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 contraction and imperfect preservation. In the hypotype the dimensions of the preabdomen are 42 × 63 mm. The postabdomen of the type is 50 mm wide at the proximal end, 56 mm long and 17 mm wide at the distal end. That of the other specimen is too long by distention, its proximal width being 50 mm, its distal 17.5 mm and its length 73 mm (probable normal length about 65 mm). The telson of the type is 53 mm long and 10 mm wide at its proximal end.

Horizon and localities. The two known specimens are from the Bertie waterlime of the neighborhood of Buffalo.

Clarke. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 107. 1907. p. 305, pl. 1, fig. 1, 2, 4; pl. 2, fig. 2, 4, 7; pl. 3, fig. 1–5, 7

The preliminary description of this form in Bulletin 107 is as follows:

The general form of the largest observed individuals of this species is elongate and slender with very little abdominal expansion and no lobation of the segments. In these ephebic conditions the head is somewhat elongate, regularly rounded in front and with subparallel lateral margins. The eyes are crescentic, subcentral, as far asunder as the inner margin of each is from the margin of the shield.

The ocellar lobe is well denned at an early stage. A specimen 63 mm long without the telson, apparently mature, has 11 segments, but a break across the body leaves room enough for a 12th. The width of the base of the head is 15 mm and this is but very slightly less than the greatest expansion of the abdomen. Little trace of surface sculpture is visible on any of the parts.

Description. Body. The body is terete or subcornical, with subcircular sections in all parts save the carapace. It is about five times as long as wide, and tapers very gradually from the base of the carapace.

Cephalothorax. The cephalothorax is broadly semielliptic to semicircular in outline, about one third wider than long, widest at the base and evenly rounded. While it is as broad as, or broader than, the widest part of the abdomen, it attains but one sixth to one seventh the length


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Rh for him, his reputation, like that unhappy country to which you refer me for his last military achievements, has suffered more by his friends than his enemies. In mercy to him, let us drop the subject. For my own part, I willingly leave it to the public to determine, whether your vindication of your friend has been as able and judicious, as it was certainly well intended; and you, I think, may be satisfied with the warm acknowledgments he already owes you, for making him the principal figure in a piece, in which, but for your amicable assistance, he might have passed without particular notice or distinction.

justice to your friends, let your future labours be confined to the care of your own reputation. Your declaration, that you are happy in seeing young noblemen come among us, is liable to two objections. With respect to Lord Percy, it means nothing, for he was already in the army. He was aid de camp to the King, and had the rank of colonel. A regiment therefore could not make him a more military man, though it made him richer, and probably at the expence of some brave, deserving, friendless officer.—The

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44 other concerns yourself. After selling the companions of your victory in one instance, and after selling your profession in the other, by what authority do you presume to call yourself a soldier? The plain evidence of facts is superior to all declarations. Before you were appointed to the 16th regiment, your complaints were a distress to government;—from that moment you were silent. The conclusion is inevitable. You insinuate to us, that your ill state of health obliged you to quit the service. The retirement necessary to repair a broken constitution would have been as good a reason for not accepting, as for resigning the command of a regiment. There is certainly an error of the press, or an affected obscurity jn that paragraph, where you speak of your bargain with colonel Gisborne. Instead of attempting to answer what I do not really understand, permit me to explain to the public what I really know. In exchange for your regiment, you accepted of a colonel's half-pay (at least 220l. a year) and an annuity of two hundred pounds for your own and lady Draper's life jointly.—And is this the losing bargain, which you would represent to us, as if you had given up an income of 800l. a year for 380l.? Was it decent, was it honourable,


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Rh in a man who pretends to love the army, and calls himself a soldier, to make a traffic of the royal favour, and turn the highest honour of an active profession into a sordid provision for himself and his family? It were unworthy of me to press you farther. The contempt with which the whole army heard of the manner of your retreat, assures me, that as your conduct was not justified by precedent, it will never be thought an example for imitation.

last and most important question remains. When you receive your half-pay, do you, or do you not, take a solemn oath, or sign a declaration upon your honour, to the following effect? That you do not actually hold any place of profit, civil or military, under his Majesty. The charge which the question plainly conveys against you, is of so shocking a complexion, that I sincerely wish you may be able to answer it well, not merely for the colour of your reputation, but for your own peace of mind. JUNIUS.


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46

27. February, 1769. SIR,

HAVE a very short answer for Junius's important question: I do not either take an oath, or declare upon honour, that I have no place of profit, civil or military, when I receive the half-pay as an Irish colonel. My most gracious sovereign gives it me as a pension; he was pleased to think I deserved it. The annuity of 200l. Irish, and the equivalent for the half-pay together, produce no more than 380l. per annum. clear of fees and perquisites of office. I receive 167l. from my government of Yarmouth. Total, 547l. per annum. My conscience is much at ease in these particulars; my friends need not blush for me.

makes much and frequent use of interrogations: they are arms that may be easily turned against himself. I could, by malicious interrogation, disturb the peace of the most virtuous man in the kingdom. I could take the decalogue, and say to one


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 man, Did you never steal? To the next, Did you never commit murder? And to Junius himself, who is putting my life and conduct to the rack, Did you never bear false witness against thy neighbour? Junius must easily see, that unless he affirms to the contrary in his real name, some people, who may be as ignorant of him as I am, will be apt to suspect him of having deviated a little from the truth: therefore let Junius ask no more questions. You bite against a file: cease viper. WILLIAM DRAPER

3. March, 1769. SIR,

N academical education has given you an unlimited command over the most beautiful figures of speech. Masks, hatchets, racks, and vipers, dance through your letters in all the mazes of metaphorical confusion. These are the gloomy companions of a disturbed imagination; the melancholy


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48 madness of poetry, without the inspiration. I will not contend with you in point of composition. You are a scholar, Sir William; and, if I am truly informed, you write Latin with almost as much purity as English. Suffer me then, for I am a plain unlettered man, to continue that style of interrogation which suits my capacity, and to which, considering the readiness of your answers, you ought to have no objection. Even Mr. Bingly promises to answer if put to the torture.

you really think, that if I were to ask a most virtuous man, whether he ever committed theft, or murder, it would disturb his peace of mind? Such a question might perhaps discompose the gravity of his muscles, but I believe it would little affect the tranquillity of his conscience. Examine your own breast, Sir William, and you will discover, that reproaches and inquiries have no power to afflict either the man of unblemished integrity, or the abandoned profligate.


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Rh It is the middle compound character which alone is vulnerable; the man, who, without firmness enough to avoid a dishonourable action, has feeling enough to be ashamed of it.

you for the hint of the decalogue, and shall take an opportunity of applying it to some of your most virtuous friends in both houses of parliament.

seem to have dropped the affair of your regiment; so let it rest. When you are appointed to another, I dare say you will not sell it either for a gross sum, or for an annuity upon lives.

truly glad (for really, Sir William, I am not your enemy, nor did I begin this contest with you) that you have been able to clear yourself of a crime, though at the expence of the highest indiscretion. You say, that your half-pay was given you by way of pension. I will not dwell upon the singularity of uniting in your own person two sorts of provision, which in their own nature, and in all military and parliamentary views, are incompatible; but I call upon you to


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50 justify that declaration, wherein you charge your sovereign with having done an act in your favour notoriously against law. The half-pay, both in Ireland and England, is appropriated by parliament; and if it be given to persons, who, like you, are legally incapable of holding it, it is a breach of law. It would have been more decent in you to have called this dishonourable transaction by its true name; a job to accommodate two persons, by particular interest and management, at the castle. What sense must government have had of your services, when the rewards they have given you are only a disgrace to you!

, Sir William, I shall take my leave of you for ever. Motives very different from any apprehension of your resentment, make it impossible you should ever know me. In truth, you have some reason to hold yourself indebted to me. From the lessons I have given you, you may collect a profitable instruction for your own future life. They will either teach you so to regulate your conduct, as to be able to set the most malicious inquiries at defiance; or, if that be a lost hope, they will teach you prudence enough


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 not to attract the public attention to a character, which will only pass without censure, when it passes without observation. JUNIUS.

It has been said, and I believe truly, that it was signified to Sir William Draper, as the request of Lord Granby, that he should desist from writing in his Lordship's defence. Sir William Draper certainly drew Junius forward to say more of Lord Granby's character than he originally intended. He was reduced to the dilemma of either being totally silenced, or of supporting his first letter. Whether Sir William had a right to reduce him to this dilemma, or to call upon him for his name, after a voluntary attack on his fide, are questions submitted to the candour of the public. The death of Lord Granby was lamented by Junius. He undoubtedly owed some compensations to the public, and seemed determined to acquit himself of them. In private life he was unquestionably that good man, who, for the interest of his country, ought to have been a great one. Bonum virum facile dixeris;—magnum libenter. I speak of him now without partiality;—I never spoke of him with resentment. His mistakes, in public conduct, did not arise either from want of sentiment, or want of judgement, but in general from the difficulty of saying to the bad people who surrounded him.

As for the rest, the friends of Lord Granby should remember, that he himself thought proper to condemn, retract, and disavow, by a most solemn declaration in the House of Commons, that very system of political conduct which Junius had held forth to the disapprobation of the public.


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18. March, 1769. MY LORD,

EFORE you were placed at the head of affairs, it had been a maxim of the English government, not unwillingly admitted by the people, that every un-gracious or severe exertion of the prerogative should be placed to the account of the minister; but that, whenever an act of grace or benevolence was to be performed, the whole merit of it should be attributed to the sovereign himself. It was a wise doctrine, my lord, and equally advantageous to the King and his subjects; for while it preserved that suspicious attention, with which the people ought always to examine the conduct of ministers, it tended at the same time rather to increase than diminish their attachment to the person of their Sovereign. If there be not a fatality attending every measure you are concerned in, by what treachery,


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Rh or by what excess of folly has it happened, that those ungracious acts, which have distinguished your administration, and which I doubt not were entirely your own, should carry with them a strong appearance of personal interest, and even of personal enmity in a quarter, where no such interest or enmity can be supposed to exist, without the highest injustice and the highest dishonour? On the other hand, by what judicious management have you contrived it, that the only act of mercy, to which you have ever advised your Sovereign, far from adding to the lustre of a character, truly gracious and benevolent, should be received with universal disapprobation and disgust? I shall consider it as a ministerial measure, because it is an odious one, and as your measure, my Lord Duke, because you are the minister.

long as the trial of this chairman was depending, it was natural enough that government should give him every possible encouragement and support. The honourable service for which he was hired, and the spirit with which he performed it, made common cause between your grace and him. The minister, who by secret corruption invades


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54 the freedom of elections, and the ruffian, who by open violence destroys that freedom, are embarked in the same bottom. They have the same interests, and mutually feel for each other. To do justice to your Grace's humanity, you felt for Mac Quirk as you ought to do, and if you had been contented to assist him indirectly, without a notorious denial of justice, or openly insulting the sense of the nation, you might have satisfied every duty of political friendship, without committing the honour of your sovereign, or hazarding the reputation of his government. But when this unhappy man had been solemnly tried, convicted and condemned;—when it appeared that he had been frequently employed in the same services, and that no excuse for him could be drawn, either from the innocence of his former life, or the simplicity of his character, was it not hazarding too much to interpose the strength of the prerogative between this felon and the justice of his country Whitehall, March 11, 1769.—His Majesty has been graciously pleased to extend his royal mercy to Edward McQuirk, found guilty of the murder of George Clarke, as appears by his royal warrant, to the tenor following. GEORGE

a doubt has arisen in Our Royal breast concerning the evidence of the death of George Clarke, from the representations of William Bromfield, Esq. surgeon, and Solomon Starling, apothecary; both of whom, as has been represented to Us, attended the deceased before his death, and expressed their opinions, that he did not die of the blow he received at Brentford: And whereas it appears to us, that neither of the said persons were produced as witnesses upon the trial, though the said Solomon Starling had been examined before the coroner; and the only person called to prove that the death of the said George Clarke was occasioned by the said blow, was John Foot, surgeon, who never saw the deceased till after his death; We thought fit thereupon to refer the said representations, together with the report of the Recorder of Our city of London, of the evidence given by Richard and William Beale and the said John Foot, on the trial of Edward Quirk, otherwise called Edward Kirk, otherwise called Edward McQuirk, for the murder of the said Clarke, to the master, wardens, and the rest of the court of examiners of the Surgeons company, commanding them likewise to take such farther examination of the said persons so representing, and of said John Foot, as they might think necessary, together with the premises above mentioned, to form and report to us their opinion, "Whether it did or did not appear to them, that the said George Clarke died in consequence of the blow he received in the riot at Brentford on the 8th of December last?" And the said court of examiners of the Surgeons company having thereupon reported to Us their opinion, "That it did not appear to them that he did;" We have thought proper to extend Our royal mercy to him the said Edward Quirk, otherwise Edward Kirk, otherwise called Edward McQuirk, and to grant him our free pardon for the Murder of the said George Clarke, of which he has been found guilty: Our will and pleasure therefore is, That he the said Edward Quirk, otherwise called Edward Kirk, otherwise called Edward M'Quirk, be inserted, for the said murder, in our first and next general pardon that shall come out for the poor convicts of Newgate, without any condition whatsoever; and that in the mean time, you take bail for his appearance, in order to plead Our said pardon. And for so doing this shall be your warrant.

Given at our court at St James's, the 10th day of March, 1769, in the ninth year of our reign.

By his Majesty's command,

ROCHFORD.

To our trusty and well beloved James Eyre Esq; Recorder of our City of London, the Sherifs of Our said city and county of Middlesex, and all others whom it may concern. ? You ought to have known, that an example of this sort


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Author:Charles James Lyall

Works

 * Translations of Ancient Arabic Poetry

title: Author:Charles James Lyall


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Rh was never so necessary as at present; and certainly you must have known, that the lot could not have fallen upon a more guilty object. What system of government is this? You are perpetually complaining of the riotous disposition of the lower class of people,


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56 yet, when the laws have given you the means of making an example, in every sense unexceptionable, and by far the most likely to awe the multitude, you pardon the offence, and are not ashamed to give the sanction of government to the riots you complain of, and even to future murders. You are partial


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Rh yet, when the laws have given you the means of making an example, in every sense unexceptionable, and by far the most likely to awe the multitude, you pardon the offence, and are not ashamed to give the sanction of government to the riots you complain of, and even to future murders. You are partial, perhaps, to the military mode of execution; and had rather see a score of these wretches butchered by the guards, than one of them suffer death by regular course of law. How does it happen, my Lord, that, in your hands, even the mercy of the prerogative is cruelty and oppression to the subject?

measure, it seems, was so extraordinary, that you thought it necessary to give some reasons for it to the public. Let them be fairly examined.

1. say, that Messrs. Bromfield and Starling were not examined at Mac Quirk's trial. I will tell your grace why they were not. They must have been examined upon oath; and it was foreseen, that their evidence would either not benefit, or might be prejudicial to the prisoner. Otherwise, is it conceivable that his counsel should neglect to call in such material evidence?

say, that Mr Foot did not see the deceased until after his death. A surgeon, my Lord, must know very little of his profession, if, upon examining a wound or a contusion, he cannot determine whether it was mortal


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 or not.—While the party is alive, a surgeon will be cautious of pronouncing; whereas, by the death of the patient, he is enabled to consider both cause and effect in one view, and to speak with a certainty confirmed by experience.

we are to thank your Grace for the establishment of a new tribunal. Your inquisitio post mortem is unknown to the laws of England, and does honour to your invention. The only material objection to it is, that if Mr. Foot's evidence was insufficient, because he did not examine the wound till after the death of the party, much less can a negative opinion, given by gentlemen who never saw the body of Mr. Clarke, either before or after his decease, authorise you to supersede the verdict of a jury, and the sentence of the law.

, my Lord, let me ask you, Has it never occurred to your Grace, while you were withdrawing this desperate wretch from that justice which the laws had awarded, and which the whole people of England demanded against him, that there is another man, who is the favourite of his country,


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Rh whose pardon would have been accepted with gratitude, whose pardon would have healed all our divisions? Have you quite forgotten that this man was once your Grace's friend? Or is it to murderers only that you will extend the mercy of the crown?

are questions you will not answer, nor is it necessary. The character of your private life, and the uniform tenor of your public conduct, is an answer to them all. JUNIUS.

10. April, 1769. MY LORD,

so good an opinion of your Grace's discernment, that when the author of the vindication of your conduct assures us, that he writes from his own mere motion, without the least authority from your Grace, I should be ready enough to believe him, but for one fatal mark, which seems to be fixed upon every measure, in which either your personal or your political


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 of the body. Its surface was evenly and highly convex, culminating near the center at the ocellar mound. It is surrounded by a narrow thickened filiform border. The posterior margin is straight transverse with a faint indication of fulcra near the acute genal angles.

The compound eyes are subcentral in position, situated as stated in the preliminary description; the visual surface is crescentic and only prominent in compressed specimens, while the entire ocular node, which has the form of a sector, being rounded at the outside and angular on the inner side, is distinct only in young individuals. The eyes occupy about one third the length of the carapace. The ocelli are situated on a line connecting the centers of the compound eyes and located on a large, prominent mound.

Abdomen. The abdomen is slender, widening so little from the base of the carapace to the third segment that in many specimens it tapers with apparent regularity toward the telson. The length is three times the greatest width.

The preabdomen is widest at the third and fourth tergites. Its length is to its width as 5 : 4. The tergites are narrow bands with straight or but slightly curved transverse margins and parallel lateral margins. The anterior and posterior margins diverge near the lateral extremities where the segments widen somewhat. Their antelateral angles are produced into broad blunt lobes, while the postlateral angles are either rectangular or furnished with short acute lobes, that are directed posteriorly and increase somewhat in size in the posterior segments. The segments were originally highly arched with a narrow flat strip, representing the epimera, along the lateral margins. Each tergite was not only strongly bent from one side to the other but also from forward backward and highest in the anterior third, with a steep decline forward and a more gradual one backward, finally grading into a narrow flat border.


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 character is concerned.—Your first attempt to support Sir William Proctor ended in the election of Mr Wilkes; the second insured success to Mr Glynn. The extraordinary step you took, to make Sir James Lowther Lord Paramount of Cumberland, has ruined his interest in that county for ever. The House List of Directors was cursed with the concurrence of government; and even the miserable Dingley could not escape the misfortune of your Grace's protection. With this uniform experience before us, we are authorised to suspect, that when a pretended vindication of your principles and conduct in reality contains the bitterest reflections upon both, it could not have been written without your immediate direction and assistance. The author indeed calls God to witness for him, with all the sincerity, and in the very terms of an Irish evidence, to the best of his knowledge and belief. My Lord, you should not encourage these appeals to heaven. The pious Prince, from whom you


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 supposed to descend, made such frequent use of them in his public declarations, that at last the people also found it necessary to appeal to heaven in their turn. Your administration has driven us into circumstances of equal distress;—beware at least how you remind us of the remedy.

have already much to answer for. You have provoked this unhappy gentleman to play the fool once more in public life, in spite of his years and infirmities, and to show us, that, as you yourself are a singular instance of youth without spirit, the man who defends you is a no less remarkable example of age without the benefits of experience. To follow such a writer minutely, would, like his own periods, be a labour without end. The subject too has been already discussed, and is sufficiently understood. I cannot help observing, however, that, when the pardon of Mac Quirk was the principal charge against you, it would have been but a decent compliment to your grace's understanding, to have defended you upon your own principles. What credit does a man deserve, who tells us plainly, that the facts set forth in the King's proclamation were not


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 The first tergite is considerably shorter than the others. It is six to seven times as wide as long; the following ones are about four times as wide as long.

The sternites are less straight bands than the tergites, their middle portion curving forward more distinctly. Their antelateral angles are produced into broad rounded ears or lobes, while the postlateral angles are well rounded. The operculum has not been observed.

The postabdomen tapers uniformly to the posterior extremity which is but one third as wide as the anterior. The segments are all circular in section, and they gradually become longer while they diminish in width, the first segment being four times as wide as long, while in the last the width is to the length as 3 : 4. The segmental rings are very simple with but very inconspicuous lateral flanges in the first segments and none in the last.

The telson is bluntly lanceolate; at the base it is three times as wide as long. Its dorsal side is convex and raised into a median keel; the underside flat and the lateral margins are furnished with sharp, bladelike edges.

Appendages. In spite of the great number of heads found only the swimming legs have been observed In mature specimens [ pl. 21, fig. 11] these are remarkably short and protrude but little more than half the basal width of the carapace. The eighth segment (the palette) is long, elliptical, the ninth forming a small terminal claw. Of the seventh segment but a portion has been seen protruding from below the carapace and this indicates that it was considerably narrower than the following ones.

Ornamentation. No scales or tubercles have been made out on either the carapace or abdomen. The only traces of ornament observed are a median transverse line on both the sternites and tergites, with traces of more lines in the latter, especially near the anterior margin.

Ontogeny. In its ontogeny  includes a larval stage that is not only strikingly different from the mature but also highly suggestive phylogenetically by its great similarity to Strabops.


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 the true motives on which the pardon was granted; and that he wishes that those chirurgical reports, which first gave occasion to certain doubts in the royal breast, had not been laid before his Majesty. You see, my Lord, that even your friends cannot defend your actions without changing your principles; nor justify a deliberate measure of government, without contradicting the main assertion on which it was founded.

conviction of Mac Quirk had reduced you to a dilemma, in which it was hardly possible for you to reconcile your political interest with your duty. You were obliged either to abandon an active useful partisan, or to protect a felon from public justice. With your usual spirit, you preferred your interest to every other consideration; and with your usual judgment, you founded your determination upon the only motives, which should not have been given to the public.

frequently censured Mr Wilkes's conduct, yet your advocate reproaches me with having devoted myself to the service of sedition. Your Grace can best inform


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 us for which of Mr Wilkes's good qualities you first honoured him with your friendship, or how long it was before you discovered those bad ones in him, at which, it seems, your delicacy was offended. Remember, my Lord, that you continued your connection with Mr Wilkes long after he had been convicted of those crimes, which you have since taken pains to represent in the blackest colours of blasphemy and treason. How unlucky is it, that the first instance you have given us of a scrupulous regard to decorum is united with the breach of a moral obligation! For my own part, my Lord, I am proud to affirm, that, if I had been weak enough to form such a friendship, I would never have been base enough to betray it. But, let Mr Wilkes's character be what it may, this at least is certain, that, circumstanced as he is with regard to the public, even his vices plead for him. The people of England have too much discernment to suffer your Grace to take advantage of the failings of a private character, to establish a precedent by which the public liberty is affected, and which you may hereafter, with equal ease and satisfaction, employ to the ruin of the best men in the kingdom.—Content


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 yourself, my Lord, with the many advantages which the unsullied purity of your own character has given you over your unhappy deserted friend. Avail yourself of all the unforgiving piety of the court you live in, and bless God that you "are not as other men are; extortioners, unjust, adulterers, or even as this publican." In a heart void of feeling, the laws of honour and good faith may be violated with impunity, and there you may safely indulge your genius. But the laws of England shall not be violated, even by your holy zeal to oppress a sinner; and, though you have succeeded in making him a tool, you shall not make him the victim of your ambition. JUNIUS.


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Rh

21. April, 1769. SIR,

SAID you were an old man without the benefit of experience. It seems you are also a volunteer with the stipend of twenty commissions; and, at a period when all prospects are at an end, you are still looking forward to rewards which you cannot enjoy. No man is better acquainted with the bounty of government than you are:

I will not descend to an altercation, either with the impotence of your age, or the peevishness of your diseases. Your pamphlet, ingenious as it is, has been so little read, that the public cannot know how far you have a right to give me the lye, without the following citation of your own words:

Page 6.—"1. That he is persuaded, that the motives, which he (Mr Weston) has


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 This we have identified with the nepionic stage since it can not be much older than embryonic. It is represented by the two specimens plate 21, figures 1, 2.

Herein the most striking differences from the ephebic stage are:
 * 1) The great width and small length of the body and the resulting rapid contraction from the preabdomen to the postabdomen.
 * 2) The excessive width and small length of the subtriangular carapace.
 * 3) The great size of the compound eyes.
 * 4) The shortness and great width of the segments.
 * 5) The relatively greater size of the swimming legs.

In these nepionic specimens the width of the body is to its length as 3:8, and in the ephebic stage as 3:15, hence the former stage is about twice as stout as the latter and conversely the contraction of the body is twice as rapid in the nepionic stage.

The carapace of the mature  is one third wider than long (3 : 2), while that of the youngest nepionic specimen is twice as wide as long (4 : 2) and in the other much larger nepionic specimen the proportion is still 3½ : 2. The antelateral angles are so strongly truncated that the carapace approaches a triangular outline.

In this nepionic stage the compound eyes may reach one half the length of the carapace [ pl. 21, fig. 3], while in the ephebic form they occupy only one third that length. They also lie farther forward and converge strongly on their longitudinal axes, while in mature individuals they either converge slightly or are subparallel. This strong convergence in the nepionic stage is continued into the neanic stage [ pl. 21, fig. 9] and is in harmony with the convergence of the lateral margins. It is further to be noted that the outline of the ocular node is broadly elliptical in this stage and that the crescentic visual surface is not to be distinguished from the ocular node. It is therefore possible that the visual surface extended over the whole node and not until later became restricted to the crescent band or anterior side of this node. The appearance of these nodes as represented in figures 9 and 3 would seem to support this view. In the


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 alleged, must appear fully sufficient, with or without the opinions of the surgeons.

2. those very motives  the foundation on which the Earl of Rochford thought proper, &c.

3. he, that the Earl of Rochford seems to have thought proper to lay the chirurgical reports before the king, in preference to all the other sufficient motives, &c.

the public determine whether this be defending government on their principles or your own.

style and language you have adopted, are, I confess, not ill suited to the elegance of your own manners, or to the dignity of the cause you have undertaken. Every common dauber writes rascal and villain under his pictures, because the pictures themselves have neither character nor resemblance. But the works of a master require no index. His features and colouring are taken from nature. The impression they make is immediate and uniform; nor is it possible to mistake his


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Rh characters, whether they represent the treachery of a minister, or the abused simplicity of a king. JUNIUS.

24. April, 1769 MY LORD,

HE system you seemed to have adopted, when Lord Chatham unexpectedly left you at the head of affairs, gave us no promise of that uncommon exertion of vigour, which has since illustrated your character, and distinguished your administration. Far from discovering a spirit bold enough to invade the first rights of the people, and the first principles of the constitution, you were scrupulous of exercising even those powers, with which the executive branch of the legislature is legally invested. We have not yet forgotten how long Mr Wilkes was suffered to appear at large, nor how long he was at liberty to canvass for the city and county, with all the terrors of an outlawry hanging over him. Our gracious Sovereign has not yet forgotten the


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 former specimen the eyes are not only circular, at least that on the left side which is fully exposed, but this left eye is also distinctly surrounded by a thickened border, and as this border in the adult only surrounds the visual surface, the inference is suggested by this specimen that the whole node was covered by the visual area. The second specimen suggests that here the visual surface still occupied the greater portion of the node, leaving only a narrow crescent on the inner side of the node unoccupied.

The shortness of the segments, compared with their width, is a striking feature of these nepionic individuals. The preabdominal segments are from 6–9 times as wide as long, while in the ephebic stage they are but 4 times as wide as long with the exception of the first tergite which retains the nepionic dimensions. The first tergite in the first nepionic stage, shows no difference in length from the others, while in the next stage [ pl. 21, fig. 8], it is well distinguished. A specimen [ pl. 21, fig. 1] with a length of 5.25 mm has but 8 segments. One [ pl. 21, fig. 2] which measures 8 mm has already the full complement of 12. In the latter the shortness of the segments is still more striking than in the former and it appears that the insertion of the new segments took place rapidly in successive molts at the expense of their longitudinal growth. It is impossible in these young specimens to discern the boundary between the pre- and postabdomen.

The swimming legs are relatively longer and wider in the larval forms, as a comparison of figures, plate 21, figures 1 and 2; plate 21, figure 5, with plate 21, figure 11 will readily show. In the ephebic specimen the swimming leg when reflexed hardly reached beyond the third segment; in the first nepionic specimen it extends to the posterior margin of the fourth; in the second even to that of the fifth. The specimen, figure 5, also furnishes evidence of the greater size of this leg in the neanic or following stage.

The telson in the nepionic stage does not materially differ in shape and relative size from the mature condition.

Neanic growth stage. This stage is represented by a considerable number of specimens from which the originals of figures 3–11 have been


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 selected. These specimens differ from the mature stage in the following characters:

 * 1) The carapace is still relatively wider though not as wide as in the preceding stage and already approaches a semicircular shape.
 * 2) The compound eyes are still relatively large, holding a median position in proportions between the nepionic and ephebic stages. In plate 21, figure 9 the length of the eyes to the length of the carapace is as 3 : 7, while in the nepionic stage they are as 3 : 6 and those of the ephebic stage as 3 : 9. They are also distinctly nearer to the frontal margin than in the mature specimens and the ocular nodes are more prominent than in later stages. They still show a distinct tendency to converge forward. The crescent visual surface is now distinctly seen, but it appears still broader than in the mature stage.

In many examples of this stage the ocellar mound is so large and distinct that its greater size and prominence in more youthful stages may be legitimately inferred [ figs. 3, 4, 8, 10].

The abdomen in these neanic specimens is already as slender as in the adults [ fig. 8]. One exception is the fine specimen [ pl. 22, fig. 7], which is a little broader than the others. The presence of the lobes of the postlateral angles, however, indicates that this individual was flattened out before burial.

Measurements. Length of smallest nepionic individual, 5.25 mm; its width, 2 mm; width and length of carapace, 2 mm and 1.1 mm; length of compound eye, .45 mm; length of swimming foot, 1.6 mm.

An average specimen [ pl. 21, fig. 12] measures in length (with the telson gone) 63 mm; its greatest width, 16 mm; the length of its carapace is 12 mm; that of the first segment 1.5 mm and that of the third 3.5 mm. The last segment is 6.5 mm long and 6 mm wide.

The largest carapace observed measures but 16 × 11 mm, so that this form is one of the small species of the genus.

Position and localities. Abundant in the fossiliferous shale of the Shawangunk grit at Otisville, N. Y.


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 Remarks. In aspect,  is greatly different from all its American congeners. This is largely due to the terete form of the body that apparently is without preabdominal expansion. A few specimens [ pl. 22, fig. 8] indicate that there was a slight expansion, but it seems to have found its expression mostly in an increased vertical convexity of the body. This convexity both of the dorsal and ventral sides producing the subcircular section of both preabdomen and postabdomen, is shown by several specimens which are but slightly compressed. A species quite similar to our type in both form of body and size is  Salter from the Downtonian (uppermost Ludlow) of Great Britain. Its carapace, however, seems to have been a little longer

and the eyes a little more forward in position. From the other species of Eurypterus these two forms differ in their long, gradually tapering, terete body and the small size of the swimming legs.

The variability in the size and position of the eyes is commented upon in the preliminary description. Note might also be taken of the confusing variability in the outlines of the carapace. A survey of a great number of carapaces shows that the variability of features which in other species exhibit considerable stability, is for the most part due to the great convexity of the carapace of this species and the resulting various modifications under the influence of differing directions of compression. The accompanying text figures are inserted to illustrate this fact. In figure I the carapace has been vertically and gradually compressed so that the eyes are projected on the horizontal plane directly below their original position. The uninterrupted concentric wrinkles and the normal size of


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 the eyes characterize this frequent mode of preservation. In figure II the vertical pressure has acted with a slight centrifugal component, the eyes have wandered outward and become long, narrow and slitlike while the wrinkles are only found parallel to the lateral margins. In the specimen figure III the reverse has taken place; a component acted in a centripetal direction and moved the eyes inward. In this case the latter always appear reduced in size, the whole change producing a strangely different aspect of the head, which is also frequently somewhat squarish in outline [ pl. 22, fig. 1]. In this state of preservation the margin of the head is frequently cut by many radiating marks indicative of the intensive flattening out of the outer portion of the carapace. In figure IV the pressure acted from behind and the head is folded over forward and nearly always shortened. In figure V, the pressure acted obliquely, so that the left eye is completely flattened out and the other reduced to a narrow crescent. The possibility of so many different expressions of form under pressure must be taken into account in construing specific values.

Description. Carapace semicircular (width of type, 45 mm, length, 30 mm), both frontal and lateral margins forming a continuous curve; posterior margin well preserved in the middle portion only, which is rather strongly concave; genal angles not clearly seen; eyes submarginal, of large size, occupying one fourth the length of the lateral margin, situated behind the middle line of the carapace; visual surface crescent-shaped (in compressed condition); eye surrounded on the outside by a distinct dumbbell shaped depression; ocelli well defined, large and lying between the anterior portions of the lateral eyes.

The ornamentation is obscured by the compression of the specimen; patches of the surface exhibit a shagreenlike sculpture which suggests that the better preserved fragments of integument with similar ornamentation, found in the same beds, belong to this species.


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 Horizon and locality. Frankfort shale (Schenectady beds) near Rotterdam Junction, Schenectady co., N. Y.

Remarks. This species is remarkable in several regards; mainly in the extraordinary size of the eyes, which in relative proportion are comparable to the eyes in larval stages. Their submarginal position and the round shape of the carapace give the form a distinct pterygotoid aspect, but the eye node and the visual surface are those of an Eurypterus. This species with its larval eyes and other features indicating the traits of a synthetic type promises, when better known, interesting data relating to the phylogeny of the eurypterids.

Hall. Palaeontology of New York. 1859. 3:407*, pl. 80A, fig. 7

Whitfield. N. Y. Acad. Sci. Ann. 1882. 2:196

Whitfield. Geol. Sur. of Ohio. 1893. 7:416, pl. 1, fig. 31, 32

Description. The entire animal is small, but robustly built. The cephalothorax is relatively large, its length equal to that of the preabdomen. The body is sharply divided into the broad, short preabdomen and the narrow, cylindrical postabdomen. While the carapace was slightly elevated, the segments of the preabdomen were strongly arched, increasing in hight posteriorly and the last four segments were circular in section. The carapace and the preabdomen together form a compact oval, at the narrow end of which the taillike postabdomen is inserted, the whole body much resembling a tadpole in its last stage. The integument of this form seems to have been relatively strong.

The carapace is semielliptic, approaching the semicircular form and outline; its length to width approximately as 2 : 3 and in older individuals approximately as 3 : 4. Its outline is evenly rounded. It is slightly prominent, reaching its apex between the lateral eyes, whence it rapidly declines forward and gradually backward.


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 A longitudinal triangular depression at the middle of the frontal margin indicates sometimes, in compressed specimens, the location of the frontal shield of the doublure. The lateral eyes are very small, kidneyshaped, and prominent, with vertical, semicircular visual surface and placed so much within the margins that the distance between them is not greater than that from the eye to the margin of the carapace, as pointed out in the brief original description. They are also placed relatively far forward, their posterior ends lying in front of the transverse middle line of the carapace. The ocelli are separate, very distinct, and placed on a line connecting the posterior angles of the lateral eyes. The doublure of the carapace is narrow, widening slightly near the postlateral angles.

No limbs are shown in our specimens.

Only the first tergite of the dorsal side is shown in the type specimen. This is relatively narrow. Another example retains the ventral integument of the abdomen. The operculum and the first sternite are deeply cleft, depressed and distinctly sutured along the middle line. The transverse lines are very distinct.

The telson has not been observed.

The carapace was smooth but on the sternites and postabdominal segments are traces of small tubercles. Whitfield has observed "minute spinelike pustules or pointed granules . . . . arranged in irregular transverse lines across the body." Along the posterior margin of the dorsal side of the last segments appear four or five longitudinal folds, originally probably spine bases.

Measurements. The carapace of the type specimen measures 15.5 mm in length and 22 mm in width. The eyes are but 2.5 mm long. Wrinkles and the direction of the eyes show that it has suffered a slight oblique compression. The best preserved carapace is from Litchfield. It measures 17.5 × 27.4 mm. Its lateral eyes are 3 mm long and 6.3 mm apart. A carapace from Cherry Valley measures 25.3 × 35 mm. The largest obtained in the state is 30 mm long and 45 mm wide. The type of the carapace of   preserved in the Columbia University Museum


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 measures 27 × 36.8 mm and a smaller cotype in the same collection, 24.5 × 32.4 mm. The proportions of the carapace hence lie between 2 : 3 and 3 : 4.

The tergite of the type is but 1.8 mm long. A nearly entire specimen from Onondaga Valley possesses a carapace 20.6 mm long; its preabdomen (perhaps somewhat pushed together) measures 26.5 mm and the remaining five postabdominal segments about 30 mm. It is widest at the second sternite (30.5 mm). The abdomen figured by Whitfield is complete to the telson, which is lacking. The specimen is probably slightly reduced in the figure, judging from the size of the accompanying carapace, and we have not the original at hand. The preabdomen in the figure is 31.5 mm long and about 33.8 mm wide. The postabdomen is 35.8 mm long and shrinks from a width of about 24 mm to 10 mm in the last segment.

Horizon and localities. The type came from a loose boulder near Cazenovia, Madison co., N. Y., which by its lithologic character and the associated fragments of  shows its derivation from the Manlius beds. Besides this rather poorly preserved specimen the State Museum possesses a series of carapaces and a nearly complete specimen of this extremely rare form. This entire specimen was found loose in Onondaga Valley by Prof. Philip F. Schneider and appears also to have come from the Manlius limestone. Of the carapaces, one was collected by the authors in the town of Litchfield in Manlius limestone, not less than 100 feet above the Eurypterus horizon in the Bertie waterlime; another was found loose on Jerusalem hill (probably also from Manlius limestone, according to the lithologic aspect of the slab); still another was obtained at Cherry Valley falls. A series of carapaces, some of relatively large size, were obtained in the layers of the Manlius formation at the Kolb farm, Crane's Corners, near Jerusalem hill, Herkimer co., and some segments in the waterlime of the Manlius at Manlius village. From this it appears that there is a continuous waterlime bed near the top of the Manlius formation, extending from Onondaga county to Albany county and the species seems to be confined to this layer. Professor Whitfield's


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 types of  came from the hydraulic limestones (Monroe formation) of Beach Point, Put-in-Bay Island, Lake Erie.

Remarks.  is well characterized by a number of peculiarities, the most notable of which are the round outline of the head, the small size and subcentral position of the lateral eyes and the short compact form of the preabdomen, from which the cylindrical postabdomen is well set off. The slight compression of both the carapace and the abdomen shows that the integument must have been relatively very strong. To this fact may be also due the absence of the scales on the surface.

While the differences between the carapaces of  and , cited by the author of the latter species, seemed well founded as long as the poorly preserved type of the former species or the not quite successful representation of the same were solely available, the specimens which have lately been collected in the Manlius limestone, leave no doubt of the identity of the Ohio specimens with. The proportions of the carapaces are the same, within the small variation due to different compression and to the developmental changes.

is, stratigraphically considered, an isolated form, since it is the sole eurypterid hitherto known from the Manlius limestone. It is likewise isolated from the preceding eurypterids by the series of peculiar features cited above as characteristic of this form, and though the form is in general outline near enough to the preceding  so that its derivation from that common species could be conceived, the fact remains that it is more closely related to later species, like   Woodward, from the British Old Red sandstone, with which it has in common the round outline of the carapace, the small size, forward and approximate position of the eyes—that is, all the features which give it its characteristic aspect. The Old Red species is also without ornamentation of the carapace. A third species exhibiting the same characters, except the lack of ornamentation, is


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  Hall & Clarke, from the Waverly beds of Pennsylvania. These species form a well defined group that is distinctly foreshadowed by one of the eurypterids of the Shawangunk grit, viz,.

Sarle. N. Y. State Paleontologist Rep't. 1902. p. 1098, pl. 10, fig. 7; pl. 15, fig. 1–3; pl. 16–23; pl. 24. fig. 2–5; pl. 25, fig. 2, 5, 6

was very fully described by its author. We have secured little additional material since the Sarle collections were added to the museum and therefore reproduce the original description with our observations appended:

This species is comparatively rare and is not represented in the collection by any entire individuals. There is, however, sufficient material to enable its main features to be correctly determined.

The entire animal is large and robust, and broadest at about the third segment. The cephalothorax is two thirds as long as broad, eyes of medium size, appendages heavy. The preabdominal and postabdominal portions are not strongly differentiated; the telson long, probably equal in length to the five preceding segments.

The cephalothorax is broad, rounded in front, the sides curving out near the genal angles, and the base straight, or very gently curving over the middle portion, and extending a little forward near the sides. The margin is beveled in for a distance, in the average sized individual, not exceeding 2 mm in the widest part or in front, narrowing and fading out at the genal angles. The extreme edge is slightly upturned. The compound eyes are separated by one half the breadth of the shield, with their bases in line with its center. They are prominent, reniform, broader at the anterior ends, and one fifth as long as the shield. The ocelli are situated on a faint tumescence between the centers of the compound eyes. They are rather large and separated by about their own diameter. Near the basal edge of the shield is a pair of sharp, raised, triangular scales, one on either side of the axial line. In some cases there is a row of shallow, flat-bottomed pits on the beveled margin.

The abdomen increases slightly in breadth from the base of the cephalothorax to the third segment, then tapers to the telson, there being no apparent constriction between the preabdomen and postabdomen. The tergites


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 are comparatively short, the length averaging a little less than one fifth the breadth. They are broadly concave along the middle of their posterior edges, and each carries, bordering this curve, four raised, triangular scales like the two on the posterior border of the cephalothorax and the middle two in line with them. The five sternites are medially cleft and marked by transverse sutures, which give to each the appearance of having been formed by the fusion of two plates. With the exception of the first or operculum, they have the antelateral angles projected forward into small lobes. In the operculum these angles are noticeably rounded away, and the anterior edge is projected into a broad median lobe. In the female the second sternite has a similar lobe. The annulate segments, or sclerites, comprising the postabdomen increase in length and decrease in breadth from the first, which is very broad and short, to the last in which the length exceeds the width of the anterior or wider end. They are depressed and have faintly defined pleural areas or flattenings at the sides. Each is prolonged on either side, at the posterior angle, into a short, striated spur, which grows longer with each succeeding segment, those on the last forming conspicuous pointed lobes. The first two segments each carry on the dorsal side four triangular scales like those of the preabdomen, the third, fourth and probably the fifth, each two, the last none. This segment has a shallow notch in the middle of the dorsal, posterior edge, marked on either side by a small denticle, succeeded toward the sides by very minute ones. The series of striations of the lobes continue up the sides of the segment to its articulation with the preceding. On the ventral portion of each ring segment is a shallow posterior emargination fringed with lobelike teeth. Extending forward from near either end is a curved rent, a pair sometimes almost inclosing an irregular, oval area.

The telson is very long, nearly equaling in length the rest of the postabdomen. For a short distance from the anterior end it contracts rapidly, then continues slender to the abruptly rounded point. The edges are sharp and, from near the anterior end, are marked by short, oblique incisions. The dorsal surface is smoothly convex, the ventral has a flat topped carina which begins near the proximal end and extends to the tip. On the carina is a double row of pits like those bordering the cephalothorax.

The doublure, at its dehiscence in the axial line, equals in width about one fourth the length of the cephalothoracic shield. From this point it narrows toward the genal angles.

The preoral appendages have not been observed. The endognathites are robust and vary greatly in length, the first pair being barely long enough to reach the shield border, while the members of the third clear it by fully three fourths their length. The fourth pair is known only by a coxal joint and a basal portion consisting of three joints. The first legs consist of seven joints; the second and third each, of eight. In the first


text:
Author:Benjamin Wisner Bacon

Works

 * Jesus and Paul
 * The founding of the church
 * The triple tradition of the Exodus
 * Primitive Christology

title: Author:Benjamin Wisner Bacon


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 three, each joint from the third to the penultimate is provided with two long, curved, striated spines. The terminal joints are comparatively long and clawlike. The coxal joints are large. The first three are short and broad, the length being a little less than two thirds the breadth. They have narrow, curved, postlateral prolongations equal in length to the second joint. The lower, inner angles are rounded and crenulated. The dentate faces at the inner, upper angles are on slight prolongations, which grow longer with each succeeding coxa. All three begin with two or three isolated, anteriorly directed, lobelike teeth, followed by slender conic ones, which become finer toward the posterior end. The fourth coxal joint is comparatively long. The inner lower angle is gently rounded away, and the neck supporting the narrow dentate face, long. The teeth appear to be comparatively few and coarse. The epicoxite of the third left coxa is shown on plate 16, figure 1.

The swimming arms are stout and moderately long, extending back nearly to the fifth tergite, and consist of nine joints. The gnathobases are subquadrate and large, and are provided with seven or eight short, bevel-edged denticles, the two anterior being large and prominent. The length of the gnathobase was 33 mm, its breadth 30 mm, the length of the dentate face 8 mm. The middle joints have the anterior and posterior angles sharp, in the fifth the anterior forming a blunt, striated spine, much like those at the sides of the postabdomen. The seventh and eighth joints are broadly expanded, and their margins, particularly in the latter, are marked by sparse, shallow serrations. Inserted on the inner side and near the end of the eighth joint, is a small, oval, rudimentary ninth joint.

The metastoma is elongate ovate, widest in the middle, with ends truncated. The anterior or narrower end is notched and minutely dentate.

The genital appendages of this species, so far as they are preserved in the material of the collection, are, with the exception of the part carried by the second sternite in the female, essentially like those of  Eichw., as described by Holm. That of the female is the more complex and is carried partly by the operculum and partly by the second sternite. The part carried by the operculum follows two subtriangular areas formed by a pair of sutures extending posteriorly from either side the median lobe to meet the cleft, and extends considerably beyond the posterior edge of the plate. It consists of a short sagittate base and a slender portion divided transversely into two imbricating sections, each terminating in a short bifid expansion. In  there is a third part consisting of two, short, flat, diverging crura. As this appears to be a general feature in Eurypterus, it is probable that it exists in this species also. The part of the appendage carried by the second sternite is covered by that of the operculum. It lies in the median cleft which extends through the posterior two thirds of the sternite, the anterior third


text: Index:Provincial Government Act 1986.djvu


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Rh this place—from whom I had procured the provisions which were necessary in the Councils I have had with Several nations which have visited me. I have signed an abstract for the quantity furnished. In their issues I have been as economical as possible—perhaps more so than was proper—the whole amount of Issues under my direction until this—amounted only to 13 rations.

 July 20, 1801 Executive Journal, 4

This day the Governor Issued a proclamation expressly forbidding any Trader from selling or giving any Spirituous Liquors to any Indian or Indians in the Town of Vincennes and ordering that the Traders in future when the sold Liquor to the Indians should deliver it to them at the distance of at least a mile from the village or on the other side of the Wabash River. And Whereas certain evil disposed persons have made a practice of purchasing from the Indians (and giveing them Whiskey in exchange) articles of Cloathing, Cooking, and such other articles as are used in hunting, viz; Guns powder, Ball &c. he has thought proper to publish an Extract from the Laws of the United States, that the persons offending against the Law may know the penalties to which they are subject, he also extorts [exhorts] and requires all Magistrates and other Civil officers vigilantly to discharge their duties, by punishing, as the Law directs, all persons who are found drunk, or rioting in the streets or public houses; and requests and advises, the good Citizens of the Territory to aid and assist the Magistrates, in the execution of the Laws by Lodgeing information against, and by assisting to apprehend the disorderly and rioutuos persons, who constantly infest the streets of Vincennes and to inform against all those who violate the Sabbath by selling or Bartering Spirituous Liquors or who pursue any other unlawful business on the day set apart for the service of God. [Abstract]


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 of the two halves of this plate being fused. It is slender, being about one fourth as wide as long and does not quite reach the posterior edge of the sternite. The anterior end is slightly constricted where it fuses with the sternite, and the distal is tapering. The male appendage is confined to the operculum. In the material of the collection is a single specimen showing the exterior, the others showing the internal form only. It was evidently small, about one fifth the length of the operculum by which it is surrounded.

The body is covered with comparatively coarse, imbricating crescentic scales, most distinct on the sternites and swimming arms. When the integument of the metastoma and paired appendages are scaled away, there remains a punctate surface. The specimens found show that the size of these animals averages from 20 centimeters to 30 centimeters. A fragment of the third joint of a swimming arm was found, however, which appears to have been part of an individual over 60 centimeters in length.

In the outline, size and proportions of carapace (length : width as 2 : 3) this species resembles  more than any other form. Moreover, the abdomen and the legs appear not to have been very different, but the telson is notably longer and more slender than in  or in any other of our species of Eurypterus.

Before us are carapaces showing that this species grew still larger than the type specimens indicate. One of these measures 54 × 89 mm, another is 58 mm × circa 98 mm.

One of the original figures [op. cit. pl. 10, fig. 7] shows three ends of appendages with thick, clawlike terminal segments. On the left side, however, two endognathites are shown with thin spinelike terminal segments. As other specimens show that the endognathites did not possess such clawlike segments at their extremities, it is probable that Sarle's interpretation of the specimen is not correct. An inspection of the original shows that the supposed terminal segment on the middle line of the figure is one of the chelicerae, but the two others on the right hand side are oval prominences with a median sulcus but without separation of the test. We surmise, therefore, that they are the upper views of the first segments of endognathites which are displaced. A corrected figure is here given on plate 13, figure 6.

Horizon and locality. Pittsford shale, Pittsford, Monroe co., N. Y.


text:
Page:Provincial Government Act 1986.djvu/1

VAN DIE REPUBLIEK VAN SUID-AFRIKA

REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

Verkoopprys • Selling price (AVB uitgesluit/GST excluded) Plaaslik 45c Local Buitelands 60c Other countries Posvry • Post free


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Page:Provincial Government Act 1986.djvu/2

Rh

GENERAL EXPLANATORY NOTE

To provide for the dissolution of provincial councils and for the administration of provincial matters by administrators and the other members of executive committees appointed by the State President; and to provide for matters connected therewith.

(Afrikaans text signed by the State President.) (Assented to 24 June 1986.)

E IT ENACTED by the State President and the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa, as follows:―

1. In this Act, unless the context indicates otherwise―

CHAPTER I

2. At the commencement of this Act every provincial council established by the Provincial Government Act, 1961 (Act No. 32 of 1961), shall cease to exist, and every person who immediately prior to that commencement was a member of any such council shall cease to be such a member.

3. Any person who immediately prior to the commencement of this Act occupies the office of administrator or member of the executive committee of a province, shall vacate his office at that commencement, unless an administrator and executive committee have then not yet been appointed in terms of section 7, in which event such person shall retain his office and he shall be deemed to have been appointed in terms of the said section until such time as such appointment is made.

4. Any ordinance―


text: Letters of Junius

title: Letters of Junius


text: Letters of Junius/Table of contents/Volume 1


text:
Page:Messages and Letters of William Henry Harrison Vol. 1.djvu/70

32  August 31, 1801 Executive Journal, 4 Frequent complaints having been made to the Governor by the Indians of the great mischiefs which have arisen from the Traders frequenting their Hunting Camps, the Governor Issued a proclamation notifying them that a regulation has been made by the Executive of the United States which declares that all persons who receive Licenses to trade with the Indians should confine themselves to the Towns and not follow the Indians to their Hunting grounds and that in future the said regulation would be strictly Enforced, and requireing all concerned to govern themselves accordingly; and whereas he had received undoubted information that a number of persons who were now trading in the Indian Country without Licences in Contempt of the Laws and authority of the United States he in the same proclamation Charged and required all officers Civil and Military Legally authorized to apprehend the persons and seize the goods of all such offenders, to the end that they may be dealt with according to Law. [Abstract]

 September 12, 1801 Mss. Vincennes D. A. R., Esquire Governor & Commander-in-chief of the Indiana Territory To Gentleman, Greeting:

Reposing special trust and confidence in your patriotism courage and good conduct I have appointed you Ensign in the Battallion of the Regiment of the Militia of the county of Knox and you are hereby appointed accordingly. You are therefore carefully and diligently to discharge the duty of Ensign in leading ordering and exercising said company in arms, both inferior officers and soldiers, and to keep them in good order and discipline; and they are hereby commanded


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Rh  to obey you as their Ensign, and you are yourself to observe and follow such orders and instructions as you shall from time to time receive from me, your superior officers, or the Governor of the territory for the time being.

In testimony whereof, I have caused the seal of the Territory to be affixed the twelfth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and one and of the independence of the United States of America the twenty sixth. Seal By the Governor's command
 * , Secy.

September 12, 1801 Mss. Vincenncs D. A. R.

, Esquire Governor & Commander-in-chief of the Indiana Territory To, Gentleman, Greeting:

Reposing special trust and confidence in your patriotism courage and good conduct I have appointed you 2d Lieutenant in the Battallion of the Regiment of the Militia of the county of Knox and you are hereby appointed accordingly. You are therefore carefully and diligently to discharge the duty of a Lieutenant in leading ordering and exercising said company in arms, both inferior officers and soldiers, and to keep them in good order and discipline; and they are hereby commanded to obey you as their Lieutenant, and you are yourself to observe and follow such orders and instructions as you shall from time to time receive from me, your superior officers or the Governor of the territory for the time being.

In testimony whereof, I have caused the seal of the Territory to be affixed the twelfth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and one and of the independence of the United States of America the twenty sixth.

Seal

By the Governor's command
 * , Secy.


text: Letters of Junius/Dedication to the English Nation


text: Letters of Junius/Preface

title: Letters of Junius/Preface


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Page:Provincial Government Act 1986.djvu/3

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and any proclamation, notice, regulation or rule in force thereunder shall as from such commencement and publication remain in force in and for the relevant province.

5. (1) The provinces of the Republic as they existed immediately prior to the commencement of this Act shall remain in existence: Provided that the State President may, after consultation with the administrator or administrators concerned, for the purposes of this Act, by proclamation in the Gazette―

(2) The State President shall, when acting in terms of subsection (1), take into account―

(3) Before the State President issues a proclamation under subsection (1) he shall cause to be published in the Gazette a draft of the proposed proclamation together with a notice calling upon all interested persons to lodge any objections and representations in writing within a period of 21 days from the date of publication of the notice with the Secretary to Parliament for submission to a standing committee of Parliament contemplated in section 64 of the Constitution Act.

(4) A proclamation contemplated in subsection (1) shall be issued only on the advice of the standing committee contemplated in subsection (3).

6. Subject to the provisions of section 5, the seats of provincial governments shall be―

CHAPTER II

7. (1) In respect of every province of the Republic―


text:
Author:Hermann Oelsner

Works

 * A History of Provençal Literature
 * (in part)
 * (Modern)
 * (Modern)

title: Author:Hermann Oelsner


text: Letters of Junius/Letter I

title: Letters of Junius/Letter I


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the State President shall appoint―

(2) All executive acts relating to the affairs of every such province shall be performed in the name of the administrator of the province, who shall together with the other members of the executive committee of the province constitute the executive authority of the province and carry on the administration of provincial affairs relating to the province.

(3) In the appointment of the administrator and the other members of an executive committee for a province, the State President shall as far as practicable give preference to persons resident in such province.

8. (1) The State President may from time to time appoint from among the members of the executive committee of a province an acting administrator to exercise and to perform the powers and duties of the administrator of the province whenever he is for any reason unable to do so or while the office of administrator is vacant.

(2) The State President may appoint any such acting administrator with retrospective effect.

9. (1) The administrator and every other member of the executive committee of a province shall before assuming his official duties make and subscribe before the judge-president or any other judge of the division of the Supreme Court within the area of jurisdiction of which the seat of the provincial government concerned is situate, an oath in the following form: I, A.B., do hereby swear to be faithful to the Republic of South Africa, and undertake before God to abide by this allegiance; to hold my office as administrator/member of the executive committee of the province C.D. with honour and dignity; to respect and uphold the Constitution and all other law of the Republic; to be a true and faithful counsellor; not to divulge directly or indirectly any matters brought before the executive committee or entrusted to me to keep secret; and to perform the duties of my office conscientiously and to the best of my ability.

So help me God. (2) The said administrator and other members of the executive committee may in lieu of the oath mentioned in subsection (1), make and subscribe a solemn affirmation in corresponding form.

10. (1) The salary and allowances (if any) of any administrator, acting administrator and member of an executive committee of any province shall be fixed by the State President.

(2) There shall be no differentiation as regards such salaries and allowances in respect of the various administrators, acting administrators and members of the executive committees of the different provinces.

11. (1) An administrator and the members of an executive committee of a province shall hold office during the State President’s pleasure, but not for longer than five years, and shall be eligible for reappointment.

(2) Any casual vacancy arising in the executive committee of a province shall be filled by the appointment by the State President, in accordance with subsection (1), of a person to hold office.

12. An administrator may make rules regulating the proceedings of the executive committee of a province.


text: Letters of Junius/Letter II

title: Letters of Junius/Letter II


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13. All decisions of an executive committee shall be taken by the administrator concerned.

14. (1) The administrator of a province shall attend to provincial matters, including such matters―

(2) The administrator of a province may―

(3) In regard to all matters in respect of which the executive committee of a province has no powers, the administrator shall act on behalf of the State President when required to do so, and in connection with such matters the administrator may act without reference to the other members of the executive committee.

(4) Where any law empowers an administrator or an administrator acting in consultation with the other members of the executive committee concerned to determine any rate, scale, tariff, fee or charge for the purposes of any revenue accruing to, or expenditure from, a provincial revenue fund, such determination shall as from 1 April 1987 be made by the administrator acting in consultation with the Minister of Finance, irrespective of the provisions of any law purporting to exempt the administrator from such requirement regarding consultation with the Minister of Finance.

15. (1) The State President may assign the administration of any provision in any law which entrusts to a Minister referred to in section 20 (b) or (c) of the Constitution Act any power, duty or function, to the administrator of any province―

(2) The administrator of a province may in writing authorize― to exercise or perform in general or in a particular case or in cases of a particular nature, any power, duty or function conferred or imposed on the administrator by or in terms of this Act


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or any other Act of Parliament, except the power to issue proclamations or make regulations.

(3) The said administrator may similarly authorize any institution or body contemplated in section 84 (1) (f) of the Provincial Government Act, 1961 (Act No. 32 of 1961), or approved by him, and any such institution or body so authorized may, with the approval of the administrator concerned, further so authorize any person in its employ.

16. The administrator of a province― cause to be published in a newspaper, in order to obtain the views of interested persons regarding any matter within the meaning of the said section, a notice―

CHAPTER III

17. (1) The State President may on the recommendation in writing of an administrator and the Chief Minister of a self-governing territory (or the Chief Ministers of two or more self-governing territories) provide by proclamation in the Gazette for the joint or co-ordinated exercise of powers and performance of functions by the provincial executive authority concerned and the government or governments of the self-governing territory or territories concerned.

(2) The State President shall or may in the proclamation contemplated in subsection (1) regulate anything which in terms of any Act of Parliament that provides for the regulation of joint executive action by a provincial executive authority and the government of a self-governing territory shall or may be regulated.

18. The administrator of a province may, with the approval of the State President and after agreement or arrangement with― in accordance with the said agreement or arrangement, perform in the relevant state, province or territory, as the case may be, any function which he may perform in his province, and for the purpose of the performance of such function that state, province or territory shall be deemed to constitute part of his province.

CHAPTER IV

19. Unless it would in any particular case obviously be inappropriate, having regard to the objects of this Act, as from the commencement of this Act any reference in any law or elsewhere to―


text: Letters of Junius/Table of contents/Volume 2


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20. (1) Any person who― may, within a period of 90 days after such commencement by written notice to the administrator of the province in which his electoral division is situated, elect to be deemed to have eight years’ pensionable service, as so defined, and shall thereafter be entitled to pension benefits calculated in terms of such ordinance in respect of a period of pensionable service of eight years.

(2) There shall, in respect of the period deemed to form part of the pensionable service of the member by virtue of subsection (1), be paid by the relevant member to the relevant provincial revenue fund an amount calculated at 10 per cent of his pensionable salary immediately prior to the commencement of this Act, multiplied by the number of years and portion of a year which are so deemed to be pensionable service.

(3) Any provision in any law which provides for the payment of a pension or other benefit to the widow of a member of a provincial council shall apply mutatis mutandis to the payment of a pension or other benefit to the widower of a member of a provincial council.

(4) Any period of service which a member of a provincial council has completed as a member of Parliament and in respect of which he has received no Parliamentary pension, may be recognized for the purpose of determining his pension benefits as a member of the provincial council, provided he requests in writing the administrator of the province in which his provincial electoral division is situated, within 90 days after the commencement of this Act, that such period be so recognized.

(5) There shall, in respect of the period recognized in terms of subsection (4) as pensionable service of the member, be paid by the relevant member to the relevant provincial revenue fund, an amount calculated at 10 per cent of his pensionable salary immediately prior to the commencement of this Act, multiplied by


text:
Author:John Furniss

Works

 * The Sight of Hell

title: Author:John Furniss


text:
Page:Provincial Government Act 1986.djvu/8

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the number of years and portion of a year which are so recognized as pensionable service.

(6) The provisions of subsections (3) and (4) shall be deemed to have come into operation on 1 July 1984.

21. (1) The duration of the provincial councils shall be deemed to have been extended to 30 June 1986.

(2) Any ordinance which was passed by a provincial council prior to the commencement of this Act but which at such commencement has not yet been dealt with in terms of sections 89 and 90 of the Provincial Government Act, 1961 (Act No. 32 of 1961), may, notwithstanding the repeal of those sections by this Act, be dealt with in terms of those sections after that commencement as if this Act had not been passed.


text: Author:Henry Drummond Wolff

title: Author:Henry Drummond Wolff


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Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 21, 1910.djvu/106

 80 the gateway of his garden, beside his offering,—a stem of sugar cane or plantain stuck in a lump of mud, some betel-nut, rice, water, and sometimes a few pieces of sugar cane and a piece of burning pine wood. This is said to have been the continuous custom since the days of the king Khagenba. In the Manipur Chronicle, under the year A.D. 1628-29, we find,—"He (Khagenba) went to inspect the village of Laiching, and on this occasion the villagers throughout the whole route crowded on both sides of the road to pay respect to their sovereign, and throughout the route the residents on both sides of the road cleaned the ground in front of their houses, and planted a plantain tree at each door, and a burning lamp with some fruits was kept there to worship their king, and from this time this was the established custom of paying respect to the king when he was out."

At the site selected some grass sheds facing inwards had been erected in the form of a hollow square. The Raja and his following took their seats within, and the spearmen, swordsmen, and others showed off their skill in the open space in the centre. Directly the Raja had taken his seat, some five or six horsemen started off to the scene of the special ceremonies, which was about a quarter or half a mile further on. For some months past rice had been daily thrown out under a certain tree, and consequently a considerable number of crows had become accustomed to waiting there for their daily meal. When the horsemen had arrived the rice was thrown down, and the crows swooped down on it. Then a man with a gun crept up, and from a few yards' distance fired a blank round. The birds of course took flight, and the direction of flight of the first bird to rise decided the future of the Raja and the State for the next year. The bird took a northerly direction, which was said to foretell cheap rice.

The following are the interpretations attached to the different points of the compass:—If the bird flies north-east and then returns quickly to the rice, extreme good fortune to the Raja; if north-west, rice and fish will be plentiful; if west, receipt of news of wars from other countries; if south-west, worms and mosquitoes will abound, and the Raja and the people will be ill at ease; if south, much sickness and many deaths; if south-east,


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 him to be wise, and make his peace in time, which he should have upon the condition of giving him his daughter in marriage, and he would then withdraw his army, otherwise he would never leave Abyssinia till he had reduced it to a condition of producing nothing but grass. But the king, nothing daunted, returned him for answer, That he was an infidel, and a blasphemer, used as an instrument to chastise him and his people for their many sins; that it was his duty to bear the correction patiently; but that it would soon happen, when this just purpose was answered, that he would be destroyed, and all those with him, as such wicked instruments had always been; that he the king, and Abyssinia his kingdom, would be preserved as a monument of the mercy of God, who never entirely forsook his people, though he might chastise them.

, the condition of the country was now such that a total destruction seemed to be at hand; for a famine and plague, its constant companion, raged in Abyssinia, carrying off those that the sword had spared.

and Judith, king and queen of the Jews, in the high country of Samen, after having suffered much from Gragne, had at last rebelled and joined him; and the king, who it seems continued to shew an inclination to the Catholic church, which he had imbibed during the embassy of Don Roderigo, by this had occasioned many to fall off from him, he and the court observing Easter according to the Roman kalendar, while the rest of the clergy and kingdoms continued firm to that of Alexandria,


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22. (1) The laws mentioned in―

23. This Act shall be called the Provincial Government Act, 1986, and shall come into operation on 1 July 1986.


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 Rh disturbances in the country, and lives lost in war and by the attacks of wild beasts; if east, happiness for the Raja. I have failed to ascertain why these meanings are attached to the particular directions.

As soon as the birds had flown, the horsemen galloped off to inform the Raja. The next performance was the shooting of Rāvan. Rāvan, the ravisher of Sita, was represented by ten be-turbaned earthenware pots placed on a long bar (Plate VII.). The fifth pot from the right was larger, and from it depended a white robe. The State police provided the firing party, each man firing in turn. A hit to count must be on the bigger pot, or in the region of the heart of the robe. A hit on the cheeks, throat, chin, or top of the head of the biggest pot, or in the heart, was considered to presage good luck, while a hit on the forehead, eyes, or mouth meant misfortune. In case of a hit on one of the lucky spots, the firer received a reward. While I was watching, no hits were scored, and, fearing that my presence might prevent the firers from approaching the figure, I left, and within a short time a satisfactory hit was achieved. The news was conveyed to the Raja by the horsemen, and the proceedings terminated, the procession was reformed, and the Raja returned to his palace.

The following is the explanation given me, by two of the most learned pundits in the state:—Pakhangba, the mythical ancestor of the Manipur Rajas, who is said in the Chronicle "to have assumed the form of God by day, and by night he used to be a man," had a son Khui, who rebelled against him, and for a time was successful, but eventually Khui was slain by his father in single combat in the palace, and his head cut off. His spirit entered a certain somewhat rare bird called wakhembam. To celebrate his victory, Pakhangba instituted a festival on the anniversary of the fight. Those skilled in warlike exercises showed off their skill before the Raja, while a wakhembam was shot at with arrows. In the year A.D. 1726-27, the Raja Gharib Nawaz, the first convert to Hinduism in spite of his Mohammedan name, altered the festival to its present form, and ordained that crows should be substituted for the wakhembam, on account of their being so common. It is only since this change that the flight


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 96 of the birds has been considered prophetic. The crow is supposed to be a hing-chā-bi or witch (hing, alive, cha, to eat),—and therefore it knows the future, and, being frightened, foretells it. I suppose the bird which flies first is the most timid, and therefore the most likely to tell the truth. Gharib Nawaz also instituted the shooting at Rāvan, and combined it with the earlier festival, which is said to have taken place at about the same time as the Durga Puja. Gharib Nawaz also had an image of Ramchandra made, and placed it near to a large tank which he caused to be dug and consecrated, in the same year as he revised the Kwak Jatra. Some years back this tank was cleared out, and in the middle were found the images of Krishna and Kali the submersion of which is described in the Chronicle. It is interesting to note that Kali, who, it may be presumed, represented the sculptor's ideal female, was given the huge earrings which are worn now only by the hill tribes of Manipur, but, I infer, at that time were in common use by the Manipuri ladies of the highest degree.

The Manipur story of how Rāvan came to have ten heads is as follows. My Hindu friends say that it is new to them. Bissha Sharba, afterwards father of Rāvan, deserted his wife Nikasha, and joined certain saints in a forest. After nine months a hostile influence made itself manifest, and the saints informed Bissha Sharba that his wife, resenting his prolonged absence, was by charms interfering with their devotions, and they directed him to return home. On arrival at his house, Nikasha protested against his nine months' desertion. On the advice of the saints, Bissha Sharba gave a certain drink to Nikasha which had the effect of nullifying the spell she had thrown over them. Before returning to the forest Bissha Sharba stayed some time with his wife, and in due time Rāvan was born with ten heads, of which one was much bigger than the others.

By the time of Gharib Nawaz, Khui had come to be looked on as an arch fiend, and, therefore, to a convert to Hinduism, it would seem very appropriate to make a festival to commemorate his defeat, and also to commemorate the defeat of Rāvan.

Author:John Shakespear


text:
Portal:Suicide

Demographics of suicide

 * Suicide in Large Cities, as it appeared in the November 1875 Popular Science Monthly
 * Catholicism, Protestantism, and Suicide, as it appeared in the December 1881 Popular Science Monthly
 * Religious Suicides, as it appeared in the March 1900 Popular Science Monthly
 * Suicide: An Essay on Comparative Moral Statistics, by Henry Morselli

Philosophy of Suicide

 * On Suicide, by Arthur Schopenhauer, translated by Thomas Bailey Saunders
 * A Consideration of Suicide, by J. H. Hopkins as it appeared in the April 1880 Popular Science Monthly
 * Suicide a Sin, 1895 by Robert Ingersoll as it appeared in the New York Journal
 * New York Herald/1897/Interview on Suicide, 1897 by Robert Ingersoll as it appeared in the New York Herald
 * Tolstoy letter on Suicide, 1898 letter by Leo Tolstoy

Specific suicides

 * Miss Chao's Suicide, 1919 by Mao Zedong

Verse

 * The Suicide's Argument, by Samuel Taylor Coleridge
 * Suicide in the Trenches, 1918 by Siegfried Sassoon
 * A Ballad of Suicide, by Gilbert Keith Chesterton
 * The Tempter, 1937 by Robert Ervin Howard

title: Portal:Suicide


text: Folk-Lore/Volume 21/Manipur Festival

title: Folk-Lore/Volume 21/Manipur Festival


text:
Page:Provincial Government Act 1986.djvu/10

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A. Amendment of provisions of the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983 (Act No. 110 of 1983), as follows:―

1. Amendment of section 55 by the substitution for paragraph (b) of subsection (2) of the following paragraph:

2. Amendment of section 71 by the substitution for subparagraph (c) of subsection (3) of the following subparagraph:

3. Amendment of section 82― {|style="padding-left:2.5em"

“(1) In respect of the State Revenue Fund there shall be―

“ (3) Where a law provides that any revenue mentioned therein shall be paid into a provincial revenue fund or that expenditure so mentioned shall be defrayed from such fund, such revenue shall be paid into and such expenditure shall be defrayed from the appropriate account contemplated in subsection (1) (c). ”
 * }

4. Amendment of section 98 by the substitution in subsection (2) for the words “ordinance of a province” of the words “Act of Parliament”.

B. Amendment of the Interpretation Act, 1957 (Act No. 33 of 1957)―

C. Amendment of the Exchequer and Audit Act, 1975 (Act No. 66 of 1975), as follows:―

1. Amendment of section 1 by the substitution in subsection (1) for the definition of “revenue” of the following definition: “revenue” means all moneys received by way of taxes, imposts or duties and all casual and other receipts of the State, whatever the source, which may be appropriated by Parliament or the relevant House of Parliament, according to the circumstances, and includes moneys borrowed in terms of the provisions of this Act, but does not include the amount of any fine not exceeding R50 imposed upon any person by any court of law, in so far as such amount has not been paid, and revenue accruing to the South African Transport Services and the Post Office Fund [and a provincial revenue fund]”;

2. Amendment of section 2 by the insertion in subsection (1) of the following paragraph:

3. Amendment of section 4― {|style="padding-left:2.5em"

 * }


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4. Insertion of the following section after section 4:

5. Amendment of section 15 by the addition to subsection (3) of the following paragraph:


text:
Author:Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald

Works

 * Natural Philosophy (1910), translated by Thomas Seltzerexternal link
 * Colour Science I, Colour Theory and Standards of Colour. Colour Science II, Colour Measurement and Colour Harmony, Tr. by J. S. Taylor (1931).
 * Author’s page on Archive.org
 * Author’s page on Archive.org

For The Masses

 * "Breaking Barriers" (1911)

title: Author:Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald


text:
Page:Provincial Government Act 1986.djvu/12

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PART 2


text:
Author:William Ritchie Sorley

Works

 * The Ethics of Naturalism
 * The Interpretation of Evolution

title: Author:William Ritchie Sorley


text:
Page:Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile - In the Years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, and 1773 volume 2.djvu/182

 this time Osman of Dawaro, Jonadab, Kefla, Yousef, and other rebel Abyssinians, part of Ammer's army, one of Gragne's generals, surprised the king's eldest son, Victor, going to join his father the 7th day of March; slew him, and dispersed his army. Three days after, the king himself came to action, with Ammer at Zaat in Waag, but he was there again beaten, and his youngest son Menas was taken prisoner. The king had scarce now an attendant, and, being almost alone, he took refuge among the rocks and bushes in a high mountain called Tsalem in the district of Tsalamet. But he had not remained above a day there, when he was followed by Joram, (rebel-master of that district) and narrowly escaped being taken as he was crossing the Tacazzé on foot and alone; whence he took refuge on mount Tabor, a very high mountain in Sire, and there he passed the winter.

amazing spirit and constancy of the king, who alone seemed not to forsake the cause of his kingdom, who now, without children or army, still singly, made war for the liberty of his country, astonished all Abyssinia as well friends as enemies. Every veteran soldier, therefore, that could escape the small parties of the Moors which surrounded the king, joined him at Tabor, and he was again at the head of a very small, but brave body of troops, though it was scarcely known in what part of the kingdom he was hid. When Achmet-eddin, lieutenant of Ammer, passed through Sire, loaded with the spoils of the churches and towns he had plundered, the king, finding him within his reach, descended from the mountain, and, by a sudden march, surprised and slew him with his own hand, leaving the greatest part of his army dead on the field. After which he distributed the booty among his small army.