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 The varieties of pigeons and doves in New South Wales are exceedingly numerous. Those most commonly met with are the Wonga-wonga, or pied pigeon, the flock-pigeon, the bronze-wing pigeon, the black pigeon, and the fruit-pigeon, (Palumbes magnifica.) The Wonga-wonga is larger than the English wood-pigeon. It lives entirely in dense brushes, and feeds on the berries of various trees belonging to the myrtle tribe. This bird is rather difficult to shoot, as it sits buried in the dense foliage overhead, and starts off suddenly on the approach of man, with a rapid flight, making a loud whirring sound with its wings, like a partridge. The flesh of the Wonga-wonga is very similar to that of the pheasant, being quite white but very rich, and this bird has often furnished my bush table in the wilds of Australia with a " plat," not to be despised by the most fastidious gourmand. The flock-pigeon, so called from its being a gregarious bird, also resorts to the brushes, where it feeds on various berries, and on the figs of the Australian India-rubber tree, whilst that fruit remains in season. These birds are easily shot when they feed on the lower branches of the trees, but on the higher branches they are beyond the reach of ordinary guns. The flesh of these birds is dark-coloured, like that of the English wood-pigeon, which it somewhat resembles also in plumage, its eye is of a bright crimson, and its head is crowned by a tuft of reddish-brown feathers.


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102 'chuck" had been caught in the trap and that he was a black and white one.

We both raced as fast as our short legs would carry us to the battle ground. The sight that met my eyes made me crouch beside a big rock some distance from the sufferer. With both little fore paws pinioned fast in the brutal trap, was a beautiful white and black animal with a lovely waving plume-like tail. His black eyes were dilated with pain and fear and he strggledstruggled [sic] with all his might to free himself from the thing that was torturing him, but it just wouldn't let go.

The belligerent party arrived on the scene and with a club crept forward to dispatch the animal but he reckoned without his host. As he lifted the club a stream of amber-coloured fluid struck him full in the face. The scent was stifling and terrible. The man, throwing both hands over his face, stumbled to the near-by stream wherein to bathe his burning eyes and clean his face from the stinking, acrid stuff. It was useless to wash his clothing. It never could be used again and a kindly burial was the only thing that remained to be done. With his fighting blood at the

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Rh point he returned to the scene of his discomfiture and dispatched the valiant little fighter, vowing vengeance on every "pesky skunk" in the country.

The Skunk is a courageous animal. He carries himself well and seems to be proud of his personal appearance. When full-grown he is about the size of a large cat. He is shaped more like the raccoon, his hind-quarters being his tallest point. This gives him the appearance of walking on his toes. He is plantigrade (flat-footed), like the bear family. His fur is a thick, glossy black, beautifully trimmed with snow-white. A narrow white ribbon separates his jet black nose. The back of his neck and shoulders are handsomely trimmed with the same pure white. He holds his handsome, plume-like tail, with its white tassel—like a big snow-ball stuck on the end of it—very high.

In habit he is not much given to walks during the day, but takes his exercise in the early morning and evening. Our musky friend is no vegetarian, his visits to the hen house is one of his worst crimes. He has a perfectly marvellous

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104 for frogs, toads and serpents, with his pig-like snout sniffing cautiously he roots up snake and turtle eggs, which are a great luxury to him. He is ever on the look-out for wood mice and the eggs of birds that nest on the ground.

The babies are from six to ten in number and live in and around the burrow until the following spring. They appear to be full-grown at this time and make homes for themselves. When taken early, baby Skunks make fine pets. The Indians discovered that. So also has Dr. Merriam, who says, "They are cleanly, attractive, gentle, playful and affectionate." He writes: "These Skunks would climb up my legs and get into my arms. They liked to be caressed and never offered to bite."

Of his pet skunk "Meph" he writes: "After supper I commonly took a walk. Meph always followed close to my heels. If I chanced to walk too fast, he would scold and stamp his fore-feet; and if I persisted in keeping too far ahead, would turn about disgusted and make off in another direction. But if I stopped and called him, he would hurry along at an ambling pace and soon

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Rh overtake me. We used to walk through the woods to a large meadow that abounded in grass-hoppers. Here Meph would fairly revel in his food and it was rich sport to watch his manœuvres. When a grasshopper jumped, he jumped, and I have seen him with as many as three in his mouth and two under his fore-paws at a time. He would eat so much that his over-distended little belly would drag upon the ground; and when so full he could eat no more, he would still catch and slay them. When so small he could scarcely toddle about, he never hesitated to tackle the large powerful beetle known as the 'horned bug,' and got many smart nips for his audacity. He was such a courageous little fellow it wasn't long before he learned to handle them with impunity, and it was very amusing to see him kill one. Ere many weeks he ventured to catch a mouse and the ferocity displayed in its destruction was truly astonishing. He devoured the entire body of his victim and growled and stamped his feet if any one came near before his repast was over."

The Skunk rarely uses its voice, although a baby Skunk gave Thoreau quite a severe talking

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106 to when he stood between it and its destination; writes Thoreau: "Saw a little skunk coming up the river bank in the woods by the white oaks. A funny little fellow about six inches long and nearly as broad. It faced me and actually compelled me to retreat before it for five minutes. Perhaps I was between it and its hole. Its broad, black tail, tipped with white, was erect like a kitten's.

"It raised its back, sometimes ran a few feet forward and a few feet backwards and repeatedly turned its tail to me, prepared to discharge its fluid like the old ones. Such was its instinct and all the while it kept up a fine grunting like a little pig or a red squirrel."

The Skunk is fearless and calm in the face of danger. He is a splendid digger and can burrow out of sight in a jiffy. His "artillery" is his chief weapon of defence. That musky secretion is most painful when coming in contact with the eyes and face. Dogs howl in agony when hit with it. All the Mustelidæ have a musky smell, the mink being equal to the skunk in this respect. In the far Northeast, he is known as the "essence

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The genus Stylonurus was first made known by Page in 1855 in a report to the British Association. In the first edition of his famed Advanced Text-Book of Geology (1856, p. 135, fig, 2), he figured and named the single specimen as Stylonurus powriensis, a name which he altered to Stylonurus powriei in the second edition of his Text-Book (1859, p. 181, fig. 3). If the genus Stylonurus is to date from 1856 when Page first proposed it with S. powriensis as obvious type species by monotypy, then the original name of the species must be used, since the genus could not have been proposed without a type species. The nearly whole specimen came from the Lower Devonian Old Red Sandstone of Scotland, and revealed long, slender legs without the characteristic paddles which characterized the hitherto known eurypterids. In the later publication, Page described another Stylonurus as S. spinipes (1859, p. 181, fig. 1) from the Silurian of Scotland. It is curious, and not entirely understandable, that the specific name Stylonurus powriensis Page (S. powriei) became established in the literature, but Stylonurus spinipes Page did not, although it was redescribed on the basis of the same specimen by Woodward (1866–78 [1872], pp. 129–131, pl. XXIV, fig. 1) as Stylonurus logani Woodward. There is no question that Page's Stylonurus spinipes 1859 has clear priority over Stylonurus logani Woodward, 1872. It would be inconsistent to accept the name Stylonurus powriensis Page (S. powriei) and not Stylonurus spinipes Page when both were equally well figured and "described." The type of the latter is an important specimen and the species became in fact better known than the genotype. Since Stylonurus spinipes Page will be referred to repeatedly below, I wish to emphasize its validity. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 66–17467 No. 1001


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 The bronze-winged pigeon, lives in the open forest country, and in the barren sandy scrubs roun4 Sydney; it is smaller than the other kinds of pigeon, and derives its name from the metallic lustre of its wings; it is easily shot. The black pigeon, and nearly all the other varieties, have the same habits as the Wonga-wonga, living in the brushes and feeding on the berries of the myrtle tree. The fruit-pigeon is the most remarkable, as its plumage is perhaps the most beautiful of all the pigeon tribe. It is rather larger than the wood-pigeon of Europe, its back, wings, and tail are of the brightest grassy green, its breast deep purple, the under parts of the wings orange, and the head and neck pearl grey. Its flesh is very good, being similar to that of the common pigeon, and they are generally very plump, and in excellent condition.

The doves of Australia are of great variety; pink, green, purple, and brown, being the predominant tints in their plumage; they are easily shot, and very good for the table. In the more open inland parts of Australia, where other birds are somewhat scarce, the spur-winged plover is to be met with. This bird derives its name from the spurs on its wings, with which it fights fiercely; it is of a large size, and easily shot.

There are many other birds in New South Wales,


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Rh peddler." Skunks are found throughout the temperate zone, northward to the Barren Lands, and in Alaska as far as the lower Yukon, and southward to Mexico. His enemies are the puma, lynx, wildcat, hawk and wolf, who stalk him for food, and man, who desires his beautiful fur and valuable oil.

The flesh is edible and is eaten by Indians and trappers. The white backed skunk of Central and South America is larger than our species; and a smaller specie is found in Texas and the Southwest and differently marked.

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 Red Rose

By Leila Macdonald

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 Of One in Russia

By Richard Garnett, LL.D.

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170 Further species of what we consider Stylonuracea today were established in 1859, both in Huxley and Salter's great monograph and in Hall's equally important work. Laurie, in 1892, added the new genus Drepanopterus from a large suite of stylonuroids from the Silurian Gala-Tarranon beds of Scotland. It was not until the celebrated monograph of Clarke and Ruedemann in 1912 that a serious attempt was made to subdivide the "stylonurids" into several generic and subgeneric categories. Dolichopterus was recognized as a genus and the "true stylonurids" (those without paddles) were divided into four definite groups, which were considered subgenera: (1) Stylonurus (Stylonurus), (2) Stylonurus (Tarsopterus), (3) Stylonurus (Ctenopterus), (4) Stylonurus (Drepanopterus) and a fifth group which they considered "Indeterminate species."

Clarke and Ruedemann, however, still considered Dolichopterus and Stylonurus as part of the family Eurypteridae. Diener in 1924 recognized the obvious and major differences between Stylonurus and its subgenera on the one hand and members of the family Eurypteridae on the other, and erected the new family Stylonuridae Diener.

In 1951 Størmer, in an important paper, established the family Rhenopteridae on the significant basis of the ventral shield of the carapace and the form of the metastoma. In all outward appearance—that is, dorsally—the Rhenopteridae could well have been mistaken for Stylonuridae were it not for the very different underside. As in scorpions, considerable and increasing evidence is being accumulated, indicating that the major morphological differences of taxonomic importance are to be found on the ventral surface. This applies not only to higher taxa but to species and subspecies.

Several other families were added to what became known as the superfamily Stylonuracea Diener, 1924 (nom. transl. Størmer, 1951 [ex Stylonidae, 1924]). Størmer gave new names to some of Clarke and Ruedemann's 1912 genera which were junior homonyms, among them changing Tarsopterus to Tarsopterella. Later, other families were added to the Stylonuracea, namely, Dolichopteridae Kjellesvig-Waering and Størmer, 1952; Hibbertopteridae Kjellesvig-Waering, 1959 and Woodwardopteridae Kjellesvig-Waering, 1959.

I have for many years considered that the family Stylonuridae, and in particular the genus Stylonurus, was a catch-all for practically anything that had stylonuroid legs: that is, legs in which the last pair lacked the flat paddle so characteristic of the other eurypterids. In using the ventral shield and the metastoma as the main distinction between families, as Størmer did with respect to the


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 Proem to ”The Wonderful

Mission of Earl Lavender”

By John Davidson

our eyes turn ever waveward Where our sun is well-nigh set; Though our Century totters graveward
 * We may laugh a little yet.

Oh! our age-end style perplexes
 * All our elders time has tamed;

On our sleeves we wear our sexes,
 * Our diseases, unashamed.

Have we lost the mood romantic
 * That was once our right by birth?

Lo! the greenest girl is frantic
 * With the woe of all the earth.

But we know a British rumour,
 * And we think it whispers well:

"We would ventilate our humour
 * In the very jaws of Hell."

Though

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 which may occasionally afford some amusement to the sportsman of that country; such as snipes, curlews, black swans, pelicans, divers, godwits, red-bills, swamp pheasants, lyre birds, bustards, &c. &c. The Australian snipe differs but little from that of Europe, and it frequents similar localities. The curlews are of a large size, and display that extreme wariness and shyness of man, which characterise that numerous tribe of birds all over the globe. They alight in large flocks on the sand banks in the estuaries of the rivers, and can seldom be shot unless approached from behind the mangrove brushes.

Black Swans frequent the mouths of rivers, and salt lagoons, and are easily shot. During the moulting season the black swans may sometimes be caught by rowing swiftly after them in the secluded reaches, where they remain during that season, for from the loss of their pen feathers they are often unable to fly. After selecting an unfortunate bird, who happens to be in this predicament, the sportsman must follow it closely in the boat, dodging it in every direction, until after an hour's pull, the swan begins to beat the water with its wings, which is a sure sign that it is tired out, and in a few minutes it gives in, and is secured.

The Pelicans of New South Wales, are larger than those of Africa and Asia; they frequent the mouths of the more secluded rivers in the northern part of New South Wales, in immense flocks, which are employed in fishing during high water, and stand


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Rh Though our thoughts turn ever Doomwards,
 * Though our sun is well-nigh set,

Though our Century totters tombwards,
 * We may laugh a little yet.

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 . 95. Schematic diagrams of the carapaces of the genera of the families Stylonuridae, Pageidae, Drepanopteridae, Kokomopteridae, Rhenopteridae and Laurieipteridae. 1, Stylonurus; 2, Parastylonurus; 3, Stylonuroides; 4, Stylonurella; 5, Brachyopterus; 6, Brachyopterella; 7, Clarkeipterus; 8, Melbournopterus; 9, Kokomopterus; 10, Pagea; 11, Drepanopterus; 12, Rhenopterus; 13, Laurieipterus; 14, Ctenopterus; 15, Hallipterus; 16, Mazonipterus.

Rhenopteridae, it is obvious that many of the species presently placed in the family Stylonuridae differ widely and show so little affinity that continued grouping under a single family (or mainly, a single genus) is not consistent, judicious or desirable. In the Scorpionida, the sternum, the structure homologous with the eurypterid metastoma, is of great phylogenetic and taxonomic importance for the separation of families (see Petrunkevitch, 1916, pp. 600–608). We have in the past used the ventral shield and metastoma as


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 she was buried 10 Aug. 1659. Particular care was bestowed on her education, but she would not submit to discipline. ‘A very tomrig or rumpscuttle she was.’ says her anonymous biographer, ‘and delighted and sported only in boys' play and pastime, not minding or companying with the girls.’ When she had grown to be a ‘lusty and sturdy wench’ she was put out to service; but she disliked household work of any kind, and ‘had a natural abhorrence to the tending of children.’ Abandoning domestic service she donned man's attire, and gained great notoriety as a bully, pickpurse, fortune-teller, receiver, and forger. Chamberlain, in one of his letters to Carleton (dated 11 Feb. 1611–1612), tells how she did penance at Paul's Cross. She made a show of penitence on that occasion, but it was afterwards discovered that she had consumed three quarts of sack (and was maudlin-drunk) before she went to her penance. The highwaymen, Captain Hind and Richard Hannam, were among her familiar friends. In Smith's ‘Lives of Highwaymen’ it is related that she once robbed General Fairfax on Hounslow Heath, shot him through the arm, and killed two horses on which his servants were riding; for which offence she was sent to Newgate, but procured her release by paying Fairfax two thousand pounds. On her expeditions she was usually accompanied by a dog, which had been carefully trained for the purpose. She is also said to have kept a gang of thieves in her service. Her constant practice of smoking is supposed to have lengthened her life, for she suffered from a dropsy, to which she ultimately succumbed.

There are numerous references to Moll Cutpurse in the writings of her contemporaries; but it is very doubtful whether Sir Toby Belch refers to her when he speaks of ‘Mistress Moll's picture’ (Twelfth Night, i. 3), for she was too young to have come into notoriety when Shakespeare's play was written. In August 1610 there was entered in the Stationers' Register: ‘A Booke called the Madde Prancks of Merry Moll of the Bankside, with her walks in Man's Apparel and to what Purpose. Written by John Day;’ but it is not known to have been printed. She is the heroine of an excellent comedy, ‘The Roaring Girle,’ 1611, by Middleton and Dekker, who have presented her in a very attractive light. Field introduces her in ‘Amends for Ladies,’ 1618.

[The Life and Death of Mrs. Mary Frith, 1662; Dyce's Middleton, ii. 427, &c.; Dyce's Shakespeare Glossary; Dodsley's Old Plays, ed. Hazlitt, xi. 90–1; Bullen's Middleton, iv. 3–5.]

FRITHEGODE or FRIDEGODE (fl. 950), hagiographer, a monk of Canterbury, of great learning in the Scriptures, is said to have been the tutor of Oswald, afterwards archbishop of York. At the request of Archbishop Oda he wrote a metrical ‘Life of Wilfrith.’ This ‘Life’ is simply a version in hexameters of the Life by Hæddi; it is written in an obscure and turgid style, many words not being Latin at all. Oda wrote a preface to it in prose, and Frithegode's work has therefore sometimes been attributed to him. The poem has been printed by Mabillon, ‘Acta SS. O. S. B.,’ iii. i. 150, from an incomplete manuscript at Corbie, and completed by him in v. 679, from manuscript Cotton. Claud. A. 1; also in Migne's ‘Patrologia,’ cxxxiii. 979, and in ‘Historians of York’ (Rolls Ser.), i. 105; the preface is printed by itself in the ‘Patrologia,’ cxxxiii. 946, and in Wharton's ‘Anglia Sacra,’ ii. 50.

[Eadmer, Vita S. Oswaldi, Hist. of York, ii. 5 (Rolls Ser.); William of Malmesbury, Gesta Pontificum, p. 20 (Rolls Ser.); Raine's Pref. to Hist. of York, i.; Hardy's Cat. i. 399; Wright's Biog. Lit. i. 433.]

FROBISHER, MARTIN (1535?–1594), navigator, belonged to a family of Welsh origin, which removed from Chirk in Denbighshire, and settled at Altofts in the parish of Normanton, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, in the middle of the fourteenth century. His father, Bernard Frobisher, of Altofts, died during his infancy, and he was sent to London, and placed under the care of Sir John York, a kinsman, who perceiving the boy to be of great spirit, courage, and hardiness of body, sent him on his first voyage to Guinea in the autumn of 1554. During the following ten years he doubtless acquired his knowledge of seamanship in the yearly expeditions which were despatched by Sir John Lock and his brother, Thomas Lock, either to the northern shores of Africa or the Levant. The earliest direct notice of Frobisher appears to be an account of two examinations before Dr. Lewis on 30 May and 11 June 1566, ‘on suspicion of his having fitted out a vessel as a pirate’ (State Papers, Dom. series, xl. 7). On 21 Aug. 1571 Captain E. Horsey writes to Lord Burghley from Portsmouth that he ‘has expedited the fitting out of a hulk for M. Frobisher’ (ib. lxxx. 31). This gives the earliest indication of Frobisher's public employment, which shortly afterwards took the form of service at sea off the coast of Ireland. 4 Dec. 1572 is the date of a ‘declaration of Martin Frobisher to the commissioners concerning the Earl of Desmond having employed him to


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 huddled together on the sand-spits during low water, to digest their meal. My men ate some of the flesh from the breast of one I shot, and they told me that it was like beefsteaks, but I should think that it could have been any thing but palatable. The men have occasionally procured nearly a quart of oil from a single pelican, as these birds were in general extremely fat.

The divers and godwits differ but little from those of England; the red-bill is found near the sea coast, and is very plump and well-flavoured, not possessing the slightest rank or fishy taste. The swamp-pheasant somewhat resembles that of England, in shape, but is very much smaller; it is a stupid inactive bird, generally found among swamp-oak thickets, bordering on marshes. The lyre-bird derives its name from its elegant and curiously shaped tail; it frequents shrubs and thickets, and is easily approached and shot. The bustard is a large bird, weighing fourteen or fifteen pounds, but is rather rare.

On traversing the dense brushes of New South Wales, the sportsman, as he climbs over the prostrate timber, and crawls under the entangled creepers and briars, must take care that he does not put his hand on some venomous snake. These disagreeable reptiles are particularly abundant in the north-eastern part of the territory of the colony, where the country is so brushy and swampy. Nearly all the snakes of New South Wales are poisonous, for


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172 . 96. Diagrammatic outlines of the metastomas of most of the families of the Stylonuracea (excluding Carboniferous and Permian families): 1, Dolichopteridae; 2, Stylonuridae; 3, Drepanopteridae; 4, Pageidae; 5, Kokomopteridae; 6, Rhenopteridae; 7, Laurieipteridae.

characters for the separation of families in the other non-stylonuroid eurypterids. Størmer was the first to apply this criterion for separation of the Rhenopteridae from the Stylonuridae—a step that is correct, progressive and a definite contribution to a better taxonomy.

With this thought in mind, it becomes obvious that the family Stylonuridae needs radical revision on a world-wide basis, necessitating the description of new families and genera. In general, therefore, I shall use the structure of the prosomal ventral shield and the shape of the metastoma as criteria for the separation of families. Genera are based on the shape of the carapace, shape and position of the eyes, the type of opisthosoma and the size, shape and count of the podomeres. Unfortunately, for some unknown reason the opercula of the Stylonuracea are little known, and knowledge of these in the future will be of considerable importance toward a better classification.


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 provide a boat to convey the earl away’ (ib. Irish series, xxxviii. 48). This happened at Lambeth in the previous August, while Desmond was a hostage in England. This and other services brought him under the notice of the queen, and also that of her favourite, Sir Humphrey Gilbert [q. v.] In 1566 Sir Humphrey penned his famous ‘Discourse to prove a Passage to the North West,’ afterwards published in 1576. While yet in manuscript it appears to have been the chief incentive to a letter being addressed by the queen to the Muscovy Company, near the close of 1574, calling upon them either to despatch another expedition in this direction, or to transfer their privileges to other adventurers. The bearer of the letter was Frobisher, to whom a license was granted by the company 3 Feb. 1575, with divers gentlemen associated with him. Out of this grew Frobisher's three voyages in search of a North-West passage. The chief promoter of Frobisher's first voyage was Ambrose Dudley, earl of Warwick [q. v.], who, with other adventurers, enabled Frobisher to fit out the Gabriel and the Michael, two small barques of twenty-five tons, and a pinnace of ten tons. Frobisher sailed from the Thames on 7 June 1576, sailing up the North Sea, past the Shetland and Faroes. On 11 July he sighted Cape Farewell, the southern point of Greenland, which he judged to be the Friesland (or Faroes) of the brothers Zeni. Shortly afterwards in a storm he lost the company of the Michael, and his pinnace was lost. The Michael returned to Bristol on 1 Sept. On 20 July Frobisher sighted Queen Elizabeth's Foreland, near the south-east end of Frobisher Bay, which he supposed to be a strait. Passing over to the northern shore, he sailed westward into the bay ‘above fifty leagues, having upon either hand a great main or continent.’ The one on his right he supposed to be Asia, and the other on his left, America. After an exchange with the natives of bells, looking-glasses, and toys for their coats of seals and bear skins, and capturing an Esquimau with his canoe, he returned to Harwich 2 Oct. 1576, and thence to London, ‘where he was highly commended of all men … for the great hope he brought of the passage to Cathay’ ( in, iii. 59). One of the sailors in this first voyage brought home a piece of black pyrite, which an Italian alchymist named Agnello, in defiance of the London goldsmiths, pronounced to contain gold. Whereupon preparation was made for a second voyage the following year, Frobisher being ‘more specially directed by commission for the searching more of this gold ore than for the searching any further discovery of the passage’ (, ib. iii. 60). This falsehood proved the ruin of Frobisher's Arctic expeditions, when the truth became known after the termination of his third voyage. In reply to petitions tendered by Frobisher and his friends, a charter was issued to the Company of Cathay 17 March 1577, with Michael Lock as governor for six years, and Frobisher as captain-general and admiral of the ships and navy of the company. In addition to his two old small barques, the Michael and Gabriel, the latter in charge of Edward Fenton [q. v.], the queen also provided one of her large ships, the Aid, of two hundred tons, the inventory of which is one of the curiosities of naval history (, p. 218). All things being prepared for a second voyage, the fleet left the Thames 27 May 1577, and proceeded on the course of the previous voyage, calling at Kirkwall in the Orkneys. Sailing hence 8 June, two days later they met three sail of Englishmen from Iceland, by whom they sent letters to England. On 4 July Frobisher sighted Greenland, which he again identified with the Friesland of the Zeni brothers, of which Best writes: ‘For so much of this land as we have sayled alongst, comparing their carde with the coast, we find it very agreeable’ (, iii. 62). We have here the earliest mention of the use of the Zeno map in northern navigation. After a storm, in which the Michael was nearly wrecked, the fleet met once more on 17 July at Hall's Island, at the north entrance to Frobisher Bay, ‘whence the ore was taken up which was brought into England this last year’ (1576), the said Christopher Hall, master of the Gabriel, ‘being present at the finding’ ( in, iii. 63). From this period until 23 July Frobisher explored the south part of Meta Incognita, including Jackman's Sound, where, instead of gold, he found the horn of a sea unicorn or morse, which was afterwards ‘reserved as a jewel by the queen's maiestie's commandement in her wardrobe of robes’ (ib. iii. 65). Passing over to the north shore on 29 July, he proceeded to the Countess of Warwick's Island (Kod-lun-arn), where ‘wee found good store of gold to our thinking plainly to bee seen, whereupon it was thought best to load here than to seek further for better’ (, ib.) By the middle of August Frobisher loaded his ship with about two hundred tons of this precious mineral while exploring the northern mainland, building a fort called Best's Bulwark, and capturing a native woman and man. Having altered his determination for any further discovery of the passage through the straits westward, on 24 Aug. Frobisher sailed for England, where he arrived at Milford


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 Haven 23 Sept., whence he proceeded to Bristol, where he found the Gabriel already in port, and learned that the Michael had reached Great Yarmouth in safety. The report of Frobisher's two hundred tons of ore filled England with rejoicing. A large part of the treasure was deposited in Bristol Castle, the rest in the Tower of London, the queen commanding four locks to be placed upon the door of the treasury, the keys of which were to be handed over to Frobisher, Michael Lock, warden of the Tower, and the master of the mint. On 30 Nov. Lock had to inform Secretary Walsingham that a schism had grown up among the commissioners ‘through unbelief, or I cannot tell what worse.’ On 6 Dec. Sir W. Winter wrote to say that he could not get a furnace hot enough ‘to bring the work to the desired perfection.’ At length it was admitted that the ore was ‘poor in respect of that brought last year, and that which we know may be brought next year’ (, i. 154). It was resolved to send out another and much larger expedition early next year, and it was resolved that it should not be stayed. After repairing to the court at Greenwich, where the queen, ‘besides other good gifts and greater promises, bestowed upon the general a fair chain of gold,’ Frobisher sailed from Harwich on 31 May with a fleet of fifteen vessels, in three divisions, headed by the Aid, Judith, and Thomas Allen, for the ‘North-West parts,’ and the fancied treasures of Meta Incognita. Taking a new route, he sailed down the Channel and along the southern coast of England and Ireland, and sighted Cape Clear on 6 June. Hence he sailed north-west until the 20th, when he reached the south of Greenland, where he landed, and named it West England, giving the name Charing Cross to the last cliff of which he had sight as he sailed past two days later. On 2 July the fleet sighted the islands off Meta Incognita, but could not proceed on account of the Ice. After losing himself in the ‘Mistaken Streight’ (i.e. Hudson's), through no want of being warned by the more experienced Christopher Hall, master of the Aid. Frobisher anchored in the Countess of Warwick's Sound 31 July, where he found Fenton in the Judith, who arrived there ten days before him. Meanwhile Hall in the Thomas Allen was beating up in the open two or three of the other vessels which had lost their bearings in the storms and mist. After wasting nearly two months in finding the rendezvous and repairing damages there, the only results were the accidental discovery of a new strait by Frobisher, afterwards explored by Hudson, the further discovery of the upper part of Frobisher Bay by Best, and the loading the soundest vessels with mineral that turned out to be worthless. The fleet sailed for England early in September, and arrived at various ports near the beginning of October. At first Frobisher was heartily welcomed, but popular feeling soon turned against him, on account of the mineral being declared to be inferior to that previously collected.

In an undated letter, written between 1576 and 1578, probably before the termination of his third voyage, his first wife, Isabel, whom he married 30 May 1559, wrote to Walsingham that whereas her former husband, Thomas Rickard of Snaith, left her with ample portions for herself and all her children, her present husband, ‘whom God forgive,’ had spent everything, and ‘put them to the wide world to shift,’ she and her children were starving at Hampstead, and begged Walsingham to help her in recovering a debt of 4l. due to her husband, and so to keep them from starving until Captain Frobisher's return (, i. 177).

One curious fact of geographical interest in this voyage of 1578 remains to be noted. The Emmanuel Buss of Bridgwater, as she came homeward, to the south-east of Friesland (i.e. Greenland), discovered an island in lat. 57½° north, and sailed along the coast three days, ‘the land seeming to be fruitful, full of woods, and a champaign country’ ( in, iii. 93). This island has been a source of perplexity to map-makers and navigators down to our day. It was doubtless an island, now submerged, a phenomenon by no means unknown in these regions, if we are to believe Ruysch, in his map of the 1507 Ptolemy. The following account of Buss (as the island was called) seems to have been entirely overlooked by recent writers on Frobisher. J. Seller, the hydrographer, in 1671, writes that Buss was twenty-five leagues long, and that it was ‘also several times seen by Capt. Zach. Gillam, 1668,’ &c. Again: ‘This island (Buss) was further discovered by Capt. Thos. Shepherd in 1671, who brought home the map of the island that is here annexed’ (English Pilot, 4th book, North Coast of America, Greenland to Newfoundland, London, 1671? fol. p. 5, Brit. Mus. 1804, b. 7).

In 1580 Frobisher had so far regained favour at court as to be employed as captain of one of the queen's ships, the Foresight, in preventing the Spaniards from giving assistance to the Irish insurgents in Munster. About this period he also received the reversionary title of clerk of her majesty's ships (, i. 177).

In the autumn of 1581 a project for a fourth voyage to Cathay by the north-west was set


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 Descriptions of all families and genera of the Stylonuracea are included here, as well as lists of the species referred to each genus. The families included are: Dolichopteridae, Stylonuridae, Pageidae, Drepanopteridae, Kokomopteridae, Rhenopteridae, Laurieipteridae, Woodwardopteridae, and Hibbertopteridae.

Diagnosis.—Dolichopteridae of medium size; test apparently smooth except for circular scales on certain appendages; prosoma subquadrate; lateral eyes situated close to anterolateral angles; ocelli centrally located; ventral doublure unknown; chelicera unknown, probably small, simple; second to fourth paired appendages stout, increasing in length posteriorly, spinous; fifth and sixth paired appendages with supplementary flat lobes on distal joints, ultimate joint forming a large claw in the fifth, and a broad, greatly enlarged lobe (paddle) in the sixth appendage, lateral margin of paddle slightly serrate; metastoma narrow, cordate anteriorly, truncated at base; male median appendage very long, two-jointed; female appendage very small, not well known; no appreciable contraction of metasoma; posterior tergites produced into wing-like epimera; telson spike-like (Kjellesvig-Waering and Størmer, 1952, p. 660).

Type species.—Eurypterus (Dolichopterus) macrocheirus Hall, 1859.

Distribution.—New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Saaremaa (Oesel), U.S.S.R., and England.

Stratigraphic range.—Ordovician to Devonian.

The following species are recognized for this genus:


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 forth by the Earl of Leicester and others, of which Frobisher was to have the command; but as the instructions issued to him in February 1582 were changed for the purposes of trade, and not discovery, as originally intended, Frobisher retired in favour of Fenton, who finally sailed in April 1582. In September 1585 Frobisher sailed from Plymouth in charge of the Primrose, in Drake's expedition to the West Indies as vice-admiral, where he distinguished himself in an assault upon Cartagena, and returned to England in July 1586 (, iii. 534).

In 1588 Frobisher commanded the Triumph in the great Armada fight. On Sunday, 21 July (O.S.), in conjunction with Drake in the Revenge, and Hawkins in the Victory, he first beat the Spanish rear-admiral; later in the day he with Hawkins engaged Don Pedro de Valdez, leader of the Andalusian squadron, who, however, did not yield until Drake came to their assistance next morning, very much to Frobisher's annoyance. On Wednesday the 24th, when the English fleet was augmented from the Thames, Frobisher led one of the four newly formed squadrons. On Monday the 29th, Frobisher, with Drake and Hawkins, gave their final blows to the remains of the armada while in difficulties on the shoals off Gravelines. During the week previous Frobisher was knighted at sea by the lord high admiral, Charles, lord Howard of Effingham (ib. i. 600). Frobisher's services this year terminated with his appointment on 26 Nov. to the Tiger, in command of a squadron of six ships to sweep the Narrow Seas. On 7 May 1589 he was engaged off Ostend (, p. 282). In May 1590 he proceeded to sea as vice-admiral to Sir John Hawkins [q. v.], with a fleet of twelve or fourteen ships, to intercept the Portuguese carracks coming from India, but without result, as means were found by Philip II to warn them to delay sailing (, p. 275). In the summer of 1591 Frobisher was residing at Whitwood in Yorkshire, when he married his second wife, Dorothy, widow of Sir W. Widmerpoole, daughter of Lord Wentworth. In the following May he was sent by Sir W. Raleigh in the Garland ‘to annoy the Spanish fleet’ off the coast of Spain, while Sir John Burroughs, his colleague, proceeded towards the Azores to intercept the Plate fleet from Panama. Frobisher soon afterwards capturing a large Biscayan ship with a valuable cargo of iron, &c., worth 7,000l., returned home, while Burroughs joined the Earl of Cumberland (, p. 23). In 1593 he paid his last visit to his Yorkshire home, where he became a justice of the peace for the West Riding.

In the autumn of 1594 Frobisher with the Dreadnought and ten sail co-operated with Sir John Norris in the relief of Brest and the adjoining port of Crozon, already in the hands of the Spaniards. In the last fight, when the garrison surrendered and the fort was reduced to ashes, Frobisher was wounded in the hip while leading his men on shore; this ultimately led to his death through unskilful surgery (, p. 308). He died soon after reaching Plymouth, where his entrails were buried in the church of St. Andrew, while his other remains were interred in St. Giles's, Cripplegate, 14 Jan. 1595 (, p. 335). An impartial account of Frobisher is still a desideratum, as recent attempts to exalt his fame at the expense of Drake and Hawkins have only served to obscure it. Although a gentleman by birth, Frobisher was no scholar, as his letters prove (cf. ib. p. 284). Frobisher from his youth was trained in a rough school, whose highest ideal was courage, tempered by piracy, which was either patronised or reprobated according to its value or inconvenience to the state.

Frobisher's portrait, often reproduced, will be found in Holland's ‘Herωologia.’ Two cartographical relics remain to be noticed, ‘a chart of the navigation of 1578,’ and Frobisher's ‘plot of Croyzon, 1594,’ where he met with his death-wound (Hatfield MSS., Hist. MSS. Comm. 7th Rep. Appendix, pp. 192–3).

[Best's True Discourse, 1578, 4to (reprint in Hakluyt, 1599, vol. iii.); Collinson's Frobisher's Voyages (Hakluyt Soc.), 1867; Fox Bourne's English Seamen, 1862; Hakluyt's Navigations, 1589, fol. (for Ellis and Hall's Narratives); ib. Voyages, 1599–1600, 3 vols.; Holland's Herωologia, 1620; F. Jones's Life of Frobisher, 1878; J. J. Cartwright's Life of Frobisher in Chaps. of Yorkshire History, 1872; Lediard's Naval Hist. 1734, fol.; Sir W. Monson's 1st naval tract, War with Spain, 1682, fol.; Settle's True Report (2nd voyage), 1577, 8vo (reprint in Hakluyt, 1589); Frobisher MSS. in Brit. Mus. and State Papers.]  FRODSHAM, BRIDGE (1734–1768), actor, was a native of Frodsham, Cheshire. He was admitted on the foundation of Westminster School in 1746, but forfeited his position by running away. In 1748, however, he was received back at the school, being apparently the only instance of a boy twice admitted on the foundation. He ran away a second time, and making his way to Leicester attached himself to a troop of players in that town. He was encouraged by J. G. Cooper of Thurgarton, Nottinghamshire, once also a Westminster boy, to make acting his profession, and joined the company at York. He quickly attained a very high degree of


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 popularity, became the idol of the theatre-going public, and was known as the ‘York Garrick.’ Tate Wilkinson, with whom Frodsham acted more than once, considered his abilities unquestionable, and thought his Hamlet unequalled save by Garrick and Barry. Frodsham himself told Garrick, on whom he called as a brother genius, that he believed his own assumption of that character was almost equal to that of the better-known actors. With the exception of a fortnight, during which Frodsham paid a visit to London, because he thought he and Garrick ought to know one another, he rarely left York. He died 21 Oct. 1768 at Hull, his end being accelerated by drink. He had played at the theatre three nights before, and had announced that his next appearance would be in ‘What we shall all come to.’ Frodsham's too sympathetic friends put it about that his death was caused or hastened by ill-usage at the hands of Wilkinson, who was, however, exonerated by Frodsham's widow, Isabella.

[Wilson's Wonderful Characters, iii. 239; Wilkinson's Memoirs, iv. 33–48; Wilkinson's Wandering Patentee, i. 27–8, 58–9; Welch's Alumni Westmonasterienses; Forshall's Westminster School Past and Present, p. 241.]

FROST, CHARLES (1781?–1862), antiquary, born at Kingston-upon-Hull, Yorkshire, in 1781 or 1782, was the son of Thomas Frost, solicitor, of that town. He followed the same profession, and, as his father had been before him, was solicitor to the Hull Dock Company, which appointment he held for upwards of thirty-three years. From his father he acquired a love for genealogical and historical research. While still in his articles he diligently applied himself to mastering the writing of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, and it was not long before he had gained for himself a reputation as an expert black-letter lawyer. On 2 May 1822 he was elected F.S.A. In 1827 he published by subscription a work of permanent value entitled ‘Notices relative to the Early History of the Town and Port of Hull; compiled from original records and unpublished manuscripts, and illustrated with engravings, etchings, and vignettes,’ 4to, London, 1827. He proves that Edward I was not the founder of the town as supposed by Leland and Camden, but that long previous to his visit to Cottingham in 1296 the ground on which Hull stands was the site of a populous and improving town called Wic or Wyke. The work was the subject of a long and flattering critique by Sir N. H. Nicolas in the ‘Retrospective Review’ for December 1827 (p. 203). Another publication, also of local value, was his ‘Address,’ 8vo, 1831, delivered to the Hull Literary and Philosophical Society at the opening of the seventh session on 5 Nov. 1830, in which he alludes to the various literary societies which had been promoted in the town during the preceding half-century, and gives brief biographical notices of most of the Hull authors, whether natives or residents. A subsequent presidential address, delivered by him in 1852, was likewise published. Frost was president of the above society ten times between 1830 and 1855, and altogether he served the same office in connection with the subscription library for twelve years, between 1827 and 1854, one of the laws of that institution being suspended that he might occupy the position for five successive years, 1850–4, to enable him to carry into effect his scheme for the amalgamation of the two societies in the building in Albion Street which they now occupy. In the reading-room of the library is a full-length portrait of him by Schmidt. Frost was also one of the vice-presidents of the Hull meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1853. Besides the works already named, he published two legal pamphlets. One was on the ‘Propriety of making a remuneration to witnesses in civil actions for loss of time. … With some observations on the present system of taxing costs,’ 8vo, London, 1815. The other consisted of a letter to Thomas Thompson on the subject of ‘Equalising the poor rates of Hull by assessing the shipping belonging to the port to the relief of the poor,’ published in 1820. Frost died at Hull, 5 Sept. 1862, aged 80 or 81.

[R. W. Corlass's Sketches of Hull Authors, ed. C. F. Corlass and William Andrews, 1879, pp. 33–4; Appendix to Frost's Address of 5 Nov. 1830, pp. 123–8; Gentleman's Magazine, vol. c. pt. ii. pp. 450–1, vol. ci. pt. i. pp. 523–4, 3rd ser. xiii. 508; Boyne's Yorkshire Library, pp. 162, 249; Law Magazine, January 1831, p. 13 n.]

FROST, GEORGE (1754–1821), landscape painter, son of a builder at Ousden in Suffolk, was originally brought up to his father's business. He subsequently obtained a confidential situation in the office of the Blue Coach at Ipswich, which he continued to hold for the greater part of his life. He had a natural and early love of drawing, and without any instruction from others succeeded in producing some very excellent works. He studied nature very closely, and drew picturesque buildings and landscapes with a masterly hand, showing both originality and truth. He was a devoted admirer and imitator of


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174 {| width="100%" style="font-size:smaller;line-height:100%"
 * - valign="top"
 * Dolichopterus bulbosus Kjellesvig-Waering, 1961 || style="white-space:nowrap;" | Siluro-Devonian || England
 * - valign="top"
 * Dolichopterus herkimerensis Caster and Kjellesvig-Waering, 1956 || Silurian || style="white-space:nowrap;" | New York
 * - valign="top"
 * Dolichopterus jewetti Caster and Kjellesvig-Waering, 1956 || Silurian || New York
 * - valign="top"
 * Dolichopterus lancmani (Delle), 1936 || Devonian || U.S.S.R.
 * - valign="top"
 * Dolichopterus macrocheirus Hall, 1859 || Silurian || New York
 * - valign="top"
 * Dolichopterus siluriceps Clarke and Ruedemann, 1912 || Silurian || New York
 * - valign="top"
 * Dolichopterus størmeri Caster and Kjellesvig-Waering || Silurian || Oesel
 * }

Diagnosis.—Dolichopteridae of medium size; test covered with pustules and semi-lunar scales; prosoma semiovate; compound eyes submarginal; ocelli unknown; ventral doublure unknown; sixth appendages with movable, supplementary flat lobes on distal joints, ultimate joint forming large, flat lobe; distal joints and lobes forming paddle with strongly serrate margin; metastoma very narrow, cordate at anterior end; base unknown; male median appendage very long, consisting of one undivided joint; metasoma contracted past first tergite; telson unknown (Kjellesvig-Waering and Størmer, 1952, p. 660).

Type species.—Pterygotus princetonii Ruedemann, 1934.

Distribution.—Wyoming.

Stratigraphic range.—Lower Devonian.

Remarks.—Strobilopterus princetonii (Ruedemann) remains as the only known species.

Diagnosis.—Dolichopteridae of small size; distinctly stylonuroid in general aspect; carapace longer than wide; considerably wider in front than behind, making base of carapace narrowest part; eyes large, with narrow arcuate visual area, and large palpebral lobes located anteriorly and intramarginally on the carapace; axes of eyes parallel; ocelli located midway between, or grouped with the lateral eyes; prosomal appendages unknown except the sixth which are greatly elongated, subcylindrical legs having the last three joints flattened into numerous, narrow, leaf-like supplementary lobes; mesosoma very narrow; integument mainly smooth.


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 Gainsborough, and possessed some paintings and drawings by him, notably ‘The Mall,’ of which he executed a careful copy when in his seventy-seventh year. He was also an intimate friend of John Constable, R.A. His situation at Ipswich caused him to confine his subjects to that town and its neighbourhood, and he is little known elsewhere. He died on 28 June 1821, in his seventy-eighth year, after a painful illness.

[Gent. Mag. 1821, xci. 89; Redgrave's Dict. of Artists.]

FROST, JOHN (1626?–1656), nonconformist divine, born at Langham, Suffolk, in or about 1626, was the eldest son of John Frost, rector of Fakenham in the same county. After attending schools at Thetford, Norfolk, and Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, he was admitted pensioner of St. John's College, Cambridge, 21 Feb. 1641–2, and fellow soon after taking his B.A. degree (, Admissions to St. John's Coll. Cambr. pt. i. p. 62). He bore an active part in the educational work of the college as lecturer on logic and philosophy. In 1654 he began to preach regularly at St. Benedict's, Cambridge, and elsewhere in the town and county. He proceeded B.D. in the summer of 1656. A few months later he was invited to become ‘pastor’ of St. Olave's, Hart Street, London, but was cut off by small-pox, 2 Nov. 1656 (, Funeral Sermon, 1657). To his ‘Select Sermons,’ fol., Cambridge, 1657 (with a new title-page, 1658), is prefixed his portrait at the age of thirty-one, by R. Vaughan.

[Brook's Puritans, iii. 291–3; Granger's Biog. Hist. of England, 2nd ed., iii. 46.]

FROST, JOHN (1803–1840), founder of the Medico-Botanical Society of London, was born in 1803 near Charing Cross, London, where his parents were in business. Intending to enter the medical profession, he became the pupil of Dr. Wright, the apothecary of Bethlehem Hospital, but quarrelled with him, and gave up medicine for botany. Although only eighteen, he conceived a project which he carried into effect with remarkable success. In 1821 (16 Jan.) he founded the Medico-Botanical Society of London, having for its objects the investigation of the medicinal properties of plants, the study of the materia medica of all countries, with many other allied subjects, and the adjudging of rewards to original investigators. In this project he was first aided by Drs. Bree and Maton, and afterwards obtained an introduction to George IV, who not only appointed him botanical tutor to the two youthful Princes George (afterwards respectively king of Hanover and Duke of Cambridge), but (in 1828) became patron of the new society. Sir James McGregor, director-general of the army medical board, was the first president, and it soon gained wide support. Frost was appointed director of the society and also lecturer on botany, both of which appointments are said to have been honorary. As the society grew, so did Frost's ambition, and he incessantly sought the support of royal personages and distinguished men all over Europe. He succeeded in obtaining the adhesion of eleven sovereigns, and by incredible perseverance procured their autographs, with those of many other celebrities, in a well-known book which he was always carrying about; each signature occupied a page, surrounded by a wreath of artistically painted flowers. The book disappeared when the society collapsed, and is not now known to exist (, infra). It is recounted by Barham (Life, 1 vol. ed. pp. 119–21) that Frost, after many futile attempts, had an interview with the Duke of Wellington, dressed in a lieutenant-general's uniform, and succeeded in obtaining the duke's signature. The meetings of the society were not without interest. Frost directed everything and everybody, from the president downwards, and obtained some effective displays. Without any genuine qualification he made himself so generally known that within a few years he was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and of the Linnean Society, a member of the Royal Asiatic Society, lecturer on botany at the Royal Institution and at St. Thomas's Hospital; he also entered himself at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, intending to graduate in medicine, but his career of triumph was checked when the Royal Society blackballed him almost unanimously. Frost sent a hostile message to the secretary of the society (Gent. Mag. new ser. 1840, xiv. 664).

In 1824 Frost, at the age of twenty-one, was appointed paid secretary to the Royal Humane Society, with a residence in Bridge Street, Blackfriars. At the annual meetings of the Medico-Botanical Society he always delivered an oration, in which he related the progress of the society. His arrogance disgusted many of his friends. He presented himself at the annual meeting in 1829 to deliver his oration, decorated with a dazzling display of foreign orders and other distinctions, but was received with much hostility. A private meeting of the council under the presidency of Earl Stanhope subsequently declared the office of director abolished, and called a general meeting to confirm the decree. Frost replied to Earl Stanhope's accusations


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 with spirit, but at an adjourned meeting on 8 Jan. 1830 he was not only deposed, but expelled from the society.

Not daunted by this rebuff, Frost sought success in new fields. He obtained about this time, according to an engraved card of his own, the appointment of surgeon to the Duke of Cumberland. He resigned the secretaryship of the Humane Society only to have his appointment as surgeon to the duke cancelled. Frost sought to regain his secretaryship to the Humane Society, but failed. Yet he succeeded in 1831 in establishing St. John's Hospital, Clerkenwell, and also did much to promote the Royal Sailing Society. In 1832 he obtained a grant from the admiralty of H.M.S. Chanticleer for a hospital ship off Millbank, for watermen above London Bridge, and enlisted a large body of distinguished patrons. Having, however, made himself responsible for a considerable sum of money on account of this scheme, and being disappointed of the pecuniary support on which he had relied, he fled to Paris to avoid the importunities of creditors, and lived there for some time under an assumed name. He finally settled in Berlin as a physician, taking the title of Sir John Frost, and is said to have gained considerable practice. He died after a long and painful illness on 17 March 1840. He married Harriet, only daughter of Mrs. Yosy, author of a work on Switzerland, but had no children. Frost showed little scientific talent. His one object was self-aggrandisement. He wrote, besides his ‘Orations,’ nothing of note. A preface to Bingley's ‘Introduction to Botany,’ identical with an introductory lecture of his at the Royal Institution; a translation of the statutes of the Hanoverian Guelphic order, 1831; a paper ‘On the Mustard Tree mentioned in the New Testament,’ 1827; and some small papers on the oil of Croton Tiglium, published in pamphlet form in 1827, complete the list.

[Gent. Mag. new ser. 1840, xiv. 664–6; J. F. Clarke's Autobiographical Recollections of the Medical Profession, 1874, pp. 240–1, 267–72; Barham's Life (1 vol. ed. 1880), pp. 119–21.]

FROST, JOHN (1750–1842), secretary of the Corresponding Society, born in October 1750, was educated at Winchester School, and brought up as an attorney. He early devoted himself to the study of politics. In 1782 he was a prominent member of a society which met at the Thatched House tavern for the purpose of advocating constitutional reforms, and among his associates were William Pitt, the Duke of Richmond, Lord Surrey, Lord Mahon, Major Cartwright, Horne Tooke, and John Wilkes. Pitt engaged in correspondence with Frost, and assured him that he regarded a thorough reform of the representation as ‘essentially necessary to the independence of parliament and the liberty of the people.’ At the breaking out of the French revolution Frost was one of the most enthusiastic of those who adopted republican principles. In 1792 Frost secretly sheltered in his house a number of political prisoners. The same year he took a leading part in founding the Corresponding Society, for which body he also acted as secretary. The society began an active propaganda for a reform of the parliamentary representation, and one of its manifestoes prepared by Frost and Hardy showed that 257 representatives of the people, making a majority of the existing House of Commons, were returned by a number of voters not exceeding the thousandth part of the nation.

Contemporaneously with the foundation of this society was formed the Society for Constitutional Information. Branches of both societies rapidly sprang up in the provinces. The Constitutional Society elected Frost a deputy to the convention of France in 1793, his colleague being Joel Barlow, whose expenses he paid. In this character he was present at the trial of the French king (1792–3), and he was denounced in one of Burke's speeches as the ambassador to the murderers.

On the information of the attorney-general Frost was arrested in February 1793 on a charge of sedition. He was brought to trial in the following May, the indictment describing him as ‘late of Westminster, in the county of Middlesex, gentleman, a person of a depraved, impious, and disquiet mind, and of a seditious disposition.’ The specific charge against the prisoner was that he had uttered these words in Percy's coffee-house, Marylebone: ‘I am for equality; I see no reason why any man should not be upon a footing with another; it is every man's birthright;’ that on being asked what he meant by equality, he replied, ‘Why, no kings;’ and being further asked whether he meant no king in England, rejoined: ‘Yes, no king; the constitution of this country is a bad one.’ Frost was defended by Erskine, but in spite of his advocate's eloquence he was found guilty. He was sentenced to six calendar months' imprisonment in Newgate, to stand once during that time in the pillory at Charing Cross for the space of one hour, between twelve and two o'clock; to find sureties for his good behaviour for the space of five years, himself in 500l. and two others in 100l. each; to be


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I See Signor, se vero è alcun proverbio antico Questo è ben quel, che chi puo mai non vuole. Tu ai creduto à favole e parole E premiato chi è del ver nimico. I’ sono e fui gia tuo buon servo antico, A te son dato come e raggi al sole, E del mie tempo non ti incresce o dole, E men ti piaccio, se piu m’ afatico. Gia sperai ascender per la sua alteza, E ’l gusto peso e la potente spada Fussi al bixognio e non la voce d’echo. Ma ’l cielo è quel ch’ ogni virtu dispreza Locarla al mondo, se vuol, c’altri vada A prender fructo d’un arbor, ch’ secho. ("Poems," Frey’s edition, iii.)

II See I’ o gia facto un gozo in questo stento, Come fa l’aqua a gacti in Lombardia Over d’ altro paese che si sia, Ch’ a forza ’l ventre apicha socto ’l mento. 175


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 of ten species that have been examined by naturalists, seven were ascertained to be highly venomous. The popular names of the most common varieties, are as follow.

The Diamond snake.—This snake is beautifully variegated by black and yellow lozenge-shaped marks, from whence it derives its name. It has a small neck, compared with the size of its head; and is rather slender in proportion to its length, which is about eight or ten feet, although it frequently attains the length of fourteen, and sometimes even sixteen feet. I have heard of instances of a greater size than this, but it was on the rather questionable authority of stockmen and sawyers; I have never seen a Diamond snake myself, longer than fourteen feet. It feeds on kangaroo-rats, bandicoots, young pademellas, and quails, and is said to be poisonous, which I am inclined to think is not the case.

The Carpet snake is so similar to the Diamond snake, that the only distinction between them, seems to be, that one has a white belly, and the other a yellow one. Whilst Mr. Montgomery Martin was in New South Wales, a native brought to him, at Paramatta, a snake belonging to one of these varieties, which was fourteen feet in length. Mr. Martin tried various poisons on it without effect, but large doses of calomel speedily destroyed life.

The Brown snake.—A very venomous species.

The Yellow snake.—This variety attains a large size, and its bite is mortal.


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"Rime di Michelagnolo Buonarroti, raccolte da Michelagnolo su nipote," Giunti, Florence, 1623. (The first—faulty—edition of the poems of Michael Angelo, collected by his grandnephew, Michael Angelo the younger.)

"Le Rime di M. A. B. cavate dagli autografi, e pubblicate da Cesare Guasti," Florence, 1863. (The first edition of the poems which has a truly historical character.)

"Die Dichtungen des Michelagniolo Buonarroti, herausgegeben und mit kritischem apparate versehen von Dr. Carl Frey, Professor der neueren Kunstgeschicte an der Universitaet Berlin—mit einen Portraetradierung von Albert Krüger, und einen Heliographie nach Francesco da Hollanda—dash instead of quotation mark [sic]G. Grote’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Berlin, 1897. (A model edition, the only exact and complete one—followed by an admirable philological and historical commentary, a selection of poems addressed to Michael Angelo, a chronological table of extracts from letters relating to the poems, and an index.)

B.

"Le Lettere di Michel Angelo Buonarroti, pubblicate con Ricordi ed i Contratti artistici per cura di Gaetano Milanesi," Le Monnier, Florence, 1875.

192


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 The Whip snake.—This is the only arboreal or tree-snake, that I am acquainted with in the colony. It is a handsome, agile reptile, extremely long in comparison to its size, and derives its name from its resemblance to a large whip. It is of a greenish colour, with yellow underneath.

The Ring snake.—A small species, marked by alternate black and white rings.

The Death Adder.—This hideous reptile is of a dusky hue, seldom more than two feet and a half long, but immensely thick in proportion to its length. At the extremity of its tail is a small pointed, hardened process, with which the sawyers and labourers fancy that it can inflict a sting like a scorpion. The Death Adder, perhaps, possesses the most intense venom of any Australian serpent, for many persons have, at various periods, died in consequence of its bite, which is most rapidly fatal. Dogs expire in a very few minutes after they are bitten. Another smaller kind of snake, of a brown colour, would however appear to be nearly as bad as the Death Adder, for since I have been in the colony, a man at the Williams river was bitten by a snake of this description, and died in a quarter of an hour. This snake was under a plank which the man was removing, and so slight was the bite inflicted by its fangs, that the man did not know at first that he was bitten, and remarked to his comrade, that he had a narrow escape. The Death Adder is extremely sluggish in its habits, and rarely


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Arabesque

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Arabesque


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Author:Frank Haigh Dixon

Works

 * (American Railway Legislation)

title: Author:Frank Haigh Dixon


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 further imprisoned until the sureties were found; and lastly to be struck off the roll of attorneys. While one of the witnesses against Frost was waiting to hear sentence passed he was seized with a fit. It is said that Frost taunted him with his sufferings as a proof of divine vengeance. On the expiration of his sentence, 19 Dec. 1793, Frost was brought out of Newgate almost in a state of collapse. He was placed in a coach, and rolled in blankets. Kirby, the keeper, accompanied him to the house of Justice Grose, in Bloomsbury Square, where, with two sureties, he entered into his recognisances. As soon as he was at liberty the multitude took the horses out of the carriage and drew him along the streets, stopping at every marked place, and particularly before the Prince of Wales's house, to shout and express their joy. In this state he was conducted to his house in Spring Gardens, where Thelwall made a speech, entreating the crowd to separate peaceably.

The Corresponding Society continued its work of agitation, and during a debate in the House of Commons in May 1794 Pitt stated that it had laid in due form before the Society for Constitutional Information a deliberate plan for assembling a convention for all England, to overturn the established system of government. At length, on 28 July 1797, the members of the Corresponding Society assembled in a field near St. Pancras, when the proceedings were interrupted by the magistrates, who arrested the principal speakers, and kept them in custody until they procured bail. The society itself was then formally suppressed by the government.

Frost was a candidate for the representation of East Grinstead in 1802, and petitioned against his opponent's return, but a committee of the House of Commons found that the petition was frivolous and vexatious. In December 1813 Frost received from the prince regent, acting in the name and on behalf of the king, a free pardon, in consequence of which, on 8 Feb. 1815, the court of king's bench was moved to replace his name on the roll of attorneys. The court held that his want of practice and experience in the profession made him presumably unfit for the employment.

The effects of his imprisonment remained with him for many years, but he lived to the great age of ninety-one, dying at Holly Lodge, near Lymington, Hampshire, on 25 July 1842 (Gent. Mag. October 1842, pp. 442–3).

[Papers of the Corresponding and Constitutional Societies; Ann. Reg. 1842; Edinburgh Review, vol. xvi.; State Trials, vol. xxii.; Hampshire Independent, 30 July 1842.]

FROST, JOHN (d. 1877), chartist, was the son of John and Sarah Frost, who kept the Royal Oak public-house in Mill Street, Newport, Monmouthshire, for nearly forty years. When about sixteen years of age he was apprenticed to a tailor in Cardiff. On his return to Newport in 1811 he commenced business as a tailor and draper, and shortly afterwards married the widow of a Mr. Geach, a timber dealer, by whom Frost had two sons and five daughters. In 1816 he began first to take an interest in politics, and from that time advocated the principles which were subsequently embodied in the People's Charter. In 1822 he suffered six months' imprisonment for libel. He took an active part in the struggle for reform, and when the Municipal Corporation Act came into operation Frost was elected a member of the town council of Newport. He was appointed a magistrate for the borough in 1835, and in the following year filled the office of mayor. In 1838 he was elected as the delegate to represent the chartists of Monmouthshire at the national convention of the working classes which met in London for the first time on 4 Feb. 1839. A few weeks afterwards he was removed from the commission of the peace by Lord John Russell, who was then home secretary, for using seditious language at local meetings (see the correspondence between Russell and Frost, given at length in the Annual Register, 1839, Chron. pp. 22–6). In consequence of this Frost's popularity among the chartists was greatly increased, and his name became well known throughout the country as one of the leaders of the chartist movement. During the course of the year a number of the more prominent chartists were convicted of sedition, and on 14 Sept. the convention, weakened in numbers by resignations and arrests, was dissolved on the casting vote of Frost, who acted as chairman on that occasion. Frost, however, was resolved to appeal to physical force, and on 4 Nov. led a large body of working men chiefly miners, armed with guns and bludgeons, into Newport. Two other divisions, commanded respectively by Jones, a watch-maker of Pontypool, and Williams, a beershop keeper of Nantyglo, were to have joined forces with Frost in his attack upon the town, but the men of Nantyglo arrived late, and those from Pontypool never came. Frost with his division attacked the Westgate hotel, where, under the direction of Phillips, the mayor of the town, some thirty men of the 45th regiment and a number of special constables had been posted. The ill-armed and undisciplined mob were easily repulsed, twenty chartists being shot dead and many


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 others being wounded. Frost was captured the same evening, and was tried before Lord-chief-justice Tindal, Baron Parke, and Justice Williams at a special assize which was opened at Monmouth on 10 Dec. 1839. He was defended by Sir Frederick Pollock and Fitzroy Kelly, and after a lengthy trial was found guilty of levying war against the queen. On 16 Jan. 1840 Frost, Williams, and Jones were sentenced to be hung, drawn, and quartered. On the 25th and the two following days a technical point which had been raised during the course of the trial was argued before all the fifteen judges in the court of exchequer chamber. The conviction was upheld, but owing to the considerable difference of opinion among the judges the capital sentence was on 1 Feb. commuted for one of transportation for life. Frost was sent to Van Diemen's Land, where he spent nearly fifteen years working in the gangs, serving as a police clerk, and in other capacities. Several efforts were from time to time made, especially by [q. v.] in the House of Commons, to procure the release of Frost and his associates. In 1854 he obtained a conditional pardon, the condition being that he should not return to the queen's dominions. He thereupon went to America, but receiving a free pardon in May 1856, he returned to England in July of that year. On 31 Aug. he delivered at Padiham two lectures on the ‘Horrors of Convict Life,’ which were afterwards printed, and in the following year he published ‘A Letter to the People of Great Britain and Ireland on Transportation, showing the effects of irresponsible power on the Physical and Moral Conditions of Convicts.’ Though it appears from internal evidence that it was his intention to write a series of letters on this subject, no more were published. Frost went to reside at Stapleton, near Bristol, where he lived for many years in comparative retirement, and died on 29 July 1877, being upwards of ninety years of age. Some account of the general convention and a list of the delegates will be found in the Place MSS. (Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 27821).

FROST, WILLIAM EDWARD (1810–1877), painter, was born at Wandsworth in September 1810. His artistic gifts were apparent from his earliest years. When about fifteen he was introduced to Etty, by whose advice he entered Sass's drawing school, and also studied at the British Museum. In 1829 he became a student of the Royal Academy, where he gained the first medals in each of the schools, except the antique, in which he was defeated by Maclise. During the next fourteen years he painted upwards of three hundred portraits. He began to exhibit at the Royal Academy in 1836, and in 1839 he was awarded the gold medal for his ‘Prometheus bound by Force and Strength,’ which was in the exhibition of the following year. In 1843 he sent to the competition in Westminster Hall a cartoon representing ‘Una alarmed by the Fauns and Satyrs,’ which obtained one of the third-class premiums of 100l., and in the same year he exhibited at the Royal Academy ‘Christ crowned with Thorns,’ which was selected by an Art-Union prize-holder. These successes led him to relinquish portraiture, and to devote himself to subjects of a sylvan and bacchanalian character, drawn chiefly from the works of Spenser and Milton. His ‘Sabrina’ was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1845, and engraved by Peter Lightfoot for the Art Union of London, and this was followed by ‘Diana surprised by Actæon,’ which secured his election as an associate in 1846, and was purchased by Lord Northwick. ‘Una,’ a subject from Spenser's ‘Faerie Queene,’ appeared in the exhibition of 1847, and was purchased by the Queen. In 1848 he sent to the Academy ‘Euphrosyne,’ one of his best works, painted for Mr. Bicknell, and now in the possession of Mr. J. L. Newall, by whom it was exhibited at Manchester in 1887. The group of ‘L'Allegro’ was afterwards painted from this picture as a gift from the Queen to the Prince Consort. In 1849 he exhibited at the Royal Academy ‘The Syrens,’ a picture remarkable for its beauty of colour, and in 1850 ‘The Disarming of Cupid,’ painted for the Prince Consort, and ‘Andromeda.’ ‘L'Allegro’ and ‘The Disarming of Cupid’ were engraved respectively by T. Garner and P. Lightfoot for Hall's ‘Royal Gallery of Art,’ and are now at Osborne. In 1851 he exhibited ‘Wood Nymphs’ and ‘Hylas;’ in 1852 ‘May Morning,’ and in 1854 ‘Chastity,’ from Milton's ‘Comus,’ one of his most poetical conceptions, which was engraved by T. Garner for the ‘Art Journal’ of 1864. ‘The Graces’ and ‘Bacchanalians’ were exhibited in 1856, ‘Narcissus’ In 1857, and again at the Inter-


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  Exhibition of 1862, ‘Zephyr with Aurora playing’ in 1858, ‘The Daughters of Hesperus’ in 1860, ‘Venus lamenting the absence of Adonis’ and ‘A Dance’ in 1861, ‘The Graces and Loves’ in 1863, ‘The Death of Adonis’ in 1865, ‘Come unto these yellow Sands,’ from ‘The Tempest,’ in 1866, ‘Hylas and the Nymphs’ in 1867, ‘By the Waters of Babylon’ and ‘Puck’ in 1869, and ‘Musidora’ in 1871. Besides the works above mentioned he contributed many others—in all 110—to the exhibitions of the Royal Academy and the British Institution. It was not until 1870 that he became a Royal Academician, when he presented as his diploma work a ‘Nymph and Cupid.’ He retired in 1876, becoming an honorary R.A.

Frost died unmarried in Fitzroy Square, London, on 4 June 1877. He formed a large collection of engravings after the works of Thomas Stothard, R.A., and prepared, in conjunction with Mr. Henry Reeve, ‘A complete Catalogue of the Paintings, Water-colour Drawings, Drawings, and Prints in the Collection of the late H. A. J. Munro, Esq., of Novar,’ which was privately printed in 1865.

FROUCESTER, WALTER (d. 1412), abbot of St. Peter's, Gloucester, had previously officiated as chamberlain of the monastery. On the death of John Boyfield in January 1382 Froucester was elected his successor, being the twentieth abbot. Boyfield's rule had not been successful; he was weak and was in continual trouble with rival ecclesiastics, who, to the disadvantage of his monastery, generally got the better of him. Froucester, on assuming the direction, applied himself to the improvement of the brotherhood's position with marked success, taking and keeping the upper hand over all rivals, and yet without giving offence. By the prudence and economy of his domestic administration he succeeded in wiping off the greater part of the vast debt with which he found the monastery encumbered. From his private purse he supplied the church with ornaments of all kinds, books, vestments, and silver plate. He is best known for having brought to completion at great expense the beautiful cloisters, the building of which had been begun in Horton's (abbot 1351–77) time, and left unfinished for several years. With the view of securing for his monastery full title to some of its possessions he despatched to Rome one of the brotherhood, William Bryt by name, who, after a stay of some years, succeeded in getting appropriated to the monastery the churches of Holy Trinity and St. Mary de Lode, Gloucester, and that of Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire. Froucester also obtained from Pope Urban, through the influence of the Duke of Gloucester, the privileges of wearing the pontifical mitre, ring, sandals, and dalmatic, which his predecessor had requested in vain. The occasion chosen by Froucester for his investment with these ornaments was 10 April 1390, the day on which the remains of St. Kyneburgh the Virgin were translated to St. Peter's, the ceremony being celebrated by the Bishop of Worcester and Froucester, and a number of ecclesiastics, in the presence of the Duke of Gloucester and many noblemen and ladies. He also obtained from the pope a dispensation allowing the brotherhood of St. Peter's to eat flesh from Septuagesima to Quinquagesima inclusive. By Froucester's orders the registers of the monastery were compiled afresh, and the history of St. Peter's was probably re-edited at the same time. It has sometimes been supposed, but unwarrantably, that this history, early copies of which exist in Queen's College Library, Oxford, and among the Cottonian MSS., was written by Froucester, because the chronicle closes during his abbacy; internal evidence shows that it was compiled from time to time. Froucester died in 1412, and was buried beneath an arch in the southwest portion of the choir of St. Peter's. Sir Robert Atkyns (Ancient and Present State of Gloucestershire, p. 66) calls him Trowcester.

FROUDE, RICHARD HURRELL (1803–1836), divine, son of Robert Hurrell Froude, afterwards archdeacon of Totnes, was born 25 March 1803, at his father's rectory, Datington, Devonshire. He was elder brother of [q. v.], and of the historian, James Anthony Froude. He was educated at Ottery free school, where he lived in the house of George, elder brother of Samuel Taylor, Coleridge, and was sent to Eton in 1816. In 1821 he came into residence as a commoner of Oriel College, Oxford. He graduated as B.A. in 1824, when he was second class both in


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 ‘Literæ Humaniores’ and mathematics. He was elected to a fellowship at Oriel at Easter 1826, took his M.A. degree in 1827, and in the same year became tutor in his college, retaining the office until 1830. He was ordained deacon at Christmas 1828 by the Bishop of Oxford, and priest in 1829. In 1826 (the present Cardinal) Newman became tutor of Oriel, and there made an acquaintance with Froude, which ripened into a close and affectionate friendship about 1829. Newman, in his ‘Apologia,’ speaks of Froude's bold and logical intellect. He already detested the reformers, admired the church of Rome, accepted tradition ‘as a main instrument of religious teaching,’ and was ‘powerfully drawn to the mediæval church, but not to the primitive.’ He was ‘a high tory of the cavalier stamp,’ a man of strong classical tastes, and fond of historical inquiry, but ‘had no taste for theology as such.’ He became an influential member of the party afterwards known as the Oxford school, and had a strong influence upon its founders. In 1831 he showed symptoms of consumption, and passed the winter of 1832 in the south of Europe for the sake of his health. He was accompanied by his father, and for part of the time by Newman. He was ‘shocked by the degeneracy which he thought he saw in the catholics of Italy.’ At Rome he began with Newman to write the ‘Lyra Apostolica,’ which appeared in the ‘British Magazine.’ His contributions signed β are exceptionally beautiful. After his return in the summer of 1833, he sailed in November 1834 to the West Indies, where he stayed until the spring of 1835. His health was not really improved, and he died at his father's house 28 Feb. 1836. He contributed three of the ‘Tracts for the Times.’ Two volumes of ‘Remains’ published at the end of 1837 were prefaced by Newman and edited by [q. v.] The preface shows that although he hated ‘protestantism,’ he was still opposed to ‘Romanism.’ He was a ‘catholic without the popery, and a church of England man without the protestantism’ (Remains, i. 404). He was in fact at the stage reached by Newman at the same period. Two later volumes appeared in 1839. They show his strong prejudices more distinctly than the intellectual power which he undoubtedly possessed.

Mr. J. A. Froude says that he never saw any person ‘in whom the excellencies of intellect and character were combined in fuller measure’ (Nineteenth Century for April 1879).

FROUDE, WILLIAM (1810–1879), engineer and naval architect, fourth son of the Venerable Robert Hurrell Froude, archdeacon of Totnes and rector of Dartington and Denbury in Devonshire, was born at Dartington parsonage, 28 Nov. 1810. He was educated at Westminster School, and then matriculated from Oriel College, Oxford, on 23 Oct. 1828, being for some time a pupil of his elder brother, [q. v.] Here, although devoting much leisure to chemistry and mechanics, he took a first class in mathematical honours in 1832, his B.A. in the same year, and his M.A. in 1837. In the beginning of 1833 he became a pupil of Henry Robinson Palmer, vice-president of the Institution of Civil Engineers, and was by him employed on some of the surveys of the South-Eastern railway. In 1837 he joined the engineering staff of Isambard K. Brunel upon the Bristol and Exeter railway, where he had charge of the construction of the line between the Whiteball tunnel and Exeter. He evinced great attention to details, and in two elliptical skew-bridges introduced taper bricks so arranged as to make correct spiral courses, and it was while employed on this line that he propounded the ‘curve of adjustment.’ In the autumn of 1844 he was engaged on the survey of the Wilts, Somerset, and Weymouth railway, but shortly afterwards gave up the active pursuit of his profession in order to live at Dartington with his father, who was then in failing health. On the death of his father, in 1859, Froude left Dartington, and went to reside at Torbay, where in 1867 he built a house near Torquay, which he named Chelston Cross. As early as 1856 he had, at the request of Brunel, commenced an investigation into the laws of the motion of a ship among waves, which he continued at Torquay, and upon which he read a series of papers at the Institution of Naval Architects. He proved the mechanical possibility of that form of motion known as the trochoidal sea-wave. He also came to the conclusion that slow rolling ships are less likely to meet with waves which will cause them to roll, and that the rolling of a ship can be reduced by the means of a deep bilge-keel. The armour-clad and other ships of war of the British navy have been designed in accordance with this theory, so as to have steadiness at sea. In 1871 he demonstrated the effect of bilge-keels with a model of the Devastation, and in 1872 these keels were


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 further tested by trials of the Greyhound and Perseus off Plymouth. At the suggestion of Edward James Reed, he proposed to the admiralty to conduct a series of experiments on the resistance of models. This offer was accepted in 1870, and from that time he devoted his energies to the conducting of experiments for the government on the resistance of ships, and on the cognate subject of their propulsion. The admiralty establishment at Torquay erected for carrying out these experiments contained a covered tank, 250 feet long, 33 feet wide, and 10 feet deep. Above the tank was suspended a railway, on which ran a truck drawn at any given speed, and beneath this truck the model was drawn through the water, and its resistance was measured by a self-acting dynamometer on the truck. His researches into the expenditure of power in screw-ships, the proportions of screw-propellers, and the information to be deduced from the speed-trials of ships, have been of immense importance to the royal navy and to the mercantile marine. His value as an adviser was recognised by his appointment as a member of the committee on design in 1870, and on the Inflexible committee in 1877, and by the confidence afforded to him by the successive heads of the admiralty. He became a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers 7 April 1846, and in 1877 was named a member of the council. On 2 June 1870 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and on 27 April 1876 he received the degree of LL.D. from the university of Glasgow. In the same year he was given the royal medal of the Royal Society. He gave evidence before the royal commission on scientific research 29 May 1872, which contains details of the experiments which he undertook for the admiralty (Report of Royal Commission, 1874, ii. 147–52, in Parliamentary Papers, 1874, vol. xxiii.) His last work was the construction of a dynamometer capable of determining the power of large marine engines. This machine, which he did not live to see experimented on, was afterwards tried with complete success. In the winter of 1878 he went on a cruise to the Cape of Good Hope in H.M.S. Boadicea, and was about to return to England when he was seized with an attack of dysentery, and died at Admiralty House, Simon's Town, on 4 May 1879, and was buried in the Naval cemetery on 12 May. He was the author of papers in ‘Minutes of Proceedings of Institution of Civil Engineers,’ ‘Journal of Bath and West of England Society,’ ‘Proceedings of Institution of Mechanical Engineers,’ ‘Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architects,’ ‘Reports of the British Association,’ ‘Naval Science,’ ‘Nature,’ and other publications, most of them referring to his experiments in connection with ships.

[Minutes of Proceedings of Institution of Civil Engineers (1880), lx. 395–404; Proceedings of Royal Society of London (1879), xxix. pp. ii–vi; Nature (1879), xx. 148–50, 169–73; Times, 27 May 1879, p. 7, 3 June, p. 12, 7 June, p. 7; Mozley's Reminiscences (1882), ii. 14–17.]

FROWDE, PHILIP (d. 1738), poet, was the son of Philip Frowde, deputy postmaster-general from 1678 to 1688 (, Book of Dignities, p. 198). His grandfather, Colonel Philip Frowde, for his faithful adherence to Charles I and Charles II was knighted on 10 March 1664–5 (, Knights, Harl. Soc., p. 190), and appointed governor of the post office (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1660–1667; London Daily Post, 28 Dec. 1738). From Eton, where young Philip was contemporary with Walpole (dedication to The Fall of Saguntum), Frowde passed to Magdalen College, Oxford, as a gentleman-commoner, and became one of Addison's pupils (A. B., The History of Saguntum, p. 51). He did not take a degree. To vol. ii. of ‘Musarum Anglicanarum Analecta,’ 8vo, Oxford, 1699, edited by Addison, Frowde contributed (pp. 145–7) ‘Cursus Glacialis, Anglicè, Scating.’ In May 1720 Curll published these justly admired verses as Addison's, together with an English version also supposed to be Addison's, and an impudent preface by one T. N., who states that although Addison was well known to be the author, he had always allowed Frowde to pass them as his own. An anonymous imitation in English appeared in 1774; there is also a translation in ‘Miscellanea,’ by J[ames] G[lassford], 4to, Edinburgh, 1818 (pp. 24–9). Frowde wrote likewise a frosty blank verse tragedy entitled ‘The Fall of Saguntum,’ 8vo, London, 1727, in which the influence of ‘Cato’ is clearly perceptible. It was acted at Lincoln's Inn Fields on 16 Jan. 1726–7 (, Hist. of the Stage, iii. 191–192), Quin representing Eurydamas and delivering the prologue by Theobald. The tragedy obtained only about three representations, and is chiefly remarkable for an exquisitely absurd dedication to Sir Robert Walpole, who is described as ‘bringing the learning and arts of Greece and Rome into the cabinet; either that to instruct in the depths of reasoning; or these in the rules of governing.’ Previously to its performance an enthusiastic friend, A. B., possibly Frowde himself, undertook to explain for the benefit of ‘a lady of quality’ the numerous histori-


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 cal and classical allusions in the play in ‘The History of Saguntum,’ 8vo, London, 1727, in which he is also at pains to prove the dramatist's superiority over Silius Italicus, from whose ‘Punica’ the plot is partly derived. Another lugubrious tragedy in blank verse, ‘Philotas,’ 8vo, London, 1731 (another edition, 12mo, London, 1735), brought out at Lincoln's Inn Fields on 3 Feb. 1730–1, with Quin again in the cast, met with an even colder reception, though it was suffered to run for six nights (ib. iii. 310–11). Fielding has introduced an ironical encomium on ‘Philotas’ in ‘Joseph Andrews.’ Frowde died unmarried at his lodgings in Cecil Street, Strand, in December 1738, and was buried in the cemetery in Lamb's Conduit Fields (London Daily Post, 22 and 28 Dec. 1738; Admon. Act Book, P. C. C. 1739). His portrait, by T. Murray, painted in 1732, was engraved by Faber in 1738 (, Continuation of Granger, iii. 307–8).

[Baker's Biog. Dram. 1812, i. 257–8, ii. 217, iii. 146; Hist. Reg. vol. xxiii.; Chron. Diary, p. 49; Luttrell's Relation of State Affairs, 1857, i. 521, ii. 158, iv. 199; Will of Sir P. Frowde (P. C. C. 99 and 127, Bunce); Chester's London Marriage Licenses (Foster), col. 517.]

FROWYK, THOMAS (d. 1506), judge, a member of an important family of citizens of London, among whom king's goldsmiths, aldermen, and mayors are to be found (see, Guildhall of the City of London, 1886), was second son of Sir Thomas Frowyk of Gunnersbury, by his wife Joan, daughter and heiress of Richard and Joan Sturgeon. Born at Gunnersbury at least as early as November 1464, when he is mentioned by name in the will of his grandmother, Isabella Frowyk, he received his education at Cambridge. As Fuller (Worthies, ed. 1662, p. 183) says that he died before he was forty years old, which is confirmed by a statement in Croke's ‘Keilwey's Reports’ (ed. 1688, p. 85) that he died ‘in florida juventute sua,’ he must have joined the bar at a very early age, as his name occurs in the year-books of 1489. He was a member of the Inner Temple, and became serjeant in Trinity term 1494, according to the year-book. Dugdale, however, makes this event two years later. In May 1501 he was appointed a judge of assize in the western counties. In 1502, along with Mr. Justice Fisher and Conyngsbye, king's serjeant, he acted as arbitrator between the university and town of Cambridge, and by his award, 11 July, defined their respective jurisdictions. On 30 Sept. 1502 he succeeded Sir Thomas Wood as chief justice of the common pleas, and was knighted at Richmond the Christmas following. On 17 Oct. 1506 he died, and was buried at Finchley. According to Fuller, who says that he was ‘one of the youngest men that ever enjoyed that office,’ he was ‘accounted the oracle of law in his age.’ By his first wife, Joan Bardville, he had one son, Thomas (d.s.p.); his second wife, Elizabeth, married after his death Thomas Jakys; Frideswide, Frowyk's daughter and heiress by her, married Sir Thomas Cheyney of Shirland.

[Foss's Judges of England; Dugdale's Chron. Ser.; Cass's South Mimms, p. 99, London and Middlesex Archæolog. Soc. 1877, which corrects Foss; the Society's Transactions, iv. 260; Cooper's Athenæ Cantabr. i. 10; Weever's Monuments, p. 333; Plumpton Correspondence, Camd. Soc. pp. 152, 165; Bibl. Legum Angliæ, ii. 192; Rot. Parl. vi. 522; Notes and Queries, 1st ser. v. 332.]

FRY, EDMUND, M.D. (1754–1835), type-founder, son of Joseph Fry (1728–1787) [q. v.], was born at Bristol in 1754. He studied medicine; took the degree of M.D. at Edinburgh, and spent some time at St. George's Hospital, London. In 1782 his father admitted his two sons, Edmund and Henry, as partners in the type-foundry business in Queen Street, London. The father retired in 1787, when the new firm, Edmund Fry & Co., issued their first ‘Specimen of Printing Types,’ followed the next year by an enlarged edition. Several founts of the oriental type, which fill twelve pages, were cut by Fry. In 1788 the printing business was separated from the foundry, and remained at Worship Street as the ‘Cicero Press,’ under the management of Henry Fry. The foundry was removed to a place opposite Bunhill Fields in Chiswell Street, and new works erected in a street then called Type Street. Homer's series of the classics (1789–1794), printed by Millar Ritchie, were from the characters of the Type Street foundry. In 1793 ‘Edmund Fry & Co., letter founders to the Prince of Wales,’ produced a ‘Specimen of Metal-cast Ornaments curiously adjusted to paper,’ which gained vogue among printers. The next year Fry took Isaac Steele into partnership, and published a ‘Specimen’ which ‘shows a marked advance on its predecessors’ (, Old English Letter Foundries, p. 306). In 1798 he circulated a ‘Prospectus’ of the great work on which he had been occupied for sixteen years, published as ‘Pantographia, containing accurate Copies of all the known Alphabets of the World, together with an English explanation of the peculiar Force and Power of each Letter, to which are added Specimens of all well-authenticated


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46 it with the most intense avidity; and as they are always ready to champion one side or the other in case of a dispute, and are frequently divided in their partizanship, it is often a very noisy proceeding. It is never the quietest game in the world; for the numbers are always called in a loud sharp voice, and follow as close upon each other as they can be counted. On a holiday evening, standing at a window, or walking in a garden, or passing through the streets, or sauntering in any quiet place about the town, you will hear this game in progress in a score of wine-shops at once; and looking over any vineyard walk, or turning almost any corner, will come upon a knot of players in full cry. It is observable that most men have a propensity to throw out some particular number oftener than another; and the vigilance with which two sharp-eyed players will mutually endeavour to detect this weakness, and adapt their game to it, is very curious and entertaining. The effect is greatly heightened by the universal suddenness and vehemence of gesture; two men playing for half a farthing with an intensity as all-absorbing as if the stake were life. Hard by here, is a large Palazzo, formerly belonging to some member of the Brignole family, but just now hired by a school of Jesuits for their summer quarters. I walked into its dismantled precincts the other evening about sunset, and couldn't help pacing up and down for a little time, drowsily taking in the aspect of the place: which is repeated hereabouts in all directions. I loitered to and fro, under a colonnade, forming two

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