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Translation talk:Imperial Decree on events leading to the signing of Boxer Protocol

A very useful source!
Thanks for putting this translation here! It is a key document in showing the efforts of the Manchu Court to cover its tracks and brand the Boxers as "rebels." Cwh (talk) 05:45, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

Thanks CWh for your supportive comment, I think the Manchu Court calling them "bandits" more than "rebels". My translation skill is not 100%, you are welcome to suggest any alternative translation. P.S. Are these translation PHD material? Arilang1234 (talk) 09:49, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

Sorry for the delay -- I didn't realize I had to set up a separate Wikisource talk page. One further suggestion is that "教" should be translated simply as "Christian," rather than "Christian convert," since 教 does not imply "convert." Besides, while some of the people involved were recent converts, others were long time believers, some for generations. To call Westerners "Christians" but call Chinese "converts" is to make a racial distinction, not a religious one. But again, thanks for doing the heavy lifting on this translation. Cwh (talk)
 * I have noticed that you are going to prune the Boxer Rebellion article in a big way, that is good, and long overdue, too. Are you going to cite Xiang Lanxin a bit more, and also, Tong Tekong was a specialist on Manchu history too. It is very sad that I got blocked from editing, but I only got myself to blame, really. I hope one day the block can be lifted.Arilang1234 (talk) 06:00, 9 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the good words. When I was a graduate student, Tong Tekong was very kind to me in sharing his knowledge, so I have great respect for him. I'm not sure which of his works would be appropriate for a Wikipedia article, however, since we aim at general audience, not specialists or graduate students. Xiang's book is also excellent, and my idea would be to use it, especially for the diplomatic side. However, the revisionist proposals need to wait for wider confirmation before (at least in my own opinion) we should wait until they have received wider acceptance before giving them more space in the article. Again, we need to keep the needs of our audience in mind, since this is a general encyclopedia.

 * Meanwhile, I hope you continue your translations of the documents you have so well selected. Of course, this is a matter for consensus, but my own view is that linking to material in Chinese is not useful, but producing the translations is a major and enduring contribution. My Chinese is good enough to read the texts, but not good enough to translate fluently. So I would be happy to polish and comment.98.94.169.200 14:07, 12 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Sorry -- didn't sign the comments above because I was at a strange computer and didn't have my password to log in. But I think you could guess it was me! Cwh (talk) 14:13, 12 July 2011 (UTC)


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Vivisection

 * , by Michael Foster

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Vivisection


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 The Church in its spiritual work, the Church in its intellectual work, the Church in its work with the sword, or with the plough, or with the axe; the soul and spirit of all true civilisation, of all true liberty, of all true knowledge; the Church in its work of evil, in the abasement of its divine energies, in the vile fetters of priest-craft, in the blind paroxysms of popular fanaticism, in the strange varying fortunes that allies Ireland with Rome, Scotland with Geneva, setting father against son, and husband against wife, the herald of peace with a sword; such an influence so wide in its extension, so deep in its penetration, so ancient in the past, and in the future eternal, could by itself account for the unity, the life of modern history: the life, the soul of a body which thrills at every touch. The student cannot handle his subject-matter as he can a skeleton; if he is a true student he knows himself to be at work among living influences, some active, some slumbering, but all of which are so vital and so entangled that he cannot move without making someone feel, or without being himself affected in his process and in his judgment by the system of which he is himself a part. Modern History is the history of ourselves, of the way in which we came to be what we are, of the education of our nation, of the development of our government, of the fortunes of our fathers, that caused us to be taught and governed and placed as we are, and formed our minds and habits by that teaching, government, and position; and as for the soul, that other portion of us,—unchanged by education, government or fortune, unchanged and untrained in the development and education of the world, unchanged except by the Spirit of God beginning at the beginning in every one that is new born of Him,—that gift in which almost alone we trace the unity of our nature with that of the ancient world, in its waywardness, and short-sightedness, and self-will, what can all history tell us other or more than this, how God sent light into the world and men loved darkness rather than light, how they have perverted, but not closed the way of eternal life?

But if the student of Modern History finding himself at work among such subjects misses the facility with which Ancient History may be handled, he has the advantage to


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 begin with, that the interest of his own department is unflagging and inexhaustible: every day adds a new development of the old elements, he feels that he is living in his subject, it is living all around him. And this being so, he is conscious that he is working with a different set of mental powers from those which he works with on the old world; 1 speak under correction, for I do not pretend to look at the subject as a question of psychology, simply for the moment as one of education. It is in a manner analogous to a training for association with men in the world; the student must look for Truth, and work for Justice, but he must work for such truth and justice as is attainable. He must not, as in Ancient History, amuse himself with principles however valuable or however generally applicable, because he has to deal with rights: his inquiry is more into laws than into principles, more into facts than into laws. He must act as a judge not as a philosopher, all the better judge for being somewhat of a philosopher, but never in the philosopher forgetting that he is a judge. And as in practical matters we, ordinary men that is, are seldom called upon to act as judges except in questions where their own sympathies or interests are concerned; the faculty to be trained is the judgment, the practical judgment at work among matters in which its possessor is deeply interested, not from the desire of Truth only, but from his own involution in the matters of which he is to judge.

I think that there are few lessons more necessary for men to learn, not merely who are going to take to public life, but who are going to live and move as men among their fellows, than these:—that there are few questions on which as much may not be said on one side as on the other: that there are none at all on which all the good are on one side, all the bad on the other, or all the wise on one and all the fools on the other; that the amount of dead weight in human affairs, call it stupidity or what you will, is pretty equally divided between the advocates of order and the advocates of change, giving to the one party much of its stability and to the other much of its momentum: that intolerance is no prerogative of heterodoxy, nor tolerance the inseparable accompaniment of


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Rh polluted? Be well assured, woman, 'tis only my religious scruple saves thee. For had not I unawares been caught by an oath, 'fore heaven! I would not have refrained from telling all unto my father. But now I will from the house away, so long as Theseus is abroad, and will maintain strict silence. But, when my father comes, I will return and see how thou and thy mistress face him, and so shall I learn by experience the extent of thy audacity. Perdition seize you both! (To the audience). I can never satisfy my hate for women, no! not even though some say this is ever my theme, for of a truth they always are evil. So either let some one prove them chaste, or let me still trample on them for ever.

. O the cruel, unhappy fate of women! What arts, what arguments have we, once we have made a slip, to loose by craft the tight-drawn knot?

. I have met my deserts. O earth, O light of day! How can I escape the stroke of fate? How my pangs conceal, kind friends? What god will appear to help me, what mortal to take my part or help me in unrighteousness? The present calamity of my life admits of no escape. Most hapless I of all my sex!

. Alas, alas! the deed is done, thy servant’s schemes have gone awry, my queen, and all is lost.

. Accursed woman! traitress to thy friends! How hast thou ruined me! May Zeus, my ancestor, smite thee with his fiery bolt and uproot thee from thy place. Did I not foresee thy purpose, did I not bid thee keep silence on the very matter which is now my shame? But thou wouldst not be still; wherefore my fair name will not go with me to the tomb. But now I must another scheme devise. Yon youth, in the keenness of his fury, will tell his father of my sin, and the aged Pittheus of my state, and fill the world


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 the conscious possession of truth, a condition which, might oi all others the best afford to be tolerant, the most merciful and pitiful of error: that all generalisations, however sound m logic, are in morals and practical matters ipso facto false; that there is no room for sweeping denunciations, or trenchant criticisms in the dealings of a world whose falsehoods and veracities are separated by so very thin a barrier: to learn that simple assertion however reiterated can never make proof: that a multitude of half believers can never make faith: that argument never convinces any man against his will: that silence is not acquiescence: that the course of this world is anything but even and uniform: that such by-words as reaction and progress are but the political slang which each side uses to express their aversions and their propensions; above all, that no material success, no energy of development, no eventual progress or consolidation, can atone for the mischief done by one act of falsehood, treachery or cruelty. Most of these lessons are truisms. Yes, but there are no truisms in facts: there are no truths which may not be stated as truisms, but there are no truths which a sound judgment can be warranted in despising.

When the student comes to apply these lessons to the judgment of the characters and events of the history that he is studying, and to carry his experience of the past into the present, he finds, if his study has taught him facts as well as maxims, that the great necessity of practical judgment is patience and tolerance, and that the highest justice must rest content for a time to see many things continue wrong that cannot be righted without a greater wrong.

The stock of information from which the student draws these practical lessons is itself the matter on which in the further stages of present history he is called upon to exercise them. He has a part to play in the politics of his own age: he must have made himself acquainted with the national identity of nations, the rights and claims, the sins and punishments and probations of dynasties; the origins and accretions of parties; the growth of the influences to which their owners give the name of principles. The stock of information


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 is only secondary in importance to the habits of judgment formed by the study of it. For we want to train not merely students but citizens; and citizens of the great communities—the church and the civilised world; to be fitted not for criticism or for authority in matters of memory, but for action. And so it is not views of men and states that are to be taught them, but the power of judging that is to be cultivated, and the information on which that power is to be exercised that is to be imparted, and the faculty of accumulation to be directed to good and pure sources. It is not to make proselytes to one system of politics or another that the work of education is to be directed; a university is no political club or propaganda; I desire to use my office as a teacher of facts and of the right habit of using them.

And to do this we must begin at the right end, work from the past forwards, not backwards from the present. Our students ought not to go into the world a prey to newspaper correspondents: they ought not to go into public life ready to be moulded to the political views of the first clique that may catch hold of them. So far as the fundamental principles of politics go, that is indeed impossible, for men are born most certainly with constitutional inclinations, some to order and others to change; and the power of the earliest education is exerted to direct those inclinations into channels most in accordance with the views of the educators: so by attraction or repulsion, by reaction or by hereditary succession, not by the lessons of books or views of philosophers, young men's sides are taken in life before they know it. But there is still far more in common between the wise and sound of opposing parties than there is between the sound and the corrupt of the same; between the thinkers of opposite parties and the thinkers and the fools of the same. We should teach both sides to teach themselves.

Am I to be understood as stating the purpose of the study of History to be the production of scepticism in politics? Surely not. Rather I maintain that there is so much of good in both the opposing views that good men are pretty equally divided between the two; and that there is so much, I will


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 not say evil, but questionable and debateable, that thoughtless and interested men make their capital of, that thoughtless and interested men are equally divided too; and so much that is obvious to the meanest sense, that stupidity and intolerance are in much the same proportion. What we want to see is men applying to history and politics the same spirit m which wise men act in their discipline of themselves: not to cease to be partisans, not to cease to hold and utter strong opinions, but to be as careful in their party behaviour and in their support of their opinions, as they are in their behaviour in social circles, their conversation in social life. The first object of the true politician, as of the true patriot, is to keep himself and his party true, and then to look for success: to keep himself and his party pure, and then to secure victory: to abolish meanness and corruption where he has influence, rather than to make capital by denouncing it where his denunciation can only provoke a retort. The sound politician, on whichever side he may be and however thorough he may be, believes that his scheme of politics is the one in which the benefit of his country is most entirely involved, and he wishes the position of his country to be impregnable; to be impregnable it must be sound: if his party represents to him his country, his party must be sound, and it concerns him much more closely to purify his own ranks than those of his enemy. Success is certain to the pure and true: success to falsehood and corruption, tyranny and aggression, is only the prelude to a greater and an irremediable fall.

If our students go from us with the certainty of this lesson impressed on them, with information to guide and cultivated power enough to form judgment, we, whatever our private convictions may be, may rest assured both that our own duty has been done, and that the best has been done for the world in which they are to act. Politicians, happily, seldom live to see the final outcome of their aspirations; life is too short to witness a constitutional struggle in all its growth, and, as matters approach the compromise, the minds of the actors modify, or new, more moderate, counsellors see in the process of circumstances grounds for receding somewhat


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 from the rigorous line drawn by the less practical design of their elders. So the world moves on in a line straighter than the rules of either party would have made it; and it is well that it is so, the education of a political life is long, and the time for active work in it, for the most part, extremely short. A good deal of enthusiasm is worn out before the action begins, or else the difference between the result and the design would be intolerable to a sincere believer in his own system.

We must, I repeat, if we are to qualify ourselves for forming a sound judgment on these matters, begin at the beginning. We must not work back from popular prejudices, or from philosophic ideas, or from the prominent subject of to-day. The history of Poland cannot be truly viewed by one who starts from the Partition; the history of Turkey cannot be truly read from the standing point of the balance of power; that of Germany does not begin, as politicians nowadays join in insisting, from the treaties of Vienna. There are rights that are not turned into wrongs, and wrongs that cannot be turned into rights, by any treaties. There are hopes that cannot, ought not to, be dashed into despair by any pacifications. There are sentiments, if you please to call. them so, which depend on long ages of deeply implanted sympathies, of long experience of common suffering and common success, on a firm basis of right and popular love, that may be dismissed by an aggressive politician as emptiness and vanity, but which are the only true basis of free government, the only safe support of thrones, the only true tie of nationalities.

With these things and the deep wide range of facts from which they spring, the student of history must make himself acquainted, and being acquainted he learns to sympathise. Unlike the genealogist and the local antiquary, he does not work back from the particular sympathy to the old foundation, but begins with the beginning and works up to the situation, the sentiment, the sympathy, or the antipathy of the day. Need I adduce the parallel from the sacred sister study? Who ever became a theologian by working back from the doctrinal or ritual questions of yesterday? Nay, who is


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 qualified to give an opinion above that of a newspaper letter-writer on such subjects, who has not begun from the Uppar Chamber at Jerusalem and worked his way from the coming of the day-star, through the gloom and twilight of the ages, towards the bright shining, such shining as it is, of these days, before he ventures to apply the spectrum analysis to the doctrinal light of the nineteenth century?

There is a contrary error; the true student has learned that the past is no more a whole without the present than the present without the past; that the past has no claim to infallibility any more than the present, that the past has had no power, no moral right to dispose of the present by a deed in mortmain. To be a slave of old traditions is as great a folly as to be a slave of new quackeries; but the fault is in the slavish use, not in the old traditions nor in the modern nostrums; and the former error is perhaps the less pardonable as it is a sin against greater light.

I am aware that there are great difficulties; if there were not History would be no matter of study, politics would be no ground of controversy. There is the great question, where does fact end and opinion begin? there is the great question, at what point in the study of modern and medieval history does the sympathy of his own day force itself into the judgment of the student? There is the question, can any length of acquiescence turn a wrong thing into a right one; any length of prescription turn an abuse into a right? How far are men bound by the acts of their fathers, or by their own acts when deceived or ill-informed? Then there is the further question, how far is the moralist—righteous, free, unprejudiced as he may be—qualified to answer these questions off-hand? Each application of each question has its own modifying circumstances. I can only say that the man who knows the facts and has formed the habit of judging on them, is better able and more likely to answer them rightly than the man who has not. Some people will call him dogmatic, but he who has read and thought ought to be able to have an opinion, and he who has one of his own will always be deemed dogmatic by the many who take theirs from the


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Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 29, 1918.djvu/188

 SOME MYTHICAL TALES OF THE LAPPS.

BY C. J. BILLSON.

(Read before the Society, 15th May, 1918.)

proportion of the Lappish songs and tales which have come down to us have been gathered by different scholars from the lips of A. Fjellner, a former pastor of Sorsele in Lappmark. Fjellner was the son of mountain Lapps, and was born “sub Jove frigido,” high up on the snow-clad mountains of the Herjedal, near the borders of Norway, on 18th September, 1795. His father dying when he was nine years old, the boy was sent to school by a distant relative. After passing through school and the gymnasium at Hernösand, he entered in 1818 the University of Upsala. All his holidays and University vacations were spent with his own relatives, amongst whom he led the nomad life of a mountain Lapp, tending reindeer on the hills, and often, in the long winter evenings, listening to the stories and poems that were sometimes recited and sometimes sung by old people. The name of Fjellner was adopted, after a custom not unusual with educated Lapps, from the circumstance of his birth on the mountain. (Cf. Fjell-ström, Fjell-man.) In the year 1820 he left the University, and, after spending some years as a missionary among the Lapps, lived as a pastor’s assistant in Jukkas-järvi from 1831 to 1842. In the latter year he set out, in true Lapp fashion, with his wife, two children and eleven reindeer, and made his way across the mountains to Sorsele, where he remained as pastor for the rest of his life.

Fjellner’s unique knowledge of Lappish songs and stories


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 newspapers. He is dogmatic if he ventures to express a doubt where the infallible of the time being has laid down a certainty.

To turn for a moment to the general question. I should not like to be thought to be advocating my study on the mere grounds of utility; although I believe that utility, both as regards the training of the study and the information attained in it, to be the highest, humanly speaking, of all utilities; it helps to qualify a man to act in his character of a politician as a Christian man should. But this is not all; beyond the educational purpose, beyond the political purpose, beyond the philosophical use of history and its training, it has something of the preciousness of everything that is clearly true. In common with Natural Philosophy it has its value, I win not say as Science, for that would be to use a term which has now become equivocal, but it has a value analogous to the value of science; a value as something that is worth knowing and retaining in the knowledge for its own and for the truth's sake. And in this consists its especial attraction for its own votaries. It is not the pleasure of knowing something that the world does not know,—that doubtless is a motive that weighs with many minds, a motive to be accepted as a fact, though it may not be worth analysis. It is not the mere pleasure of investigating and finding with every step of investigation new points of view open out, and new fields of labour, new characters of interest;—that investigating instinct of human nature is not one to be ignored, and the exercise of it on such inexhaustible materials as are before us now is a most healthy exercise, one that cannot but strengthen and develope the whole mind of the man who uses it, urging him on to new studies, new languages, new discoveries in geography and science. But even this is not all. There is, I speak humbly, in common with Natural Science, in the study of living History, a gradual approximation to a consciousness that we are growing into a perception of the workings of the Almighty Ruler of the world; that we are growing able to justify the Eternal Wisdom, and by that justification to approve ourselves His children; that we are


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 coming to see, not only in His ruling of His Church in her spiritual character but in His overruling of the world to which His act of redemption has given a new and all-interesting character to His own people, a hand of justice and mercy, a hand of progress and order, a kind and wise disposition ever leading the world on to the better, but never forcing, and out of the evil of man's working bringing continually that which is good. I do not fear to put it before you in this shape; I state my own belief, and it is well that you should know it from the first.

The study of History is in this respect, as Coleridge said of Poetry, its own great reward, a thing to be loved and cultivated for its own sake. If there are few who do really love and care for history, and I remember with sorrow that such was the remark of Dr. Shirley the last time that I had any lengthened conversation with him, is it not the result of a neglect of the principles which I have tried to express to you as the ideal of the study to my mind? It has not been well used of late years; it has been taught as a task to children; it has been valued only as an instrument to strengthen the memory; it has been under- valued in its true character of mental training; it has been learned to qualify men to make effective speeches to ignorant hearers, and to indite brilliant articles for people who only read periodicals; it has been begun from the standing point of popular infatuation; it has been begun from the advanced ground of ecclesiastical or political partisanship; it has been made an embellishment for wordy eloquence, a source of subjects for pictorial talent that has evolved grouping, features and circumstances, from its own consciousness; it has been written as a poem, but without the inspiration of poetry, as philosophy without the thoughtfulness or humility of the true philosophic spirit; it has been written for readers already known, counted and pandered to. What wonder that there are few who love it for its own sake, when there are so few who know it as it is! In this respect, as I have said, I hope and trust that the better time is coming, when the universality of the training


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 and the outpouring of the sources of knowledge will make imposture futile, and adulteration unprofitable. I hope and trust that in that good time our training here will he found to be a part of the true higher training, and the knowledge acquired in it to lead up to the true and highest Knowledge.


text: Seventeen lectures on the study of medieval and modern history and kindred subjects/Inaugural


text: Folk-Lore/Volume 29/War Mascots

title: Folk-Lore/Volume 29/War Mascots


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 A MEDIAEVAL LEGEND OF THE TERRESTRIAL PARADISE.

BY M. ESPOSITO.

(Read before the Society, 15th May, 1918.)

I.

" Paradise I cannot speak properly, for I was not there; and I repent not going there, but I was not worthy." Such is the admission of that most notorious liar usually spoken of as "Sir John Mandeville," and we may rest assured that for once in a way he had so far forgotten himself as to lapse into the truth.

What was denied even to "Mandeville" had, however, been granted to another and (if possible) more illustrious personage. "Paludanus," writes Mr. S. Baring-Gould, "in his Thesaurus Novus relates, of course on incontrovertible authority, that Alexander the Great was full of desire to see the terrestrial Paradise, and that he undertook his wars in the East for the express purpose of reaching it, and obtaining admission into it. He states that on his nearing Eden an old man was captured in a ravine by some of Alexander's soldiers, and they were about to conduct him to their monarch, when the venerable man said, 'Go and announce to Alexander that it is in vain


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 ON THE PRESENT STATE AND PROSPECTS OF HISTORICAL STUDY.

(May 17, 1876.)

""

FEW days ago, in turning over the contents of my old lecture drawer, I came upon two newspaper cuttings, which a vanity, pardonable I hope after the lapse of ten years, had conserved in company with even more perishable matter. The slips contained the reviews, of the Pall Mall Gazette and the Saturday Review, of my inaugural lecture as Regius Professor of Modern History. The latter of the two critiques was in itself worth preserving, for it was an early effort of a dear friend who has since made himself a great name in the region of historical study. It was an article full of blessing and good omen, with a sufficient amount of dogmatism to prove that the writer believed himself entitled to criticise; and it contained, with all its precious balm, enough of the element of blister to produce a wholesome irritation: for the one or two points in the lecture on which I had bestowed especial pains were described as praiseworthy but illusory. The Pall Mall review, the authorship of which I never learned, was a kindly article also, giving a fair résumé of what I had said, and ending with the remark that, although it was clear from the tone of my lecture that I should take a somewhat clerical view of history, still that


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 194 he seeks Paradise; his efforts will be perfectly fruitless, for the way of Paradise is the way of humility, a way of which he knows nothing. Take this stone and give it to Alexander and say to him, "From this stone learn what you must think of yourself."' Now this stone was of great value and excessively heavy, outweighing and excelling in value all other gems, but when reduced to powder it was as light as a tuft of hay, and as worthless. By which token the mysterious old man meant, that Alexander dead would be a thing of nought."

Mr. Baring-Gould has not attempted to trace the "incontrovertible authority" on which Paludanus related this curious story. Let us endeavour to do so here.

In the Middle Ages there were two Alexanders, the Alexander of history and the Alexander of legend. Needless to say, the latter was far better known and appreciated than the former, and almost every literature possesses its version or versions of the Alexander-Romance. The most widely diffused of these versions were naturally the Latin ones, which with very few exceptions can be ultimately traced to a Greek original dating back to the third century. It is in one of these exceptions of non-Greek origin that we find the theme of the story told by Paludanus. This is the little tract usually known as the Iter ad Paradisum, an edition of which was published by the present writer some few years ago. Its contents may be summarized thus:


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Rh Alexander, having conquered India, comes to a very broad river, which he learns to be the "Ganges or Phison whose source is the Paradise of Pleasure." Having selected five hundred of his bravest companions, he embarks on a vessel which he finds ready prepared and sails up the river. After thirty-four days of terribly difficult and dangerous navigation against enormous waves, they arrive before a vast city surrounded by an impenetrable wall, so covered over with moss that no trace of opening nor even of the stones could anywhere be seen. For three days they sail along the wall in the vain hope of finding some entrance. At last, on the third, a small window is discerned, at which some of Alexander's companions putting off in a light bark proceed to knock loudly. The window is soon opened, and an inhabitant blandly inquires who they are and what is the purpose of such an unexpected visit. "We are," say they, "the envoys of no ordinary king, but of Alexander who rules the world. His lordship desires to know of what race and laws you are, what are your forces and who is your king? He orders you, if you wish to preserve your peace and safety, to make no show of ambition, but to do as all other races and pay him a tribute."

To this speech the inhabitant, in no way perturbed, replied, "Cease to worry me with your threats, but patiently await my return." After two hours he re-appeared, and handing the envoys a gem of wonderful brilliance and colour, which in size and shape exactly reproduced the human eye, said, "The inhabitants of this place send to Alexander this stone which will put an end to his desires, for once he learns its virtue and nature he shall lay aside all ambition. Nor is it prudent for you to remain any longer in these regions, for should even a slight breeze arise you will without doubt be shipwrecked and destroyed.


text: Author:Peter Paludanus

title: Author:Peter Paludanus


text: Index:Singapore Act 1966 (ukpga 19660029 en).pdf


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 196 Wherefore return to your companions and give thanks to the God of gods for the good fortune granted you."

Alexander returns to Susa and consults in secret all the wisest of the Jews and Greeks as to the meaning of these mysterious events, but receives no suitable explanation. At last he meets with an aged Jew named Papas, who, hearing of his successful voyage, exclaims, "O King, fail not to repay to the God of Heaven what you owe him, for never before has anything similar been conceded to a mortal. Frequently in the past have adventurous youths essayed to navigate that river, but all in vain. You, however, have been permitted by divine grace to reach that city and receive replies denied to all others."

Alexander replies that clearly the Scripture was right in asserting that wisdom was the property of the ancient, and producing the gem given him by the inhabitant of the mysterious city asks for an explanation of its meaning. The Jew thereupon calls for a balance and weights of gold. The stone is placed in one pan and the weights added by degrees to the other. Each time, however, the stone draws up the weights. The largest balance in the town is now sent for and loaded with beams and as much gold as possible. On placing the stone in the opposite pan it immediately descends as if it were only drawing down the lightest feather. Reverting to the smaller balance, the Jew places in one pan the gem and covers it with a small quantity of dust; it is now easily drawn up by the smallest weight. On taking out the weight and throwing in the lightest feather in its place the result is the same.

Alexander, amazed beyond description at these experiments, begs the Jew to clear up the mystery of the stone and hidden city.

"O King," replies the aged man, "the city you saw is the abode of souls freed from their bodies, placed by the


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Rh Creator in an inaccessible position on the confines of the world. Here they await in peace and quiet the day of their judgment and resurrection, after which they shall reign for ever with their Creator. These spirits, anxious for the salvation of humanity, and wishing to preserve your happiness, have destined this stone as a warning to you to curb the unseemly desires of your ambition. Remember that such insatiable desires merely end by enslaving a man, consuming him with cares and depriving him of all peace. Had you remained contented with the inheritance of your own kingdom you would have reigned in peace and tranquillity, but now, not even yet satisfied with the conquest of enormous foreign possessions and wealth, you are weighed down with cares and danger. This stone by its nature is symbolical of your condition. In shape and appearance it resembles the human eye, which, as long as it is possessed of vital spark, seethes with desires growing more and more insatiable in accordance as they are satisfied, as we saw in the first experiments with the balance. Once, however, the vital spark is removed, and the eye is consigned to the earth, it ceases to desire or require anything and is good for nothing. Wherefore the lightest feather, which is of some small use, was easily able to outweigh this stone when covered with dust. Therefore, O King, lord of the world, this stone warns you to renounce the pursuit of your ambitious designs and to harbour thoughts of prudence."

Alexander dismisses the old man with rewards, and casting aside his former ambition returns slowly to Babylon, where he meets his fate, poisoned by a retainer, after the fashion foretold to him in India by the trees of the sun and moon.


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Page:Singapore Act 1966 (ukpga 19660029 en).pdf/1

Rh ELIZABETH II

Coat of arms of the United Kingdom (black and white).svg

1966 CHAPTER 29

by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—

1.—(1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, all law which, whether being a rule of law or a provision of an Act of Parliament or of any other enactment or instrument whatsoever, was in force immediately before 9th August, 1965 (being the day on which Singapore became an independent sovereign state separate from and independent of Malaysia) or, having been passed or made before that day comes or has come into force thereafter, shall, unless and until provision to the contrary is made by Parliament or some other authority having power in that behalf, have the same operation in relation to Singapore, and persons and things belonging to or connected with Singapore, as it would have, apart from this subsection, if Singapore had not become an independent sovereign state as aforesaid.

(2) The enactments specified in the Schedule to this Act (being enactments applicable to Commonwealth countries having fully responsible status) shall have effect in accordance with the provisions of that Schedule.

(3) Subsection (1) of this section applies to law of, or of any part of, the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man, and, in relation only to an enactment of the Parliament


text:
User talk:98.197.234.236

Beeswaxcandle (talk) 07:59, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:98.197.234.236


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Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 29, 1918.djvu/208

198 This interesting Latin story was, as we shall presently see, translated or rather adapted from a Jewish original of much earlier date. Linguistic considerations lead us to assign the Latin text to the earlier part of the twelfth century. The name of the compiler is not known with certainty. Several of the later manuscripts preface the tract with the words, "Solomon, teacher of the Jews, relates the following story," but it is not clear whether this Solomon is intended as the author of the original Hebrew romance, or merely designates the Latin translator.

In its Latin form the story, which shows evident traces of having been revised by a Christian, achieved a considerable popularity, and we find it worked into a number of Latin and vernacular compilations, in certain cases with considerable variations, which show that some other recension of it was also current with which we are not now acquainted. Thus in French literature it appears in several metrical versions of the Roman d' Alexandre, and in a prose compilation of the thirteenth century known as Les Fails des Romains. In the latter version the deviation is particularly marked:

Alexander journeys so far east that he reaches the spot where the sun rises. There he finds a vast river, the Ganges, identified with the Gyon, one of the four rivers


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2 of the United Kingdom or any Order in Council made by virtue of any such enactment whereby any such enactment applies in relation to Singapore, to law of any other country or territory to which that enactment or Order extends.

(4) This section shall be deemed to have had effect from 9th August, 1965.

2.—(1) In their operation by virtue of the foregoing section, the Colonial and Other Territories (Divorce Jurisdiction) Acts 1926 to 1950 shall not have effect so as to enable a court having jurisdiction under the law of Singapore to make a decree for the dissolution of a marriage, or, as incidental thereto, to make an order as to any matter, unless proceedings for the decree were instituted before the passing of this Act.

(2) Except as provided by the foregoing subsection, and subject to any provision to the contrary having effect as part of the law of Singapore, all courts having jurisdiction under the law of Singapore shall, after the coming into force of this section, be treated, for the purpose of such law as is mentioned in subsection (3) of the foregoing section, as having the same jurisdiction under the said Acts as they would have had if this Act had not been passed.

(3) The rules referred to in section 1(4) of the Indian and Colonial Divorce Jurisdiction Act 1926 (which requires proceedings under that Act to be conducted in accordance with rules made by the Secretary of State with the concurrence of the Lord Chancellor) may, in the application of that Act to Singapore by virtue of the foregoing provisions of this Act, instead of being so made, be made by such authority as may be determined by the law of Singapore, and so much of the said section 1(4) and of any rules in force thereunder so made by the Secretary of State as requires the approval of the Lord Chancellor to the nomination for any purpose of any judges of any such court shall cease to have effect.

(4) The references in subsection (1) above to proceedings for the dissolution of a marriage include references to proceedings for such a decree of presumption of death and dissolution of marriage as is authorised by section 14 of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1965.

3.—(1) Her Majesty may by Order in Council confer on the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council such jurisdiction and powers in respect of appeals from the Federal Court of Malaysia, acting on appeals from the High Court of Singapore, and in respect of appeals from any other court being a court having jurisdiction under the laws of Singapore, as appear to Her Majesty to be appropriate for giving effect to any arrangements made in


text:
Author:Marie-Paul-Hyacinthe Meyer

Works

 * Romania

Contributions to EB1911

 * {in part)
 * (in part)
 * (in part)

title: Author:Marie-Paul-Hyacinthe Meyer


text: Singapore Act 1966

title: Singapore Act 1966


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Rh of the terrestrial Paradise. By order of the king two knights, Mitone and Aristeus, sail up the river till they come to a castle situated on the bank. On the opposite bank is a lofty mountain, and between the mountain and the castle is stretched a chain, in such a fashion as to render further progress impossible. In despair our two knights agitate the chain violently. Soon an old man, whose garments emanate a delicious perfume, appears at one of the windows of the castle. They beg him to raise or lower the chain that they may continue their exploration, but the old man refuses and tells them that he is the servant of a far greater Lord than Alexander, and warns them against prying into the secrets of the Ruler of the World. "For more than three thousand years," he says, "have I guarded this chain, and in all that time but two men have passed, one before the Deluge and one after, and they dwell over beyond in the garden where is the tree of immortality. Nor will I stir from here until the day of Judgment." Finally he urges them to return and presents Mitone with a stone for Alexander. On this stone is engraved a human eye, and its meaning is afterwards explained to the king by Aristotle, who takes the place of the Jew in the Iter ad Paradisum.

In German poetry the episode of the Iter was related by the priest Lamprecht (about 1150), by John Enenkel (1250), and by Ulrich von Eschenbach (1290).

We find it also in an interesting Italian poem discovered by Arturo Graf, which recounts the journey of Ugo d'Alvernia (Huon d'Auvergne) to the regions of the Under


text: Letters of Junius/Letter XIV

title: Letters of Junius/Letter XIV


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 200 World, but I have failed entirely to find any trace of it in English literature. Nor does it appear in the Scotch or Irish versions of the Alexander-Romance.

II.

One of the most striking features of the scholarship of the present day is the care with which editors seek to unravel the sources of the documents they are investigating. Many a scholar of sixty or seventy years past would be sorely disconcerted could he but see the manner in which works edited by him as original compositions of this or that ancient author have now come to be analyzed and set down as mere compilations from previously existing materials. Such is emphatically the case with the mediaeval Alexander literature.

When thirty years ago Professor Wesselofsky came to study the version of the Alexander-Romance current among the Slavonic nations and the Rumanians, which he calls the Serbian version, he was easily able to establish the fact that many of the incidents in the journey of Alexander to the land of the Blessed or his intercourse with the Brahmans and their king Dindimus or Dandamis, as well as his journey to the fount of life, occur already in Christian legends of the second and third centuries, in the lives of Zosimos and in the apocryphal account of Macarius of Rome and his three companions. Others, too, have succeeded in tracing certain details to a Chaldaean source, the Babylonian history of Gilgames.


text: Letters of Junius/Letter XV

title: Letters of Junius/Letter XV


text: Letters of Junius/Letter XVI

title: Letters of Junius/Letter XVI


text:
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text: Letters of Junius/Letter XVII

title: Letters of Junius/Letter XVII


text:
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Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 29, 1918.djvu/212

202 Menahem explains the letters and the words to the king, who exclaims: "This certainly is the Garden of Eden!" The king then cries out: "Who is there upon this gate?" and a voice answers: "This is the gate of the Garden of Eden, and no uncircumcised man may enter it." Accordingly, in the night-time, Alexander circumcises the flesh of his foreskin, and his physicians cure him immediately by means of herbs.

On the morrow the king says unto the gate-keepers: "Give me a token and I shall go on my way." They then give him a box in which was something like a piece of the eye. The king stretches forth his hand to lift it from the ground, but is unable to do so. He then cries out and says: "What have you given me?" They reply: "This is an eye." "What is the use of it to me?" the king says. "This is the sign," say they, "that thine eye is not satisfied with riches, nor will thy desire be satisfied by thy roaming over the earth." "But how," said Alexander, "can I lift it from the earth?" "Place," say they, "some dust upon the eye, and then thou canst do what thou wilt with it, and this is a sign that thine eye will not be satisfied with riches until thou return to the earth from which thou wast taken."

The king does so: he scatters some dust on the eye, and, lifting it from the ground, places it in his treasure-house, to be a remembrance of his having obtained a token from the Garden of Eden.

The substance of the foregoing narrative is identical with that of the Iter ad Paradisum. There are, of course, differences of detail due to the necessity of the translator or adapter conforming to the tastes and ideas of his Western readers.


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Rh As for the story narrated in the Iter ad Paradisum, it is also to be sought for in oriental literature. A remarkable parallel may be traced to an episode in the Talmud, but undoubtedly the direct source is to be found in the Hebrew version of the Alexander-Legend. A manuscript of this version was unearthed at Damascus by Professor Harkavy, who has published a most valuable Russian dissertation on the subject. Subsequently the Hebrew text was translated into English by M. Gaster, a Rumanian scholar, to whose researches the study of Hebrew and Slavonic literature is much indebted. Gaster was fortunate enough to discover a manuscript as old as the twelfth century, but the version itself is much more ancient—probably even earlier than the seventh, as he suggests.

That we have in this version the original of our legend will be evident from the following extract:

Alexander and his companions come to the land of Ofrat, where they find a large river. The entire host cross the river and arrive before a very large gate about thirty cubits high. The king goes from that place and wanders among the hills with all his army for fully six months, till the hills come to an end and they emerge in a plain, where stands another immense and beautiful gate, whose height the eye of no man can reach. Upon it there is an inscription. Menahem, chief of the scribes, reads the inscription, which says: "This is the gate of the Lord, through which the righteous shall enter."


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Rh It is indeed singular to observe how the personality of Alexander has been metamorphosed in its successive passage from the literature of one nation to that of another. In general, the Alexander of Romance has become a religious hero. We have seen how in the Hebrew version he readily embraces Judaism when forced by circumstances to do so, and no doubt his mild treatment of the inhabitants of the Holy City gave rise to the belief that he might worship the God of Israel. To that of Christianity there was but one step, and in the Syriac, Ethiopic, and Western versions he appears as a convert and quotes the Bible. Alberic of Besançon, Lambert le Tort and other vernacular poets have invested him with all the attributes of a mediaeval knight, and Persian writers such as Firdusi or Nizami have not hesitated to paint him as a follower of Mahomet.

As a rule, it may be said that whereas the Western nations were more attracted by the stories of Alexander's bravery and liberality, what appealed most to the Eastern imagination was, in the words of Professor Wesselofsky, "the mystery of the greatness and power of the man, helpless before death." This latter conception appears once only in Western versions—in the legend we have been studying in these pages.

Although this legend enjoyed but a limited popularity compared with other branches of the Alexander-Romance, we cannot deny the wide diffusion of a belief that the Macedonian hero had undertaken a voyage to Paradise. A charming example of this belief occurs in a Russian folk-tale rescued from oblivion by Professor Wesselofsky, and buried away by him in the pages of a learned Russian review. He relates it on the authority of an old gardener


text: Author:Bruno Meissner

title: Author:Bruno Meissner


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204 dwelling in the village of Goosefka in the Government of Saratov:

When Alexander of Macedon conquered the whole world he decided to visit Paradise. To find his way to it he procured a Bible in his own kingdom. It was not a Bible as we have them now, but an old one as they had them in the days of Adam, and in it was described the way to reach Paradise. He took all his army and started on his way according to this Bible. Now he was getting quite near when the angel who guards Paradise runs to God and says: "O God! Alexander of Macedon is coming to our Paradise." Then God causes wide rivers to flow across Alexander's path, but the warrior builds ships and bridges, crosses the rivers and advances to Paradise. Again the angel runs to God: "O God! Alexander is coming." Then God puts in his way thick forests filled with huge fierce beasts. Alexander catches the beasts, feeds his army with them, cuts down the forests and comes nearer. Once more the angel runs to God and says: "Alexander is coming." Then God raises in front of the king impassable mountains, but Alexander takes pick-axes, hammers and shovels, and breaks a passage through the mountains; one sees no one, but one hears a great noise as of thunder under ground.

The angel tells this to God, who only now guesses that Alexander must have a Bible to help him. He commands the angel to get possession of it.

Alexander lies down to sleep, but he does not let go the Bible and holds it tightly by one corner. The angel arrives and seizes the book. Alexander wakes up and squeezes his fingers more tightly round the corner. The angel gives a strong pull and draws the Bible out of


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Rh Alexander's hand, all except the two corners, which remained between his fingers.

However, the king does not grieve long over his loss, but orders a new Bible to be made to fit the remaining corners. It was soon ready, but it was not the same Bible. It leads Alexander round and round but not a step nearer.

When Alexander sees that he cannot reach Paradise he says to his army: "Why should we go and look for Paradise when we can make one of our own?" And so he started to plant trees, and everybody followed his example. And this was the origin of all our fruit trees.

Are we to see in this tale a far-off reminiscence of the Jewish Romance or of the Iter ad Paradisum? That is what Professor Wesselofsky does not tell us, and what we may well be content to leave undecided.


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 precludes all possibility of its ever being made use of for the ordinary colonial productions, yet the time might arrive, in some future generation, when much of this kind of land might be checquered with plantations of rice, tobacco, indigo, cotton, sugar-cane, and mulberry trees.

I have divided this work into four parts. The first contains a description of the MacLeay river, and two smaller rivers, between that stream and the Clarence; these rivers being included in the district I was ordered to survey, I have been rather prolix in my details concerning the geological formation of the surrounding country, and its influence on the climate, soil, indigenous vegetation, and objects of culture, which I was able to see displayed, as I possessed a share in a station on the banks of the MacLeay, where we successfully cultivated a large tract of land for some years.

In the second part, I have described the river Hastings, and the Port Macquarie district, the Clarence, Richmond, and Tweed rivers, and the country in the vicinity of Moreton Bay and the Brisbane river.

The third part contains an inquiry into the causes of the depression, and monetary panic, which have so long afflicted the colony of New South Wales. I have also examined whether any future profit will attend the investment of capital in flocks and herds, when considered as only valuable for the exportable articles of tallow, wool, or hides; and have annexed


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 some calculations on the subject. Agriculture, carried on for the production of wheat, maize, &c.—and the cultivation of the vine, with a view to the production of wine and brandy, are next analysed in the same manner, in order to ascertain whether these occupations can be profitably carried on with a view to the exportation of their products, independent of any colonial demand for them.

The last part contains a few desultory observations on Australian field-sports, and the incidents of a bush life, with anecdotes of the Aborigines, &c. &c.

In offering to the public this work, which will not be published until I am again traversing the ocean on my return to Sydney, I must crave the reader's indulgence for the defects which it may contain; for being engaged in many other affairs during my limited stay in England, I have not been able to find time to render it as complete as I could have wished.


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 and shorter than that indicated by the sternite described above. In eurypterids of the type of  Grote and Pitt,   Claypole,   Walcott,   Salter,   Woodward,   Laurie, etc., so far as material shows, the preabdomen is obese, the second pair of endognathites is the longest, and all four pairs with their spines are curved forward. In Stylonurus and the related genus, Drepanopterus, the fourth endognathites are without any elaborate development of spines, and in the former are greatly elongated. In Slimonia the first pair of endognathites is tactile, the succeeding three pairs are short, vary little in size and are all provided with small spines at the distal ends of the joints. In the Pterygotus the four pairs of endognathites are filiform, of nearly equal size and probably in all cases, spineless.

A metastoma of peculiar form, figured by Sarle [op. cit. pl. 12, fig. 5; here pl. 46, fig. 15] and referred to in the explanation of his plate as "Dolichopterus?? metastoma of an undetermined form," approaches in shape more closely the metastoma of Stylonurus than that of any other genus. It seems to us very probable that it also belongs to this species.

Clarke. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 107. 1907. p. 306, pl. 6, fig. 1–5

Clarke. Ibid. pl. 3, fig. 6

or. Ibid. pl. 6, fig. 8

Segments and joints of Eurypterus, Hughmilleria, etc. Ibid. pl. 8, fig. 4

In the preliminary note on the Otisville fauna this species was considered as being "in many respects a diminutive expression of  Sarle, the head (all that is now known of it) being subquadrate, almost as much squared in front as behind, the eyes large, semicircular, subcentral and approximate and the ocellar mound developed in mature forms." The greatly enlarged collections from the same locality secured by the State Museum since the date of the preliminary paper, throw a different light on the generic relations of this species, and furnish the data for the following description.


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 Description. Carapace subrectangular, its length and width approximately as 2 : 3; both the anterior and posterior angles approaching right angles in older specimens; anterior angles, however, more rounded than the posterior ones. Frontal margin varying in different specimens from slightly convex to gently emarginate; lateral margins moderately convex, posterior margin broadly concave. The greatest width is found in the middle between the anterior and posterior margins. The upper test carries but a very narrow thickened rim on the anterior and lateral margins; it is continued, however, into a very broad, concentrically furrowed doublure on the underside, which in front attains one sixth the length of the carapace and becomes reduced to one half that width toward the genal angles. The eyes are very large (one third of length of carapace); much elevated, furnished with a semicircular, narrow visual area; approximate, about their own length apart, situated a little forward of the bisecting line. The ocelli are situated on a prominent, heart-shaped mound between the posterior extremities of the lateral eyes. The surface is covered with closely arranged prominent tubercles which along the frontal margin are arranged in concentric rows.

The first tergite is short and wide and like the following furnished with a row of large tubercles along the posterior margin.


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 {| width="500px" align="center"
 * colspan="2" | The largest carapace observed measured || align="right" | millimeters
 * width="20px" | || Length of carapace || align="right" | 19.
 * || Width || align="right" | 27.
 * || Length of lateral eye || align="right" | 6.9
 * || Distance between visual surfaces || align="right" | 12.8
 * }
 * || Length of lateral eye || align="right" | 6.9
 * || Distance between visual surfaces || align="right" | 12.8
 * }
 * || Distance between visual surfaces || align="right" | 12.8
 * }

Horizon and locality. One of the rarer forms in the Shawangunk grit at Otisville, N. Y.

Remarks. The principal features which characterize this species as belonging to Stylonurus are the broad, furrowed doublure, the large size of the eyes, the semicircular outline of the visual surfaces and their approximate position and the rows of tubercles along the posterior margins of the tergites. In the general outline of the carapace and its relative dimensions  may be compared to ,   and. The great size of its eyes recalls  and, as in that little known Scottish form, the visual surface extends over more than a semicircle. Its prominent ornamentation distinguishes it from all of these species.

The later collections from Otisville have afforded some carapaces [pl. 51, figs. 8–12] of very young individuals (width but 5 mm) which differ so much from that of the mature type that they would be easily taken as representing a different species. They are broader and shorter and semicircular to semielliptic in outline. The lateral eyes are close to the margin instead of approximate; and their visual surface is relatively less extensive. The entire surface is so densely covered with tubercles that it has a shagreen aspect. Most of these ontogenetic characters are probably of phylogenetic importance, especially the change in the form of the carapace and in the position of the eyes. These have been noted more fully in another place.

A number of specimens [pl. 51, fig. 14; pl. 52, fig. 9] exhibit a distinct acute process in the middle of the frontal doublure. The same specimens are also relatively a little shorter. For this reason we consider it possible that both these features are due to a slight lateral compression,


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 which undoubtedly has affected the specimen, figure 9. Larger collections may, however, bring out the fact that we have here to deal with varietal differences.

Besides the carapaces and attached first tergites, fragments of other parts of the test of a Stylonurus occur at Otisville and their prominent rows of tubercles suggest that they belong to this species. Most easily recognized among these are the tergites [pl. 53, fig. 4, 5]. Besides the posterior row of tubercles borne on a high crest, these show a parallel middle row of less distinct tubercles, which also crown a narrow ridge. In some a row of smaller and less distinct tubercles is seen posteriorly of the other and alternating with it. Further, densely tubercled metastomas of the shape of that reproduced on plate 53, figure 1 occur not infrequently. They probably also belong to this species. Portions of legs with longitudinal rows of tubercles [fig. 7] suggesting their reference to this species, have also been observed.

A single entire individual has been observed and, judging from the subrectangular outline of its carapace and the size and position of the eyes this probably represents  [pl. 52, fig. 6]. Unfortunately its test is reduced to a film that retains no sculpturing and shows nothing but the outline. The most characteristic features of the specimen are its relatively compact form and the small length and great width of the abdomen and the long spurlike epimera of the segments, both of the preabdomen and postabdomen. The total length of the specimen is but 55 mm, its greatest width however amounts to 20 mm.

Such spurlike epimera of equal relative size are possessed only by the large  from the Old Red sandstone. Curiously enough that isolated and strange form is like  in outline of carapace, the approximate position of the eyes and the sculpture of the tergites. It seems probable therefore that, when fully known, will prove a representative of the subgenus Tarsopterus of which   is the type.

Of the telson of the species, but a small proximal portion is preserved.


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Among the early stages of eurypterids obtained at Otisville is a number of very minute individuals, that are noticeable for their owllike appearance due to the very broad, anteriorly emarginate carapace and their immense hemispherical and disklike eyes [pl. 51, figs. 1–6]. Although there is a considerable gap in size in the series of these specimens and of the smallest of the carapaces [pl. 51, figs. 7–9] which undoubtedly belong to, these small entire individuals seem properly referred here, for the following reasons: The form of the carapace is clearly that of   which is the only one in the Otisville fauna possessing a subrectangular outline; the position of the eyes corresponds to that found in the adult stages of  ; the broad rim of the carapace, a characteristic feature of   and not observed in other members of this fauna, is present in these young individuals.

In surveying this whole series, one distinguishes three ontogenetic groups, the first represented by the small entire individuals on plate 51, figures 1–6; the second by the group plate 51, figures 7–14, and the last by the specimens plate 52, figures 1–4, 10. As the smallest specimens of the first group are but little larger than the eggs of Limulus and are thoroughly larval in their character, we consider them as representing the nepionic stage. The next group which is intermediate in its character between the first and last may be considered as representing the neanic growth stage, since the last group belongs to specimens of ephebic or mature age, as far as we can judge, although we suspect that these are only the earliest ephebic substage.

The nepionic stage is again subdivisible as far as our material is concerned, into two substages. The first of these, illustrated by the figures 1–3, [plate 51] is characterized by (1) the relatively large size of the carapace to the body (proportion as 1 : 3.75 in the former and as 1 : 5 in the latter); (2) the evenly terete or conical form of the body which makes the carapace also the broadest part of the integument; (3) the presence of a distinct border surrounding the whole carapace; (4) the immense size of the


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 eyes, which occupy the entire space between the border and a median ridge; (5) this distinct median ridge, also a character not observed in later stages, and finally the abdominal segments which are (6) less in number and (7) lack all differentiation between preabdomen and postabdomen as far as the length of the segments is concerned, all being of equal length.

We may now consider some of these larval characters in somewhat greater detail.

The carapace appears to have had more distinctly the nature of a definite shield than at any later stage, for it is here most clearly set off by a flat thickened border of equal width. The same impression is also conveyed by the rounded postlateral angles, well seen in figures 1 and 3.

The large size of the carapace, its distinction from the abdomen and the broad border, are features which this larva has in common with Limulus [text fig. 24], with the difference, however, that in the latter the border is not continuous over the posterior margin. But there are still other features inviting comparison with the larva of Limulus, notably the median ridge, which produces a trilobation of the carapace directly corresponding to that of Limulus in the so called "trilobite stage." It further appears that the number of segments of the abdomen may be the same as that observed in the larva of Limulus shortly after hatching, that is nine including the rudiment of the caudal spine. Eight (including the telson) are distinctly visible in the original of plate 51, figure 4, but it is probable that the first segment is hidden under the carapace. As in the larva of Limulus these segments are not differentiated, at least in their dorsal view and the telson spine is still extremely rudimentary. But herewith all similarities end.

The uniformly terete form of the abdomen of this larva is in strong contrast to the broad, posteriorly widening abdomen of the Limulus larva. There is little doubt that the latter represents a tachygenetic


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 character of later acquisition and that  exhibits the more primitive condition.

Another striking feature of this nepionic form not seen in the larva of Limulus is the great size of the lateral eyes which suggests very strongly the megalops stage in the zoea of many crustaceans. The large eyes appear in most specimens as disks bearing a central node [pl. 51, figs. 1, 5]; in some as globose projections with an apical depression [pl. 51, fig. 2]. By tracing these parts through later stages to the adult form, it becomes apparent that the disks or semiglobes are the large visual nodes with an outer orbital ridge and that the apical nodes are composed of the crescentic visual surface and the included apical area as in the mature. With this conception of the parts of the eye, it follows that the visual node was protruded enormously as in the megalops stages of the crustacean larvae. This protrusion disappears entirely, as figures 7–13 show, and only the small visual node surrounded by the visual surface on the outer side remains. In figure 5 the outer orbital ridge is still very well seen; in figure 6 it seems to have merged into the semilunar ridge that runs parallel to the anterior and lateral margins of the carapace.

The original position of the visual surfaces, or eyes proper, in the earliest larvae seems to have been about halfway between the anterior and posterior, margins and nearer to the lateral margin or border than to the median ridge. This position is retained throughout the neanic stages. It is identical with that observed in the larval Limulus. With the beginning of the ephebic stage the compound eyes wander inward and become


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 approximate [as in pl. 52 fig. 1–4] and thereby assume the position characteristic to most species of Stylonurus.

The neanic and ephebic stages exhibit a strong tubercular ornamentation of the carapace and segments. No indications of this have been observed in the nepionic stage, a fact that may be attributed either to a failure to observe it on account of the extreme smallness of the specimens or to its absence. We believe the latter to be the case for several reasons. One of these is that the largest specimens of the nepionic stage [figs. 5, 6] could have hardly failed to show traces of this sculpture if it existed, and another, that the smallest carapace of the neanic stage observed [fig. 8] possesses this tubercular sculpture only in an incomplete or but partially developed form. Moreover, the fact of the absence of the ornamentation of the mature forms in the larvae is fully in accordance with the relations of the larvae and mature forms in most other arthropods.

The neanic stage, typically represented by figures 7–13, is distinguished from the ephebic stage mainly by two characters, the relatively greater width of the carapace and the submarginal position of the compound eyes. In the carapaces, plate 51, figures 9, 11, 12, the average relation of length to width is as 10 : 16 and in plate 52, figures 1–3, as 10 : 14.

Actually the relative length of the carapace increases but little (about one eighth) with advancing age but the fact that in the neanic stage the anterior angles of the carapace are strongly truncated and rounded and in the mature stage subrectangular, assists greatly in increasing the appearance of smaller length and greater width in the neanic specimens. Specimen figure 14 which has almost the size of the mature specimens, still


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 the neanic position of the eyes and the round anterior angles and stands in the proportion of length to width between the neanic and nepionic stages as 10 : 15.

The submarginal position of the compound eyes in the neanic stage is a feature inherited from the preceding stage and corresponding to the appearance of these eyes in the larva of Limulus at the line of insertion of the rimlike edge of the lateral lobes [text fig. 24]. A peculiar difference, apparently at variance with the enormously enlarged eyes in the larval condition between the neanic and ephebic stages consists in the relatively smaller size of the visual surface and inclosed node in the former [cf. fig. 9, 11 with pl. 52, fig. 2, 3]. But if, as we have inferred before, the final visual node and visual surface in the nepionic stage are represented by the central or apical node borne on the large larval visual node, then the small size of the eye in the neanic stage is the direct result of the nepionic condition. We have then the peculiar fact, that in the ontogeny of  the actual visual surface of the eye increases relatively with advancing age, while the visual node on which it is borne, greatly decreases.

The ocelli have not been located in the nepionic stage, but their position midway between the lateral eyes in the neanic stage can be clearly made out.


text:
Author:Arturo Graf

Works

 * Poesie e novelle (1874)
 * Dopo il tramonto versi (1893)

title: Author:Arturo Graf


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BY ROMAIN ROLLAND

AUTHOR OF “JOHN CHRISTOPHER” ETC.

TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH BY FREDERIC LEES

NEW YORK

E. P. DUTTON AND COMPANY

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 In tabular form the character of the three stages and the changes are as follows:


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Hall. 2d Geol. Sur. Penn. Rep't PPP. 1884. p. 30, pl. 3, fig. 1

Hall & Clarke. Palaeontology of New York. 1888. 7: 157, pl. 27, fig. 5

Beecher. American Journal of Science. 1900. 10:148

We have nothing to add to the elaborate original description of this form, since no other specimens than the holotype are known. As the


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title: Author:Robert Holcot


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 latter lacks the carapace and the first four pairs of legs, its relation to the subgenera distinguished above, can not be determined.

The specimen serves to demonstrate the persistence of the genus Stylonurus into late Devonic time, the type coming from the Chemung sandstones at Warren, Warren co., Penn.

Dawson. Quar. Jour. Geol. Soc. 1881. 37:301, pl. 12, fig. 10; pl. 13, fig. 20

Wright. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist. 35th Rep't. 1884. p. 196

(?)  Hall. Ibid. pl. 15, note

Jones & Woodward. Geol. Mag. 1884. Dec. 3; 1: 9; p. 393, pl. 13, fig. 1, a, b

Etheridge, Woodward & Jones. 3d Rep't Committee on Fossil Phyllopoda of the Palaeozoic Rocks. 1885. p. 35

(?) ( ?)  Hall & Clarke. Palaeontology of New York. 1888. 7: 160, pl. 27, fig. 7–9

(?)  Beecher. American Journal of Science. 1900. 10: 148

The foregoing synonymy reveals the interesting history of a two jointed subcylindrical fragment from the lower beds of the Portage sandstones, Italy, Yates co., N. Y. Originally regarded as of vegetable nature, Hall early recognized that its surface sculpture was that of an arthropod and that it probably represents "two of the abdominal segments of a form not unlike Stylonurus." Woodward and Jones then referred the fragment to the Phyllocarida (Echinocaris), evidently basing their opinion on the spinose character of the surface of the fragment. Hall and Clarke later pointed out that no species of that genus possess spines of similar character to those in the specimen and that the latter would be gigantic for Echinocaris but not for a species of Stylonurus. Finally Beecher suggested that the specimen represents two proximal segments of one of


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 some match at Chichester,—she won't tell us with whom; but I believe it is a rich old Dr. Harding, uncle to the friend she goes to see; and she has taken a vast deal of trouble about him, and given up a great deal of time to no purpose as yet. When she went away the other day, she said it should be the last time. I suppose you did not know what her particular business was at Chichester, nor guess at the object which could take her away from Stanton just as you were coming home after so many years' absence."

"No indeed, I had not the smallest suspicion of it. I considered her engagement to Mrs. Shaw just at that time as very unfortunate for me. I had hoped to find all my sisters at home, to be able to make an immediate friend of each."

“I suspect the Doctor to have had an attack of the asthma, and that she was hurried away on that account. The Shaws are quite on her side,—at least, I believe so; but she tells me nothing. She professes to keep her own counsel; she says, and truly enough, that 'Too many cooks spoil the broth.'"

"I am sorry for her anxieties," said Emma; "but I do not like her plans or her opinions. I shall be afraid of her. She must have too masculine and bold a temper. To be so bent on [120]


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 marriage, to pursue a man merely for the sake of situation, is a sort of thing that shocks me; I cannot understand it. Poverty is a great evil; but to a woman of education and feeling it ought not, it cannot be the greatest. I would rather be teacher at a school (and I can think of nothing worse) than marry a man I did not like."

"I would rather do anything than be teacher at a school," said her sister. "I have been at school, Emma, and know what a life they lead; you never have. I should not like marrying a disagreeable man any more than yourself; but I do not think there are many very disagreeable men; I think I could like any good-humoured man with a comfortable income. I suppose my aunt brought you up to be rather refined."

"Indeed I do not know. My conduct must tell you how I have been brought up. I am no judge of it myself. I cannot compare my aunt's method with any other person's, because I know no other."

"But I can see in a great many things that you are very refined. I have observed it ever since you came home, and I am afraid it will not be for your happiness. Penelope will laugh at you very much."

"That will not be for my happiness, I am sure. If my opinions are wrong, I must cor- Rh


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 the large crawling legs of a form related to Stylonurus, and not two somites of the abdomen as indicated by Hall, claiming that "its elliptical or ovoid sections without any flattening of the epimera, the very considerable overlapping of the joints, and the configuration of the suture, are

more strongly indicative of the nature and requirements of a limb than of abdominal segments." The entire specimen of Stylonurus obtained at Otisville would seem to corroborate the latter view.

Besides the fairly complete species of Stylonurus ( and  ) which the shales of the Shawangunk grit at Otisville


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 have afforded, fragmentary remains indicate the presence of several other representatives of the same genus, which for the sake of completeness, may be mentioned in this place.

α. Plate 53, figures 8, 10–12. One of these is characterized by its acutely triangular scales, which assume the aspect of short sharp spines and actually seem to have consisted of such in the specimen, figure 10, where the fact that the distal parts of the scales are always broken off, is evidence of their spinose nature. The fragments of segments indicate that these possessed distinct anterior and posterior borders. A single segment of one of the first or second pairs of legs has been obtained. This by its lateral row of spines permits a reference of the species to the subgenus Ctenopterus.

β. Plate 53, figures 14, 15. A second species, quite probably also referable to Ctenopterus, is best represented by the leg segment reproduced in figure 15. This shows a series of teethlike serrations, quite dissimilar to the rows of spines in other species.

γ. Plate 53, figure 19. A third leg segment, also possessing the characteristics of Ctenopterus, shows broad, flat (paired?) spines with longitudinal striae; these features strongly reminding one of the leg spines of.

δ. Plate 53, figures 6, 9. Some patches of integument bear a sculpturing which consists of flat, broad, distinctly separated prominences and in part of long ridges, the whole resembling a cobblestone pavement. This is so strikingly different from all other ornamentation observed in the beds at Otisville, that it can not fail to characterize its possessor. It is more suggestive of the ornamentation exhibited by such forms as,   and   than of members of other genera.

Some other specifically indeterminable fragments deserving mention, may be noted here. One of these is the distal portion of one of the posterior legs [pl. 53, fig. 20] of a Stylonurus, chiefly remarkable for its size, indicating the presence of large individuals of the genus in this Otisville fauna. Another


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 fragment of a segment [pl. 53, fig. 13] exhibits a curiously serrated posterior margin. This recalls the frontal serrations of the carapace of, but the segments of that species have not shown this structure, although on account of their rather poor preservation, this does not yet demonstrate the absence of this fringe. We are not certain that this specimen is referable to Stylonurus.

To a gigantic Stylonurus or Pterygotus probably should also be referred two fragments of plates with marginal rows of slightly curved, rather blunt spines [pl. 53, fig. 16, 17]. These are apparently portions of the manducatory edges of coxal segments. In the smaller specimen the teeth are very thick and solid, in the second they are so much wrinkled and shrunken that they give the impression of having been hollow processes. It is possible that these remains require an entirely different explanation, but the material is at present too fragmentary to permit of positive conclusions. There is a suggestion of similarity between these peculiar fringed bodies and the supposed combs of giant scorpions such as have been described by Peach as Glyptoscorpius, both the fringe and the parallel lines of the base of the fragments indicating the structure seen in the rhachis and the comb of certain recent scorpions. With present knowledge the comparison can be carried no further.

In 1892 Laurie created a new genus for a single, then rather incompletely known eurypterid, from the Siluric rocks of the Pentland hills in Scotland. He defines the genus as follows:

Carapace broader than long; widest about two fifths from anterior margin. Body, 1st segment wider than posterior margin of carapace; increases in width to 3d segment, and then tapers rapidly. Limb elongated, subcylindrical, terminating in a very slightly expanded joint, concave on posterior margin.

The subsequent discovery of two other species and of better specimens of the genotype led Laurie [1899, p. 582] to consider the point of chief generic importance to be a negative one: "Last pair of appendages


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158

, 4th January.

the presidency of Lord Ronaldshay Sir J. C. Bose delivered a lecture this evening on "The praying palm-tree."

Sir J. C. Bose said that perhaps no phenomenon was so remarkable and shrouded with greater mystery as the performances of a particular palm tree near Faridpur. In the evening while the temple bells rang calling the people to prayer the tree bowed down as if to prostrate itself, and erected its head again in the morning. This process is repeated every day of the year. The phenomenon had been regarded as miraculous and pilgrims had been attracted in great numbers. It was also alleged that offerings made to the tree had been the means of effecting marvellous cures.

The lecturer first obtained photographs of the two positions which proved the phenomenon to be real. The next thing was to devise a special apparatus to record continuously the movement of the tree day and night. The records of the palm tree showed that it fell with the rise of temperature and rose with the fall. The records obtained with other trees brought out the extraordinary and unsuspected fact that all trees are moving, such movement being in response to changes in their environment.

Pioneer Mail, Allahabad, 11th January, 1918.

For the following note the Editor is indebted to Sir James Frazer.

Twenty-five years ago an old man in one of the parishes of Anglesey invariably bore or rather wore a sickle over his neck—in the fields, and on the road, wherever he went. He was rather reticent as to the reason why he wore it, but he clearly gave his questioner to understand that it was a protection


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 {| align="center" width="500px" Figure 69 Laurie. Original figure. (From Laurie)
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 neither expanded, as in Eurypterus, etc., nor excessively elongated, as in Stylonurus." The American rocks have furnished a single representative of this genus, here described as, which stands still somewhat apart from its three British allies. In general habit it is a Stylonurus, as evinced by the slender body, broad, somewhat angular carapace with broad rim, the very long and slender legs and the immense telson. At the same time it possesses differential features, some of which clearly denote intermediate stages between the highly specialized limbs of Stylonurus and those of its unknown ancestors. The characters indicative of the incomplete specialization of the legs consist in the smaller size of the last pair; that in Stylonurus reaches to the middle of the telson, but here, notwithstanding the relatively short body, only to the penultimate segment of the postabdomen; and the further fact that the preceding pair of legs is only about half as long (more exactly three fifths) as the last.

Laurie [1893, p. 519] suggests that "the form of the two last pairs of legs [of Stylonurus], which are long and pointed at the end, and are among the most characteristic structures of the genus, is possibly derived from Eurypterus through some form like Drepanopterus, though it is also possible that Stylonurus is descended from an ancestral type in which the last pair of legs were less modified than in Eurypterus." In view of the early appearance of Drepanopterus, and the fact that the young of  show no indication of eurypteroid features in their limbs, we are convinced that the last of the alternative hypotheses of Laurie is nearer the truth and that Stylonurus is not derived from Eurypterus but comes through Drepanopterus from a like ancestor with Eurypterus.

Description. Body slender, of medium size, clavate in general outline, the carapace being broadest and the body tapering to the long telson.

The carapace is subquadrate in a young specimen, but an ephebic individual has the sides so well rounded that it appears subcircular, with the


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 Rh against evil spirits. This custom is known in Welsh as "gwisgo'r gorthrwm," which literally means "wearing the oppression." Gorthrwm=gor, an intensifying affix = super, and trwm = heavy, so that the phrase perhaps would be more correctly rendered "wearing the overweight." It is not easy to see the connection between the practice and the idea either of overweight or oppression; still, that was the phrase in common use.

For a similar reason, that is, protection from evil spirits during the hours of the night, it was and is a custom to place two scythes archwise over the entrance-side of the wainscot bed found in many of the older cottages of Anglesey. It is difficult to find evidence of the existence of this practice to-day as the old people no doubt feel that it is contrary to their prevailing religious belief and will not confess their faith in the efficacy of a "pagan" rite which they are yet loth to abandon.

.

, who is doing excellent work on the investigation on scientific lines of prehistoric remains in Ireland, has republished from the Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy (vol. xxxiv. Section C, No. 3) a paper on "The Ancient Sanctuaries of Knockaincy and Clogher, Co. Limerick." Here a cairn commemorates the cult of the goddess Aine, of the god-race of the Tuatha De Danann. She was a water-spirit, and has been seen, half-raised out of the water, combing her hair. She was a beautiful and gracious spirit, " the bestnatured of women," and is crowned with meadowsweet (spiræa), to which she gave its sweet smell. She is a powerful tutelary spirit, protector of the sick, and connected with the moon, her hill being sickle-shaped, and men, before performing the ceremonies, used to look for the moon—whether visible or not—lest they should be unable to return. They used to comb the sheaves on St. John's Eve, carrying lighted wisps to bring luck


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 PART I.

The entrance of the MacLeay River—Trial Bay—Granite headlands—A digression on the nature and appearance of the alluvial jungles or brushes, on the banks of some of the coast rivers of New South Wales—Probable causes of the tropical aspect of the vegetation, and the inexhaustible richness of the soil, which characterise these brushes, especially in the northern districts—Extensive swamps near the estuary of the MacLeay—Successful experiment with rice—Agricultural stations of the squatters—Cedar sawyers—Prevalence of ague at the lower MacLeay—Village of Kempsey—Dongai Creek—Beautiful fertile ranges—Their geological formation the most favourable of any for vineyards—Limestone caverns—Rich fertile well-watered country on the south side of the MacLeay—Densely wooded lofty mountains—Tremendous cataracts and basaltic precipices—Extraordinary altitude of the bed of the MacLeay above the level of the sea, between the cataracts and its sources—Fine table land country of New England—Coldness of the climate from the great elevation of the country—The Nambucca River—Survey of its navigable arms—Murderous attacks of the native Blacks on the Cedar sawyers—Coohalli Creek—First appearance of Pine here, in about 30½° S.—The Bellengen River—Journal of an excursion over the mountains towards its sources—Journal of subsequent examination of the country in the vicinity of its mouth.

PART II.

Port Macquarie—Pleasing scenery—River Hastings—Rich agricultural farms on the tributaries of the Hastings—The sugar plantation and the success that attended it—Frequent rains in consequence of the altitude of the mountain chains, and their proximity to the coast—Road to the table-land—Capt. King's opinion of the wide extent of fertile country in the vicinity of Port Macquarie—Notes taken during a ride from the MacLeay River to the Hunter—Description of the Clarence River—Fine grazing country—Easy communication between the high table-land and the Clarence—The Richmond River—Extensive tracts of rich land—The Tweed—Moreton Bay—Mr. Oxley's official despatch on the discovery of the Brisbane River—Sources of the Brisbane—Brisbane Town—Great fertility of the country—


text: Folk-Lore/Volume 29/Sanctuaries and Fairies in West Ireland


text: Translation:Royal Decree Modifying the Jurisdiction of the Bueng Kan Provincial Court, 2554 BE


text: Translation talk:Royal Decree Modifying the Jurisdiction of the Bueng Kan Provincial Court, 2554 BE


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 posterior parts contracted. In the young specimen, the length is to the width as 7 : 8, in the ephebic example, as 8 : 9. It is widest in the middle portion and contracts again by about one seventh of its width toward the base. The doublure is about 3 mm wide in the type specimen and relatively wider in the young. It diminishes in width posteriorly and finally runs out. The margin of the carapace is bounded by a thickened border, behind which several parallel striae are observed. The eyes are somewhat indistinct in the specimens; they appear to have been large and consisted of almost circular visual surfaces surrounding circular prominences. The latter occupied one fifth of the length of the carapace, were situated on the anterior half and not quite twice their width asunder. The ocelli have not been seen. The preabdomen is relatively very short (its length amounting to only two thirds that of the carapace) and broad (proportion of length to width as 4 : 5), its greatest width being attained in the region of the fourth tergite whence it contracts rather rapidly. At the widest part of the preabdomen, the tergites seem to be about six and one half times as wide as long. Their general form is but indistinctly discernible in the carbonaceous film, but seems to have been that of straight transverse bands. The operculum is not appreciably wider than the other sternites and the next sternite fully as wide. The details of the outlines of these and the following sternites have not been made out. The third sternite (the widest) is, in its exposed or not overlapping part, eight times as wide as long. The posterior margins are uniformly concave, the curvature increasing in the succeeding segments. The median suture is well seen in a young specimen [pl. 25, fig. 3]. The postabdomen shows an immense development; it is nearly as long as the carapace and preabdomen together and occupies about one third of the total length of the body. The first postabdominal segment still corresponds in anterior width to the preabdomen, but it contracts so rapidly that its posterior margin is shorter by one fifth and the final width of the postabdomen is but one third of that at its beginning. While thus the postabdominal segments diminish greatly in width posteriorly, they increase


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 Its capabilities for maintaining a dense population—Climate equally salubrious with the more southern parts of the colony—Moreton Bay well adapted for the culture of many tropical productions—The Bunya-bunya tree—Great number of Aborigines in the district where this tree abounds—Distinctive features of the north-eastern part of the territory of New South Wales, when compared with the more central part of that colony; its geological formation, lofty chains of mountains, numerous rivers and streams, and adaptation for tropical productions

PART III.

The present depressed state of New South Wales—Its causes—Sheep—Their depreciated value—Sheep-boiling—Price of Australian Tallow in London—The practice of Sheep-boiling defended—Sheep, still a profitable investment when purchased at a price determined by the intrinsic worth of their Skins and Tallow—Calculations to shew the income that might be then derived from Sheep—No Foreign Countries, or other British Colonies, able at present to produce Wool and Tallow cheaper than Australia—Price of Australian Wool not regulated by the cost of production, but by the state of the Home Market—Life of the Australian Settlers not necessarily deprived of all the conveniences and comforts of civilization—Horned Cattle—Australian Beef considered of inferior quality in London—Intrinsic value of Cattle when slaughtered for their Hides, Tallow, &c.—Calculations shewing the income derivable from Cattle when they are purchased at a price determined by the value of their Hides, Tallow, &c. only—Agriculture, a very uncertain occupation in Australia—Excellent quality of the Australian Wheat; its capability of supporting long voyages without deterioration, and the high price obtained for it in the London market—Maize of New South Wales superior to that of the United States—Prices to which Wheat and Maize must fall in Sydney to allow of their being exported to England—Grain might perhaps be advantageously grown, in some few favoured localities, at these low prices, by persons purchasing improved farms at their present low value—Calculations on this subject—Districts exempt from droughts—Causes of this exemption—Vineyards—Good quality of the Wines hitherto made in New South Wales—Varieties of Grape successfully cultivated—Remarks on the French Vineyards—Expenses attending them—Calculation of the profit derivable from Vineyards in New South Wales—Remarks on planting and cultivating the Vine

PART IV.

Australian Field-sports—Kangaroo hunting—Curious mode of shooting the Pademella, or brush-kangaroo—Dingo hunt—Emu chase—Varieties of Quails in New South Wales; very abundant north of Port Macquarie—Varieties of Australian Ducks—Duck-shooting—Geese and Moor-fowl—Brush-turkeys—Very good for the table—Their extraordinary mode of constructing their nests—Large size of the eggs, which are hatched by the