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 Here he spent, with some short intervals of absence, twelve years, and by his abilities as a linguist and his straightforward character obtained great influence. He became a proficient in Arabic and in Italian, and lived on friendly terms with the chief men among the Mussulmans at Aleppo. He enjoyed the fullest confidence of the Europeans at Aleppo, who entrusted him with an important mission to the Porte, in which he succeeded, against all the influence of the pasha of Aleppo, in obtaining the redress of certain grievances under which foreigners were made to suffer in Syria. After many years spent at Aleppo, Frampton returned to England, where in 1667 he married Miss Mary Canning. Hearing, however, that the plague had broken out at Aleppo, he gallantly determined to return thither almost immediately after his marriage. He remained at Aleppo actively ministering to the sufferers till 1670, having himself escaped the disease. In this year he finally returned to England, where his reputation stood high. In two months' time he was appointed preacher at the Rolls, living in the house of Sir Harbottle Grimston. He was also made chaplain to the lord keeper, Sir Orlando Bridgeman [q. v.] Any amount of preferment was now within his reach, and he was confessedly one of the first preachers of the day. Pepys, writing in 1667, says: ‘All the church crammed, and, to my great joy, find Mr. Frampton in the pulpit, and I think the best sermon for goodness and oratory, without affectation or study, that I ever heard in my life. The truth is he preaches the most like an apostle that ever I heard man, and it was much the best time that I ever spent in my life at church.’ In 1671 Frampton was made prebendary of Gloucester, and shortly afterwards of Salisbury. In 1673, on the death of Dr. Vines, he was made dean of Gloucester. At this time he preached a sermon at court against the encouragement of infidelity, to which the king objected as personal, and the dean apologised. Frampton obtained the livings of Fontmell, Dorsetshire, and Oakford Fitzpaine, Devonshire, which he held with his deanery. In 1680 he was appointed bishop of Gloucester, in succession to Dr. John Pritchard. He was consecrated by Archbishop Sancroft in the chapel of All Souls' College, Oxford, 27 March 1681. At first he held his livings in commendam, but at Sancroft's desire he resigned them, being afterwards appointed to the living of Standish, Gloucestershire, the emoluments of which were very small, while his parsonage house was in ruins. Frampton proved himself a great builder and restorer. He did much both at the deanery and the episcopal palace of Gloucester, and rebuilt the house at Standish. He was a frequent preacher at Whitehall, and in the administration of his diocese was tolerant towards dissenters, and universally popular. After the accession of James II the king complained to the archbishop that Frampton was in the habit of denouncing popery. When the famous declaration of indulgence was published, and ordered to be read in churches, the bishop went strongly with those of his brethren who opposed it. When the petition of the bishops was drawn up, he authorised the appending of his signature, but he was not present with the seven at its presentation. He sent a direction to his clergy bidding them not to read the declaration, and when the seven were committed to the Tower he spent most of his time there with his brethren. But, though thus strongly opposed to the illegal proceedings of James, he would not transfer his allegiance to the new dynasty. On his refusal to take the oath his diocese was greatly moved. The gentry of the county offered to have the sessions deferred that he might have more time for deliberation. The grand jury petitioned for him. But neither side would yield, and the bishop was deprived of his see as a nonjuror some time in the autumn of 1690. He was allowed, however, by connivance, to hold the small benefice of Standish, where he resided. Here his life was not altogether tranquil. Frequent accusations were made against him of favouring popery, and he was actually arrested and imprisoned on suspicion of being concerned in a plot for murdering the king. The only definite act which could be proved against Frampton was his having sent round circular letters to the nonjuring clergy. But he was able to show that this was only done by way of raising some funds for the relief of those of them who were greatly in need. At the archbishop's request Frampton was accordingly liberated. In the Tower the deprived bishop had the opportunity of visiting Judge Jeffreys, whom he found in a very sad and melancholy state, and to whom he ministered christian consolation. At Standish it was Frampton's habit to attend the church services, and to take part in them, omitting the names of the royal family, and preaching from his pew. So greatly was he respected in the diocese that those who were instituted to livings by the legal bishop did not consider their institution complete until they had obtained the ratification, secretly given, of the deprived nonjuror. Frampton had no wish to continue the nonjuring schism, and consequently incurred the ill-will of the more violent members of the party. His views about the schism corresponded with those of Henry Dodwell in the


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User:Saraar

Mohammed Alanle Muse Burao Somaliland

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 ‘Case in View’ (1705). He regarded it altogether as a personal matter, and, though he could not himself feel justified in taking the oaths, he did not condemn others who might do so. He agreed in this to a great degree with [q. v.] At the accession of Queen Anne the position of the nonjurors appeared to alter, and many of them returned to allegiance. The queen took particular notice of Frampton, and went so far as to offer him the see of Hereford, which was to be regarded as a ‘ translation,’ thus recognising the position he still claimed as bishop of Gloucester. But Frampton, who was now a very aged man, declined this delicate offer. He died at Standish 25 May 1708, at the age of eighty-six, and was buried in the church there, his grave being marked by a black marble slab with the inscription, ‘Robertus Frampton, Episcopus Glocestrensis—Cetera quis nescit?’

A portrait of Frampton hangs in the episcopal palace at Gloucester, and has been reproduced in the anonymous contemporary memoir first published in 1876, which corrects some of the mistakes made by Wood and others, and was unknown to Lathbury, author of the ‘History of the Non-jurors.’

FRAMPTON, TREGONWELL (1641–1727), ‘the father of the turf,’ born in 1641 at Moreton in Dorsetshire, was the fifth son of William Frampton, lord of the manor of Moreton, by his wife, Katharine Tregonwell of Milton Abbas. He probably passed his youth at home in the country, and there acquired a taste for field sports. He is described by Chafin (Anecdotes of Cranbourne Chase, p. 47) as being in 1670 the most active pursuer of hawking in the west of England. He was at the same period a regular attendant at race meetings, kept horses in training, and owned a house at Newmarket, though he passed the greater part of the year in Dorsetshire. At the former place he speedily acquired a reputation for bold and successful gambling. Coventry, in a despatch dated March 1675, mentions a horse-racing match ‘wherein Mr. Frampton, a gentleman of some 120l. rent, is engaged 900l. deep.’ He adds: ‘I hope the world will see we have men who dare venture as well as M. de Turenne.’ Frampton won his money, and in the racing records of the time his name appears far more frequently as a winner than a loser, the amounts at stake being considerably greater than was usual. In April 1676, for example, he had two matches in the same week, the one at Newmarket and the other at Salisbury, each for 1,000l. A well-known incident belongs to this period. The commonly accepted tradition is that embodied by Hawkesworth in an essay on instances of cruelty to animals (Adventurer, No. 37). This story is that Frampton's horse Dragon beat a certain mare, winning a stake of 10,000l. On the conclusion of the match the owner of the mare instantly offered to run her on the following day for double the sum against any gelding in the world, and Frampton accepted the challenge. He then castrated Dragon, who was brought out the next day, and again beat the mare, but fell down at the post and died almost immediately. Hawkesworth declares that he remembers the facts as thus stated to be true, but he could have had no personal knowledge of them. Lord Conway, in a letter dated 7 Oct. 1682, says: ‘His majesty's horse Dragon, which carried seven stone, was beaten yesterday by a little horse called Post Boy, carrying four stone, and the masters of that art conclude this top horse of England is spoiled for ever.’ This last sentence would seem to imply that some such operation as Hawkesworth alleges had been performed on a horse called Dragon; but it also contradicts his statement that the horse died at the post, and there is not the remotest evidence for supposing that Frampton had any connection with the racing establishment of Charles II. On the other hand Lawrence (Philosophical and Practical Treatise on Horses) quotes a letter from a Mr. Sandern of Newmarket: ‘The abominable story which is told of Mr. Frampton … is entirely without foundation, for I had an uncle who was well acquainted with Mr. F., and who frequently assured me that no such circumstance ever happened. … Cruelty was no part of the old gentleman's character.’ A letter written by the Duke of York to the Prince of Orange eighteen months after the date of Frampton's alleged cruelty mentions a forthcoming match between the ‘famous horses Dragon and Why Not.’ Frampton, though probably not guilty of this atrocity, was by no means always scrupulous. On one occasion he had made a match with Sir William Strickland, a Yorkshire baronet. Frampton managed to arrange a private trial, and secretly put 7lbs. overweight upon his horse, which was just beaten. The greatest interest was excited by the match, which was looked upon as a struggle between the north and south, and it


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 has been said that the bets arising from it were far in excess of anything that had been previously known. Several estates changed hands after the event, and so many gentlemen were completely ruined that, if Whyte (Hist. of British Turf, i. 397) may be believed, it was in consequence of the vast sums lost that the act (9 Anne c. 14, s. 3) was passed, forbidding the recovery of any sum due through bets above 10l. Frampton's horse was again beaten, and his losses must have been considerable. He had before known what it was to be in want of money, for in a letter dated September 1690 he says he ‘shall be for a fortnight tumbling up and down in Dorset and Wiltshire till I have got up some money to make up part of my engagements; but I doubt shan't all,’ and it may have been at this defeat of his horse by Merlin that he made over the family estate, to which he had succeeded on the death of his brother William in 1689, to his cousin Giles Frampton, the next heir, in consideration of 5,000l. down. But the dates of both the match and the transfer of property are unknown, though the latter took place some time prior to 1702.

It was probably in 1695 that Frampton first assumed the duties of the position ascribed to him on his tombstone of ‘keeper of the running horses to their sacred majesties William III, Queen Anne, George I and George II.’ In October of that year he won with the king's horse the town plate at Newmarket, and in the accounts of the master of the horse for the same year there is mention of a payment to him ‘for settling the establishment of racehorses at the Green Cloth and Avery, and for a plate at Newmarket.’ In 1700 he first appears in Chamberlayne's ‘Angliæ Notitia’ (pt. iv. p. 506), as receiving 1,000l. per annum as supervisor of the racehorses at Newmarket, for the maintenance of ten boys, their lodgings, &c., and for provisions of hay, oats, bread, and all other necessaries for ten racehorses. From that date till his death he regularly received a salary, which sometimes, however, dropped as low as 600l., the amount apparently being reckoned at 100l. for every horse in training. It is not now possible to ascertain the precise nature of Frampton's duties. He certainly trained the royal horses, and made matches for them, and they generally ran in his name. He continued to breed horses on his own account, some of which he used to dispose of at high prices to the master of the horse, and he remained a steady and persistent gambler. That part of his time which was not given up to horses was devoted to hawking, coursing, and cock-fighting. He was particularly successful with his cocks, and his taste was largely shared by his royal master, William III, who, during his visits to Newmarket, spent many of his afternoons in watching his trainer's cocks do battle. Frampton kept his post till his last day, which was 12 March 1727. He was buried in the church of All Saints, Newmarket, where on the south side of the altar is a mural monument of black and white marble inscribed to his memory.

Notwithstanding the comparative humility of Frampton's position there were few men of his time who enjoyed more widespread notoriety through the country. The author of ‘Newmarket, or an Essay on the Turf,’ London, 1771 (attributed by Cole to Mr. Anstey of Trumpington), thus describes him (p. 171 n.): ‘I cannot here omit to instance the famous song which begins— Four and twenty Yorkshire knights Came out of the north countree, And they came down to Newmarket Mr. Frampton's horses to see. At the same time I take this opportunity of paying my respects to the memory of old Frampton. This gentleman (whose picture may be seen in many a house in Newmarket) was as great an oddity as perhaps ever was heard of. He was a known woman hater, passionately fond of horse-racing, cocking, and coursing; remarkable for a peculiar uniformity in his dress, the fashion of which he never changed, and in which, regardless of its uncouth appearance, he would not unfrequently go to court and enquire in the most familiar manner for his master or mistress, the king or queen. Queen Anne used to call him Governor Frampton.’ Another writer quoted by Whyte (British Turf, i. 398), in an account of Newmarket in the reign of Anne, remarks: ‘There was Mr. Frampton, the oldest, and, as they say, the cunningest jockey in England; one day he lost 1,000 guineas, the next he won 2,000, and so alternately. He made as light of throwing away 500l. or 1,000l. at a time as other men do of their pocket-money, and was perfectly calm, cheerful, and unconcerned when he had lost a thousand pounds as when he won it.’ Noble (additions to, ii. 387) gives further testimony to his qualities. It has been said of this man that he was ‘a thorough good groom only, yet would have made a good minister of state if he had been trained for it … Frampton was supposed to be better acquainted with the genealogy of the most celebrated horses than any man of his time. … Not a splint or sprain, or bad eye, or old broken knee, or pinched foot, or low heel, escaped in the choice of a horse.’ On the other hand he is tersely dismissed as a mere tout by Sir George Etherege in the couplet:—


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Author:Hugh Lofting

Works

 * The Story of Doctor Dolittle (1920)
 * The Voyages of Doctor Dolittle (1922)
 * Doctor Dolittle's Post Office (1923)
 * The Story of Mrs Tubbs (1923)
 * Doctor Dolittle's Circus (1924)
 * Porridge Poetry (1924)
 * Doctor Dolittle's Zoo (1925)
 * Doctor Dolittle's Caravan (1926)
 * Doctor Dolittle's Garden (1927)
 * Doctor Dolittle in the Moon (1928)
 * Noisy Nora (1929)
 * The Twilight of Magic  (1930)
 * Gub-Gub's Book, An Encyclopaedia of Food (1932)
 * Doctor Dolittle's Return (1933)
 * Doctor Dolittle's Birthday Book (1936)
 * Tommy, Tilly, and Mrs. Tubbs (1936)
 * Victory for the Slain (1942)
 * Doctor Dolittle and the Secret Lake (1948)
 * Doctor Dolittle and the Green Canary (1950)
 * Doctor Dolittle's Puddleby Adventures (1952)

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 PLATE 2

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The present depressed state of New South Wales—Its causes—Sheep—Their depreciated value—Sheep-boiling—Price of Australian Tallow in London—The practice of Sheep-boiling defended—Sheep, still a profitable investment when purchased at a price determined by the intrinsic worth of their Skins and Tallow—Calculations to show the income that might be then derived from Sheep—No Foreign Countries, or other British Colonies, able at present to produce Wool and Tallow cheaper than Australia—Price of Australian Wool not regulated by the cost of production, but by the state of the Home Market—Life of the Australian Settlers not necessarily deprived of all the conveniences and comforts of civilization—Horned Cattle—Australian Beef considered of inferior quality in London—Intrinsic value of Cattle when slaughtered for their Hides, Tallow, &c.—Calculations showing the income derivable from Cattle when they are purchased at a price determined by the value of their Hides, Tallow, &c. only—Agriculture, a very uncertain occupation in Australia—Excellent quality of the Australian Wheat; its capability of supporting long voyages without deterioration, and the high price obtained for it in the London market—Maize of New South Wales superior to that of the United States—Prices to which Wheat and Maize must fall in Sydney to allow of their being exported to England—Grain might perhaps be advantageously grown, in some few favoured localities, at these low prices, by persons purchasing improved farms at their present low value—Calculations on this subject—Districts exempt from droughts—Causes of this exemption—Vineyards—Good quality of the Wines hitherto made in New South Wales—Varieties of Grape successfully cultivated—


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172 realized. Remembering the principles pointed out by Mr. Justice as to what constitutes "value," it is manifest that the unconstitutionality of this Act in this respect is not confined to the distinction between agriculturalists and all other classes. Of course, all should see that it cannot accord with natural justice to hold that the drover has no untrammeled rights of determining the value of his own food cattle, nor to be guided by the results of market price resulting from free competition, whilst a farmer has both, but that the defect extends much deeper. Let us suppose that two men have saved equal sums, and one has invested his savings in horses, whilst the other, in food cattle. The man owning the food cattle is, if current contentions are correct, deprived of both the guidance of the "market price" and his own free and untrammeled judgment, whilst the owner of the horses, should the cattle owner wish to buy of him, can not only fortify himself with both, but can even call upon the District Attorney to have the other fined and jailed for doing exactly the same thing. If this be so, of what avail the fifth Amendment?


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 on the French Vineyards—Expenses attending them—Calculation of the profit derivable from Vineyards in New South Wales—Remarks on planting and cultivating the Vine.

The total annihilation of all confidence, and the depressed state of the money market, or, to use the favourite colonial term, "the monetary confusion," now prevalent in the colony of New South Wales, have continued for such a considerable time, and have afforded as yet, so little prospect of ultimate amendment, that serious apprehensions have been entertained, that the colony will never recover from the blow her former prosperity has received. Property of all descriptions is quite unsaleable, and not a day passes without several new declarations of insolvency.

The causes of the lamentable confusion in which the affairs of the whole trading community of New South Wales have been so long involved, have been discussed usque ad nauseam, both in and out of the colony. Many writers in the Sydney newspapers, reviews, &c. have however displayed considerable cleverness in analysing and explaining, what they considered to be the origin of the present disorganised state of affairs in New South Wales. Although they differ with each other in some respects in the conclusions they have individually arrived at, yet I think most persons will allow that the following causes have been very instrumental in bringing about the present disastrous state of things.

The speculative mania which pervaded all classes


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  in 1795, and contributed from that year to 1821 (inclusive) eighty-five works in all to its exhibitions. He was one of the sketching society formed by Thomas Girtin [q. v.] about 1799, and there is a moonlight composition in the South Kensington Museum dated in that year. He was a member of the (now Royal) Society of Painters in Water-Colours, and for some time its secretary, but he resigned his membership, and became in 1816 an unsuccessful candidate for the associateship of the Royal Academy. The next year he retired to Calais, where he resided till his death on 6 Feb. 1839. Here he gave instruction to R. P. Bonington [q. v.], whose coast scenes bear much resemblance to the later works of Francia. Francia's earlier drawings are broad and simple in execution, rich, but sombre in colour, like those of Girtin; but his later work, while still retaining its breadth and harmony, is brighter and lighter in tone, and more subtle in handling. Though he painted landscape of different kinds, his favourite subjects were shore scenes, which he executed with great truth and beauty of aerial effect. He was an excellent draughtsman of boats and shipping, and some of his drawings were engraved to illustrate a book of sketches of shipping by E. W. Cooke [q. v.] He was one of the earliest and most accomplished of English water-colourists, and his works are distinguished by their fine colour and poetical feeling. There are several of his drawings at the South Kensington Museum, and a few at the British Museum. In 1810 he published ‘Studies of Landscapes by T. Gainsborough, J. Hoppner, R.A., T. Girtin, &c., imitated from the originals by L. F.’

[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Graves's Dict. of Artists; Bryan's Dict. (Graves); English Encyclopædia; private information.]  FRANCILLON, JAMES (1802–1866), legal writer, sixth son of Francis Francillon of Harwich, Essex, descended from a Huguenot family settled in this country since 1685, was born 21 Nov. 1802, educated at the king's school, Rochester, ‘served his articles’ and was admitted an attorney, thereafter entered a student at Gray's Inn, and was called to the bar by that society in 1833. He went the Oxford circuit, enjoyed a fair practice, but was chiefly employed in chamber work. In 1847, when the modern county courts were constituted, he was appointed judge for the Gloucestershire district. He was also a magistrate for Gloucestershire and Wiltshire, and deputy-chairman of the Gloucestershire quarter sessions. Francillon, who was married and had issue, died at Lausanne of cholera 3 Sept. 1866. He wrote ‘Lectures, Elementary and Familiar, on English Law,’ first and second series, 1860–1. This work, written in a popular style, had some reputation.

[County Court Chronicle and Bankruptcy Gazette, 1 Oct. 1866, p. 227; Gent. Mag. October 1866, p. 559.]  FRANCIS, ALBAN (d. 1715), Benedictine monk, a native of Middlesex, became a professed monk on 9 May 1670, in the abbey of St. Adrian and St. Denis at Lansperg or Lambspring in the kingdom of Hanover (, Chronicle, App. p. 24). He assumed in religion the name of Placid. He was sent to the mission in Cambridgeshire. On 7 Feb. 1686–7 James II addressed a mandatory letter under his signet manual to Dr. John Peachell, master of Magdalene College, and vice-chancellor of Cambridge, commanding him to admit Francis to the degree as master of arts ‘without administering unto him any oath or oaths whatsoever, or tendering any subscription to be made by him.’ This letter was laid before a congregation of the university on 21 Feb., and the senate advised that the king should be petitioned to revoke his mandate. The esquire-bedels and the registrars were sent to inform Francis that the senate were ready to admit him to the degree provided that he would swear as the law appointed, but he refused to do so, insisting upon the royal dispensation. On the same afternoon the heads met in the consistory, and agreed to send a letter to the Duke of Albemarle and another to the Earl of Sunderland, secretary of state, through whose hands the mandate had passed. A second letter from the king dated 24 Feb. was read in the senate on 11 March. The senate, confirmed by the approval of several eminent lawyers, persisted in its refusal to comply with the royal letters. Consequently the vice-chancellor and the senate (by its deputies) were cited to appear before the ecclesiastical commissioners at Whitehall. The lord chancellor (Jeffreys) pronounced the decision of the commissioners on 7 May 1687. Peachell was deprived of the office of vice-chancellor and was suspended, ab officio et beneficio, of his mastership during his majesty's pleasure. At a subsequent sitting (12 May) the lord chancellor reprimanded the deputies of the senate. Another vice-chancellor was elected, Dr. Balderston, master of Emmanuel College, but Francis never got his degree.

At the revolution Francis withdrew to Lambspring, whence he removed in 1699 to the English Benedictine college of St. Gregory at Douay. He was again sent to the


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 on the determinations made by Holm in, this appendage in the female consists of a narrow, convex, scalelike, sagittate-based sheath, which appears to be formed by the fusion of two nearly equal portions, the anterior overlapping, and projecting posteriorly to cover partially a slightly shorter, simple, lance-linear appendage in a cleft of the following sternite. In the male the appendage is confined to the first sternite, the second being entire. It is proportionally shorter and broader, convex and lanceolate with the posterior free end slightly produced. Postabdomen composed of six ring segments. The first is readily distinguished from the segments of the preabdomen by postlateral prolongations. It appears to be formed by the fusion at their appressed ends, of a sternal and a tergal portion, the latter of which is the longer. The following segments are simple, bandlike rings. Telson long, lanceolate, with dorsal carination. Epistoma convex, peltiform, dividing in molting or under stress of compression, through the middle, joined at the sides to a narrow doublure. Preoral appendages attached at the posterior end of the epistoma; short, stout, composed of three joints, the two distal a little shorter than the basal, and forming a pair of edentulous, bevel-edged pincers, which normally are folded back so that their tips converge close to the anterior end of the mouth. Endognathites increasing in length from the first backward, moderately robust, spiniform, composed of seven joints, of which the third to the sixth inclusive bear a pair of spines. Swimming arms narrow, lanceolate paddles, composed of eight joints and a rudimentary ninth inserted in a notch on the inner side of the eighth or palette. The proximal joint, or gnathobase, has the form of an upright retort. The seventh bears on the inner half of the distal end a subtriangular lobe demarked by a suture. Metastoma elongate, cordate.

Type,  Sarle.

In the elaborate comparison with other genera which Mr Sarle adds to the generic diagnosis, the characters suggesting Pterygotus, as well as the resemblances to Eurypterus and Slimonia, are fully discussed. Since the date of his study the rocks of New York have afforded representations of this interesting genus in the Shawangunk grit and the Frankfort shale. These new forms suggest a somewhat different conception of the relationships of Hughmilleria, which is most conveniently set forth by annotating Sarle's discussion of the relationships of the genus.

As characters suggesting Pterygotus are cited: The rounded triangular or semielliptic outline of the head as seen in  Salter


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 and  Salter; the marginal, compound eyes; the slender body with slight constriction between the anterior and posterior abdominal portions; the cordate form of the metastoma; and the simplicity of the opercular plate and its appendage. The two forms of this appendage resemble those of Pterygotus as far as the material of the latter permits of comparison, one form being a slender, sagittate-based scale, the other a shorter, broader, convex body, as in  Salter and   Hall. In the new genus the first form projects posteriorly to protect a shorter lance-linear appendage lying in a cleft of the second sternite, while the second form is followed by an entire sternite without appendage. The sixth pair of cephalothoracic appendages resemble those of Pterygotus in being only slightly expanded distally and consisting of eight joints, with a rudimentary ninth inserted in the end of the palette. The gnathobases have the upright retort form.

The outline of the carapace is very much alike in all species, recalling  Salter. The latter, however, is by no means a typical Pterygotus, but in various characters, as notably also the form of the carapace, is quite apart from the other Pterygoti. On the other hand, the carapace of  resembles most closely that of a species described by Salter and Woodward as an Eurypterus. The latter is, in our opinion, either a true Hughmilleria or a transitional form between Hughmilleria and Eurypterus; at any rate it points to a close relationship of the two genera.

As the second character suggestive of Pterygotus, "the marginal compound eyes" are cited. We see in the structure of these eyes in Hughmilleria strong evidence of the intermediate position of the genus between both Eurypterus and Pterygotus. The facts are the following: It is well known that Pterygotus possesses distinctly faceted compound eyes of elliptic to circular outline, the whole ocular node being occupied by the visual area. In Eurypterus, on the other hand, the facets have


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  of the community; and the absurd ideas entertained respecting the value of land, and town allotments, &c. which induced the deluded colonists to pay, for solitary wastes which they had never seen, sums so large, that they are now astonished at their former folly, since the present reaction has aroused them from their golden dreams. This rage for speculation was very much encouraged by the loose un-English system of transacting business in New South Wales; long extended credit at high interest was readily accorded on the slightest security, whilst the directors of several of the colonial banks mutually afforded to each other, and their friends, the most unwarrantable accommodation in discounting bills, to the exclusion of many bills much safer than their own, but drawn and accepted by parties unconnected with bank directors. The disgraceful circumstances which have been brought to light in the late investigations into the affairs of two colonial banks which have now closed, are, in themselves, quite sufficient to prove the great share the banks have had in producing the present monetary crisis. As to the land mania, it was in a great measure produced by the system of selling Crown lands by public auction, and thereby exciting an unfortunate spirit of competition, which drained the colonists of that money which ought to have been employed in the more legitimate objects of colonization, such as agriculture, vineyards, &c. Old settlers and newly arrived emigrants, merchants, and mechanics, all


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 never been observed, not even in the transparent specimens studied by Holm, and the visual area occupies only a kidney or crescent shaped space on the outer slope of the eye node.

In Hughmilleria we have found the following condition of the compound eyes. The visual area, in outer view, is always smooth in the hundreds of carapaces we have seen, and without any trace of facets, but an interior view shows unmistakable traces of the facets. These structures are hence present, though very feebly developed.

The compound eye is arcuate on the outer side, but angular on the inner side, as correctly described by Sarle. A laterally compressed specimen [pl. 60, fig. 7] has permitted us to obtain an unforeshortened view of the eye and this shows the kidney-shaped visual area and a triangular palpebral lobe on the inside which is the cause of the angularity.

In  the eyes appear marginal in many specimens, because the marginal portion of the carapace was so impendent that in specimens vertically compressed it becomes folded upon itself and only a portion of the eye is shown [pl. 65, fig. 9]. Wherever the whole carapace is flattened out, the lateral eye is intramarginal by a considerable interspace [pl. 65, figs. 3, 4, 12]. In Pterygotus the lateral eye, at least in the mature stage, is always truly marginal.

Thus we infer that the eyes of Hughmilleria exhibit transitional or intermediate features between Eurypterus and Pterygotus.

The body of Hughmilleria is slenderer than that of the typical Eurypterus, but it falls fully within the limits of the recognized variations of the genus Eurypterus and is much surpassed in slenderness by such forms as. Similarly the metastoma, while exhibiting a decided tendency to a cordate form, is not nearly so pronounced as in Pterygotus and in general form, stands, about midway between that of Eurypterus and Pterygotus.

The opercular appendages have been considered by Sarle [op. cit. p. 1091] as corresponding in a general way to those of Eurypterus; we see in


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Letter from Alexander Henry Haliday to John Curtis undated

"I have enclosed for you

Clypeaster Dejean 1821 Cat. Coléopt., 129 [n.n.]; Berthold 1827, in Latreille, Fam. Nat. Thierr., 392.

cassidoides Mar. - lateralis Meg. - Orthoperus Ste.- Punctum Marsham-  piceus Ste.- picatus Mar.- truncatus Ste.- nigrescens Ste.-Atomos K
 * Clypeaster And.

 * Sericoderus Ste.- thoracicus Ste.- dubium Mar.


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 them strong evidence of the closer relationship of Hughmilleria to Pterygotus; for it is obvious that the appendage in  and   is only a more extreme development of that of Hughmilleria by the expansion of the distal end. As a last character suggesting Pterygotus the small distal expansion of the swimming legs is cited. Considering the wide variation in this character within the genus Eurypterus (compare for instance the swimming legs of  and  ), this similarity with Pterygotus is of but little import.

As characters distinctive from Pterygotus, Sarle cites the preoral appendages, the spiniform walking legs and the telson. The difference in the preoral appendages is described as follows:

These are stout, three jointed, chelate organs, so short that when extended they barely equal one half the length of the cephalothoracic shield. The pincers are edentulous and bevel-edged and in their normal position lie folded over the basal joints so that their tips converge close to the anterior border of the mouth. Extended, these organs project beyond the border of the shield for perhaps half their length; when turned straight back, their tips lap over the end of the metastoma. In Pterygotus, on the contrary, these organs are very long, having, at least in  Salter and   Hall a length fully one third that of the entire animal; and consist of ponderous, dentate pincers supported on a slender, retrally tapering proximal joint of such a length as must necessarily have prevented the pincers being used at the mouth, unless these appendages were somewhat retractile, as suggested by Laurie.

Though the preoral appendages of Hughmilleria are larger than those of Eurypterus they differ still more widely from the very long appendages of Pterygotus with their dentate pincers, but they may well be considered as indicating a tendency to a development of Pterygotuslike chelicerae.

The difference between Pterygotus and Hughmilleria in the character of the spiniform legs, is clearly set forth by Sarle and the slender lanceolate telson is distinctly a Eurypteruslike feature.


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 To Sarle's comprehensive statement: "Regarding its [Hughmilleria] resemblance to Eurypterus, it might be said that, but for the marginal position of the eyes and relatively large chelae, this form would easily be mistaken for a species of that genus" [op. cit. p. 1090], we may add from the results of our investigations that the facets of the eyes, the character of the opercular appendage and the cordate metastoma are features indicative of a closer relationship to Pterygotus and that we therefore agree with Sarle that it belongs in one group with the latter genus and Slimonia.

Hughmilleria is a good genus that requires distinction as being of a primitive or generalized character, through which it has points of similarity with a number of other genera. It is certain that, notwithstanding its exterior similarity to Eurypterus, it points, by virtue of its cordate metastoma, the intramarginal to marginal position of the compound eyes, the slightly longer preoral appendages, its slender body, less developed swimming legs and the opercular appendage, to the path of development taken by Pterygotus after separation from its common ancestor with Eurypterus. We consequently find the critical characters of Hughmilleria in the same features as did Sarle and Clarke, notably those evinced in the preoral appendages and marginal eyes, as well as in the other features cited, but with the difference that we take them as denoting a primitive condition. This view is strongly supported by the ontogeny of, for the great similarity of its nepionic and mature growth stages is another proof that Hughmilleria has progressed less beyond the common ancestor of the eurypterids than either Pterygotus or Eurypterus.


text: The New International Encyclopædia/Printing-House Square


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Page:Earle, Does Price Fixing Destroy Liberty, 1920, 174.jpg

174 without an application of the unmitigated terror established in the French Revolution, that so completely annihilated every principle of constitutional right.

3rd. That the "just compensation" of the Constitution consists simply "of full and perfect equivalency of value," the meaning of that "value" must be definitely determined before "just compensation" can be properly understood and applied; and that that determination has, happily, been attained in a series of unvarying decisions of the Supreme Court, that absolutely settle the matters now under discussion in favor of the principles necessary to protect our Constitutional Liberty.

4th. That the "value" of ordinary commodities can only be determined by the results of free competition, in a free government, conducted by free men. "Value," being not at all the result of any one citizen's view, desire or decree, but is that of all men, acting in a free market in free competition, in untrammeled freedom; and it is, therefore, always a matter of ascertainable fact; never of mere guess or surmise; it is a fact of the existing world; of existing conditions; never of imaginary worlds or conditions, or imaginary ideas. It is always the result, like contract, of a meeting,—an agreement of minds; not the view of one, unaccepted by another, but a result regulated solely by "the relative intensity of the desires of the whole community." "Value" deals only with the actual, never with imaginary conditions other than the facts. Its ascertainment is not to be compelled by peril of indictment and through guesses as to what the community would have given, but only by what it actually does give. Its ultimate determination always finally rests upon what men are willing to give for a commodity, rather than incur the exertion necessary to create it for themselves. Value, therefore, can no more be defined, or known than a contract can, until an actual and accomplished meeting


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Sarle. N. Y. State Palaeontologist Rep't. 1902. p. 1091, pl. 6–9; pl. 10, fig. 1–6, 8, 9; pl. 11–14; pl. 15, fig. 4–6; pl. 24, fig. 1; pl. 25, fig. 1, 3, 4; pl. 26, fig. 3, 5

This is by far the most common eurypterid in the Pittsford shale and is the genotype and best known species. It has been as elaborately described by Sarle as its novelty, its singular features and the excellence of the material deserve. The original description is as follows:

This type is comparatively small, the length of the average individual not exceeding 15 cm. Viewed from either the dorsal or the ventral side, the outline is slenderly lanceolate. In the natural, undistorted condition, the anterior part of the body is flattened, the dorsal and ventral surfaces being slightly convex, while the caudal portion is nearly cylindric.

Cephalothorax. The cephalothorax is semielliptic or subtriangular in outline, the length equaling the breadth at the base, and comprising about one fifth the length of the entire body. Along the gently curving sides and acutely rounded front is a narrow flattened border, striated on the under surface, and not exceeding a fraction of a millimeter in breadth. The dorsal surface is slightly rounded or arched from the side to the center, so that in an undistorted shield 22 mm long, the elevation is about 2 mm. The posterior edge, except for a slight forward curve at the genal angles, is straight. The compound eyes barely break the outline of the shield; they are small, elongate, widest anterior to the middle, the outer side arcuate, the inner formed by three nearly straight edges—a short basal and a little longer anterior, forming slightly rounded obtuse angles with a long inner side. The anterior end of the eye is acute. The length of these organs on the cephalothorax, the dimensions of which were given above, is 5 mm. However, the usual proportion between the length of the shield and eye is as 1 : 4.5. A line drawn connecting the posterior ends of the eyes passes through the center of the shield. The ocelli are situated on a small tumescence cut by this line; they form two minute, ringlike prominences separated by about the length of their diameter.

Abdomen. The abdomen, at the widest point, or between the third and fourth dorsal segments, is a little wider than the base of the cephalothorax. Thus, in one animal measured, these dimensions were respectively 24 mm and 17.5 mm, in a second 23 mm and 17 mm, and in a


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 30 gift man possesses. There is no higher training conceivable than that of the imaginative faculties of man. What is ambition but an expression of imagination? How could we understand patriotism, self-sacrifice, duty, or hope, if our imagination were not stirred, if it did not conjure up vistas of far-off lands and nations, paying homage to one law and to one rule? What would politics and religion, the two poles round which the whole of human life turns, be without that power of imagination, which on the one side sees mankind uplifted and glory everlasting bestowed, and on the other the firm establishment of society on the basis of truth and justice? Take imagination away, and we are hurled down from the height of bliss to the depth of despair. Our education would soon come to a standstill. Not even the most practical science can be taught, unless the enthusiasm of the student is first roused and the scholar's imagination fired by some glowing picture of success or discovery. When we rear up the coming generation and establish our commonwealth, it is always imagination that precedes the practical deed. What would the world be without its poetry, without its beauty, Even utilitarianism cannot dispense with the help of imagination, and this gift of imagination is happily one of those in which the masses participate to a far larger extent than the so-called classes. Among the latter the power of imagination is often crippled and shrivelled up through materialistic tendencies and narrow-minded egotism, through pedantry and self-imposed social fetters; but from the masses renewing forces rise from time to time, and bring fresh light and fresh blood into the decaying ranks of the higher circle of society. The few gifts which society often grudgingly grants are a thousandfold repaid by the poetical imagination of the people, by that literature which they have made their own, and which they return to the givers, in a purified, elevated, and more dignified form. Thus by that mutual play of popular


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 third 33 mm and 26 mm, probably varying somewhat according to the amount of compression and also somewhat with the animal. From this point the abdomen tapers very gradually to the telson; it is divided into anterior and posterior parts, easily distinguished by their structure. The preabdomen consists of six dorsal and five ventral, transverse plates; the postabdomen of six annulate segments and one spiniform.

Preabdomen. The first tergal plate of the preabdomen is very narrow and is overlapped by the posterior margin of the shield. Its posterior edge is slightly convex, and its ends are rounded. The second segment is twice as long as the first, its posterior edge is slightly concave along the middle portion, and the posterior angles are rounded, while the anterior are produced, to make up, as it were, for the rounding away of the preceding tergite. The succeeding tergites are very nearly equal in length, the fifth being perhaps a little the longest, and are about one third longer than the second. The posterior margins are concave as in the preceding, but straighter near the sides, forming almost right angles.

The first ventral plate, or sternite (the operculum), is one third as long as broad, and is divided along the axial line into two equal parts. These are rounded off at the lateral angles, particularly the anterior, and excavated along the median line for the reception of the opercular appendage; the posterior edges are slightly projected on either side of this, while the anterior inner angles are projected forward, forming a compound median lobe. The second sternite, in the female, is nearly as long as the operculum, and is deeply cleft for the reception of an appendage nearly equal to it in length. The sides are cut obliquely forward, making the posterior angles rather acute; the anterior angle forms small lobes, and the middle of the anterior edge is slightly produced. In the male the last four sternites, and in the female the last three, do not differ materially from the last four and three abdominal tergites. The relative position of the several plates of the sternal series to those of the tergal, is as follows: the opercular plate begins a little farther forward than the first tergite, but, owing to its greater breadth, lies beneath the line of overlap of the first and second tergites, while the second sternite lies beneath the overlap of the second and third tergites, and so on, the last sternite underlying the overlap of the fifth and sixth tergites, thus not extending as far back as the posterior edge of the sixth tergite.

Postabdomen. The first postabdominal segment consists of a tergal and a sternal portion united by their appressed pleural ends. The postlateral angles are prolonged into short, bladelike lobes which extend alongside the following segment for fully half its length. The tergal portion is the longer, and its posterior edge forms a broad lobe; the sternal portion is short, and its posterior edge is straight, while its anterior edge extends forward to meet the last sternite of the preabdomen. The following five


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 Rh and classical literature, the written and the spoken, the literature of the classes and that of the masses, by constant interchange, by borrowing and lending, the most beautiful chapter in the history of man is written.

Its name is Folklore, You are hereby invited to read it.

.


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 segments are plain, bandlike rings, decreasing in breadth backward. In the first the breadth is considerably greater than the length; in the last, or penultimate body segment the length and breadth, in compressed specimens, are equal. The anterior end of each of these segments is marked by a groove for the attachment of the interarticular membrane.

The telson is very slenderly lanceolate, widest near the anterior end and attenuated at the tip. In length it is equal to the four preceding segments. The dorsal surface is convex, rising from sharp, lateral edges to a median longitudinal carina, which begins in the anterior part as a broad, angular prominence; the ventral surface is nearly flat or faintly convex; a cross section is thus subtriangular. Compression usually flattens the sides and thus heightens the angular appearance. The uncompressed specimen has a length of 31 mm and a greatest breadth of 7 mm.

On the ventral surface of the cephalothorax, in front, is a convex lobe or platform, the epistoma, from which extends a flat, tapering doublure ending in a small expansion at the genal angles. In molting and also from compression, the epistoma divided through the middle rather than along the sides.

Appendages. The preoral appendages are short, stout, three-jointed, chelate organs attached at the posterior border of the epistoma. The two distal joints of each form a pair of broad based, edentulous, bevel-edge pincers, in the ordinary state of compression having a breadth equal to one half the length. The blades are about equal in length to the basal portion and meet at the very acute, slightly curved tips and again, usually, only near the base. There is considerable variation in the relative form of the pincers, as shown on plate 11. The broad basal joints are about one fourth longer than the pincers, widest near the base and longest on the inner side, and in the natural position extend beyond the anterior margin of the shield for about one third their length. The pincers articulate with this joint in such a way that, when folded backward, they cross it obliquely, and their tips converge a little in front of the mouth; when extended forward, they diverge somewhat. The preoral appendages could also be turned back to their full length over the mouth, the pincer tips then overlapping the metastoma. In an individual having a cephalothorax 22 mm long, the preoral appendages are 10 mm long.

The four pairs of endognathites, or crawling legs, do not differ materially from one another except in length. The anterior limbs are somewhat shorter than the extended preoral appendages, and their tips extend but very little beyond the margin of the shield. Each succeeding pair is about one half longer than the preceding, so that the last limbs are probably four times as long as the first. All have seven joints, of which the terminal is spiniform. The third to the sixth joints inclusive carry ventrally and at the distal ends a pair of striated, slightly curved, slender spines. The


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Author:Edwin Otho Sachs

Works

 * (in part)
 * (Modern stage mechanism)

title: Author:Edwin Otho Sachs


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 NOTES ON SOME CUSTOMS OF THE LOWER CONGO PEOPLE.

BY THE REV. JOHN H. WEEKS, 27 YEARS BAPTIST MISSIONARY ON THE CONGO.

(Continued from vol. xix, p. 437.)

custom of "eating the goat" has arisen out of slave-keeping. A slave badly treated by his master runs off to another, who will, he thinks, treat him more kindly. On arrival before the chief, he says: "I have come to you because my master does many bad things to me. Will you accept of me?" If the chief listens to him, he kills a goat, and they eat it together. This is a sign that the chief has accepted him. Guns are fired, and the people shout "Nkombo! Nkombo!" (Goat! Goat!). On the next market day the chief takes him and shows him on the market as one who has eaten his goat, and is no longer a slave. The old master must accept the ordinary market value of his former slave. He is not allowed to take him again, or to buy him for any amount of money. He is not the slave of the chief who has given him the goat. He is practically a free man. He takes his name from the ceremony of eating the goat, and is henceforth called Nkombo (Goat). This is a very beneficent custom, as it restrains slave-holders from ill-treating their slaves. These "goats" are very highly appreciated by chiefs, as they generally become very faithful followers of those with whom they have eaten the goat. Some


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 inner spine of each pair is the longer, and the length increases for each successive set, from the third to the fifth joints; the spines on the sixth are short. The coxal joints are elongate, slightly curved, widest at the base and equal in length to the succeeding two joints. They increase in length with each successive pair, and bear on the inner end a series of 15 or more, sharp, curved teeth, which decrease in size from the front. On each of the fourth coxal joints is a large perforation of the upper side near the fixed end. No epicoxite has yet been observed. The second joint of the endognathite is divided by constrictions into three transverse sections. It is articulated at the fixed end of the coxal joint and is fully two thirds as wide.

The limbs of the sixth pair are narrow and paddlelike, and consist of eight joints and a rudimentary ninth or claw, the seventh and eighth forming a slightly expanded blade. The seventh carries a large, subtriangular, lobelike plate, nearly one half as long as the joint proper, marked off from the inner, distal end by a suture. The eighth, or palette, is elongate oval with the margin finely incised, and carries the minute claw inserted in a notch on the inner side near the tip. On the dorsal surface of the seventh and eighth joints, at the proximal end and outer edge of each, is a group of minute, craterlike tumescences, which were probably receptacles for the bases of hairlike bristles. In a swimming arm 29.5 mm long, exclusive of the gnathobase, the narrowest joint or the fourth, measures 5 mm across; from this point the arm gradually enlarges to 6.8 mm on the seventh and eighth joints. When the swimming arms are turned back, they reach the line of the fourth or fifth dorsal segment. The gnathobases have the form of an upright retort. The inner extremity of each is provided with from 18 to 20 sharp, slightly curved teeth, which become finer posteriorly. A gnathobase, accompanying a cephalothoracic shield 22 mm long, is 16 mm long; the width of the narrow necklike portion 6 mm; the width at the base 13 mm.

The metastoma is elongate cordate, the greatest breadth coming anterior to the middle. The smaller, or posterior end, is truncated and has rounded corners. The anterior notch is rather deep and broad. A comparison of the length to the greatest breadth of several metastomas gives the proportion of 2 : 1. In an individual having a cephalothorax 23 mm long the metastoma is 16 mm long.

The genital appendage differs noticeably in the two sexes. In the female it consists of two parts, one carried by the operculum, the other by the second sternite. The opercular appendage is a slender, sagittate-based, convex, scalelike sheath projecting for about one fifth its length beyond the posterior edge of the operculum and appearing to be formed by the fusion of two parts. The anterior of these includes the sagittate base and a narrower, more convex portion with a flattened border on


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 either side. Its distal end is reentrant and fused to the posterior part. This part is a little narrower, slightly tapering and beveled in from either side for one fourth the breadth, to the sides of a slightly raised platform which is flat-topped for the greater part of its length, but becomes concave posteriorly, forming a shallow groove at the abrupt end. The terminal angles are noticeably truncated. The appendage carried by the second sternite is partially covered by that of the operculum. It is very slender, its greatest breadth not exceeding one sixth the length. The anterior half is sublanceolate with a triangular base; the posterior is attenuate and terminates just within the end of the cleft. In the male the appendage is simpler and confined to the operculum, the following sternite being entire. It is wider and somewhat shorter than that of the female, the average length being only about two and one half times the breadth. It is convex, broadly lanceolate and slightly produced at the posterior free end which just clears the edge of the operculum. A specimen in which a portion of this organ is scaled away gives a cast of the interior showing small elevated lines radiating from near the center backward, and may possibly represent part of the vascular, or duct system of this organ. The two sexes are about equally represented in numbers.

The whole surface of the body is covered with imbricating, crescentlike or angular scales, sometimes carrying smaller ones of the same pattern. These scales are so minute on certain areas as to appear almost obsolete. They are most conspicuous on the ventral side of the preabdomen and appendages. On the cephalothorax and abdomen the scales point backward, on the paired appendages toward the distal end, and on the epistoma, forward.

This singular creature has the appearance of an Eurypterus with the carapace of a Pterygotus. The Pterygotuslike aspect of the carapace is principally due to the marginal position of the compound eyes.

Another character worthy of mention is the ornamentation, which consists of flat, imbricating scales that are crescentlike near the anterior margin and become angular posteriorly. They are evenly distributed over the entire body, carapace [pl. 60, figs. 6, 8], endognathites, metastoma, operculum and its appendages, save the telson where they have not been observed. On the distal segments of the endognathites they appear as small tubercles.


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 The telson agrees in its slender, spinelike outline with that of Eurypterus. But while that of Eurypterus is flat on the dorsal side and bears a carina on the ventral side, that of  is flat on the ventral side and carinate on the dorsal.

Horizon and locality. Pittsford shale at Pittsford, N. Y.

var. Sarle. N. Y. State Palaeontologist Rep't. 1902. p. 1097, pl. 21, fig. 1, 2

A few fragments have suggested the presence of a larger variety of  in the Pittsford shale on which the following notes were made by Mr Sarle:

What appears to have been a varietal form of  is represented by a nearly entire abdomen, two first ring segments and an imperfect metastoma.

The features which distinguish this form are: its larger size; proportionately much greater breadth; the greater convexity of the dorsal posterior edge of the first ring segment and, in some cases, the division of this edge into two, broad smooth lobes; the more noticeable contraction of the abdomen at the second ring segment; and the more rotund form of the metastoma.

The abdomen found lies in the shale dorsal side up, showing the anterior nine segments well preserved. The second and third ring segments are partially disconnected. The breadth of the preabdomen at the widest point, or between the third and fourth segments, is 51 mm, its length 56 mm, the breadth of the first ring segment is 42 mm, of the second 30 mm. The dorsal posterior edge of the first ring segment is entire and very noticeably convex. In each of the isolated ring segments a broad, deep notch produces a bilobation of this edge. A line of pittings close to this edge shows this feature to be natural. The proportions of the most perfect of these segments are: breadth 43 mm length of the dorsal side 22 mm, length of the ventral 11 mm, length of the postlateral lobes 8 mm. The metastoma associated with one of these segments is apparently of a smaller individual and lacks the anterior notched end. At the widest part it measures 14 mm, and from there to the posterior end, 14 mm.

It was at first thought that the distinctive features of these specimens might be merely old age characters of, but larger individuals of that species seem to show the same relative proportions as the


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 mission in the south province of England, where he died on 27 July 1715 (, Necrology, p. 87).

FRANCIS, ANNE (1738–1800), authoress, daughter of the Rev. Daniel Gittins, rector of South Stoke, near Arundel, Sussex, was educated by her father in the classics and Hebrew, and became a competent scholar. She married the Rev. Robert Bransby Francis, rector of Edgefield, near Holt, Norfolk. She died on 7 Nov. 1800. She published:
 * 1) ‘A Poetical Translation of the Song of Solomon from the original Hebrew, with a preliminary Discourse and Notes, historical and explanatory,’ 1781, 4to.
 * 2) ‘The Obsequies of Demetrius Poliorcetes: a Poem,’ 1785, 4to.
 * 3) ‘A Poetical Epistle from Charlotte to Werther,’ 1788, 4to.
 * 4) ‘Miscellaneous Poems,’ 1790, 12mo.

FRANCIS, ENOCH (1688–1740), Welsh baptist, was born in 1688 at Pantyllaethdy, on the banks of the Tivy, and began to preach in 1707. He was settled first at Capel Iago, Llanbyther, but removed in 1730 to Newcastle Emlyn, Carmarthenshire. He became one of the most popular and successful ministers of his denomination. He was moderator of the baptist association at Hengoed, Glamorganshire, in 1730, ‘but the meeting,’ says Thomas, ‘was uncomfortable. There were very warm debates upon general redemption and other articles connected with it. Mr. E. Francis had work enough to moderate some tempers.’ The disturbing element at Hengoed was Charles Winter. Francis's publications were: 1. ‘The Work and Reward of the Faithful Minister of the Gospel,’ 1729. 2. ‘A Word in Season,’ 1733. He was also the author of some of the association letters; that of 1734 is specially mentioned. He died 4 Feb. 1739–40. Mary, his wife, died 23 Aug. 1739, aged 49, and the inscription on the tomb tells us ‘Enoch walked with God;’ ‘Mary has chosen the better part.’ The historian of the baptists concludes his memoir with an elegy by Jenkin Thomas, Drewen.

FRANCIS, FRANCIS (1822–1886), writer on angling, born in 1822 at Seaton, Devonshire, was son of Captain Morgan, R.N., his mother being the only daughter of Mr. Hartley, who founded the Hartley Institution at Southampton. He changed his name on coming of age and inheriting property. After being educated at various private schools, and with several tutors, he adopted the profession of a civil engineer, but on completing his articles abandoned it for sport and sporting literature. In 1851 he married Mary Cole of Oxford, and henceforth, happy in his domestic life, enthusiastically devoted himself to angling and all connected with it. No kind of fishing, from gudgeon to salmon, came amiss to him, and he speedily made himself familiar with every mode of catching fish. His ardour never flagged; a lifetime of fishing found him, when he reeled up his last line at Houghton, Hampshire, as enthusiastic as when in his boyhood he caught his first fish. He was angling editor of the ‘Field’ for more than a quarter of a century, and frequently wrote his experiences as an angler, together with reminiscences of angling literature, and papers on cognate subjects in the columns of that newspaper. He found time also to make himself a fair classical scholar, and to obtain a knowledge of the masterpieces of the English language. The collection of a good angling library formed a congenial entertainment to him. Francis established the Thames Rights Defence Association, throughout life advocated the cause of fish culture, and suggested the plan of ‘The National Fish-Culture Association,’ which has since been carried out. He had a large share, too, in introducing the ova of English trout to the New Zealand and Tasmanian streams. Thus he occupied himself with his rod and pen during many happy years until he was seized with a severe stroke of paralysis in 1883. Though he eventually recovered from this, he grew thinner month by month, and an old cancerous affection, for which he had previously undergone two operations, recurring, he died in his chair on 24 Dec. 1886. He had long lived at Twickenham and was buried there.

Francis was a member of the commission on oyster culture from 1868 to 1870, and was always enthusiastic about the improvement of English streams. As naturalist director for some years of the Brighton Aquarium he had special opportunities of observing fish and making experiments on their culture. He was of fine stature, active in mind and body, quick with his pen, and never unemployed; cheerful, bright, sympathetic, and independent, his courage was extraordinary, and was well exhibited in the


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 indomitable fortitude with which he bore the pains and necessary operations of the attempts to cure the cancer in his tongue. Scrupulously fair in word and thought, his nervous temperament made him no respecter of persons, and at times caused him to be hasty both in temper and judgment, but he was always ready to own himself mistaken, and was quick to forgive as well as to forget. On the Test and Itchen, and among the Scotch lochs and rivers, which he loved to frequent, his name will long be remembered. ‘His memory is the memory of a man who spent his life not merely in selfish amusement, but in contributing largely to the amusement of others’ (Memoir in Book of Angling). More perhaps than any other he instructed and delighted the enormous number of anglers who have sprung into existence during the last thirty years by his writings, his geniality, and his prowess as a fisherman.

Besides ‘The Diplomatic History of the Greek War’ (1878) which he wrote in early life, Francis was the author of: Besides these he wrote the articles on angling in ‘Chambers's Encyclopædia,’ and contributed a number of scattered papers to other magazines and journals.
 * 1) ‘Pickackifax,’ a novel in rhyme, 1854.
 * 2) ‘The Real Salt,’ a yachting story, 1854.
 * 3) ‘The Angler's Register,’ 1858, 1860, 1861, from which sprang the ‘Angler's Diary.’
 * 4) ‘Newton Dogvane,’ a novel, 3 vols., illustrated by Leech, 1859.
 * 5) ‘Fish Culture,’ 1863.
 * 6) ‘A Book on Angling,’ 1867, his best work, which has often been enlarged and reissued in subsequent years.
 * 7) ‘Sidney Bellew,’ a sporting novel, 2 vols., 1870.
 * 8) ‘Reports on Salmon Ladders,’ 1870.
 * 9) ‘By Lake and River,’ rambles in the north of England and in Scotland.
 * 10) ‘Angling’ (often reissued), 1877.
 * 11) ‘Sporting Sketches with Pen and Pencil,’ 1878 (in conjunction with Mr. A. W. Cooper).
 * 12) ‘Miscellaneous Papers from the “Field,”’ 1880.
 * 13) ‘The Practical Management of Fisheries,’ 1883.
 * 14) ‘Angling Reminiscences,’ a posthumous work, 1887, containing almost his last contributions to the ‘Field’ paper.

FRANCIS, GEORGE GRANT (1814–1882), Welsh antiquary, eldest son of John Francis of Swansea, Glamorganshire, by his wife, Mary Grant, was born in that town in January 1814, and educated at the high school there. Until within a few years of his death Francis took a very prominent part in every question affecting the interest of his native town. ‘It mattered little,’ writes one who knew him well, ‘whether the subject was one of antiquarian research, … or a question of modern improvement and progress, such as railways, docks, or tramways. Whatever his hand found to do he did it with a might which certainly deserved success, though it by no means uniformly commanded it. … As with many other men of a similar temperament, his enthusiasm ran away with him.’ His numerous schemes for local improvements were, in fact, somewhat in advance of his time, and being always financially weak, met with an imperfect appreciation. In 1835 he helped to found the Royal Institution of South Wales, and presented it with his large collections of local fossils, antiquities, coins, and seals, together with one of the best libraries of works relating to Wales extant, of which he compiled and printed a catalogue, afterwards adding a supplementary volume. He also shared in the formation of the Cambrian Archæological Association in 1846, and frequently contributed to its journal, the ‘Archæologia Cambrensis.’ To the volume for 1848 he sent for insertion the original contract of affiance between Edward of Carnarvon, prince of Wales, and Isabella, daughter of Philip the Fair, king of France, dated at Paris 20 May 1303, which he had discovered in Swansea Castle. It was printed separately the same year. He was active in restoring to public use the ancient grammar school of Bishop Gore, of which he was many years chairman and one of the trustees. His connection with it enabled him to collect materials for his book, ‘The Free Grammar School, Swansea; with brief Memoirs of its Founders and Masters, and copies of original deeds,’ 8vo, Swansea, 1849. By the town council he was entrusted with the restoration and arrangement of their neglected and scattered muniments, which task he performed so admirably as to call forth a warm eulogium from Lord Campbell in the court of queen's bench. He afterwards privately printed one hundred copies of ‘Charters granted to Swansea. … Translated, illustrated, and edited by G. G. Francis,’ Latin and English, fol., London, 1867. The preservation and restoration of Oystermouth Castle, near Swansea—one of the many ancient ruins pertaining to the house of Beaufort, lords of Gower and Kilvey—were also owing to his exertions, for which he was presented with a piece of plate. In 1851 Francis was selected to represent the Swansea district as local commissioner at the Great Exhibition. During the same year the British Association appointed him secretary


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 smaller. However, it is considered that the differences shown by the incomplete material of the collection are not, of themselves, sufficient to warrant the founding of a distinct species.

We have not obtained any further material that would qualify the inferences here set forth.

Horizon and locality. Pittsford shale at Pittsford, N. Y.

Description. Carapace semielliptic, length and basal width subequal, lateral margins gently curved, subparallel, frontal margin bluntly angular so as to form a triangular front to the carapace. Posterior margin straight transverse or very slightly concave; genal angles roundish rectangular.

Lateral eyes large (a little more than one third the length of the carapace), submarginal, oval in outline. Ocelli subcentral, their tumescence between the posterior ends of the lateral eyes.

No ornamentation has been observed on the carapace.

Horizon and localities. Frankfort shales. The great majority of the specimens are from the Dettbarn quarry at Schenectady, where in one layer the species is quite common. A few carapaces have also been found at Duanesburg and Rotterdam Junction, Schoharie county.

Remarks. The form of the carapace is subject to much variation in outline, obviously through the stretching and wrinkling of the thin, drifted integuments in various directions. The carapace selected as the type [pl. 85, fig. 11] is smooth and but little distorted. When the test is completely flattened out, the lateral eyes are seen to be separated from the margin of the carapace by a narrow strip, half as wide as the eye, contracted forward and broadening backward as in the genotype.

The type measures 17.5 mm in length and 20 mm in width. The eyes are 7 mm long. Several carapaces indicate that this species reached much larger dimensions than its supposed later allies. The original of plate 85, figure 16 is 58 mm wide and 42 mm long. Its lateral margins are completely flattened out and the specimen somewhat compressed in the axial direction.


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 to its department of ethnology when holding its meeting at Swansea. He was mayor of the borough in 1853–4, and was also colonel of the 1st Glamorgan artillery volunteers, a corps raised by his exertions in 1859. In 1867 Francis communicated to the Swansea newspaper, ‘The Cambrian,’ ‘as the earliest organ of the copper trade,’ some curious papers which he had discovered in the Record Office on the metallurgy of the district. These papers excited considerable attention, and the author consented to gather them together and print fifty copies for presents as ‘The Smelting of Copper in the Swansea District, from the Time of Elizabeth to the Present Day,’ 8vo, Swansea, 1867. So numerous, however, were the inquiries for this book that he published it in 1881 as a quarto volume, illustrated with autotype portraits of men connected with the copper trade, and sketches of places historically interesting from their connection with copper smelting. From a large mass of original documents extant among the Gnoll papers at Neath, Francis was able to add to this second edition many new and important facts; while he personally examined each of the copper-smelting works described in the book.

Francis died at his town house, 9 Upper Phillimore Place, Kensington, 21 April 1882, and was buried on the 26th in Swansea cemetery. By his marriage in 1840 to Sarah, eldest daughter of John Richardson of Swansea, and of Whitby Lodge, Northumberland, he left issue three sons. He was elected F.S.A. 16 Jan. 1845, was its honorary secretary for South Wales, and was also a corresponding member of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland and of the Welsh Manuscripts Society. In addition to those already named Francis wrote many other monographs on Welsh history and topography, of which we may mention: He also assisted L. W. Dillwyn in the latter's ‘Contributions towards a History of Swansea,’ 8vo, Swansea, 1840, joined the Rev. Thomas Bliss in writing ‘Some Account of Sir Hugh Johnys, Deputy Knight Marshal of England, temp. Henry VI and Edward IV, and of his Monumental Brass in St. Mary's Church, Swansea,’ 8vo, Swansea, 1845, and readily gave Dr. Thomas Nicholas the benefit of his varied knowledge in the compilation of the ‘Annals of Counties and County Families of Wales,’ 1872, 1875.
 * 1) ‘Original Charters and Materials for a History of Neath and its Abbey, with illustrations, now first collected,’ 8vo, Swansea, 1845 (fifty copies privately printed).
 * 2) ‘The Value of Holdings in Glamorgan and Swansea in 1545 and 1717, shown by rentals of the Herbert Family. Edited from the originals,’ fol., Swansea, 1869 (twenty-five copies printed).
 * 3) ‘Notes on a Gold Chain of Office presented to the Corporation of Swansea in … 1875, … together with a list of [mayors] from 1835 to 1875,’ 4to, Swansea, London (printed), 1876.

FRANCIS, GEORGE WILLIAM (1800–1865), botanical writer, was born in London in 1800. Besides the works enumerated below, he edited the first five volumes of the ‘Magazine of Science and School of Arts,’ 1840–5. His family increasing he emigrated to Australia, arriving in the colony by the Louisa Baillie 2 Sept. 1849. Shortly after his arrival he took the old botanical garden, north of the Torrens river, as a yearly tenant, and was subsequently appointed director of the Adelaide botanic garden. This position he held until his death, after a long illness, of dropsy on 9 Aug. 1865; he was buried the next day. He left a widow and ten children.

He published:
 * 1) ‘Catalogue of British Plants and Ferns,’ 1835; 5th edition, 1840.
 * 2) ‘Analysis of British Ferns,’ 1837; 5th edition, 1855.
 * 3) ‘Little English Flora,’ 1839.
 * 4) ‘Grammar of Botany,’ 1840.
 * 5) ‘Chemical Experiments,’ 1842, abridged by W. White, 1851, and republished as ‘Chemistry for Students.’
 * 6) ‘Favourites of the Flower Garden,’ 1844.
 * 7) ‘Manual of Practical Levelling for Railways and Canals,’ 1846.
 * 8) ‘Art of Modelling Wax Flowers,’ 1849.
 * 9) ‘Electrical Experiments,’ 8th edition, 1855.
 * 10) ‘Dict. Practical Receipts,’ new edition, 1857.
 * 11) ‘Acclimatisation of Animals and Plants,’ Royal Society, South Australia, 1862.

FRANCIS, JAMES GOODALL (1819–1884), Australian statesman, was born in London in 1819. In 1834 he arrived in Tasmania. He obtained employment in the firm of Boys & Pointer at Hobart. In 1847 the business was transferred to himself together with a partner named Macpherson. In 1853 the firm, Francis & Macpherson, opened a branch establishment in Victoria. Francis became managing partner there and took up his permanent residence in Melbourne. His position rapidly grew in influence. He became director of the bank of New South Wales in 1855, vice-president of the chamber of commerce in 1856, and president in 1857. In


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 Besides the carapaces, on which the species is based, a half complete specimen [pl. 85, fig. 13] has been obtained. This exhibits a form of the preabdomen corresponding to that of, the genotype, if the slight axial contraction of the specimen is taken into account. The swimming leg of the right side can be distinguished in its outline. It is relatively longer than that of.

Besides the carapaces two detached chelicerae resemble in their strong development and long pointed pincers more those of Hughmilleria than of any other genus [pl. 85, fig. 17, 18] and also detached body rings [pl. 85, fig. 19] exhibit a type of ornamentation, consisting of transverse lines near the anterior margin, known to us only in, the Otisville representative of the genus.

Clarke. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 107. 1907. p. 308, pl. 4, fig. 1–4; pl. 5, fig. 1–9

Description.  attains but half the size of the genotype, or about 8 cm and is therefore one of the diminutive species of eurypterids. In outline of body and form of head it closely resembles ; it is slender and terete, but slightly wider in the middle of the preabdomen than at the base of the carapace, and lacks any marked contraction from preabdomen to postabdomen. With the anteriorly rounded, subtriangular carapace and marginal eyes, the dorsal aspect of the animal is singularly fishlike and suggestive of great agility.

Cephalothorax. The carapace is semielliptic in the mature form, wider than long by one sixth to one fifth, comprises one fifth the length of the body or more; as preserved it is subject to great variations in outline, mostly due to variously directed compression and wrinkling after entombment and to an originally thin test. The lateral margins of the carapace are slightly convex, the frontal part acutely rounded. The


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 October 1859 he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly (the Lower House) for Richmond, and he sat in the house for the same constituency till his retirement fifteen years later. He entered the cabinet of William Nicholson on 25 Nov. 1859 as vice-president of the Board of Lands and Works and commissioner of public works. He held the office till 3 Sept. 1860. When James M'Culloch formed a ministry on 27 June 1863, Francis became commissioner of trade and customs, and retired with his chief 6 May 1868. M'Culloch held office for a third time, 9 April 1870–19 June 1871, when Francis joined him as treasurer. Francis supported the protectionist revision of the tariff, 1865–6, and was always a protectionist, although he deemed five and ten per cent. duties adequate to protect native industries. After the fall of Charles Gavan Duffy's administration in June 1872, Francis was entrusted by Viscount Canterbury, the governor, with the formation of a ministry. He retired on 3 July 1874, having passed a free education act and other important measures, including railway bills involving an expenditure of 2,250,000l. A dangerous attack of pleurisy was the chief cause of his resignation. On recovery he paid a long visit to England. In 1878 he reentered political life, and was returned to the Victoria Assembly as member for Warrnambool. On the retirement of Sir James m'Culloch he took office once again under James Service, but a painful illness compelled him to retire into private life in 1882. Francis frequently declined the honour of knighthood, and business reasons prevented his acceptance of the post of agent-general for the colony in London, when offered him by Sir Bryan O'Loghlan. Francis was not a polished speaker, but his integrity gave him enormous influence in the assembly. As premier he avoided constitutional strife or sensational appeals to the people. His practical good sense was widely appreciated. He died at Queenscliff, Victoria, on 25 Jan. 1884, and was buried privately, according to the wishes of his family, on 28 Jan.

 FRANCIS, JOHN (1780–1861), sculptor, was born in Lincolnshire 3 Sept. 1780, and brought up to farming, but showing some talent for the arts, he was advised by a few friends to settle in London, where he became a pupil of Chantrey. He first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1820 a bust of T. W. Coke, esq., and another of Captain Sir W. Bolton, R.N. At this period his residence was at Thornham, Norfolk. In 1822, when he sent to the same institution a bust of Miss Horatia Nelson, he was living at 2 New Norfolk Street, Park Lane. In 1844 he executed by command of her majesty in marble a bust of his Royal Highness Prince Albert, and a few years earlier a bust of Queen Victoria, now in the hall of the Reform Club. About this period Francis removed to 56 Albany Street, Regent's Park. Among his other works may be mentioned the following: Busts of the Duke and Duchess of Norfolk (1844); bust in bronze of the Duke of Sussex (1847); marble bust of Lord John Russell, now in the National Portrait Gallery (1848); a bronze medal of Eos, a favourite greyhound of Prince Albert (1848); marble bust of the Hon. Edward Petre (1848); four busts, in marble, of various members of the Eaton family (1851); posthumous bust of the Earl of Carlisle (1852); bust of the Duke of Wellington, now in the National Portrait Gallery (1852); posthumous bust of the Hon. and Rev. James Norton (1854); bust of Vice-admiral Sir Charles Napier (1855); cabinet bust of the Right Hon. Earl of Aberdeen (1856). Francis died in Albany Street, 30 Aug. 1861.

 FRANCIS, JOHN (1811–1882), publisher of the ‘Athenæum,’ was born in Bermondsey on 18 July 1811. His father, James Parker Francis of Saffron Walden, Essex, married Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Perkins of Ware, and came to London to carry on the business of a leather-dresser. For twenty-five years he was honorary secretary of the Leather-dressers' Trades Union, and died 24 Aug. 1850, aged 73. John received his earliest education from F. Painter, in Long Lane, Bermondsey. He afterwards attended a nonconformist school in Unicorn Yard, Tooley Street, Southwark, the master of which helped him in 1823 to apprentice himself to E. Marlborough, the well-known newspaper agent, 4 Ave Maria Lane. Having served his full time, in September 1831 he entered the office of the ‘Athenæum’ as a junior clerk, but he showed such ability that he became business manager and publisher of the journal on 4 Oct. At fourteen years of age he taught in the Sunday school of Dr. John Rippon's chapel, Carter Lane, Southwark, and was superintendent when Dr. Rippon removed to New Park Street in 1833. In 1849 Francis joined the new Bloomsbury Chapel under the pastorate of Dr. William Brock, and did good service as a district visitor in St. Giles's. At an early period of his business career his attention was drawn to the heavy fiscal restrictions on the newspaper press, and he took an active and prominent


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 posterior edge is very gently concave forward, nearly straight. The dorsal surface was uniformly and strongly convex, culminating between the lateral eyes and somewhat impending along the sides. A narrow flat border surrounds the lateral and frontal margins. The compound eyes are of medium size (one fourth to one fifth of length of carapace), intramarginal in position, separated from the margin by an interval nearly as wide as the eyes themselves. On account of the position of the eyes on the impending sides of the carapace, however, they appear in most compressed specimens to be marginal [pl. 64, fig. 13; pl. 65, figs. 1, 6, 9]. They are placed so far forward that they are distant only their own length from the foremost point of the carapace. The form of the ocular node resembles that of an elliptic sector, the outer margin being rounded and the inner margin angular or composed of two, frequently unequal radii, the anterior being the longer. The anterior end of the node is acute, the posterior rounded. The node is so slightly prominent that the eyes hardly project beyond the outline of the carapace. The visual surface is crescentlike with somewhat swollen extremities [pl. 65, fig. 10] and situated along the outer edge of the ocular node. The ocelli are distinct, separated by the length of their own diameter, and situated on a flat circular tumescence that lies on a line connecting the inner angles of the compound eyes.

Abdomen. The abdomen is slender, increases slightly in width to the fourth dorsal segment and then tapers very gradually to the telson. Its greatest width is about one fourth the length of the body.

Preabdomen. The tergites [pl. 66, figs. 6, 8, 11] are narrow, subrectangular bands with anterior and posterior margins straight or but slightly bent forward, three to four times as wide as long, save the first which is six and one half times wider than long, or in other words, is a very narrow band. The anterior edge of the latter is straight, the posterior gently concave. The antelateral angles are broadly rounded and produced forward and the postlateral angles slightly extended posteriorly so that both extremities of this segment are widened. In the following


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 tergites the antelateral lobes are very small [pl. 66, fig. 6] or altogether absent in the last.

The opercular plate has not been observed. The sternites [pl. 66, figs. 7, 10] are longer than the tergites, their anterior and posterior margins similarly subparallel and curve gently forward. The antelateral angles are furnished with blunt triangular lobes while the postlateral angles are well rounded.

Postabdomen. The postabdominal segments [pl. 66, figs. 5, 9] are annular, gradually increase in length and decrease in width posteriorly, so that while the first is three times as wide as long, the last is about as long as it is wide at its proximal articulation. The postabdomen is about one third of the body in length and decreases by one half its width from the first to the sixth segment. The first [fig. 5] postabdominal segment is produced into long bladelike lobes which attain nearly half the length of the segment; the others [pl. 66, fig. 9] possess only small acute postlateral lobes. The posterior doublure is distinct and occupies about one fourth the length of the segment.

The telson is identical with that of ; it is lanceolate, relatively short (not one fifth the length of the body) and apparently convex on the upper and flat on the under side. It is slightly contracted at the proximal end and widest at about one third of its length. The dorsal surface carries a median carina which begins a little behind the anterior edge of the telson and continues to the point. The lateral edges are sharp and furnished with a thickened, flat border.

Appendages. Our knowledge of the appendages of this species is still very incomplete as but very few entire specimens have been obtained and they show only traces of these organs. The crawling legs appear to have been both short and slender as in. The swimming legs have been seen in two specimens [pl. 65, figs. 6, 8]. They are small (extending when reflexed to the fourth tergite) and slender. The fourth, fifth and sixth articulations are nearly equal in length, and gradually widen. Their distal edges are lobed or fringed. The seventh and eighth


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 FRANCIS, PHILIP  (1740–1818), reputed author of ‘Junius's Letters,’ only child of the Rev. [q. v.], by his wife, Elizabeth Rowe, was born in Dublin, 22 Oct. 1740. His mother died about 1744–5, and his father soon after removed to England, leaving the son at a school kept by a Mr. Roe in Dublin. About 1751–2 Francis came to England to be educated by his father. Among his fellow-pupils was the historian Gibbon. On 17 March 1753 Francis was entered at St. Paul's School, then flourishing under an able head-master, George Thicknesse. He became a good classical scholar. [q. v.], afterwards the publisher of ‘Junius,’ was a schoolfellow. Francis was captain of the school in 1756, and left it in the same year to take a junior clerkship in the secretary of state's office. The appointment came from his father's patron, Henry Fox, afterwards the first Lord Holland. (1726–1772) [q. v.] was intimate both with Fox and the elder Francis, and Francis had many opportunities of seeing the leading statesmen of the day. He continued to educate himself, spent his savings on books, and became favourably known to Robert Wood, secretary of the treasury, a man of classical parts and a trusted subordinate of Pitt in the seven years' war. Through Wood's influence Francis was appointed secretary to General [q. v.], whom he accompanied in the expedition to Cherbourg and St. Cas in 1758. In January 1760 he was appointed, again on Wood's recommendation, secretary of Lord Kinnoul's embassy to Portugal. He found time to learn French, Portuguese, and Spanish, and to compile elaborate note-books containing many diplomatic documents, besides discharging his official duties. Upon the conclusion of Kinnoul's mission in November 1760, Francis returned to his clerkship and his studies. His note-books show careful study both of classical and modern authors. He compiled careful financial and statistical tables, and made elaborate notes upon English constitutional questions. Wood recommended him to Pitt, to whom he acted as amanuensis between January 1761 and May 1762, writing despatches occasionally in French and Latin. Pitt, according to Lady Francis, was struck by the youth's talents, but no preferment resulted. In October 1761 Lord Egremont succeeded Pitt as secretary of state. Francis, who was in his department, tried, without success, to obtain the secretaryship to Hans Stanley's mission to Paris in 1761. He was acquainted with the course of later negotiations, and copied part of the correspondence between Egremont and the Duke of Bedford during the final negotiations for peace in the autumn of 1762. A remarkable reference is made to the relations between Egremont and Bedford at this time in the Junius letter of 29 Sept. 1769. Francis referred to his own employment on this occasion in a speech of 29 Feb. 1792. In 1761 he fell in love with Elizabeth Macrabie, then living with her parents at Fulham. She was an accomplished musician, and an attractive and sensible girl. She had no fortune, and the connection was disapproved by both families. They were both of age, however, and married at St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, 27 Feb. 1762. A coolness resulted between Francis and his father, till in 1766 the father's illness brought about a reconciliation.

At the end of 1762 Welbore Ellis succeeded Charles Townshend as secretary-at-war. He appointed Francis, upon Wood's recommendation, first clerk at the war office, and directly afterwards appointed as his deputy Christopher d'Oyly, who became Francis's most intimate friend. From 1765 the secretary-at-war was Lord Barrington. Both Barrington and D'Oyly left the greatest part of the official correspondence to be drafted by Francis. From this point Francis's career involves disputed questions. His biographer, Joseph Parkes, attributes to him many anonymous writings upon evidence of varying cogency. Francis told his second wife that he ‘scarcely remembered when he did not write.’ He was only treading in his father's steps, although his official position made a public acknowledgment of his writings inexpedient. A letter signed ‘One of the People’ in the ‘Public Ledger’ of 2 March 1763, dealing with a theatrical ‘O. P.’ riot, is claimed in his papers (, i. 69). In May 1766 Francis sent a long letter to the Duke of Richmond, then secretary of state, upon English trade with Portugal. The duke did not return it till 2 Aug., when he was leaving office. A strong hint had been given in a letter signed ‘Tantum’ in the ‘Public Advertiser’ of 1 Aug., which may therefore be plausibly attributed to Francis. His interest in Portuguese questions may also justify Parkes's opinion that he wrote letters signed ‘Lusitanicus’ and one signed ‘Ulisippo’ in the same paper for 2 and 13 Jan. and 3 March 1767 (ib. i. 132, 136). The statement is relevant only as showing that Francis was writing in the papers. Parkes also attributes to Francis two pamphlets in 1764. The first was published by [q. v.] in September as ‘A Letter to the “Public Advertiser.”’ Part of it had appeared in that paper on 2 Aug. under the signature ‘Candor,’ but Woodfall declined to publish the rest without having the author's name. On 29 Nov.


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Author:Ernest Harrison (1877-1943)

Works

 * Studies in Theognis
 * (in part)

title: Author:Ernest Harrison (1877-1943)


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