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Claypole. American Geologist 1890. 6: 258

Claypole. Ibid. p. 400

Claypole. Ibid. 1894. 13: 78

Claypole. Ibid. p. 77

The highly bituminous dolomites of Kokomo, Ind., have afforded a species of Eusarcus which was described by Claypole first as  then as. The peculiar character of this rock makes an unfavorable matrix and Claypole was successful only in outlining the body and legs of his species but careful treatment of a series of these specimens has made it possible to elucidate in some measure the essential structures of the creature. The type specimen has not been located by us (cited as belonging to Mr Newlin of Kokomo), but we have before us several specimens brought together by the late Professor James Hall and now belonging to the museum of the University of Chicago, one of which agrees so closely with the figure of the type as to suggest its identity with the latter. Another specimen [ pl. 39] in the same collection, both sides of which have been preserved, excels the type in the distinctiveness of several important features.

Besides these specimens we have two large individuals (one from the Hall collection, the other in the State museum) which correspond in size to Claypole's. This species was erected by Claypole for a specimen received from Mr Charles Smith of Akron, O.


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 in the most affable manner,presents in hand, and magnificent promises of recompence hereafter. Great as these preparations were, they had not made much impression among the confederates in Adel; and already the king had put himself at the head of his army, before the Moors seemed to think it worth their while to follow him. They were, indeed, at that very time, laying waste a part of the kingdom of Abyssinia. The king, then, by quick marches, advanced through Fatigar, as if he was going to Aussa, the capital of Adel.

Fatigar and the plain country of Adel there is a deep large valley, through which it was necessary the army should pass. Very steep mountains bound it on every side, whilst two openings (each of them very narrow) were the only passages by which it was possible to enter or go out. The king divided his army into two; he kept the best troops and largest body with himself, and sent Betwudet with the rest, as if they intended to fight the enemy before they gained the defiles. The Moors, on the other hand, terrified at what must happen if the king with his army marched into their defenceless country, accounted it a great escape to get into these very defiles before they were forced to an engagement. Betwudet, who desired no more, gave them their way, and, entering the valley behind them, encamped there. The king, at the other end; had done the same, unseen by the enemy, who thought he was advanced on his march to Aussa. The Moors were thus completely hemmed in, and the king's army vastly superior. He had ordered his tents to be left standing, with a body of troops in them, and these completely covered the only outlet to the

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, the king's mortal enemy, who had taken upon, himself the destruction of the royal Family, descended into the province of Sire, and neighbourhood of Tabor, and there indulged himself in the most wanton cruelties, torturing and murdering the priests, burning churches and villages, hoping by this the king would, lose his temper, and leave his strong-hold in the mountain. But hearing at the same time, that a large quantity of plate, and other treasure, belonging to the church Debra Kerbe, had been carried into an island in the lake Tzana for safety, he left the king, and seized his booty in the lake to a very great amount.

, he there fell ill of a fever; but, on his return, was so far advanced in his recovery as to resume his schemes of destroying the king; when, the night of the 10th of February 1538, while he was sleeping in bed in his tent, a common soldier, from what quarrel or cause is not known, went secretly and stabbed him several times in the belly with a two-edged knife, so that he died instantly, to David's great relief, and much to the safety of the whole kingdom.

was now 12 years since Don Roderigo de Lima had failed from Masuah, carrying with him Zaga Zaab ambassador from the king of Abyssinia. This embassy arrived safe in Lisbon, and was received with great magnificence by king John; but, as the circumstances of the kingdom when he left Masuah were really flourishing, and as the treatment he met in Portugal was better than he had, probably, ever experienced at home, he seems to have been in no haste to put an end to this embassy. On the other side, the king of Portugal's affairs in India were arrived at that


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 Here again the author furnished an outline sketch [reproduced in text fig. 60] and diagnosed the species by citing its differences from. He says:

In the specific description the leading points of difference and those on which the definition rests are the greater size of the fossil and the smaller number of cusps or branches on the four anterior pairs of gnathopods.


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 valley, whilst Betwudet and his party had advanced considerably, and made much the same disposition.

king drew up his troops early in the morning, and offered the enemy battle, when the whole Abyssinian army was surprised to discover a backwardness in the Moors so unlike their behaviour at former times; well they might, when they were informed from whom that panic among the Moors came, Maffudi, a fanatic from the beginning, whether really deceived by such a prophecy, or raised to a pitch of pride and enthusiasm by the honours he had received, and desirous, by a remarkable death, to deserve the rank of martyr among those of his own religion, or from whatever cause it arose, came to the king of Adel, and told him, that his time was now come; that it had been prophesied to him long ago, that if, that year, he fought the king of Abyssinia in person, he was there to lose his life: That he knew, for certain, David was then present, having, with his own eyes, seen the scarlet tent, (a colour which is only used by the king); he desired, therefore, the king of Adel to make the best of his way through a less steep part of the mountain, which he shewed him; to take his family and favourites along with him, and leave under his command the army to try their fortune with David. Mahomet, at no time very fond of fighting, never found himself less so than upon this advice of Maffudi's. He resolved, therefore, to follow his council; and, before the battle began, withdrew himself through the place that was shewn him, and was followed by a few of his friends.

was now 9 o'clock, and the sun began to be hot, before which the Abyssinians never choose to engage, when


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Rh mate after he has aided her in enlarging her progeny, so co-operation tends to make property the chief end of society instead of Liberty and equality. Where wealth accumulates, there is ever the tendency for men to decay; and so, as has pointed out: "The natural order of things is for Liberty to yield and for Government to gain ground."  And as the enforcement of order and the protection of ever accumulating wealth becomes the Government's chief end, Liberty is ever more and more forgotten or restricted. Man, placed in second place, less regarded, and more hampered in his free and independent development, loses character, strength, and ceases to exist as a power of force. All these price fixing regulations are putting him under the tutelage and protection of a host of Governmental servants employed and paid by him, with no other possible result than his complete enervation and inability to protect himself. He follows the course of the faineant Kings of France and, like them, perishes when he comes in conflict with men who have remained free.

It has been splendidly written:

"Here is the law of progress, which will explain all diversities, all advances, all halts, and retrogressions. Men tend to progress just as they come closer together, and by co-operation with each other increase the mental power that may be devoted to improvement, but just as conflict is provoked, or association develops inequality of condition and power, this tendency to progression is lessened, checked, and finally reversed.  * * *  In a general way, these obstacles to improvement may, in relation to the society itself, be classed as external and internal—the first operating with greater force in the earlier stages of civilization, the latter becoming more important in the


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 The specimen measures 24 inches in length, whereas none of those from which the description of  was compiled exceeded 14. There are also only three cusps on the front edge of the first, third and fourth pairs of gnathopods, and four on the second pair. In  these cusps are sometimes 8 to 12 in number, and apparently in some cases project from the back of that organ, though this must be considered uncertain and against analogy.

There is, moreover, on the large paddles, no trace of the fringed or serrated edges which are so conspicuous in the paddles of. They are perfectly even and smooth.

None of the differences cited seem to us to warrant any specific distinction, the different size being clearly due to age, since no important corresponding discrepancies in the proportional lengths of the parts of the body could be found to corroborate the supposed distinction. The cusps are, to our knowledge, of like number in all these Eusarci, all segments, save the first two and the last, bearing two spines each, the last forming a single spine. Both spines were of nearly equal size, as we have already observed in the generic description, but frequently only those of one side are observable, the others being either broken away, leaving their wartlike bases [ pl. 33, fig. 1], or imbedded in the rock above or below the bedding plane on which the body rests. Of the two specimens of  before us, one [ pl. 37] shows the spines of both sides and would hence correspond to   s. str., the other only those of one side and would hence have in this regard the character of.

The last difference cited is the absence in  of the fringed or serrated edges "so conspicuous in the paddles of  ." Much of the serrated appearance of the edges of the paddles in the eurypterids is due to a cracking of the thickened margin of this thin leaf like organ. For this reason one frequently sees in some specimens of this species an apparently very marked serration, while others have a distinctly smooth edge. The same is true of both  and ,   possessing, in reality but a very weakly developed serration.

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 degree of prosperity and power, that little use remained for such an ally as the king of Abyssinia.

Moorish trade and navigation to India had already received a fatal blow, as well from the Portuguese themselves, as from the fall of the Mamalukes in Egypt; and Soliman, and his servant Sinan Basha, by their conquest, and introducing soldiers who had not any idea or talent for trade, but only plunder and rapine, had given a finishing stroke to what the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope began. The filling Arabia with fire-arms and Turks was now of consequence to none but to David; and of such a consequence it had been, that, as we have seen, in the course of 12 years it had left him nothing in Abyssinia but the bare name of king, and a life so precarious that it could not be counted upon from one day's end to the other.

had detained in Abyssinia two Portuguese, one called Master John, the other Lazarus d'Andrad a painter, being two of Don Roderigo's train that came from the Indies with him. The Abuna (Mark) was become old and incapable, and, since the Turkish conquest of Egypt, very indifferent to, and unconnected with, what passed at Cairo. Before he died, at the king's desire he had appointed John his successor, and accordingly ordained him Abuna, as well as having first given him all the inferior orders at once; for John was a layman and student in physic; a very simple creature, but a great bigot; and we shall from henceforward call him John Bermudes.

very willingly consented to his ordination, provided the pope approved of it; and he set out for Rome,


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 existence, they could be of no more than varietal importance. We here refer all specimens of Eusarcus from Kokomo to one species which has the following characters.

Description. General form that of a rather short, posteriorly broad oval body (carapace and preabdomen) with abruptly attached tubular tail (postabdomen) of equal length with the body, and a rather short, stout tail spine.

Cephalothorax broader than long (proportion of length to width as 7 : 8 in the youngest specimen), the difference decreasing with increasing age, in the largest example being reduced to but one fourth of its earlier size; outline a regular triangle with truncated angles, the lateral margins moderately convex, the posterior margin gently concave in the middle, almost straight. Posterior truncating line or postlateral angles very gently convex; frontal margin probably slightly emarginate between the eyes. The lateral eyes have been seen only in the largest specimen; they are located at the antelateral angles, are of bean-shaped outline and about one fifth the length of the lateral margin. Their structure has not been observed; nor have the ocelli been seen in any of the specimens.

Abdomen. Preabdomen relatively shorter than in any of the other species; a little longer than the carapace and nearly twice as wide; broadens in continuation of the lateral margins of the carapace to the fourth tergite, whence it contracts rapidly to the powerful postabdomen which is twice as long as the preabdomen and two fifths as broad.

The outlines of the separate tergites and sternites have not been distinguished with clearness and no separate plates observed; hence no detailed description of their form and relative dimensions can be given, but enough has been seen to prove that they do not differ materially from the corresponding parts of the better known, although it is


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 to be inferred from the relative smaller length of the preabdomen that the preabdominal plates were also relatively shorter. The first tergite would, from the evidence of the largest specimen, seem to have been at least eight times as wide as long. The posterior margins (which alone are seen owing to the more abrupt termination) are nearly straight in the anterior tergites but become distinctly concave in the middle of the last two plates; in the sternites they are throughout broadly concave in the middle and well rounded at the postlateral angles.

The gill plates are distinctly outlined in the smallest of the specimens [ pl. 37,] and are of elongate, sublanceolate outline, rounded on the inner side and acutely pointed on the outer, slightly diminishing in size posteriorly.

The postabdomen appears disproportionately long; it is fully twice as long as the preabdomen. At the same time it is broader (one fourth as wide as long) than in other species and has altogether the appearance of a very powerful organ. The first segment completes the contraction of the oval portion of the abdomen as in the other Eusarci, thence the postabdomen is of nearly uniform width, contracting but one sixth to the posterior extremity. The first segment is a narrow ring with a strong forward bend, about four and one half times as wide as long. The next is of similar shape and rate of contraction, but four times as wide as long. At the postlateral angles it is slightly produced backward and its lateral margins are concave, indicating that it had the form of a concave truncated cone. The next, like the following, is of tubular form. The last four segments do not lengthen nearly as rapidly in this species as in, the sixth being twice as long as the third and three fifths as wide as long.

The telson has been seen in but two specimens. In one of these it agrees with the figures given by Claypole of  and   in being short, stout and straight. Its length is one sixth that of the body and four times as great as its basal width. The basal fourth is slightly expanded or inflated, the remainder tapers regularly to a point. One of the specimens shows at the underside near the base a


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 has all the qualifications for making a woman happy; that she has only two children by him; and, as her family is so small, she comes to solicit their daughter for her husband's wife, that their families may be joined together, and be strong; and that her children, from their being few in number, may not fall a prey to their enemies in the day of battle; for the Galla always fight in families, whether against one another, or against other enemies.

she has thus obtained a wife for her husband, she carries her home, puts her to bed with her husband, where, having left her, she feasts with the bride's relations. There the children of the first marriage are produced, and the men of the bride's family put each their hands upon these children's heads, and afterwards take the oath in the usual manner, to live and die with them as their own offspring. The children, then, after this species of adoption, go to their relations, and visit them for the space of seven days. All that time the husband remains at home in possession of his new bride; at the end of which he gives a feast, when the first wife is seated by her husband, and the young one serves the whole company. The first wife from this day keeps her precedence; and the second is treated by the first wife like a grown up-daughter. I believe it would be very long before the love of their families would introduce this custom among the young women of Britain.

a father dies and leaves many children, the eldest succeeds to the whole inheritance without division; nor is he obliged, at any time, or by any circumstance, to give his brothers a part afterwards. If the father is alive when the son first begins to shave his head, which is a declaration of


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 fragment of a flat-topped carina such as is found in the other eurypterids, suggesting that the section of the telson does not differ materially from that in other genera. No traces of marginal serrae are observable in our specimens.

Appendages. What appear to be the tips of the chelicerae or preoral appendages are seen in the largest specimen, the chelicerae having there remained in normal position. If this view is correct, these appendages were relatively large and strong.

The ectognathites or walking legs are here developed into stout and long organs which, except for the first pair, protrude far beyond the carapace and by their width give the impression of great strength and importance. This impression is still more emphasized by the great length of their curved spines. The first leg was the shortest, only its last two segments and their spines protruding. The second walking leg which is the longest, is exposed with six segments outside of the carapace; its exposed portion equals the carapace in length. The segments in this pair of appendages are about as long as wide; in the following legs they become increasingly shorter. The spines attain about one fourth the length of the ectognathites, the terminal clawlike spine being the longest and the others decreasing in proximal direction. Each exposed segment bears two spines of apparently somewhat different length which all curve inward. Of the next swimming leg about one segment less protrudes and the segments are also shorter, the exposed part being thereby shorter by one sixth than that of the preceding leg. The fourth pair is shorter than the second by at least one third; its segments, however, are broader than long by about one third, so that again five segments protrude.

The swimming legs are distinguished by great length and width; turned back they reach the beginning of the narrow part of the postabdomen (line of third postabdominal segment). The coxae of the legs have been seen only in outlines too faint and obscure for exact description. One of these is indicated on plate 38. The manducatory edges which are the most resistant parts of the gnathobases are also seen on plate 37,


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152 later stages. * * * I mean, so to speak, ''that the garment of laws, customs, and political institutions, which each society weaves for itself, is constantly tending to become too tight as society develops. * * * Modern civilization owes its superiority to the growth of equality with the growth of association. * * * Civilization is co-operation. Union and liberty are its factors.'' The great extension of association—not alone in the growth of larger and denser communities, but in the increase of commerce and the manifold exchanges which knit each community together and link them with other though widely separate communities. * * * the advances in security of property and person, in individual liberty, and towards democratic government—advances, in short, towards the recognition of the equal rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness—it is these that make our modern civilization so much greater, so much higher, than any that has gone before.  It is these that have  * * *  increased productive power by a thousand great inventions. * * * ''From first to last, slavery, like every other denial of the natural equality of men, has hampered and prevented progress. Just in proportion as slavery plays an important part in the social organization does improvement cease.'' That in the classical world slavery was so universal, is undoubtedly the reason why the mental activity  * * *  never hit on any of the great discoveries and inventions which distinguish modern civilization. No slave holding people ever were an inventive people. * * * To freedom alone is given the spell of power which summons the genii in whose keeping are the treasures of earth and the viewless forces of the air.  * * *  To turn a republican government into a despotism the basest


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 all the proprietors of the neighbouring lands, and visits the bounds with them; they kill a goat at particular distances, and bury the heads under ground upon the boundary line of this regality; which heads, Paez says, it is felony to dig; up or remove; and this is a mark or gift of land in perpetuity."

contradicting the form of burying the goats heads, I shall only say, I never saw or heard of it, nor is there such a thing as a gift of land in perpetuum known in Abyssinia. All the land is the king's; he gives it to whom he pleases during pleasure, and resumes it when it is his will. As soon as he dies the whole land in the kingdom (that of the Abuna excepted) is in the disposal of the crown; and not only so, but, by the death of every present owner, his possessions, however long enjoyed, revert to the king, and do not fall to the eldest son. It is by proclamation the possession and property is reconveyed to the heir, who thereby becomes absolute matter of the land for his own life or pleasure of the king, under obligation of military and other services; and that exception, on the part of the Abuna, is not in respect to the sanctity of his person, or charge, but because it is founded upon treaty, and is become part of the constitution.

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 as rows of fine teeth. The segments forming the arm or pole of the swimming legs are rather short, ringlike and broad with intricate articulations, none of which however is well preserved. The seventh and eighth segments form a much lengthened but little broadened blade; the seventh segment is about one and one half times as long as wide and occupies nearly one third of the length of the arm beyond the coxa. The proximal extremity is deeply notched for the articulation with the preceding segment; the lobelike plate, marked off from the inner distal margin by a suture, is rounded and occupies half the width of the segment. The palette is a long subelliptical body, twice as long as wide; its distal extremity slightly convex, the inner nearly straight. It carries at its distal extremity a nearly circular claw of relatively great size (one fourth the length of the palette) so snugly fitted in a corresponding notch that it is discerned with difficulty. The edges of the blade are furnished all around with small serrae.

The metastoma has not been seen.

Genital appendages. The only trace of a genital appendage seen is a small oval area which suggests an immature female appendage.

Ornamentation. The preservation of most of the material is such that the substance of the integument is a finely puckered carbonaceous film obscuring all former surface ornamentation. In the smallest specimen the impression of the postabdomen shows small elongate elliptic scales of the character of those in  [ pl. 39]. On the sternites and the carapace of the same specimen traces of small circular markings are also observable, suggesting that on the whole, the ornamentation of this form was little different from that of.

Horizon and localities. All representatives of this species have come from the Kokomo waterlime horizon at Kokomo, Indiana.

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 a fairly continuous series of later growth stages, the first two of which correspond in size to Claypole's, the last two to his. In the introductory remarks we have already given reasons for uniting the two names. These can be briefly restated as consisting in the absence of the distinguishing characters cited by Claypole and in the agreement of the dimensional proportions in the smaller and larger individuals. There appear to exist a few actual differences between the smallest and

largest specimens, which can be more plausibly explained as growth differences rather than varietal distinctions. There are the somewhat greater width of the carapace and more convex lateral margin, the greater thickness of the walking legs and swimming legs in the largest specimen, all of which combine to give the latter a more robust and less agile appearance. The same age difference we have observed in other eurypterids, as has been noted more fully in another place.


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  as here defined unquestionably belonged to the giants of the race and lagged little, if at all, behind   in size. Not less than three of the few specimens known indicate individuals of two feet or more in length.

The species differed from  in being built still more compact and sturdy. This is shown in the relatively shorter and broader preabdomen, the shorter and especially broader postabdomen and the shorter, stouter and probably straight telson. The posterior contraction of the preabdomen is more abrupt and the outline of the preabdomen and carapace combined more broadly oval posteriorly. The walking legs are stouter and provided with longer spines; the swimming legs reach farther back (principally on account of the greater contraction of the preabdomen) and the postabdomen is notably broader. The cephalothorax has grown somewhat in proportion to the body, probably on account of the greater stoutness of the appendages for which it has to serve as basis of attachment.

Clarke. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 107. 1907. p. 307, pl. 5, fig. 10; also pl. 5, fig. 7

Description. The original description of this species which was based on a single specimen is:

This diminutive head shield is remarkable for the extraordinary development of the compound eye lobes which are anterior and very prominent and though the shield has a diameter of only 4.5 mm, the ocellar mound is fully developed. So unusual is the aspect of this specimen that it can not be assigned to any of the other species here noted, and though entirely immature, it is given a distinctive designation.

Later collections have furnished a few more specimens of like size exhibiting the same unusual characters as well as somewhat larger specimens which would indicate, if properly referred here, a remarkable change of characters in the ontogeny of this form. We shall first describe the type and then note the later changes.


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 the Mahometans) were, when occasion offered, enemies to both. The Shum of Giannamora, a small district belonging to Abyssinia, full of brave soldiers, and considerably reinforced by David for the very purpose, had the charge of bringing these barbarians to subjection, as being their immediate neighbours.

king had afterwards advanced eastward to the frontiers of Fatigar, but was still in the southern part of his dominions. The ambassador and his retinue were landed on the north. They were to cross the whole extent of the empire through woods and over mountains, the like of which are not known in Europe, full of savage beasts, and men more savage than the beasts themselves; intersected by large rivers, and what was the worst circumstance, swelling every day by the tropical rains. Frequently deserts of no considerable length, indeed, intervened, where no sustenance was to be found for man or beast, nor relief for accidental misfortunes. Yet such was the bravery of that small company, that they hesitated not a moment to undertake this enterprise. Every thing was thought easy which contributed to the glory of their king, and the honour of their country.

was not long before this gallant company found need of all their constancy and courage; for in their short journey to the convent of St Michael (the first they attempted) they found the wood so thick that there was scarcely passage for either man or beast. Briers and thorns, too, of a


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 The type of the original description [pl. 36, fig. 4] is a small broadly triangular carapace so unusually broad that its length to width is as 2 : 3. The lateral margins in their general direction converge to the protruding front of the carapace and possess a gently sigmoidal curvature, the posterior two thirds resembling projecting cheeks while the anterior third is concave. The postlateral angles are acute. The carapace is highest between the eyes, the ocellar mound being on the apex. The posterior portion of the head is strongly depressed in all specimens, rising abruptly to the upturned lateral borders, and gradually from the base forward. A thickened filiform border bounds the lateral margins and a narrow, flat, depressed border the posterior margin. The projecting frontal margin is flat or slightly elevated.

A very striking feature of the carapace is the pearllike projecting eyes placed very far forward and intramarginal, lying in the pit of the concave curve of the lateral margin. The visual surface is distinctly seen in several specimens [pl. 36, figs. 3, 4, 8]. It is crescent shaped and narrow. The ocellar mound which is situated on a line connecting the posterior extremities of the compound eyes is, like the latter, characterized by extreme prominence, and besides by its remarkably large relative size.

Only one specimen has been found that can give a clue to the original form of the abdomen. Corresponding to the diverging lateral margins of the head and its broad basis, this is also broad and widens much toward the posterior portion of the preabdomen, after which it probably contracted rapidly to the telson.

The boundaries of the tergites are but very faintly seen and it is possible that the specimen has suffered contraction by pressure.

The postabdomen and telson have not been seen in place but a curved telson with attached last postabdominal joint [pl. 36, fig. 7] has been referred here provisionally, partly because it could not be placed with any other species and partly because the head and abdomen of  suggest its reference to Eusarcus and this telson points also to the same genus. Indeed, we consider the presence of this telson good evidence


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 of the presence of a Eusarcus in the Otisville fauna, and therefore as supporting the reference of the species here described to that genus.

The carapace of, as exemplified by the holotype, corresponds to that of Eusarcus in the following characters: its typically sub triangular outline with slightly projecting cheeks, the oval form and highly anterior marginal position of the compound eyes. The great width of the preabdomen is also a feature comparable only to Eusarcus.

The immature aspect of the holotype has been mentioned in the preliminary description. It finds its most distinct expression in the relatively large, oval eyes, their forward position and the prominence of the ocelli. It is shown in this paper that the earliest growth stage of, and to some extent also of members of other genera, is distinguished by its broad carapace, and thus the form of the head of   also emphasizes this impression of immaturity. It is, however, to be noted that while the specimens are quite probably not mature forms, their size excludes them from the larval or nepionic stage, of which the immature features mentioned here are characteristic. Moreover we have a specimen of larval dimensions and features [pl. 36, fig. 9] whose size indicates that the other specimens are at least of neanic age. If this be correct, they allow a fair conclusion as to the mature form which, as the largest of the specimens [pl. 36, fig. 2] indicates, retained the outline of the head and the position of the eyes, but lost the pearllike prominence of the eyes and the sigmoidal curvature of the lateral margins. The scarcity of the young individuals in the Shawangunk grit at Otisville allows the inference that the species was very rare in that fauna and adults have therefore not yet been obtained.

The carapace of the nepionic specimen [pl. 36, fig. 9], measuring but 1.2 millimeters, is of striking, or rather grotesque appearance by virtue of the following features:

 * 1) The broadly triangular outline
 * 2) The spinelike prolongations of the frontal and genal angles
 * 3) The immense, diverging eyes
 * 4) The strong median crest
 * 5) The broad margin


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 will to put them in execution. Such were the plans of a joint army, to attack Arabia, and to conquer it down to Jerusalem. The Turks were on their progress southward in great force; they had conquered Arabia in less than half the time Don Roderigo had spent quarrelling with the king about pepper and mules; and a storm was ready to break in a quarter least expected.

the gentle reigns of the Mamalukes, before the conquest of Egypt and Arabia by Selim, a caravan constantly let out from Abyssinia directly for Jerusalem. They had then a treaty with the Arabs. This caravan rendezvoused at Hamazen, a small territory abounding in provisions, about two days journey from Dobarwa, and nearly the same from Masuah; it amounted sometimes in number to a thousand pilgrims, ecclesiastics as well as laymen. They travelled by very easy journies, not above six miles a-day, halting to perform divine service, and setting up their tents early, and never beginning to travel till towards nine in the morning. They had, hitherto, passed in perfect safety, with drums beating and colours flying, and, in this way, traversed the desert by the road of Suakem.

year after Selim had taken possession of Cairo, Abba Azerata Christos, a monk famous for holiness, had conducted fifteen hundred of these pilgrims with him to Jerusalem, and they had arrived without accident; but, on their return, they had fallen in with a body of Selim's troops, who slew a great part of them, and forced others to take


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 In this nepionic individual the relative width of carapace is much greater than in the type. The impression of excessive width is, however, hightened by the lengthening of the genal angles parallel to the base of the head. These horizontal genal spines, together with the equally produced third frontal angle of the triangle, serve to strongly emphasize the triangular aspect of the head. The frontal projection is the forward continuation of a strong median crest extending forward from the base. The lateral margins exhibit the sigmoidal curvature and the cheeklike convexity of the posterior portion as in the following stage.

The compound eyes are oval in form, of great size (about one third the total length of the head), strongly divergent and placed in the middle of the head instead of forward and farther inward from the margin than in the older individuals. The fact that they are surrounded by a deep depression seems to indicate that they were originally quite prominent, thereby drawing the surrounding test downward with them in becoming depressed to the level of the carapace. The ocelli have not been discerned. Finally the carapace exhibits a broad thick margin on all three sides, possibly a broad doublure on the under side.

It is easily seen that this larval form, notwithstanding its own peculiar characters, shares its most important features with the larval stages of other eurypterids. This is especially true of the large size of the eyes, the great width of the head and the presence of a median crest. The acute lobes of the angles are a character peculiar to this larval form and perhaps in line with the spinose processes of the larval forms of many crustaceans. The position of the compound eyes in the middle of the head may be of phylogenetic significance and indicate the secondary acquirement of the frontal position of these eyes in Eusarcus. It should be also noted that the convergence of the eyes in the mature form is directly reverse to that in the larval stage, obviously a consequence of the later adjustment in position of the compound eye to the converging frontal margins.

Measurements. The length of the type (carapace) is 3.2 mm; its width 4.8 mm; the width of the carapace of the original of plate 36, figure 5


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 in Abyssinia, and wonders how they should have represented a thing they had never seen, and, having done so, remained still incapable to make or use it. Poncet was no man of reading out of his own protection; he nowhere pretends it; he recorded this fact because he saw it, as a traveller should do, and left others to give the reason which he could not. Poncet calls this place Heleni, from a small village of that name in the neighbourhood. Had he been a scholar he would have known that the ruins he was observing were those of the city of Axum, the ancient metropolis of this part of Ethiopia.

, the third Grecian king of Egypt, conquered this city and the neighbouring kingdom; resided some time there; and, being absolutely ignorant of hieroglyphics, then long disused, he left the obelisk he had erected for ascertaining his latitudes ornamented with ligures of his own choosing, and the inventions of his subjects the Egyptians, and particularly the door for a convenience of private life, to be imitated by his new-acquired subjects the Ethiopians, to whom it had hitherto been unknown.

Dobarwa he arrived at Arcouva, which, he fays geographers miscal Arequies. M. Poncet might have spared this criticism upon geographers till he himself had been better informed, for both are equally miscalled, whether Arcoava or Arequies. The true and only name of, the place, known either to Mahometans or Christians, is Arkeeko, as the island to which he passed, crossing an arm of the sea, is called Masuah, not Messoua, as he everywhere spells it.


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 is 4.5 mm; the greatest width of the abdomen is 6.1 mm. The largest carapace referred to here [pl. 36, fig. 2] measures 7.4 mm in length and 10.6 mm in width. The telson figured in connection with this species measures about 27 mm in length and 5 mm in basal width.

Horizon and locality. Very rare in the dark shales of the Shawangunk grit at Otisville, N. Y.

Description. Carapace semielliptical in outline, about as wide at the base as long, the lateral margins nearly straight and slightly converging forward to the antelateral angles. Frontal margin well rounded; posterior margin straight transverse and genal angles acute, apparently produced a little sidewise. Eyes marginal, small, about one fifth the length of the carapace, situated at the antelateral angles, the visual surface occupying the whole eye node; the latter apparently without facets. Ocelli large, situated between the lateral eyes. The carapace was either smooth or the original ornamentation is obscured.

Horizon and locality. Frankfort shale (Schenectady beds) at Schenectady.

Remarks. We have comprised under this species a number of carapaces of strange aspect, which in outline do not agree exactly with any of the Siluric genera. The eyes, in form and position, suggest the genus Eusarcus, but the position of the ocelli near the frontal margin between the compound eyes is a feature not observed in any genus. It would seem that this form had gone even beyond Eusarcus in the concentration of the sense organs at the front, in adaptation to its habit of covering itself with mud. The type specimen [pl. 84, fig. 5] measures 18 × 15 mm, its lateral eyes are about 4 mm long, the largest specimen observed is 31+ mm long; its width is indeterminable, the sides being folded under; the eyes measure 7 mm.


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534 last action of the king entirely relieved the minds of all the friends of Tecla Haimanout from any further fear of being called to account for the murder of Yasous; and, in consequence of this, the queen Malocotawit, with her brothers Dermin and Paulus, and all the murderers of the late king Yasous, came to Gondar that same winter to do homage to Theophilus, whom they now thought their greatest protector.

the wise and sagacious king had kept his secret in his own bosom. All his behaviour hitherto had been only dissimulation, to induce his brother's murderers to come within his power. And no sooner did he see that he had succeeded in this, than the very first day, while they were yet at audience, he ordered an officer, in his own presence, to arrest first the queen, and then her two brothers Dermin and Paulus. He gave the same directions concerning the rest of the conspirators, who were all scattered about Gondar, eating, drinking, and fearing nothing, but rejoicing at the happy days they had promised themselves, and were now to see: he ordered the whole of them, amounting to 37 persons, many of these of the first rank, to be all executed that same forenoon.

began with the queen, who was taken immediately from his presence and hanged by the common hangman on the tree before the palace gate; the first of her rank, it is believed, that ever died so vile a death, either in Abyssinia or any other country, the history of which has come down to our hands. Dermin and Paulus were first carried to the tree to see their sister's execution; after which, one after the other, they were thrust through with swords, the


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Nine carapaces which have in common the broad, short, subtriangular form and the forward position of the marginal lateral eyes, bear a close resemblance to the carapace of  from the Bertie waterlime. The largest of these [pl. 84, fig. 7], which is also the most distinct, has been selected as the type of the species.

Description. Carapace broadly subtriangular in outline, twice as broad as long (length of type, 20 mm, width, 43 mm), the lateral margins gently convex in the anterior third, forming a blunt frontal angle. Posterior margin straight transverse or broadly convex forward; genal angles acute. The lateral eyes are marginal, situated one third of the length of the lateral margin from the frontal apex, small (one seventh to one eighth the length of the side), bean-shaped, the visual surface apparently occupying the entire node. No facets seen. Ocelli situated in the middle of the carapace.

In several specimens the first tergite is found attached to the carapace. This is broad and short, about seven times as wide as long. In another specimen [pl. 84, fig. 9] the preabdomen and the proximal portion of a swimming leg are also preserved.

The carapace and first tergite were smooth or have only small, scattered tubercles.

Horizon and localities. The Frankfort shale (Schenectady beds) at Schenectady (Dettbarn quarry), Duanesburg and Rotterdam Junction.

Hall erected Dolichopterus as a subgenus of Eurypterus, citing as its distinguishing characters: the development of the "palette" (ninth segment), the less dilatation of the natatory feet, the form of the metastoma, and of the "central footlike organ" (genital appendage). It has been accorded full generic rank by later authors, with perfect propriety, we feel


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 sure, although it remained monotypic until Holm referred two metastomas from the dolomitic shale of Rootziküll, Island of Oesel, to this genus. The Bertie waterlime of Williamsville, near Buffalo, which has furnished the genotype, has afforded the carapace of a second species, here described as, and the shale of the Shawangunk grit at Otisville has furnished a third species which sheds much interesting light on this rare and little known genus. We have named this last species  because the carapace has all the characteristics of that of Stylonurus [pl. 46, fig. 13] in its subrectangular outline, broad doublure with frontal triangular plate on the underside and broad rim of the dorsal side, position, relative size and form of the lateral eyes. Its most peculiar features are, however, its swimming feet which appear beset with leaflike plates, the last segment being tripartite and consisting of three lanceolate plates. It is not difficult to recognize in its structure a further development of the peculiar lobelike lengthening of the segments of the last pair of legs noticed in  and to see in the tripartite extremity of the leg the result of the strong development of the ninth segment characteristic of Dolichopterus, the middle lobe representing the ninth, the lateral ones the preceding eighth segment. The same development of lobes is shown on the preceding pair of legs in the genotype and the leg retained in  still further resembles that balancing leg as the last segment is developed into a spine, flanked by two lobes.

This interesting combination of a Stylonurus carapace and Dolichopterus leg in the same specimen suggests the question of the relationship of these two genera. A comparison of the two shows that Dolichopterus is more closely related to Stylonurus than to Eurypterus as a subgenus of which it was regarded by Hall and with which it has been associated by later authors. The similarity in the outlines of the carapace is manifest; they also have in common the distinctness and great width of rim,


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 of their priests reviling and undervaluing his religion and government. He therefore banished them the kingdom; but, instead of obeying, they joined the Baharnagash, then confederated with the Turks and in rebellion against his sovereign, as we have already mentioned. Sertza Denghel seems to have scarcely set any value upon them after this, and made very little use of them during his long reign. Upon the infant Jacob's being put upon the throne they all adhered to him; and, after Jacob's banishment, part of them had attached themselves to Za Denghel, and behaved with great spirit in the battle of Bartcho.

Upon Jacob's restoration they had joined him, and with him were defeated at the decisive battle of Lebart, being all united against Socinios; so that, on whatever side they declared themselves, they were constantly beaten by the cowardice of the Abyssinians with whom they were joined. Yet, tho' they had been so often on the side that was unfortunate, their particular loss had been always inconsiderable; because, whatever was the fate of the rest of the army, none of the country troops would ever stand before them, and they made their retreat from amidst a routed army in nearly the same safety as if they had been conquerors; because it was not, for several reasons, the interest of the conquerors to attack them, nor was the experiment ever likely to be an eligible one to the assailants.

Socinios followed a conduct opposite to that of Menas. He determined to attach the Portuguese wholly to himself, and to make them depend upon him entirely. For this reason he made great advances to their priests, and sent for Peter Paez to court, where, after the usual disputes upon the


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Volumes of the Sacred Books of the East series:

v1 — v2 — v3 — v4 — v5 — v6 — v7 — v8 — v9 — v10 —

v11 — v12 — v13 — v14 — v15 — v16 — v17 — v18 — v19 — v20 —

v21 — v22 — v23 — v24 — v25 — v26 — v27 — v28 — v29 — v30 —

v31 — v32 — v33 — v34 — v35 — v36 — v37 — v38 — v39 — v40 —

v41 — v42 — v43 — v44 — v45 — v46 — v47 — v48 — v49 — v50 (Index)


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Rh and most brutal, it is not necessary formally to change the Constitution or abandon popular elections. It was centuries after Caesar before the absolute master of the Roman world pretended to rule other than by authority of a Senate that trembled before him. * * * We honor Liberty in name and in form. We set up her statutes and sound her praises. ''But we have not fully trusted her. And with our growth so grow her demands. She will have no half service!'' Liberty! It is a word to conjure with. We speak of liberty as one thing, and of virtue, wealth, knowledge, invention, national strength and national independence, as other things. But, of all of these, Liberty is the source, the mother, the necessary condition. She is to virtue what light is to color, to wealth what sunshine is to grain; to knowledge what eyes are to sight. She is the genius of invention, the brawn of national strength, the spirit of national independence. Where Liberty rises, there virtue grows, wealth increases, knowledge expands, invention multiplies human powers, and in strength and spirit the freer nation rises among her neighbors as Saul amid his brethren—taller and fairer. Where Liberty sinks, there virtue fades, wealth diminishes, knowledge is forgotten, invention ceases, and empires once mighty in arms and arts become a helpless prey to freer barbarians. Only in broken gleams and partial light has the sun of Liberty yet beamed among men, but all progress hath she called forth. Liberty came to a race of slaves crouching under Egyptian whips, and led them forth from the House of Bondage. She hardened them in the desert and made of them a race of conquerors. * * * Liberty dawned on the Phœnician coast, and ships passed the Pillars of Hercules to plow the unknown sea. She shed a partial light on Greece, and


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Albany

 * articles in The American Cyclopædia (1879):
 * articles in The New International Encyclopædia:
 * articles in 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica:
 * articles in Catholic Encyclopedia (1913):
 * articles in The New Student's Reference Work:
 * articles in The Encyclopedia Americana (1920):
 * articles in Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921):
 * articles in 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica:
 * articles in Catholic Encyclopedia (1913):
 * articles in The New Student's Reference Work:
 * articles in The Encyclopedia Americana (1920):
 * articles in Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921):
 * articles in Catholic Encyclopedia (1913):
 * articles in The New Student's Reference Work:
 * articles in The Encyclopedia Americana (1920):
 * articles in Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921):
 * articles in Catholic Encyclopedia (1913):
 * articles in The New Student's Reference Work:
 * articles in The Encyclopedia Americana (1920):
 * articles in Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921):
 * articles in The Encyclopedia Americana (1920):
 * articles in Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921):
 * articles in Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921):
 * articles in Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921):
 * articles in Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921):
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title: Albany


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Adams, John

 * articles in the Dictionary of National Biography:
 * articles in The Encyclopedia Americana (1920):
 * articles in The New International Encyclopædia
 * articles in 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica:
 * articles in The New Student's Reference Work:
 * articles in Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921):
 * articles in Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography:
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 * articles in The New Student's Reference Work:
 * articles in Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921):
 * articles in Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography:
 * articles in 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica:
 * articles in The New Student's Reference Work:
 * articles in Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921):
 * articles in Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography:
 * articles in The New Student's Reference Work:
 * articles in Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921):
 * articles in Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography:
 * articles in Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography:
 * articles in Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography:

For works by and about John Adams (1735–1826), second President of the United States, see Author:John Adams (1735-1826).

title: Adams, John


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Author:Sydney Marow Eardley-Wilmot

Works

 * The Development of Navies During the Last Half-Century. London : Seeley & Co., Ltd. (1892)
 * The Next Naval War (1894)
 * Life of Vice-Admiral Lord Lyons : With an account of naval operations in the Black Sea and Sea of Azoff, 1854-56. London : Sampson Low, Marston & Co. (1898)
 * Our Navy for a Thousand Years : A Concise Account of All the Principal Operations in which the British Navy Has Been Engaged from the Time of King Alfred to the Recapture of Khartoum. London : Sampson Low, Marston & Co. (1899)

title: Author:Sydney Marow Eardley-Wilmot


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Astor, John Jacob

 * articles in The American Cyclopædia (1879):
 * articles in Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition
 * articles in The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)
 * articles in The New International Encyclopædia
 * articles in Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
 * articles in 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
 * articles in The New Student's Reference Work
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 * articles in The New International Encyclopædia
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 * articles in 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
 * articles in The New Student's Reference Work
 * articles in Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
 * articles in 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
 * articles in The New Student's Reference Work
 * articles in Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
 * articles in The New Student's Reference Work
 * articles in Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
 * articles in Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography

title: Astor, John Jacob


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Samuel Johnson

 * Samuel Johnson: the Leslie Stephen lecture (1907), a lecture by Walter Alexander Raleigh
 * Samuel Johnson (1911) edited by Alice Meynell and G. K. Chesterton
 * Samuel Johnson, a biographical essay by Richard Claverhouse Jebb
 * Samuel Johnson, a biography in the English Men of Letters series by Leslie Stephen

Biographical works

 * articles in Dictionary of National Biography:

 * articles in A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature:
 * articles in The Encyclopedia Americana (1920):
 * articles in The New International Encyclopædia:
 * articles in Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921):
 * articles in 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica:
 * articles in The New International Encyclopædia:
 * articles in Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921):
 * articles in 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica:
 * articles in Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921):
 * articles in 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica:
 * articles in Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921):
 * articles in 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica:
 * articles in 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica:

Authors

 * Samuel Johnson (1649-1703), English divine and political writer
 * Samuel Johnson (1691-1773), English dancing-master and dramatist
 * Samuel Johnson (1709-1784), English poet, essayist, biographer, and lexicographer
 * Samuel Johnson (1822-1882), a U. S. scholar specializing in religions of India and China
 * Samuel Johnson (1846-1901), Nigerian historian and priest

title: Samuel Johnson


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106 moral character. And know, beloved, that the reason why man must love beauty of form in his own species, and has an inclination to admire external beauty, is that God created the spirits of men out of a drop of his own light, as he says. "when I have breathed my spirit into him." And as the spirit has thus been created out of the light of the Lord God, it is so essentially beautiful, that if man were capable of seeing the degree of its beauty, he would become bereft of reason and perhaps would perish from the effects of the impression.

This also should be known, that beauty of form belongs to the spirit, and not to the body. It is a proof that there is nothing agreeable in the body by itself, that when the spirit is separated from the body by death, no one has any inclination afterwards to look upon the face of the dead, but on the contrary his feelings repel him and he turns away from it. And however near a friend or relative the person may be, we have no disposition to approach his side again. The body of man is created of opaque earth, and the spirit by entering into the body is entirely veiled, so that it can neither be seen or known.

It is clear then that the beauty of form possessed by man and the beauty of many other things arise from their being created from the light of the Lord. Consider then, as far as human reason can reach, if such beauty and elegance exist in spirits formed out of one drop of the light of the blessed God, what must be the beauty and splendor of the Lord God himself. Since then the beauty of every beloved object is derived from his light, and that the beauty of every thing that is beautiful is from him, it follows that he who is wise, ought not to permit himself to be deceived by the soul which passes away, and to be attracted to that beauty which is fleeting, but that he should

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Rh turn to the contemplation of that painter who is full of ail perfection, and of that maker with whom is no change, and earnestly seek after the vision of his beauty with his whole heart. Let him continue day and night with burning and consuming desire in humble prayer, longing after his beauty and after union with him.

I have made a home for thy love in my heart, While affection for something else hovers around the home. But it is folly to contract friendship, with aught else than thy beauty, For there is none to be loved but the eternal Friend. He who has made thee to be his happiness and refuge, Has already joined himself to the perfect excellence.

O! seeker of divine love, that which renders man favorably inclined to persons of virtuous character, is the fact that God has created man after his own character; as it has come to us in the tradition that, "verily God created man after his own image." Hence whenever man sees or hears of a quality belonging to his own race and kind, as justice, generosity, forgiveness or patience, he will certainly have a sympathy with that quality and exercise love to its possessor. If we hear for instance that in a certain country there is a just sovereign or a just vizier, we heartily love that king or vizier, and we are always praising his excellence and worth, although there is not the least probability of any advantage accruing to us from his justice. Such a sovereign was Nushirvan, who notwithstanding he was an infidel yet as he was just, the heart of every man is drawn towards him. If again we hear of the knowledge, science, clemency or munificence of any persons, as of the Imam Abu Hanifé, of the Imam Shaféi, of Bayézid of Bistan, or of Junëid of Bagdad, the spirit of a man will be attracted towards them on account of those qualities, he will love them, and he will certainly desire to see them and to be with them. If we hear of a generous man, although he

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108 may be in a foreign country, and we have no hope of any advantage from him or of any token of his generosity to ourselves, yet still from necessity we will love him, and whenever his name is mentioned we will invoke blessings upon him and praise him. It is thus with Hatem Tai whose name, though he was an infidel, is upon every tongue, because he was a generous and benevolent man, and all hearts are irresistibly led to love him....

We see then that the love we bear to persons endowed with the virtuous qualities of man, is not bestowed by us for the sake of any fancied advantage from them or any hope of gain, but that on the contrary it is because the spirits of men are created in correspondence with the character of God, and when we see a trace or mark of a quality or affection of a kind like our own, we cannot help being attracted towards it, and must necessarily love it.

In this view of the subject, seeker of the truth, and friend who longs for the bright vision, when you consider what an impulse we have to admire and to love man who is encompassed with so many defects, and whose qualities are subject to decay,—be candid and reflect, that all the attributes of God are perfect, that all his titles are glorious, and that all his works are made in infinite wisdom, and how then can there be a man of such animal affections and propensities as not to love him with all his heart and soul! And how can a person having the appearance of a man, be such a stone, as not to be willing to make a sacrifice of his head and even of his soul, impelled by his absorbing affection for Him?

Separation from thee, would quickly destroy me, Separation from one's friends is fatal. If thou shouldst separate from me still would I Be occupied with thee, ever active Friend, Who art the object of my desires and my researches; For thou wilt not turn away from him who loves thee.

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Rh You should know also that in the world of spirits, God had ennobled man with beauty and its qualities, and had made him sufficiently acquainted with Himself and His attributes; and the spirits continued for a long time participating in enjoyment in the land of affection, intoxicated and in ecstacy with the cup of love and the wine of celestial union. Afterwards in accordance with divine wisdom and by soverignsovereign [sic] decree, they fell from that exalted world to this lower world,—from the world of union to the world of separation. In this world of trial, having entered into bodies and become entangled with the things of sense and with worldly occupations, and shut out from the spiritual world, they forgot its intimate friendships and the joys of its society. Being so far distant from that world, the being and character of God became completely veiled from the view of some, and the love and union which had existed in their hearts from all eternity disappeared. None the less however, it is still the case, that when man sees beauty and perfection, the spirit cannot help admiring it. But as the intimacy and friendship which had formerly existed have been clouded over, and the animal impulses, passions and lusts have become predominant, they imagine that the love of pleasure belongs to the delights of religion, and regard it as a necessity of the soul.

The spirits of some men, however, in becoming attached to a body, retained the divine guidance, and the spiritual world in consequence was not concealed from their view, nor did they forget its friendly society or the attributes and qualities of its holy spirits. And as the glory of the infinite being and his attributes was not veiled from their eyes, their desire for the blessed union and longing for the vision of beauty increased daily. In accordance with this, it is related by Soheil Testeri (may God's mercy be upon him!) that "from the moment that the blessed God in the world of spirits and the assembly of holy union 14

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text:
Author:John Fitchett

Minor Works

 * Bewsey, A Poem

Major Work

 * King Alfred

title: Author:John Fitchett


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110 asked the spirits "Am I not your Lord?" and they called out in an answer "yes!" that loving answer has never waned or decayed within my soul. When I was only three years old, I used to spend all night in the worship of the Lord God, without giving any slumber to my eyes."

O thou who longest after the love of God! the second cause of love in man which we have mentioned, viz: beneficence, operates through the state of poverty and need in which man has been created. Both in the affairs of the world and in the concerns of religion, man is in want of an infinite variety of things, as God says in his word, "Verily, God is rich, but ye are poor.". Hence a man always loves and honors whatever person enables him to obtain any object of which he stands in need, or who makes it probable that he will obtain it. This will be the case especially, if the same individual has at various times supplied his necessities. He will then be enslaved to him, heart and soul, and whenever his name is mentioned will chant his praise and invoke blessings upon him. The proverb says, "man is a slave to beneficence."

In matters of religion, man has need of helpers of two kinds. The first class are the great expounders of doctrine, who instruct him in religious precepts, and preserve him from the darkness of ignorance and the dangers of doubt. They also make him acquainted with the restrictions of the law, and the regulations and ceremonies of worship. They explain to him what conduct corresponds with rectitude, and what is improper,—what is lawful and what unlawful. The second class of helpers to man are the venerable preachers. It is their province to throw

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Rh light upon the nature of the way of life, and upon the true condition in which man is placed. They point out the means and methods by which the slave of desire may secure a change of his vicious inclinations, and by which the disordered soul may obtain a pure and virtuous character. They set forth the transitory nature of the world and the shame and sin of being attached to it. They endeavor to persuade men that the design of their entrance into the world is that they may love and know God; and they strive to turn them away from following the world, by giving them ideas of the joys and rest of the other world, and of the delight and preciousness of the vision of the beauty of the Lord, that so they may live as pilgrims to eternity. The whole reason why the apprentice loves his master, and every disciple loves his teacher, and why the wise and excellent love the experienced Sheikh whose lessons they hear, or love the doctors of the law and the saints of olden time is that they have been beneficent, and have supplied their wants.

In matters pertaining to the world, beloved, the necessities of man are of such kinds that there is no occasion for our entering into any details. Do you not realize for instance, through how many hands the food you put into your mouth passes, before it is brought to you, and how many persons have been employed in the service of preparing it for you? And man has, in short, the same kind of need of helpers in his clothing, home, and in all the arts and trades, as has before been mentioned. He needs, also, the winds and rain, the sun and moon, the earth and sky, as we find in the verses of Sheikh Saadi:

The clouds, wind, moon, sun and stars are working ever: Therefore if a loaf of bread comes into your hands, eat it not without gratitude.

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112 And after we have eaten our food, how many agents we need to digest it, and to convert it into fat, milk and blood. We have before remarked upon the number of servants there are within your body, of which you have no knowledge.

And now, student of the celestial way, and seeker after the love of God, come and consider a little with the eye of reverence and the mind of thoughtfulness. If a person should give you a drachm of silver, or a suit of clothes, or serve you for a single day and conclude some business which concerned you, you would love him as long as you lived, and you would always speak well of him wherever his name was mentioned, although the service he had performed for you, and his act of beneficence was only effected through the will of God and by his power. Be sincere now and say, why should you not love and sacrifice every thing for the sake of God, who created the heavens and the earth, who has taken care of all your affairs long before you desired it of him, who has provided for all your necessities before you bad any notion of them, who gives you so many thousand mercies at every breath, who has not ceased to sustain you, even when you were disobedient to his commandments and rebellious, and who has covered your shame, for the sake of the Friend of God? Ought you not to praise him with your tongue, and love him with your heart? Is it right, overwhelmed as you are with his unfailing mercies and infinite bounties, that you should regard these mercies as coming from other source than God, and that you should thank some other one than Him for these services and favors, and that you should love some other one instead of him?

It is in vain that the eyes watch for any other love than thee. It is a loss for the eyes to weep for any other friend. Thou art the true friend! If thou deign to look upon me, It will be well with me, as if my eyes had never wept.

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Rh  What shall I do with that life which is not passed in remembrance of thee? What shall I do with the eye that is not sad with longing after thee? What shall I do with the heart that is not the home of thy love? What shall I do with the soul that does not make itself a sacrifice in thy Way?

O inquirer after the love of God ! The love of God exists in every heart, though it lies concealed, just as fire exists in the flint stone, until it is drawn out. If you take the steel of desire and affection into your hands, and with it strike the heart, you obtain fire by the means, and your soul will be filled with light. The malice, deceitfulness, hatred, vileness, envy and strife that are in the heart will be burned up, and it will be freed and purified from sensual perturbations. But if you are careless and do nothing and pass several days without seeking, the heart will again become like fire covered over with ashes, which by remaining a long time unused, will finally be extinguished. So at last the heart, becomes encased with sensual impurities and with the blackness of the passions, and is no longer capable of being enlightened with the light of truth. Our refuge is in God!

O, faithful friend, who art worthy to be loved! know, that the love of God is a standard that leads to victory. Whoever seeks refuge under it, will be a sovereign in two worlds, and lord of a throne at the king's court. This love is a universal solvent to secure happiness. Whoever secures it, is richer than in the possession of both worlds. God is always rich, notwithstanding all the world is provided for through him. The heart which bears no traces of the love of God, is like a dead corpse, which knows nothing of its own spirit. Still there is no person among reasonable beings who will say that he does not love God, or who will not make pretensions to possessing a love for him. But it is like an empty claim, upon which no decision can be based and, unless the witness is a faithful one,

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114 no conclusion can be formed. If you should be asked, do you love God, beware and give no answer. For if you say I do not love him, (our refuge is in God), you would make yourself an infidel. And if you say in answer, "I love him," yet you have no signs or tokens of your loving Him.

Now know that there are seven signs of love to God. In whomsoever these marks are found, his pretensions to loving God are to be regarded as well founded.

The first sign of love to God is, not to be afraid of death, and to be always waiting for it. For death unites the friend to his friend,—the seeker to the object which he seeks. As long as attachment to and dependence upon the world cannot be broken off, the traces of love to God cannot be visible. If a person, however, is afraid of death and does not feel a readiness to go into the presence of God, and yet is making every provision for his journey into the other world, it does not follow that he does not possess the love of God. It is, on the contrary, an evidence that he does love God.

It is a second sign of love to God, when a man prefers the love of God to any worldly object, chooses whatsoever 'draws him near to God, and forsakes whatsoever has a tendency to turn him away from God. He desires always to act ill accordance with his will and with his approbation. But it is not an indication that a person is entirely destitute of love to God, because he is not in every circumstance submissive to the holy will of God. For, in some persons love may exist in perfection, while in others it may be in some measure defective. It is said, for example, that during the life of the apostle of God, one of his companions was a wine drinker, and he had oftentimes been punished for it. Another of his companions one day vexed at his conduct, cursed him. The prophet happened to hear him curse him, and knocked for him to come in. When he had come into his presence he said, "Why do you curse

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Rh that man? He is both a friend of God and of his prophet, and loves them."

The third sign of a man's love to God is that the remembrance of God is always fresh in his heart. He never ceases to meditate upon God. Every man thinks upon and calls to mind an object in proportion to his love to it. If a person's love and affection is perfect he never forgets that object. If a person say, I love both God and a certain worldly object, attention should be paid to see which of them he loves the most. And then that object can be said to rule in his heart which he loves the most. Gradually from day to day, the object which preponderates will efface little by little all affection for the other.

The fourth sign of love to God is, to love and respect the powerful Koran, regarding it as the word of God. A man ought to praise and love the prophets and saints, as the friends of God. He should love all men, saying that they were all created by the will and power of God, Whatever person attains to this point, his feelings of envy and hatred and even his coldness of looks will be quelled and disappear, and he will treat all individuals as his friends.

The fifth sign of love to God is that a man will choose the closet and retirement and have an eagerness for secret prayer. He will long and wait for the night, that the avocations and hindrances of the world maybe banished, that he may be embarrassed by no distractions in his supplications to his incomparable and unique Friend, and that he may be alone in familiar intercourse with God.

It is reported that in the days of the children of Israel, there was a slave who prayed every night from evening until morning, but he went out and performed his morning prayer under a tree. God spoke by inspiration to the one who was the prophet at that time and said, "Go and speak to that slave my servant thus:—You abandon

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116 prayer to me in secret and come out here to pray under this tree, for the sake of the pleasure you derive from the music of the birds over your head. But in so doing you mutilate as it were my love and you will not again obtain it perfectly." It is also reported that God once said to David, "O! David, that man is a liar, who pretends to love me and yet goes to bed and sleeps the whole time till morning. For does not a friend desire to see the countenance of his friend, and is he not eager to have intercourse with him? Whoever wishes to see me, will seek me and will find me."

The sixth sign of love to God, is when a man finds the • worship of God to be easy, inviting and delightful. It is related that a certain preacher used to say, "I have served God in worship sixty years with irksomeness and constraint. I afterwards served him yet sixty years more, and my devotions were to me spiritual food; and in the absence or disuse of them, I did not enjoy a moment's peace or quiet of mind."

The seventh sign of love to God is, that a man loves the t sincere friends and obedient servants of God, and regards them all as his friends. He regards all the enemies of God as his enemies and abhors them. And God thus speaks in his eternal word. "His companions are terrible towards the infidels, and tender towards each other." A Sheikh was once asked "who are the friends of the exalted and blessed God?" He replied:" The friends of God are those who are more compassionate to the friends of God themselves, than a father or a mother to their children."

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text: The Alchemy of Happiness (Homes)

title: The Alchemy of Happiness (Homes)


text: The Alchemy of Happiness (Homes)/Introductory Notice


text:
Page:Sacred Books of the East - Volume 9.djvu/11

 TRANSLATED BY

E. H. PALMER

PART II

CHAPTERS XVII TO CXIV

AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

1880

[All rights reserved]


text: Page:Sacred Books of the East - Volume 9.djvu/10


text: The Alchemy of Happiness (Homes)/On Knowledge of the Soul


text:
Page:Sacred Books of the East - Volume 9.djvu/8

 Sacred Books of the East Vol 3 - Oxford Clarendon Press.png

7 PATERNOSTER ROW


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text: The Alchemy of Happiness (Homes)/On Knowledge of God


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text: The Alchemy of Happiness (Homes)/On Knowledge of the World


text: The Alchemy of Happiness (Homes)/On Knowledge of the Future World


text: The Alchemy of Happiness (Homes)/On the Love of God


text: The Alchemy of Happiness (Homes)/Notes

title: The Alchemy of Happiness (Homes)/Notes


text:
The Alchemy of Happiness

 * The Alchemy of Happiness (Homes), 1873 translation by Henry Augustus Homes
 * The Alchemy of Happiness (Field), 1909 translation by Claud Field

title: The Alchemy of Happiness


text:
Taylor, John

 * articles in the Dictionary of National Biography:
 * articles in A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature:
 * articles in A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature:
 * articles in A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature:
 * articles in A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature:
 * articles in A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature:
 * articles in A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature:
 * articles in A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature:
 * articles in A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature:
 * articles in A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature:
 * articles in A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature:
 * articles in A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature:
 * articles in A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature:
 * articles in A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature:
 * articles in A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature:
 * articles in A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature:
 * articles in A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature:

For works by or about people named John Taylor, see Author:John Taylor.

title: Taylor, John


text:
Author:Henry Augustus Homes

Works

 * The Alchemy of Happiness, (1873, translation)

title: Author:Henry Augustus Homes


text:
Alexander

 * articles in 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica:
 * Mononymous Alexanders
 * (1461–1506)
 * [i.e. Serbia] (Alexander Obrenovich) (1876–1903)
 * (Alexander of Battenberg) (1875–1893)
 * (fl. 2nd century )
 * (fl. c. 200), Greek commentator on the writings of Aristotle
 * (Alexander Halensis) (fl. 13th century), English theologian
 * (fl. 2nd century ), celebrated imposter and worker of false oracles
 * , a Thessalian despot (r. 369–358 )
 * (Alexander Trallianus) (fl. c. 550), Greek physician
 * (r. c. 106–115)
 * (Aleksander Pavlovich) (1777–1825)
 * (fl. c. 342 ), king of Epirus
 * (c. 1078–1124)
 * (Anselmo Baggio) (r. 1061–1073)
 * (1818–1881)
 * (fl. c. 272 ), king of Epirus
 * (1198–1249)
 * (Orlando Bandinelli) (r. 1159–1181)
 * (1845–1894)
 * (1241–1285)
 * (Rinaldo) (r. 1254–1261)
 * (Peter Philargès) (r. 1409–1410)
 * (Rodrigo Borgia) (1431–1503)
 * (Fabio Chigi) (r. 1655–1667)
 * (Pietro Ottoboni) (r. 1689–1691)
 * of Pleuron (fl. c. 280 ), Greek poet
 * (r. 150–146 )
 * (fl. c. 70 ), Greek grammarian
 * (r. 103–76 )
 * (1220–1263), grand-duke of Vladimir
 * (Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander) (208–235), Roman emperor
 * of Pleuron (fl. c. 280 ), Greek poet
 * (r. 150–146 )
 * (fl. c. 70 ), Greek grammarian
 * (r. 103–76 )
 * (1220–1263), grand-duke of Vladimir
 * (Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander) (208–235), Roman emperor

 * Messrs Alexander
 * (1772–1851), American divine
 * (1800–1881), American portrait-painter
 * (1858–), English actor
 * (1803–1885), British soldier and traveller
 * (1856–), American painter
 * (1809–1860), American Biblical scholar
 * (Noël Alexandre) (1639–1724), French theologian and ecclesiastical historian
 * (1824–), Protestant archbishop of Armagh
 * (1808–1884), Scottish divine

 * surnames for figures with the given name Alexander
 * The
 * The
 * The

 * articles in The New Student's Reference Work:
 * articles in Complete Encyclopaedia of Music:
 * articles in the Dictionary of National Biography:
 * articles in Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897):
 * articles in Catholic Encyclopedia (1913):
 * "Alexander" in Plutarch's Lives (Dryden translation)
 * "Alexander" in Kansas: A Cyclopedia of State History.
 * articles in Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897):
 * articles in Catholic Encyclopedia (1913):
 * "Alexander" in Plutarch's Lives (Dryden translation)
 * "Alexander" in Kansas: A Cyclopedia of State History.
 * "Alexander" in Plutarch's Lives (Dryden translation)
 * "Alexander" in Kansas: A Cyclopedia of State History.

Authors

 * Alexander III of Macedon, a.k.a. Alexander the Great (356 BCE–323 BCE)
 * Pope Alexander I (died c. 115)
 * Alexander of Jerusalem, Christian martyr (died 251)
 * Patriarch Alexander of Alexandria (died 326)
 * Alexander of Lycopolis, Christian theologian (4th century)
 * Pope Alexander II (died 1073)
 * Pope Alexander III (died 1181)
 * Alexander of Hales, English philosopher (1185–1245)
 * Pope Alexander IV (1185/1199–1261)
 * Pope Alexander VI (1431–1503)
 * Pope Alexander VII (1599–1667)
 * Pope Alexander VIII (1610–1691)
 * Emperor Alexander I of Russia (1777–1825)
 * Emperor Alexander II of Russia (1818–1881)

title: Alexander


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 with Senate, 230 et seq.; really chosen by representative, deliberative body, 244; and legislative service divorced in U.S., 251-253; the President not all of the, 257; elements constituting the, in U.S., 259; functions bestowed upon the Secretaries, 260; and Congress, party diversity between, 267; Roger Sherman upon real character of, 268; and Congress, defective means of coöperation between, 270 et seq.; responsibility of, and civil service reform, 285 et seq.; suspected because not clearly visible through Congress, 299, 300; embarrassed by half-informed criticism, 305.

Grant, President, and treaty with

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 origin in that of the country they inhabited, a place situated in the northern tropical parts of the Western Continent, in that "Land of Kui," that mysterious home of their ancestors, where the Egyptians thought the souls of their departed friends went to dwell, which was known to its inhabitants as Mayach, a word that in their language meant the "first land," the "land just sprouted," also the "hard land," the "terra firma," as we learn from the sign  of aspiration, hardness, coagulation, placed each side of the body of the calabash, to indicate, perhaps, the rocky formation of its soil, and that it had withstood the awful cataclysms which swept from the face of the earth the Land of Mu  and many other places with their populations. The priests of Egypt, Chaldea, and India preserved the remembrance of their destruction in the archives of their temples, as did those of Mayach on the other side of the ocean.

The latter did not content themselves with recording the relation in their treatises on geology and history, but in order to preserve its memory for future generations they caused it to be carved on a stone tablet which they fastened to the wall in one of the apartments of their college at Chicħen, where it is yet seen. The natives have perpetuated, from generation to generation, for centuries, the name of that inscription. They still call it Akab-ɔib, the awful, the tenebrous writing.


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 The history of that terrible catastrophe, recounted in various ways in the sacred books of the different nations among which vestiges of the presence of the Mayas are to be found, continues to be the appalling tradition of a great portion of mankind.


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 Maffudi, judging the king of Adel was beyond danger, sent a trumpet to the Abyssinian camp, with a challenge to any man of rank in the army to fight him in single combat, under condition that the victory should be accounted to belong to that army whose champion was victorious, and that, thereupon, both parties should withdraw their troops without further bloodshed. It does not appear whether the conditions were agreed to, but the challenge was accepted as soon as offered. Gabriel Andreas the monk, who, in the reign of Naod, had, by the king's order, lost a part of his tongue for giving it too much licence, offered himself first to the king, beseeching him to trust to him that day, his own honour, and the fortune of the army. The king consented without hesitation, with the general applause of all the nobility; for Andreas, though a monk, was a man of great family and distinction; the most learned of the court; liberal, rich, affable, and remarkable for facetious conversation; he was, besides, a good soldier, of tried skill and valour, and, in strength and activity, surpassed by no man in the army.

was not backward to present himself; nor was the combat longer than might be expected from two such willing champions. Gabriel Andreas, seeing his opportunity with a two-handed sword struck Maffudi between the lower part of the neck and the shoulder, so violently, that he nearly divided his body into two, and felled him dead to the ground. He then cut his head off, and threw it at the king's feet, saying, "There is the Goliah of the Infidels."

expression became instantly the word of battle, or signal to charge. The king, at the head of his troops, rushed


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 nor by the usual way of India, but through Arabia and Egypt; and, arriving there without accident, was confirmed by Paul III. the then pope, not only as patriarch of Abyssinia, but of Alexandria likewise; to which he added, as Bermudes says, the most unintelligible and incomprehensible title of Patriarch of the Sea. Bermudes, to this variety of charges, had this other added to him, of ambassador from King David to the court of Portugal; and for this he was certainly very sit, however he might be for his ecclesiastical dignities; for he had been now 12 years in Abyssinia, knew the country well, and had been witness of the variety of distresses which, following close one upon another, had brought this country to its then state of ruin.

these things passed in the north of Abyssinia, a terrible catastrophe happened in the south. A Mahometan chief, called Vizir Mudgid, governor of Arar, having an opportunity from his situation to hear of the riches which were daily carried from churches, and other places, for safety into the mountain of Geshen, took a resolution to attempt that natural fortress, though in itself almost impregnable, and strengthened by an army constantly encamped at the foot of it.

Mudgid arrived near the mountain he found it was forsaken by the troops destined to guard it; and led by a Mahometan, who was a menial servant to the princes above, he ascended with his troops without opposition, putting all the royal family that were prisoners, and indeed every individual of either sex resident there, indiscriminately to the sword.


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 upon the Moorish army, and, throwing them into disorder, drove them back upon Betwudet, who, with his fresh troops, forced them again back to the king. Seeing no hopes of relief, they dispersed to the mountains, and were slaughtered, and hunted like wild beasts by the peasants, or driven to perish with thirst and hunger. About 12,000 of the Mahometan army are said to have been slain upon the fields with no very considerable loss on the side of the conquerors. The green standard of Mahomet was taken, as also the black velvet tent embroidered with gold; which last, we shall see, the king gave to the Portuguese ambassador some time afterwards, to consecrate and say mass in. A vast number of cattle was taken, and with them much rich merchandise of the Indies. Nor did the king content himself with what he had got in battle. He advanced and encamped at a place where was held the first market of Adel. The next day he proceeded to a town where was a house of the king, and, going up to the door, and finding it locked, he struck the door with his lance, and nobody answering, he prohibited the soldiers from plundering it, and retired with his army home, leaving his lance sticking in the door as a sign of his having been there, and having had it in his power.

the king was received on his return amidst the greatest acclamations of his subjects, as the saviour of his country, the eyes of the whole nation and army were first fixed on Andreas, whose bravery had at last delivered them from that constant and inveterate scourge, Maffudi. Every body pressed forward to throw flowers and green branches in his way; the women celebrating him with songs, putting garlands on his head, and holding out the young children to see him as he passed. The battle was fought in the


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 Denmark, 51; nominates Smythe, 235.

title: Page:Congressional Government.djvu/364


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 month of July 1516; and, the same day, the island of Zeyla, in the month of the Red Sea, was taken, and its town burned by the Portuguese arnament, under Lopez Suarez Alberguiera.

the suspicions transmitted from India, nor the mean person of Matthew the ambassador, seem to have made any impression upon the king of Portugal. He received him with every sort of honour, and testified the most profound respect for his master, and attention to the errand he came upon. Matthew was lodged and maintained with the utmost splendour; and, considering the great use of so powerful a friend on the African coast of the Red Sea, where his fleets would meet with all sort of provision and protection, while they pursued the Turkish squadrons, he prepared an embassy on his part, and sent Matthew home on board the fleet commanded by Lopez Suarez for India.

, a man of capacity and experience, who had filled the offices of secretary of state and ambassador in Spain, France, and Germany, arrived at that time of life when he might reasonably expect to pass the rest of his days in ease, wealth, and honour, found himself unexpectedly chosen, at the age of eighty-six, to go ambassador from his sovereign to Abyssinia. Goez had much more reason to wonder at the ambassador fixed upon by his master, than at that of Abyssinia sent by the empress Helena to Portugal. The fleet under Suarez entered the Red Sea, and anchored at the flat island of Camaran, close on the coast of Arabia Felix, one of the most unwholesome places he could have chosen. Here Edward Galvan died; and here Suarez, most ignorantly, resolved to pass the winter, which he did,