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 he said, ‘I was born in sight of one crag pit and shall probably be buried in sight of another.’ He died at Martlesham, after a few days' illness, on 26 Oct. 1880, and was buried at Melton. In 1821 he married Elizabeth Taylor, only daughter of Thomas Taylor, solicitor, of London. His only child, (1830–1884) [q. v.], is separately noticed.

WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE, the younger (1830–1884), geologist, the only child of Searles Valentine Wood (1798–1880) [q. v.], was born at Hasketon, near Woodbridge, on 4 Feb. 1830. He was educated at King's College, London, and in France; on returning to England he studied law, was admitted a solicitor in 1851, and practised in London. As he had been devoted to geology from his earliest years, he took the opportunity of his partner's death in 1865 to retire from business, after which he made his home with his father, in whose work he was constantly a helper. Elected F.G.S. in 1864, he published in that year a map of the East Anglian drifts. The next six or seven years after he became free were devoted to a more thorough study of those deposits in conjunction with F. W. Harmer, Wood taking as his especial task the drifts of Suffolk and Essex, his friend those of Norfolk. They embodied the results in a memoir and map, published by the Palæontographical Society in 1871, as an introduction to the supplement to the ‘Crag Mollusca’ by S. V. Wood, senior. The son wrote separately or jointly nearly sixty scientific papers. The earlier deal with rather wide geological problems, but the majority refer to Pliocene and glacial deposits, more especially the latter. As this is a controversial subject, Wood's views have not escaped adverse criticism, but they always demand respectful consideration as founded on most careful and conscientious investigation. Indeed he never spared any pains to get at the truth, for which alone he cared. For instance, in 1871, on finding a seam in the mid-glacial sands to be full of minute fragments of marine shells, he had a quantity of the material sent to Brentford, where he then resided. By patiently sifting this he obtained about seventy recognisable species of mollusca, some of which were novelties, and these led him to regard the deposit as older than a similar one in Lancashire, previously supposed to be contemporaneous.

About 1875 Wood's heath began to fail, but his mental powers were not affected, and he continued to work at and write on his favourite studies. His latest task was the investigation of the very early Pliocene deposit discovered at St. Erth's, Cornwall. He died at his residence, Beacon Hill House, Martlesham, near Woodbridge, on 14 Dec. 1884, and was buried near his father at Melton. In 1853 he married Elizabeth Gayler, but their union was childless.

WOOD, SHAKSPERE (1827–1886), sculptor, born in Manchester on 13 Nov. 1827, was son of Hamilton Wood of the firm of Wood, Rowell, & Co., smallware manufacturers, of Manchester, by his wife Sarah Anne, daughter of Charles Bennett of Newton Grange. On the break-up of the Manchester business the Wood family removed to London, where the father was connected with the Wood Carving Company until about 1846. Shakspere received a part of his education as a sculptor in the schools of the Royal Academy, and about 1851 he visited Rome for purposes of further study. For some years he worked hard, and exhibited five sculptures at the Royal Academy between 1868 and 1871. From his first settlement in Rome he took a keen interest in the objects of art and antiquity in and around the ancient city, and as years went on these subjects engrossed more and more of his time and attention. He delivered lectures to English visitors, and gave them the benefit of his copious knowledge.

He contributed to the ‘Times,’ at first as an occasional correspondent, and afterwards as its accredited representative. He was singularly successful in winning the confidence not only of the papal government but, even after the establishment of the kingdom of Italy, both of the Vatican and the Quirinal. He died in Rome in February 1886, leaving a widow and children. Wood's statues, Evangeline and Gabriel, were lent for exhibition in Manchester a few years ago by George Clay.

Wood published:
 * 1) ‘The Vatican Museum of Sculpture; a Lecture delivered before the British Archæological Society of Rome on the 19th of March, 1869,’ Rome, 1869, 8vo.
 * 2) ‘The Capitoline Museum of Sculpture: a Catalogue,’ Rome, 1872, 8vo.


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 {|
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" width="40px" | 104. || align="right" width="40px" | 1884. || Eurypteridæ from the Lower Productive Coal Measures in Beaver County, and the Lower Carboniferous, Pithole Shale, in Venango County. Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, Report of Progress, PPP. pp. 23–35, pls. III–VIII.
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 105. || align="right" | 1884. || Note on Eurypteridæ of the Devonian and Carboniferous Formations of Pennsylvania, with a supplementary note on Stylonurus excelsior. Am. A. A. Sci. Proc. Vol. XXXIII, pp. 420–422.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 106. || align="right" | 1888. || Paleontology of New York, Vol. VII, pp. 156–162., pls. 26, 26a, 27.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 107. || align="right" | 1834. || Critical Notices of Various Organic Remains Hitherto Discovered in North America, with the Description of a New Species of Eurypterus. Transactions Geological Society Pennsylvania, Vol. I, p. 98, pl. V.
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 108. || align="right" | 1835. || Medical and Physical Researches, pp. 297–299, one plate.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 109. || align="right" | 1861. || On the Ludlow Bone-bed and its Crustacean Remains. Q. J. G. S., XVII, pp. 542–552, pl. XVII.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 110. || align="right" | 1912. || Some Factors of Geographical Distribution in South America. Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. XXII, pp. 9–112, pis. II–XVI.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 111. || align="right" | 1905. || The Geology of South Africa. Macmillan & Co.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 112. || align="right" | 1907. || Traité de Géologie. Les Periodes Géologiques. Periode Silurienne, p. 626.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 113. || align="right" | 1910. || The Stratigraphy of the Silurian Strata of the Visby District. Geol. Foren. i Stockholm Forhandl. Bd. 32, H. 4, Maj. Reprint for the International Geological Excursions from Stockholm: B 6. C2, (C3) Guidebook 20.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 114. || align="right" | 1870. || Notice of Slimonia acuminata, from the Silurian of the Pentland Hills. Trans. Edin. Geol. Soc., Vol. I, pp. 18, 19.
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 115. || align="right" | 1880. || On Some Recently Discovered Fossiliferous Beds in the Silurian Rocks of the Pentland Hills. Ibid, Vol. III, pp. 353–356.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 116. || align="right" | 1836. || On the Fresh-Water Limestone of Burdiehouse in the Neighborhood of Edinburgh, belonging to the Carboniferous Group of Rocks. With supplementary notes on other fresh-water limestones. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, Vol. XIII, pp. 169–282, pls. 5–12.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 117. || align="right" | 1908. || The Old Red Sandstone of Forfarshire, Upper and Lower. Geol. Mag. Dec. 5, Vol. V, pp. 396–408.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 118. || align="right" | 1838. || Recherches sur l'Histoire Naturelle et l'Anatomie des Limules, pp. 48; 7 pis. Leyden.
 * }

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Author:Frederick Purser

Works

 * (in part)

title: Author:Frederick Purser


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 {|
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" width="40px" | 119. || align="right" width="40px" | 1896. || Ueber eine neue Bearbeitung des Eurypterus Fischeri Eichw. Mem. Acad. Imp. d. Sci. Saint-Petersbourg, Ve Series, tome IV, pp. 369–372.
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 120. || align="right" | 1897. || Om förekomsten af en Pterygotus i Dalarnes Öfversilur. Geologiska Föreningensi i Stockholm Förhandlingar. Bandet XIX, pp. 475–479.
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 121. || align="right" | 1898. || Ueber die Organisationen des Eurypterus Fischeri Eichw. VIIIe series, tome VIII, No. 2, 80 pp. 10 pls.
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 122. || align="right" | 1899. || Palaeontologische notiser. Om den yttre anatomien hos Eurypterus fischeri. Geologiska Föreningensi i Stockholm Förhandlingar. Bandet XXI, Häft 1, pp. 83–128, Taf. 1–4.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 123. || align="right" | 1901. || Recent Advances in Scottish Geology. Address before Geological section of British Ass. Adv. Sci. Glasgow, 1901. Geol. Mag. Dec. IV, Vol. VIII, pp. 452–470. (Especially pp. 462–466.)
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 124. || align="right" | 1904. || On the Origin of the Marine (Halolimnic) Fauna of Lake Tanganjika. Geol. Mag. Dec. 5, Vol. I, pp. 337–382, 2 pls.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 125. || align="right" | 1884. || On Some Tracks of Terrestrial and Freshwater Animals. Q. J. G. S., Vol. XL, pp. 178–186, pls. VIII–XI.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 126. || align="right" | 1877. || On the Upper Limit of the Essentially Marine Beds of the Carboniferous Group of the British Isles and adjoining Continental Districts; with Suggestions for a Fresh Classification of the Carboniferous Series. Q. J. G. S., Vol. XXXIII, pp. 613–651. (Correlations, table III).
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 127. || align="right" | 1856. || Observations on the Structure and Affinities of Himantopterus. Q. J. G. S., Vol. XII, pp. 34–37.
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 128. || align="right" | 1857. || Lectures on General Natural History. Medical Times and Gazette, Vol. XXXVI, lecture xiii, pp. 467471.
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 129. || align="right" | 1889. || The Crayfish. An Introduction to the Study of Zoology. International Scientific Series, Vol. XXVIII.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 130. || align="right" | 1859. || On the Anatomy and Affinities of the Genus Pterygotus (Huxley) and Description of the Species of Pterygotus (Salter). Mem. Geol. Surv. United Kingdom, Monograph I.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 131. || align="right" | 1862. || On Fossil Estheriæ and their Distribution. Q. J. G. S., Vol. XIX, pp. 140–157.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 132. || align="right" | 1885. || Notes on the British Species of Ceratiocaris. Geol. Mag. n. s. Dec. III, Vol. II, No. IX, pp. 385–397, pl. X.
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 133. || align="right" | 1899. || Contributions to Fossil Crustacea. Geol. Mag. n. s. Dec. 4., Vol. VI, pp. 388–395, pl. XV.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 134. || align="right" | 1905. || The Origin of Species through Isolation. Science, n. s. Nov. 3, p. 547.
 * }


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bengel, Johann Albrecht


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 {|
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" width="40px" | 135. || align="right" width="40px" | 1856. || Ueber die Crustaceen der Steinkohlenformation von Saarbrücken. Palæontographica. Bd. IV, pp. 8–15, t. II., figs. 1, 2, 4, 5.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 136. || align="right" | 1902. || Geologie von Böhmen, 919, 936, 957, 1033, 1044.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 137. || align="right" | 1911. || Lehrbuch der Geologischen Formationskunde. 4te. Auflage, 2te Teil.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 138. || align="right" | 1853. || Seance du 19 Decembre, 1853. Bull. Soc. Géol. France, 2e ser. tome XI, p. 153.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 139. || align="right" | 1903. || The Stratigraphy and Palæontology of the Niagara of Northern Indiana, 28th Ann. Rept. of Indiana State Geologist.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 140. || align="right" | 1912. || The Uppermost Silurian and Old Red Sandstone of South Staffordshire. Geol. Mag. Dec. 5, Vol. IX, pp. 437–443.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 141. || colspan="2" style="padding-left:48px; text-indent:-39px" | 1907–1911. Handbuch der Ozeanographie. 2 vols.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 142. || align="right" | 1838. || Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Organischen Ueberreste des Kupfersandsteins am westlichen Abhange des Urals. St. Petersburg., pp. 1–38, pls. I–VII. (See especially p. 22, t. IV, figs. 1–3.)
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 143. || align="right" | 1878. || The Moffat Series. Q. J. G. S. Vol. XXXIV, pp. 240–346. Map of Moffat District.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 144. || align="right" | 1893. || Recent Additions to our Knowledge of Eurypterida. Nat. Sci. Vol. III, pp. 124–127.
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 145. || align="right" | 1895. || On Some Eurypterid Remains from the Upper Silurian Rocks of the Pentland Hills. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, Vol. XXXVII, pt. I, pp. 151–162, 3 plates.
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 146. || align="right" | 1895. || The Anatomy and Relations of the Eurypteridæ. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, Vol. XXXVII, pt. II, pp. 509–528, 2 pls.
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 147. || align="right" | 1900. || On a Silurian Scorpion and Some Additional Eurypterid Remains from the Pentland Hills. Ibid., Vol. XXXIX, pt. 3, pp. 575–590, pls. I–IV.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 148. || align="right" | 1833. || Description du Bassin de la Gallicie et de la Podolie. Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France. T. I., Pt. I, No. 4, pp. 45–105. Geological map of Galicia on large scale. (Especially pp. 98–100)
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 149. || align="right" | 1890. || Noticia sobre as Camadas da Serie Permo-Carbonica do Bussaco. Communicaçoes da Commissão dos Trabalhos Geologicos de Portugal. Tome II, pp. 129–152.
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 150. || align="right" | 1890. || Note sur un nouvel Eurypterus du Rothliegendes de Busaco (Portugal). Ibid., Tome II, pp. 153–157, one pl.
 * }


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Page:Collodi - The Story of a Puppet, translation Murray, 1892.djvu/20

 'I want a little wood to make my puppet; will you give me some?'

Master Antonio was delighted, and he immediately went to the bench and fetched the piece of wood that had caused him so much fear. But just as he was going to give it to his friend the piece of wood gave a shake, and wriggling violently out of his hands struck with all its force against the dried-up shins of poor Geppetto.

'Ah! is that the courteous way in which you make your presents, Master Antonio? You have almost lamed me! . . .'

'I swear to you that it was not I! .. .'

'Then you would have it that it was I? .. .'

'The wood is entirely to blame! . . .'

'I know that it was the wood; but it was you that hit my legs with it! . . .'

'I did not hit you with it! . . .'

'Liar!'

'Geppetto, don't insult me or I will call you Polendina! . . .'

'Ass!'

'Polendina!'

'Donkey!'

'Polendina!'

'Baboon!'

'Polendina!'

On hearing himself called Polendina for the third time Geppetto, blind with rage, fell upon the carpenter and they fought desperately.


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Page:Collodi - The Story of a Puppet, translation Murray, 1892.djvu/21

 When the battle was over, Master Antonio had two more scratches on his nose, and his adversary had two buttons too little on his waistcoat. Their accounts being thus squared they shook hands, and swore to remain good friends for the rest of their lives.

Geppetto carried off his fine piece of wood, and thanking Master Antonio returned limping to his house.


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 {|
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" width="40px" | 151. || align="right" width="40px" | 1888. || Ueber die Schichtenfolge des Silur des Insel Gotland. Neues Jahr. Min. Geol. Pal., Bd. I, pp. 147–164.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 152. || align="right" | 1863. || Report of the Geological Survey of Canada, p. 354, fig. 464; pp. 392, 959.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 153. || colspan="2" style="padding-left:48px; text-indent:-39px" | 1890–1891. Sur la Significance des Conglomerats a Noyaux Schisteux des Psammites du Condroz. Ann. Soc. Géol. Belgique, tome XVIII, pp. 195–199.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 154. || align="right" | 1854. || Principles of Geology. Ninth edition.
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 155. || align="right" | 1857. || A Manual of Elementary Geology, pp. 415, 416, figs. 542, 543.
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 156. || align="right" | 1865. || Sixth edition of Elements of Geology, p. 524, fig. 591.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 157. || align="right" | 1898. || Discoveries of Organic Remains in the Old Red Sandstone of Lorne. Summary of Progress for 1897. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, pp. 82–83.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 158. || align="right" | 1896. || The Altered Clastic Rocks of the Southern Highlands, their Structure and Succession. Geol. Mag. Dec. 4, Vol. III, pp. 167–174, 211–217.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 159. || align="right" | 1896. || On the Physical Conditions under which the Old Red Sandstone of Scotland was Deposited. Geol. Mag. Dec. 4, Vol. III, pp. 106–116.
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 160. || align="right" | 1896. || Palæontological Considerations in the Old Red Sandstones of Scotland. Ibid., pp. 217–221.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 161. || align="right" | 1881. || Note on Discovery of Eurypterus in the Darlington shales, Penn. Am. Phil. Soc. Proc., Vol. XIX, pp. 351–352.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 162. || align="right" | 1852. || On the Supposed Fossil Eggs from the Devonian Rocks of Forfarshire. Q. J. G. S., Vol. VIII, pp. 106–109, 3 figs.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 163. || align="right" | 1882. || A New Eurypterid from the Catskill Group. Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. II, p. 8.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 164. || align="right" | 1888. || On Some Remarkable Organisms of the Silurian and Devonian Rocks in Southern New Brunswick. Loc. cit. Vol. VI, Sec. IV, p. 60.
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 165. || align="right" | 1894. || Organic Remains of the Little River Group. Nos. II and III. Trans. Roy. Soc. Can. Sec. IV, p. 99.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 166. || align="right" | 1849. || On the Classification of Some British Fossil Crustacea, with Notices of New Forms in the University Collection at Cambridge. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 2d series, Vol. IV, pp. 392–414, especially pp. 393–395.
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 167. || align="right" | 1854. || Contributions to British Palæontology, pp. 139–141.
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 168. || align="right" | 1899. || Note on a New Australian Pterygotus. Geol. Mag. n. s. Dec. IV, Vol. VI, pp. 193–194, one fig.
 * }


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 {|
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" width="40px" | 169. || align="right" width="40px" | 1868. || Preliminary Notice of a Scorpion, a Eurypterus? and other Fossils, from the Coal-Measures of Illinois. A. J. Sci. and Arts, Vol. XLVI, pp. 19–28.
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 170. || align="right" | 1868. || Geological Survey of Illinois. Geology and Palaeontology, Vol. III, p. 544.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 171. || align="right" | 1875. || Zur Physik des Meeres. Jahresbericht der Commission zur wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung der deutschen Meere in Kiel für die Jahre, 1872, 1873, pp. 1–41, especially 22–41, and map.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 172. || align="right" | 1872. || Jahresbericht der Commission zur wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung der deutschen Meere in Kiel. Contains papers on the investigations in the Baltic and North Sea by these and other authors.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 173. || align="right" | 1847. || The Old Red Sandstone.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 174. || align="right" | 1874. || Genus Megalograptus. Cincinnati Quarterly Journal of Science, Vol. I, pp. 343–346, figs. 35, 36, 37.
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 175. || align="right" | 1880. || North American Geology and Palæontology.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 176. || align="right" | 1896. || New Species of Echinodermata and a New Crustacean from the Palaeozoic rocks. Ill. State Mus. Bull. of Natural History X, pp. 90, 91, pl. V, fig. 1.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 177. || align="right" | 1838. || Sur le Developpment des Limules; Société Philomatique.
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 178. || colspan="2" style="padding-left:48px; text-indent:-39px" | 1843–1846. Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés, t. III, p. 422, 1840.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 179. || align="right" | 1861. || On the Position of the Beds of the Old Red Sandstone, developed in the counties of Forfar and Kincardine, Scotland. Q. J. G. S., Vol. XVII, pp. 145–151.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 180. || align="right" | 1818. || An Account of the Impression of a Fish in the Rock of Oneida County, N. Y. The American Monthly Magazine and Critica Review, Vol. III, p. 291.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 181. || align="right" | 1910. || Historical-Stratigraphical Review of the Silurian of Sweden. Sveriges Geologiska Undersöknung, Ser. C, No. 229, 202 pp. and map, especially pp. 24–28.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 182. || align="right" | 1872. || Die faunistischen Untersuchungen in der Ostsee im Jahre 1871, auf der Expedition S. M. S. Pommerania. Der Zoologische Garten. Zeitschrift für Beobachtung, Pflege und Zucht der Thiere, Vol. XIII, pp. 276–280.
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 183. || align="right" | 1873. || Die wirbellosen Thiere der Ostsee. Jahresbericht der Commission zur wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung der deutschen Meere in Kiel für das Jahr 1871, pp. 97–144.
 * }


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 # ‘The New Curiosum Urbis: a Guide to Ancient and Modern Rome,’ London, 1875, 8vo.

His brother, (d. 1882), sculptor, exhibited at the Royal Academy between 1854 and 1875 twenty-four works, and two at the British Institute. At the academy in 1854 he showed a medallion of Robert Browning and a bust of Miss Helen Grey. In 1864 he was represented at the academy by portrait-busts in marble of the Prince of Wales and the Princess of Wales, and other marble busts. He designed statues of the queen for Melbourne, Sydney, Montreal, Calcutta, and Ottawa. There is also a statue of heroic size in bronze of Richard Cobden in St. Ann's Square, Manchester, but neither as a portrait nor as a work of art can it be considered satisfactory. There is a replica of this statue in Hampstead Road, London. He died in London in August 1882.

WOOD, THOMAS (1661–1722), lawyer, born on 20 Sept. 1661 at Oxford, in the parish of St. John Baptist, was the eldest son of Robert Wood (1630–1686) of Oxford city, by his wife Mary (1638–1718), daughter of Thomas Drope (d. 1644), vicar of Cumnor in Berkshire, and niece of [q. v.] [q. v.] was his uncle. He became a scholar of Winchester College in 1675, and matriculated from St. Alban Hall, Oxford, on 7 June 1678. On 24 Aug. 1679 he was elected a fellow of New College, whence he graduated B.C.L. on 6 April 1687 and D.C.L. in 1703. Wood was a zealous champion of his uncle, Anthony Wood, as whose proctor he acted in 1692 and 1693 in the suit instituted against him for libelling the first Earl of Clarendon. In 1693 he replied anonymously to some criticisms of Burnet in ‘A Vindication of the Historiographer of the University of Oxford and his Works from the Reproaches of the Bishop of Salisbury’ (London, 4to); and in 1697 he published, also anonymously, ‘An Appendix to the Life of Seth Ward’ (London, 8vo), in which he severely attacked both Ward and [q. v.] on account of some liberties that he considered Pope had taken with Anthony Wood. He was called to the bar by the society of Gray's Inn ex gratia on 31 May 1692, at the instance of his kinsman, Lord-chief-justice Sir [q. v.] Wood acquired considerable fame as a lawyer by his writings, in spite of the assertion of (1678–1735) [q. v.] that ‘those who are the best judges’ were ‘of opinion that he is but as 'twere a dabbler’ (, Collections, ii. 121). His greatest work is his ‘Institute of the Laws of England; or the Laws of England in their Natural Order, according to Common Use’ (London, 1720, 2 vols. 8vo), a treatise founded on the ‘Discourse’ of Sir [q. v.] It attained its tenth edition in 1772 (London, folio), and remained the leading work on English law until superseded by Blackstone's ‘Commentaries’ in 1769. An introductory treatise entitled ‘Some Thoughts concerning the Study of the Laws of England in the two Universities,’ which first appeared in 1708 (London, 4to), and was republished in 1727, was after 1730 published with the subsequent editions of Wood's ‘Institute.’

In middle life Wood abandoned the profession though not the study of law, took orders, and on 17 March 1704 was presented to the rectory of Hardwick in Buckinghamshire, retaining the benefice until his death, which took place at Hardwick on 12 July 1722. In 1705 he married Jane Baker or Barker (, Collections, i. 48, 193, ii. 193). There is a portrait of him in the warden's lodgings at New College. An engraving by Michael Van der Gucht is prefixed to the edition of his ‘Institute of the Laws of England’ published in 1724.

Besides the works mentioned, Wood was the author of: With Francis Willis he published ‘Anacreon done into English’ (Oxford, 1683, 8vo), completing the labours of John
 * 1) ‘A Dialogue between Mr. Prejudice, a dissenting Country Gentleman, and Mr. Reason, a Student in the University: being a short Vindication of the University from Popery, and an Answer to some Objections concerning the D[uke] of Y[ork],’ London, 1682, 4to.
 * 2) ‘The Dissenting Casuist, or the second part of a Dialogue between Prejudice and Reason,’ London, 1682, 4to. 3. ‘Juvenalis Redivivus; or the First Satyr of Juvenal taught to speak Plain English: a Poem,’ London, 1683, 4to.
 * 3) ‘A Pindaric Ode upon the Death of Charles II,’ Oxford, 1685, fol.; dedicated to James Bertie, earl of Abingdon.
 * 4) ‘Angliæ Notitiæ sive præsens Status Angliæ succincte enucleatus,’ Oxford, 1686, 12mo: an abridged translation of ‘The Present State of England,’ by  [q. v.]
 * 5) ‘A New Institute of the Imperial or Civil Law,’ London, 1704, 8vo; 4th edit. with No. 6, London, 1730, 8vo.
 * 6) ‘A Treatise on the First Principles of Law in General: out of French,’ London, 1705, 8vo; new edit. London, 1708, 8vo.


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  (1653–1683) [q. v.] and [q. v.], by translating the odes which they had not already rendered into English. Commendatory verses by Wood were prefixed to White Kennett's ‘Moriæ Encomium’ (1683) and to Oldham's ‘Remains’ (1684).

WOOD, WILLIAM (1609–1691), toxophilite, born in 1609, was for many years marshal of the Finsbury archers, who held their meetings in Finsbury Fields. He was probably knighted by Charles II for his skill in the use of the bow. In 1676 his society or regiment purchased a badge or shield to be worn by their marshal, and the decoration, known as the ‘Catherine of Braganza Shield,’ passed to successive marshals till 1736, when the office was abolished. Subsequently each succeeding captain of the Easter target held it till it passed into the hands of the Royal Toxophilite Society on its formation in 1781. This society also absorbed the few remaining Finsbury archers.

Wood died on 4 Sept. 1691, and was buried at St. James's, Clerkenwell, on 10 Sept. with archer's honours, three flights of whistling arrows being discharged over his grave by the regiment. A stone, with epitaph in verse (given in Stow's ‘Survey of London and Westminster,’ ed. Strype, iv. 67), was placed on the outside of the south wall of the church of St. James's, Clerkenwell, which on the rebuilding in 1791 was removed to the interior at the expense of the Royal Toxophilite Society.

Two portraits of Wood are in the possession of this society. They were originally decorations of the inner sides of the doors of a case made for the preservation of the Catherine of Braganza shield. One was engraved and published in 1793 (cf. Biographical Mirrour, London, 1793).

Wood was the author of a work on archery, entitled ‘The Bowman's Glory, or Archery revived’ (London, 1682, 1691). It was dedicated to Charles II. The second part, entitled ‘A Remembrance of the Worthy Show and Shooting of the Duke of Shoreditch,’ was reprinted at the end of Roberts's ‘English Bowman’ (London, 1801). In some copies of Wood's book a portrait was subsequently inserted by booksellers. None appeared in the original issue.

WOOD, WILLIAM (1671–1730), ironmaster, of Wolverhampton, born on 31 July 1671, is stated to have owned large copper and iron works in the west of England, and to have had a lease of mines upon crown properties in thirty-nine counties of England and Wales. He was also one of the first founders in England seriously to endeavour to manufacture iron with pit coal. His industry was prosperous, and from 1692 to 1713 he resided at the Deanery, Wolverhampton.

In a letter dated Kensington, 16 June 1722, George I commanded that an indenture should be prepared between the king and William Wood, by which Wood was to have the sole privilege and license for fourteen years to coin halfpence and farthings to be uttered and disposed of in Ireland and not elsewhere. It was provided that the quantity coined during the fourteen years should not exceed 360 tons of copper (or in value 100,800l.), the said coins to be of good, pure, and merchantable copper, and approximately of equal weight and size, in order that they might pass as current money. Wood consented to pay the king's clerk or comptroller of the coinage 200l. yearly, and 100l. per annum into the king's exchequer. The patent was passed by the commons on 22 July without any reference having been made either to the Irish privy council or to the lord lieutenant. It was subsequently revealed that the patent had been put up to auction by the king's foreign mistress, the Duchess of Kendal, and had been secured by Wood for a cash payment of 10,000l., in addition to douceurs to the entourage of the duchess. The minting was commenced in January 1722–3, or perhaps before that date, in Phœnix Street, Seven Dials (Freeholders' Journal, 23 Jan. 1723), the coinage being conveyed thence to Bristol and stored there, preparatory to


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 {|
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" width="40px" | 189. || align="right" width="40px" | 1843. || A Catalogue of British Fossils, p. 74.
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 185. || align="right" | 1854. || Ibid., 2d ed. pp. 108, 110, 114.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 186. || align="right" | 1840. || Beiträge zur Petrefacten-Kunde. Bayreuth, Heft III, p. 26, t. I, fig. 9.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 187. || align="right" | 1910. || On the Sequence of Strata within Southern Gotland. Geol. Fören. Förhandl., Bd. XXXII, H. 5, Maj.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 188. || align="right" | 1839. || Silurian System. Notes by Agassiz, Chapter XLV, p. 605, figs. 4–6.
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 189. || align="right" | 1847. || On the Silurian and Associated Rocks in Dalecarlia, and on the Succession from Lower to Upper Silurian in Smoland, Oland, and Gothland, and in Scania. Q. J. G. S., Vol. III, pp. 1–466, 1 pl.
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 190. || align="right" | 1856. || The Discovery of Fossils in the Uppermost Silurian Rocks near Lesmahago in Scotland, with Observations on the Relations of the Palaeozoic Strata in that Part of Lanarkshire. Q. J. G. S., Vol. XII, pp. 15–25.
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 191. || align="right" | 1859. || On the Succession of the Older rocks in the Northernmost Counties of Scotland, with Some Observations on the Orkney and Shetland Islands. Description of Estheria murchisonia by T. Rupert Jones. pp. 404–406, figs. 14c, d.
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 192. || align="right" | 1859. || On the Sandstones of Morayshire (Elgin, etc.) containing Reptilian Remains, and on their Relations to the Old Red Sandstone of that Country. Ibid., pp. 419–439.
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 193. || align="right" | 1867. || Siluria, 4th ed. pp. 160, 237–240.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 194. || align="right" | 1891. || Deep Sea Deposits. In "Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during years 1873–1876," London.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 195. || align="right" | 1901. || The Geological Relations and the Age of the St. Joseph and Potosi Limestones of St. François County, Missouri, A. J. S., 4th ser. Vol. XII, pp. 358–361.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 196. || align="right" | 1889. || Manual of Palæontology, 3d edition, p. 551.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 197. || align="right" | 1858. || Der Eurypterus remipes aus den obersilurischen Schichten der Insel Oesel. Archiv für d. Naturk. Liv-, Ehst-, und Kurlands, Bd. II, pp. 299–344, t. I, II.
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 198. || align="right" | 1858. || Zusätze zur Monographie der Trilobiten der Ostseeprovinzen, nebst der Beschreibung einiger neuen obersilurischen Crustaceen. Loc. cit. I ser., Bd. II, pp. 345–384, pl. II, figs. 12, 13, 14.
 * - valign="top"
 * colspan="3" |
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 199. || align="right" | 1913. || Summary of the Distribution and Occurrence of Eurypterids. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., Vol. 24, pp. 499–515.
 * - valign="top"
 * align="right" | 200. || align="right" | 1914. || Description of Some New Siluric Gastropods. Bull. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., Vol. XI, No. 1, pp. 93–101, plate, figs. 1–6.
 * }


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 being shipped to various Irish ports (cf., Memoirs of Bristol, ii. 75). Seventeen thousand pounds' worth of coin was thus uttered during 1722–3. It was better coin than had been minted by former patentees under Charles II and William and Mary, and a small currency was greatly in demand throughout Ireland. On the other hand, the amount ordered to be coined was greatly in excess of what was needed. Though the workmanship was good, the quality of the coin was poor (30d. being coined out of the same amount of copper as 23d. in England), and the measure involved a tax upon the country of between six and seven thousand pounds a year. The circumstances under which the patent had been granted were held by a section of popular opinion in Dublin to be dishonouring to the nation, and a great clamour was raised, in response to which the Irish House of Commons on 13 Sept. 1723 resolved in committee that the patent was a source of danger to the country, and that ‘W. Wood was guilty of a most notorious fraud in his coining.’ Wood published an injudicious reply in the ‘Flying Post’ on 8 Oct. 1723, and subsequently fanned the popular indignation by the foolish boast that with Walpole's help he would cram the brass down the throats of the Irish, whether they liked it or not. The appearance in April 1724 of the first of Swift's twopenny tracts, called ‘The Drapier's Letters,’ was the signal for a storm of satire and recrimination directed nominally against William Wood. The government of Walpole, after a brief attempt at temporising, gave way before the feeling aroused, and Wood's patent was surrendered in August 1725. A similar fate awaited the patent which Wood had obtained in 1722 to strike halfpence, pence, and twopences for the English colonies in America. The coins under this patent, made of composition called ‘Wood's metal’ or ‘Bath metal,’ and known as the Rosa Americana coinage, only bear the dates 1722 and 1723. These coins, good sets of which now realise 3l., were originally minted at the French Change in Hogg Lane, Seven Dials. By way of compensation for the loss of his patents Wood was granted a pension of 3,000l. a year for eight years. He enjoyed this for three years only, dying in London on 2 Aug. 1730 (Hist. Reg. Chron. Diary, p. 53). He married Mary (Molyneux) of Witton Hall, Staffordshire. On 22 Aug. 1724 John and Daniel Molyneux of Meath Street and Essex Street, Dublin, ironmongers, found it expedient to make a public declaration to the effect that they were in no way concerned with William Wood or his patent (, Works, ed. Scott, vi. 427 n.)

Half a dozen prose squibs against Wood and twice as many in verse are included in Scott's edition of Swift (vols. vii. and xii.). Some of the latter, such as ‘A Full and True Account of the Solemn Procession to the Gallows and the Execution of William Wood, Esquire and Hardware Man,’ or ‘Wood: the Insect,’ or ‘A Serious Poem upon William Wood, Brazier, Tinker, Hardware Man, Coiner, Counterfeiter, Founder, and Esquire,’ may possibly have been written by Swift. A few echoes of the pamphlet-war were heard in England, the parliamentary Jacobite party being responsible for ‘Tyburns Courteous Invitation to W. Wood,’ 1725, and one or two squibs upon Lady Kendal's connection with the affair. An engraving called ‘Wood's Half-pence,’ printed at Dublin in 1724, represents a cart laden with coins in sacks, and dragged by a group of devils, who are lashed by men armed with whips. Tied to the tail of the car is Poverty weeping.

Wood's coinage is figured in Ruding's ‘Annals of the Coinage,’ and in Simon's ‘Essays on Irish Coins,’ 1810, plate vii. There are two varieties of the halfpenny: on some dated 1722 Hibernia holds the harp with both hands; on others of 1722–4 she rests her left arm upon the harp. The farthings resemble the second variety.

[Mason's Hist. of St. Patrick's, Dublin, pp. 330 sq.; Simon's Essay on Irish Coins, 1810, pp. 70 sq.; Ruding's Annals of the Coinage, ii. 68 sq.; Thorburn's Coins of Great Britain and Ireland, ed. Grueber, 1898, pp. 225, 244; Crosby's Early Coins of America, 1875, pp. 145–66; Timmins's Industrial Hist. of Birmingham, p. 240; Anderson's Commerce, iii. 124; Hist. Reg. 1724, pp. 132, 243 sq.; A Defence of the Conduct of the Irish People, 1724; Coxe's Life of Sir R. Walpole, chap. xxvi.; Boulter's Letters, i. 4, 11; The Drapier Demolished, 1724; Letters of Swift, ed. G. Birkbeck Hill, 1899; Craik's Life of Swift, pp. 342, 534; Scott's Life of Swift, p. 285; Lecky's Hist. ii. 425; Mahon's Hist. of England in the Eighteenth Century; Notes and Queries, 5th ser. iv. 47, 6th ser. xii. 8; Wheatley and Cunningham's London, iii. 82; Cat. of Satirical Prints in the Brit. Mus. (vol. i. No. 1749); Brit. Mus. Cat.]

WOOD, WILLIAM (1745–1808), botanist and nonconformist minister, son of Benjamin Wood, a member of the Christian Society at Northampton, was born on 29 May 1745 (O.S.) at Collingtree, near Northampton. He was educated under Stephen Addington [q. v.] at Market Harborough, going thence at the age of sixteen to David Jen-


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 nings's academy in London to be trained for the ministry [see ]. After ordination he began his public services at Debenham, Suffolk, on 6 July 1766. The remainder of that year and part of the next he spent near London, but in September he settled at Stamford, Lincolnshire. He removed thence to Ipswich in November 1770, where he remained till the close of 1772. On 30 May 1773 he succeeded [q. v.] at the Mill Hill Chapel, Leeds, an appointment which he retained till his death.

In 1785 he began a series of lectures for the young, which, delivered once a fortnight, lasted for several years. These embraced a wide range of subjects; but he had paid much attention to natural history, especially botany, and became a fellow of the Linnean Society of London in 1791. He contributed the botanical articles to Abraham Rees's ‘Cyclopædia’ from B to C, and articles to James Sowerby's ‘English Botany’ (Nos. 57–775), as well as to the second edition of William Withering's ‘Botanical Arrangement of the Vegetables in Great Britain,’ while he furnished some articles on natural history to the ‘Annual Review,’ and a short account of Leeds to Aikin's ‘History of Manchester.’ He died at Leeds on 1 April 1808. He married, in 1780, Louisa Ann, second daughter of George Oates of Low Hall, near Leeds, by whom he had four children.

In addition to some published sermons he was author of:
 * 1) ‘An Abridgment of Dr. Watts's Psalms and Hymns’ (written with B. Carpenter), [1780?], 8vo.
 * 2) ‘A brief Enquiry concerning the Dignity of the Ordinance of the Lord's Supper,’ Leeds, 1790, 8vo.
 * 3) ‘Forms of Prayer’ (for his congregation at Leeds), Leeds, 1801, 12mo.

WOOD, WILLIAM (1774–1857), zoologist and surgeon, was born in Kendal in 1774, and educated for the medical profession at St. Bartholomew's Hospital under [q. v.] He began practice as a surgeon at Wingham, near Canterbury. Turning his attention early to natural history, he became a fellow of the Linnean Society of London in 1798, and in 1801 contributed a paper ‘On the Hinges of British Bivalve Shells’ to the ‘Transactions’ of that society. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1812. About 1801 he removed to London, where he practised till 1815, when he entered into business as a bookseller in the Strand, dealing chiefly in works on natural history. He quitted business in 1840 and went to reside at Ruislip, Middlesex, where he died on 26 May 1857, leaving a son (28 May according to Gent. Mag. 1857, ii. 101).

He was author of:
 * 1) ‘Zoography; or the Beauties of Nature displayed in select Descriptions from the Animal and Vegetable, with additions from the Mineral Kingdom … with plates … by W. Daniell,’ London, 1807–11, 3 vols. 8vo.
 * 2) ‘General Conchology,’ vol. i., London, 1815, 8vo; reissued with a new title-page, 1835.
 * 3) ‘Index Testaceologicus,’ London, 1818, 8vo; 2nd ed. with supplement and list of plates, 1828–9; new ed. revised by Sylvanus Hanley [1855–]1856.
 * 4) ‘Illustrations of the Linnean Genera of Insects,’ London, 1821, 2 vols. 12mo.
 * 5) ‘Catalogue … of the best Works on Natural History,’ London, 1824, 8vo; new ed. 1832.
 * 6) ‘Fossilia Hantoniensia [by D. Solander] … Reprinted with a list of the figures … by W. Wood,’ London, 1829, 4to.
 * 7) ‘A complete Illustration of the British Freshwater Fishes,’ 3 Nos., London [1840?], 8vo and 4to.
 * 8) ‘Index Entomologicus,’ London, [1833–]1839, 8vo; new ed. with supplement by  [q. v.], London, 1854, 8vo.

He edited Buffon's ‘Natural History,’ with a life of the author, London and York, 1812, 20 vols. 8vo. He also drew the figures for Hanley's ‘Illustrated … Catalogue of recent Bivalve Shells’ (1842), and helped to illustrate Charles Thorpe's ‘British Marine Conchology’ (1844).

WOOD, WILLIAM PAGE, (1801–1881), lord chancellor, the second son and fourth child of Sir  [q. v.], was born at his father's house in Falcon Square, London, on 29 Nov. 1801. Most of his early years were spent at the house of his grandmother (Mrs. Page) at Woodbridge in Suffolk, where for a time he attended the free school. From 1809 to 1812 he was at Dr. Lindsay's school at Bow in Essex, and in September 1812 he entered at Winchester. He was not on the foundation. He remained there till May 1818, when, in consequence of his joining in a ‘barring out,’ which the school authorities dignified by summoning the military to their assistance, he was compelled to leave in company with the other senior prefects. He then spent two years at Geneva, where he was placed in charge of Duvillard, professor of belles-lettres, and attended the university lectures. Through his father he was acquainted with


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Rh

The scientific expedition which sailed from San Francisco February 25 for tropical waters, as recorded in the March, met with disaster about thirty miles north of Magdalena Bay off Lower California, on the night of March 16, where the schooner was wrecked and deserted. Those comprising the party were A. W. Anthony (in command), H. B. Kaeding, Chase Littlejohn, R. H. Beck, R. C. McGregor, J. M. Gaylord, Geo. Spencer, Chas. Jones and Arthur Whitlock and the schooner carried a cargo of thirty tons of giant powder which was to be landed at Amapala, C. A. the first objective point of the expedition. Everything went smoothly until the night of the wreck; Mr. Beck was at the wheel about midnight, with the schooner running before a strong wind, when, without warning, it grounded on a sandy beach. At sunset the mainland was about fifty miles distant and the schooner's course was shaped to pass a certain promontory at fifteen miles to the seaward. No explanation for the wreck can be given further than the surmise that the schooner was caught by a strong current and carried shoreward. Almost all the specimens collected were lost, but most of the collecting outfits were saved.

The schooner was a total wreck and the absence of rocks alone prevented the ignition of the giant powder by the vessel pounding on the beach, for which the party was duly thankful. A cold and cheerless night was spent on the beach, with lamentable lack of raiment in some cases to face the cold wind and drifting sand. Mr. Beck tells of throwing everything possible overboard next day to drift in on the tide; finally several suits belonging to him were "hove overboard" but the tide had turned and they drifted out to sea! The party finally reached Magdalena, where the Mexican customs officials confiscated most of the salvage under various pretexts. The party later reached San Francisco by steamer. The expedition had just reached the tropics and Man-O'-War Birds and Caracaras had begun to appear. Duck Hawks and Ospreys were nesting on all the isolated islands and Mr. Beck relates the taking one morning by the party, on Natividad Island, of six sets of Falco peregrinus anatum. The nests were in small caves on the ground and on the tops of cliffs, quite unlike the difficult sites selected by the birds farther north. A number of fine negatives were lost. Sets of Xantus' Murrelet were taken on some of the islands.

Mr. Fred A. Schneider Jr. of College Park, Cal., one of the four promoters of the Cooper Ornithological Club in 1893, was united in marriage on April 26 to Miss Charlotte Phillips, formerly of College Park but later a resident of Seattle. Mr. Schneider was formerly among the most active of Californian ornithologists, but for several years past a course at Stanford University has precluded active work in ornithology. He has long taken a prominent role in the Stanford Glee Club and is a member of numerous college fraternities and other social organizations. AS a tennis player he has been ranked one of the champions of Santa Clara county. His pleasing manner has made for him a legion of friends who will wish him and his charming bride a full measure of life's joys. The marriage took place in Seattle and the couple will probably reside at College Park.

writes from Arizona: "While in camp about twenty-five miles below Bensou on the San Pedro River (March 25) I saw a pure albino Great Blue Heron. It was flying around in a flock of fifteen or so, and to all appearances was as white as snow. I tried a shot at it at long range with my .38 Winchester but never touched him. I think the birds will probably nest down there for there were fifteen or twenty roosting in the cottonwood trees."

of Santa Clara County was addressed at San. Jose on April 1 by W. Otto Emerson of Haywards on "Economic Ornithology." Mr. Emerson gave an excellent hard-sense talk which was illustrated with numerous bird skins and charts showing the structure of the bills of various species. Such lectures are of inestimable benefit to both the fruit-growers and the birds themselves, and a practical illustration of how the gospel of bird protection should and can be spread.

of San Jose will depart early in June for the Sierras of Plumas and Modoc counties, where he will spend several months working up the birds and mammals of this interesting corner of California. He will visit the Goose Lake region during his trip.

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 numbers of men of eminence of the whig and radical parties, and in 1817 had seen in Paris many of the chief liberal politicians. He had already read much, and at Geneva he acquired a good conversational knowledge of French and Italian and went into university society. In 1820 he returned to England in the train of Queen Caroline, whose cause was vigorously championed by his father at the time, and afterwards spent the summer months in Italy with Chevalier Vasselli, collecting evidence for the queen's case. When he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in October, he was accordingly much more cultivated and much better informed than most undergraduates of his years, but his college career was hampered by ill-health. In 1821 he won the second college declamation prize with an essay in favour of the Revolution of 1688, and in 1822 was elected to a scholarship; but he came out only twenty-fourth wrangler in January 1824, and had to retire from the final classical examination altogether. In October of that year he was elected to a fellowship, though his election was nearly vetoed by dissentients who supposed him to hold his father's radical opinions, and remembered his prize essay of 1821.

From the time when, as sheriff of London, his father had taken him to the Old Bailey sessions, his ambition had turned towards a legal career. In Trinity term 1824 he entered Lincoln's Inn, proposed and seconded by Brougham and Denman, and he read law in the chamber of Roupell. The winter of 1825 he spent with pupils in the south of Europe, and, after studying conveyancing under John Tyrrell in 1826, he was called to the bar on 27 Nov. 1827, and started practice at 3 Old Square, Lincoln's Inn. He soon obtained business, and his first speech in court was delivered before the House of Lords in Westmeath v. Westmeath. He was much employed in railway work before parliamentary committees from 1828 to 1841, as well as in the chancery courts, and it was out of one of his cases that the clause since known as the ‘Wharncliffe clause’ originated. In 1841 he gave up parliamentary work, and was rewarded by a very large and immediate increase in his chancery practice. He became a queen's counsel in February 1845.

By this time his pecuniary position and prospects were excellent. His father had inherited a large fortune, and his own savings from professional earnings were enough to make him independent of practice. As early as 1829 he was earning 1,000l. a year, and had become engaged to Charlotte, daughter of Major Edward Moor [q. v.]; they were married on 5 Jan. 1830, and lived in Dean's Yard, Westminster, till 1844. As a queen's counsel prospects opened to Wood, which made him adhere to his profession, and he attached himself to the court of Vice-chancellor Sir James Wigram [q. v.] He was a strong high-churchman and an advanced liberal, and, entering parliament for Oxford in 1847, spoke principally on ecclesiastical topics, such as church rates, the ecclesiastical commission, the deceased wife's sister bill, and the admission of Jews to parliament. In 1850 he obtained a committee on the oaths question, of which he was chairman; and it was he who moved that Baron Rothschild be permitted to take his seat in July 1850 [see ]. He also spoke and voted in favour of the ballot and household suffrage and against the game laws. In May 1849 he accepted from Lord Campbell, chancellor of the duchy, the vice-chancellorship of the county palatine of Lancaster, then a sinecure worth 600l. a year, but only on condition that his court should be reformed and be made an actual working tribunal. An act was accordingly passed for this purpose, and he held the office for two years. In 1851 he was a member of the commission on the court of chancery, and prepared several bills for the purpose of improving chancery procedure, which ultimately were passed. In the same year he was appointed solicitor-general in Lord John Russell's administration and was knighted. A vice-chancellorship was offered to him shortly afterwards, which he was inclined to accept, as the strain of office, particularly during the passing of the ecclesiastical titles bill, which he heartily supported, told heavily upon his health; but at Lord John Russell's request he refused the offer and held on. The ministry went out in February 1852, but in December, when forming his administration, Lord Aberdeen offered Wood the solicitor-generalship again, or the vice-chancellorship vacated by Sir George James Turner [q. v.], who was made lord justice in succession to the newly appointed lord chancellor Robert Monsey Rolfe, first baron Cranworth [q. v.] The latter was accepted, and Wood was sworn in before the commencement of Hilary term 1853. For the next fifteen years he was an active chancery judge. His practice, only once departed from, was to deliver oral judgments only, and, thus delivered, they were occasionally ill-arranged and fragmentary. On this habit Lord Campbell, when lord chancellor, chose to animadvert severely in December 1860 in his judgment in Burch v. Bright on appeal


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. Born in Newark, New Jersey, 15 August, 1890. Received pre-collegiate education during fifteen years' attendance at the Ethical Culture School, New York City, graduated therefrom in 1908.

Entered Barnard College in 1908; specialized in geology and mathematics. Received B. A.degree in 1911.

In 1911 entered upon graduate work in the Department of Geology, Columbia University, where for five years she has been trained primarily in methods of research in palæontology and stratigraphy under Professor Grabau; general work in other branches of geology has also been pursued under Professors Kemp, Berkey, and Johnson; in mineralogy under Professor Moses; and in zoölogy under Professor R. Osborn. Received M.A. degree in 1912.

Honors and Prizes Received. Undergraduate honors in mathematics 1910, 1911, 1912, in geology 1911; general honors in 1910, 1911. The present paper awarded the Walker first prize by the Boston Society of Natural History, May 1914. Curtis scholar in Geology, 1912–13.


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 Positions held. 1911–1915: part time research assistant for Michigan Geological Survey under Professor Grabau; 1912, 1913, research and editorial assistant on the Principles of Stratigraphy; summers of 1912, 1913, assistant and of 1914, instructor in geology, Columbia University Summer School; 1913–1914 visiting lecturer in geology, Adelphi College, Brooklyn, New York; 1914–1916, Curator in Palæontology pro tem, Columbia University.

Membership in Scientific Societies. Phi Beta Kappa; Sigma Xi; New York Academy of Sciences (Associate); American Association for the Advancement of Science; National Geographic Society; Palæontological Society of America.

Papers Previously Published:


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 whole attention to the organisation and development of large educational schemes. In 1862 he settled at Martyn Lodge, Henfield, which was his home until his death.

In working out his plans his ideas expanded, and a society was founded in 1848 to carry them out. It was stated that its purpose was to extend ‘education among the middle classes of her majesty's dominions, and especially among the poorer members of those classes, in the doctrines and principles of the church now established … by means of colleges and schools established, and to be established, in various places,’ with the permission of the diocesans and under the direction of clergymen and laymen in communion with the church. The colleges or schools were to be of three grades or classes: ‘the first for the sons of clergymen and other gentlemen; the second for the sons of substantial tradesmen, farmers, clerks, and others of similar situation; and the third for sons of petty shopkeepers, skilled mechanics, and other persons of very small means, who have at present no opportunity of procuring for their children better instruction than is given in parochial and other primary schools; the charges in all the schools shall be on as moderate a scale as the means of the society will allow; and particularly the maximum charges of schools of the third class shall be so fixed that the boys in such last-mentioned schools shall be boarded and educated for a sum very little (if at all) exceeding what it would cost their parents to provide them with food at home.’

The first school founded for the middle classes by the Woodard Society was St. John's, Hurstpierpoint. The corner-stone was laid in 1851, and it was opened in 1853. The first stone of the chapel was laid in 1861. Over 50,000l. was expended on the handsome buildings, which were designed to accommodate three hundred boys.

The second school was St. Nicolas, Lancing, where 250 acres were secured in the parish of Lancing and the first stone of the central buildings laid on 21 March 1854 by the founder. The first stone of the chapel was laid by Bishop Gilbert in 1868. The buildings form an imposing pile.

In 1869 Woodard published ‘The Scheme of Education of St. Nicolas College,’ in a letter to the Marquis of Salisbury. Woodard now proposed that there should be five centres of education for east, west, north, south, and the midlands; that each centre should be endowed with funds to support a provost and twelve senior fellows, who should give their whole time to carrying forward the work of education in the several districts; that twelve non-resident fellows should be elected from the gentlemen in the district, and be associated with the senior fellows. In accordance with these proposals a society of St. Nicolas Lancing was founded for the south district. Its educational establishments consisted at first of the two foundations of St. John's, Hurstpierpoint, and St. Nicolas, Lancing. To these additions were subsequently made. St. Saviour's school, Ardingly, for the lower middle class, which had been begun at Shoreham, was removed in 1870 to Ardingly, where buildings were erected to accommodate five hundred boys, on a property of five hundred acres. All Saints' school, Bloxham, Oxfordshire, which was founded in 1860 by the Rev. P. Reginald Egerton, and cost over 25,000l., was handed over by him, with its fine buildings, to the corporation of St. Nicolas College in 1896. Under the same society's auspices St. Michael's school for girls was established at Bognor in 1894.

The second divisional society, founded by Woodard on the model of that of St. Nicolas, was St. Mary's and St. John's of Lichfield for the midlands. A provost and body of fellows were appointed in 1873. They established St. Chad's, Denstone, for 320 boys of the middle class. The buildings, to the cost of which Sir Percival Heywood contributed munificently, were opened by Bishop Selwyn in 1873, and the chapel in 1879. The cost exceeded 70,000l. St. Oswald's, Ellesmere, and St. Cuthbert's, Worksop, were lower middle schools for those of narrow means. The first, with buildings for 190 boys, was opened in 1884 at a cost of 30,000l.; the second, with buildings costing 20,000l., for two hundred boys, on a site presented by the Duke of Newcastle, was opened in 1895. St. Anne's, Abbot's Bromley, a boarding school for a hundred girls, with day pupils, was commenced in 1873. St. Mary's, Abbot's Bromley, and St. Winifred's, Bangor, were lower middle schools for girls, boarders, and day pupils. The first was commenced in 1882, and new buildings were opened in 1893 at a cost of 4,000l.; the second was commenced in 1887. St. Augustine's, Dewsbury, a grammar school for two hundred boys, was opened in 1884.

A divisional society for the west, St. Mary's and St. Andrew's of Wells, was formed, with a provost, in 1897. King Alfred's College, Taunton, which had previously been purchased by Woodard in 1880, and carried on as a middle-grade school, was placed in 1897 under the government of the new divisional society as a school for those of narrow means, with accommodation for two hundred boys.

More than half a million has been raised


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Author:Marjorie O'Connell

Works

 * Distribution and Occurrence of the Eurypterids. In: Amadeus W. Grabau: Early Paleozoic delta deposits of North America. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, Vol. XXIV, 1913, pp. 499–515
 * Revision of the Genus Zaphrentis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. XXIII, 1914, pp. 177–192
 * Description of Some New Siluric Gastropods. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Vol. XI, 1914, pp. 93–103, 1 pl.
 * The Habitat of the Eurypterida. [Baltimore, The Waverly press, 1916]. Reprinted from The Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Vol. XI, No. 3, pp. 1–278, Buffalo, N. Y., 1916
 * Orthogenetic Development of the Costæ in the Perisphinctinæ. The American Journal of Science, Fourth series, Vol. XLVIII, No. 288, pp. 450–460
 * The Schrammen Collection of Cretaceous Silicispongiæ in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Volume XLI, 1919 ,
 * (with Barnum Brown): Correlation of the Jurassic Formations of Western Cuba. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 1922, 33: 639-664

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 Valadon, & Co., are modifications of Woodburytype. He also invented a method of water-marking, to which he gave the name ‘filigrane.’ A subscription was started among photographers in March 1885 to enable him to develop his stannotype process. The prospect of wealth unsettled the inventor, and he moved restlessly from Craven Cottage on the Thames to Croydon, and then to Brighton; he died suddenly at Margate, from the effects of an overdose of laudanum, on 5 Sept. 1885. He was buried on 12 Sept. in Abney Park cemetery, his grave being near that of two other photographic pioneers, George Wharton Simpson and Henry Baden Pritchard [see under ], both of whom had been intimate friends. He contributed a number of papers on optical lantern experiments to the ‘English Mechanic’ and to ‘Science at Home.’

[Harrison's Hist. of Photography, 1888, pp. 112, 135 (with portrait); Photographic News, 11 Sept. 1885 (portrait); British Journal of Photography, 18 Sept. 1885; Brothers's Photography, its History and Processes, 1892; Werge's Evolution of Photography, 1890, p. 82; Robottom's Travels in search of New Trade Products, 1893, pp. 113–20; Routledge's Discoveries and Inventions of the Nineteenth Century, 1891, pp. 536–9; Athenæum, 1885, ii. 407; Nature, 24 April 1873; Davanne's La Photographie, 1886–8, i. 37, 142, ii. 223, 239, 244, 313.]

WOODCOCK, MARTIN, alias (1603–1646), Franciscan martyr, born in 1603 at Clayton-le-Wood, Lancashire, appears to have belonged to the Lancashire families of Farington or Woodcock, though it is not clear which was his real name, nor has his parentage been traced. He was educated first at St. Omer and then at Rome. He began his novitiate with the Capucins of Paris, but left within a year and was admitted among the Franciscans at Douai in 1631, and was professed in 1632. Towards the end of 1643 he was sent on the English mission, and landed at Newcastle, but was seized almost immediately while on a visit to his relatives in Lancashire. After more than two years' imprisonment he was tried at Lancaster in August 1646, condemned on his confession of being a Roman catholic priest, and executed at Lancaster on the 7th. Granger mentions a small quarto portrait of Woodcock (Biogr. Hist. ii. 207).

[Certamen Seraph. Provinciæ Angliæ, Douai, 1649, 4to; Dodd's Church Hist. iii. 109; Baines's Lancashire, iv. 802.]

WOODCROFT, BENNET (1803–1879), clerk to the commissioners of patents, born at Heaton-Norris, Lancashire, on 29 Dec. 1803, was the son of John Woodcroft, merchant and silk and muslin manufacturer, who carried on business at Manchester and Salford. His mother, named Boocock, came of a Sheffield family. At an early age he learnt weaving at Failsworth, a village about four miles from Manchester, subsequently studying chemistry under John Dalton (1766–1844) [q. v.], and becoming a partner in his father's business about 1828. In 1826 he took out a patent for propelling boats, and in 1827 he patented an invention, of great commercial value, for a method of printing yarns before being woven. These were succeeded by his ingenious increasing-pitch-screw propeller, 1832; improved methods of printing certain colours in calico and other fabrics, 1836 and 1846; improved ‘tappets’ for looms, his most successful invention, 1838; and his varying-pitch screw propellers, 1844 and 1851. The pecuniary return of these patents was extremely small to the inventor, though several of the inventions were of considerable profit to others. During his residence at Manchester he became intimate with the eminent mechanicians of the town, including (Sir) Joseph Whitworth [q. v.], James Nasmyth [q. v.], Richard Roberts [q. v.], Eaton Hodgkinson [q. v.], and (Sir) William Fairbairn [q. v.] In 1841 he was in business as a patent tappet and jacquard manufacturer, and about 1843 started as a consulting engineer and patent agent, removing in 1846 to London, where he carried on the same business at No. 1 Furnival's Inn. He was appointed in April 1847 as professor of machinery at University College, London, and held the post until July 1851, though without conspicuous success. Upon the passing of the Patent Law Amendment Act of 1852 he was chosen for the post of superintendent of specifications, and on 1 Aug. 1864 was appointed clerk to the commissioners of patents, with sole charge of the department. His administration was marked by remarkable ability and liberality, and he may be said to have originated and carried out the whole existing system. In the space of five years he printed and published the whole of the specifications from 1617 to 1852–14,359 in number. Copies of these, and the current specifications, together with his elaborate indexes and other publications, including an admirable series of classified abridgments of specifications with historical introductions, were presented to every considerable town in the country, as well as to many


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 foreign and colonial libraries. Among his official publications were a valuable ‘Appendix to the Specifications of English Patents for Reaping Machines,’ 1853; and a series of reprints of scarce pamphlets descriptive of early patented inventions, 1858–72. He was mainly instrumental in starting the Patent Office Library, opened in March 1855, and now become one of the best technical libraries in the country, and of the Patent Office Museum, opened in June 1857. Incorporated in the museum is a large collection of portraits of inventors and discoverers, of which Woodcroft began the formation soon after his appointment. His personal contributions to the museum and library were numerous, and show the great interest he took in the history of inventions. He was the means of rescuing from oblivion the first marine steam engine ever made, that invented by (1763–1831) [q. v.] He retired from the public service on 31 March 1876. He was a member of the Society of Arts from 1845 to 1858, and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1859. He died at his house in Redcliffe Gardens, South Kensington, on 7 Feb. 1879, and was buried at Brompton cemetery. He left a widow but no children.

His non-official publications were:
 * 1) ‘A Sketch of the Origin and Progress of Steam Navigation,’ 1848, 4to, which appeared afterwards as a paper on ‘Steam Navigation’ in the ‘Transactions of the Society of Arts,’ 1852.
 * 2) ‘The Pneumatics of Hero of Alexandria, translated (by J. G. Greenwood) for, and edited by, B. Woodcroft,’ 1851.
 * 3) ‘Amendment of the Law and Practice of Letters Patent for Invention,’ 1851.
 * 4) ‘Brief Biographies of Inventors of Machines for the Manufacture of Textile Fabrics,’ 1863, 12mo, originally published in 1862 by Messrs. Agnew of Manchester as the text to a series of portraits of inventors.

WOODD, BASIL (1760–1831), hymn-writer, born at Richmond in Surrey on 5 Aug. 1760, was the only son of Basil Woodd (1730–1760) of that town, by his wife Hannah (d. 12 Nov. 1784), daughter of William Price of Richmond. He was educated by Thomas Clarke, rector of Chesham Bois in Buckinghamshire, and matriculated from Trinity College, Oxford, on 7 May 1778, graduating B.A. in February 1782 and M.A. in 1785. On 16 March 1783 he was ordained deacon, and in 1784 priest. On 10 Aug. 1784 he was chosen lecturer of St. Peter's, Cornhill, a post which he retained until 1808. In February 1785 he was appointed morning preacher at Bentinck Chapel, Marylebone, and soon after entering on his duties established evening preaching, an innovation which at first provoked opposition and afterwards imitation. Bentinck being a proprietary chapel, he purchased the lease in 1793. On 5 April 1808 he was instituted rector of Drayton Beauchamp in Buckinghamshire.

Woodd exerted himself successfully in establishing schools. Under his superintendence at least three thousand children passed through the schools connected with Bentinck Chapel. He was an active member of many religious societies, including the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, the Church Missionary Society, and the British and Foreign Bible Society. He died at Paddington Green, near London, on 12 April 1831. He was twice married: first, on 8 Feb. 1785, to Ann (d. 23 April 1791), daughter of Colonel Wood (d. 1775); and, secondly, on 3 July 1792, to Sophia Sarah (d. 15 Aug. 1829), daughter of William Jupp of Wandsworth, an architect. By his first wife he had a son, Basil Owen (d. 1811), and two daughters—Anne Louisa (d. 1824), married to John Mortlock; and Anna Sophia (d. 1817), married to Thomas Cahusac—and by his second wife two sons and a daughter.

Woodd was the author of many publications, among which may be mentioned: A few of Woodd's hymns are still in common use, the best known being ‘Hail, Thou Source of every Blessing.’
 * 1) ‘Memoirs of Mrs. Hannah Woodd’ [his mother], London, 1793, 8vo; republished in 1815 in George Jerment's edition of Thomas Gibbons's ‘Memoirs of Eminently Pious Women.’
 * 2) ‘The Duties of the Married State,’ London, 1807, 12mo.
 * 3) ‘A New Metrical Version of the Psalms of David, with an Appendice of Select Psalms and Hymns,’ London, 1821, 12mo; 2nd edit. 1822.

WOODDESON, RICHARD (1745–1822), jurist, was born at Kingston-on-Thames on 15 May 1745. His father,


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(1704–1774), divine, baptised at Findon in Sussex on 21 Jan. 1703–4, was the son of Richard Wooddeson (d. 1726), vicar of Findon, by his wife Dorothy. He was a chorister at Magdalen College, Oxford, from 1712 to 1722, and a clerk from 1722 to 1725, matriculating from Magdalen College on 20 March 1718–19, and graduating B.A. on 16 Oct. 1722 and M.A. on 6 July 1725. From 1725 to 1728 he filled the office of chaplain, and soon after became a school assistant at Reading. In 1732 or 1733 he was chosen master of the free school at Kingston, where he continued until 1772, with a great reputation as a teacher. Among his scholars were Edward Lovibond [q. v.], George Steevens [q. v.], George Keate [q. v.], Edward Gibbon [q. v.], William Hayley [q. v.], Francis Maseres [q. v.], George Hardinge [q. v.], and Gilbert Wakefield [q. v.] Infirmity compelled him to resign his post in 1772, when he removed to Chelsea. He died ‘near Westminster Abbey’ on 15 Feb. 1774. He was the author of a Latin metrical prosody, a few single sermons, and some poetical pieces. Lovibond's ‘Poems on Several Occasions’ (1785) were dedicated to Wooddeson, and contained verses addressed to him (Gent. Mag. 1774 p. 95, 1823 i. 225;, Reg. of Magdalen Coll. i. 136–43, ii. 88, 173; , Memoirs, 1804, i. 42–51; , Personal and Literary Memoirs, 1829, pp. 77–8; , Autobiographies, ed. Murray, 1896, pp. 43, 114, 221).

His only son, Richard, was educated at his father's school, and matriculated from Pembroke College, Oxford, on 29 May 1759. He was elected to a demyship at Magdalen College in 1759, graduating B.A. on 28 Jan. 1763, M.A. on 10 Oct. 1765, and D.C.L. on 31 May 1777. In 1772 he exchanged his demyship for a fellowship, which he held till his death. In 1766 he was elected to a Vinerian scholarship in common law, and he was called to the bar in 1767 by the society of the Middle Temple, who elected him a bencher in 1799. After acting for three years as deputy Vinerian professor, he was elected a Vinerian fellow in 1776, and served as proctor in the same year. On 4 March 1777 he was elected university lecturer on moral philosophy, and on 24 April, on the resignation of (Sir) Robert Chambers [q. v.], he was elected Vinerian professor, narrowly defeating (Sir) Giles Rooke [q. v.], who was also a candidate. During his sixteen years' tenure of office he published two legal works of some value. The first, which appeared in 1783, was entitled ‘Elements of Jurisprudence treated of in the preliminary Part of a Course of Lectures on the Laws of England’ (London, 4to; new edit. Dublin, 1792, 8vo). The second, published in 1792 and 1793, was ‘A Systematical View of the Laws of England’ (London, 3 vols. 8vo; Dublin, 1792–4, 3 vols. 8vo). Originally delivered as a series of Vinerian lectures commencing in Michaelmas term 1777, and extending over a course of years, the latter work was an important contribution towards systematising English law. Although it was overshadowed by the literary merit of Blackstone's ‘Commentaries,’ it is probable that Wooddeson's ‘Systematical View’ is in many respects superior as a legal treatise. A second edition was edited by William Rosser Williams in 1839 (London, 3 vols. 12mo; Philadelphia, 1842, 1 vol. 8vo).

Wooddeson acted for many years as counsel for the university of Oxford and as a commissioner of bankrupts. He was of silent and retired habits, but in his youth was a frequenter of ‘honest Tom Payne's house’ at Mews Gate, where he met many well-known authors and patrons of literature [see, 1719–1799]. In 1808 a fire broke out in his house in Chancery Lane and destroyed his valuable library, chiefly composed of legal works. He died, unmarried, on 29 Oct. 1822 at his house in Boswell Court, Lincoln's Inn Fields, and was buried on 5 Nov. in the benchers' vault in the Temple church. He left 300l. to the university as a mark of gratitude for the use of the Clarendon Press, and 400l. to Magdalen College.

Besides the works mentioned, Wooddeson was the author of ‘A Brief Vindication of the Rights of the British Legislature, in Answer to some Positions advanced in a Pamphlet entitled “Thoughts on the English Government, Letter the Second”’ [see, 1752?–1829], London, 1799, 8vo. He also made collections for a work on tithes, but, finding his purpose hindered by ill-health, he requested (Sir) Samuel Toller [q. v.] to carry out the undertaking which he had planned.

[Gent. Mag. 1823, i. 181–3; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1715–1886; Nichols's Lit. Anecdotes, ii. 332, iii. 704, viii. 520; Nichols's Lit. Illustrations, iii. 9, 36; Bloxam's Magdalen Coll. Reg. vi. 321–4.]

WOODFALL, GEORGE (1767–1844), printer, son of Henry Sampson Woodfall [q. v.], was born in 1767, and was his father's partner in the printing business till December 1793, when the father retired. George afterwards removed to Angel Court, Snow Hill, where he carried on his father's business


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 by himself till 1840, when his eldest son, Henry Dick Woodfall, who was the fifth eminent printer of that name, became his partner. George Woodfall was esteemed as a typographer. A copy of the Bible from his press in 1804 is said to contain but one error. Dibdin styles him ‘the laborious and high-spirited typographical artist to whom we are indebted for the quarto reprints of our “Old Chronicles” and for the reprint of “Hakluyt's Voyages”’ (Bibliographical Decameron, ii. 406). When Queen Victoria dined at Guildhall on 9 Nov. 1837, being five months after her accession, she was presented with a quarto volume, ‘beautifully printed and illustrated by Mr. George Woodfall,’ containing the words of the music then sung. Two copies only were produced, the second being deposited among the city archives (, Encycl. of Printing, p. 952). Woodfall's eminence as a printer was recognised by his brethren; he was usually chosen chairman at the meetings of the London master-printers. In 1812 he was elected a stock-keeper of the Stationers' Company; in 1825 member of the court of assistants, and master of the company in 1833–4. He was re-elected stock-keeper in 1836, and in 1841 he was elected master for the second time. In 1823 he became a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and in 1824 of the Royal Society of Literature. He served on the general committee of the Royal Literary Fund from 1820 to 1828, and, on his resignation, was elected to the council, an office which he filled till his death, with the exception of the period between March 1835 and March 1838, when he was treasurer to the corporation. He was a commissioner for the lieutenancy of the city of London.

When König, the inventor of the steam printing-press, visited London in the autumn of 1806 in quest of the financial help which had been denied to him in Saxony, Austria, and Russia, he found a sympathetic listener in Thomas Bensley [q. v.], who requested his fellow-printers, Woodfall and Taylor, to join him in examining König's invention. Woodfall pronounced against it, little dreaming that its adoption in his own office would afterwards increase to an extraordinary extent the amount of printing executed within a given time. The work by which Woodfall is best known now, and upon which he prided himself, was an edition of Junius's ‘Letters’ in three volumes, published in 1812. Several years were occupied in compiling the work, for which John Mason Good [q. v.] wrote a preliminary essay and notes. John Taylor (1757–1832) [q. v.] went through the files of the ‘Public Advertiser’ at Woodfall's request, ‘in order to see if there were any works of Junius previous to his signature under that name’ (, Records of my Life, ii. 254). One hundred and forty letters were marked, and of these 113 were printed as being ‘by the same writer under other signatures.’ A few of them were authentic; but there was no other evidence for the others than the personal opinion of Woodfall and Taylor (Woodfall MSS. in Brit. Mus.). Woodfall has left it on record, on his father's authority, that Junius wrote the ‘Letters’ signed ‘Lucius,’ ‘Brutus,’ and ‘Atticus,’ and such testimony commands the same respect as his father's affirmation that, to his personal knowledge, ‘Francis did not write a line of Junius.’

Among Woodfall's manuscripts in the British Museum is a detailed review of John Jaques's ‘Junius and his Works,’ in which Woodfall combats the notion that Francis either did or could have written the letters with that signature. Many of Junius's letters in manuscript, which his father had preserved, passed to Woodfall, who printed the unpublished ones and added facsimiles of the handwriting. Woodfall left these papers to his son, Henry Dick Woodfall, from whom they passed, through Joseph Parkes [q. v.], to the British Museum. In notes of Woodfall's career, written by James Fenton, who was long a corrector for the press in the firm now represented by Messrs. Woodfall & Kinder, it is written: ‘Never, even to his son Henry Dick Woodfall, did he ever divulge the author of Junius's “Letters;” he said so in his will (which I saw at Doctors' Commons myself, J. Fenton).’ The only reference to Junius in the will, which is now in Somerset House, is the following: ‘And I also give to him [H. D. Woodfall] all my manuscript correspondence and letters, including those from the author of Junius.’ George Woodfall died on 22 Dec. 1844 at his house in Dean's Yard, Westminster.

[Ann. Reg. lxxxvi. 291; Timperley's Encycl. of Printing; Taylor's Records of my Life; Literary Gazette, 1844; and information supplied by Messrs. Woodfall & Kinder.]  WOODFALL, HENRY SAMPSON (1739–1805), printer and journalist, was born at the sign of the Rose and Crown in Little Britain on 21 June 1739. His father, Henry Woodfall, was printer of the ‘Public Advertiser’ in Paternoster Row, and master of the Stationers' Company in 1766, while at his death in 1769 he was a common councilman of many years' standing. He had been apprenticed to John Darby (d. 1730) of Bartholomew Close in 1701, and Darby and his wife were the subjects of his ballad, ‘Darby and Joan’ (first printed in ‘Gentleman's


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 Magazine’ for March 1735, p. 153, under the heading, ‘The Joys of Love never forgot. A Song’). He printed for Philip Francis (1708?–1773) [q. v.] in 1746 eight sheets of his translation of Horace (Notes and Queries, 1st ser. xii. 218).

Henry Sampson was taught the rudiments by his paternal grandfather, who made him so familiar with the Greek alphabet that he was able at the age of five to read a page of Homer in the original to Pope, who paid him a compliment and gave him half a crown as a reward (Gent. Mag. 1805, p. 1180). He was sent to a school at Twickenham, and made such progress in the classics that, when removed at eleven to St. Paul's school on 22 Nov. 1751, he was found to be qualified for the seventh form; but, owing to his juvenile looks, he was placed in the fifth. He left school in 1754, and was apprenticed to his father. At nineteen he was entrusted with the entire conduct of the ‘Public Advertiser;’ yet his name was first published as its printer in 1760. Till 1770 his corrector of the press was Alexander Cruden [q. v.], the author of a ‘Concordance to the Bible.’ One of Woodfall's correspondents was (Sir) Philip Francis [q. v.] They had been at St. Paul's together, and sat on the eighth or upper form for a year. The first of Francis's letters appeared on 2 Jan. 1767 with the signature ‘Lusitanicus.’ Others followed, with the signatures ‘Ulissipo Britannicus,’ ‘Britannicus,’ and ‘A Friend to Public Credit.’ For a letter with the last signature he received the thanks on 19 Aug. 1768 of ‘Atticus,’ who soon afterwards adopted the signature of ‘Junius;’ when ‘Junius’ had reviled and calumniated both the king and Lord Mansfield, Francis attacked him, signing his letters ‘Britannicus.’ Woodfall had no personal acquaintance with Junius. He affirmed, however, as his son George has recorded, that ‘to his certain knowledge, Francis never wrote a line of Junius’ (Manuscript in British Museum). He made the like statement to John Taylor (1757–1832) [q. v.], adding on one occasion when, at a dinner party it was suggested that Junius was dead, ‘I hope and trust he is not dead, as I think he would have left me a legacy; for, though I derived much honour from his preference, I suffered much by the freedom of his pen’ (, Records of my Life, ii. 253). He was prosecuted by the crown for libel after Junius's letter to the king had appeared in the ‘Public Advertiser;’ the result of the trial on 13 June 1770 was a verdict of ‘printing and publishing only,’ being tantamount to an acquittal.

On 22 Jan. 1772 the following paragraph appeared in the ‘Public Advertiser:’ ‘The compleat edition of the letters of Junius, with a Dedication to the people of England, a Preface, Annotation, and Corrections by the Author, is now in the Press, and nearly ready for publication.’ On 2 March it was announced that the work would appear ‘tomorrow at noon, price half a guinea, in two volumes, sewed,’ and on 3 March the publication took place. In the same year Woodfall was an unsuccessful candidate for a paid office in the city. He might have succeeded his father in the common council, but he declined the offer, saying that his duty was ‘to record great actions, not to perform them’ (, Lit. Anecd. i. 301). In 1779 he was prosecuted in the court of king's bench for printing and publishing a handbill, in which satisfaction was expressed at the acquittal of Admiral Keppel, and sentenced to pay a fine of 5s. 8d. and to be imprisoned for twelve months in Newgate. In 1784 Burke brought an action for libel against Woodfall, laying his damages at 10,000l. He obtained a verdict and 100l. Woodfall used to say in later years ‘that he had been fined by the House of Lords; confined by the House of Commons; fined and confined by the court of king's bench, and indicted at the Old Bailey’ (, Lit. Anecd. i. 301).

In November 1793 Woodfall disposed of his interest in the ‘Public Advertiser;’ he retired from business in the following month, when his office at the corner of Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row, had been burnt down. The newspaper died two years after he had ceased to edit and print it. His policy as editor was thus expressed by himself on 2 Sept. 1769: ‘The printer looks on himself only as a purveyor … and the “Public Advertiser” is, in short, what its correspondents please to make it.’ He took credit for not paying these correspondents, and also for refusing money to keep out of his columns anything which, though displeasing to an individual, he held to be of public interest. He set his face against all forms of indecency, refusing to print the verses entitled ‘Harry and Nan’ sent to him on 14 March 1768; but he preserved the manuscript, which is in the handwriting of Junius. His editorial supervision was extended to Junius's prose. He printed the following among the ‘Answers to Correspondents’ in the impression for 12 Aug. 1771: ‘Philo-Junius is really not written sufficiently correct for the public eye.’ The letters thus signed were acknowledged as his own by Junius himself, both in the ‘Public Advertiser’ for 20 Oct. 1771 and in the preface to the collected edition.

Woodfall was master of the Stationers' Company in 1797. The last twelve years of


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 his life were passed in Chelsea, where he died on 12 Dec. 1805, and was buried in the churchyard. The tombstone placed over his grave was removed to make room for the Miller obelisk (, Memorials of Old Chelsea, p. 378); the inscription on it is preserved in Nichols's ‘Anecdotes’ (i. 302).

[Private information from Messrs. Woodfall & Kinder; the file of the Public Advertiser; Timperley's Encyclopædia of Printing; Memoirs of Sir Philip Francis.]  WOODFALL, WILLIAM (1746–1803), parliamentary reporter and dramatic critic, born in 1746, was the younger brother of Henry Sampson Woodfall [q. v.] His father first apprenticed him to Richard Baldwin, bookseller in Paternoster Row, and afterwards employed him in printing the ‘Public Advertiser.’ Being smitten with stage-fever, he went to Scotland as an actor in Fisher's company [see, 1788?–1858], fell in love with a lady, married her, and returned to London about 1772. He recast the manuscript of Richard Savage's ‘Sir Thomas Overbury,’ a play which failed when performed in 1723 at Drury Lane, with the author in the chief part. The revised version was a success when represented at Covent Garden in 1776, and it was printed the following year (Biographia Dramatica, i. 754).

Woodfall's livelihood, however, was gained by writing in and conducting newspapers. He was editor of the ‘London Packet’ from 1772 to 1774, when the proprietors of the ‘Morning Chronicle’ engaged his services, which they retained till 1789. He is said to have visited Dublin by invitation in 1784 to report the debates on the ‘commercial propositions’ (, Lit. Anecd. i. 303). His reporting was an effort of memory; he listened to a speech and then committed to paper a remarkably accurate version of it. His fame had preceded him, and crowds followed him in the streets of Dublin because he was supposed to be ‘endowed with supernatural powers.’ Nichols records that Woodfall's report was printed and prepared for sale as a pamphlet, and that ‘not more than three copies were ever called for.’

In 1789 Woodfall established the ‘Diary,’ and published in it reports of the parliamentary debates on the morning after they had taken place, being the first who did this. He was a dramatic critic as well as a reporter, and in this capacity he sometimes gave offence to managers and actors. In February 1776 Garrick took umbrage at the comments in the ‘Morning Chronicle’ on the ‘Blackamoor,’ of which Bate (afterwards Sir Henry Bate Dudley) [q. v.], editor of the ‘Morning Post,’ was the author. Hearing that Garrick had charged him with rancour, he wrote to him that, ‘as the printer of the “Morning Chronicle,” I am the servant of the public—their message-carrier—their mouthpiece,’ adding that, in the disturbance, he ‘narrowly escaped being murdered.’ Replying to what Garrick had written in return, he assured him that the piece ‘was much hissed throughout the first act. I was myself in the gallery, and as I make it an invariable rule either to applaud or be silent, I listened attentively, and can rely on the evidence of my senses on the occasion’ (Garrick Correspondence, ii. 135, 137). When Richard Cumberland's ‘Mysterious Husband’ was performed for the first time at Covent Garden on 28 Jan. 1783, the critique upon it by Woodfall gave offence to John Henderson (1747–1785) [q. v.], who played a leading part, and who retorted by writing satirical verses which were not published, though circulated in manuscript (, Records of my Life, i. 379).

Not many years before his death Woodfall was an unsuccessful candidate for the office of city remembrancer. He died in Queen Street on 1 Aug. 1803, and was buried in St. Margaret's churchyard, Westminster. A portrait of him, painted in 1782 by Thomas Beach, is in the National Portrait Gallery, London.

His daughter Sophia wrote two novels before her marriage, ‘Frederick Montravers, or the Adopted Son,’ which appeared in 1802; and ‘Rosa, or the Child of the Abbey,’ in 1804. She married Mr. McGibbon. For many years she was the principal actress in tragedy at the theatres royal in Manchester and Liverpool.

Woodfall's son William was a barrister, and his ‘Law of Landlord and Tenant,’ published in 1802, became a standard work.

[Nichols's Lit. Anecd. i. 303, 304; Gent. Mag. for 1803; Ann. Reg. 1803; and private information from Messrs. Woodfall & Kinder.]  WOODFORD, ALEXANDER GEORGE (1782–1870), field-marshal, was the elder son of Lieutenant-colonel John Woodford (d. 1800), by his second wife, Susan (d. 1814), eldest daughter of Cosmo George, third duke of Gordon, and widow of John, ninth earl of Westmorland. Lord William Gordon and Lord George Gordon [q. v.] were his mother's brothers. Major-general Sir John George Woodford [q. v.] was his younger brother. The father, John Woodford, was for some time in the grenadier guards. He served under General James Wolfe [q. v.], and later took an active part in the volunteer movement of the day. He


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 became lieutenant-colonel of the sixth fencible infantry (the Gordon regiment). During the Gordon riots, which his brother-in-law led, he was the first officer to order the soldiers to fire on the rioters after the attack on Lord Mansfield's house.

Alexander was born at 30 Welbeck Street, London, on 15 June 1782. He went to Winchester as a commoner in 1794, and in 1799 to Bonnycastle's academy at Woolwich. He obtained a commission as ensign in the 9th foot on 6 Dec. 1794. His further commissions were dated: lieutenant, 15 July 1795; captain, 11 Dec. 1799; regimental captain Coldstream guards and lieutenant-colonel, 8 March 1810; colonel, 4 June 1814; regimental second major, 25 July 1814; regimental first major, 18 Jan. 1820; regimental lieutenant colonel, 25 July 1821; major-general, 27 May 1825; lieutenant-general, 28 June 1838; colonel of the 40th, or 2nd Somersetshire, regiment of foot, 25 April 1842; general, 20 June 1854; transferred to the colonelcy of the Scots fusilier guards, 15 Dec. 1861; field marshal, 1 Jan. 1868.

Woodford was promoted lieutenant in an independent corps and was brought into the 22nd foot on 8 Sept. 1795, but placed on half-pay the following year, as he was too young to serve. He was again brought into the 9th foot as captain-lieutenant of the newly raised battalion in 1799. He served with this regiment in the expedition to the Helder in September 1799, and was severely wounded on the 19th at the battle of Bergen. He was brought into the Coldstream guards on 20 Dec. 1799. In 1803 he was appointed aide-de-camp to Major-general Sir James Ochoncar Forbes (afterwards general and seventeenth Lord Forbes) [q. v.] He rejoined his regiment to serve at the investment and bombardment of Copenhagen in 1807. He again joined the staff of Lord Forbes in Sicily and the Mediterranean as aide-de-camp from March 1808 to June 1810. From duty in London he joined his company at Isla de Leon for the siege of Cadiz in 1811, commanded the light battalion of the brigade of guards at the siege and capture on 19 Jan. 1812 of Ciudad Rodrigo, at the siege and capture on 6 April of Badajos, at the battle of Salamanca on 22 July, at the occupation of Madrid and the capture on 14 Aug. of the Retiro, at the siege of Burgos in September and October, and in the retreat from that place. He commanded the first battalion of the Coldstream guards at the battle of Vittoria on 21 June 1813, at the siege of St. Sebastian and its capture on 31 Aug., at the battle of the Nivelle on 10 Nov., the battles of the Nive from 9 to 13 Dec., and the investment of Bayonne in the spring of 1814. He was appointed aide-de-camp to the prince regent on 4 June 1841 for his service in the field, and aide-de-camp to the king on the prince's accession to the throne. He commanded the second battalion of the Coldstream guards at the battles of Quatre Bras on 16 and of Waterloo on 18 June 1815, at the storm of Cambray on 24 June, at the entry into Paris on 7 July, and during the occupation of France.

For his services Woodford was frequently mentioned in despatches, and received the gold medal with two clasps for the battles of Salamanca, Vittoria, and the Nive, the silver medal with two clasps for Ciudad Rodrigo and Nivelle, and the Waterloo medal. He was made a companion of the order of the Bath, military division, and was permitted to accept and wear the insignia of knighthood of the Austrian order of Maria Theresa and of the fourth class of St. George of Russia.

Woodford was lieutenant-governor and commanded the infantry brigade at Malta from 1825 until he was transferred in a like capacity in 1827 to Corfu. He was made a knight commander of the order of the Bath on 13 Sept. 1831, and a knight grand cross of the order of St. Michael and St. George on 30 June 1832, in which year he was appointed to the command of the forces in the Ionian Islands, and acted temporarily as high commissioner. He was appointed lieutenant-governor of Gibraltar on 28 Feb. 1835, and governor and commander-in-chief on 1 Sept. 1836, a position he occupied for seven years. The grand cross of the order of the Bath, military division, was bestowed upon him on 7 April 1852. He became lieutenant-governor of Chelsea Hospital on 25 Sept. 1856, and succeeded to the governorship on 3 Aug. 1868 on the death of Sir Edward Blakeney. He died at the governor's residence, Chelsea Hospital, on 26 Aug. 1870, and was buried at Kensal Green cemetery on 1 Sept.

Woodford married, in 1820, Charlotte Mary Ann (d. 21 April 1870), daughter of Charles Henry Fraser, British minister at Hamburg. One of the six lancet windows in the north transept of Westminster Abbey was filled with stained glass by Woodford in memory of his son, Lieutenant-colonel Charles John Woodford of the rifle brigade, who was killed while leading a charge at Cawnpore during the Indian mutiny in 1857.

[War Office Records; Despatches; London Times, 27 Aug. and 2 Sept. 1870; J. Fisher Crosthwaite's Brief Memoir of Major-general Sir John George Woodford, 1881; Mackinnon's