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 Rh rate, certain that the science of man is not in a position to oppose a downright "No" to such a possibility. On the other hand, just because it seeks to envisage the entire evolutionary history of man, anthropology is chary of doctrines that are based wholly or mainly on the study of recent phases of Western civilization—whether it be yesterday's phase of industrialism or to-day's phase of militancy. Thus it is apt to engender in the minds of its votaries the impression that we are closer in type to our forefathers than we care to think; and that racial evolution, like geological change, is a process so majestically slow as to evade the direct notice of the passing generations. Moreover, his natural bias apart, the anthropologist can point to three considerations at least that would seem to justify a belief in the likelihood of a warlike future for man, the heir of the ages.

The first of these considerations relates to the well-worn topic of the "wandering of peoples." The earth is occupied by man on a system of leasehold tenures. Whenever rents are revised, there is apt to be a flitting. If the racial gift of mobility takes the form of a moving-off in response to another's moving-on, the devil rarely forgets to claim the hindmost as his due. The delectable portions of the globe's surface are not so many that one may inhabit any of them on sufferance. Adverse possession, as the jurists say, provides the only charter that the rest of the world respects. Such possession may be ripened by the prescription of a hundred or a thousand years of undisputed ownership; but if once the ripeness turn to rottenness, if the watchman at the gate grow fat and sleepy, then the freebooters will flock together to their prey as surely as crows to a carcase. All this is written plain to read on every page of human history, perhaps even on the last.

The next consideration touches the subject of war itself, regarded as a specialized pursuit or industry which has a history of its own. It is a time-honoured view, and


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 24 doubtless one still current, that savagery is a bellum omnium contra omnes; that it forms the militaristic pole of the social universe, whereas civilization with its industrialism represents the opposite pole of peace. Major Powell, one of the pioneers of American anthropology, has done his best to explode this popular fallacy. "Warfare," he contends, "has had its course of evolution, as have all other human activities. That human progress has been from militancy to industrialism is an error so great that it must necessarily vitiate any system of sociology or theory of culture of which it forms a part." ... "The savage tribes of mankind carried on petty warfare with clubs, spears, and bows and arrows. But these wars interrupted their peaceful pursuits only at comparatively long intervals. The wars of barbaric tribes were on a larger scale and more destructive of life; but there were no great wars until wealth was accumulated and men were organized into nations. The great wars began with civilization." Savage war, after all, is, in some aspects at all events, a genial occupation; it is perhaps comparable to pig-sticking as a sport. But civilized war resembles a pig-killing by machinery after the manner of Chicago; it is a matter of sordid business without redeeming glamour of any kind. If the age of stone slew its thousands in a year, the age of steel slays its tens of thousands in a day. But an art does not usually become obsolete at the moment of its highest elaboration and efficiency.

The third and last consideration has a psychological and even biological bearing. Why do such writers as Spencer and Bagehot, though fully recognizing the salutary part played by war in the making of civilized man, go on to assume that henceforth the struggle for existence will be

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Act Establishing Changwat Bueng Kan, BE 2554 (2011)
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6 he respected them. We find these words continually recurring in his letters: "Our family ... la nostra gente ... uphold our family ... so that our family die not...."

He possessed all the superstitions and fanaticism of that rough, strong family. They were the dust from which his being was formed. But from that dust sprang the fire which purifies everything—genius.

He who does not believe in genius, who knows not what it is, let him look at Michael Angelo. Never before was man thus its prey. The genius which filled him did not seem to be of the same nature as he: it was like a conqueror who had rushed upon him and held him enslaved. His will in no way entered into it, and one might almost say the same of his mind and heart. It took the form of a frenzied enthusiasm—a formidable fife in a body and soul too weak to hold it.

Michael Angelo lived in a state of continual enthusiasm. The suffering caused by the excess of strength with which he was, as it were, inflated forced him to act, to act ceaselessly, without an hour's repose. "I am wearing myself out with work as never man did before," he wrote. "I think of nothing else save working day and night."

This unhealthy craving for activity caused him not only to accumulate tasks and accept more commissions than he could execute—it degenerated into a mania. He wished to sculpture mountains. When he had a monument to build he wasted years in quarries, selecting his blocks of marble and making roads along which to carry them. He wanted to be everything—engineer, workman, stone-cutter; to do everything himself—build palaces and churches with no other aid than his own. His life resembled that of a convict. He did not grant himself

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text: Letters of Junius/Letter XVIII

title: Letters of Junius/Letter XVIII


text: Letters of Junius/Letter XIX

title: Letters of Junius/Letter XIX


text: Letters of Junius/Letter XX

title: Letters of Junius/Letter XX


text: Letters of Junius/Letter XXI

title: Letters of Junius/Letter XXI


text: Letters of Junius/Letter XXII

title: Letters of Junius/Letter XXII


text: Letters of Junius/Letter XXIII

title: Letters of Junius/Letter XXIII


text: Letters of Junius/Letter XXIV

title: Letters of Junius/Letter XXIV


text:
Review of Zoonomische Briefe

Zoonomische Briefe : Allgemeine Darstellung der thierischen Organization. Von Dr. Hermann Burmeister, Professor der Zoologie zu Halle. Erster und Zweiter Theil. 8vo. Otto Wigand: Leipzig. 1856. Not addressed directly to the professed Zoologist, these outlines of the chief types of animal structure, and of the relation that they bear to the general system of nature, are intended for a class—even now increasing in number—who, prepared already by a certain amount of education, have come to regard the observation of nature as a part of the habitual exercise which conduces to the full development of the faculties, and are willing to include the study of the laws of Life and Organization among the acknowledged instruments of intellectual training. As to the epistolary form into which they have been thrown, this appears to have scarcely any object but that of interrupting the long-drawn chain of systematic analysis by convenient pauses, and, perhaps, of occasionally relieving the monotony of comparative descriptions, by falling into a tone more colloquial than might have appeared to suit a formal lecture or a scientific essay. But the work does not assume, or affect, the anecdotical character of some books that are termed popular, by courtesy, we suppose, on the strength of being only superficial. The writer's thorough acquaintance with his subject, at once minute and comprehensive, his genuine—even passionate love of nature, and his eminently happy style of painting in words, have qualified him, without renouncing a scientific treatment of his materials, to make out of them two very pleasant volumes, for those, at least, in whom a taste for the exact observation of nature has been in some degree awakened, and who do not feel it a painful stretch when they are obliged to concentrate their attention, and to reflect and compare, as well as perceive and remember.The author's design, not less than the compass of the work, has excluded,for the most part, those circumstantial examples among which popular books of Natural History delight to revel ; but these have not been superseded for the sake of introducing some questionable speculations,or investigations of a difficult and slippery sort. If elsewhere Burmeister,in the pursuit of a natural classification, may have appeared sometimes to attach undue importance to the earlier stages of structural development, in comparison with the finished type to which, in every instance, they may be viewed as continually tending ; yet here, at least, his riper judgment and experience has revolted against the fixed ideas of some extreme devotees of Embryological study ; and he appeals from their verdict, who can see nothing in animated "nature more profoundly significant than their ciliary epithelium" and the "segmentation process." Whatever may be thought of the freaks of fancy that some of its votaries have indulged in, however we may reprobate the perversions of truth and common sense which have been engrafted on it in certain quarters, this much is fairly to be said of the Transcendental school of Natural History, that its original principles were calculated to suggest, to a reverential spirit, some of the most striking arguments which Natural Theology has to offer for the infinite wisdom and universal agency of one God. Nay, they seem to be such as can scarcely fail to excite some notions of this sort in any unprejudiced mind, even when the distinct acknowledgment of that presiding intelligence is most studiously eschewed by the teachers of natural science, and although "God", "Creation", and " Providence" be set aside for such equivocal terms as "Nature," "Law", or "Necessity". It might appear, too, as if the systematic part of Natural History were thus placed on a more unalterable base, in being referred to certain principles exterior to and independent of the modes of operation of the human intellect ; as a mere artificial instrument of which classification has sometimes been regarded. It is all the more surprising to find Burmeister,who has laboured before so hard, and, as many may think, so successfully—whatever he himself may judge of it now—to establish a natural classification on philosophical grounds, in the present work almost giving up the objective truth of natural groups in zoology, while he retains them for a method of exposition. " The only real existence is the lowest and last division, called Species ; this alone can be seen, felt, caught,exhibited in collections;—all the other superior groups are mere conceptions, framed according to the agreement of certain characters, but of which the real existence must be denied. There exists neither Bird nor Fish, but only a Sparrow, a Crow, a Hen ; or a Carp, a Pike, a Herring, &c. —the first three are Birds, the others Fishes, but none of them a mere Bird, or a mere Fish." The fallacy here is so palpable that it is hard to comprehend how it could for a moment have imposed upon a philosopher like Burmeister. The argument—if it is good for anything, and not a mere play upon words—goes equally to negative the real existence of species. After he had said, a little way back, that in an army the individual soldier alone has a real existence, why not affirm that individual animals alone exist, and not species—that no one is a mere man, but also John, or James, &c that is, distinguished by some marks—be they but particular existence in a definite portion of space and time—from every other man. It is clear he has mystified himself by an equivocal use of the term," real existence." He proceeds— " Such conceptions, which have no real existence, but can be defined ideally by a certain collection of characters, are called Types of Animal Organization. Accordingly, we speak of the types of Genus,Family, Class, &c, and we endeavour to discover by observation the essential properties of each, and to express them in words. These words constitutethe character of the group ; they convey the definition of the idea, and contain the marks by which the type may be known, and which, therefore, are considered as typical of the group." This, we see, is in allusion to, but not quite in accordance with, the doctrine of Linnaeus, that the character does not make the genus, but the converse. That very real existence of species, to which Burmeister yet clings—as it seems, however,not without a wavering faith even as to this—as the last floating straw of a drowning system is just as truly an abstraction of the mind as any of the higher groups. Define it as we will, the idea of species comprehends some relation which cannot be seen, felt, or exhibited corporeally—such as that of continuous generation from one stock ; or, if we admit that no irrefragable proof has yet been adduced of the necessary descent of all the individuals of a species from one original pair, or parent, then our idea of species must differ still less in kind from that of any higher group. We must be able to conceive, as possible at least, if we do not actually assume as true, the original existence of several individuals and one species, to which they are subordinated not by that peculiar relation of Generation, but by other agreements, of the same sort, and only greater, in number or degree, than, those we recognize among the higher groups, and in the one case as in the other, coupled with Differences ;—whether these be Specific, Generic, or simply Individual, does not materially affect the present question. In this case, whether we trace these correspondences up to Creative Design, or view them simply in reference to our own Modes of Perception, the result is equally that those Relations and Agreements,and, consequently, also the Groups connoted, or denoted, by the character,have a Real existence as truly in the Higher (genus, &c), as in the Lower(species)—yet not Lowest group so long as some individuals of the Species present fewer differences and more points of agreement among themselves (Races, Varieties, &c), than others. Again, whatever be our Idea of "Species" abstractedly, the Character of any particular species is a collection of marks of a precisely similar nature with those which make up the character of a Genus, or any higher group, differing only in being more numerous and particular, inasmuch as the character of the Species includes the complete character of the Genus, and of every higher group, in direct ascending Series, and something more. In Direct ascending Series—we repeat—for the Character of some genus, in another, i.e. Collateral series, may embrace more numerous marks than that of a Species not subordinate to it. Practically, too, it is the character that determines the idea of the species, which is then of the same sort as that of genus, &c, and applied in the same way, so that it is hard to tell why the one should be said to have a real existence more than the other.It is, of course, only in one point of view that Burmeister disputes the existence of Natural groups. That there are natural groups, according to the perceptions of our own minds, seems to need no further proof than the universal method of human language (admissible evidence in a question of this nature), and the fact of our being able to make any true general propositions concerning the things we observe in nature, of such a sort as form the basis of Burmeister's own graphic sketches, which, if sufficiently divested of technical affectation to be both attractive and intelligible to all who have availed themselves of the advantages of a liberal education, are, at the same time, imbued with such intrinsic learning, that the most advanced need not disdain to study them, for the sake of their own proficiency as well as delight. We fear our readers will think we have been prolix in this dry discussion of the point on which we have ventured formally to dissent from the view that Burmeister has taken here. We find a much more agreeable employment in turning to the body of the work, to which we can offer the meed of almost unqualified commendation. The matter here is too condensed—the phrase too pregnant—to admit of further abridgment for the purpose of areview. As a specimen of the author's manner, we extract the concluding section of the history of the Polyps :— "The study of the formation of corals at the epochs anterior to history, or, if another form of expression is preferred, in pre-Adamitic times, is a subject of the deepest interest for the geologist. It shows him the wonderful activity of these minute creatures on the largest scale, while it proves the complete agreement of organization between the most ancient Polyps and those in being at the present time. In all periods, going back to the most remote antiquity of the globe, there have been Polyps in our terrestrial seas, at least as long as organic life has existed on the earth at all. It is corals that furnish the most ancient evidence that the earth was inhabited long before the beasts came into existence. The organization of these primitive corals agrees completely with those now living. We meet, indeed, in the oldest strata, with genera distinct from, yet closely resembling, those of the present day ; but even at that period all the existing families were represented. In general the oldest forms of corals appear as flatter, lower, more solid stems, inhabiting the bare rocky coasts, in that period before a strand was formed, where they multiplied to a vast extent ; but in consequence of the disconnected form of the rocks to which they were affixed, they formed, as we see, no such great mural reefs as in later times, when the unbroken lines of coast descending sheer into the sea, with a rocky bottom, afforded a more suitable foundation to build up their stony walls. Certain members, however, of the oldest Silurian Calcareous rocks—as the limestone of Dudley, Schonen, Reval, Eifel (at Bensberg in particular)—seem to be chiefly formations of coral, which, if not constructed quite as solid reefs, are yet principally composed of the fragments of polypidoms. It is remarkable that the shells of the Polythalamia, so abundant in recent times, are almost entirely wanting in the most ancient coralline limestones. The most probable explanation is the absence of flat coasts at that remote date ; since the Foraminifera occur only in such situations, and at the present day inhabit in the greatest numbers the lagoons of the coral islands, or the channel between the reefs and the land to which they form a barrier.There do not seem at that early period to have been any shallows of this sort."

" The coral formation shows itself in uncommon plenitude in the calcareous rocks which constitute the base of the Carboniferous system. The Mountain limestone, as well as the Dudley limestone, is at least partially, a vast coral bank, to the formation of which the calcareous shells of Foraminifera have largely contributed."

" Similar phenomena continue to occur in the calcareous formations of later date, almost all the sedimentary rocks of this class presenting local evidences of ancient coral formations, being composed chiefly of the stems and not of mere debris of corals. We may cite, for instance, the remarkable Dolomites of Lubenstein and Altenstein, Konitz and Posneck, at the south-western extremity of the Thuringian forest, not far from Salzungen, which are standing yet unmistakeable rocks of coral, the reefs that once bordered the narrow island ridge of that district, like those of the southwest coast of New Caledonia at the present day. This is another evidence that the former temperature of those seas was much higher than that now prevailing in the Temperate Zone; as the coral animalcules cannot live below 20°-23° of heat by Reaumur's scale. None but warm seas have coral reefs, and even there only in particular situations favourable to their formation."

" The extensive system, denominated the Muschel-Kalk, is singularly characterized by the scarcity of its corals ; in no portion of it is there any unequivocal evidence of the existence of coral reefs. This formation seems to have been a purely sedimentary deposit, the organic fossils of which belong chiefly to the class Mollusca, as the name itself (shell limestone) indicates."

" The coral banks of the Jura are developed in inverse proportion to this last. No other formation affords such decisive evidence of the effective part which the coral animals have taken in the formation of the upper strata of the globe. The members of this group, in their protracted parallel layers and defined terraces, exhibit, in unaltered position, walls of rock built up entirely of coral, and, at the foot of these, huge masses of coral debris which have been cemented by finely comminuted particles of lime, telling of the raging surf that broke against those reefs in days of old. These fragments are intermixed with other fossil remains varying with the localities, and form united a motley conglomerate, which is known under various names, but most commonly as Coral Breccia. Generally, the coral reefs of the Jura have more the character of Barrier reefs, and they seem to have extended parallel to the coast at a moderate distance from it, as exemplified in the coral reef of New Caledonia. Such a reef extended, during the Jurassic period, right through the south of Germany and the west of Switzerland, from the neighbourhood of Geneva away to Ratisbon, and thence northwards to the river Main, between Bamberg and Baireuth."

"Not less extended was the system of coral reefs in the succeeding Cretacean period, the greatest part of the chalk being derived from corals, at least as a deposit. In the chalk period there existed already large land-locked seas, such as the Red Sea at present ; and on the shores of these the coral animalcules wrought in undisturbed tranquillity, and in concert with innumerable Polythalamia, deposited the whole mass of the white chalk, which is more than five hundred feet in thickness. The effective part which the Polythalamia have had, ever since, in the formation of the calcareous rocks, shows that flat tracts of coast have prevailed extensively. We have compared the terraces of the Jura to Barrier reefs, in the chalk we find more resemblance to the Lagoon reefs (" Atolls") ; although the chalk basins were not, strictly speaking, Lagoon islands, but rather were formed as promontories of pre-existing higher lands, contiguous to great bays of the ocean."

" Subsequent to this period, the formation of coral reefs took place only in particular localities, as we find it at the present day. The Tertiary period presents no more vast calcareous formations of coral purely ; the function of the coral animals in depositing lime has become more of a local nature, confined to some favourable situations ; while the secretion of lime by the Polythalamia, an agency which was wholly unknown at the earliest epoch, assumes a more and more predominant influence in the formation of the surface of the globe, as we approach the present times. The Nummulite limestone of the Mediterranean beach, the Calcaire Grossier of the Paris basin, the Molasse of Switzerland, and the sub-Appenine limestones, are composed almost entirely of the shells of these minute, but tough creatures, whose indefatigable industry has furnished one of the best and most important of building materials for the use of man. Almost the whole of Paris is constructed of the shells of Foraminifera, and the material of the Egyptian pyramids themselves is a limestone, accumulated ages ago, of countless millions of Nummulites."

"I have now, my friend, set before you, as I consider, the most essential and interesting facts in the Natural History of the Polyps ; but you may still be curious to know on what the little creatures live, as this has not been mentioned yet, although their alimentary organs have been described before. There can be no doubt that their chief food consists of living animals, and that the Polyps, in general, swallow these whole, having drawn them within their reach by means of the current created in the water by their cilia, or having caught and benumbed them with their stinging lines. This may be easily verified in the freshwater Hydra. The stomach, in most of the marine Polyps, is generally found empty, and seldom filled with any large bodies. They must be able to endure long abstinence, and content with small particles of food. What means, indeed, have they to master the larger animalcules ? The current which they create, their chief means of obtaining aliment, is too feeble to overpower those of any bulk, neither are their tentacles long enough to reach and envelope such. Vegetable matter does not seem to enter into their alimentary cavity, probably because it is not fit for their sustenance. There are, indeed, plants floating freely in the sea, but this only in a few situations, and these are far too bulky to be swallowed by a Polyp, while it has no organs with which to detach from them smaller portions. A Polyp cannot gnaw, but is obliged to wait till a piece comes adapted to his swallow ; and that is much more likely to be an active moving animalcule than an alga spore, the only vegetable substance to be had in any quantity in the sea. I think we may safely conclude, therefore, that the food of all Polyps consists chiefly of living animals of no considerable size, and that, in particular, the small and partly even microscopical Tunicata, the fry of Mollusca, the minute marine Annelids and Crustacea which illuminate the surface of the ocean by night with innumerable sparkles of phosphorescent splendour, constitute the principal substances which the Polyps assimilate for their sustenance and growth."

The arrangement of the Animal world, which Burmeister follows in the present work, is, in a great measure, an amplification, and a more scientific filling up of the sketch which forms the concluding portion of his "History of the Creation," in the shape it wears in the latest edition. In the main, he has not departed from the principles of the classification proposed, a quarter of a century since, in his " Class-book of Natural History," and which was exhibited more at large in the " Manual of Natural History," 1837. The investigations of late years, so diligently pursued, and with such fruitful results, regarding the structure and history of the lowest classes of animals, it is true, have afforded much new materials, of which he has not been slow to avail himself here ; but this has tended rather to complete what remained imperfect, and to elucidate that which was obscure heretofore, than to effect a revolution in the ground plan of the system generally. Accordingly, we find the Bryozoa still ranked among his Polyps, yet not without a distinct acknowledgment of the tendency among them to bilateral symmetry, which, with certain other characters, has induced some of the most accomplished zoologists of the present day to place them rather in the Molluscan series, and next to the Tunicata. The Rotifera are still arranged under Crustacea, and the Myriapoda continue associated with the Arachnida. The Polypi and the Acalepha, among the Regular animals, are treated with much particularity and some apparent predilection ; all these, as well as the Irregular animals, in the first of these two volumes. The Symmetrical animals commence with the second volume. For the specialities in the class Mollusca, Burmeister has availed himself of the able assistance of his former pupil, Dr. Giebel. The classification of the Worms is, perhaps, the portion of the work which is stamped most strongly with originality. Commencing, as is usual, with the intestinal worms (Helminthes), the most simple of the class in their organization, Burmeister adopts the conclusions of Lieberkuhn, assigning a place, the lowest, among them, to certain Unicellular animals (Monocystis,&c.) ; the Gregarinae following next,—while he disposes of the Psorospermia in a somewhat different way, as merely embryo forms of these. With the Trematodes and Planarise the Leeches also are associated in one order (Platodes), Flat worms. The Round worms (Gymnodermi) include the families Siphunculini, Priapulidae, and Echiuridae,—all comprehended under the common appellation of Mud worms (Gephyrei), —as well as the proper Nematodes. In the remaining order, Annelides, Burmeister's divisions do not vary materially from the views of Grube, except as regards the removal of the Leeches from this order by the former.

The two volumes published bring us as far as to the end of the Arachnida. There remain, then, of Arthropoda the entire vast class Insecta, and the sub-kingdom Vertebrata, for the subject matter of another volume. Burmeister has briefly indicated here the mode of treatment he contemplates in regard to these ; the space reserved for the Insects being very strictly limited, in consideration of the length at which he has handled them already in other works devoted to that class specifically. The promised appearance of the concluding volume is postponed, however, until the author's return from the second travels, which he has newly undertaken, in South America. We will not here anticipate the criticisms we may be again obliged to enter into, when Burmeister shall have reached the culminant point in the scale of animal organization, at the deferred conclusion of the " Zoonomic Letters f for he has betrayed, of late, a wavering in his allegiance to the views he had embraced before, in common with all the most eminent names in Zoological science, touching another doctrine of not less interest than that agitated in the earlier letters, and on which we have already remarked. Bather let us wish him, on his distant pilgrimage, health and the bland favour of propitious elements ; along with which, large gatherings of scientific fruit, for the materials of future instruction and entertainment of many readers, and ourselves included. A. H. H.

title: Review of Zoonomische Briefe


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Category talk:Government

Acknowledgement: some of these works are referenced in Encyclopedia Britannica's Syntopicon index additional readings list from the Great Books of the Western World, 1st ed. (1952) vol. 2, p. 664, which also contains references to many post-1922 works not available at Wikisource.

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28 for me soon after dark. I brought the dinner pail along just as a matter of form in a way, see"

"Yes, I do see," answered his visitor, with a gulp, and new tears in her eyes—"I see you are a good boy, and a blessing to a good mother, I'll warrant."

"You are right about the good mother, Mrs. Davis," said Ralph, "and I want you to go and see her, to judge for yourself."

Mrs. Davis munched a sandwich. She looked flustered at Ralph's suggestion.

"I'm hardly in a position to make calls—I'm dreadfully poor and humble just now," she said in a broken tone.

"Well," repeated Ralph decisively, "you must call on my mother this afternoon. You see, Mrs. Davis, that rent of yours has got to be paid by six o'clock, hasn't it?"

"The landlord said so."

"I have only a dollar or so in my pocket here," continued Ralph, "but my mother has some of my savings up at the house. I want to let you have ten dollars. I will write a note to my mother, and she will let you have it."

Mrs. Davis let the sandwich she was eating fall nervelessly to the napkin.

"What—what are you saying!" she spoke, staring in perplexity at Ralph.

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Rh "Why, you must pay your rent, you know," said Ralph, "and you need a little surplus till you get on your feet again. There may be some way of shaming or forcing Mort Bemis into paying that twenty-six dollars. If there is, I will discover it for you."

"But—but you don't know me. I'm a stranger to you. I couldn't take money from a boy like you, working hard as you must, probably for little enough wages," vociferated Mrs. Davis, strangely stirred up by the generous proffer. "I might take a loan from somebody able to spare the money, for I can write to a sister at a distance and get a trifle, and pay it back again, but not from you. No—no, thank you just the same—just the same," and the woman broke down completely, crying again.

Ralph sprang to the levers at a new switch call. Then he resumed his argument.

"Mrs. Davis, you shall take the ten dollars, and you shall have twenty if you need it, and that is an end to it. First: because you are in distress and I have it to spare. Next: because I owe you a debt money cannot pay."

"Nonsense, boy," spoke Mrs. Davis dubiously.

"It's true. You don't happen to know it, but you have saved my position and my character this afternoon. You have probably saved the

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Rh fever brought him near to death's door. He suffered in his eyes, teeth, head, and heart. He was racked with neuralgia, especially when he had retired to rest, and thus sleep had become a torture to him. He became prematurely old. At forty-two years of age he had a sense of his decrepitude. At forty-eight he wrote that for every day he worked he had to rest four. He obstinately refused to accept the advice of a doctor.

His mind, even more than his body, suffered the consequences of this terrible life of work. Pessimism—a hereditary evil with him—consumed him. When in his youth he wore himself out in reassuring his father, who seems, at times, to have suffered from attacks of the mania of persecution. But Michael Angelo himself

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30 company great loss of property, if not of life itself. I should be a grateful boy to you, Mrs. Davis. Let me tell you why."

Ralph did tell her. He recited the story of the last hour at the levers. Before she could make a comment at its termination, he had written and thrust into her hand a note addressed to his mother.

"I'll take the ten dollars," said Mrs. Davis, in a subdued tone, after he had directed her to his home, "but only as a loan. You shall have it back quick as I can get word from my sister."

"As you like about that," answered Ralph. "I hope you will make a friend of my mother," he added. "She has had her troubles, and you would be the happier for asking her counsel."

"Yes, I've had a heap of troubles, boy," sighed Mrs. Davis. "Oh, dear! I may be a little good in the world, after all. And," with a wistful look at Ralph, "it's hopeful to think all boys aren't like bad Mort Bemis. And here I'm borrowing money from you, and don't even know your name."

She groped in a pocket and drew forth a worn memorandum book and a pencil. Then, opening the book at a blank page, she looked up inquiringly at Ralph.

"Fairbanks," dictated Ralph.

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Review of Wahre Parthenogenesis bei Schmetterlingen

Wahre Parthenogenesis bei Schmetterlingen und Bienev ein Beitrag zur Fortpflanzungsgeschichte der Thiere. Von C. Th. E. von Siebold. 8vo. Leipzig. 1856. On a true Parthenogenesis in Moths and Bees, a Contribution to the History of Reproduction in Animals. By C. Th.E. von Siebold ; translated by W. S. Dallas, F.L.S., &c. 8vo. Van Voorst. London. 1857. Professor Owen, the author of the term Parthenogenesis, has defined it as procreation without the immediate influence of the male. The examples given are spontaneous fission, gemmation, development from germ-cells and germ-masses, or from unimpregnated ova. The term has been readily adopted by other physiologists, and some have extended the application of it to the analogous phenomena in the vegetable kingdom. Siebold, on the other hand, proposes to confine it to the last-named of the above cases. His objections to the original use of it, indeed, appear to rest partly on an untenable ground of etymology, partly on a misconception of Owen's views, which the distinct statement given by the latter should have precluded.Owen, however, seems not indisposed to accept the limitation proposed, and suggests the term Metagenesis, for the sum of those changes which certain species undergo in the progress through successive individuals from the ovum to the perfect [impregnating and] egg-producing form, or as it has been called the Alternation of generations. The term we have enclosed in brackets seems to be redundant, and might, in fact, invalidate the definition, according to the facts collected by Siebold in the little volume which we are here to notice. The result of these would seem to be, that the animal development from a perfect egg may take place without impregnation, 1° exceptionally ;—2° normally, the law prevailing either partially, as subservient to definite purposes in the social economy of the species, or cyclically through a limited number of successive generations, or permanently and universally in regard to certain groups. The evidences which Siebold has here collected are not absolutely new, but they had partly been overlooked,* partly they seemed to demand that closer investigation, anatomical and historical, with which he has here supplied us, so that we are now in a condition to recognise a law of generation, of which the higher forms of animal life in the vertebrate classes have afforded no unequivocal example. Various statements have appeared from time to time of fertile eggs being laid by female Lepidoptera secluded from all access of the male. In some of these cases the progeny has been reared to the perfect state, and the experiment has even been continued through more than one generation in succession. Indeed, the published instances are so many, and the authorities so respectable, that the rather sceptical criticism which Siebold has applied to them might appear overstrained. It has led him, however, to institute fresh experiments, guarded with all the precautions the assurance of which he misses in the previous documents, and these have obliged him to admit the fact, in respect to the common silk worm, that the female moth is capable of laying fertile eggs without impregnation. The proportion of the eggs, however, which are capable of development in this case is small, and, generally, it would appear that a natural limit is set in this way to the propagation of the species in any but the ordinary mode of generation. A very peculiar mode of limitation is indicated by an experiment of Carlier, which Lacordaire has recorded in his Introduction. Three successive generations of Liparis dispar were produced by secluded females, but the last brood consisted entirely of males. We are led at once to connect this observation with the normal mode of generation of the drones of the hive bee. But that which appears as exceptional in the history of some other Lepidoptera meets us as a regular provision of nature in the economy of various sac-bearers of the families Psychidae and Tineidae. Here the generations of wingless females succeed each other, without access or production of the winged male except at distant periods. How far these periods are subject to rule we have no satisfactory evidence, or that there is any decline of the vitalizing energy of the female organization in the course of generations. In the Psyche helix, as observed by Siebold, the females alone have occurred during seven successive years, and the male insect does not appear to be known with any certainty, if that sex exist in nature. For here we may be approaching to the most complete exemplification of Parthenogenesis, exhibited in the case of certain groups of insects, where the species is constituted, solely and at all periods, by females producing perfect eggs, and undistinguished, as it seems,by any visible peculiarity either of redundancy or defect in the reproductive organs. This is the case in all the true Gall-flies,—the genus Cynips as restricted in recent times,—and a few more (Biorrhiza, &c), while the rest of that family, and even genera approaching the gall-flies so closely in structure and economy as the genus Teras for example, present both sexes, and the males usually even in the greater numbers. This perfect type of Parthenogenesis is, probably, not limited to the class of Insects, as there is evidence of its prevalence in certain Entomostraca, at least. No form of Parthenogenesis, however, seems more remarkable or instructive than that which is present in connection with the economy of the common honey-bee. Many strange mistakes have prevailed from early times as to the history of the perfect societies of these insects, ruled by laws of instinct which have stimulated the curiosity of man, as much as their productive industry has served his uses and attracted his observation.But it has been only at a comparatively recent period that the true characters of the sexes have been anatomically fixed ; and these discoveries have not yet succeeded in dispelling, among the practical bee-keepers in general,either inveterate errors or wild conjectures. Yet it is to one of this class,Dzierzon, pastor of Carlsmarkt, in Silesia, that science ultimately owes the discovery of the true physiological relations which rule the generation of the race. The main facts are these :—the Queen bee, or perfect female, before impregnation lays eggs which produce Males only. After impregnation, which takes place but once in the course of her life time, the eggs pro duce male or female larvae according to the sort of cells in which they are laid. By a delicate and difficult microscopical examination Siebold has proved that the eggs laid in the queens' and workers' cells have been penetrated by one or more Zoosperms, which, on the other hand, are never found in the eggs deposited in drone cells. He concludes, with reason, that the access of the impregnating fluid contained in the receptacle is cut off at pleasure by an instinctive act of the female in oviposition. The workerbees,or females with undeveloped organs of generation, being incapable of impregnation, in the rare cases in which their ovaries are sufficiently developed to mature a few eggs, these produce only male brood.We have not space to do more than allude to various other interesting topics which Siebold has linked to these inquiries ; the improved beehives of Dzierzon, which allow every single comb to be removed at pleasure,inspected, and replaced ; the advantages arising from the introduction into Germany of the Italian variety of the honey-bee, Apis ligustica,and the results of the intermixture of the two races, as bearing on the immediate subject of the essay ; as also the curious spiral cases of some Lepidopterous and Neuropterous larvae represented in the plate, certain of which have figured as shells in some recent treatises on Mollusca; the illusory likeness being heightened, in this instance, by a sort of operculum,with which the inmate, a Phryganidan, (Helicopsyche Siebold,) closes the aperture of its case, before entering on its state of repose as a pupa.The translation by Mr. Dallas acquires additional value from the notes by Professor Owen inserted in it, especially those which recall attention to the instances in which that truly wonderful man, John Hunter, has again anticipated the discoveries of modern Physiologists in their own special branches of research. The translation is made with great care and scrupulous fidelity. A sentence or two only have been omitted, which were unnecessary in the context, or seemed out of place. In a very few instances we think there is an alteration slightly affecting the sense.Thus, for example, page 12—Bombyces for Spiders ; page 16—Scheven does not mean that the specimen he had is figured by Roesel, but has cited the figure merely to determine the species ; page 17—the prolixity of Scheven is by no means commended, as the translation conveys ; page 21 —the import and value of Blanchard and Audebert's observations is very differently characterised in the original ; page 24—it is not by means of the laying-tube, which has a different office attributed to it, but by the feet, that the female Fumea clings to the sac, as expressly stated in the original concerning this and Solenobia a little further on, but omitted in the English, page 25. Again, in the following page, Siebold by no means asserts, as is implied in the translation, that the life of the female is shortened when impregnation does not take place—a statement which is at variance with the general result of observations on insects. Page 28—the sac of Psyche helix is described as having one whorl more than is correct, which the figure, as well as the original text shows clearly enough ; page 40, near the foot—stock should be hive, &c. These criticisms are, indeed, so minute that we should scarcely have particularized them, were it not that the interest in the subject, awakened by the appearance of this translation into English, insures for it a large circulation,as it deserves ; and as that may, and we hope will, lead to further original investigations and fresh evidence of the law propounded, it would not be well to have any pains wasted in controverting particular statements with which the author is not, in fact, concerned. A. H. H.


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10 more affected than the one he sought to console. His ceaseless activity and overwhelming fatigue delivered him over without defence to all the aberrations of a mind which was filled with suspicions. He distrusted both his friends and his enemies. He distrusted his parents, his brothers, and his adopted son, suspecting that they were impatiently waiting for his death.

Everything disquieted him. Even the members of his own family made a mockery of his eternal disquietude. As he himself said, he lived "in a state of melancholy, or rather of madness." By dint of much suffering he ended by finding a sort of bitter pleasure in pain:

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Rh Mrs. Davis had placed the pencil point on the blank page, ready to write. As Ralph spoke her hand seemed swayed by a great shock.

The pencil and book were nervelessly dropped to the floor. She turned a colorless face towards Ralph, and, shrinking back in the creaking armchair, stared at him so strangely and fixedly that he was unable to understand her sudden emotion.

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text: Ralph in the Switch Tower/Chapter 3

title: Ralph in the Switch Tower/Chapter 3


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 CHAPTER IV

A MYSTERY

looked at his switch-tower visitor in great surprise.

"Why, Mrs. Davis," he asked, "what is the matter?"

"N—nothing," she stammered, trying to control herself, but her features were working strangely. "So your name is Fairbanks?"

"Yes, Mrs. Davis."

"Not John Fairbanks—how simple I am, though, of course not. He was an old man. Are you his son, then?"

"Yes," answered Ralph, his curiosity excited. "My name is Ralph. I am John Fairbanks' son. He is dead, you know. Were you acquainted with him?"

"Not acquainted exactly," replied the woman, in a certain repressed way. "I have heard of him, you see."

"Oh, you mean since you came to Stanley Junction?"

"No, no, a long way from here, and a long time Rh

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Rh ago. Where I used to live. I heard he was dead, and I heard you and your mother was dead, too. I did not dream that any of the Fairbanks were here now."

"Why, you amaze me!" cried Ralph. "Who could have told you that?"

"A certain man. He told a falsehood, didn't he? I might have known it. I see now—yes, I begin to see how things are."

She said this in a musing tone, as if half-forgetting that she had an auditor. Ralph was more than interested. He was startled. He knew enough of human nature to guess that Mrs. Davis was concealing something from him.

She arose quite flustered, and began to arrange her bonnet. She evaded Ralph's eye, and appeared anxious to get away. Ralph determined to press some further inquiries. Before he could begin, she made the remark:

"You are a good boy, Ralph Fairbanks, and I shan't forget you. I will take the loan you offer me, but it will be promptly paid back, very soon. Boy," she continued, with a good deal of animation, as if suddenly stirred by some impulsive thought, "you will get a blessing for being good to a poor lone widow, see if you don't."

"I seem to be getting blessings all the time," said Ralph lightly, but reverently. "I guess life

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34 is full of them, if you do right and put yourself in the way of them. Is there some special blessing you are thinking of, Mrs. Davis?" he inquired, saying the words because the woman had used a certain significant, mysterious tone in her last statement. This made him believe she could be clearer and say a deal more, if she chose to do so.

"Yes, there is," replied Mrs. Davis, almost excitedly. "You mustn't question me, though, boy—not just now, anyway. You have given me a lot to think of. I may tell you something very important later on—I may tell your mother to-day. Good-by."

As she approached the trap in the floor, Ralph got a call for a switch. He was reluctant to let his visitor depart. Her vague revelations disturbed him. When he had attended to the levers, he turned again to Mrs. Davis. In doing so he chanced to glance down at the near tracks, and fixedly regarded two approaching figures.

"Hello," he spoke irrepressibly, aloud. "Coming here—the master mechanic and Gasper Farrington."

"What's that—who?" cried Mrs. Davis, almost in a shout.

Ralph looked at her in new amazement. As she had caught the last name he had spoken, she

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Rh stood erect in a strained, tense way, seeming to be frightened.

The two men Ralph had indicated now crossed the tracks and entered the switch tower below. Their voices could be heard distinctly.

"We have a switch plan upstairs in the tower, Mr. Farrington," sounded the clear, incisive tones of Mr. Blake, the master mechanic of the Great Northern.

"All right," answered his companion, and the accents of his voice seemed to be familiar to Mrs. Davis. She looked almost terrified. She glanced wildly around the tower room.

"Hide me!" she gasped appealingly to Ralph.

"Why, what for?" he inquired.

"It's Gasper Farrington, isn't it, just as you said? And he is coming up here!"

"It seems that he is, Mrs. Davis," responded Ralph.

"I don't want to meet him. I don't want him to see me—not yet," went on the woman rapidly.

"Are you afraid of Gasper Farrington, Mrs. Davis?" asked Ralph pointedly.

But she did not answer him. She glided to the coat closet at the end of the room, as if seeking a hiding-place. As she pulled its door open, she noticed that it was too shallow to admit a human form.

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Rh Everything had become pain to him—even love and even virtue.

No being was ever less fitted for experiencing joy and better fitted for sorrow. It was sorrow alone which he saw—sorrow alone which he felt in the immense universe. The whole pessimism of the world is summed up in this sublimely unjust cry of despair:

"His devouring energy," says Condivi, "almost entirely separated him from all human society." He stood alone. He hated and was hated. He loved but was not loved in return. He was admired and feared. In the end he inspired a religious respect. He dominated his century. He was then assuaged a little. He saw men from above, and they saw him from below. But never was he two men in one. Never did he know repose and the happiness which is accorded to the humblest of beings—that of being able, for one minute of his life, to fall asleep in the affection of another. A woman's love was refused him. Alone, for a moment, there shone in that solitary sky the cold, pure star of the friendship of

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36 The dial again called Ralph. By the time he had attended to the levers, he noticed that Mrs. Davis had produced a thick heavy veil and was concealing her face under it. She stood fidgeting nervously at a window at the far end of the room, her back turned to the trapdoor, as if to escape direct attention.

The master mechanic came into view. Then he helped his companion into the room.

Ralph caught his breath quickly and his lips compressed a trifle, as he recognized Gasper Farrington.

His advent was a certain new cause of some inquietude to the young leverman. An old-time enemy, and a bitter and crafty one, Ralph knew he could never expect any good from the miserly old magnate of Stanley Junction.

Farrington's wealth and position gave him a certain influence and power that had been repeatedly used to crush those he did not like. He disliked the Fairbanks family for more reasons than one, and he had tried to crush Ralph more than once. In these efforts, however, he had failed. Ralph had come off the victor because he was in the right, which always prevails, sooner or later.

In their last encounter, Ralph had forced the scheming Farrington to release the fraudulent

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Rh mortgage he held on the Fairbanks cottage. He had bargained to keep the humiliating details of Farrington's swindling operations secret as long as the defeated magnate let them alone. He did not think that Farrington would now risk public exposure by attempting any further tricky measures of gain or revenge. Still, Ralph disliked coming in contact with the man, who would willingly do him an injury and gloat over his downfall.

He was glad that Farrington did not notice him. The attention of the magnate was at once directed to a blue-print plan nailed between two windows.

"There is the switch plan of the yards, Mr. Farrington," said the master mechanic, indicating the sheet of paper in question.

Mr. Blake nodded to Ralph. Then he looked inquiringly at Mrs. Davis.

"A lady who was looking for Mort Bemis," explained Ralph. "He owes her some money, it seems."

"He owes about everybody he can work," said the master mechanic brusquely, and crossed the room after Farrington.

Mrs. Davis quickly went to the trap. She kept her eye on Gasper Farrington until safely down on the ladder, placed her finger on her lips

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38 in significant adieu to Ralph, and then disappeared.

The latter stood at the levers, his back turned purposely on the newcomers into the switch tower.

There was no need of his having an encounter with Farrington, if it could be avoided. Ralph attended to his duties strictly. However, he could not help overhearing what the two men at the side of the room were saying.

Ralph soon divined the nature of Farrington's visit to the switch tower. The magnate owned a factory building about half a mile from the railroad. It had stood vacant and abandoned for some time, as Ralph knew. Now, it seemed, a manufacturer had agreed to lease it for a term of years, provided he could have direct railroad transportation facilities put in.

This point the two men at the switch plan were now discussing. Farrington was following the finger of the master mechanic, as it moved along over the traceries of white and red ink that criss-crossed the blue print.

"Here is where you start your spur," Mr. Blake was explaining. "We can put you in a single track, you to bear half the expense."

"You mean one-third," interrupted the bargaining old schemer.

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12 Vittoria Colonna. Everywhere around was the blackness of night, traversed by the glowing meteors of his thought: his desire and delirious dreams. Never did Beethoven know such a night as that. The reason is that this night was in Michael Angelo's very heart. Beethoven—naturally gay and inspiring after joy—was sad through the fault of the world. Michael Angelo's sadness, which provoked fear in men and made all instinctively flee, was part and parcel of his being.

But this was nothing. The ill consisted not in being alone but in being alone with himself, in being unable to live with himself, in not being master of himself, in disowning, combating and destroying himself. His genius was coupled with a soul which betrayed it. People sometimes speak of the fatality which relentlessly followed in his footsteps and prevented him carrying out any of his great projects. This fatality was himself. The secret of his misfortunes, that which explains the whole tragedy of his life (and this is what people have least seen or least dared to see), was his lack of will-power and weakness of character.

He was irresolute in art, in politics, in all his actions and in all his thoughts. Between two works, two projects, or two lines of conduct he was never able to choose. The history of the monument to Julius II., the façade of San Lorenzo, and the tombs of the Medici is proof of this. He began and began again, but never reached the end. He had barely made his choice than he began to doubt about it. At the end of his life he completed nothing: everything disgusted him. It has been alleged that his tasks were imposed upon him, and the responsibility of this perpetual wavering between one project and another has been laid on the shoulders of his masters. People forget that his masters had no means

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Rh "I mean just what I said," observed the master mechanic grimly. "It is a long reach for a siding, you have no right of way, and we are supplying it, although we will have to run a pretty steep grade down the ravine, for that is the only land we own in your direction. We have right of way to within three hundred feet of your factory. As to the strip that intervenes"

"Oh, there's nothing there but an old shanty on leasehold," answered Farrington.

"Can you get permission to cross it?" asked Blake.

"He! he!" chuckled Farrington; "can I get it? I'll take it!"

"Well, that is your own matter," spoke Blake. "All we want is a bond guarantee for five years, that you will run enough freight over the spur to equal a ten per cent. annual investment."

"Isn't my word good enough for that?" demanded Farrrington arrogantly.

"The Great Northern takes no man's word where a contract is concerned," was the definite answer.

"All right, close the matter up as soon as you like," said Farrington. "Here's where you control the switches, eh?" he continued, leaving the plat and taking a curious glance about the tower.

"Yes."

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40 "I should say it took a clear head and lots of experience to avoid mistakes."

"It does, and lots of muscle, too—eh, Fairbanks?" spoke the master mechanic.

Ralph nodded. He aimed to escape recognition at the hands of Farrington, who, in another minute, would have left the place. He knew, however, that he was discovered, as the magnate uttered a short, sharp grunt.

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text: Ralph in the Switch Tower/Chapter 4

title: Ralph in the Switch Tower/Chapter 4


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 CHAPTER V

THE STOWAWAY

" that?" called out Gasper Farrington, hobbling up to the levers and staring at Ralph. "Look here, Mr. Blake," he pursued, his brows drawn in a mean, savage scowl. "You don't mean to tell me this boy has anything to do with your switching?"

"He has everything to do with it," announced the master mechanic, looking as if he was disposed to resent the manner and words of the client he did not like any too well himself.

"Well, then, it won't do!" snarled Farrington, getting excited. "I want trustworthy service, I do. I don't propose to run the risk of damage and loss with a road that hires kids for its most important work."

Mr. Blake's lips drew tightly together. Then he remarked:

"Mr. Farrington, the Great Northern knows its business distinctly, we are responsible for any damage caused by the negligence or inability of our employees. In this instance you may quiet Rh

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42 your needless fears. Mr. Fairbanks thoroughly understands his business, and I personally recommended him to his present position on account of the cleanest record and best practical ability of any junior employee of the company."

"H'm. Ha! That so?" mumbled Farrington, taken a good deal aback by Blake's definite expressions of approval, while Ralph felt his heart beat with pleasure, and blushed hotly. "All right. I suppose you think you know your business. Only—he was a barefooted urchin six months ago."

"He has earned a good many pairs of shoes since then," observed Blake crisply.

Ralph said not a word. A spell of silence ensued. Farrington stood like some baffled hyena held back from its prey. Ralph quickly and deftly attended to the call for several switches, with a precision and system that even interested the master mechanic.

"It strikes me he'll do," spoke Blake, and Ralph looked grateful as the master mechanic plainly evidenced a pride in the demonstrated ability of his young protégé.

All this roused the vengeful, malignant Farrington to the verge of impotent fury.

"Ah," he growled, "favor cheap help, I suppose? All right. Though be sure to make it

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Rh your business if any damage comes, that's all. That boy owes me a grudge, and if I know anything of human nature, there will be a wreck on the factory spur before it's been running long."

Ralph felt his fingers tingle. He decided that he had a right to speak now. He faced about squarely. The mean-eyed magnate quailed at the honest indignation of his glance.

"Mr. Farrington," said Ralph, "have I ever sought to do you an injury?"

"Yes—no—perhaps not," stammered Farrington, "but you would like to."

"Why?" demanded Ralph definitely.

"Because—because—oh, I know you. I know the whole brood. You smashed a window in my factory, once."

"Accidentally. And paid for it. Is that true?"

Farrington squirmed. He wanted to back out. He found that he could not domineer in the present instance. More than that, he realized that he dared not. The master mechanic, with a grim smile on his lip, helped him out of the dilemma.

"Come, Mr. Farrington," he said, smartly clicking his watch and helping him through the trap. "We will miss the superintendent, and you say you want to close up this business to-day.

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44 Careful, take it a rung at a time—you skunk!" he concluded in an undertone to Ralph, giving him a significant look, and meaning the words for Ralph's ear only.

Ralph felt as if the air was cleared of some violent poison at the departure of this miserable apology of a man.

"Faugh! I won't think of him," he soliloquized. "What possible happiness in life can such people have? I wonder which is the worst: Mort Bemis, poor and mean, or Gasper Farrington, rich and mean. Which carries out what mother has often said: 'Money is not everything.'"

Ralph dismissed his enemies from his mind, whistling cheerily at his tasks. He thought a good deal about Mrs. Davis. He was anxious to get through work and hurry home, to learn if she had called on his mother, and if she had imparted to Mrs. Fairbanks any explanation of her strange acquaintance with his dead father, and of her still more strange fear of Gasper Farrington.

From five until seven o'clock the tracks were kept pretty full. Ralph had a busy time of it. He got through without a delay or a mix-up, however. Jack Knight came up the ladder about eight o'clock.

He looked pleased at the collected,

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Rh way that Ralph handled things. He finally remarked:

"Met Blake a bit back, Fairbanks."

"The master mechanic—yes," nodded Ralph.

"Keep it under your hat, now," continued Knight significantly. "Blake was riled. He said he'd give half a month's salary to wallop one man in Stanley Junction, if it wasn't business policy to keep down personal feelings for the good of the service."

"Who was the man, Mr. Knight?"

"He didn't say, but no friend of yours, it seems. The gist of it is, that this man—I'd like a crack at him myself—offered Blake two hundred dollars to get you shifted onto some other section."

"I seem to come high," smiled Ralph, although he experienced a faint uneasiness at mind, as he clearly comprehended that Gasper Farrington was up to some of his old underhanded tricks.

"Well, Blake politely turned down the offer. He said to me, though, that if any treachery or influence got you the jacket in this position, if he had to fire every other man along the line, he'd find a place for you in the train dispatcher's office at double pay."

"He is a good friend," said Ralph, with emotion—"and you, too, for giving me the warning, Mr. Knight. Knowing what I do, though, I

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46 think I can take care of myself. I do not believe the man you refer to will succeed in disturbing me here."

"He won't, if I can help it," muttered old Jack doughtily.

"Hello, there!" hailed Doc Bortree, the night-shift man, intruding his bulky form and big, jolly face through the trap.

Bortree was a general favorite. He carried an atmosphere of good nature always along with him.

"Well, kid," he hailed. "Busted anything to-day?"

"Not yet," answered Ralph gayly.

They sent him home forthwith. Ralph felt very happy as he descended the ladder from his first real day's service at the switch tower.

His work had gone smoothly, and he loved it. A spice of new interest had been injected into his personal affairs that day, and his mental conjectures were not unpleasant ones.

"I wonder if Mrs. Davis saw mother?" he mused, as he crossed the tracks, homeward bound. "Hello, a stowaway!"

Ralph halted, just passing a line of delayed freights. A great thumping was going on at the side door of the end car.

"Someone in there, sure," soliloquized Ralph.

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Rh "A tramp, I suppose. Stowed in at some point, and side-tracked here this morning. Out with you, whoever you are!" ordered Ralph, unbolting and sliding back the door.

In the dim light of a distant arc lamp Ralph made out a forlorn figure. The stowaway was shabby and peaked-looking, holding in one hand a piece of wood with which he had been hammering for release.

His face was so grimed that Ralph took him for a negro at first. Always kind-hearted, the young leverman had not hesitated to give the stowaway prompt liberty, and it was in his mind to help him farther if necessary.

The stowaway glanced all about the yards as if fearing the gauntlet of cuffs and kicks often in vogue for his class. Then, rubbing his eyes to clear the glare of sudden light, he looked sharply at Ralph.

"Hello," he exclaimed, shooting back out of view. "It's Fairbanks!"

"What's that?" cried Ralph, catching the name in wonderment. "Here, who are you? Do you know me?"

Suddenly as the figure had vanished within the dark car, it now reappeared. With a spring the stowaway cleared the doorway of the car, landing on the cinders beside Ralph.

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48 "Take that!" he hissed, savagely whirling the club above his head.

Ralph dodged. Mystified and unprepared, however, his usual agility was at fault.

A heavy blow landed on the side of his head, and Ralph fell flat.

title: Page:Ralph on the Railroad.djvu/346


text: Ralph in the Switch Tower/Chapter 5

title: Ralph in the Switch Tower/Chapter 5


text:
Author:George Duthie

Works

 * (Geography and Statistics)

title: Author:George Duthie


text:
Page:Ralph on the Railroad.djvu/347

 CHAPTER VI

MRS. FAIRBANKS' VISITOR

seemed to Ralph that his eyes closed tight shut for half a minute, and then came open as wide as ever.

He did not believe he lost consciousness for more than thirty seconds. That, however, was time enough for his mysterious assailant to make himself scarce.

Ralph got to his feet, quite shaken. His hand went to the side of his head involuntarily. His left cheek was scraped and full of splinters, though not bleeding. A big lump was rising in front of one ear.

On the ground lay the club that had dealt Ralph the blow. He moved it with his foot to find it heavy, as if made of hard wood.

"Why, the fellow might have killed me had he struck a little harder," said Ralph seriously. "Who was he? It must be that he knows me, for he spoke my name."

There was a hydrant in the center of a platform space near by. Ralph went over to this and Rh

title: Page:Ralph on the Railroad.djvu/347


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50 turned on the water and sopped his handkerchief, applying it to the lump on his head.

"Was it Mort Bemis?" his mind ran on. "No, I am sure it was not. Bemis is stubby and broad, this fellow was tall and slim. Looked like a half-starved rat. Who could it be?"

In a minute or two Ralph went back to the car that had proven for him a kind of Pandora's box.

He lifted himself through the open doorway and flashed some matches.

The car was bare. It smelled of tobacco smoke, and there was a litter of cigarette stubs in one corner. The other closed door was back-sheathed with smooth boards. Under these Ralph discovered some fresh whittlings, or splinters. He inspected door and floor more closely.

"Ah, I see," he observed: "the stowaway has been killing time by cutting his name on the pillar of fame."

The door surface bore a record of various jack-knife experts. Idle hands, belonging to all kinds of ride-stealers, had from time to time cut their initials on the smooth boards.

There were some pencilings, too—all kinds of doggerel slang and initials. Thus: "Turnpike Tim on his fift' trip sout'." "Mugsey, the Terror," and the warning line: "Bad road for tramps. Calaboose twice for flipping trains."

title: Page:Ralph on the Railroad.djvu/348


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Page:Ralph on the Railroad.djvu/349

Rh The last stowaway, as evidenced by two letters cut into the board, had sought to rival his predecessors. The newly indented initials were nearly eight inches long, and formed an I and an S.

"'I. S.,'" read Ralph. "The solution is easy. It was Ike Slump. Those are his initials, and, come to recall my fierce assailant, he fits Ike's size exactly. That mean attack, too, would be characteristic of Slump. He was afraid of me. He needs to be. There is a standing reward of twenty-five dollars from the railroad for his arrest. I don't want the reward, but I don't propose to have him come back to his old haunts and associates to bother me."

Ralph walked home slowly. The blow he had received caused him some pain. The addition of the malignant Ike Slump to the list of his active enemies troubled him. Ralph knew what it was to fight a mean, underhanded foe. The roster so far included not only Slump, but Bemis and Gasper Farrington.

"It's my duty to notify the railroad company that Slump is again on hand," declared Ralph. "That will dispose of him. As to Bemis, I shall seek him out and give him a warning. If he troubles me any further I will have him arrested for his malicious mischief of to-day. It would

title: Page:Ralph on the Railroad.djvu/349


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Page:Ralph on the Railroad.djvu/350

52 be a pretty serious charge—endangering the railroad property. Gasper Farrington will not do anything openly to harm me. He dare not. But he will work against me in the dark, if he sees the chance to do it. Well, I shall watch his movements mighty closely."

Ralph spurred up as he came within the lights of home. The lamp burning brightly in the front room of the neat little cottage was always a cheering beacon to him, for he knew it had been placed by loving hands.

Mrs. Fairbanks, the tender, thoughtful mother, made that home a peaceful paradise for her only son. She greeted Ralph at the door with a welcome that made him forget instantlv all of the cares and troubles of the day in entering the sheltering of a rare haven of rest and contentment.

Ralph took a good wash at the kitchen sink, put on a clean collar and tie and a light house-coat. Then he sat down to a table steaming with appetizing food.

"Why, Ralph," instantly spoke Mrs. Fairbanks, "you have been hurt!"

Ralph carelessly moved his hand over the lump on his head.

"Nothing serious, mother," he declared with a reassuring smile. "A fellow generally gets

title: Page:Ralph on the Railroad.djvu/350


text:
Page:Ralph on the Railroad.djvu/351

Rh some initiation bumps on his first day in a new job on the railroad."

Mrs. Fairbanks was scarcely satisfied with this off-hand explanation, but Ralph at once shifted the conversation into other channels. He made up his mind he would not worry his mother with the story of his encounter with Ike Slump, at least for the present.

"By the way," he said, as he stowed away a hearty meal, "did you have a visitor to-day, mother?"

"Why, yes," answered Mrs. Fairbanks. "A lady—Mrs. Davis."

"I am glad she came," said Ralph. "She took the ten dollars I wrote you about?"

"Rather reluctantly. She is a strange woman," went on Mrs. Fairbanks thoughtfully; "I could not quite make her out. She acted quite flighty at times, but I believe she is honest, and very earnest in her gratitude and good intentions towards you."

"Why, yes," answered Ralph, with a suggestive smile. "She promised me a blessing. Have you any idea of what she was driving at?" he questioned, scanning his mother's face closely, for he observed that it bore a vague, disturbed expression.

"I think I have, Ralph. It appears that she

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text:
Page:Life and Adventures of William Buckley.djvu/102

Rh the girl, instead of the man who had so barbarously murdered their father. Before they set off, they directed me where I should find them after the expedition they were going upon was over; so I started for the place appointed, near the Barwin River. The next day I swam across that river; taking with me my spears, and rugs, and fire-stick, and before night, set up my hut in a place from whence I could view the country all round. Before I lighted the fire, I made a turf and bark fence all about where it was to be, so that the flame should not be seen, for I was naturally in great dread of being overtaken. In this way I lived a few days, waiting for my friends. At length, one evening, I saw a light coming across the plain in my direction. This occasioned me great alarm, as I did not suppose the friendly tribe would travel in the night; so I put my fire out, hid my spears and fish, and concealed myself amongst the high reeds growing in the neighbourhood. After a time I heard female voices, and then one of them say, "where can he be gone?" some surmising one cause, and some another, for my absence. This satisfied me that all was right, so I approached, agreeably surprising them by my appearance. They were five young women belonging to the last party we had met with, who had made their escape, in consequence of another great fight which had ensued between my old friends, and the tribe who had killed my protectors. They told me, three men of the hostile party had been killed, and that they had burned the bodies of my said-to-be brother-in-law, his wife, and


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Page:Ralph on the Railroad.djvu/352

54 knew—or at least knew about—your father, some years ago."

"She told me that."

"And she knows Gasper Farrington. She asked me a queer question, Ralph."

"What was it, mother?"

"If father did not once own twenty thousand dollars in railroad bonds, and if we had ever got them."

Ralph stopped eating for a moment.

"She said that, did she?" he murmured. "Mother, wouldn't it be strange if she knew something about those bonds?"

"She does."

"How do you know?"

"Because she admitted it. Mrs. Davis was very much agitated. She seemed on the point constantly of telling me something, and then she would mutter to herself and apparently change her mind. When she went away she looked at me very strangely and said: 'Mrs. Fairbanks, when I get the money from my sister to pay your son back the ten dollars he has so kindly loaned me, I am going to tell him a little story about those twenty thousand dollars bonds that may interest him.'"

The bonds formed the topic of conversation for mother and son for nearly an hour after that.

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Page:Life and Adventures of William Buckley.djvu/103

80 his son, to prevent their enemies from mangling them; and, that if the women had not left, they would have been taken away by force by the opposite party. They, poor creatures, were dreadfully hungry and fatigued; so I gave them all the food I had and kept them in my hut until the morning, when two of them left, the other three remaining for several days longer, waiting for their friends. Finding they did not come, according to their appointment, they then went away also.

Having reason to think something had occurred to prevent their arrival, I returned to the scene of the brutal massacre; and finding the ashes and bones of my late friends, I scraped them up together, and covered them over with turf, burying them in the best manner I could, that being the only return I could make for their many kindnesses. I did so in great grief at the recollection of what they had done for me through so many years, and in all my dangers and troubles.

My next move was back again to the hut I had left on the plains where the women had found me, and the following day the others came according to their promise. They endeavoured to persuade me to join them permanently, saying they would protect me; that, as I was alone I should certainly be killed; but I refused, having no faith in their professions, and being sick at heart, so shortly after witnessing all these atrocities. After staying a short time at this spot, they left me, crossing over the river, and when they were out of sight, I packed up my traps, and started in an opposite direction, going towards the sea. When at a place called


text:
Page:Theodore Roosevelt Rough Riders.djvu/58

52 was necessary, grew past bearing, I took charge of the trains myself, so as to ensure the horse-cars of each section being coupled with the baggage-cars of that section.

We worked until long past midnight before we got the horses and baggage aboard, and then found that for some reason the passenger-cars were delayed and would not be out for some hours. In the confusion and darkness men of the different troops had become scattered, and some had drifted off to the vile drinking-booths around the stockyards; so I sent details to search the latter, while the trumpeters blew the assembly until the First Sergeants could account for all the men. Then the troops were arranged in order, and the men of each lay down where they were, by the tracks and in the brush, to sleep until morning.

At dawn the passenger-trains arrived. The senior Captain of each section saw to it that his own horses, troopers, and baggage were together; and one by one they started off, I taking the last in person. Captain Capron had at the very beginning shown himself to be simply invaluable, from his extraordinary energy, executive capacity, and mastery over men; and I kept his section next mine, so that we generally came together at the different yards.

The next four days were very hot and very dusty.


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Page:Ralph on the Railroad.djvu/353

Rh They could only surmise and anticipate, but both were very much stirred up.

"I tell you, mother," said Ralph emphatically, "that woman knows something of importance to us about those bonds. You and I and others have never doubted that Gasper Farrington stole them from father. I have never given up the idea that some day I would reach the truth, and force Farrington to disgorge, just as we made him release the fraudulent mortgage. I really believe things are going to turn so as get us our full rights."

"We will hope so, Ralph," said the widow, with a dubious sigh. "And now tell me all about your first day in the switch tower."

Ralph went to bed about eleven o'clock. He had a good sleep until eight in the morning, devoted an hour or two to tidying up the yard and assisting his mother in various ways, and at noon started for work again.

Old Jack Knight was on duty, and spelled Ralph at the levers until about four o'clock. No unusual incident disturbed the usual routine until an hour later.

In starting to give a switch engine the siding, Ralph found the lever would not budge. The locomotive engineer discovered the unset switch in time to stop. Ralph megaphoned to hold

title: Page:Ralph on the Railroad.djvu/353


text:
Try, Try Again

It's a lesson you should heed, Try, try again.

If at first you don't succeed, Try, try again.

Then your courage should appear, For if you will persevere, You will conquer, never fear, Try, try again.

Once or twice, though you should fail, Try, try again.

If you would at last prevail, Try, try again.

If we strive, 'tis no disgrace, Though we do not win the race; What should you do in that case? Try, try again.

If you find your task is hard, Try, try again.

Time will bring you your reward, Try, try again.

All that other folk can do, Why, with patience, should not you? Only keep this rule in view, Try, try again.

title: Try, Try Again


text:
Page:Ralph on the Railroad.djvu/354

56 till he investigated, and ran down the ladder.

He found the lever cables chained to a wall bracket. Of course here was some more spite work. He removed the obstruction, hurried upstairs, switched the delayed engine, and kept an eye out for the watchman who covered that part of the yards.

When he finally appeared in view, Ralph hailed him and asked him to come inside the tower.

"Mr. Brady," he explained, "I wish you would keep a close eye on the lower story here for a day or two."

"Why, what's wrong?" inquired the watchman.

"Well, someone is up to dirty work," replied Ralph. "They tried to put two levers out of commission yesterday, and just now I found another lever chained up."

The watchman looked startled, and whistled under his breath.

"That's pretty serious," he remarked.

"It is," responded Ralph. "I wish you would keep a watch on strangers."

"And discharged employees?" interrogated the watchman, with a shrewd nod. "I think I know what's up, and who is up to it."

Ralph felt certain that Mort Bemis was back

title: Page:Ralph on the Railroad.djvu/354


text:
Page:Ralph on the Railroad.djvu/355

Rh of the last attempt to cripple his usefulness. He did not, however, believe that Bemis himself had chained the lever, for he had kept a pretty close watch of the yards all afternoon, and had seen nothing of the discharged leverman. Ralph theorized that Bemis had put some associate up to the trick. It was an easy matter for any passerby to step into the lower story of the switch tower without being seen from above. Ralph made up his mind he would seek out Bemis. When he was relieved after dark he did not go home. He had made some inquiries of Knight as to the present whereabouts and haunts of Mort Bemis, and Ralph thought he knew where to look for the fellow.

title: Page:Ralph on the Railroad.djvu/355


text:
Page:Life and Adventures of William Buckley.djvu/104

Rh Mangawhawz, where there was a well of fresh water and plenty of all kinds of fish, I put up a hut, and remained there several months alone. I had now passed so many years in this sort of way—more I should think than five-and-twenty—and had got so much accustomed to the kind of life, as to have forgotten the use of my own language, and began to be careless about every thing civilized, fancying I could never return to a better kind of existence, or to the intercourse of any other society than that of the tribes, if I was again forced into communication with them. I had ascertained from the natives long before, that the Calcutta had left the bay, and that the first settlement had been abandoned. I often looked towards the sea, thinking I might observe some vessel passing; but no, not one; for at that time there was little voyaging round the coast,—South Australia, and the other settlements, not having been formed, and ships from Sydney keeping well off the land, few of them passing through the Straits at any time. Although so desolately placed, I, for a long time, fancied myself comparatively happy, and that I could gladly have ended my days there. If I had had books they would have been totally useless, having forgotten all the little knowledge I had learned in my early days; therefore I could only seek my food,—eat, drink, and sleep; but how I could have passed so long a time in such a way, is to me now a matter of bewildering astonishment. It is related in the fabulous history of Robinson Crusoe, that he was fortunate enough to save a Bible from the wreck of his ship, and by that means


text: Ralph in the Switch Tower/Chapter 6

title: Ralph in the Switch Tower/Chapter 6


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Pitman, Benn

PITMAN, Benn, American phonographer: b. Trowbridge, Wiltshire, 24 July 1822; d. Cincinnati, Ohio, 28 Dec. 1910. He was educated in the academy of his brother, Sir Isaac Pitman (q.v.), and for 10 years engaged in lecturing on and teaching phonography in England. In 1853 he came to this country and established the Phonographic Institute at Cincinnati, Ohio, of which he was long president. His latter teaching differed in several particulars from

that of his brother. He was military recorder of State trials during the Civil War, invented the electro-process of relief engraving, and in 1873-92 was lecturer on art and teacher of artistic wood-engraving in the Cincinnati Art Academy. He has published ‘Manual of Phonography’ (1854); ‘History of Shorthand’ (1858); ‘A Plea for American Decorative Art’ (1895); ‘Phonographic Dictionary’ (1899).


text:
Author:William Edward Hickson

Poetry

 * Try, Try Again

Songs

 * God Speed the Right
 * God Speed the Right in The Riverside song book (1893)
 * God Speed the Right, part of Lincoln Day celebration suggestions in Suggestive programs for special day exercises (1898)

title: Author:William Edward Hickson


text:
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Pitman, Benn

PITMAN, BENN, an American phonographer, born in Trowbridge, England, July 24, 1822; brother of Sir Isaac Pitman, the inventor of phonography; was educated in his brother's academy; lectured and taught phonography throughout Great Britain for 10 years. He came to the United States in 1853, and founded the Phonographic Institute in Cincinnati; invented the electro-process of relief engraving in 1856; was military recorder of State trials during the Civil War. His works include “Manual of Phonography”; “History of Shorthand”; and “Phonographic Dictionary.” He died in 1910.


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Pitman, Benn

PIT'MAN, (1822—). An American stenographer and artist, born at Trowbridge, Wiltshire, England, the younger brother of Isaac Pitman (q.v.). He came to the United States in 1853, and settled in Cincinnati, Ohio, in the same year. He at first published his brother's shorthand textbooks, giving him credit for the system; but in 1857, when Isaac and his co-laborers made certain changes in the system, he refused to adopt them. During the Civil War he did some official reporting for the Government, and afterwards devoted himself to professional reporting until 1873. Pitman's artistic instinct, which had manifested itself in many ways, found distinct expression in 1873, when he became connected with the Cincinnati School of Design as teacher of descriptive art in its various phases, and especially of wood carving. In this latter field he introduced what has since become known as the ‘Pitman School of Wood Carving,’ which provides for the treatment of naturalistic designs and admits of very beautiful effects in wood sculpture. Although he abandoned his formal connection with the Cincinnati School of Design in 1877, he continued to do more or less art work, and his influence as an artist came to be considerable, particularly throughout the middle West.


text:
Page:Constitution Amendment Act 1990.djvu/1

REPUBLIEK VAN SUID-AFRIKA

OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

{|width="100%" rules="cols" cellpadding="5"
 * -valign="top"
 * width="50%"|KANTOOR VAN DIE STAATSPRESIDENT

Hierby word bekend gemaak dat die Staatspresident sy goedkeuring geheg het aan die onderstaande Wet wat hierby ter algemene inligting gepubliseer word:—

No. 61 van 1990: Wysigingswet op die Grondwet, 1990.
 * width="50%"|STATE PRESIDENT’S OFFICE

It is hereby notified that the State President has assented to the following Act which is hereby published for general information:—

No. 61 of 1990: Constitution Amendment Act, 1990.
 * }


text:
Page:Constitution Amendment Act 1990.djvu/2

GENERAL EXPLANATORY NOTE

To amend the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983, so as to make other provision in relation to the delimitation of electoral divisions; and to provide for matters connected therewith.

E IT ENACTED by the State President and the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa, as follows:―

Amendment of section 48 of Act 110 of 1983

1. Section 48 of the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983, is hereby amended by the substitution for subsection (1) of the following subsection: “(1) At intervals of not less than five years and not more than 10 years, commencing [in the case of the House of Assembly, from the last delimitation of its electoral divisions in terms of the previous Constitution, and, in the case of the House of Representatives or the House of Delegates] from the first delimitation of electoral divisions [of the House in question] in terms of this Act, the State President shall appoint a delimitation commission consisting of three judges of the Supreme Court of South Africa, which shall, subject to the provisions of section 41 (2), 42 (2) or 43 (2), as the case may be, divide the Republic, for the purpose of the election of directly elected members of [the] a House [in question], into the same number of electoral divisions as the number of such members of that House, in such a manner that no electoral division is situated partly in one province and partly in another province.”.

Short title

2. This Act shall be called the Constitution Amendment Act, 1990.


text: Constitution Amendment Act, 1990

title: Constitution Amendment Act, 1990


text:
Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983/1990-06-29

as amended by

Constitution Amendment Act, No. 105 of 1984

Powers and Privileges of Parliament and the Constitution Amendment Act, No. 99 of 1985

Provincial Government Act, No. 69 of 1986

Constitution Amendment Act, No. 20 of 1987

Constitution Amendment Act, No. 50 of 1988

Constitution Third Amendment Act, No. 101 of 1988

Constitution Fourth Amendment Act, No. 71 of 1989

Constitution Amendment Act, No. 61 of 1990

48. (1) At intervals of not less than five years and not more than 10 years, commencing from the first delimitation of electoral divisions in terms of this Act, the State President shall appoint a delimitation commission consisting of three judges of the Supreme Court of South Africa, which shall, subject to the provisions of section 41 (2), 42 (2) or 43 (2), as the case may be, divide the Republic, for the purpose of the election of directly elected members of a House, into the same number of electoral divisions as the number of such members of that House, in such a manner that no electoral division is situated partly in one province and partly in another province.

(2) No judge shall be appointed under subsection (1) as a member of a delimitation commission unless he has served as a judge, whether in a permanent or temporary capacity, for a total period of not less than five years.

(3) In dividing the Republic into electoral divisions in terms of subsection (1) the delimitation commission shall act in accordance with the provisions of section 49.


text:
Page:The Life of Michael Angelo.djvu/204

 his illtemper [sic], it would be quite wrong to represent him as a peasant of the Danube, after the fashion of Beethoven. He was an Italian aristocrat, highly cultured and of pure race. From the days of his youth, spent in the gardens of San Marco, in the service of Lorenzo the Magnificent, he remained in relations with the noblest of the great lords, princes, prelates, writers and artists of


text:
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Rh I tried to arrange so the sections would be far enough apart to allow each ample time to unload, feed, water, and load the horses at any stopping-place before the next section could arrive. There was enough delay and failure to make connections on the part of the railroad people to keep me entirely busy, not to speak of seeing at the stopping-places that the inexperienced officers got enough hay for their horses, and that the water given to them was both ample in quantity and drinkable. It happened that we usually made our longest stops at night, and this meant that we were up all night long.

Two or three times a day I got the men buckets of hot coffee, and when we made a long enough stop they were allowed liberty under the supervision of the non-commissioned officers. Some of them abused the privilege, and started to get drunk. These were promptly handled with the necessary severity, in the interest of the others; for it was only by putting an immediate check to every form of lawlessness or disobedience among the few men who were inclined to be bad that we were enabled to give full liberty to those who would not abuse it.

Everywhere the people came out to greet us and cheer us. They brought us flowers; they brought us watermelons and other fruits, and sometimes jugs and pails of milk—all of which we greatly appreciated. We were traveling through a region where


text:
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54 practically all the older men had served in the Confederate Army, and where the younger men had all their lives long drunk in the endless tales told by their elders, at home, and at the cross-roads taverns, and in the court-house squares, about the cavalry of Forrest and Morgan and the infantry of Jackson and Hood. The blood of the old men stirred to the distant breath of battle; the blood of the young men leaped hot with eager desire to accompany us. The older women, who remembered the dreadful misery of war—the misery that presses its iron weight most heavily on the wives and the little ones—looked sadly at us; but the young girls drove down in bevies, arrayed in their finery, to wave flags in farewell to the troopers and to beg cartridges and buttons as mementos. Everywhere we saw the Stars and Stripes, and everywhere we were told, half-laughing, by grizzled ex-Confederates that they had never dreamed in the bygone days of bitterness to greet the old flag as they now were greeting it, and to send their sons, as now they were sending them, to fight and die under it. It was four days later that we disembarked, in a perfect welter of confusion. Tampa lay in the pine-covered sand-flats at the end of a one-track railroad, and everything connected with both military and railroad matters was in an almost inextricable tangle. There was no one to meet us or to tell us where we


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Rh were to camp, and no one to issue us food for the first twenty-four hours; while the railroad people unloaded us wherever they pleased, or rather wherever the jam of all kinds of trains rendered it possible. We had to buy the men food out of our own pockets, and to seize wagons in order to get our spare baggage taken to the camping ground which we at last found had been allotted to us.

Once on the ground, we speedily got order out of confusion. Under Wood's eye the tents were put up in long streets, the picket-line of each troop stretching down its side of each street. The officers' quarters were at the upper ends of the streets, the company kitchens and sinks at the opposite ends. The camp was strictly policed, and drill promptly begun. For thirty-six hours we let the horses rest, drilling on foot, and then began the mounted drill again. The regiments with which we were afterward to serve were camped near us, and the sandy streets of the little town were thronged with soldiers, almost all of them regulars; for there were but one or two volunteer organizations besides ourselves. The regulars wore the canonical dark blue of Uncle Sam. Our own men were clad in dusty brown blouses, trousers and leggings being of the same hue, while the broad-brimmed soft hat was of dark gray; and very workmanlike they looked as, in column of fours, each troop trotted down its company street to