in the middle hold,

And the cabins riot of stuff untold.

And they lay there

That had took the plum,

With sightless glare

And their lips struck dumb,

While we shared all by the rule of thumb—

Yo—ho—ho and a bottle of rum!

More was seen through the sternlight screen—

Yo—ho—ho and a bottle of rum!

title: Page:The Phoenix Vol3 No1.djvu/28


text: The Phoenix (magazine)/Volume 3/Number 1/The Dead Men's Song


text:
The Dead Man's Chest

Stevenson's version

 * "Fifteen men on the dead man's chest" in chapter 1 of Treasure Island (1883)—for versions, see Treasure Island.
 * "Fifteen men on the dead man's chest" in "The Dead Men's Song" published in The Phoenix, Vol. 3, No. 1 (July 1915).
 * "Fifteen men on the dead man's chest" in "Y. E. A. and a Bottle of Rum", published in Buried Caesars (1923)

Allison's version

 * "The Dead Men's Song" published in The Phoenix, Vol. 3, No. 1 (July 1915).
 * "Derelict" in "Y. E. A. and a Bottle of Rum", published in Buried Caesars (1923)
 * "Derelict", published in Famous Single Poems (1924).

Other versions

 * "Stevenson's Sailor Song", anonymous, in "Y. E. A. and a Bottle of Rum", published in Buried Caesars (1923)
 * "The Pirate Song" by Alice C. Hyde in "Y. E. A. and a Bottle of Rum", published in Buried Caesars (1923)

title: The Dead Man's Chest


text:
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 the decline. Nineteen years of this most active missionary, and the death of three kings, had advanced it only so far as to be embraced publicly by one of them; after Paez's death, in six years it fell, though supported most strenuously by a king prodigal of the blood of his subjects in this cause; by a patriarch sent from Rome, and by above 20 very zealous and active missionaries; and, as far as my foresight can carry me, it is so entirely fallen, that, unless by a special miracle of Providence, wrought for that purpose, it never will rise again.

king's renunciation of the Alexandrian faith was followed by a very strong, or rather violent manifesto, and we need not be at a loss to guess whom he, employed to draw it up. It begins by asserting the supremacy, of the church of Rome, as the fee of St Peter; it mentions the three first general councils, which condemned Arius, Macedonius, and Nestorius; next quotes the council of Chalcedon, as the fourth general council, as having justly condemned Dioscurus; but says not a word of the council of Ephesus, which the Abyssinians receive instead of that of Chalcedon; insists largely upon the two natures in Christ; then, leaving the patriarchs of Alexandria, it attacks not the doctrine, but the morals of the Abunas, sent from Alexandria into Abyssinia, accuses the ecclesiastics in general of simony and paying money to the Abuna for their ordination, (a well-founded part of the charge) which I fear continues to this day.

Abuna Marcus was, it is there said, convicted by Socinios, or Melec Segued, of a crime of such turpitude that the name of it should never stain paper. He was degraded and banished to the island of Dek. His successor Christodulus


text:
Author:William Forsell Kirby

Works

 * Introduction to Entomology
 * also titled The Concise Knowledge Natural History (also published in New York : D. Appleton & Cy., Concise Knowledge Library )
 * British Flowering Plants (1906)
 * also titled The Concise Knowledge Natural History (also published in New York : D. Appleton & Cy., Concise Knowledge Library )
 * British Flowering Plants (1906)

Butterflies and Moths

 * in five volumes:

Contributions to Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute

 * Notes on the Cicadidæ of New Zealand (1895)

Translations

 * Kalevala, the Land of Heroes, 2 vols. (1907)

Works about Kirby

 * 1897: review of A Hand-book to the Order Lepidoptera, vol 4, in The Zoologist, 4th series, vol 1, issue 671 (May, 1897), p. 239–240
 * 1902: short announcement of (the first seven parts of) Kirby 1903, in: The Zoologist, 4th series, vol 6, issue 734 (August, 1902), p. 318 (section 'Notes and Queries')

title: Author:William Forsell Kirby


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/December 1888/New Light on a Lunar Mystery


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/December 1888/The Pine-Tree Lizard


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/December 1888/The Last Stages in the Genealogy of Man II


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 he lived with the Jesuits on such an even footing, that they confess they did not know whether he was their friend or enemy: he kept one of their number, called Father Angelis, constantly in his household, where he was much favoured, and constantly in his presence. He was thought to be an enemy to Sela Christos, though he never had shewn if.

received a flattering message from Urban VIII. but did not answer it; nor does it appear his father ever desired him; for, through the whole course of the life of Sonios, as his enemies are forced to confess, he paid to his father's will, the most passive obedience in every thing. The tyranny, however, of church-government began to appear unmasked; and it is probable that the king, though resolved to die a Roman Catholic from principles of conscience, was indifferent about forging for his son the chains he had himself worn with pain.

this may be, the last step of placing Facilidas at the head of the army was construed as another stroke of humiliation to the Catholics, especially as it was followed with the removal of Keba Christos (the support of that religion) from court, where he had been appointed Billetana Gueta. It is true he was removed by what, in other times, would have been called preferment ; but things had now changed their qualities, and places were not estimated, as formerly, by the consequence they gave in the empire, but by the opportunities they afforded of constant access to the king, and occasion of joining in councils with him, and defeating those of their enemies,


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/December 1888/Atomic Worlds and their Motions


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/December 1888/Evolving the Camel


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 Inaches, veteran soldiers of Sela Christos, and a small, but brave body of troops containing the sons of Portuguese: These he directed to occupy the valleys and low ground. In the center the king commanded in person.

rebel chief and his mountaineers remained in a state of security; for they neither thought to be so speedily attacked, nor that Socinios could have raised so large an army. They abandoned, therefore, the lower ground, and all took posts upon the heights. The prince advanced to the first entrance, and ordered Damo, his Billetana Gueta, to force it with four companies of good soldiers, who ascended the mountain with great perseverance; and, notwithstanding the obstinate defence of the rebels, made themselves master of that post, having killed two of the bravest officers Melca Christos had, the one named Billene, the other Tecla Mariam, sirnamed defender of the faith because he was the first that brought Galla to the assistance of Melca Christos.

were likewise slain, at the fame time, four priests and five monks, after a desperate resistance; one of whom, calling the king's troops Moors, forbade them to approach for fear of defiling him, and then, with a book in his hand, threw himself over the rock, and was dashed to pieces in the plain below. Here the prince met with an enemy he did not expert: The cold was so excessive, that above fifty persons were frozen to death.

top of the mountain, which was the second entry into Lasta, was occupied by a still larger body of rebels, and, therefore, necessary to be immediately stormed, else those


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/December 1888/Beliefs About the Soul


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text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/December 1888/Infant Mortality and the Environment


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/December 1888/The Origin of Forest-Groupings


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/December 1888/Chinese Marriage Customs


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 the quality and errand of these missionaries, than he confined them to close prison, where, after great suffering, they were both put to death; and, to aggravate this, a letter was written to Socinios stigmatizing him with the name of apostate from the religion of his forefathers, and applying to him many opprobrious names.

letter, at another time, would not have failed to have been followed by the chastisement it deserved. But Adel, formerly a flourishing and commercial kingdom, was now fallen, and reduced to a multitude of banditti. Trade had left it. A garrison of nominal janizaries, since the reign of Sultan Selim, had kept the little island of Zeyla for the pretended purpose of a customhouse; but, in fact, it was a post of robbers, who only maintained themselves there for the sake of plundering merchants who came by sea; while the Galla poured in numbers upon the prince from the continent, and of the ancient kingdom of Adel, had left him nothing but Aussa the capital, a town situated upon a rock, on the banks of the river Hawash, Azab, and Raheeta, and a few other miserable villages upon the sea; and even part of these were daily falling into the hands of that enemy, destined very soon to over-run them all. This abject state to which they had been reduced, we may suppose, was the only reason that protected them from the vengeance of a high-spirited prince, such as Socinios certainly was.

violent conduct of Socinios in his abjuration was followed by that of the patriarch Alphonfo Mendes, perfectly in the same spirit. The clergy were reordained, their churches consecrated anew, grown men as well as children again baptised, the moveable feasts and festivals reduced to


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 effects of these ostentatious acts of reformation soon produced consequences which troubled their joy. The Agows of Lasta, called Tcheratz Agow, who live at the head of the Tacazze, rebelled. The country they occupy is not extensive, but exceedingly populous, and was supposed at that time to be able to bring into the field above 50,000 fighting men, besides leaving behind a sufficient number to defend the passes and strong-holds of their country, which are by much the most difficult and inaccessible of any in Abyssinia. They are divided into five clans, Waag, Tettera, Dehaanah, Gouliou, and Louta, each having an independent chief. They are exceedingly warlike; and, though the country be so rude and rocky, they have a considerable number of good horses; and are in general reckoned among the bravest and most barbarous soldiers in Abyssinia. Their province abounds with all sorts of provisions, and they rarely can be forced to pay any thing to government in the name of tax, or tribute.

was now dead, but the cause of the rebellion still subsisted. While governor of Begemder, he had connived at many abuses of his officers who occupied the posts nearest to Lasta. These being young men, from wantonness only, without provocation, had made many different inroads, driving away cattle, and committing many other excesses. The Agows carried their complaints to the governor, who, far from hearing or redressing their wrongs, justified the conduct: of his officers, by making inroads himself immediately after; but coming to an action in person with that people, he was shamefully beat, and a great part of his army left dead upon the field.


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/January 1889/Genius and Talent


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/January 1889/Inventional Geometry


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 misfortune very much affected Socinios. Nor did the Agows themselves doubt, but that a speedy chastisement was to follow this victory over Tecla Georgis.

was a youth descended of the royal family, who, to preserve the freedom of his person, lived among the Galla, in expectation of better times. His name was Melca Christos. To him the Agows applied, that, with this prince of the house of Solomon at their head, they might wipe off the odium of being reputed rebels, and appear as fighting under a lawful sovereign for reformation of abuses. The renunciation of the Alexandrian faith, forcibly obtruded upon them by Socinios, served as cause of complaint. The Roman Catholic writers in the history of this million, say this was but a pretext, in which I conceive they are right. I have lived among the Agows of Lasta, and in intimacy with many of them, who are not, to this day, so anxious about Christianity as to ascend one of their hills for the difference between that and Paganism; and I am satisfied, for these 300 years last past there has been scarcely a common layman in Lasta that has known the distinction between the Alexandrian and the Roman church.

the beginning of February 1629 the king marched from Dancaz towards Gojam, where he collected an army of 30,000 men, which, with the baggage, servants, and attendants, at that time very great and numerous, amounted to above 80,000 men.

detached a number of small parties to enter Lasta at different places. On the other hand, Melca Christos assembled his troops on the most inaccessible rocks; whence,


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text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/January 1889/The Suanetians and their Home


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/January 1889/The History of a Doctrine II


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 the missionary and the ambassador, was still hesitating whether to allow them to proceed, when Manquer, who fled from Amelmal, arrived. Aliko, hearing from this incendiary, that the father's errand was to bring Portuguese that way from India to destroy the Mahometan faith, as in former times, burst into such violent rage as to threaten the father, and all with him, with death, which nothing but the reality of the king's letters, of which he had got assurance from Baharo, and some regard to the law of nations, on account of the ambassador Fecur Egzie, could have prevented. In the mean time, he put them all in close prison, where several of the Portuguese died. At last, after a council held, in which Manquer gave his voice for putting them to death, a man of superior character in that country advised the fending them back to Amelmal, the way that they came; and this measure was accordingly adopted.

returned, therefore, from Cambat, and thence to Gorgora, without any fort of advantage to themselves or to us, only what arises from that opportunity of rectifying the geography of the country through which they palled; and even for this they have furnished but very scanty materials, in comparison of what we might reasonably have expected, without having occasioned any additional fatigue to themselves.

have already said, that though Socinios had not openly declared his resolution of embracing the Catholic faith, yet he had gone so far as to declare, upon the dispute held between the Catholic and schismatic clergy, in his own presence and that of the Abuna, that the Abyssinian


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 the forms and times of the church of Rome; circumcision, polygamy, and divorce were abrogated for ever; and the many questions that thereupon arose, and which were understood to belong to the civil judge, the patriarch called to his own tribunal exclusively.

the tenets of the church of Alexandria, whether of faith or discipline, were rejected; and it was not known how far the patriarch intended to subject the civil jurisdiction of the judges to the ecclesiastical power. Two steps that he took, the one immediately after the other, seemed to give great reason of fear upon this head.

order to understand the first of these cases, it will be necessary to know, that it is a fundamental constitution of the monarchy of Ethiopia, that all lands belong to the king; and that there is no such thing as church-lands in this country. Those that the king has given for the maintenance of churches or monasteries are resumed every day, at the instance of, and for the convenience of individuals, and new ones granted in their stead sometimes of a greater value, sometimes of a less. Nor have the priests or monks any property in these lands. A lay-officer, appointed by the king, divides to each monk or priest, his quota of the revenue, applying any overplus to other uses, which is, we may suppose, often putting it into his own pocket.

was a nobleman of great distinction for his family and rank at court, for his age, and the merit of his service; he had occupied some of the lands belonging to a monk who happened to be a Catholic. This man, had he been an Alexandrian, could have had no recourse to the Abuna his


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/February 1889/The Political Control of Railways: Is it Confiscation?


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 Tigré being still as it were in a state of rebellion, that it would be easy for the enemies of the Catholic faith to intercept these messengers and letters by the way, so that their contents might be published amongst the king's enemies in Abyssinia, without ever being made known in Europe. Some proposed the longer, but, as they apprehended, the more secure way, by passing Narea and the provinces south of the frontiers of that kingdom, partly inhabited by Gentiles, partly by Mahometans, to Melinda, on the Indian Ocean, where they might embark for Goa.

were cast among the missionaries who of their number should undertake this long and dangerous journey. The lot fell upon Antonio Fernandes, a man of great prudence, much esteemed by the king, and by the general voice allowed to be the properest of all the society for this undertaking. He, on his part, named Fecur Egzie (beloved of the Lord) as his companion, to be ambassador to the king of Spain and the pope. This man had been one of the first of the Abyssinians converted to the Catholic faith by the Jesuits, and he continued in it steadily to his death. He was a person of tried courage and prudence, and of a pleasant and agreeable conversation.

was the beginning of March 1613 Antonio Fernandes set out for Gojam, where was Ras Sela Christos. Fecur Egzie had set out before, that he might adjust his family affairs, and took with him ten Portuguese, six of whom were to go


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 no farther than Narea, and return, the other four to embark with him for India.

governor detained the small company till he procured guides from among the Shats and Gallas, barbarous nations near Narea, and eastward of it, from whom he took hostages for properly protecting this caravan in their way, paying them well, as an encouragement for behaving honestly and faithfully.

the 15th of April they had set out from Umbarma, then the head-quarters of Sela Christos, who gave them for guards forty men armed with shields and javelins. Nor was it long before their difficulties began. Travelling about two days to the west, they came to Senaffé, the principal village or habitation of the Pagan Gongas, very recently in rebellion, and nearly destroyed, rather than subdued. To the first demand of safe conduct, they answered in a manner which shewed that, far from defending the travellers from others, they were resolved themselves to fall upon them, and rob or murder them in the way. One Portuguese offered himself to return with Fernandes to complain of these savages to Sela Christos; who, upon their arrival, dispatched three officers with troops to chastise these Pagans, and convey the ambassador and his attendants out of their territory and reach.

Gongas, being informed that a complaint was sent to Sela Christos, which would infallibly be followed by a detachment of troops, gave the ambassador the safeguard he demanded, which carried him in three days to Minè.


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 This is the name of some miserable villages, often rebuilt, and as often destroyed, upon a ford of the Nile, over which is the ordinary passage for the Mahometan merchants into Bizamo, the way to the mountainous country of Narea and Caffa. As the rains had begun to fall here with violence, when Fernandes and his companions arrived, they were obliged to pass the river on skins blown full of wind.

distance from Mine to Narea is 50 leagues due south, with little inclination to west. The road to it, and the places through which you pass, are very distinctly set down in my map, and, I believe, without any material error; it is the only place where the reader can find this route, which, till now, has never been published.

next day our travellers entered the kingdom of Bizamo, inhabited by Pagan Galla. These people came in crowds with arms in their hands, insisting upon being paid for liberty of passing through their country; but, seeing the company of the ambassador take to their arms likewise, they compounded for a few bricks of salt and coarse cotton cloaths, and thereupon suffered them to pass. The same day, the guide, sent from Narea to conduct them by crooked and unfrequented paths out of the way of the Pagan Galla, made them to enter into a large thicket through which they could scarcely force themselves; after which they came to a river called Maleg when it was nearly night. Next day they could find no ford where they could pass. They now entertained a suspicion, that the guard from Narea had betrayed them, and intended to leave them in these woods to meet their death from the Galla.


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/February 1889/Giant Reptiles of a Past Age


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/February 1889/The Dance of the Lady Crab


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/February 1889/On the Causes of Variation I


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/February 1889/The Story of a School


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text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/February 1889/The Origin of Holidays


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/February 1889/New Facts in Alcoholic Heredity


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/February 1889/Comments on the Sacrifice of Education


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/February 1889/Sketch of John B. Stallo


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text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/March 1889/The Foundation-Stones of the Earth


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text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/March 1889/The Americanists in Congress


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text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/April 1889/The Psychology of Spiritualism


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/April 1889/The Chemical Elements


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text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/April 1889/Agnosticism


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text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/April 1889/Domestication of the Buffalo


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/April 1889/Zoological Gardens: Their Uses and Management


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text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/April 1889/Curiosities of Natural Gas


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text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/April 1889/Editor's Table


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text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/Index

title: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 34/Index


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" be going on," Doctor Morrison continued, finishing his writing at the kitchen table which the entrance of Bob and Betty had evidently interrupted. "Here are a few directions for you, Betty. I do not think there will be anything for you to do to-night. Both should sleep right through, and I'll be out in the morning. I have made a bed for you on the parlor sofa, and one for Bob here in the kitchen. I thought you'd want to be near the patients. And, then, too, the rooms upstairs are damp and musty; evidently the upper floor of the house hasn't been used for some time. Now are you sure you will be all right? Does Mr. Gordon know you are here?"

Bob explained that they had left a message for Mr. Gordon at the Watterby farm, and Doctor Morrison, who of course knew of the fire, nodded understandlngly. Then he bade them good-night, promising to make them his first call in the morning.

"I'll go out and bed down the horses and feed Rh


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Rh the stock," said Bob, after the light of the doctor's car had disappeared down the road. "Do go to bed, Betty; you're all tuckered out."

But Betty flatly refused to stay in the house without Bob. She tagged sleepily after him while he carried water to the horses and cows, bedded them down and littered the pig pens with fresh straw. He bolted the doors of the barns and hen house and made everything snug for the night. Then he and Betty went back to the house, having stabled their own horses in two empty stalls that, judging from the dusty hay in the mangers, had not been used recently.

Both patients were sleeping, breathing rather heavily and hoarsely, it is true, but apparently resting comfortably. Betty and Bob were thoroughly tired out and glad to say good-night and go to bed. As Betty snuggled down on the comfortable old couch, she thought how kind of the doctor to have made things ready for them.

The sun streaming in through the windows woke her the next morning. With a start she jumped up and put on her slippers and blue robe. With the healthy vigor of youth she had slept without once waking during the night, and not once had the thought of her patients disturbed her. Cautiously she tiptoed into the two bedrooms. Miss Charity and Miss Hope were sleeping quietly. A swift peep into the kitchen


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128 showed her a fire snapping briskly in the store and the teakettle sending out clouds of steam. Bob was nowhere in sight.

"He's out at the barn," thought Betty. "I must hurry and get breakfast."

She dressed quickly but trimly, as usual, and raised the windows of the parlor. Screens or not, she felt the house would be the better for quantities of fresh air. She closed the door softly and went down the narrow little passage into the kitchen.

She found a bowl of nice-looking eggs in the pantry and a piece of home-cured bacon neatly sewed into a white muslin bag and partly sliced. This, with slices of golden brown toast—the bread box held only half a loaf of decidedly stale bread—solved her breakfast menu. There were two pans of milk standing on the table, thick with yellow cream, and Betty was just wondering if Bob had milked and when, for the cream could not have risen under two or three hours' time, when the boy came whistling cheerfully in, carrying a pail of foaming milk.

"Sh!" warned Betty. "Don't wake your aunts up. When did you milk. Bob? You can't have done it twice in one morning."

"Well hardly," admitted Bob, lowering his voice discreetly. "I went out last night after I was sure you were asleep. I knew the cows had to be


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Rh milked and that you'd probably insist on staying out there If you went to sleep standing up. So I took a lantern I found under the bench on the back porch and went out about an hour after you went to bed. Gee, fried eggs and bacon! You're a good cook, Betsey!"

Betty had spread one end of the table with a clean brown linen cloth, and now, after Bob had washed his hands and she had strained the milk, she placed the smoking hot dishes before him, and they proceeded to enjoy the meal heartily.

"I wonder if the fire is out," said Betty anxiously. "Perhaps Doctor Morrison will know when he comes. What are you going to do now, Bob?"

"You tell me what will help you," answered Bob. "I suppose you have to cook breakfast for the aunts—doesn't that sound funny? I thought I'd kind of hang around the house—you might want furniture moved or something like that—till you had 'em all fixed comfy, and then you could go out to the barn with me while I finished out there. It's lonesome in a new place."

"Sometimes I think," announced Betty, stopping with the frying pan In her hand and beaming upon Bob, "that you have more sense than any one I ever knew. You needn't do a thing, if you'll just wait for me. There's a pile of old


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130 magazines in the parlor. You can read the stories in those."

Leaving Bob comfortably established in a padded rocking chair, she went in to see if either of her patients was awake. Both were, as it happened, and though they looked slightly bewildered at first, Betty soon recalled to their minds her coming and the visit from the doctor. Both were very weak, and Miss Charity still was voiceless, but their eyes were clear and there was no sign of delirium.

Betty had brought an enveloping white apron and cap with her, and she presented an immaculate little figure as she gently sponged the hands and faces of the old ladies and made their beds tidy and smooth. Doctor Morrison had ordered water toast and weak tea for their breakfast, and when Betty went out to the kitchen to prepare two trays she found that Bob had pumped two pails of fresh water, cleared the table and stacked the dishes in the dishpan and was taking up ashes from the stove while he waited for the kettle of water which he had put on for them to heat.

"I thought you'd need the teakettle yourself," observed this energetic young man, a streak of soot across his forehead in no way detracting from his engaging smile. "I'll have to put in an hour or so chopping wood this afternoon. The box will be empty by noon."


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Rh Betty found that both her patients were too weak to feed themselves, so she had to handle one tray at a time. The meal was barely over when Doctor Morrison drove up. He found Bob washing dishes and Betty drying them.

"Well, well, you look as bright as two dollars," said the gray old doctor merrily. "You don't need any prescriptions, that's evident. How are the sick ladies, Miss Nurse?"

"They slept all night—at least, I think they did," she reported conscientiously. "I never woke up, and I think I would have heard them call, for the door from the parlor was left open and their doors too, of course. They slept about an hour and a half after Bob and I were up and about. But they are very weak. I had to feed them."

"That's to be expected," said the doctor professionally. "We'll go in and see how the fever is. I don't suppose they've seen Bob?"

Betty shook her head.

"I thought the fewer people they saw the better," she answered quietly. "Miss Hope was afraid I was doing too much and I told her a boy was here looking after the barns and the stock. That seemed to satisfy her."

"Well, for two youngsters, I must say you show extraordinary good sense," the doctor said.


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132 "I don't know what these old ladies would have done if you hadn't taken hold."

He wanted Betty to go with him to the sick-rooms, and at his first glance pronounced Miss Hope better. Miss Charity, too, was much improved, but she struggled against the throat spray and was exhausted when the treatment was finished.

"They'll build up, but slowly," declared the doctor when he and Betty and Bob were again together in the kitchen. "I think it is safe to say that they'll sleep nearly all day. Keep them warm and on a light diet—here is a better list than the one I scribbled last night—and be careful of yourself, Betty. I'm having some supplies sent out to you. I took a look at the pantry last night before you came, and the old ladies have been living on what the farm produced; If it didn't produce what they needed, they evidently went without. I'm afraid they're desperately poor and proud. What's that? Grandma Watterby's beef extract? Fine! Just what you need! Give 'em some for supper. Well, Betty, out with it—don't ask a question with your eyes; use your tongue."

"The fire?" stammered Betty. "Is it out? Have you heard anything?"

"Still burning," was the reluctant answer. "About all the town spent the night up there,


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Rh hampering the employees I haven't a doubt and thinking they were helping the force. However, don't worry, child; I honestly believe that Mr. Gordon is in no danger. He is intelligent and careful, and the company will sacrifice the whole field before they will let a man risk his life."

Doctor Morrison was to come the next day, and some hours after he left them a rickety oilfield wagon drove up and left a box of groceries. The boy driving the sleek mule was in a great hurry "to see the fire," and he merely tumbled the box off and drove on with hardly an unnecessary word.

"Goodness, the doctor seems to expect us to stay a month!" gasped Betty, unpacking the tin cans and packages. "It's almost as much fun as keeping a store, isn't it, Bob? Oh, my gracious! what was that?"

A cry had sounded from Miss Hope's bedroom.

Bob and Betty ran to the door. She was sitting up in bed, her bright, hot eyes staring at them unseeingly.

"Faith!" she cried piercingly. "Faith, my darling!"


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turned to stare at Bob. He looked at her helplessly.

"My mother!" he whispered. "She's calling my mother!"

Betty was the first to recover. She went quietly over to the bed.

"There, dear, lie down," she said soothingly. "Everything is all right. It's the fever," she explained in an aside to Bob. "The doctor said she used to be out of her head when she had even a slight cold."

"Faith!" cried Miss Hope again, resisting Betty's attempts to press her back against the pillow. "I wrote and wrote," the hoarse voice babbled on. "You and David are so cruel—you will never send us word. David!" she sat up straighter and pointed an accusing finger at Bob standing in the doorway. "David! Faith and David—"

"You're making her worse," said Betty. "Go away, please, Bob. See, she'll lie down now." Rh


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Rh Exhausted, Miss Hope sank back on her pillow, and suddenly the delirium left her.

"You're very good to me, my dear," she whispered weakly. "I think I'll go to sleep."

Betty watched her for a few minutes till her even breathing told that she really was asleep. Then she went in to see if Miss Charity had been disturbed. She was awake and beckoned for Betty to come nearer the bed.

"Was Faith here?" she whispered painfully. Betty had to put her ear down to her mouth to hear. "Has she come at last?"

Betty shook her head sorrowfully. She had hoped the sick woman's voice had not reached her sister.

"Miss Hope had more fever," she said compassionately. "She has gone to sleep now. If I bring you a little nice beef tea, don't you think you might take a nap, too?"

The old lady was childishly pleased with the idea of something to eat again, and Betty fixed her tray daintily and toasted a cracker to go with the cup of really delicious home-made beef tea. Miss Charity drank every drop, and fifteen minutes later Betty had the satisfaction of seeing her go to sleep.

Bob was out on the back porch, whittling furiously, a sure sign that he was disturbed.

"They're my aunts, all right," he began, as


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