text:
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 100 Part 5.djvu/1091

 SUBJECT INDEX

Page

Page

Supplemental Appropriations Act, 1985, amendments 4242 Supreme Court, Justices and Court personnel, police protective services extension 1240 Surface Freight Forwarder Deregulation Act of 1986 2993 Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977, amendments 1783-267, 3341-267 Survivor BeneHt Plan Amendments of 1985, amendments 3887 Susquehanna River Basin Compact, amendments, consent of Congress 1193 Synthetic Fuels Corporation Act of 1985 143 S.W. Taylor Memorial Park, AL, designation 4082 Sweden, Drug Export Amendments Act of 1986 3743 Switzerland, Drug Export Amendments Act of 1986 3743

"Taney", Coast Guard cutter, maritime museum and display 3304 Tariff Act of 1930, amendments...305, 2921, 2922, 2924, 2925, 3207-12, 3207-54, 3207-80— 3207-84, 3207-86—3207-89, 3207-93 Tariff Schedules of the United States, amendments 2919 Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982, amendments...l68, 180, 311317 Tax Reform Act of 1984, amendments...l779, 1780, 1951, 1964, 1965, 1995, 2512, 2670, 2785, 2786, 2788, 27902802, 2809, 2805, 2811, 2813, 2814, 2817, 2822, 2829, 2832, 2836, 2844, 2845, 2846, 2848-2852, 2856, 2857, 2862, 2867, 2868, 2871, 2882, 2888, 2890-2892, 2895, 2901-2905, 2962 Tax Reform Act of 1986 2085 Taxes: Alien farmworkers, unemployment tax exemption 3348 Bankruptcy Judges, United States Trustees, and Family Farmer Bankruptcy Act of 1986 3088 Coast Guard Authorization Act of 1986 3545 Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area Act 4274 Compact of Free Association, approval 3672 Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986 1086 Consolidated Federal Funds Report Amendments of 1985 3057 Emergency Wetlands Resources Act of 1986 3582

A51

Fort Sumter National Monument Tour Boat Facility, SC, acquisition and development Gila Bend Indian Reservation Lands Replacement Act Governance of insular areas of the U.S Higher Education Amendments of 1986 Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians Supplementary Claims Settlement Act of 1986 Job Training Partnership Act Amendments of 1986 Klamath Indian Tribe Restoration Act National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1987 New Mexico, trust lands Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986 Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan Distribution of Judgment Funds Act Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act Water Resources Development Act of 1986 White Earth Reservation Land Settlement Act of 1985 Teachers. See Education; Schools and Colleges. Tehran American School Claim Act of 1985 Telecommunications. See Communications and Telecommunications. Television. See Communications and Telecommunications. Temporary Child Care for Handicapped Children and Crisis Nurseries Act of 1986 Tennessee: Bankruptcy Judges, United States Trustees, and Family Farmer Bankruptcy Act of 1986 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1987 Water Resources Development Act of 1986 Tennessee Wilderness Act of 1986 Terrorism: Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986 Firearms National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1987 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986

3532 1798 837 1268 3184 1261 849 3816 3354 1874 674 1613 924 4082 61

509

907

3088 3816 4082 1235 1086 766 3816 1874

NOTE: Page references are to the beginning page of each law, with the exception of acts being amended or repealed, which cite to pages where they actually appear.

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text:
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 100 Part 5.djvu/1092

 A52

SUBJECT INDEX Page

Page

Terrorism—Continued Omnibus Diplomatic Security and Antiterrorism Act of 1986 853 Texas: Bankruptcy Judges, United States Trustees, and Family Farmer Bankruptcy Act of 1986 3088 Debra Sue Schatz Post Office Building, designation 3531 Juanita Craft Post Office of South Dallas, designation 3531 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1987 3816 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 1613 Veterans' Benefits Improvement and Health-Care Authorization Act of 1986 3248 Water Resources Development Act of 1986 4082 Texas Wilderness Act Amendments of 1986 3322 Textiles. See Commerce and Trade; Business and Industry. Thaddeus J. Dulski Federal Building, NY, designation 3573 "The March", film distribution 778 Therapists. See Health Care Professionals. Timber. See Forests and Forest Products. Time, daylight savings 764 Tinian, governance of insular areas of the U.S., distribution of project funds 837 Titanic. See Maritime Affairs. Tobacco Inspection Act, amendments 99 Tobacco and Tobacco Products: Comprehensive Smokeless Tobacco Health Education Act of 1986 30 Food Security Improvements Act of 1986 45 National marketing quotas, delay in referendum and proclamation 3 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986 1874 Tohono O'odham Tat Momolikot Dam Settlement Act 1195 Tonkawa Indians, trust lands 404 Toxic Susbstances Control Act, amendments 2970, 2988, 2989 Trade. See Commerce and Trade. Trade Act of 1974, amendments...300-305, 307, 2923, 2924 Trade Adjustment Assistance Reform and Extension Act of 1986 300 Trade and Tariff Act of 1984, amendments 308, 310, 2922, 2925, 2926 Trademarks. See Patents and Trademarks. Training. See Education; Schools and Colleges.

Transportation: Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 3207 Child Sexual Abuse and Pornography Act of 1986 3510 Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 82 Firearms 766 Firearms Owners' Protection Act 449 General Services Administration, audit responsibility 3508 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1987 3816 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986 1874 Recreational Boating Safety Act of 1986 3504 Surface Freight Forwarder Deregulation Act of 1986 2993 United States Coast Guard, changes in laws affecting 444 Water Resources Development Act of 1986 4082 Trapping. See Hunting. Treaties. See International Agreements. r Trees. See Forests and Forest Products. Tribally Controlled Community College Assistance Act of 1978, amendments 982,983 Tribally Controlled Community College Assistance Amendments of 1986 982 Tropical Forests. See Forests and Forest Products. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands: Compact of Free Association, approval 3672 Governance of insular areas of the U.S 837 Higher Education Amendments of 1986 1268 Program allotment 761 Protection and Advocacy for Mentally 111 Individuals Act of 1986 478 Trusts. See Securities. Truth in Mileage Act of 1986 3309 U Uniform Time Act of 1966, amendments Uniformed Services: See also Armed Forces. Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, additional lands Consolidated Federal Funds Report Amendments of 1985 Fort Sumter National Monument Tour Boat Facility, SC, acquisition and development

764 3207 1267 3057 3532

NOTE: Page references are to the beginning page of each law, with the exception of acts being amended or repealed, which cite to pages where they actually appear.

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 100 Part 5.djvu/1093

 SUBJECT INDEX

A53 Page

National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1987 3816 National Guard and Reserve, recognition of national defense role 413 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986 1874 Omnibus Diplomatic Security and Antiterrorism Act of 1986 853 Recreational Boating Safety Act of 1986 3504 "Taney", Coast Guard cutter, maritime museum and display 3304 Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act 924 United States Coast Guard, changes in laws affecting 444 Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act 924 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986 1086 Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986, technical corrections 3515 Emergency Wetlands Resources Act of 1986 3582 Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986 992 Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1987 3190 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1987 3816 United Kingdom: Anglo-Irish Agreement Support Act of 1986 947 Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986 1086 Drug Export Amendments Act of 1986 3743 R.M.S. Titanic Maritime Memorial Act of 1986 2082 United Nations: Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1986 3655 Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1987 3190 United States Committee for the Battle of Normandy Memorial, U.S. encouragement and support 807 United States Court of International Trade, judicial conference 1190 United States Grain Standards Act, amendments 3564 United States Housing Act of 1937, amendments 102,3391 United States Information Agency: Museum objects 1217 "The March", film distribution 778 United States Insular Areas Drug Abuse Act of 1986 3207-154

United States Marshals. See Law Enforcement and Crime. United States Trustee System, temporary repeal delay United States Warehouse Act, amendments United Way, one-hundredth anniversary Upper Mississippi River Management Act of 1986 Uranium. See Chemicals; Minerals and Mining. Urban Areas: Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area Act Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments of 1986 Higher Education Amendments of 1986 Human Services Reauthorization Act of 1986 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986 Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1986 Utah: Land conveyance Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 Utilities: Conservation Service Reform Act of 1986 Electric Consumers Protection Act of 1986 GEIS holding companies, cogeneration facilities Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986 Securities and Exchange Commission, clarification of exemptive authority United States Coast Guard, changes in laws affecting

Vaccines. See Immunization. Vermont: Bankruptcy Judges, United States Trustees, and Family Farmer Bankruptcy Act of 1986 Higher Education Amendments of 1986 Water Resources Development Act of 1986 Vessels. See Maritime Affairs.

985 54 3479 4225

3207 4274 82 1145 1268 966 1874 1807 3326 1613 932 1243 3087 1874 3632 444

3088 1268 4082

NOTE: Page references are to the beginning peige of each law, with the exception of acts being amended or repealed, which cite to pages where they actually appear.

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text:
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 100 Part 5.djvu/1094

 A54

SUBJECT INDEX Page

Veterans: Virginia: Black Revolutionary War Patriots Albert V. Bryan United States Memorial, Washington, DC, Courthouse, designation establishment 3144,3339 Bankruptcy Judges, United States Consolidated Omnibus Budget Trustees, and Family Farmer Reconciliation Act of 1985 82 Bankruptcy Act of 1986 Higher Education Amendments of Cape Henry Memorial Cross, land 1986 1268 exchange Job Training Partnership Act Colonial National Historical Parks, Amendments of 1986 1261 land exchange Korean War Veterans Memorial, National Defense Authorization Act Washington, DC, establishment 3226 for Fiscal Year 1987 Military Reform Act of 1986 682 Peninsula Airport Commission, Sequestration of guarantee property restrictions commitments 494 Red Hill Patrick Henry National Vietnam Veterans of America, Inc., Memorial, designation charter 474 Veterans' Benefits Improvement and Women in the Armed Forces Health-Care Authorization Act of Memorial, Washington, DC, 1986 establishment 3339,3477 Water Resources Development Act of Veterans' Administration Health-Care 1986 Amendments of 1985, amendments 382 Voluntarism: Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 Veterans' Beneflts Improvement Act Columbia River Gorge National of 1984, amendments 3302 Veterans' BeneHts Improvement and Scenic Area Act Health-Care Authorization Act of Compact of Free Association, 1986 3248 approval Veterans' Educational Assistance Act Executive Exchange Program of 1984, amendments 3270 Voluntary Services Act of 1986 Veterans' Health Care Amendments of Federal Employees' Retirement 1983, amendments 3259 System Act of 1986 Veterans' Health-Care Amendments of Federal Lands Cleanup Act of 1985 1986 372 Higher Education Amendments of Victims of Crime Act of 1984, 1986 amendments 904, 905, 3605, 3617, 3619 Klamath River Basin, CA, fishery Victims of Terrorism Compensation resources restoration Act 879 National Defense Authorization Act Vietnam Veterans of America, Inc., for Fiscal Year 1987 charter 474 Veterans' Benefits Improvement and Virgin Islands: Health-Care Authorization Act of Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 3207 1986 Bankruptcy Judges, United States Trustees, and Family Farmer W Bankruptcy Act of 1986 3088 Consolidated Omnibus Budget Wages: Reconciliation Act of 1985 82 Alien farmworkers, unemployment Criminal Justice Act Revision of tax exemption 1986 3642 American Samoa, employee minimum Education of the Handicapped Act rates Amendments of 1986 1145 Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Federal Employees' Retirement Act of 1986 System Act of 1986 514 Criminal Law and Procedure Governance of insular areas of the Technical Amendments Act of U.S 837 1986 Higher Education Amendments of District of Columbia Judicial 1986 1268 Efficiency and Improvement Act Program allotment 761 of 1986 Protection and Advocacy for Mentally District of Columbia Jury System IllIndividualsAct ofl986 478 Act Water Resources Development Act of Export promotion activities 1986 4082

3328 3088 831 831 3816 3490 429 3248 4082 3207 4274 3672 964 514 910 1268 3080 3816 3248

3348 837 2970 3592 3228 3635 3522

NOTE: Page references are to the beginning page of each law, with the exception of acts being amended or repealed, which cite to pages where they actually appear.

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text:
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 100 Part 5.djvu/1095

 SUBJECT INDEX Page

Federal employees, furlough compensation Federal Employees' Retirement System Act of 1986 Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986 Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986 Handicapped workers, requirements Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1987 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986 Veteran's Benefits Improvement and Health-Care Authorization Act of 1986 Washington: Bankruptcy Judges, United States Trustees, and Family Farmer Bankruptcy Act of 1986 Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area Act Electric Consumers Protection Act of 1986 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1987 Olympic National Park and Forest, boundary revision Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 Veterans' Benefits Improvement and Health-Care Authorization Act of 1986 Water Resources Development Act of 1986 Washington, DC. See District of Columbia. Washington State Wilderness Act of 1984, amendments Waste Disposal: Governance of insular areas of the U.S., grant eligibility waiver Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 Water Resources Development Act of 1986 Water: Berlin National Fish Hatchery, property conveyance Cache La Poudre, CO, boundary designations California water projects Conveyance systems, permanent easements Electric Consumers Protection Act of 1986 Federal Lands Cleanup Act of 1985 Garrison Diversion Unit Reformulation Act of 1986

3145 514 1785 992 1229 3359 3816 1874 3248

3088 4274 1243 3816 3527 1613 3248 4082

3527 837 1613 4082 3500 3330 3050 3047 1243 910 418

A55 Page

Gila Bend Indian Reservation Lands Replacement Act 1798 Governance of insular areas of the U.S., grant eligibility waiver 837 Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, boundary changes 3318 Lower Colorado, water supply 3665 Military Lands Withdrawal Act of 1986 3468 New Mexico, trust lands 3354 Olympic National Park and Forest, boundary revisions 3527 Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986 642 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 1613 Water Island, governance of insular areas of the U.S., future use and disposition 837 Water Pollution. See Pollution. Water Resources Development Act of 1974, amendments 4170, 4246 Water Resources Development Act of 1976, amendments 4158, 4193, 4197, 4231, 4235, 4246 Water Resources Development Act of 1986 4082 Water Resources Research Act, amendments 4239 Water Supply Act of 1958, amendments 4196 Watershed Protection and Flood Protection Act, amendments 4196 Weapons. See Arms and Munitions. Wehrspann Lake, NE, designation 4082 West Bank. See Middle East. West Germany, Comprehensive AntiApartheid Act of 1986 1086 West Indies, humpback whales, wildlife sanctuary 3514 West Virginia: Bankruptcy Judges, United States Trustees, and Family Farmer Bankruptcy Act of 1986 3088 Water Resources Development Act of 1986 4082 Whales. See Animals. Wheat. See Agriculture and Agricultural Commodities. White Earth Reservation Land Settlement Act of 1985 61 White House Conference for a Drug Free America 3207-56 Wilbur D. Mills Dam, AR, designation 4082 Wild and Scenic Rivers Act, amendments...3021, 3330, 3332-3337, 4294 Wild and Scenic Rivers System: Cache La Poudre, CO, boundary designations 3330

NOTE: Page references are to the beginning page of each law, with the exception of acts being amended or repealed, which cite to pages where they actually appear.

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text:
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 100 Part 5.djvu/1096

 A56

SUBJECT INDEX Page

Page

Wild and Scenic Rivers System— Continued Horsepasture River, NC, designation Wilderness Areas. See National Wilderness Preservation System. Wildlife: California water projects Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area Act Electric Consumers Protection Act of 1986 Fish and program improvements Governance of insular areas of the U.S., safety programs Great Basin National Park Act of 1986 Humpback whales, wildlife sanctuary Military Lands Withdrawal Act of 1986 Military reservations, fish and natural resources management programs Water Resources Development Act of 1986 Wildlife Refuges. See National Wildlife Refuge System. Wind Energy Systems Act of 1980, amendments Winthrop Rockefeller Lake, AR, designation Wisconsin: Bankruptcy Judges, United States Trustees, and Family Farmer Bankruptcy Act of 1986 Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985

3021

3050 4274 1243 3500 837 3181 3514 3468 3149 4082

National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1987 3816 Racine Harbor, project deauthorization 470 Water Resources Development Act of 1986 4082 Women: General Federation of Women's Clubs, charter 804 Higher Education Amendments of 1986 1268 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1987 3816 National Science Foundation Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1987 813 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986 1874 Omnibus Diplomatic Security and Antiterrorism Act of 1986 853 Women in the Armed Forces Memorial, Washington, DC, establishment 3339, 3477 Wyoming: Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 1613

821 4082 Xylene. See Chemicals.

3088 Young Astronaut Program Medal Act 82 Youth. See Children and Youth.

.427

NOTE: Page references are to the beginning page of each law, with the exception of acts being amended or repealed, which cite to pages where they actually appear.

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text:
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 100 Part 5.djvu/1097

 INDIVIDUAL INDEX

Bl Page

Page

Acheson, David C Addabbo, Joseph P Albert, Carl Avelar, Alfredo Zavala

.„

2079 72 1589 3207-72

B Bae, Chang Ai Beall, J. Glenn, Sr Bouilliant-Linet, Elga Bowen, William G Brady, Ann M Brady, John Patrick Brady, Mark P

4313 1144 4322 408 4316 4316 4316

Lewis, Audrey O Lockwood, Alexander.

4324 .4316

M Mandela, Nelson Marlboro County General Hospital Charity Mbeki, Govan McAuliffe, Christa McKenna, Steven McMahon.John Meiman, Inna Kitrosskaya Meiman, Naum

1089 4322 1089 1510 4320 4348 4382 4382

N Chapin, Harry Cortez, Victor, J r Costa, Cirilo Raagas Costa, Wilma Raagas

464 3207-73
 * ... 4319

4319

D Duvalier, Jean Claude

Earle, Mishleen Eney, Christopher

4320 4320 4314

4315 3494

H Harris, Patricia Roberts Hendley, Gerald M Henry, Patrick Herring, Joe Hummelsine, Carlisle H

O 3350

Pritchett, Dianna Pritchett, Ernest

3481 3481

3014

F

Gamble, Leonard Leslie Gell-Mann, Murray

1550 4319 429 4318 407

R Randall, Betsy L Rios, Edwin Marcos Rios, Geovanna

4314 4314 4314 S

Saad, Mountaha Bou-Assali Salazar, Enrique Camarena Sallomy, Marie Sallomy, Ramzi Shcharansky, Avital Shcharansky, Natan (Anatoly) Sisulu, Walter Stokes, Mary E

4321 4321 1552

4317 3207-72 4325 4325 432 432 1089 4318

U Ugarte, Enrique Montano

Jang, Sueng Ho Jang, Sueng II Javits, Jacob K

4003 4317

Onizuka, Ellison S

4313 4324

Fossez, Catherine Fossez, Robert Franklin, Kenneth David

Nicholson, Arthur D., Jr Norman, Milanie C. Escobal

4315

V Vereen, Emerson B

4324 W

K King, Martin Luther, J r

406

Wagner, Robert F., Sr Waldheim, Kurt

NOTE: P A G E REFERENCES ARE TO PAGES WHERE NAMES ACTUALLY APPEAR WITHIN LAWS.

1572 897

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text:
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 100 Part 5.djvu/1098

 'f''". >' a'-V' 'Wy 1

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text: Category:1315 works

title: Category:1315 works


text:
Portal:Venezuela

Works

 * Patriotism, or Peace?, 1896 by Leo Tolstoy, translated by Nathan Haskell Dole, regarding a dispute about Venezuela between the United States and United Kingdom
 * Address to the United Nations General Assembly (Chávez, 2006-09-20)

Constitution

 * Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Industry

 * Caracas Commitment by First Latin American Meeting of the Encounter of Recovered Companies

Music

 * Alma Llanera, unofficial second national anthem

Laws

 * Law to Promote and Protect the Exercise of Free Competition of Venezuela (1992)

Court cases

 * La Amistad De Rues, 1820 by Joseph Story and the United States Supreme Court, appeal from the District Court of Louisiana regarding a ship captured by the Venezuelan privateer La Guerriere
 * Borgmeyer v. Idler, 1895 by Melville Fuller and the United States Supreme Court,

Cities

Venezuela

title: Portal:Venezuela


text:
Portal:Brazil

Works

 * Brazil, Its Conditions and Prospects, 1887 by Christopher Columbus Andrews
 * Brazil, Its Conditions and Prospects, 1887 by Christopher Columbus Andrews

Constitution

 * Constitution of Brazil
 * Constitution of Brazil (1946) (possibly superfluous?)

Music

 * Hino Nacional do Brasil, 1822, national anthem of Brazil

History

 * Guanabara Confession (1558) by Jean du Bourdel, Matthieu Verneuil and Pierre Bourdon e André la Fon
 * Brazilian and United States Slavery Compared (1922) by Herbert B. Alexander
 * Brazilian and United States Slavery Compared (1922) by Herbert B. Alexander

Exploration

 * Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon, Vol.I, 1853 by William Lewis Herndon
 * Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon, Vol. II, 1854 by Lardner Gibbon
 * Through the Brazilian Wilderness, 1914 by Theodore Roosevelt

Crime

 * Statute Of The Primeiro Comando da Capital, late 20th century by the Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC), translated by David Lee Wilson

International relations

 * Proclamation 5885, 20 October 1988 by Ronald Reagan regarding economic sanctions against Brazil

Verse

 * Freedom in Brazil by John Greenleaf Whittier

Interior

Brasilien Brasil

title: Portal:Brazil


text: An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions/Glossary of Special Terms


text:
Page:The Habitat of the Eurypterida.djvu/45

 {| align="center" width="1000px" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style="border-collapse: collapse;"

 * - valign="top" style="border-top:1px solid black"
 * width="25%" colspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | 16. E. brewsteri
 * width="25%" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Arbroath flags, Caledonian Old Red Sandstone
 * width="25%" colspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Kelly Den, near Arbroath, Forfarshire, Scotland
 * width="25%" style="padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | A carapace, portion of first thoracic segment; ovisac

 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | 17. E. brodiei
 * style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Lower part of Downton Castle sandstone
 * colspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Purton, near Stoke Edith, Herefordshire, England
 * style="padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | One almost entire individual and some fragments

 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | 18. E. cephalaspis
 * style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Downton sandstone
 * colspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Kendal, Westmoreland, England
 * style="padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" |

 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | 19. E. chadwicki
 * style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Normanskill shales and sandstones
 * colspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Broom Street Quarry, Catskill, New York
 * style="padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | A single carapace

 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | 20. E. conicus
 * style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Wenlock shales and sandstones
 * colspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Gutterford Burn, Pentland Hills, Edinburgshire, Scotland
 * style="padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | A number of more or less complete individuals; limbs fragmentary.

 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | 21. E cyclophthalmus
 * style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Wenlock shales and Sandstones
 * colspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Gutterford Burn, Pentland Hills, Edinburgshire, Scotland
 * style="padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | One specimen showing part of carapace and parts of all body segments

 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | 22. E. dekayi
 * style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Bertie waterlime
 * colspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Near Buffalo, New York
 * style="padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Two nearly complete specimens

 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | 23. E. ? dewalquei
 * style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Famennian sandstone
 * colspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Condroz, Belgium
 * style="padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Portion of cephalothorax and a few fragments

 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | 24. E. ? deqalquei var. longimanus
 * style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Famennian sandstone
 * colspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Condroz, Belgium
 * style="padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Last segment of an appendage

 * - valign="top"
 * rowspan="3" style="padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" valign="middle" | 25. E. dolichoschelus
 * rowspan="3" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | $$\left\{ \begin{align} \\ \\ \\ \end{align} \right.$$
 * style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Ludlow fish band
 * style="padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Dippal Burn, Greenock Burn, etc., Lesmahagow Lanarkshire, Scotland
 * rowspan="3" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | $$\left. \begin{align} \\ \\ \\ \end{align} \right\}$$
 * rowspan="3" style="padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" valign="middle" | Numerous fragments

 * - valign="top"
 * style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Ghuconome shale in div. 9, P & H.
 * style="padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Hagshaw Hills, Lanarkshire, Scotland

 * - valign="top"
 * style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Lanarkian, div. 9, Peach & Horne
 * style="padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Dippal Burn, Lesmahagow, Scotland

 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | 26. E. douvillei
 * style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Rothliegende sandstone
 * colspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Bussaco, Portugal
 * style="padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | One almost complete individual, well preserved, appendages absent

 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | 27. E. fischeri
 * style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Zone K Eurypterus waterlimes of Oesel
 * colspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Rootziküll, Wita, Attel, etc. Oesel
 * style="padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Large numbers preserved entire with unaltered chitin.

 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" |
 * style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Zone K Eurypterus waterlimes of Oesel
 * colspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Lodjal, S. E. Oesel
 * style="padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Traces

 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" |
 * style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Upper Siluric limestone of Podolia
 * colspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Kamieniec podolski, Dumanow, Zawale, Studzienica, Zaluczs, all in Podolia
 * style="padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Fragments only

 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | 28. E. fischeri var. rectangularis
 * style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Zone K Eurypterus waterlimes of Oesel
 * colspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Rootziküll, Oesel
 * style="padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Occasional incomplete specimens; carapace with two tergites and 2 appendages

 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | 29. E. hibernicus
 * style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Kiltorcan sandstones and flagstone, Upper Old Red
 * colspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Kiltorcan, Kilkenny Co., Ireland
 * style="padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Nearly a dozen fragments, including 2 carapaces, 2 or 3 somites, fragments of appendages

 * - valign="top" style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"
 * colspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | 30. E. imhofi
 * style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Roof shale in Carbonic of Bohemia
 * colspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black; padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Wilkischen, near Pilsen, Bohemia
 * style="padding-left:5px; padding-right:5px" | Several nearly entire individuals; well preserved

 * }


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 occupied land waters chiefly. In the Devonian and Carboniferous periods, in which the eurypterids reached their climax and passed into their decline, and where they seem to have been in their more natural relations, they are associated with land plants, scorpions, insects, fishes, and fresh-water amphibians, which seem to imply a fresh-water habitat. In the light of these facts, the more common inference has been that they were originally marine forms, and became adapted later to brackish and fresh-water conditions. The alternative inference is that they were originally denizens of the land waters, and that their remains were occasionally and sometimes quite freely carried out to sea by stream waters, and were thus fossilized with marine forms. Their occasional presence in the earlier periods is thus explained, while their seemingly sudden appearance in abundance and in gigantic forms in the closing Silurian, and their prominence in the land-water deposits of the Devonian and Carboniferous finds ready explanation in the fact that these are the first well-preserved fossil-bearing deposits of land waters. In these deposits the eurypterids often appear without any marine associates, while occasionally there are some marine or at least brackish water forms associated with them, implying either that they lived in brackish or salt water at times, or that their remains were carried out into such waters by the land streams or estuarine currents" (33, 412).

It is to be noted that European authors have said very little about the habitat of the eurypterids, though there are a few brief references. Geikie is the one exception, for he has a good deal to say about the merostomes and the faunas which occur with them. I shall at this point merely quote a few of these passages, written in the discussion of the Upper Siluric occurrences and of those in the Old Red sandstone. "Vegetable remains, some of which seem to be fucoids, but most of which are probably terrestrial and lycopodiaceous, abound in the Downton sandstone and passage-beds into the Old Red Sandstone. The eurypterid genera continue to occur, together with phyllocarids (Ceratiocaris) and vast numbers of the ostracod Beyrichia (B. Kloedeni). Prevalent shells are Lingula cornea and Platyschisma helicites. The Ludlow fishes are also met with" (74, 961). In the discussion of the deposition of the Old Red Sandstone in basins Geikie says: "An interesting confirmation of the view that these basins were isolated is supplied by the occurrence of what is believed to be the oldest lacustrine or fluviatile mollusk yet known, Amnigenia (Anodonta, Archanodon) jukesii. This shell has been


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 found in the Upper Old Red Sandstone of Ireland and England associated with land-plants (Archaeopteris, Sphenopteris, Bothrodendron, Ulodendron, Stigmaria, Calamites), fishes (Coccosteus) and arthropods (Eurypterus)" (74, 1003, 1004).

Steinmann in his Einführung in die Palæontologie merely states that: "These remarkable Crustacea reaching a length of 2 meters appear in the Cambrian and Silurian in association with marine animals, in the Devonian they live with the armor-plated fishes in the Old Red, in the Carboniferous and Permic they are found in fresh-water" (266, 373) Haug speaks of the salt and gypsum deposits of New York as lagoon formations, and includes here also the eurypterid beds at the end of the Siluric, thus reaching the same conclusion that many American authors have come to (112, 626)

Walther in the chapter entitled Das Aufblühen der Tierstämme in Silur in the Geschichte der Erde und des Lebens has accepted the statement of several American geologists that the eurypterids were marine organisms saying that they lived in sea-water of normal salinity "as the section in North America proves with certainty" (294, 251). The reference cited for this proof is Sarle's paper on the fauna from the Salina of Western New York. The significance of this occurrence will be discussed below, but we may say at this point that this instance seems hardly to furnish proof positive of a marine habitat. He also calls attention to the restriction of the eurypterids to the black shales, and of the absence of marine forms in association with the merostomes. He notes that in synchronous formations the eurypterids are found only in isolated localities. "Thus is the upper Silurian of Pennsylvania devoid of Eurypterus for a thickness of 500 meters" (294, 251). Walther's explanation of the isolated occurrences seems hardly to accord with the facts. He assumes that the regions devoid of eurypterid remains were great salty lakes cut off from the sea in which the eurypterids are supposed to have lived.

Ernst Stromer in the Lehrbuch der Palaeozoologie has added


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 new to the opinions already expressed by so many authors. "It is an oft observed phenomenon that groups originally nourishing in the sea are confined during their decline in fresh-water. Here this applies only to the Gigantostraca [Merostomata], while the Xiphosura which appear formerly to have lived mainly in inland seas, are, today, however, marine only" (269, 308).

During the year 1911 several papers on the Eurypterida appeared in America. Clarke still held to his former opinion that "the few eurypterids we know were doubtless marine, and the creatures gradually acquired the brackish-water habit at their climax, which seems to have eventually changed to a fresh-water life" (37, 280). Stuart Weller in his discussion of the nature of seas in which dolomites are formed, brings out several good points. "In such magnesian beds as are present in the Cayugan period of the Silurian [i.e., Middle and Upper Siluric] we find a most peculiar fauna, constituted almost wholly of the strange Eurypteroid Arthropods whose fossil remains are almost never found in association with typical marine faunas, but which are present in situations, such, for instance as the plant-bearing beds of the Pennsylvanian, which indicate that they musthave lived in non-marine waters. The stratigraphic association of these Cayugan, Eurypterus-bearing beds with beds of salt and gypsum at once suggests that the waters of the period were highly saline and perhaps shallow; but, so far as I am aware, there is no inherent characteristic of the fossil Eurypterus which can in any way suggest that it may not have been a truly marine organism, and our conclusion that it was not such an organism is drawn from the physical surroundings of the fossil itself, rather than that the physical conditions are what we believe them to be on account of some peculiarity of the fossil" (296, 228). This point is well made, and is worth while remembering, namely, that there is nothing in the physical characters of the eurypterids to indicate that they lived in non-marine any more than in marine waters, but from their surroundings the former habitat is suggested. Moreover, the interpretation of the physical conditions of that time has not been based upon speculations about the characters of the eurypterids; it was definite knowledge about the physical conditions that makes it possible to say what must have been the character of the habitat of the eurypterids.

At the Kingston Meeting of Eastern Geologists in the spring of 1910 there was a warm discussion about the eurypterid habitat, Ruedemann, Schuchert, Hartnagel and others arguing in favor of the


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 marine, Grabau in favor of the non-marine. The Waterlime formation was particularly under discussion, but though many arguments were brought up on both sides, neither was able to convince the other.

In the June number of the Bulletin of the Geological Society of America (1911) Clarke writing, on the "Relation of the Palaeozoic Arthropods to the Strand-Line," speaks of the size of the eyes of eurypterids and crustaceans as indications of the depth of water in which the forms lived. It was formerly supposed that crustaceans with large eyes had acquired them by adaptation to great depth of water. Clarke cites the case of a trilobite with enormous compound eyes living among many Cambric forms wholly devoid of lenses, and other examples of a contradictory character, so that the size of the eye cannot be taken as proof of either deep or shallow water, but rather implies that the complex, highly-specialized eyes of certain forms enables these individuals better to adapt themselves to either deep or shallow water conditions. Clarke reiterates the opinion that "the few early eurypterids we know were doubtless marine, and the creatures gradually acquired the brackish-water habit of their climax, which seems to have eventually changed to a fresh-water life" (37, 280).

In 1912 the most recent contribution to the study of North American eurypterids was made in Clarke and Ruedemann's Monograph on the Eurypterida of New York (39). While the work has to do mainly with the description of species and the study of larval stages and of the anatomy, leading to fuller knowledge of the ontogeny and phylogeny of the eurypterids as well as their taxonomic relations, still the authors have given some attention to the question of the bionomy (39, 96–113), coming to the following conclusions:

"Summarizing these data we conclude that the eurypterids lived in the sea from Cambric to Siluric time. They had then become less sensitive to changes, positive and negative, in the salinity of the water. In fact they seem to have thrived best under conditions of life that excluded most other marine groups of animals, that is, in the marginal, more or less inclosed marine lagoons, accompanied by estuaries receiving delta-forming terrestrial drainage, with prevailing arid or sub-arid climate, the waters being in some places more than normally briny, in others having less than normal salinity. In other words they were euryhaline or able to live in both salt and brackish water.


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Rh Land Claims, the Railroad Division, the Swamp Land Division, the Public Lands Division, &c., have to prepare legal decisions in cases which in the aggregate are of greater number and involve property of greater value than the cases decided by any State supreme court in the country. It is true that the decisions prepared by those different chiefs are not final, being subject to revision by the Commissioner and to appeal; but nobody acquainted with the business of this or any other department need be told that the preparation of those decisions, which requires a thorough knowledge of questions of fact and of law as well as of the history of legislation and of judicial proceedings, is a task of the highest importance. Most of these division chiefs are mere clerks, receiving at the very highest eighteen hundred dollars a year, and in some cases less. It would seem superfluous to say that in those places the highest degree of integrity as well as large legal acquirements are needed. In every great government in the world that I know of, officers performing these functions would hold a rank high above that of mere clerks, a tenure not subject to the mere arbitrary pleasure of a superior officer, and salaries in proportion to the duties imposed upon them. Of the division chiefs in the Secretary's office and in the Indian office the same may be said. The consequence is that in many cases men, fully up to the requirements of their positions, find occasion to better their condition by going into the service of private corporations or becoming members of private business firms. It is a mere question of opportunity, and it is only to be wondered at that such things do not happen still more frequently. During the hard times now behind us many persons of ability have sought and obtained employment in the government offices; but now, since all the business interests of the country have revived and the salaries of able men in private concerns are rising again to a more remunerative point, the probability is that the government offices will be more and more drained of the ablest public servants, and that it will be difficult to fill their places unless their pay be made reasonably sufficient to compensate them for their work and they have the prospect of an assured tenure. In this respect good pay is the best economy. I therefore urgently recommend that the salaries proposed in the estimates of this Department for the coming fiscal year be granted not as the maximum but as the minimum pay which those officers and clerks ought to have.

I am, sir, very respectfully your obedient servant, C. SCHURZ, Secretary.
 * The
 * 6 IN


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 "Their adaptation to such conditions is paralleled today by such crustaceans as Apus and Artemia which not only thrive under rapid diminution of normal salinity but, by means of strongly protected eggs, even survive salt pan conditions which end in complete desiccation, as shown by their well known occurrence in desert lakes. The usual associates of the Siluric eurypterids are peculiar crustaceans whose nature emphasizes the reference above made. They are phyllocarids and ostracods and members of the strange family Hemiaspidae (Neolimulus, Bunodes, Hemiaspis, Pseudoniscus). This congeries of peculiar crustaceans seems to constitute a fauna especially adapted to, and therefore highly characteristic of, lagoon and estuary conditions.

"Thus while the earlier eurypterids were marine and their climacteric fauna euryhaline; their later habit throughout the Devonic and Carbonic led them finally into the fresh water.

"The succession of habitats is hence, according to our evidence, the reverse of that suggested by Chamberlin's hypothesis noted at the beginning of this discussion" (39, 112, 113).

In 1913 appeared the first extensive discussion of the habitat of the eurypterids in a paper entitled "Early Palaeozoic Delta Deposits of North America" by Professor Grabau, in which he brings forward arguments for the fluviatile habitat of these merostomes in the Ordovicic and Siluric of North America, and he includes a summary of the distribution and occurrence of the eurypterids by myself, reviewing the evidence and coming to the conclusion that the eurypterids were river-living at least during the two periods mentioned. The significance of the occurrences in the Pittsford, Shawangunk, and Bertie are discussed especially.

At the end of the same year Grabau's Principles of Stratigraphy was published. In Chapter XXVIII on the "Bionomic Characteristics of Plants and Animals" and elsewhere in the book the eurypterids are spoken of as fluviatile organisms as indicated by their distribution, faunal associates and mode of occurrence. A single statement taken from this book will show the position which Grabau holds. ". . . . The early remains of fish as of eurypterids are not found in normal marine deposits, but in those which are at least open to the suspicion that they are formed by rivers or at least at the mouths of rivers, while the best preserved remains, and the most abundantly represented in the Palaeozoic, are found in river


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 deposits and in deltas" (87, 989). For further references on this subject in the Principles see pp. 377, 425, 945, 950, 1029, 1030.

This gives us, then, the last word on the subject up to the present time. Looking over the opinions which have been recorded in the preceding pages, one is struck with the diversity of conclusions arrived at by our greatest American geologists and by not a few of those of Europe. From 1818, when the first Eurypterus was found, though it was not described as such till 1825, down to the end of the century, it was practically a universal opinion that the eurypterids had been denizens of the sea. The species were described along with marine forms and were considered to have been marine also. The study of the taxonomic position of the Eurypterida, showing always more and more clearly their close relationship to the modern Kingcrab, Limulus, gave an added reason for assuming a marine habitat for the fossil forms. With the beginning of the present century came the awakening of geologists and paleontologists to the fact that perhaps these extinct Merostomata had not always lived in the sea, that they may even never have known marine conditions. The current opinion now is that the eurypterids lived in the sea from Pre-Cambric time through the Ordovicic. During the Siluric they gradually became adapted to brackish and fresh-water conditions, living in estuaries and lagoons in the Devonic and becoming entirely fresh-water habitants in the Mississippic, Carbonic and Permic. Grabau is the only staunch advocate of the non-marine habitat even from the earliest times, though Chamberlin, to be sure, has argued such a possibility, but his discussion is purely philosophical, and while interesting and full of suggestive ideas, it is, nevertheless, unsupported by the evidence necessary for definite proof of his theory.

In attacking this problem the most important thing to determine is whether the Eurypterida began their existence in the sea or in the land waters, and under what conditions they lived in pre-Devonic time, for after that, it is now generally conceded, they lived in terrestrial waters.


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In the first chapter I confined myself to facts which consisted of observations made in the field or the laboratory by students of the rocks and of the faunas. Such facts covered data on the geological and geographical distribution of the eurypterids; in the second chapter I gave a resumé of the opinions which have been held by various writers in regard to the habitat of the eurypterids; the remainder of the paper will be devoted to the contemplation of the recorded facts whose interpretation will be undertaken in the light of principles recognized by the school of philosophical geologists. For this reason, I shall in nearly all cases use the deductive method of inquiry, establishing the general principles which may then be applied to the particular case in hand. It is evident, then, that before we can begin to adduce proofs favoring one mode of life or another for the eurypterids, we must have a good classification of habitats in which each type is clearly defined, and we must determine at the very outset whether there are any criteria which may be recognized in the rocks as absolutely diagnostic of the habitats of the past. In so far as deposits in the sea and on the land have received any consideration at all, distinctions have mainly been drawn on the physical character; of the sediments; but I believe that much more accurate and far reaching results are to be obtained from the study of the fossil faunas. These may be investigated from two points of view, either the chorological, or the bionomic; and besides these, there is yet a third line of approach, namely the geological, in which the physical characters and lithogenesis of the sediments, together with the correlation of synchronous deposits constitute the elements. These three lines of investigation deal with three, for the most part mutually independent groups of facts and I am convinced that any one will yield sufficient evidence to determine the nature of any past habitat. In this chapter I shall deal with the bionomic characteristics of modern habitats, and shall give the criteria for recognizing ancient ones, concluding with the special case of the bionomy of the eurypterids. The following chapter will be devoted to the geological evidence regarding the habitats, while I shall defer until the fifth chapter the chorological evidence which is more conveniently discussed with the geological


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 occurrences in mind. In considering the habitats, we may confine ourselves to those which are aqueous, since certain anatomical features, such as the nature of the cephalothoracic appendages and the presence of branchiae on the abdominal appendages, establish beyond a doubt the fact that the eurypterids lived in the water and not on the land, as do their near relatives the scorpions.

Before attempting to draw conclusions about the conditions under which the Eurypterida must have lived, it is necessary to have in mind the physical and faunal characteristics of the various types of habitats. Since these characteristics have never, so far as the writer knows, been discussed at length, I shall here state some of the results of an extended study of aqueous habitats which in time will be published as a separate paper.

The most natural and fundamental characteristic which can be recognized in classifying aquatic bionomic realms is salinity, on which basis it is readily seen that there are only two original habitats: (1) marine, (2) terrestrial fresh water. Animals living either in marine or in fresh waters may become adapted to water which is of a salinity intermediate between the other two and generally designated "brackish," or to a salinity greater than that of normal marine waters. Thus to the two original types of habitat may be added two others: (3) brackish water, and (4) super-saline water, which are never original habitats. By this is meant that, minor variations excepted, no aquatic forms ever originate in the brackish water of estuaries, lagoons, cut-off arms of the sea, or interior basins, or in the super-saline waters of lakes. (This will be demonstrated below, pp. 73, 76, 77.) That this should be the case is due to the evanescent character of such water bodies. It is, of course, conceivable that a body of this type, long persistent, might be peopled from the land or from another aqueous realm and that such a fauna might be specialized. To these principal types may be added certain minor ones, giving seven in all. In the following table are given the salinity types, and with them what seems to be the best salinity ranges. It is not of importance here to go into the reasons for the making of the limits, but it may be said that they are based on a large number of typical examples in each


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An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions/General Key to the Orders and Families

Class 2. .
Ovules enclosed in an ovary.

Subclass 2. Dicotyledones.
Embryo normally with 2 cotyledones; stems mostly differentiated into pith, wood and bark; leaves mostly net-veined.

Series 1. Choripetalae.
Petals distinct to the base, or wanting (exceptions noted)

Series 2. Gamopetalae.

 * Fam. 13. Oleaceae.
 * Fam. 13. Oleaceae.

 * b.||Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes; mostly herbs.
 * }
 * Stigmas distinct; juice not milky; ovary 1, compound.
 * Stigmas distinct; juice not milky; ovary 1, compound.
 * Stigmas distinct; juice not milky; ovary 1, compound.

 * Ovary 2-celled; leaves stipulate, or their bases connected by a stipular line.
 * Ovary 2-celled; leaves stipulate, or their bases connected by a stipular line.
 * Ovary 2-celled; leaves stipulate, or their bases connected by a stipular line.

 * Fam. 14. Loganiaceae.
 * Fam. 14. Loganiaceae.

 * Ovary 1-celled; celled; leaves not stipulate.
 * Ovary 1-celled; celled; leaves not stipulate.
 * Ovary 1-celled; celled; leaves not stipulate.

 * Leaves opposite or rarely verticillate; corolla-lobes convolute or imbricated in the bud.
 * Leaves opposite or rarely verticillate; corolla-lobes convolute or imbricated in the bud.
 * Leaves opposite or rarely verticillate; corolla-lobes convolute or imbricated in the bud.

 * Fam. 15. Gentianaceae.
 * Fam. 15. Gentianaceae.

 * Leaves basal or alternate ; corolla-lobes induplicate-valvate in the bud; marsh or aquatic herbs.
 * Leaves basal or alternate ; corolla-lobes induplicate-valvate in the bud; marsh or aquatic herbs.
 * Leaves basal or alternate ; corolla-lobes induplicate-valvate in the bud; marsh or aquatic herbs.

 * Fam. 16. Menyanthaceae.
 * Fam. 16. Menyanthaceae.

 * Stigmas united; juice milky; ovaries 2 in our species.
 * Stigmas united; juice milky; ovaries 2 in our species.
 * Stigmas united; juice milky; ovaries 2 in our species.

 * Styles united; stamens distinct; pollen of simple grains.
 * Styles united; stamens distinct; pollen of simple grains.
 * Styles united; stamens distinct; pollen of simple grains.

 * Fam. 17. Apocynaceae.
 * Fam. 17. Apocynaceae.

 * Styles distinct; stamens mostly monadelphous; pollen-grains united into waxy masses.
 * Styles distinct; stamens mostly monadelphous; pollen-grains united into waxy masses.
 * Styles distinct; stamens mostly monadelphous; pollen-grains united into waxy masses.

 * Fam. 18. Asclepiadaceae.
 * Fam. 18. Asclepiadaceae.

 * Ovary 1, compound (2-divided in Dichondra; in Boraginaceae and Labiatae mostly deeply 4-lobed around the style) flowers regular or irregular; stamens mostly adnate to the middle of the corolla-tube or beyond; leaves opposite or alternate.
 * Ovary 1, compound (2-divided in Dichondra; in Boraginaceae and Labiatae mostly deeply 4-lobed around the style) flowers regular or irregular; stamens mostly adnate to the middle of the corolla-tube or beyond; leaves opposite or alternate.
 * Ovary 1, compound (2-divided in Dichondra; in Boraginaceae and Labiatae mostly deeply 4-lobed around the style) flowers regular or irregular; stamens mostly adnate to the middle of the corolla-tube or beyond; leaves opposite or alternate.

Order 5. Polemoniales       (Tubiflorae).
 * a. Corolla regular (irregular in Echium of the Boraginaceae).
 * a. Corolla regular (irregular in Echium of the Boraginaceae).
 * a. Corolla regular (irregular in Echium of the Boraginaceae).

 * Ovary not 4-lobed, the carpels not separating as separate nutlets at maturity.
 * Ovary not 4-lobed, the carpels not separating as separate nutlets at maturity.
 * Ovary not 4-lobed, the carpels not separating as separate nutlets at maturity.

 * Ovary 2-divided.
 * Ovary 2-divided.
 * Ovary 2-divided.

 * Fam. 19. Dichondraceae.
 * Fam. 19. Dichondraceae.

 * Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-4-celled; style 1, entire, 2-cleft, or 2-parted; mostly twining vines.
 * Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-4-celled; style 1, entire, 2-cleft, or 2-parted; mostly twining vines.
 * Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-4-celled; style 1, entire, 2-cleft, or 2-parted; mostly twining vines.

 * Leaves normal.
 * Leaves normal.
 * Leaves normal.

 * Fam. 20. Colvolvulaceae.
 * Fam. 20. Colvolvulaceae.

 * White or yellowish parasitic vines, the leaves reduced to minute scales.
 * White or yellowish parasitic vines, the leaves reduced to minute scales.
 * White or yellowish parasitic vines, the leaves reduced to minute scales.

 * Fam. 21. Cuscutaceae.
 * Fam. 21. Cuscutaceae.

 * Ovary 3-celled; stigmas 3, linear; herbs, not twining.
 * Ovary 3-celled; stigmas 3, linear; herbs, not twining.
 * Ovary 3-celled; stigmas 3, linear; herbs, not twining.

 * Fam. 22. Polemoniaceae.
 * Fam. 22. Polemoniaceae.

 * Ovary 1-celled (2-celled in Nama) ; style 1, 2-lobed, or 2-parted; herbs, not twining.
 * Ovary 1-celled (2-celled in Nama) ; style 1, 2-lobed, or 2-parted; herbs, not twining.
 * Ovary 1-celled (2-celled in Nama) ; style 1, 2-lobed, or 2-parted; herbs, not twining.

 * Fam. 23. Hydrophyllaceae.
 * Fam. 23. Hydrophyllaceae.

 * Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style, or not lobed (Heliotropium); carpels separating as nutlets.
 * Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style, or not lobed (Heliotropium); carpels separating as nutlets.
 * Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style, or not lobed (Heliotropium); carpels separating as nutlets.

 * Fam. 24. Boraginaceae.
 * Fam. 24. Boraginaceae.

 * b.||Corolla irregular, more or less 2-lipped (regular in Solanaceae, in Mentha and Lycopus of the Labiatae, and nearly or quite so in Verbena and Callicarpa of the Verbenaceae).
 * }
 * 1. Carpels 1-2-seeded.
 * 1. Carpels 1-2-seeded.
 * 1. Carpels 1-2-seeded.

 * Ovary not lobed, 2-4-celled, the style apical; carpels separating into 1-seeded nutlets.
 * Ovary not lobed, 2-4-celled, the style apical; carpels separating into 1-seeded nutlets.
 * Ovary not lobed, 2-4-celled, the style apical; carpels separating into 1-seeded nutlets.

 * Fam. 25. Verbenaceae.
 * Fam. 25. Verbenaceae.

 * Ovary 4-lobed around the style, the lobes ripening into 1-seeded nutlets.
 * Ovary 4-lobed around the style, the lobes ripening into 1-seeded nutlets.
 * Ovary 4-lobed around the style, the lobes ripening into 1-seeded nutlets.

 * Fam. 26. Labiatae.
 * Fam. 26. Labiatae.

 * ||colspan="2"|
 * 2. Carpels several-many-seeded (2-seeded in some Acanthaceae).
 * 2. Carpels several-many-seeded (2-seeded in some Acanthaceae).

 * Fruit a berry, or more commonly 1 capsule which is 1-2-celled, 2-valved, circumscissile, or irregularly bursting, not elastically dehiscent.
 * Fruit a berry, or more commonly 1 capsule which is 1-2-celled, 2-valved, circumscissile, or irregularly bursting, not elastically dehiscent.
 * Fruit a berry, or more commonly 1 capsule which is 1-2-celled, 2-valved, circumscissile, or irregularly bursting, not elastically dehiscent.

 * Placentae axile.
 * Ovary 2-celled, or rarely 3~5-celled.
 * Placentae axile.
 * Ovary 2-celled, or rarely 3~5-celled.

 * Flowers regular; fertile stamens 5 (4 in Petunia); fruit a berry or capsule.
 * Flowers regular; fertile stamens 5 (4 in Petunia); fruit a berry or capsule.
 * Flowers regular; fertile stamens 5 (4 in Petunia); fruit a berry or capsule.

 * Fam. 27. Solanaceae.
 * Fam. 27. Solanaceae.

 * Flowers more or less irregular; fertile stamens 2 or 4 (5 in Verbascum); fruit a capsule.
 * Flowers more or less irregular; fertile stamens 2 or 4 (5 in Verbascum); fruit a capsule.
 * Flowers more or less irregular; fertile stamens 2 or 4 (5 in Verbascum); fruit a capsule.

 * Fam. 28. Scrophulariaceae.
 * Fam. 28. Scrophulariaceae.

 * Ovary 1-celled; marsh or aquatic herbs with flowers on scapes.
 * Ovary 1-celled; marsh or aquatic herbs with flowers on scapes.
 * Ovary 1-celled; marsh or aquatic herbs with flowers on scapes.

 * Fam. 29. Lentibulariaceae.
 * Fam. 29. Lentibulariaceae.

 * Placentae parietal.
 * Placentae parietal.
 * Placentae parietal.

 * Herbs, parasitic on the roots of other plants, the leaves reduced to scales, not green; ovary 1-celled.
 * Herbs, parasitic on the roots of other plants, the leaves reduced to scales, not green; ovary 1-celled.
 * Herbs, parasitic on the roots of other plants, the leaves reduced to scales, not green; ovary 1-celled.

 * Fam. 30. Orobanchaceae.
 * Fam. 30. Orobanchaceae.

 * Trees, vines, shrubs, or herbs, the foliage normal.
 * Trees, vines, shrubs, or herbs, the foliage normal.
 * Trees, vines, shrubs, or herbs, the foliage normal.

 * Trees, shrubs, or woody vines; capsule 2-celled; seeds winged in our genera.
 * Trees, shrubs, or woody vines; capsule 2-celled; seeds winged in our genera.
 * Trees, shrubs, or woody vines; capsule 2-celled; seeds winged in our genera.

 * Fam. 31. Bignoniaceae.
 * Fam. 31. Bignoniaceae.

 * Opposite-leaved herbs; capsule 1-celled in our genus; seeds wingless.
 * Opposite-leaved herbs; capsule 1-celled in our genus; seeds wingless.
 * Opposite-leaved herbs; capsule 1-celled in our genus; seeds wingless.

 * Fam. 32. Martyniaceae.
 * Fam. 32. Martyniaceae.

 * Capsule completely 2-celled, elastically loculicidally dehiscent; opposite-leaved herbs; placentae axile.
 * Capsule completely 2-celled, elastically loculicidally dehiscent; opposite-leaved herbs; placentae axile.
 * Capsule completely 2-celled, elastically loculicidally dehiscent; opposite-leaved herbs; placentae axile.

 * Fam. 33. Acanthaceae.
 * Fam. 33. Acanthaceae.

 * 3.||Ovary and fruit 1-celled with 1 erect orthotropous ovule and seed; herb with spicate flowers and reflexed fruits.
 * }
 * Fam. 34. Phrymaceae.
 * Fam. 34. Phrymaceae.

Order 6. Plantaginales.
 * Corolla scarious, nerveless.
 * Corolla scarious, nerveless.
 * Corolla scarious, nerveless.
 * Herbs with small spicate or capitate flowers ; one family.
 * Herbs with small spicate or capitate flowers ; one family.
 * Herbs with small spicate or capitate flowers ; one family.

 * Fam. 35. Plantaginaceae.
 * Fam. 35. Plantaginaceae.

 * }


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Adams, Hannah


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Author:Emil Schürer

Contributions to EB1911

 * (with Charles Bigg)

title: Author:Emil Schürer


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Woman's Who's Who of America, 1914-15

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title: Woman's Who's Who of America, 1914-15


text: Woman's Who's Who of America, 1914-15/J

title: Woman's Who's Who of America, 1914-15/J


text: Woman's Who's Who of America, 1914-15/Front matter


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Adams, Henry A.


text: Woman's Who's Who of America, 1914-15/JUDSON, Katherine Berry


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Adams, Herbert Baxter


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Adams, Isaac


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Author:James Gilliland Simpson

Works

 * Volumes of Sermons
 * The Spirit and the Bride (Hodder & Stoughton, 1911).
 * Christus Crucifixus (1909)
 * Great Ideas of Religion (1912)
 * The Lambeth Joint Report on Church Unity: A Discussion (Intorduction)
 * Christus Crucifixus (1909)
 * Great Ideas of Religion (1912)
 * The Lambeth Joint Report on Church Unity: A Discussion (Intorduction)

title: Author:James Gilliland Simpson


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Template
— billinghurst  sDrewth  14:31, 27 June 2011 (UTC)
 * WWWA link for long links, generally to author pages
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 PATRICK, SIMON (d. 1613), translator, matriculated as a pensioner at Peterhouse, Cambridge, on 21 May 1561, and was a member at Elizabeth's visitation in August 1564. His grandson, Simon Patrick (1626–1707) [q. v.], bishop of Ely, describes him in his autobiography as ‘a gentleman of good quality,’ in possession of ‘an estate of between four and five hundred pounds a year,’ who, being ‘a person of religion and learning,’ travelled ‘in his younger days,’ and ‘translated two books in the beginning of the last century out of the french tongue, of which he was a perfect master.’ His estate was at Caistor, Lincolnshire, where, in 1587, he lost his first wife, Mary, and in 1601 his second wife, Dorothea; his third survived him. He was the father of fifteen children, of whom Henry was the father of the bishop and of John Patrick [q. v.] His will, in the prerogative court of Canterbury, is dated 12 Sept. 1613. Patrick published: 1. ‘The Estate of the Church, with the discourse of times, from the Apostles untill this present: Also of the lives of all the Emperours, Popes of Rome, and Turkes: As also of the kings of France, England, Scotland, Spaine, Portugall, Denmarke, &c. With all the memorable accidents of their times. Translated out of French,’ London, 1602, 4to. The dedication to Sir William Wray of Glentworth, Lincolnshire, is dated 1564. The book is a translation of Jean Crespin's ‘État de l'Eglise dès le temps des apôtres jusqu'à 1560,’ &c. 2. ‘A discourse upon the meanes of wel governing and maintaining in good peace, a kingdome, or other principalitie. Divided into three parts, namely, The Counsell, the Religion, and the Policie, which a Prince ought to hold and follow. Against Nicholas Machiavell the Florentine. Translated into English by Simon Patericke,’ London, 1602 and 1608, fol. This is dedicated, August 1577, to ‘the most famous yong gentlemen, Francis Hastings and Edward Bacon.’ It is entered in the ‘Stationers' Register’ to Adam Islip, 9 Nov. 1602. It is a translation of Innocent Gentillet's ‘Discours sur les moyens de bien gouverner,’ &c., originally published in Latin in 1571, and translated into French in 1576.

 PATRICK, SIMON (1626–1707), bishop of Ely, born at Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, on 8 Sept. 1626, was eldest son of Henry Patrick, a thriving mercer, by his wife, Mary Naylor (see pedigree in Proc. Lincolnshire Architect. Soc. 1866, p. 274). John Patrick [q. v.] was his brother. He was educated at the Gainsborough grammar school under Merryweather, ‘an excellent Latinist’ (, Autobiography), and was intended for business, probably his father's. But from his boyhood he determined to be a scholar; and, apparently with little or no money to help him, made his way to Cambridge, entering Queens' College. He found a kind friend in the master, Dr. Herbert Palmer [q. v.], ‘who,’ he tells us in his ‘Autobiography,’ ‘sent for me to transcribe some things he intended for the press, and soon after made me the college scribe, which brought me in a great deal of money, many leases being to be renewed. It was not long before I had one of the best scholarships in the college bestowed upon me.’ His tutor was a John Wells, who ‘showed extraordinary affection’ for him. But the man who influenced him most was John Smith (1618–1652) [q. v.], the Cambridge platonist, then a young fellow of Queens'. After graduating B.A. in 1647–8 Patrick received presbyterian orders; but, having read the works of Hammond and Thorndike, he became convinced that episcopal ordination was necessary. He proceeded M.A. in 1651, and in 1654 he sought out the ejected bishop of Norwich, Dr. Joseph Hall [q. v.], who privately ordained him in his parlour at Higham. In 1655 he became domestic chaplain to Sir Walter St. John at Battersea, and in 1658 (when he took the degree of B.D.) was appointed vicar of Battersea through the influence of Sir Walter. In 1661 he was elected master of Queens' College by the majority of fellows, but a royal mandate in favour of Anthony Sparrow [q. v.] overrode Patrick's election. In 1662 he was presented by William, earl of Bedford, to the rectory of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, and there Patrick remained for nearly thirty years. He was an excellent parish priest, and greatly endeared himself to his parishioners by remaining at his post all through the great plague of London in 1665. He had services in his church four times every day, and the offerings were so large that he was embarrassed as to how to dispose of the money; he warned the churchwardens that the offertories were not intended to relieve the rates. His success brought him offers of preferment. In 1666 he took the degree of D.D., and by the advice of Dr. Willis was incorporated of Christ Church, Oxford (July). In 1669 the bishop of Lincoln (Dr. Fuller) offered him the archdeaconry of Huntingdon, which he declined, ‘not thinking himself worthy of it.’ In 1671 he was made a royal


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 chaplain ‘whether he would or no;’ and in 1672 Charles II gave him a prebend at Westminster. In 1679 he accepted the deanery of Peterborough, holding it with his living; but when later in the same year Lord-chancellor Finch offered him the rectory of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, then reputed to be the best living in England, he declined it on the plea that ‘his parish had been so extraordinary kind to him that he could not with decency remove from there to another; he recommended Dr. Tenison,’ who was appointed. In 1686 James II selected him and Dr. Jane to hold a conference with two Roman catholic priests, Fathers Gifford and Godwin, for the benefit of Lord-treasurer Rochester, whom the king desired to convert to his own faith. In 1687 he founded, in conjunction with his neighbour, Dr. Tenison, excellent schools in London, with the object of keeping the rising generation true to the English church. In the same year he was among the most prominent of those who resisted the king's efforts to procure the reading of the declaration of indulgence in church. On the revolution of 1688 he took the oath of allegiance to the new sovereigns, though he respected the conscientious scruples of those who declined to take it. Bishop Burnet recommended him to King William as ‘a man of an eminently shining life, who would be a great ornament to the episcopal order.’ On 13 Oct. 1689 he was consecrated bishop of Chichester, and was made at the same time a member of the ecclesiastical commission which was appointed to revise the prayer-book; but the recommendations of the commission were happily rejected by convocation. On 22 April 1691 he was translated to Ely. In both dioceses, but especially at Ely, where he remained for sixteen years, he made his mark. He was one of the chief instruments in that revival of church life which marked the late years of the seventeenth century. He took a warm interest in the two great societies for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge and the Propagation of the Gospel, both of which were founded during his episcopate. Of the former he was one of the five original founders, and of the latter he was so effective a supporter that it is supposed to have been in compliment to him that all bishops of Ely are ex-officio members. He died on 31 May 1707, and was buried on 7 June in Ely Cathedral.

Bishop Patrick was a voluminous writer in polemical theology, scriptural exegesis, and edificatory literature. One of his most interesting works was ‘The Parable of the Pilgrim,’ which was published in 1664. The insertion of the date 1663 in the original letter to the friend to whom it was written shows that it was completed by that year. It is constructed on similar lines to Bunyan's ‘Pilgrim's Progress,’ but the dates show that Patrick was no borrower from Bunyan. Although Patrick's work never attained the popularity of the ‘Pilgrim's Progress,’ it passed through several editions. Thomas Scott, in his edition of the ‘Pilgrim's Progress,’ commends Patrick's allegory. ‘The Parable of the Pilgrim,’ with an account of Patrick, by the Rev. T. Chamberlayne, was republished in ‘The Englishman's Library’ in 1839.

In polemical theology Patrick's chief efforts were produced in defence of the church of England against the Roman catholics. ‘Search the Scriptures, a Treatise shewing that all Christians ought to read the Holy Books’ (1685, 1693), was his first work in this direction. ‘A Full View of the Doctrines and Practices of the Ancient Church relating to the Eucharist’ and the ‘Texts examined which Papists cite out of the Bible to prove the Supremacy of St. Peter and the Pope over the whole Church’ both appeared in 1688. They are reprinted in Bishop Gibson's ‘Preservative against Popery,’ 1738. Patrick had already been engaged in controversy with adversaries from the opposite quarter. In 1669 he published ‘A Friendly Debate between a Conformist and a Non-conformist,’ in which he defended the Five Mile Act. He followed this up by a ‘Continuation,’ a ‘Further Continuation,’ and an appendix to the third part, which contained replies to adverse criticism of the ‘Friendly Debate.’

An industrious and sensible commentator on the Old Testament, Patrick issued a long series of volumes of paraphrases. ‘The Book of Job paraphrased’ appeared in 1679; ‘The Books of Psalms paraphrased’ in 1680 (2nd edit. 1691); ‘The Proverbs of Solomon,’ 1683, 8vo; ‘The Book of Ecclesiastes and the Song of Solomon,’ London, 1685, 8vo. Subsequently Patrick's complete paraphrase and commentary on all the books of the Bible from Genesis to Solomon's Song (inclusive) were published, in 10 vols. 4to, between 1695 and 1710. They were included in the popular ‘Critical Commentary on the Old and New Testaments and Apocrypha,’ which combined with Patrick's work that of Lowth, Whitby, Arnold, and Lowman, London, 1809, 4to; later editions appeared in 1822, 1841, 1849, 1850, 1853, 1857.

Patrick's chief works, besides those already described, were: 1. ‘A Funeral Sermon preached at the Burial of John Smith,’ 1652,


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 4to (bound up with the ‘Select Discourses’ of that preacher). 2. ‘Aqua Genitalis: a Discourse on Baptism,’ 1659, 12mo; 1667, 8vo; and 1670, 4to; an amplification of a sermon previously preached at All Hallows' Church, Lombard Street, on the occasion of the baptism of the infant son ‘of a minister in Lombard Street’ [see ]. 3. ‘Mensa Mystica,’ London, 1660, 1673, 4to, a treatise on the Eucharist; like the preceding, written in a more florid style than Patrick afterwards adopted when parochial experience had taught him the value of simplicity. 4. ‘The Heart's Ease, or a Remedy against Trouble, written for Lady St. John,’ 1660, 1671, 1665, 1699, 1839, and 1849. 5. ‘A Brief Account of the New Sect of Latitudinarians, together with some Reflections upon the New Philosophy, by S. P. of Cambridge, in answer to a Friend at Oxford,’ 1662 (anon.); assigned to Patrick on both internal and external evidence. 6. ‘A Book for Beginners, or a Help to Young Communicants,’ 1662, which reached a seventeenth edition in 1713. 7. ‘An Exposition of the Ten Commandments and the Lord's Prayer,’ 1665, 1668, 1672. 8. ‘The Christian Sacrifice,’ 1671, which reached a fifth edition ‘corrected’ in 1679, 1684, 1687, 1841 (ed. the Rev. W. B. Hawkins). 9. ‘The Devout Christian instructed how to pray,’ 1672; a book of family prayers, with private prayers for all emergencies. 10. ‘Advice to a Friend,’ 1673; one of the most beautiful of all Patrick's writings, and worthy of being bound up, as it was in Pickering's ‘Christian Classics’ in 1847, with Jeremy Taylor's ‘Contemplations of the State of Man in this Life and that which is to come.’ 11. ‘The Witnesses of Christianity, or the Certainty of our Faith and Hope’ (2 pts.), 1675–7, 1703. 12. ‘The Glorious Epiphany,’ 1675, 8vo. 13. ‘A Treatise of Repentance and Fasting, especially of the Lent Fast,’ 1686, Oxford, 1840. 14. ‘A Discourse concerning Prayer,’ 1686, 1705, 1838, and 1849. 15. ‘The Work of the Ministry represented to the Clergy of Ely,’ 1698, a new edition by W. B. Hawkins in 1841. 16. ‘The Dignity of the Christian Priesthood,’ 1704. He also translated Grotius's ‘Truth of the Christian Religion,’ 1680, and issued in 1681 a corrected version of Simon Gunton's ‘History of the Church of Peterborough.’

Besides these works, which were published in his lifetime, there appeared in 1719, twelve years after his death, a volume of attractive ‘Poems upon Divine and Moral Subjects, Original and Translations, by Bishop Patrick and other Eminent Hands.’ His verse translation of Aquinas ‘Upon the Morning we are to receive the Holy Communion,’ and his English version of the ‘Alleluia! Dulce Carmen’ are especially noticeable. In 1863 was published by Harvey Goodwin, for the first time, the ‘Appearing of Jesus Christ.’ Patrick's ‘Autobiography’ was first published from his own manuscript at Oxford in 1839.

‘Fifteen Sermons upon Contentment and Resignation’ appeared, ‘with an exact [but not exhaustive] catalogue of his works,’ in 1719. His chief works were collected (with the autobiography, but excluding the commentary and ‘The Appearing of Jesus Christ’) in nine volumes by the Rev. Alexander Taylor in 1858.

Kneller painted a portrait which was engraved both by Vandergucht and R. White. A portrait by an unknown artist is at Lambeth.

[Bishop Patrick's Works, passim, especially his Autobiography; Hunt's Religious Thought in England; Overton's Life in the English Church; Burnet's History of his own Time; Chamberlayne's Memoir of Bishop Patrick in his edition of the Parable of the Pilgrim; Notes and Queries, 8th ser. viii. 444; private information from Canon Warner, formerly vicar of Gainsborough.]

PATRINGTON, STEPHEN (d. 1417), bishop of Chichester, was a native of Yorkshire, and was educated at Oxford, where he entered the Carmelite order. The letter which the Oxford friars addressed to John of Gaunt on 18 Feb. 1382 against the followers of Wiclif was sent by Patrington's hands. Patrington was one of the leading opponents of the lollards at Oxford, and, as a bachelor of divinity, signed the decrees of ‘the earthquake council’ held at London in May 1382. He was one of those whom the chancellor, Robert Rigge [q. v.], was forbidden to molest on account of their activity against the lollards. On 14 Jan. 1389 Patrington, who was now doctor of divinity, had license to read and preach at Lincoln Cathedral in the absence of the chancellor. About this time he appears to have removed from Oxford to London, where he acquired a great reputation as a preacher. In 1399 he was chosen twenty-second provincial of the Carmelites in England at an assembly held at Sutton (Harl. MS. 3838, f. 90). According to Lezana, however (ap. ), he was declared provincial of Lombardy in a general chapter held at Bologna in 1405, and named provincial of England in another chapter in 1411. Patrington enjoyed the favour of Henry IV, and also of Henry V, who shortly after his accession made him his confessor, and on 24 Nov. 1413 granted him an annuity of 69l. 10s. 6d.


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 In 1414 Patrington was employed as a commissary at Oxford against the lollards. On 1 Feb. 1415 he was provided to the bishopric of St. David's. On 6 April he received a grant of the temporalities of that see during the vacancy (Fœdera, ix. 217). On 9 June he was consecrated by Archbishop Chichele at Maidstone, and on 16 June the temporalities were formally restored. Patrington is said to have afterwards gone to the council of Constance. In 1416 he was offered the bishopric of Chichester, but was at first reluctant to leave St. David's because it was poor. However, on 27 Aug. 1416 he received the custody of the temporalities of Chichester (ib. ix. 384). On 8 Nov. 1417 he had letters of protection, as he was going abroad with the king (ib. ix. 509). On 15 Dec. 1417 he was papally provided to Chichester. But he must have died very shortly after, or even before this, for his will, dated 16 Nov. 1417, was proved on 29 Dec., and application was made for leave to elect a successor at Chichester on 3 Jan. 1418 (ib. ix. 537). Bale and Weever, however, give the date of his death as 22 Sept. 1417. He is said to have been buried in the choir of the Whitefriars Church at London. Weever quotes his epitaph, beginning: Hic frater Stephanus de Patrington requiescit; Nomine reque fuit norma, corona, pater. Walsingham describes him as a man learned in the Trivium and Quadrivium (Hist. Angl. ii. 300). Thomas Netter [q. v.] owed his early advancement to Patrington.

Patrington is credited with the usual lectures on the sentences, determinations, and quæstiones, besides sermons and a commentary on the Epistle to Titus. He is also said to have written against the lollards, and especially against Nicholas of Hereford [see ]. Other writings ascribed to him are: 1. ‘De Sacerdotali functione.’ 2. ‘Contra statutum parliamenti,’ in opposition to the law against the admission of any one under twenty-one years of age to the mendicant orders. 3. ‘In Fabulas Æsopi.’ 4. ‘Commentarii in Theodulum,’ i.e. a gloss on the pastoral poem ‘Ecloga’ of Theodulus Italus. Dr. Shirley has suggested that Patrington may have been the original author of the narrative which formed the basis of the ‘Fasciculi Zizaniorum’ [see under ]. With this possible exception, none of his writings appear to have survived.

[Bale's Heliades in Harl. MS. 3838, ff. 33b, 90, 193–4; Tanner's Bibl. Brit.-Hib. p. 581; Le Neve's Fasti Eccl. Angl. i. 244, 296; Weever's Funerall Monuments, pp. 437–8; Villiers de St. Etienne's Bibl. Carmel. ii. 764–6; Godwin, De Præsulibus Angliæ, pp. 509, 582, ed. Richardson; Rymer's Fœdera, orig. ed.; Fasciculi Zizaniorum, pp. 289, 295, 316, and Preface, p. lxvii.]  PATTEN, GEORGE (1801–1865), portrait and historical painter, born on 29 June 1801, was son of William Patten, a miniature-painter, whose works were exhibited at the Royal Academy between 1791 and 1844, and who died on 22 Aug. 1843. He received his early training in art from his father, and in 1816 became a student in the Royal Academy, where he first exhibited a miniature of his father in 1819. In 1828 he took the unusual course of again entering the schools of the academy, in order that he might make himself proficient in oil-painting, the practice of which he adopted in 1830, in preference to that of miniature-painting. In 1837 he went to Italy, visiting Rome, Venice, and Parma; and on his return to England he was elected an associate of the Royal Academy. Early in 1840 he went to Germany to paint a portrait of Prince Albert, which was exhibited at the Royal Academy, and engraved by Charles Eden Wagstaff. He was afterwards appointed portrait-painter in ordinary to the Prince Consort, and obtained a considerable amount of patronage in the painting of presentation portraits, many of which appeared in the exhibitions of the Royal Academy. Among these were portraits of Richard Cobden, Lord Francis Egerton (afterwards Earl of Ellesmere), Dr. Hugh M'Neile, the Hon. and Rev. Baptist W. Noel, and Paganini the violinist, exhibited in 1833, and remarkable as having been the only portrait ever painted of the famous musician. He exhibited his own portrait in 1858. He painted also a number of mythological and fancy, and a few scriptural, subjects, among which were ‘A Nymph and Child,’ exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1831; ‘A Bacchante’ in 1833; ‘Maternal Affection’ and ‘Cymon and Iphigenia’ in 1834; ‘Bacchus and Ino’ in 1836; ‘The Passions,’ suggested by the well-known ode by Collins, in 1838; ‘Hymen burning the Arrows of Cupid’ and ‘Eve’ in 1842; ‘Dante's Descent with Virgil to the Inferno’ in 1843; ‘The Madness of Hercules’ in 1844; ‘The Mouse's Petition’ in 1845; ‘Pandora’ in 1846; ‘Cupid taught by the Graces’ and ‘Flora and Zephyrus’ in 1848; ‘The Destruction of Idolatry in England’ in 1849; ‘Susannah and the Elders’ and ‘Bacchus discovering the use of the Grape’ in 1850; ‘Love defending Beauty from the Assaults of Time’ in 1851; ‘Apollo and Clytie’ in 1857; ‘The Bower of Bliss’ in 1858; ‘The Prophet Isaiah’ in 1860; and ‘The Youthful Apollo preparing to en-


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 gage in a musical contest with Paris,’ the last of his exhibited works, in 1864. Several of these appeared also at the British Institution, together with ‘Returning Home,’ in 1833; ‘A Bacchante’ in 1834; ‘Venus caressing her favourite Dove’ in 1836; a ‘Wood-Nymph’ in 1838; ‘The Graces’ in 1840; and ‘Bacchus consoling Ariadne for the Loss of Theseus’ in 1841. They were painted with a good deal of spirit, but his later works did not fulfil his earlier promise.

During the latter part of his life Patten resided at Goodrich Cross, Ross, Herefordshire, but before his death he returned to Winchmore Hill, Middlesex, and died suddenly at Hill House, his residence there, on 11 March 1865, aged sixty-three.

[Art Journal, 1865, p. 139; Sandby's Hist. of the Royal Academy of Arts, 1862, ii. 211; Royal Academy Exhibition Catalogues, 1819–1864; British Institution Exhibition Catalogues (Living Artists), 1832–43.]

PATTEN, JOHN WILSON-, (1802-1892). [See .]

PATTEN, ROBERT (fl. 1715), historian of the Jacobite rebellion of 1715, was at one time curate at Penrith, Cumberland, but when the rising of 1715 took place was in a similar capacity at Allendale in Northumberland. He led thence a party of keelmen to join the insurgents, and in crossing Rothbury Common met a number of Scotsmen on their way home to enlist for ‘King James,’ i.e. the Old Pretender [see ]. He persuaded them to accompany him. On his arrival at Wooler he was warmly welcomed by General Thomas Forster [q. v.] and James Ratcliffe, third earl of Derwentwater [q. v.], and was forthwith appointed the general's own chaplain. Marching with the expedition to Kelso, where the main body of the Jacobites joined them, he preached to the whole army a sermon, specially intended to inspirit them for their enterprise, from Deut. xxi. 17: ‘The right of the first-born is his.’

Besides officiating as chaplain to the Jacobite forces, he took an active part in military service. When the expedition reached Penrith, he was, on account of his local knowledge, engaged in an attempt to intercept William Nicolson [q. v.], bishop of Carlisle, at his residence, Rose Castle. He also acted at times as a spy. At Preston in Lancashire, where on 13 Nov. 1715 the insurgents were defeated, Patten had his horse shot under him. He was there made prisoner, and carried under a close guard to London. In the leisure of his confinement he made up his mind to turn king's evidence, and his offer was accepted (cf., Jacobite London, i. 118). It was in gratitude for his preservation that in the interests of King George he wrote his history. It was published in two editions in the same year (1717), the second being enlarged. It is entitled ‘A History of the late Rebellion, with Original Papers and the Characters of the principal Noblemen and Gentlemen concerned in it; by the Rev. Mr. Robert Patten, formerly Chaplain to Mr. Forster.’ Two subsequent editions, the third and fourth, were published in 1745. Patten figures as ‘Creeping Bob’ in Sir Walter Besant's ‘Dorothy Forster,’ an historical novel of the Northumbrian share in the rising.

[Patten's History as above; Lancashire Memorials, Chetham Soc.]

PATTEN, THOMAS (1714–1790), divine, the son of Thomas Patten, a grocer in Manchester, was born on 5 Oct. 1714, and educated at the Manchester grammar school, afterwards at Brasenose and Corpus Christi Colleges, Oxford. He graduated B.A. in 1733, M.A. on 17 Feb. 1736–7, B.D. in 1744, and D.D. in 1754; was for a time fellow and tutor of Corpus, and afterwards rector of Childrey, Berkshire. He was a friend of Dr. Johnson and of Thomas Wilson of Clitheroe, and was probably the means of the latter dedicating his ‘Archæological Dictionary’ to Johnson. He was esteemed as ‘a sound and excellent churchman,’ a poet and scholar, and an exemplary parish priest. He was married at Rostherne, Cheshire, on 25 April 1765, to Elizabeth, daughter of Peter Brooke of Mere, high sheriff of Cheshire, and died at Childrey on 20 Feb. 1790.

He published: 1. ‘The Christian Apology: a Sermon preached before the University of Oxford,’ 1755. To this a reply was published by the Rev. Ralph Heathcote [q. v.] 2. ‘The Sufficiency of the External Evidence farther supported against the Reply of the Rev. Mr. Heathcote,’ 1756. 3. ‘The Opposition between the Gospel of Jesus Christ and what is called the Religion of Nature: a Sermon,’ Oxford, 1759. 4. ‘King David vindicated from a late Misrepresentation of his Character,’ 1762 [see ]. 5. ‘A Letter to Lord North concerning Subscription to the XXXIX Articles,’ 1773.

[Raines's Vicars of Rochdale (Chetham Soc.), i. 168; Byrom's Remains (Chetham Soc.), ii. 503; Wilson's Miscell. Correspondence (Chetham Soc.), p. 127; Boswell's Johnson, ed. Hill, iv. 162; Foster's Alumni Oxon.; Fowler's Corpus Christi College (Oxf. Hist. Soc.), p. 282; Foster's Lancashire Pedigrees; Finlayson's Brooke Genealogy, 1869, p. 18; Brit. Mus. Cat.]


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 44.djvu/63

 , in a style always perspicuous, and generally elegant’ (Hist. Memoirs of the English Catholics, 3rd edit. iv. 453).  PATTERSON. [See also .]

PATTERSON, JOHN BROWN (1804–1835), divine, born at Alnwick, Northumberland, on 29 Jan. 1804, was son of Robert Patterson of Croft House, Alnwick, who died while John was a child. His education devolved therefore upon his mother, a daughter of John Brown of Haddington (1722–1787) [q. v.], editor of the ‘Self-Interpreting Bible.’ Mrs. Patterson was with her children in Edinburgh from 1810 to 1814, and her son attended a classical academy there. From 1815 to 1818 they lived in Haddington, Patterson making rapid progress in scholarship. Then they returned to Edinburgh, and for a year he was at the high school, under James Pillans [q. v.], achieving singular distinction.

From 1820 to 1824 Patterson studied in the arts classes of Edinburgh University, excelling both in the class-rooms and the debating society, and displaying an unusual facility in composing Greek and Latin hexameters, and creditable English verse. Completing at Edinburgh his course for the ministry of the church of Scotland, he secured in 1827 the prize of one hundred guineas offered by the commissioners for visiting the universities and colleges of Scotland for an essay ‘On the National Character of the Athenians and the Causes of those Peculiarities by which it was distinguished.’ This essay, which is marked by learning and considerable literary merit, was published in 1828.

In the spring of that year Patterson became tutor to Lord Cranstoun, whom he accompanied to Oxford. His diary and letters of this time exhibit an earnestness and wisdom remarkable in so young a man. At the Christmas recess of 1828–9 he was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Kirkcudbright; in 1829 he was presented to the vacant parish of Falkirk, and he was ordained to his charge by the presbytery of Linlithgow on 26 Feb. 1830. Here he proved himself an able, faithful, and zealous pastor. He died of overwork at his mother's house in Edinburgh on 29 June 1835, and was buried in the vestibule of Falkirk parish church. He was survived by his widow—a daughter of George Atkin of Morpeth, Northumberland—and an infant son.

Contributions which Patterson made to periodicals while he was between the ages of sixteen and twenty-four displayed true literary instinct and vigour of intellect. In 1824–5 he provided classical translations for Williams's ‘Views in Greece;’ he contributed the memoir of Dr. John Brown to a Glasgow edition of the ‘Self-Interpreting Bible;’ he edited ‘Beauties of Jeremy Taylor,’ with introductory essay, in 1835, and he furnished notes to the ‘Self-Interpreting Bible’ of 1836. His main literary achievement is the university prize essay on the Athenians, which was reissued, with a memoir, in 1860. Patterson's discourses, with prefatory biography, were published in two volumes in 1837. A volume of ‘Lectures on St. John xiv.–xvi.’ appeared in 1840, 2nd edit. 1859.

 PATTERSON, ROBERT (1802–1872), naturalist, eldest son of Robert Patterson, a Belfast merchant, by Catharine, daughter of David Jonathan Clarke, K.C., of Dublin and Portarlington, and widow of a Mr. Keine of Dublin, was born in Belfast on 18 April 1802. He received his education there chiefly at the academy and at the Royal Academical Institution. In 1818 he was apprenticed to his father's business. His leisure he devoted to the study of natural history, and especially to the investigation of the fauna and flora of the country around Belfast. In 1821 he joined seven other gentlemen in founding the ‘Natural History Society of Belfast,’ which, under the name of ‘The Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society,’ still pursues a vigorous career. In connection with this society Patterson delivered numerous lectures, some of which were published. He was its president for many years, and took a foremost part in the erection of its museum in 1830–1. His connection with it for half a century was commemorated in 1871 by the presentation to him of an illuminated address in recognition of his labours ‘in popularising the general study of natural history and in advancing it to its rightful place as a recognised branch of school education.’

His first work, ‘Letters on the Insects mentioned by Shakespere,’ the substance of which had been given in a series of lectures before the Belfast Natural History Society, appeared in 1838. In 1846 he published his ‘Zoology for Schools, first part,’ which was followed in 1848 by the second part, and later on by two small volumes, ‘First Steps to Zoology: part i. Invertebrate Animals; part ii. Vertebrate Animals.’ In 1853 appeared his large coloured ‘Zoological


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Translation:2 Thessalonians

Chapter 2
Let no man deceive you in any way; that day shall not come until there is first a written divorcement and that this wandering from righteousness is uncovered: this progeny of destruction

that opposes and lifts itself up over all speaking of God or else is honored as if it were God, is appointed among the churches demonstrating itself as their God.

Don’t you remember? For when I was still among you, I told you these things.

Likewise, presently, you see withholding such that this might be revealed at the proper time.

For this hidden concept of unrighteousness is showing itself already at work, but is presently detained until it comes into existence from amongst us.

And at that time this unrighteousness will be revealed which the Lord will destroy with the spirit of His mouth and put an end to it manifesting his presence.

Whose presence is, according to the powerful work of the adversary, lying with all its powers and signs and miracles.

And in all the deceitfulness of unrighteousness in those that perish, they instead do not take hold of the love of truth unto their own healing.

And for this reason, God shall insert powerful errors into the lie that they believe

such that all will be at odds with one other who don’t believe the truth but think this unrighteousness seems good.

title: Translation:2 Thessalonians