text:
Page:Notes on the folk-lore of the northern counties of England and the borders.djvu/165

 Rh parents, “Tie a rope round the child’s neck,” the rope was tied without the least hesitation.

Of this belief a contributor from Sussex writes, “A man who owned a piebald horse lived a few years ago at Petworth, and he never rode out on it without being accosted by some mother of a family and asked what was the best cure for whooping-cough. Sometimes he would reply, “Ale and butter,” sometimes “honey and vinegar;” anything, in short, that occurred to him. But, however strange the advice might be, it was implicitly followed; “and,” said Mrs. Cooper, my informant, “the result has always been that the sick children were cured.” The same thing is believed in Gloucestershire. And in Suffolk rum and milk were freely administered to a little sufferer by his mother on the same authority.

In the Midland Counties the patient must go about till he finds a married couple whose names are Joseph and Mary, and must then ask them what will cure the cough. Whatever they prescribe will be efficacious. A Staffordshire remedy is to hang an empty glass bottle up the chimney.

From the late Dr. Johnson I learnt of another remedy current in Sunderland: the crown of the head is shaved and the hair hung upon a bush or tree, in firm belief that the birds carrying it away to their nests will carry away the cough along with it. A similar notion lies at the root of a mode of cure practised in Northamptonshire and Devonshire alike. Put a hair of the patient’s head between two slices of buttered bread and give it to a dog. The dog will get the cough and the patient lose it, as surely as scarlet fever is transferred from a human being to an ass by mixing some of the hair of the former with the ass’s fodder. Another Devonian remedy is to place a smooth mullein leaf under the heel of the left foot.

A Yorkshire lady kindly communicates to me another mode of cure which was practised upon herself and her brother in their childhood, their residence being in the neighbourhood of York. It consisted in eating while fasting, and early in the morning, unleavened bread made by a fasting virgin. They had to eat it in silence. A Dorsetshire remedy for the same complaint is, she


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 20.djvu/205

 was just going home on sick leave, when the mutiny of 1857 broke out. Thereupon he refused to go to England, and remained at Calcutta until his health was sufficiently restored to enable him to take the field. In January 1858 he was appointed to command the 4th infantry division in the field, with the rank of brigadier-general. This division, nearly six thousand strong, was intended to carry out a favourite scheme of Lord Canning. Franks was directed to march across the north-eastern frontier of Oude, driving the mutineers before him, and then to meet Sir Jung Bahadur, the prime minister of Nepal, who had promised to bring a force of Goorkhas to the assistance of the English, after which the two corps together were to co-operate in Sir Colin Campbell's operations against Lucknow. This programme was successfully carried out; the junction with Jung Bahadur's Goorkhas was cleverly effected, and on 19 and 23 Feb. Franks inflicted two severe defeats on the rebel leader, Muhammad Hussein Nazim, at Chanda, and between Badshahganj and Sultánpur respectively. The effect of these victories, in which Franks only lost two men killed and sixteen wounded, was, however, minimised by the severe check which he received in an attempt to take Dohrighat. Sir Colin Campbell was much incensed at this defeat, and after the final capture of Lucknow he refused to give Franks another command in the field. This was a severe blow to Franks, who at once returned to England, where he was promoted major-general on 20 July 1858, made a K.C.B., and given the thanks of parliament. His health was entirely ruined by his exertions, and he died at Ibstone House, Tetsworth, Oxfordshire, on 5 Feb. 1862. Franks married (1) Matilda, daughter of Richard Kay, esq., and widow of the Rev. W. Fletcher; (2) Rebecca Constantia Elizabeth, widow of Samuel Brewis, esq., of Langley House, Prestwich, Lancashire.

[Hart's Army List; Gent. Mag. March 1862; Despatches of Lord Hardinge, Lord Gough, and Sir Harry Smith; Shadwell's Lord Clyde; Malleson's Indian Mutiny.]

FRANSHAM, JOHN (1730–1810), freethinker, son of Thomas and Isidora Fransham, was born early in 1730 (baptised 19 March) in the parish of St. George of Colegate, Norwich, where his father was sexton or parish clerk. He showed precocity at an elementary school. He wrote sermons, which the rector of St. George's thought good enough to submit to the dean. The aid of a relative, probably Isaac Fransham (1660–1743), an attorney, enabled him to study for the church. His relative dying, Fransham, at the age of fifteen, was apprenticed for a few weeks to a cooper at Wymondham, Norfolk. By writing sermons for clergymen he made a little money, but could not support himself, though he went barefoot nearly three years. John Taylor, D.D., the presbyterian theologian, gave him gratuitous instruction. A legacy of 25l. determined him to buy a pony, not to ride, but to ‘make a friend of,’ as he told a physician consulted by his father, who thought him out of his wits. As long as the money lasted, Fransham took lessons from W. Hemingway, a land surveyor. He then wrote for Marshall, an attorney, but was never articled. one of Marshall's clerks, John Chambers, afterwards recorder of Norwich, took great pains with him. He made the acquaintance of Joseph Clover [q. v.], the veterinary surgeon, who employed him to take horses to be shod, and taught him mathematics in return for Fransham's help in classics.

In 1748 he joined a company of strolling players. He is said to have taken, among other parts, those of Iago and Shylock. The players got no pay and lived on turnips; Fransham left them on finding that the turnips were stolen. He sailed from Great Yarmouth for North Shields, intending to study at the Scottish universities and visit the highlands. But at Newcastle-on-Tyne he enlisted in the Old Buffs, was soon discharged as bandy-legged, and made his way back to Norwich with three halfpence and a plaid. After this he worked with Daniel Wright, a freethinking journeyman weaver. The two friends sat facing each other, so that they could carry on discussions amid the rattle of their looms.

After Wright's death, about 1750, Fransham devoted himself to teaching. For two or three years he was tutor in the family of Leman, a farmer at Hellesdon, Norfolk. He next took pupils at Norwich in Latin, Greek, French, and mathematics. He only taught for two hours a day, and had time to act as amanuensis to Samuel Bourn (1714–1796) [q. v.] He became a member of a society for philosophical experiment, founded by Peter Bilby. His reputation grew as a successful preliminary tutor for the universities; he reluctantly took as many as twenty pupils, being of opinion that no man could do justice to more than eight. His terms rose from a shilling a week to 15s. a quarter; out of this slender income he saved money, and collected two hundred books towards a projected library. If he got a bargain at a bookstall he insisted on paying the full value as soon as he knew it.

In 1767 he spent nine months in London, carrying John Leedes, a former pupil, through

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 21, 1910.djvu/259

Rh Mrs. A., a resident here, says that every time a robin comes into her house there is trouble. She cites three instances, two in which the omen was followed by serious illness, and a third, when robins entered repeatedly, by death.

Yesterday (May 26th, 19 10), I was given an orchid which had been rescued from one of the Royal wreaths on the way to the bonfire. The next woman I called on told me it was very unlucky to bring such things into the house.

. Slough.

Essex.

The following cure for whooping-cough was told by an old woman, about the year 1878:—"You must cut a little hair from the nape of the child's neck and make it into a ball with some fat," (some particular fat was specified), "but butter will do, and lay it on your front door step, and the first dog that comes by will eat it. My little Bill" (her grandson) "was bad, and I tried it for him. I had hardly laid the fat on the steps when Master Edwards " (the shepherd) "come by, and his dog snapped it up, and the child never whooped again"—(these last words very solemnly and impressively).

One day, the Rector,—it must have been in the sixties or seventies,—called at some cottages in a remote part of the parish. In one house the woman said her baby had been very bad with teething, but she had been to Walden and got a skein of red silk to put round its neck, so she hoped it would be better. Next door, the woman had cut her hand badly, but "I greased the knife and put it on the shelf," which she seemed to think would give her great relief.

About 1899, I discovered that our garden-boy would not go to the pond for water if a dragon-fly were about,—"merrymaid" as he called it,—as "it would draw him into the water." (Apparently some confusion with mermaid?)

A cook who lived with us for some years always kept a Queen's head (a shilling) on her bad leg, but whether to ease the pain or to


text: Does Price Fixing Destroy Liberty?/Annotated/The Real Meaning of the Lever Act


text:
The Eurypterida of New York/Volume 2/Explanations of plates

 * Plate 1: Strabops thacheri Beecher
 * Plate 2: Eurypterus remipes Dekay
 * Plate 3: Eurypterus remipes Dekay
 * Plate 4: Eurypterus remipes Dekay and Strabops thacheri Beecher
 * Plate 5: Eurypterus remipes Dekay
 * Plate 6: Eurypterus remipes Dekay
 * Plate 7: Eurypterus remipes Dekay
 * Plate 8: Eurypterus remipes Dekay
 * Plate 9: Eurypterus lacustris Harlan
 * Plate 10: Eurypterus lacustris Harlan
 * Plate 11: Eurypterus lacustris Harlan
 * Plate 12: Eurypterus lacustris Harlan and Eurypterus lacustris var. pachychirus Hall
 * Plate 13: Eurypterus sp., Strabops thacheri Beecher, Eurypterus lacustris Harlan and Eurypterus pittsfordensis Sarle
 * Plate 14: Eurypterus pittsfordensis Sarle
 * Plate 15: Eurypterus pittsfordensis Sarle
 * Plate 16: Eurypterus pittsfordensis Sarle
 * Plate 17: Eurypterus pittsfordensis Sarle and Eurypterus ranilarva nov.
 * Plate 18: Eurypterus ranilarva nov. and Eurypterus pittsfordensis Sarle
 * Plate 19: Eurypterus lacustris Harlan var. pachychirus Hall and Eurypterus dekayi Hall
 * Plate 20: Eurypterus dekayi Hall and Eurypterus microphthalmus Hall
 * Plate 21: Eurypterus maria Clarke
 * Plate 22: Eurypterus maria Clarke
 * Plate 23: Eurypterus pustulosus Hall
 * Plate 24: Eurypterus pustulosus Hall
 * Plate 25: Eurypterus (Onychopterus) kokomoensis Miller & Gurley and Stylonurus (Drepanopterus) longicaudatus nov.
 * Plate 26: Eurypterus (Anthraconectes) mazonensis Meek & Worthen, Eurypterus (Onychopterus) kokomoensis Miller & Gurley and Dolichopterus siluriceps nov.
 * Plate 27: Eusarcus scorpionis Grote & Pitt
 * Plate 28: Eusarcus scorpionis Grote & Pitt
 * Plate 29: Eusarcus scorpionis Grote & Pitt
 * Plate 30: Eusarcus scorpionis Grote & Pitt
 * Plate 31: Eusarcus scorpionis Grote & Pitt
 * Plate 32: Eusarcus scorpionis Grote & Pitt
 * Plate 33: Eusarcus scorpionis Grote & Pitt
 * Plate 34: Eusarcus scorpionis Grote & Pitt
 * Plate 35: Dolichopterus macrochirus Hall and Eusarcus scorpionis Grote & Pitt
 * Plate 36: Eusarcus scorpionis Grote & Pitt, Eusarcus? cicerops Clarke and Eusarcus newlini Claypole
 * Plate 37: Eusarcus newlini Claypole
 * Plate 38: Eusarcus newlini Claypole
 * Plate 39: Eusarcus newlini Claypole
 * Plate 40: Dolichopterus macrochirus Hall
 * Plate 41: Dolichopterus macrochirus Hall
 * Plate 42: Dolichopterus macrochirus Hall
 * Plate 43: Dolichopterus macrochirus Hall
 * Plate 44: Dolichopterus macrochirus Hall
 * Plate 45: Dolichopterus macrochirus Hall
 * Plate 46: Dolichopterus otisius Clarke, Dolichopterus stylonuroides nov. and Hughmilleria socialis Sarle
 * Plate 47: Stylonurus excelsior Hall
 * Plate 48: Stylonurus excelsior Hall
 * Plate 49: Stylonurus cestrotus Clarke
 * Plate 50: Stylonurus cestrotus Clarke, Stylonurus sp. and Stylonurus multispinosus nov.
 * Plate 51: Stylonurus myops Clarke
 * Plate 52: Stylonurus myops Clarke
 * Plate 53: Stylonurus myops Clarke, Stylonurus sp. α, β, γ and δ, Stlonurus sp. and Genus undet.
 * Plate 54: Stylonurus (Drepanopterus) longicaudatus nov.
 * Plate 55: Stylonurus (Drepanopterus) longicaudatus nov.
 * Plate 56: Stylonurus (Drepanopterus) longicaudatus nov.
 * Plate 57: Dolichopterus (?) testudineus nov., Pterygotus cf. buffaloensis Pohlman and Echinognathus clevelandi Walcott
 * Plate 58: Echinognathus clevelandi Walcott and Megalograptus welchi Miller
 * Plate 59: Hughmilleria socialis Sarle
 * Plate 60: Hughmilleria socialis Sarle
 * Plate 61: Hughmilleria socialis Sarle
 * Plate 62: Hughmilleria socialis Sarle
 * Plate 63: Hughmilleria socialis Sarle and Hughmilleria socialis var. robusta Sarle
 * Plate 64: Hughmilleria shawangunk Clarke
 * Plate 65: Hughmilleria shawangunk Clarke
 * Plate 66: Hughmilleria shawangunk Clarke
 * Plate 67: Pterygotus buffaloensis Pohlmann
 * Plate 68: Pterygotus buffaloensis Pohlmann
 * Plate 69: Hughmilleria shawangunk Clarke and Pterygotus macrophthalmus Hall
 * Plate 70: Pterygotus macrophthalmus Hall, Pterygotus monroensis Sarle and Pterygotus? sp.
 * Plate 71: Pterygotus macrophthalmus Hall
 * Plate 72: Pterygotus buffaloensis Pohlmann
 * Plate 73: Pterygotus buffaloensis Pohlmann
 * Plate 74: Pterygotus buffaloensis Pohlmann
 * Plate 75: Pterygotus buffaloensis Pohlmann
 * Plate 76: Pterygotus buffaloensis Pohlmann
 * Plate 77: Pterygotus buffaloensis Pohlmann and Pterygotus cobbi Hall
 * Plate 78: Pterygotus buffaloensis Pohlmann
 * Plate 79: Pterygotus buffaloensis Pohlmann and Pterygotus atlanticus nov.
 * Plate 80: Pterygotus buffaloensis Pohlmann
 * Plate 81: Pterygotus (Erettopterus) grandis (Pohlmann)
 * Plate 82: Pterygotus (Erettopterus) globiceps nov., Pterygotus (Erettopterus) sp. and Pterygotus? sp.
 * Plate 83: Eurypterus? (Dolichopterus?) stellatus nov., Eurypterus pristinus nov., Eurypterus megalops nov., Eurypterus? sp., Dolichopterus frankfortensis nov. and Dolichopterus latifrons
 * Plate 84: Eusarcus longiceps nov., Eusarcus triangulatus nov. and disjecta membra referable to Eusarcus
 * Plate 85: Stylonurus? limbatus nov., disjecta membra of Stylonurus and Hughmilleria magna nov.
 * Plate 86: Pterygotus prolificus nov., Pterygotus nasutus nov. and disjecta membra of Pterygotus
 * Plate 87: Pterygotus sp.
 * Plate 88: Proscorpius osborni Whitfield


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 20.djvu/206

 his Latin examination at the College of Surgeons. In London he formed a slight acquaintance with the queen's under-librarian, who introduced him to Foote. Foote, in ‘The Devil upon Two Sticks’ (1768), caricatured teacher and pupil as Johnny Macpherson and Dr. Emanuel Last. Fransham wore a plaid, which suggested the Mac, a green jacket with large horn buttons, a broad hat, drab shorts, coarse worsted stockings, and large shoes. The boys called him ‘old horn-buttoned Jack.’

On his return to Norwich, the Chute family, who had a country house at South Pickenham, Norfolk, allowed him (about 1771) to sleep at their Norwich house (where his sister, Mrs. Bennett, was housekeeper) and to use the library. He taught (about 1772) in the family of Samuel Cooper, D.D. [see ], at Brooke Hall, Norfolk, on the terms of board and lodging from Saturday till Monday. This engagement he gave up, as the walk of over six miles out and in was too much for him. When Cooper obtained preferment at Great Yarmouth, Fransham was advised by his friend Robinson to write and ask for a guinea. The difficulty was that Fransham had never written a letter in his life, and after he had copied Robinson's draft, did not know how to fold it. Cooper sent him 5l. The death of young Chute (of which Fransham thought he had warning in a dream) threw Fransham again on his own resources. He reduced his allowance to a farthing's worth of potatoes a day; the experiment of sleeping on Mousehold Heath in his plaid brought on a violent cold, and was not repeated. For nearly three years, from about 1780, he dined every Sunday with counsellor Cooper, a relative of the clergyman, who introduced him to Dr. Parr. From about 1784 to about 1794 he lodged with Thomas Robinson, schoolmaster at St. Peter's Hungate. He left Robinson to lodge with Jay, a baker in St. Clement's. Here he would never allow the floor of his room to be wetted or the walls whitewashed, for fear of damp, and to have his bed made more than once a week he considered ‘the height of effeminacy.’ In 1805 he was asked for assistance by a distant relative, Mrs. Smith; he took her as his housekeeper, hiring a room and a garret in St. George's Colegate. When she left him in 1806 he seems to have resided for about three years with his sister, who had become a widow; leaving her, he made his last move to a garret in Elm Hill. In 1807 or 1808 he made the acquaintance of Michael Stark (d. 1831), a Norwich dyer, and became tutor to his sons, of whom the youngest was James Stark, the artist.

Fransham has been called a pagan and a polytheist chiefly on the strength of his hymns to the ancient gods, his designation of chicken-broth as a sacrifice to Æsculapius, and his describing a change in the weather as Juno's response to supplication. His love for classical antiquity led him to prefer the Greek mathematicians to any of the moderns, to reject (with Berkeley) the doctrine of fluxions, and to despise algebra. Convinced of the legendary origin of all theology, he esteemed the legends of paganism as the most venerable, and put upon them a construction of his own. Taylor, the platonist, he observed, took them in a sense ‘intended for the vulgar alone.’ Hume was to him the ‘prince of philosophers;’ he read Plato with admiration, but among the speculations of antiquity the arguments of Cotta, in the ‘De Natura Deorum,’ were most to his mind. He annotated a copy of Chubb's posthumous works, apparently for republication as a vehicle of his own ideas. In a note to p. 168 of Chubb's ‘Author's Farewell,’ he puts forward the hypothesis of a multiplicity of ‘artists’ as explaining the ‘infinitely various parts of nature.’ In his manuscript ‘Metaphysicorum Elementa’ (begun 1748, and written with Spinoza as his model) he defines God as ‘ens non dependens, quod etiam causa est omnium cæterorum existentium.’ He thinks it obvious that space fulfils the terms of this definition, and hence concludes ‘spatium solum esse Deum,’ adding ‘Deus, vel spatium, est solidum.’ His chief quarrel with the preachers of his time was that they allowed vicious and cruel customs to go unreproved. Asked at an election time for whom he would be inclined to vote, he replied, ‘I would vote for that man who had humanity enough to drive long-tailed horses.’ He was fond of most animals, but disliked dogs, as ‘noisy, mobbish, and vulgar,’ and in his ‘Aristopia, or ideal state,’ he provided for their extermination.

Fransham brought under complete control a temper which in his early years was ungovernable. He rose at five in summer, at six in winter; a strict teetotaller, he ate little animal food, living chiefly on tea and bread-and-butter. To assure himself of the value of health, he would eat tarts till he got a headache, which he cured with strong tea. For his amusement he played a hautboy, but burned the instrument to make tea. Supplying its place with a ‘bilbo-catch,’ he persevered until he had caught the ball on the spike 666,666 times (not in succession; he could never exceed a sequence of two hundred). His dread of fire led him constantly to practise the experiment of letting himself down from an upper story by a ladder. In


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 20.djvu/207

 money matters he was extremely exact, but could bear losses with equanimity. He had saved up 100l., which he was induced to lodge with a merchant, who became bankrupt just after Fransham had withdrawn 75l. to buy books. To his friends' expressions of condolence he replied that he had been lucky enough to gain the 75l.

At the latter end of 1809 he was attacked by a cough; in January 1810 he took to his bed and was carefully nursed, but declined medical aid. When dying he said that had he to live his days again he would go more into female society. He had a fear of being buried alive, and gave some odd instructions as to what was to be done to prove him ‘dead indeed.’ On 1 Feb. 1810 he expired. He was buried on 4 Feb. in the churchyard of St. George of Colegate; his gravestone bears a Latin inscription. A caricature likeness of him has been published; his features have been thought to resemble those of Erasmus, while his double-tipped nose reminded his friends of the busts of Plato. He left ninety-six guineas to his sister; his books and manuscripts were left to Edward Rigby, M.D. (d. 1821); some of them passed into the possession of William Stark, and a portion of these is believed to have perished in a fire; William Saint, his pupil and biographer, seems to have obtained his mathematical books and most of his mathematical manuscripts.

He published: 1. ‘An Essay on the Oestrum or Enthusiasm of Orpheus,’ Norwich, 1760, 8vo (an anonymous tract on the happiness to be derived from a noble enthusiasm). 2. ‘Two Anniversary Discourses: in the first of which the Old Man is exploded, in the second the New Man is recognised,’ London, 1768, 8vo (anonymous satires; not seen; reviewed in ‘Monthly Review,’ 1769, xl. 83, and identified as Fransham's on the evidence of his manuscripts). 3. ‘Robin Snap, British Patriotic Carrier,’ 1769–70, fol. (a penny satirical print, published in Norwich; 26 numbers, the first on Saturday, 4 Nov. 1769, then regularly on Tuesdays from 14 Nov. 1769 to 30 Jan. 1770, and again 13 Feb.–24 April, also 15 May and 29 May 1770; the whole, with slight exceptions, written by Fransham; his own copy has a printed title-page, ‘The Dispensation of Robin Snap,’ &c.; ‘snap’ is the local term for the dragon carried about the streets of Norwich on the guild day.)

Of Fransham's manuscripts six quarto volumes remain. Five of these are described by Saint; they are prepared for the press and indexed, and contain a few allegorical drawings. They bear the general title ‘Memorabilia Classica: or a Philosophical Harvest of Ancient and Modern Institutions.’ In the first volume is (No. 2) the original draft of his ‘Oestrum,’ and (No. 5) ‘The Code of Aristopia, or Scheme of a perfect Government,’ the most remarkable of his writings. He advocates (p. 175) a decimal system of coinage and measures. The second volume, ‘A Synopsis of Classical Philosophy,’ embodies his ‘Essay on the Fear of Death,’ expressing a hope of a future and more perfect state of being, a topic on which he had written in his nineteenth year. At the end of the third volume is his ‘Antiqua Religio,’ including his hymns to Jupiter, Minerva, Venus, Hercules, &c. The fourth volume includes the draft of his ‘Anniversary Discourses,’ and others in the same strain. The fifth volume contains thirty numbers of ’ Robin Snap,’ some of which were worked up in the published periodical. A sixth volume, ‘Memorabilia Practica,’ is perhaps that which is described by Saint as ‘a mathematical manual;’ it contains a very interesting compendium of all the subjects which he taught. Fransham's style is uncouth and emotional, but bears marks of genius; his prose becomes rhythmical when he is strongly moved.

There was an earlier (d. July or August 1753), a Norwich linendraper, rent-agent to Horace Walpole, and correspondent of Defoe, 1704–7 (Notes and Queries, 5th ser. iii. 261 sq.), a contributor to periodicals (ib. ii. 37); author of: 1. ‘The Criterion … of High and Low Church,’ &c., 1710, 8vo; reprinted, Norwich, 1710, 8vo (by ‘J. F.’) 2. ‘A Dialogue between Jack High and Will Low,’ &c., 1710, 8vo (anon.; both of these are identified as Fransham's by a note in his handwriting); and in all probability the ‘Mr. John Fransham of Norwich,’ who published 3. ‘The World in Miniature,’ &c., 1740, 2 vols. 12mo. To him has also been ascribed a valuable tract by J. F., ‘An Exact Account of the Charge for Supporting the Poor of … Norwich,’ &c., 1720, 8vo (British Museum, 104, n. 44; catalogued under ‘John Fransham’), but this is assigned, in a contemporary Norwich hand on Mr. Colman's copy, to James Fransham.

[Saint's Memoir, without date (preface dated Norwich, 3 Oct. 1811), is a perplexing jumble of contradictory accounts, and it is quite probable that the attempt made above to present the narrative in its true sequence has not been entirely successful. Saint's extracts from the manuscripts, made partly with the view of exhibiting Fransham's ‘Christian character,’ are well chosen. It would appear from a letter, dated 3 Aug. 1811, that ‘the Rev. W. J. F.,’ i.e. William Johnson Fox [q. v.], had something to do with the publication. An earlier memoir, in some respects better (dated Norwich, 20 March 1811), appeared in the Monthly Magazine, 1811,


text: User:Lilange

title: User:Lilange


text:
Author:Mark Pattison

Works

 * The Sufficiency of Holy Scriptures for the Salvation of Man (1841)
 * Original or Birth Sin and the Necessity of New Birth unto Life (1842)
 * Stephen Langton
 * St. Edmund
 * "Oxford Studies" in Oxford Essays (1855)
 * Education Commission; Report of the Assistant Commissioners on the State of Popular Education in Continental Europe Vol. iv. (1861), on the state of elementary education in Germany (pp. 161–267)
 * Suggestions on academical organisation with especial reference to Oxford (1868)
 * Isaac Casaubon, 1559-1614 (1875)
 * "Review of the Situation" in Essays on the endowment of research (1876)
 * "Tendencies of Religious Thought in England, 1688–1750" in Essays and Reviews (1860)
 * Milton (1879)
 * The Sonnets of John Milton (1883)
 * Memoirs (1885)
 * Sermons (1885)
 * Essays by the late Mark Pattison: sometime rector of Lincoln College (1889), edited by Henry Nettleship, in 2 vols.

Translations

 * "St Matthew" in Catena aurea: commentary on the four Gospels, collected out of the works of the Fathers: Volume 1 (1874), in two parts.

‘Christian Remembrancer’

 * ‘Miss Bremer's Novels,’ 1844;
 * ‘Gregory of Tours,’ 1845
 * ‘Wordsworth's Diary in France,’ 1845;
 * ‘Church Poetry,’1846
 * ‘The Oxford Bede,’ 1846
 * ‘Thiers's Consulate and Empire,’1846
 * ‘The Sugar Duties,’ 1846;
 * ‘Hugh Miller's First Impressions of England,’ 1847;
 * ‘Mill's Political Economy,’ 1848;
 * ‘Lord Holland's Foreign Reminiscences,’ 1851)

'Quarterly Review'

 * Casaubon 1853.
 * ‘Huet’ (1855),
 * ‘Montaigne’ (1856),
 * ‘Joseph Scaliger’ (1860),
 * ‘The Stephenses’ (1865);

‘North British’

 * F. A. Wolf’ (1865),

‘Westminster Review;’

 * ‘The Present State of Theology in Germany’1857;
 * ‘Buckle's Civilisation in England,’ 1857;
 * ‘Calvin at Geneva’1858
 * ‘The Calas Tragedy,’ 1858;
 * ‘Early Intercourse of England and Germany,’ 1861;
 * ‘Popular Education in Prussia,’ 1862;
 * ‘Mackay's Tübingen School,’ 1863.

‘British Quarterly’

 * ‘Pope and his Editors,’ (1872)

British Critic

 * Earliest English Poetry, (1842)

‘North American’

 * ‘The Thing that might be,’ 1881),

‘Fraser's Magazine’

 * ‘The Birmingham Congress,’ 1857
 * ‘Antecedents of the Reformation,’ 1859
 * 'Philanthropic Societies in the Reign of Queen Anne,’ 1860

'Macmillan’

 * ‘A Chapter of University History’ (1875)
 * ‘Milton,’ (1875)

‘Contemporary’

 * ‘The Religion of Positivism,’ 1876)

‘Fortnightly’

 * ‘The Age of Reason,’1877
 * ‘Note on Evolution and Positivism,’1877
 * ‘Books and Critics,’ 1877;
 * ‘Industrial Shortcomings,’ 1880;
 * ‘Etienne Dolet,’ 1881)

‘New Quarterly Magazine’

 * Middle-class Education (1879)

As editor

 * Essay on Man (1869) by Alexander Pope
 * Satires and Epistles (1872) by Alexander Pope

Contributions to EB1911

 * (in part)
 * (in part)

Works about Pattison

 * Recollections of Pattison (1885), by Lionel Arthur Tollemache

title: Author:Mark Pattison


text:
Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 21, 1910.djvu/260

224 keep the place from breaking into an open wound, I cannot now feel sure. Essex people say, " If you draw may into the house, you draw the head of the house out"; and this last spring (1909), when I was staying near Saffron Walden, I gave an old woman in the almshouse a piece of pink may that I was wearing, and her rather sudden death the following week I found was attributed to this.

Eynsham, Oxon,.

Lancashire.

At Coniston it is believed that no light should be taken outside the house from Christmas Eve to the New Year, and that, for the same period, the ash-pit under the kitchen fire must not be emptied lest a death should follow speedily.

. Coniston.

At Manchester on New Year's Eve a gold coin is thrown into the house for luck before the "firstfoot" enters.

Surrey.

L. B. (aged about 25) says that at Hascombe it is thought unlucky to throw away the greenery of Christmas decorations; it should be burnt, but there is no particular day for burning it.

She says also that it is unlucky to have "palm" in the house before Palm Sunday.

. Woking.

Somerset.

If you strike any glass vessel and stop it ringing, a sailor is saved from drowning.

(.)

Slough.


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 20.djvu/208

  pt. i. pp. 342 sq., see also pt. ii. p. 463. Another is in Gent. Mag. vol. lxxxi. pt. ii. pp. 11, 127. A short biography is given in the Norfolk Tour, 1829, ii. 1232 sq. Fransham's manuscripts and other works are in the collection of J. J. Colman, esq., M.P.; information (respecting the Stark family) has been supplied by Mr. J. Mottram and (respecting the earlier John Fransham) by Mr. F. Norgate.]

FRASER, ALEXANDER (d. 1332), great chamberlain of Scotland, was the eldest son of Sir Andrew Fraser, who was sheriff of Stirling in 1293. His grandfather was Sir Richard Fraser of Touchfraser in Stirlingshire, and to him he succeeded in these and other lands. In 1296 his father was carried prisoner into England, and required to reside south of the river Trent. His family accompanied him thither, and as Edward I insisted on the Scottish barons sending their sons to his court, it is probable that Fraser spent some portion of his youth there. He, however, espoused the cause of Scottish independence, and, having left England, attached himself to Robert Bruce, with whom he fought at Methven in 1306. Bruce being defeated Fraser was led captive from the field, but he succeeded in escaping, and after Bruce had resumed the campaign he rejoined him with his friends and vassals at the Mounth in the Mearns, and aided him in inflicting the crushing defeat on his enemies, the Comyns, known as the ‘harrying of Buchan.’ He was also present at the battle of Bannockburn, on the eve of which he received the honour of knighthood. Shortly afterwards Fraser married a sister of King Robert Bruce, Lady Mary Bruce, who for four years was imprisoned by Edward I in a cage in the castle of Roxburgh. She was previously married to Sir Neil Campbell, who died in or about 1315. Fraser took a prominent place among the Scottish barons in the events of his time, and in 1319 was appointed lord chamberlain of Scotland. He was one of the barons who in 1320 sent the letter to the pope asserting the national independence of Scotland, as a reply to the efforts which were made by the English court to enlist the Roman see in their attempts to secure the subjection of the Scots. His seal is still appended to the document, which is preserved in the General Register House, Edinburgh. Fraser continued to hold the office of chamberlain until 1326. In recognition of his services he received large grants of lands from Bruce, including the lands of Panbride, Garvocks, Culpressach, Aboyne, Cluny, and the thanage of Cowie, all in the counties of Forfar, Kincardine, and Aberdeen. Besides these he possessed large estates in other parts of Scotland, and was sheriff of Stirling and also of the Mearns. After the death of Bruce he took an active part in the defence of the kingdom against the inroads of the English, and was slain at the battle of Dupplin on 12 Aug. 1332. His wife predeceased him in or before 1323, leaving two sons.

[Barbour's Bruce; Exchequer Rolls of Scotland, vol. i.; Robertson's Index; Fordun's Annalia, cap. cxlvi.; Wyntoun's Chronicle; Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland, i. 99–118; Lord Saltoun's Frasers of Philorth (1879).]

FRASER, ALEXANDER (1537?–1623), of Philorth, founder of Fraserburgh, was the eldest son of Alexander Fraser, son and heir of Alexander, seventh laird of Philorth. His mother was Lady Beatrix Keith, eldest daughter of Robert Keith, master of Marischal. He succeeded his grandfather in the family estates in 1569, his father having died in 1564, and he set himself to work out the ambitious schemes of his grandfather in aggrandising and improving the ancestral inheritance. Already the lands were erected into a barony, with Philorth as a baronial burgh, where a commodious harbour had been made. The castle also had been enlarged and improved. But the eighth laird outvied his predecessor. He enlarged and beautified the burgh, which was now created a burgh of regality, changed its name to Fraserburgh, and, notwithstanding strenuous opposition from the town of Aberdeen, obtained powers to build a grand university at Fraserburgh, with all the privileges enjoyed by the other universities in the kingdom. A college was actually built, of which, in 1597, the general assembly appointed Charles Ferm [q. v.], minister of Fraserburgh, to be principal; but the college was not a success. Fraser also erected a new family residence on Kinnaird Head, which he called Fraserburgh Castle. But the situation was too exposed, and the family were afterwards obliged to remove to a more sheltered position. What remains of the castle is now utilised as a lighthouse. He likewise built a new parish church not far from the castle. The town throve well, and has now become the most important fishing port on the Scottish coast. In connection with it Fraser is distinguished among the lairds of Philorth and Lords Saltoun as the ‘founder of Fraserburgh.’

He was knighted by James VI, probably on the occasion of the baptism of Prince Henry in August 1594. Two years later he was chosen M.P. for the county of Aberdeen. In the latter part of his life he was obliged to place his affairs in the hands of trustees, and ultimately to sell several of his estates, in


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 20.djvu/210

  Baird marched to meet Sir John Moore at Mayorga, and in the terrible winter retreat which followed the guards distinguished themselves by their good order. Saltoun was present throughout the severe campaign, and at the battle of Corunna with his light company. In 1809 his battalion formed part of Major-general Disney's brigade of guards in the Walcheren expedition, and in 1811 it was sent to Cadiz, but too late to be present at Barrosa. At the close of 1812 he joined the 1st battalion of his regiment with the main army before Burgos, and from that time he went through the Peninsular campaigns with the 1st brigade of guards. He commanded the light infantry company of his battalion throughout the campaigns of 1813 and 1814, and was present at the battle of Vittoria, the battle of the Pyrenees, the forcing of the Bidassoa, the battles of the Nivelle and the Nive, and at the operations before Bayonne, especially in the repulse of the sortie. He was promoted captain and lieutenant-colonel on 25 Dec. 1813, and posted to the 3rd battalion of his regiment, but as it was in England he obtained leave to continue to serve with Lord Wellington's army in the Peninsula. He returned to England, and joined his old battalion on the conclusion of peace in 1814. On 6 March 1815 Saltoun married Catherine, a natural daughter of Lord-chancellor Thurlow, and in the following May he was again ordered on foreign service. At the battle of Quatre Bras he commanded the light companies of the 2nd brigade of guards, and at the battle of Waterloo he held the garden and orchard of Hougoumont against all the onslaughts of the French, while Sir James Macdonell of the Coldstream guards held the farmhouse itself. Saltoun had four horses killed under him during this day's fighting, and lost two-thirds of his men. When the guards made their famous charge on the Old Guard of France, the light companies were led on by Saltoun, who also received the sword of General Cambronne when that French officer surrendered. For his signal bravery in this great battle Saltoun was made a C.B., a knight of the orders of Maria Theresa of Austria and of St. George of Russia, and in 1818 he was made a K.C.B. He had been a representative peer of Scotland ever since 1807, and as a consistent tory he received the post of a lord of the bedchamber in 1821, in which year he was also made a G.C.H. On 27 May 1825 he was promoted colonel; in 1827 he became lieutenant-colonel commanding the 1st battalion of the Grenadier guards, and on 10 Jan. 1837 he was promoted major-general. In 1841 Saltoun received the command of a brigade in the ‘opium’ war with China under Sir Hugh Gough, which he commanded at the battle of Chin-keang-foo and in the advance on Nankin. On Gough's departure from China Saltoun succeeded him in the command-in-chief of all the troops left in that country, a post which he held until 1843. For his services during this war he received the thanks of parliament, and in 1846 he was appointed colonel of the 2nd or Queen's regiment. He was promoted lieutenant-general in 1849, made a K.T. in 1852, and he died at his shooting-box near Rothes on 18 Aug. 1853, being succeeded as seventeenth Lord Saltoun by his nephew, Major Alexander Fraser. Saltoun held the very highest reputation as a gallant soldier; his bravery and coolness in action were proverbial in the army; his defence of the orchard of Hougoumont has made his name famous in English military history; and the Duke of Wellington once described him as a pattern to the army both as a man and a soldier. He was also an accomplished musician and a musical enthusiast, and was at the time of his death president of the Madrigal Society of London and chairman of the Musical Union.

[Foster's Peerage; Gent. Mag. October 1853; Royal Military Calendar; Hart's Army List; Hamilton's Hist. of the Grenadier Guards; Siborne's Waterloo.]

FRASER, ALEXANDER MACKENZIE (1756–1809), major-general, was the third and posthumous son of Colin Mackenzie of Kilcoy, Ross-shire, by Martha, daughter of Charles Fraser of Inverallochy and of Castle Fraser in Aberdeenshire. He was educated at the university of Aberdeen, and at an early age he entered the banking-house of Sir William Forbes & Co. of Edinburgh, which he left in 1778 on being offered a commission by Lord Macleod in the 73rd, afterwards the 71st, highlanders. Mackenzie was speedily promoted lieutenant and made adjutant, and he served throughout General Eliott's famous defence of Gibraltar, during which he acted as aide-de-camp to Major-general Sir Charles Ross in his sortie, and was wounded by a splinter of rock. He was promoted captain on 13 Jan. 1781, and on the conclusion of the war he returned to England with Lord Macleod. The 71st regiment was next ordered to India, and when it departed Mackenzie was left behind on recruiting service. In 1784 he married Miss Helen Mackenzie, sister of the two highland generals, Thomas and Francis Humberstone Mackenzie, and great granddaughter of Kenneth, third earl of Seaforth, who was attainted for his complicity in the rebellion of 1713. Mackenzie threw up his


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 20.djvu/211

 commission in the army, and purchased the estate of Tore in Ross-shire, where he spent eight years in retirement until the outbreak of the great war with France in 1793. In that year his brother-in-law, Francis Humberstone Mackenzie, who was in 1797 created Lord Seaforth, raised the 78th highlanders, or Ross-shire buffs, and in May 1793 he appointed Mackenzie major in it. The new regiment was disciplined with unexampled rapidity, and in four months it was declared fit for service, and ordered to Guernsey. On 10 Feb. 1794 Mackenzie was promoted lieutenant-colonel, and in the following September he joined the army under the Duke of York at Flanders. During the terrible winter retreat before Pichegru he covered the division of Sir Ralph Abercromby, and had frequently to face round in order to check the rapid pursuit of the French army. His most distinguished services were in the sortie from Nimeguen on 4 Nov. 1794, when he succeeded in the chief command General de Burgh, disabled by wounds, and at Geldermalsen on 5 Jan. 1795, on which occasion Sir David Dundas rode up to him and said publicly, ‘Colonel Alexander Mackenzie, you and your regiment have this day saved the British army.’ In March 1795 he returned to England on the termination of the campaign, and received a commission to raise a second battalion of the 78th regiment, and in 1796 he was gazetted colonel-commandant. In that year he proceeded to the Cape of Good Hope with his second battalion, which he there amalgamated with the first battalion, forming a superb regiment of over thirteen hundred men. He acted for a short time as second in command to Major-general Sir J. H. Craig at the Cape, and then continued his way to India, where his battalion was quartered at Benares. It was his regiment which escorted Sir John Shore to Lucknow in 1797, when he went there to depose the nawab of Oude, and as one of the conditions of the treaty then made, Mackenzie took possession of Allahabad. In 1798 he joined Sir James Craig at Cawnpore, and commanded a wing of his army in the march against the Maráthás, and on 1 Jan. 1800 he left India for England. In 1802 he was promoted major-general, and in the same year was elected M.P. for Cromarty. In 1803 he inherited Inverallochy from his mother and Castle Fraser from his aunt, and he then took the additional name of Fraser. From 1803 to 1805 he commanded a brigade in England, and in 1805 in Hanover. In 1806 he was appointed to the staff of General Henry Edward Fox [q. v.] in Sicily, and in the same year he was elected M.P. for the county of Ross. While in Sicily he was selected for the command of an expedition to Egypt, for the British government had been induced by the urgent recommendations of the British consul-general, Major Missett, to direct General Fox to send a corps of five thousand men to Egypt. Mehemet Ali Pasha was then in power, and it was believed that owing to the disputes between the Mamelukes, the Porte, and the pasha it would be easy for a very small British army to obtain supremacy in Egypt. Fox was ordered to select one of his generals, fitted for both military and political affairs. ‘It was probably on account of his conciliatory temper,’ Bunbury writes, ‘and his frank and engaging manners, that General Mackenzie Fraser was selected for the command of the expedition to Alexandria. He was a fine specimen of an open, generous, honourable highland chieftain. A man of very good plain sense, but one who had never studied the higher branches either of politics or of military science. Every one in the army loved Mackenzie Fraser, but no one deemed him qualified for a separate and difficult command’ (, Narrative, p. 287). The force placed at his disposal consisted of seventy light dragoons, 180 artillerymen, and five thousand infantry, namely the 31st regiment, both battalions of the 35th, the second battalion of the 78th, the Regiment de Roll, the Chasseurs Britanniques, and the Sicilian volunteers. His transports were scattered on the way to Egypt, but on 18 March 1807 Captain Hallowell, better known as Admiral Sir Benjamin Hallowell Carew [q. v.], managed to get a thousand men ashore without any opposition. His other transports soon arrived with Sir John Duckworth's fleet from the Dardanelles, and on 21 March Fraser took possession of Alexandria. Then his greatest difficulties began; Major Missett, the consul-general, declared that it was impossible for him to get provisions for his army in Alexandria, a declaration proved to be false; he stated that the Albanian soldiers of Mehemet Ali were mere rabble, and recommended the general to send detachments to take possession of Rosetta and Rahmanieh. Fraser accordingly despatched a small force under Major-general Wauchope, his second in command, against Rosetta, and that general stupidly got involved in the narrow streets of the Egyptian city, where he was fired on by the Albanians from the windows and killed. His little force extricated itself with difficulty, with a loss of nearly half its numbers. Missett, however, insisted on the importance of taking Rosetta, and Fraser accordingly sent a brigade of 2,500 men to besiege that city. This expe-


text:
Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 21, 1910.djvu/129

 Rh '''54. Folk-Lore, Vol. XV.''' E. York Powell: Presidential Address. Eleanor Hull: The Story of Deirdre. Arthur and Gorlagon, translated by F. A. Milne, with Notes by A. Nutt. R. Marett: From Spell to Prayer. A. B. Cook: The European Sky-God. J. Rendel Harris: Notes from America, pp. 528, xvi.

Transactions of the Second International Folk-Lore Congress, 1891. Edit, by J. Jacobs and A. Nutt. pp. xxix, 472.

I am heartily in agreement with the President in the desire to make the collection of British (including Scottish and Irish) folklore assume a more prominent place in the work of the Folk-Lore Society. If this is not our sole object of existence, it is, at least, our prime and chief duty, and the one that lies to our hand. It is, too, I feel sure, the direction in which foreign workers would naturally look to us for help.

Personally I should be inclined, until our work at home is done, or being done, to exclude even European folklore, and to become for a time rigidly insular and local, centralizing all our efforts on the collection and arrangement of our own material. (This, of course, applies only to separate volumes; I should be sorry if any matter whatever that comes rightly under the head of folklore were excluded from our meetings or from publication in Folk-Lore.) When we have issued a complete series of county and provincial collections, we can then, and then only, afford to expend our energies on foreign work, which it rightly belongs to other countries to carry out.

I am also of opinion that general studies on the wider aspects of folklore, however valuable they may be in themselves, are not the sort of publications suitable for issue by our Society. Neither do I think that translations or re-publications come within our scope. I think that we should husband our resources for the publication of new material. But I should not exclude, but rather welcome, material gathered in our own islands that is grouped


text: Page:An account of the English colony in New South Wales.djvu/22


text:
Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 21, 1910.djvu/130

102 round a special subject and where the author's or editor's part is confined to notes and introduction. I am thinking of such a book as Anatole Le Braz' Lègende de la Mort en Basse-Bretagne, in which a large body of customs and stories connected with the idea of Death and revenants is brought together, not for the purpose of urging a special theory, but in order to present the whole material to the judgment of the reader. It is the material, not the conclusions, that should occupy our thoughts in contemplating any publication. I even doubt whether the Society ought to make itself responsible for the opinions of any individual member, as it does to a certain extent in publishing under its authority a general treatise.

In recommending the utilization of folklore for filling in the details of the historic culture record, the President not only recalls us to a too-much-forgotten part of our work, but points out the way to enlist the support of many local antiquarianminded people who have little taste for either pre-history or for savage anthropology. Working on the lines she suggests, we can appeal to numbers of such local antiquaries who have hitherto stood aloof, and I sincerely hope that the Council will back up her initiative.

At the same time, one must recognize that in this direction the rôle of folklore study is a subordinate, an auxiliary one. Take the Castleton garland practice, for example. Miss Burne's interpretation is only rendered possible by the fact that not only is the general history of the country at the period well-known, but also the special history of the district. If we did not know about Cryer's tenure of the vicarage, we could not guess it from the practice itself; nor, in the absence of such special knowledge, would acquaintance with the general history of England be sufficient to justify such an interpretation. But, as it is, the three sets of facts work harmoniously together, and produce a given result, and that a vivid realization of the past and a sense of its human-ness which the historic research alone would fail to give.


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 20.djvu/213

 monument put up in his own glorification by Fraser's father, Lord Lovat (see, Life of Lord Lovat), is fixed in the same wall. Fraser was author of ‘Annals of … the Patriots of the Family of Fraser, Frizell, Simson, or FitzSimon’ (published 1795, reprinted 1805, 8vo). Several brochures relating to the Lovat estates are entered under his name in the ‘British Museum Catalogue of Printed Books.’ He died on 8 Dec. 1815.

Fraser married, in 1763, Jane, daughter of William Fraser and sister of Sir William Fraser, bart., of Leadclune. By her he had six sons, all of whom died before their father.

(1765–1803), the eldest son, matriculated at Wadham College, Oxford, 4 July 1786; entered Lincoln's Inn 1789 and the Inner Temple 1793; was lieutenant-colonel of the Fraser Fencibles, a regiment raised in 1794 by James Fraser of Balladrum, a surviving officer of the old 78th Fraser highlanders, and disbanded in 1802; commanded the regiment in Ireland in 1798; sat in parliament for Inverness-shire from 1796 to 1802, and died, unmarried, at Lisbon on 6 April 1803.

[J. Anderson's Account of the Family of Frizell or Fraser (Edinburgh, 1825); J. Hill Burton's Life of Simon, Lord Lovat (London, 1845); Cal. of Home Office Papers, 1766–9, 1770–2; British Museum Cat. Printed Books; Official Lists of Members of Parliament; information from private sources. Fraser was one of the trustees of the Inverness bank according to a work entitled Observations on Objects interesting to the Highlands … By Invernessicus (Edinburgh, 1814, 8vo). A notice of the Fraser Fencibles will be found in General D. Stewart's Sketches of the Scottish Highlanders (Edinburgh, 1822), ii. 392–395, and a list of fencible and local militia regiments in Colburn's United Service Mag. December 1873.]

FRASER, JAMES (1639–1699), covenanting divine (commonly called from his patrimonial estate ), was born in the parish of Kirkmichael, Ross-shire, on 29 July 1639. His father, Sir James Fraser, was the second son of Simon, seventh lord Lovat, by his second wife, Jane Stewart, daughter of James, lord Doun (son of the Earl of Moray). Sir James Fraser, a devout man, was elder for the presbytery of Inverness in the general assembly of 1638 which abolished episcopacy, and sat in several other general assemblies. The son was educated at a grammar school, and suffered much from his father's pecuniary difficulties. At a very early age he came under deep impressions of religion, abandoned the study of the law, and obtained license as a preacher of the gospel from a presbyterian minister in 1670. Coming under the notice of Archbishop Sharp as a preacher at conventicles, he was ordered to be apprehended in 1674; decreets and letters of inter-communing were passed against him 6 Aug. 1675. He was summoned before the council 29 Jan. 1676–7, and ordered to be imprisoned on the Bass Rock the next day. Here he remained two years and a half, being released on giving security for good behaviour in July 1679. He was depressed by the sudden death of his wife in October 1676, and by the many troubles of the time, as well as by his imprisonment. He yet found material for recording in his diary many matters that called for gratitude. While in prison he studied Hebrew and Greek, and gained some knowledge of oriental languages. He wrote also a treatise on justifying faith, of which many editions have been printed. Some of its views in favour of a universal reference in the work of Christ were strongly objected to by certain of his brethren who saw it in manuscript, and it was not till 1722 that the first part was published, the second appearing in 1749. In December 1681 he was again arrested and committed to Blackness Castle as a prisoner until he paid a fine of five thousand marks and gave security either to give up preaching or quit the kingdom. A brother-in-law caused the fine to be remitted, and Fraser was sent out of Scotland. On 21 July 1683 he was ordered to be imprisoned for six months in Newgate, London, for refusing the Oxford oath. Before 6 July 1687 he returned to Scotland, and was living in the bounds of Lothian and Tweeddale. In 1689 he was minister of Culross, Perthshire, where he exercised his ministry with diligence and earnestness. He was a member of the assemblies of 1690 and 1692, had a call from Inverness in September 1696, but died at Edinburgh 13 Sept. 1699. Fraser was a man of peculiar type, independent and sometimes singular in his views, an ultra-Calvinist, yet with a certain doctrine of universalism. He was twice married: first to a lady, Jean G——, 31 July 1672, who died in October 1676; and secondly to Christian Inglis, widow of Alexander Carmichael, minister of Pettinain, Lanarkshire.

Besides the book already mentioned, Fraser wrote memoirs of his life, published at Edinburgh in 1738. This book is to a large extent a record of his religious experience, with notices of his captivities and other events in his life up to his release from Newgate in 1684. Another work is entitled the ‘Lawfulness and Duty of Separation from corrupt Ministers and Churches,’ Edinb. 1744, being an argument against attending the ministrations of the ministers who accepted the conditions imposed on them by the king. A third, entitled ‘Defence of the Convention


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 20.djvu/214

 of Estates, 1689,’ vindicates that body for having declared that James VII had forfeited his right to the crown and that his throne was vacant. A sermon, ‘Prelacy an Idol,’ appeared in 1713.

[Douglas's Peerage, vol. ii.; Memoirs of the Rev. James Fraser of Brae (Wodrow Soc. Select Biog. vol. ii.); Anderson's Martyrs of the Bass (in the Bass Rock, 1848); Wodrow's History; Scott's Fasti, iv. 585; Walker's Theology and Theologians of Scotland..]  FRASER, JAMES (1700–1769), Scotch divine (sometimes called ), was born in 1700 at the manse of Alness in Ross-shire, where his father, the Rev. John Fraser (d. 1711), was minister from 1696 till his death in 1711. The father, a native of the highlands, graduated at Aberdeen in 1678, attended dissenting meetings in London, was seized with Alexander Shiels in 1684, was sent to Leith, and thence, chained with Shiels, in the kitchen-yacht to Edinburgh, and was imprisoned in Dunottar Castle 18 May 1685. After three months of terrible suffering, he with his wife was among the hundred persons who were made a present of to the laird of Pitlochie and shipped for New Jersey, where they were to be disposed of for the laird's benefit. In New Jersey Fraser was set at liberty; went to New England, and preached as a licentiate at Waterbury, Connecticut. He returned to Scotland at the revolution, was ordained 23 Dec. 1691, and was settled first at Glencorse (1691–5), and afterwards at Alness (, Fasti, pt. i. 281–2, pt. v. 291).

James Fraser, the son, was a man of considerable theological learning, and besides discharging his pastoral duties in a highly edifying way, showed no little ability as a biblical critic. He was licensed by the presbytery of Chanonry 6 Nov. 1723, and ordained 17 Feb. 1726, becoming minister of Alness. The treatise entitled ‘The Scripture Doctrine of Sanctification’ (Edinb. 1774) was suggested in consequence of the false view, as Fraser held, taken by Locke of the fifth and sixth chapters of the Epistle to the Romans, Locke applying them solely to the Gentiles. Starting from this point, the author was led into a very copious exposition of chapters vi. vii. viii. and an elaborate refutation of the Arminian views of Grotius, Hammond, Locke, Whitby, Taylor, Alexander, and others. His book has kept its ground in Scotland as an able and elaborate exposition of these important chapters, from the Calvinistic point of view. Fraser was a regular correspondent of Robert Wodrow, to whom he suggested the preparation of his work on witchcraft. He died 5 Oct. 1769. His widow, Jean Macleod, died 13 March 1778.

[A short account of the author prefixed to his work by the Rev. A. Fraser, Inverness, endorsed by Dr. John Erskine, Edinburgh, 1774; Scott's Fasti, pt. v. 291–2.]  FRASER, JAMES (d. 1841), publisher, was of an Inverness family. He carried on business at 215 Regent Street, and there published ‘Fraser's Magazine,’ so called from Hugh Fraser, a barrister, who, with Dr. Maginn, was the projector of the new tory review, afterwards familiarly known as ‘Regina.’ James Fraser never assumed the paternity of the magazine, which was always spoken of in his books and correspondence as ‘The Town and Country.’ The first number of ‘Fraser's Magazine for Town and Country’ appeared in February 1830. The famous ‘Gallery of Illustrious Literary Characters’ came out in it between 1830 and 1838; eighty-one portraits, chiefly by Daniel Maclise, with letterpress by Maginn. In 1833 a handsome quarto volume containing thirty-four of the portraits was issued, and in 1874 the complete gallery republished for the first time. The portraits were reduced in size and the literary matter much increased in ‘The Maclise Portrait Gallery,’ by William Bates, with eighty-five portraits, London, 1883, sm. 8vo. On 3 Aug. 1836 took place the cowardly attack by Grantley Berkeley [q. v.] upon the publisher in consequence of a severe criticism of his novel ‘Berkeley Castle.’ Cross actions were tried 3 Dec. on the part of Fraser for assault and Berkeley for libel. The one obtained 100l. damages for the assault and the other 40s. for the libel. Among the contributors to the magazine were Carlyle, Thackeray, F. S. Mahony (Father Prout), T. Love Peacock, Mr. J. A. Froude, Mr. W. Allingham, and many other well-known writers. After Fraser's death it fell to his successor, G. W. Nickisson, whose name first appeared on it in 1842. Five years later it was transferred to John W. Parker, of West Strand, by whom and by his successors it was continued under the same name to October 1882, when it was superseded by ‘Longman's Magazine.’

Fraser published many books, among them Carlyle's ‘Hero Worship.’ The story of the dealings between the author and ‘the infatuated Fraser, with his dog's-meat tart of a magazine,’ is told in J. A. Froude's ‘Thomas Carlyle’ (1882, vol. ii. and 1885, vol. i.). He was liberal and straightforward in business transactions and had much taste and judgment in literary matters. He died 2 Oct. 1841 at Argyll Street, London, after a lingering


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 20.djvu/215

  attributed by the newspapers of the day to the injuries inflicted upon him by Grantley Berkeley (see quotations in Fraser's Magazine, 1841, xxiv. 628–30).

[Literary Gazette, 9 Oct. 1841, p. 660; Gent. Mag. 1841, new ser. xvi. 553; Grantley Berkeley's Life and Recollections, 1865–6, 4 vols.; Fraser's Mag. January 1837, pp. 100–43; W. Bates's Maclise Portrait Gallery, 1883; Notes and Queries 4th ser. vii. 31, 211, 5th ser. v. 249.]  FRASER, JAMES (1818–1885), bishop of Manchester, eldest son of James Fraser, of a branch of the family of Fraser of Durris, a retired India merchant, by his wife Helen, a daughter of John Willim, solicitor, of Bilston, Staffordshire, was born 18 Aug. 1818 at Prestbury, Gloucestershire. His father lost money in ironstone mines in the Forest of Dean, and dying in 1832 left his widow and seven children poorly provided for. Fraser's early years were chiefly spent at his maternal grandfather's at Bilston, but when his father removed to Heavitree, Exeter, he was put to school there. In 1832 he was placed under Dr. Rowley at Bridgnorth school, Staffordshire, and in 1834 removed to Shrewsbury school, where, first under Dr. Butler and then under Dr. Kennedy, he remained till 1836. Though entered at Balliol, and an unsuccessful competitor for scholarships at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, he was elected a scholar of Lincoln College and matriculated 16 March 1836, and went into residence in January 1837. He was a strong athlete, and had a passion for horses; but his poverty compelled him to deny himself the gratification of such tastes. As an undergraduate he lived a very recluse life, and no doubt acquired then his remarkable self-mastery. In 1837 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Hertford scholarship, but in 1838 he all but won, and in 1839 did win, the Ireland scholarship. In November 1839 he took a first class in final honour schools, graduated B.A. 6 Feb. 1840, and was elected a fellow of Oriel. At this time he impressed his friends as shy and immature. At the end of his year of probation at Oriel he became reader of sermon notes, and tutor from 1842 to 1847; he graduated M.A. on 18 May 1842, and in January 1844 became subdean and librarian. Though in no respect a great tutor, his sympathies gave him unusual popularity among the undergraduates. On 18 Dec. 1846 he took deacon's orders, and, having indulged himself with a last fortnight's hard hunting in Leicestershire, forswore that pleasure for the rest of his life. He took some parochial work in Oxford, entered priest's orders Trinity Sunday 1847, and in July accepted the college living of Cholderton, Wiltshire, which on this occasion was made tenable with a fellowship. Till 1856 he took pupils, and for twenty years occasionally was examiner at Oxford and elsewhere. In 1858 he examined for the Ireland, and in 1866 for the Craven scholarship at Oxford. On 12 Dec. 1851 he preached his first sermon as select preacher at Oxford, and was select preacher subsequently in 1861, 1871, 1877, and, though he did not preach any sermon, in 1885. In 1854 he became examining chaplain and subsequently in 1858 chancellor to Dr. Hamilton, bishop of Salisbury. Several of his sermons at Salisbury were published. On Bishop Hamilton's recommendation he was appointed assistant commissioner to the Royal Commission on Education in 1858 for a district of thirteen poor law unions in Dorsetshire, Devonshire, Somersetshire, Herefordshire, and Worcestershire. His report, made May 1859 and published in 1861, is, according to Mr. Thomas Hughes, ‘a superb, I had almost said a unique, piece of work.’ In 1860 he resigned his fellowship, on accepting the rectory of Ufton Nervet, Berkshire. In this parish, where he accomplished many parochial improvements, he developed his great capacity for business and for leadership. In March 1865 he was appointed a commissioner to report on education in the United States and America, and was in Canada and the United States from May till October. His report, made in 1866, stamped him as a man who was destined for ecclesiastical promotion, and in that year Lord Cranborne made him the offer of the bishopric of Calcutta, which he declined. In 1867 he prepared for the Commission on the Employment of Children in Agriculture, on the recommendation of the home secretary, a masterly report on the south-eastern district, comprising Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Sussex, and Gloucestershire. In June 1869 he preached before the queen, and on 18 Jan. 1870, expressly on the ground of his authority on educational questions, he received the offer of the bishopric of Manchester, and accepting it was consecrated on 25 March.

His new sphere was the most difficult of its kind in the kingdom. It was almost a new diocese. Its late bishop, Dr. Prince Lee, had lived a retired and a comparatively inactive life. It was a huge industrial community, with little interest in ecclesiastical affairs. Nonconformists of all denominations were numerous, and the district was in the crisis of the education question. To a new bishop the nonconformists' attitude was critical, and on the part of many hostile. The machinery of diocesan organisation was defective, and little was being done for church extension. Fifteen years afterwards Fraser died universally


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 20.djvu/216

 lamented. During his episcopate ninety-nine new churches, containing fifty-seven thousand sittings, nearly all free, and costing 685,000l., were consecrated, twenty churches were rebuilt at a cost of 214,000l., a hundred and nine new district parishes were created, and the whole fabric of diocesan machinery—conferences, board of education, and building society—had been created and was in perfect working order. The labour which his mere episcopal duties involved was prodigious; for the number of persons he confirmed was counted by scores of thousands. But in addition to this he threw himself into almost every social movement of the day. He was to be seen going about the streets on foot, his robe-bag in his hand; he addressed meetings several times a day; he spoke to workmen in mills, and to actors in theatres; he was diligent in attending his diocesan registry; he was a member of the governing bodies of Manchester and Shrewsbury grammar schools and of the Owens College, visitor of the high school for girls and of the commercial school, and president of the College for Women. ‘Omnipresence,’ said his foes, ‘was his forte, and omniscience his foible.’ Not being a born orator, or even a very good one, and speaking constantly on all topics without time for preparation, it is true that he said some rash things and many trite ones, and laid himself open to frequent attack; but his absolute frankness and fearlessness of speech won the heart of his people, and his strong good sense and honesty commanded their respect. He earned for himself the name of ‘bishop of all denominations.’ In 1874 he was chosen umpire between the masters and men in the Manchester and Salford painting trade, and his award, made 27 March, secured peace for the trade for two years. He was again umpire in March 1876, and in 1878, during the great north-east Lancashire cotton strike, the men offered to refer the dispute to him, but the masters refused. He always protested against the unwisdom of strikes and lockouts, and sought to make peace between the disputants. Outside the co-operative body he was the first to draw attention to that movement, having described the Assington Agricultural Association in his report on agriculture in 1867. When the co-operative congress was held in Manchester in 1878, he presided on the second day, and appeared in 1885 at that held at Derby.

He never was a professed theologian, but his views were on the whole of the old high church school. He had little sympathy with the tractarian high churchmen, and in all matters of practice he was extremely liberal, and more disposed to take a legal than an ecclesiastical view of such matters. His first appearance in convocation was to second Dean Howson's motion in favour of the disuse of the Athanasian Creed; his first speech in the House of Lords was on 8 May 1871, in support of the abolition of university tests; and he said characteristically to his diocesan conference, in 1875: ‘If the law requires me to wear a cope, though I don't like the notion of making a guy of myself, I will wear one.’ Yet he was fated to appear as a religious persecutor, to his own infinite distress. When first he went to Manchester the extreme protestant party looked to him for assistance in suppressing ritualism in the diocese. For some time he succeeded in pacifying them, and it was not until after the Public Worship Regulation Act was passed, of the policy of which he approved, that strife began. In 1878 complaint was made to him of the ritual practice of the Rev. S. F. Green, incumbent of Miles Platting. The first complaint the bishop was able to disregard, as wanting in bona fides; but in December the Church Association took up the case and made a formal presentation to him, and after some persuasion had been tried to induce Mr. Green to alter the matters complained of, the bishop felt obliged to allow the suit to proceed, upon a refusal to discontinue the use of the mixed chalice. The case was tried by Lord Penzance in June 1879, and was decided adversely to Mr. Green, who was eventually, in 1881, committed to Lancaster gaol for contempt of court. It was upon the motion of the bishop that he was at last released. The living meantime had become vacant, and the patron, Sir Percival Heywood, would present no one but Mr. Green's former curate, the Rev. Mr. Cowgill, whom the bishop had already refused to license. Mr. Cowgill declining to undertake not to continue Mr. Green's ritual, the bishop in December 1882 refused to institute him. The patron thereupon commenced an action against him for this refusal, which was eventually tried by Baron Pollock on 10 and 11 Dec. 1883, and judgment was given for the defendant. The bishop then presented to the living, and the contest closed.

On 24 April 1880 his mother, who had hitherto lived with him, died. Three months before he had married Agnes (to whom he had become engaged in 1878), daughter of John Shute Duncan of Bath, sometime fellow of New College, Oxford. In September 1885 he suffered from congestion of the veins of the neck, caused by a chill. He was obliged to curtail his work, and was thinking of resigning his bishopric when, on 22 Oct., he


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 20.djvu/217

 died rather suddenly. He was buried at Ufton Nervet on 27 Oct. Nonconformists of all denominations, with the Jewish and Greek congregations of Manchester, sent flowers to his funeral. On the same day a memorial service was held in Manchester, which was attended by prodigious crowds. Many places of business were closed; transactions on 'Change were for a time suspended; and a procession of magistrates, mayors, and members of parliament from all parts of Lancashire marched from the town hall to the cathedral. His charities were many. Though then a poor man, he expended on his parish of Cholderton 600l., and on Ufton Nervet 2,000l.; while the strict accounts which he kept showed benefactions to his diocese to the extent of 30,000l. Yet, thanks to his habitual thrift and sound sense, he left over 70,000l. Except his reports to parliamentary commissions, and a few sermons and addresses, he published nothing. In 1888 his sermons (2 vols.) were edited by J. W. Diggle (afterwards bishop of Carlisle). His portrait was painted in 1880 by Sir J. E. Millais. There is a full-length figure of him in the Fraser chapel of Manchester Cathedral, with an inscription by Dr. Vaughan, and a statue in Albert Square, Manchester.

[Life (1887) by Thomas Hughes, Q.C. (to whom all Fraser's letters, &c., were committed by his family); The Lancashire Life of Bishop Fraser, 1889, by J. W. Diggle (bishop of Carlisle); Manchester Guardian, 23–9 Oct. 1885; London Guardian, 28 Oct. 1885.]

FRASER, JAMES BAILLIE (1783–1856), traveller and man of letters, eldest son of Edward Satchell Fraser of Reelick, Inverness-shire, was born at Reelick on 11 June 1783. In early life he went to the West Indies, and thence to India. In 1815, on the close of the war with Nepal, he made a tour of exploration in the Himalayas, accompanied by his brother, William Fraser [q. v.], then political agent to General Martindale's army, and an escort, the party being the first Europeans known to have traversed that part of the peninsula. The tour occupied two months, in the course of which the travellers penetrated as far as the sources of the rivers Jumna and Ganges. Fraser afterwards published an account of it, entitled ‘Journal of a Tour through part of the Himālā Mountains, and to the Sources of the Rivers Jumna and Ganges,’ London, 1820, 8vo. A folio volume of coloured plates illustrating the scenery accompanied the work. In 1821 he accompanied Dr. Jukes on his mission to Persia, reaching Teheran on 29 Nov., and afterwards, 27 Dec., set out in Persian costume with the intention of travelling through Khorasan to Bokhara. He reached Meshed on 2 Feb. 1822, but there learning that the road to Bokhara was in a very disturbed state, turned westward by Kurdistan and the Caspian Sea, and terminated his travels at Tabriz. This expedition furnished him with materials for two new works, viz. 1. ‘Narrative of a Journey into Khorasan in the years 1821 and 1822, including some Account of the Countries to the North-east of Persia. With remarks upon the National Character, Government, and Resources of that Kingdom,’ London, 1825, 2 vols. 4to. 2. ‘Travels and Adventures in the Persian Provinces on the Southern Banks of the Caspian Sea. With an Appendix containing short Notices on the Geology and Commerce of Persia,’ London, 1826, 4to. Fraser next published ‘The Kuzzilbash. A Tale of Khorasan,’ London, 1828, 12mo. This romance purports to be founded on a manuscript discovered by the author while in India, and relates to the time of Nader-Shah. It was followed by a sequel, entitled ‘The Persian Adventurer,’ London, 1830, 3 vols. 12mo. Fraser's next effort was ‘The Highland Smugglers,’ London, 1832, 3 vols. 12mo, which was followed by ‘Tales of the Caravanserai,’ being vol. vii. of the ‘Library of Romance,’ edited by Leitch Ritchie, London, 1833, 12mo. He also contributed to the ‘Edinburgh Cabinet Library,’ vol. xv., ‘An Historical and Descriptive Account of Persia from the earliest Ages to the present Time,’ Edinburgh, 1834, 12mo (reprinted at New York in 1843). In the winter of 1833–4 he went on a diplomatic mission to Persia, riding from Semlin to Constantinople, and from Stamboul to Teheran, a distance of 2,600 miles, between Christmas 1833 and 8 March 1834. ‘A Winter's Journey (Tâtar) from Constantinople to Teheran. With Travels through various parts of Persia,’ &c., London, 1836, 2 vols. 8vo, gives a detailed account of this performance, while ‘Travels in Kurdistan, Mesopotamia,’ &c., London, 1840, 2 vols. 8vo, describes his return journey. On the visit of the Persian princes to England in 1835, he was chosen by the government to make all arrangements for their reception and entertainment during their stay in the country, which furnished him with matter for another work, viz. ‘Narrative of the Residence of the Persian Princes in London in 1835 and 1836. With an Account of their Journey from Persia and subsequent Adventures,’ London, 1838, 2 vols. 8vo. Returning to romance, he next published ‘Allee Neemroo, the Buchtiaree Adventurer. A Tale of Louristan,’ London, 1842, 3 vols. 8vo, and the same year ‘Mesopotamia and Assyria from the earliest Ages to the present Time,’


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 20.djvu/218

 Edinburgh, 12mo (being vol. xxxii. of the ‘Edinburgh Cabinet Library,’ reprinted at New York in 1845). Two more Eastern romances, viz. (1) ‘The Dark Falcon. A Tale of the Attreck,’ London, 1844, 4 vols. 8vo; and (2) ‘The Khan's Tale,’ London, 1850, 12mo, published in vol. xlvi. of the ‘Parlour Library,’ concluded his efforts in that species of composition. His last work was ‘Military Memoir of Lieutenant-colonel James Skinner, C.B.,’ London, 1851, 2 vols. 8vo. As a writer Fraser cannot claim any high rank. His works of travel had a certain value when first published on account of the extreme ignorance of the countries described which then prevailed; but owing to the author's lack of all but the most elementary knowledge of physical science they constituted no solid contribution to systematic geography. His tales are of no conspicuous merit. He was an amateur painter in water-colours. In later life he resided on and gave much attention to improving his estate at Reelick, of which county he was deputy-lieutenant. He died in January 1856. Fraser married in 1823 Jane, daughter of Alexander Fraser Tytler, Lord Woodhouselee [q. v.]

[Gent. Mag. 1856, new ser. xlv. 307; Imp. Dict. of Biog.; Edinb. Review, xliii. 87 et seq.; Brit. Mus. Cat.]

FRASER, JAMES STUART (1783–1869), of Ardachy, Inverness, general in the Indian army, was youngest son of Colonel Charles Fraser of that ilk, a scion of the house of Lovat, who fought as a marine officer under Admiral Hawke, and afterwards entered the Madras army, and died a colonel in command of a division at Masulipatam, 5 May 1795. Charles Fraser married Isabella Hook, and by her had six sons and three daughters; the eldest son, Hastings Fraser, who afterwards distinguished himself as a king's officer in India, died a general and colonel 86th Royal County Down regiment in 1854.

James ‘Stewart’ Fraser (as his baptismal register has it) was the youngest child, and was born at Edinburgh 1 July 1783. He was at school at Ham, Surrey, and afterwards at Glasgow University, where he showed a predilection for languages and astronomical studies. A Madras cadet of 1799, he was posted as lieutenant to the 18th Madras native infantry, 15 Dec. 1800. He served as assistant to Colonel Marriott on an escort conveying the Mysore princes to Bengal in 1807, and was aide-de-camp to Sir George Barlow [q. v.], governor of Madras, at the time of the mutiny of the Madras officers. He became a regimental captain 6 Nov. 1809, and private secretary to the government of Madras 9 May 1810. He accompanied the Madras division in the expedition against the Isle of France (Mauritius) in the same year as deputy-commissary, and was on the personal staff of Colonel Keating, H.M. 56th regiment, in the landing at Mapou and advance on Port Louis. He was appointed barrack-master at Fort St. George, 29 March 1811; town-major of Fort St. George, and military secretary to the governor, 21 May 1813; and commandant at Pondicherry 28 Oct. 1816. He was employed as commissioner for the restitution of French and Dutch possessions on the Coromandel and Malabar coasts in 1816–17. This duty was facilitated by Fraser's literary and colloquial familiarity with the French language—a rather rare accomplishment among Anglo-Indians of that day—and he was specially thanked and commended by the government of India for ‘the marked ability and conciliatory disposition’ which had ‘distinguished his conduct’ throughout every stage of the long and tedious negotiations. He became major 10 Dec. 1819, and lieutenant-colonel 1 May 1824.

While commanding at Pondicherry Fraser married, at Cuddalore, 18 May 1826, Henrietta Jane, daughter of Captain Stevenson, admiralty agent for the eastern coast of India, and grand-niece of General Stevenson, who commanded the nizam's subsidiary forces at Assaye and Argaum. This lady, who was twenty years his junior, bore him a numerous family and died in 1860.

In 1828 Fraser was deputed to discuss the claims of the French at Mahé, and the same year was appointed special agent for foreign settlements. He became brevet-colonel 6 Nov. 1829. He was appointed secretary to the government in the military department 12 Feb. 1834. He was present in several actions during the conquest of Coorg, and carried out the negotiations that brought the war to a close. He was appointed resident at Mysore and commissioner of Coorg 6 June 1834, and assumed charge of the Mysore residency in October following. On 26 Sept. 1836 he was appointed regimental colonel 36th Madras native infantry, his previous regimental commissions having all been in his old corps, the 18th native infantry. He was appointed resident at Travancore and Cochin 5 Jan. 1836, and officiating resident at Hyderabad 1 Sept. 1838. Fraser ‘repeatedly received the thanks of the government of Madras, the governor-general of India, and the court of directors of the East India Company for his eminent services. He appears, however, to have interfered in the disputes of the Syrian christians at Travancore and afterwards, and so to have incurred the dis-


text: Page:An account of the English colony in New South Wales.djvu/23


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 20.djvu/219

 pleasure of the Madras government’ (information supplied by the India Office). On 28 June 1838 Fraser became a major-general, which was regarded as an exceptional case of rapid promotion by seniority. On 31 Dec. 1839 he was appointed resident at Hyderabad, and was vested with a general superintendence over the post-offices and post-roads of the nizam's dominions. While there in 1842 Fraser ‘received the thanks of the government in council for his temper, decision, and energy on the occasion of the insubordination of certain native troops at Secunderabad’ (general order, 12 April 1842). The court of directors in their despatch dated 3 Aug. 1842 referred to this affair, and stated that his ‘conduct in the difficult and trying circumstances in which he was placed was such as they should have expected from the well-known judgment, temper, and energy of that distinguished officer and merits the highest approbation’ (information supplied by the India Office).

At Hyderabad, which he regarded as being, for good or evil, the political centre of India, Fraser remained fourteen years, his residence ending before the enlightened administration of that state by Sir Salar Jung. For details of this period reference must be made to the bulky volume published by Fraser's son, Colonel Hastings Fraser, Madras staff corps, under the title, ‘Memoirs and Correspondence of General J. S. Fraser’ (London, 1885), 8vo, which is largely devoted to Hyderabad affairs. Fraser appears again and again, without much success, to have urged on the supreme government the need of taking a firmer tone with the nizam. ‘Intrigue, corruption, and mismanagement are not to be corrected by whispers and unmeaning phrases,’ he wrote in 1849, and in 1851 he drafted a letter of remonstrance, which was never sent from Calcutta, couched in the strongest terms (Mem. pp. 327–9). But latterly he dissented from the high-handed measures of Lord Dalhousie, then governor-general. His strained relations with Dalhousie led Fraser to resign his appointment at Hyderabad in 1852 and return to England. He revisited India more than once afterwards, but held no public appointment. He became lieutenant-general 11 Nov. 1851, and general 2 June 1862. Except the war-medal he received no mark of distinction for his long and distinguished services.

In person Fraser was tall, standing over six feet three inches, and spare-built. A photograph, taken late in life, forms the frontispiece to his son's memoir of him. He was a good rider, a keen sportsman, and a man of some general culture. A tried official, his acts appear to justify the character given of him by his son as ‘a man of scrupulous integrity and unsullied honour, firm and faithful in all trials, and generous to a degree.’ Fraser, who for some time had been totally blind, but otherwise retained all his faculties, died in his eighty-seventh year, at Twickenham Park, 22 Aug. 1869.

[Information furnished by the India Office; Burke's Landed Gentry; Hastings Fraser's Mem. and Corresp. of General J. S. Fraser (Lond. 1885); critical notices of the latter in the Times, 29 Aug. 1885, and in Athenæum, 1885 (i.), 244.]  FRASER, JOHN (d. 1605), Scotch Recollect friar, was the fourth son of Alexander Fraser, and grandson of Sir William Fraser of Philorth, Aberdeenshire. He was educated for the church, took the degree of bachelor of divinity, and became abbot of Noyon or Compiègne in France. He died at Paris on 24 April 1605, and was buried in the Franciscan convent. He was the author of: 1. ‘Offer maid to a Gentilman of Qualitie by John Fraser to subscribe and embrace the Ministers of Scotlands religion, if they can sufficientlie prove that they have the true kirk and laufull calling,’ Paris, 1604, 8vo; another edition, ‘newlie corrected,’ printed abroad, s.l., 1605, 8vo. 2. ‘A lerned epistle of M. Iohn Fraser: Bachler of Divinitie to the ministers of Great Britanie. Wherein he sheweth that no man ought to subscribe to their confession of faith. And that their presumed authorite to excommunicate anie man, especially Catholiques, is vaine and foolish’ [Paris?], 1605, 8vo. 3. ‘In universam Aristotelis Philosophiam Commentarii.’

[Dempster's Hist. Ecclesiastica (1627), lib. vi. n. 549, p. 291; Anderson's Scottish Nation, ii. 260; Watt's Bibl. Brit.]  FRASER, JOHN (1750–1811), botanist, was born at Tomnacloich, Inverness-shire, in 1750, and apparently came to London in 1770, when he married and settled as a hosier and draper at Paradise Row, Chelsea. Having acquired a taste for plants from visiting the Botanical Garden, Chelsea, then under the care of Forsyth, he sailed to Newfoundland in 1780 in search of new species, returning the same year. In 1784 he embarked for Charleston, whence he returned in 1785, only to start again the same year. His third, fourth, and fifth visits to North America were made in 1790, 1791, and 1795, he having in the latter year established a nursery at Sloane Square, Chelsea, to which his discoveries were consigned. Having introduced various American pines, oaks, azaleas, rhododendrons, and magnolias, in 1796 he visited St. Petersburg, where the Empress Catherine purchased a


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 20.djvu/221

 FRASER, LOUIS (fl. 1866), naturalist, was for some time curator to the Zoological Society of London, a post which he vacated to become naturalist to the Niger expedition of 1841–2. Returning home he entered the service of Lord Derby as temporary conservator of the menagerie at Knowsley. Here his time was fully occupied in making a scientific catalogue of the magnificent zoological collections. In November 1850 he received through Lord Derby the appointment of consul at Whydah, on the west coast of Africa (Proceedings of Zoological Society, pt. xviii. p. 245), from which he was recalled by Lord Palmerston. He then went to South America, where he collected many rare birds and other animals. He returned to England and became dealer in birds, opening shops successively at Knightsbridge and in Regent Street; but the speculation proved unsuccessful. He therefore left England, and obtained employment at Woodward's Gardens at San Francisco, which he is said to have quitted for some occupation in Vancouver's Island. He was certainly living in London in June 1866 (ib. pt. xxxiv. p. 367). His son, Oscar L. Fraser, F.L.S., is now (1888) second assistant to the superintendent of the zoological and general sections, Indian Museum, Calcutta. In addition to numerous papers in the publications of the Zoological Society, of which he was elected a corresponding member in 1857, Fraser was the author of ‘Zoologia Typica; or Figures of New and Rare Mammals and Birds, described in the Proceedings, or exhibited in the Collections of the Zoological Society of London,’ fol., London, 1849. The volume contains figures of twenty-eight mammals and forty-six birds, all of which were then of particular interest as representations of specimens originally described by the respective authors as the types of new genera or additional species of genera previously characterised; besides which the plates are enriched with drawings of many rare and beautiful plants. It was Fraser's intention that the work should appear at regular intervals, and be continued until it comprised figures of every new mammal and bird described in the Zoological Society's ‘Proceedings,’ of which figures had not appeared in any other publication, but circumstances compelled him to bring it to a premature close.

FRASER, PATRICK, (1819–1889), senator of the College of Justice, son of Patrick Fraser, a merchant of Perth, was born at Perth in 1819. He was educated at the Perth grammar school and at the university of St. Andrews. Going to Edinburgh he entered the office of William Fraser, clerk to the burgh of Canongate, and he afterwards served in the firm of Todd & Hill, writers to the signet. In 1843 he was called to the bar, and three years later he published ‘The Law of Personal and Domestic Relations,’ which attracted a great deal of attention among both professional and non-professional readers. He rapidly rose as a lawyer and acquired considerable reputation. He obtained the appointment of counsel for the crown in excise cases, and on Lord Ormidale's promotion to the bench in 1864 he was appointed sheriff of Renfrewshire. In his career at the bar he was engaged in some of the greatest causes of his day, including the Yelverton case and the two famous succession cases of Breadalbane and Udny. In 1871 the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by the university of Edinburgh, in recognition of the ‘historical research, the vigour of thought, and boldness of criticism which characterise his work on personal and domestic relations.’ In 1878 he was elected dean of the Faculty of Advocates, and in 1880 he was made a queen's counsel. On the resignation of Lord Gifford he was appointed a lord of session with the title of Lord Fraser, and on 15 Nov. in the same year he was appointed lord ordinary in exchequer cases. He steadily discharged his judicial duties, his bar and roll of causes generally being among the most crowded in the outer house. He died suddenly at Gattonside House, near Melrose, on 27 March 1889. He married Miss Sharp, daughter of a Birmingham merchant. She survived him, with a son—Mr. W. G. Fraser, a member of the Scottish bar—and four daughters.

Few men of his generation had read so extensively in all departments of Scottish legal literature, and he gave the fruits of his researches in a manner at once clear, concise, and popular.

His works are:
 * 1) ‘A Treatise on the Law of Scotland as applicable to the Personal and Domestic Relations; comprising Husband and Wife, Parent and Child, Guardian and Ward, Master and Servant, and Master and Apprentice,’ 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1846, 8vo.
 * 2) ‘Tytler's History of Scotland examined; a review’ (anon.), Edinburgh, 1848, 8vo.
 * 3) ‘Domestic Economy, Gymnastics, and Music; an omitted clause in the Education Bill. By a Bystander,’ Edinburgh, 1855, 8vo.
 * 4) ‘The Conflict of Laws in Cases of Divorce,’ Edinburgh, 1860, 8vo.
 * 5) ‘A Treatise on the Law of Scotland relative to Parent and Child,


text: Author:Anatole Le Braz

title: Author:Anatole Le Braz


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 20.djvu/222

  :: and Guardian and Ward,’ 2nd edit. prepared by Hugh Cowan, Edinburgh, 1866, 8vo.
 * 1) ‘Sketch of the Career of Duncan Forbes of Culloden, 1737–47,’ Aberdeen, 1875, 8vo.
 * 2) ‘Treatise on Husband and Wife, according to the Law of Scotland,’ 2nd edit., 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1876, 8vo.
 * 3) ‘Treatise on the Law of Scotland relative to Master and Servant, and Master and Apprentice,’ 3rd edit. prepared by W. Campbell, Edinburgh, 1881, 8vo.

FRASER, ROBERT (1798–1839), Scottish poet, was born at Pathhead, Fifeshire, on 4 June 1798. In early life he served as an apprentice, first to a wine merchant and then to an ironmonger. In 1819 he entered into a partnership as an ironmonger in Kirkcaldy, and in 1833 began business on his own account. In 1836 he lost his fortune, through having become financial surety to a friend. He was almost entirely self-educated, and during intervals of leisure he acquired a knowledge of several foreign languages. He contributed original pieces and verse translations from German, Spanish, and other languages to the ‘Edinburgh Literary Gazette,’ the ‘Edinburgh Literary Journal,’ and various newspapers. His poetical work, which is wholly unpretentious, is distinguished by true feeling of its kind and nicety of touch. A selection was issued by David Vedder soon after his death. In 1838 he became editor of the ‘Fife Herald.’ He died on 22 May 1839. He married, in 1820, a Miss Ann Cumming, by whom he had eight children.

FRASER, ROBERT WILLIAM (1810–1876), Scotch divine and miscellaneous writer, son of Captain Robert Fraser, was born at Perth in 1810, and is said to have been educated at the Edinburgh University, though his name does not appear in the list of Edinburgh graduates published by the Bannatyne Club, 1858. He was, however, accustomed to append the letters A.M. to his name. He was licensed to preach by the Edinburgh presbytery in 1840, and in 1843 was presented to the parish of Burntisland, where he so greatly distinguished himself as a preacher that in 1844 he was chosen to succeed Dr. Thomas Guthrie as minister of St. John's Church, Edinburgh. Here his eloquence in the pulpit and his devotion to his pastoral duties attracted a large congregation, which he retained until his death on 10 Sept. 1876. Fraser was the author of the following works:
 * 1) ‘Moriah, or Sketches of the Sacred Rites of Ancient Israel,’ Edinburgh, 1849, 8vo.
 * 2) ‘Leaves from the Tree of Life. A Manual for the Intervals between the Hours of Divine Service in each Sabbath of the Year,’ Edinburgh, 1851, 2nd edit. 1852, 16mo.
 * 3) ‘The Path of Life. A Discourse delivered on the Anniversary of the Birthday of George Heriot,’ Edinburgh, 1851, 12mo.
 * 4) ‘Turkey, Ancient and Modern. A History of the Ottoman Empire. With Appendix,’ Edinburgh, 1854, 8vo.
 * 5) ‘Elements of Physical Science, or Natural Philosophy in the form of a Narrative,’ London, 1855, 12mo, 3rd edit. under the title of ‘The Handbook of Physical Science,’ London, 1866, 8vo.
 * 6) ‘The Kirk and the Manse. Sixty illustrative Views in tinted lithography of the interesting and romantic Parish Kirks and Manses in Scotland. With descriptive and historical Notices and an Introduction,’ Edinburgh, 1857, 4to.
 * 7) He edited ‘Ebb and Flow, the Curiosities and Marvels of the Seashore. A Book for young People,’ London, 1860, 8vo.
 * 8) ‘Head and Hand, or Thought and Action in relation to Success and Happiness,’ Edinburgh, 1861, 8vo.
 * 9) ‘Seaside Divinity,’ London, 1861, 8vo.
 * 10) ‘The Seaside Naturalist. Outdoor Studies in Marine Zoology and Botany, and Maritime Geology,’ London, 1868, 8vo.
 * 11) ‘Gladdening Streams, or Waters of the Sanctuary. A Book for Fragments of Time in each Lord's Day in the Year,’ Edinburgh, 1868, 24mo.

FRASER, SIMON, twelfth (1667?–1747), notorious Jacobite intriguer, was a descendant of Sir Simon Fraser, high sheriff of Tweeddale (now Peeblesshire). Another Simon Fraser, who fell at the battle of Halidon Hill in 1338, came into the possession of the tower and fort of Lovat, near the Beauly, Inverness-shire, anciently the seat of the Bissets; and in accordance with highland custom the clan Fraser were therefore called in Gaelic Macshimi, sons of Simon. In 1431 Hugh, grandson of Simon, was created a lord of parliament under the title Lord Lovat. Simon, twelfth lord, was the son of Thomas Fraser, styled afterwards ‘of Beaufort’ (Castle Downie, the chief seat of the family), third son of the eighth Lord Lovat, his mother being Sybilla, daughter of the Macleod of Macleod. According to his age at his death printed on


text:
User:SarahStierch

 * User:SarahStierch

Greetings! I'm Sarah Stierch and I'm a long time Wikipedian.

I've been editing since 2004, and I love it. I have the opportunity to share amazing knowledge with the world, for free. It's an empowering experience that has allowed me to not only share free knowledge and media with the international community, but has brought amazing people in to my life. Wikipedia changed my life, no joke!

I hope you'll join me in this global movement: make an account today!

You can always drop by my page on Wikipedia and say hi, and learn more about the contributions I make as an editor. Thanks again for stopping by, see ya on Wiki!

title: User:SarahStierch