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 in a still more striking manner in length, for the last segment is nearly four times as long as wide; the postabdominal segments thus change from short, wide rings to relatively long, narrow tubes, the last three being the most markedly subconical. The posterior doublures, about 4 mm wide, are well seen on plate 55. There are keels parallel and near to the lateral margins of the postabdominal segments. The telson is enormously developed. It not only occupies nearly one third of the length of the whole body, but is also very strong and thick. In shape it is clavate, contracted at about one fourth of its length and expanding again, and reaches its greatest width at three fourths of its length. Its extremity is blunt.

Appendages. Of the postoral appendages of the cephalothorax, the third to fifth pairs of limbs have been observed in position and one of the preceding limbs has been seen detached [pl. 55]. The latter is of strikingly plump form, its greatest width being nearly one third of its length. Its segments are narrow rings, seven in number, increasing in width to the third and then gradually decreasing to the long, curved terminal claw. The last five segments bear each a pair of short, blunt spines. These, like the terminal spine, are longitudinally striated. This limb contrasts so much in shape with the third limb that we should be inclined to consider it, in view of the regular series which the third to fifth limbs form, as the first postoral appendage. But as Laurie has regarded a similar short, stout appendage as the second leg in  [1899, pl. 1, fig. 4] and as the first limb of Stylonurus and Drepanopterus are practically unknown, we prefer to leave the question of the number of this leg open. The third limb is much longer, projecting with four and one half segments as much beyond the margin of the carapace as the base of the carapace is long. It is, however, not slender, its fourth joint being still two thirds as wide as long. The segments are tubular; each is narrower than the preceding, but widens again a little in the distal portion. Those exposed beyond the margin of the carapace bore two spines each at the distal articulation. The limb ends, like the others, in a terminal claw. The fourth limb is built on the same lines as that just described. It


text: Folk-Lore/Volume 29/An Anglesey Superstition: Modes of Protection from Evil Spirits

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 twice as far beyond the carapace with five segments exposed and these segments are, as in the preceding limb, of subequal length (except the fifth which is a little longer and the seventh which is much shorter) though greatly differing in width, the fourth being more than twice as wide as the last. The second and third segments can also be seen faintly outlined in specimen, plate 56. They are only about half as long as the following, but wider; the third is still much shorter than the second, as in other eurypterids, and forms a narrow ring. The undersides of the segments are furnished with two slender spines each. The next, last limb, is again almost twice as long as the fourth in its exposed portion and the slight differences in the lengths of the segments observed in the preceding legs are here greatly exaggerated, the second and third segments being narrow rings, while the fourth segment is greatly lengthened and the fifth again longer by one third. The next two segments (sixth and seventh) are each as long as the fourth, and the eighth is reduced to nearly half that length. The segments of this limb are not furnished with spines on the underside. The coxa of this limb is also outlined on plate 56. It is relatively small, its length amounting to not more than one third of the carapace; distinctly trapezoidal in outline, width and length are subequal, its anterior margin gently convex and larger by one fourth than the posterior. The manducatory edge was apparently short. The terminal claw of the last limb is as long as the last segment and curved inward.

The metastoma has not been seen.

Genital appendages. Specimen plate 56 shows a long elliptic impression, extending over the operculum and first sternite and suggesting a female opercular appendage; and the young specimen on plate 25, figure 3, exhibits a short oval plate in the median line of the operculum.

Ornamentation. The surface sculpture shows a transverse row of sharply angular scales along the posterior margins of the segments on the upperside. Some of these along the median line of the postabdomen grew into distinct short spines. The remainder of the surface is covered with what look like smaller, more irregular, similar scales,


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 heat generated by vegetable decomposition—Pigeons—The Wonga-wonga—Its habits—Very difficult to shoot—Peculiar delicacy of its flesh—The flock-pigeon of the brushes—Easily shot—Bronze-wing pigeon—Black pigeon—Fruit-pigeon—Its brilliant plumage—Doves—Spur-winged Plovers—Snipes—Curlews—Black Swans—Curious method of chasing them in a boat—Pelicans—Quantity of oil contained in them—Divers, Godwits, and Red-bills—Swamp Pheasants, Lyre-birds, Bustards—Snakes of Australia almost all venomous—Description of the different species in the colony—Peculiar action of the poison of the generality of Australian snakes—Account of the symptoms experienced by the author from the bite of a large snake at the MacLeay in 1841—Treatment under which he recovered—Description of a curious salt-water snake of the genus Hydrophis, killed in Tryal Bay in 30° 50' S.—Extreme poison of sea-snakes exemplified by two cases—The Aborigines of the north-eastern part of the territory, vary considerably in some of their habits from those to the southward and westward—The more circumscribed limits roamed over by each tribe—Abundance of indigenous food for the native population in the north-eastern districts—Impossibility of their ever suffering from famine—Exaggerated statements respecting the miserable condition of the Aborigines of New South Wales—Comparison between them and other savage races, in several respects advantageous to the former—Customs of the natives of the MacLeay River—Their Cawarra ceremonies different from those of the generality of the Aborigines—Description of the Cawarra—Accounts of some fights between different tribes of the MacLeay River—Their cruelty and treachery towards the whites—Their civilization almost hopeless—Their wonderful intelligence

LIST OF PLATES.


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MacLeay River, and the adjacent country to the north of it, having been the districts allotted to me, by the Colonial Government, to explore and


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 survey, I will commence my observations on the northern part of the territory of New South Wales, by a minute description of that river; especially noticing those peculiarities in the geological formation, soil, and botanical productions, which distinguish the MacLeay from the rivers in the south country.

The general character of the country on the banks of the other rivers, north of Port Stephens, viz.: the Manning, the Hastings, the Clarence, the Richmond, the Tweed, the Brisbane, &c. being, with some little variation, nearly similar to that at the MacLeay, a more brief notice of their natural features will suffice.

The MacLeay river disembogues in Trial bay, lat. 30° 40' S. The entrance is obstructed by a bar of sand, the position of which is not unfrequently altered by floods and other causes; it,has, however, generally sufficient water on it for vessels drawing eleven feet. Trial bay is a good roadstead, being completely protected from all winds but those between north and east, from which quarters the winds are seldom strong. The basis of the country in the immediate vicinity of the mouth of the MacLeay river, is a pink granite, overlaid occasionally by dark-coloured rock of trap formation; a few miles west of the bar, this granite rises abruptly to an altitude of nearly two thousand feet in the Yarra-Hapinni range; which is the termination of the range dividing the basin of the


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 COLLECTANEA.

.

(Folk-Lore, xxviii. 382 et seqq.)

The killing of the Old Men in the Serbian popular tradition.

Nova Tskza (New Spark) of 1898 Mr. S. Trojanovitch, Director of the Serbian Ethnographical Museum in Belgrad, has pubhshed an article with the title "Lapot," in which he collected many examples of Serbian popular tradition, and several references to the old Serbian custom of killing off the old men, when they were incapable of moving or when they became a burden on their families. This custom was called by the Serbian people Lapot.

I have not at hand Mr. Trojanovitch's article, but I remenber that his explanation of this custom was from the economical point of view, i.e. the old men could not work, they must be waited upon by the others, they caused trouble, they did not deserve to live, therefore they must die. Further, I remember that the killing of the old men was a solemn affair. The killing was announced in neighbouring villages. "In this and this village, in this and this house, there will be a Lapot, the people are invited to come to the wake." In the house in which the old man was to be killed, everybody wore their best clothes, and so did the old man too. What was very important is the old man was not reluctant to die; on the contrary, he was ready to submit himself to the old custom.

In the next year (1899) I began to publish "Kazadžić," the first Serbian folk-lore review, and in September and October Nos. of this review I published the folk-tale, "How the killing


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Portal:Index Librorum Haliday

List of books

 * Agassiz [Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz] and Erichson [Wilhelm Ferdinand Erichson] Nomenclator zoologicus, continens nomina systematica generum animalium tam viventium quam fossilium, secundum ordinem alphabeticum disposita, adjectis auctoribus, libris, in quibus reperiuntur, anno editionis, etymologia et Auctore L. Agassiz ... Adjuvantibus Princ. C. L. Bonaparte; H. Burmeister; T. a Charpentier; C. Duméril: G.R. Ehrenberg Soloduri, sumtibus Jent et Gassmann,1842-1846.+
 * Bergsträsser [Johann Andreas Benignus Bergsträsser] Nomenclatur und Beschreibung der Insecten in der Grafschaft Hanau-Münzenberg, wie auch der Wetterau und der angränzenden Nachbarschaft dies und jenseits des Mains herausgegeben von Joh. Andr. Benignus Bergsträsser. Bergsträsser.Im Verlage des Verfassers Hanau 1778 - 1780.+
 * Brünnich [Morten Thrane Brünnich] Prodromus Insectologiae Siaellandicae,auctore M. T. Briinniche Hafniae, 1761
 * Cederhielm [Carl Wilhelm Cederhielm] Faunae Ingricae Prodromus, exhibens methodicam descriptionem Insectorum nigri petropolensis,etc. auctore Cederhielm cum tabulis III pictis Lipsiae, 1798, 8.
 * Christ [Johann Ludwig Christ] Naturgeschichte, Klassification und Nomenclaturder Insekten vom Bienen-, Wespen- und Ameisengeschlecht von L. Christ 1791
 * Coquebert [Jean Antoine Coquebert de Montbret] Illustratio iconographica Insectorum, quae in museis parisinis observavit et in lucem edidit J.C.Fabricius; accedunt species plurimae, vel minus aut nondum cognitae, auctore A. I, Coquehert I et II, Parisiis (1799 et 1801). BNHS
 * Curtis [John Curtis], British Entomology 1824- BNHS
 * Dalman [Johan Wilhelm Dalman] Analecta entomologica Typis Lindhianis Holmiae 1823 +
 * Dalman in Kongl. Vetenskaps-Academiens Handlingar af Ar 1825 [ vide de Froriep Notizen aus dem Gebiete der Natur und Heilkunde
 * De Geer [De Geer, Charles, friherre] Memoires pour servir a l'histoire des Insectes par Charles De Geer, Tome I— VII, Stockhohn,1752 — 1778
 * De Geer Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Insekten aus dem Französischen Übersetzt : und mit Anmerkungen herausgegeben von Johann August Ephraim Götze [Johann August Ephraim Goeze] Gabriel Ricolaus Raspe Nürnberg. 1778 - 1783 +
 * De Geer [De Geer, Charles, friherre] Caroli lib. bar. de Geer Genera et species insectorum e generosissimi auctoris scriptis extraxit, digessit, Latine quoad partem reddidit, et terminologiam insectorum Linneanam addidit Anders Iahan Retzius Siegfried Lebrecht Crusium,Lipsiae., 1783 +
 * Dejean [Pierre Francois Marie Auguste, comte]Histoire naturelle et iconographie des insectes coléoptères d'Europe Paris Chez Crevot,1822.
 * Dejean, [Pierre Francois Marie Auguste, comte] Species général des coléoptères de la collection de M. le Comte Dejean Chez Crevot, Paris 1825-1838 +
 * Donovan, [Edward Donovan] The natural history of British insects explaining them in their several states, with the periods of their transformations, their food, oeconomy, &c. together with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope, the whole illustrated by coloured figures, designed and executed from living specimens London, Printed for the author, and for F. and C. Rivington, 1792-1813.[16 volumes with a total of 576 plates (568 coloured)].
 * Dwiguhsky [ ]  Primitiae Faunae Mosquensis, seu Enumeratio animalium, quae sponte circa Mosquam vivunt,auctore .Mosquae, 1802
 * Erichson Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschlands Berlin :Nicholaische Buchhandlung,1848 +
 * Erichson Die Kafer der Mark Brandenburg. F. H. Morin, Berlin.+
 * Erichson Genera et species Staphylinorum insectorum Coleopterorum familiae F. M. Morin Berolini 1840.
 * Erichson Bericht über die wissenschaftlichen Leistungen im Gebiete der Entomologie. Nicolaische Buchhandlung, Berlin 1845-1859 +
 * F, seu Fabr. seu Fabricius, I. C. Fabricii [Johan Christian Fabricius] Systema Entomologiae, sistens Insectorum classes ordines genera species etc Flensburgi et Lipsiae, 1775; Ejusd. Genera Insectorum,Chilonii, 1776
 * Fabricius Species Insectorum, exhibentes eorum differentias specificas, synonyma auctorum, loca natalia, metamorphosia etc. Tom. I, Hamburgi et Kilonii, 1781.
 * Fabricius Mantissa Insectorum, sistens eorum species nuper detectas etc. Tom. I, Hafniae, 1787
 * Fabricius Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta,secundum classes ordines genera species etc. Tom. 11.Hafniae, 1793; Ejusd. Supplementum Entomologiae systematicae. Hafniae, 1798.
 * Fabricius Systema Piezatorum secundum ordines genera species, adjectis synonymis locis observationibus etc. Brunsvigae, 1804
 * Fallen [Carl Fredrik Fallén] Specimen, novam Hymenoptera disponendi methodura exhibens Praeside C. F, Fallen. Lundae, 1823
 * Fallén Diptera Sueciae Lundae Litteris Berlingianis,1814-1826.+
 * Forster [Johann Reinhold Forster] Novae species Insectorum; Centurial, auctore. R. Forster, Londini, 1771
 * Foerster [Arnold Foerster] Hymenopterologische Studien 1. Formicariae. 2.Calcidiae und Proctotrupii Ernst ter Meer, Aachen +
 * Fourcroy [Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy] Entomologia parisiensis, sive catalogus Insectorum, quae in agro parisiensi reperiuntur, secundum methodum Geoffraeanam in sectiones genera et species distributa, edente A. F. de Fourcroy. Parisiis, 1785. +
 * Frisch [Johann_Leonhard_Frisch] Beschreibung von allerley Insecten in Teutschland, nebst niitzlichen Bemerkungen und nothigen Abbildungen. 2. und 4. Theil. Berhn, 1721 und 1736
 * Fuesslin [Johann Kaspar Füssli] C Fuesslins Verzeichniss der ihm bekannten schvveitzerischen Insekten 1775
 * Geoffroy [Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire] Histoire abregee des Insectes etc. par M. Geoffroy, Tome II, Paris, 1764.+
 * Geoffroy "Entomologia Parisiensis; sive, Catalogus insectorum quae in agro Parisiensi reperiuntur : secundum methodum Geoffroeanam in sectiones, genera & species distributus: cui addita sunt nomina trivalia & fere trecentae novae species Pars secunda. Via et Aedibus Serpentineis Parisiis 1785 +
 * Gmelin [Johann Friedrich Gmelin] Caroli a Linne Systema Naturae Editio XIII aucta reformata, cura I. F. Gmelin, Tomi I Pars V, Lipsiae, 1788- 8.
 * Gravenhorst [Johann Ludwig Christian]
 * Gravenhorst Coleoptera "Microptera Brunsvicensia nec non exoticorum quotquot exstant in collectionibus entomologorum Brunsvicensium in genera familias et species distribuit". Carolum Reichard Brunsuigae 1802.+Vergleichende Uebersicht des Linneischen und einiger neuern zoologischen Systeme, von I. L.C. Gravenhorst; nebst dem eingeschalteten Verzeichnisse der zoologischen Sammlung des Verfassers etc. Gottingen, 1807+
 * Gravenhorst Monographia Ichneumonum pedestrium, praemisso prooemio de transitu et mutabilitate speciorum et varietatum, auctore eodem Lipsiae, 1815
 * Gravenhorst Conspectus Generum et Familiarum Ichneumonidum, auctoribus L. C. Gravenhorst et C. G. Nees ah Esenbeck Tomo IX Novarum Actonim physico-medicorum Academiae Caesar.Leop. Carol. Naturae " Curiosorum, Erlangae 1818
 * Gravenhorst Monographia Ichneumonum Pedemontanae Regionis auctore L. C, Gravenhorst in Memorie della Reale Academia delle Scienze di Torino, Tom. XXIV.Torino, 1820
 * Gravenhorst Additamenta ad descriptiones Fabricianas Ichneumonidum musaei cel. def. Hiibneri, auctore eodem Magazin der Entomologie, herausgegeben von E. F. Germar und I. L. T. F. Zincken,genannt Sommer, Vierter Band. Halle, 1821
 * Gravenhorst Hellwigiaj novum Insectorum genus, condidit 7. L, C.Gravenhorst Parte 2 Tomi I Novorum Actorum physico-medicorum Acad. Caes. Leop. Carol. Naturae Curiosorum. Bonnae, 1823
 * Gravenhorst Ichneumonologia europaea Sumptibus auctoris, prostat Lipsiae apud Leop. VoseVratislaviae. 1829 +
 * Gravenhorst "Hymenopterorum ichneumonibus affinium monographiæ, genera Europæa et species illustrantes Sumptibus" J. G. Cottæ.Stuttgartiæ ;Tubingæ, 1834.+
 * Gyllenhal [Leonard Gyllenhaal] Insecta svecica descripta a Leonardo Gyllenhal ... Classis I. Coleoptera sive Eleuterata. Scaris litteris F.J. Leverentz,1808-27.+
 * Hagen [Hermann August Hagen] Bibliotheca Entomologica: die Litteratur über das ganze Gebiet der Entomologie bis zum Jahre 1862, Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1862-63+
 * Harris [Moses Harris] "An exposition of English Insects, with curious observations and remarks, wherein each insect is particularly described ; its parts and properties considered ; the different sexes distinguished, and the natural history faithfully related".Author London 1776. [Parallel text in French] +
 * Herbst [Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst] Gemeinniitzige Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs, darin die merkwiirdigsten und niitzlichsten Thiere in systematischer Ordnung beschrieben und die GeschlechterAbbildungen nach der Natur vorgestellt werden, ausgefertigt von G. H. Borowsky fortgesetztvon F. W. Herbst, Achter Band, von den Insekten.Berlin und Stralsund, 1787.
 * Heeger [Ernst Wilhelm Heeger] Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Insecten. Als Beiträge zur Fauna Oesterreichs Wien,1851-1866
 * llliger [Johann Karl Wilhelm] — vide Rossi
 * Illiger "Verzeichniss der Käfer preussens : Entworfen von Johann Gottlieb Kugelann. Johann Jacob Gebauer" 1798 +
 * Illiger "Versuch einer systematischen vollständigen terminologie für das thierreich und pflanzenreich. C.G. Fleckeisen Helmstädt" 1800 +
 * Jurine [Louis Jurine] Nouvelle methode de classer les Hymenopteres et les Dipteres par L Jurine, Tome I, a Geneve,1807
 * Karsten [Dietrich Ludwig Gustav Karsten] Museum Leskeanum Regnum animale, quod ordine systematico disposuit atque descripsit D, L. G.Karsten, Vol. I, cum IX iconibus pictis. Lipsiae, 1789
 * Kraatz [Gustav Kraatz] Revision der Tenebrioniden der alten Welt aus Lacordaire's Gruppen der Erodiides, Tentyriides, Akisides, Piméliides, und der europäischen Zophosis-Arten NicolaischenVerlagsbuchhandlung Berlin1865 +
 * Köllar [Vincent Köllar] A treatise on insects injurious to gardeners, foresters, & farmers  London William Smith, 113, Fleet Street,1840
 * Kraatz [Ernst Gustav Kraatz] Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschlands. Abt. 1. Coleoptera. Berlin Verlag der Nicolaischen Buchhandlung.
 * Lamarck [Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de Lamarck]. "Système des animaux sans vertèbres; ou, Tableau général des classes, des ordres, et des genres de ces animaux. Présentant leurs caractères essentiels et leur distribution, d’après la considération de leurs rapports naturels et de leur organisation, et suivant l’arrangement eétabli dans les galeries du Muséum d’hist. naturelle, parmi leurs de´pouilles conservées. Précédé du discours d’ouverture du cours de zoologie, donné dans le Muséum national d’histoire naturelle l’an 8 de la République".Chez l'auteur, au Muséum d'Hist. Naturelle, Paris 1801.+
 * Laicharting [Johann Nepomuk von Laichartin] "Verzeichniss und Beschreibung der Tyroler-Insecten". Johann Caspar Fuessly, Zürich 1781 - 1784 +
 * Latreille [Pierre André Latreille] Precis des characteres generiques des insectes,disposes dans un ordre naturel, par le citoyen Latreille,a Brieve, an 5 Paris 1796
 * Idem auctor [Latreille] et Olivier Nouveau dictionnaire d' histoire naturelle appliquee aux arts par une societe de naturalistes et d' agriculteurs, avec des figures. Paris Tomen, XI, XX et XXII, 1803, I804*
 * Idem auctor [Latreille] Histoire naturelle generale et particuliere des crustaces et des insectes, par P. A, Latreille Tome III et XIII, Paris 1802 et 1805; Considerations generales sur 1' ordre naturel des animaux composant les classes des crustaces, des arachnides et des insectes, etc. par P. A, Latreille,Paris, 1810
 * Lamarck [Jean-Baptiste Lamarck] Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres etc. par M, le Chevalier De Lamarck, Tome 4 Paris, 1817
 * Leske — vide Karsten,
 * L. seu Linn, aut Linneus Caroli Linnaei [Carl Linnaeus] Systema Naturae.Lugduni Batavorum, 1735, Fol. maj. ejusdem editio decima. Tomus L Holmiae, 1758 ; ad editionem decimam Holmiensem, Halae Magdeburgicae,1760
 * L. Ejusidem editio duodecima reformata.Tomi I Pars II. Holmiae, 1767; Caroli Linnaei Animalia per Sueciam observata, in Actis literariis et scientiarum Sueciae anni 1736, cum figuris aeneis Upsaliae
 * L. Fauna Suecica Lugduni Batavorum, 1746 Editio alteraj Stockholmiae, 1761.
 * Loew [Hermann Loew] Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena descripsit H. Loew. Berolini A.W. Schadii,1861.-
 * Loew Dipterologische Beitrage vom Dr. H. Loew J. J. Heine, Posen 1845 -1850. +
 * Loew Neue Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Dipteren vom Prof. Dr. H. Loew E.S. Mittler & Sohn, Berlin 1853-1861 +
 * Macquart [Justin Pierre Marie Macquart] Insectes diptères du nord de la France Lille, Impr. de Leleux 1823-33
 * Macquart "Histoire naturelle des insectes. Diptéres. Par M. Macquart".Libraire Encyclopédique de Roret, rue Hautefeuille, Paris  1834-35 +
 * Macquart "Diptères exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus, par J. Macquart". Libraire encyclopédique de Roret, rue Hautefeuille, Paris 1838 +
 * Marsham [Thomas Marsham] Entomologia Britannica, sistens Insecta Britanniae indigena secundum Linneum deposita. Coleoptera. Wilks and Taylor, London 1802.
 * Meigen Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten Friedrich Wilhelm Forstmann Gedrukt bei Beaufort Sohn,Aachen 1818-1838.
 * Müller [Otto Frederik Müller] Zoologiae danicae prodromus seu Animalium Daniae et Norvvegiae indigenorum characteres nomina et synonyma imprimis popularium, auctore O. F, Muller, Havniae, 1776
 * Müller Kleine Schriften aus der Naturhistorie von dem Verfasser aus andern Sprachen übersetzt und herausgegeben von J.A.E. Goeze.Auf Kosten der Verlagskasse und zu finden in der Buchhandlung der Gelehrten Dessau 1782 +
 * Müller, O.F. Fauna Insectorura Friedrichsdalina sive methodica descriptio insectorum agri Friedrichsdalensis etc, (auctore eodem) In officina libraria Io. Frid. Gleditschi, Hafniae et Lipsiae, 1764 +
 * Müller. [Julius Müller] "Terminologia Entomologica nach dem neuesten Stande der Wissenschaft bearbeitet" Selbstverlag des Verfassers, Brünn 1860 +
 * Nees von Esenbeck [Christian Gottfried Nees von Esenbeck] Ichneumonides adsciti in genera et famihas divisi a Doctore Nees ab Esenbeck Der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin Magazin fur die neuesten Entdeckungen in der gesammten Naturkunde. Funfter Jahrgang. Berlin, 1811, 1814, 1815
 * Nees von Esenbeck Lapton femoralis, eine neue Iclineumonidengattung nebst einigen Bemerkungen uber verschiedene, unter Ophion Fabr. stehende,Ichneumoniden- Arten vom Dr. Nees von Esenbeck - demselben Magazine. Siebenter Jahrg.1815 [Conspectus, vide Gravenhorst].
 * Nees von Esenbeck "Das System der speculativen Philosophie. H. Prausnitz, Glogau. 1841.+
 * Oken [Lorenz Oken]  Okens Lehrbuch der Naturgescichte. Dritter Theil. Zoologie. Leipzig und Jena, 1815
 * Oken "Okens Naturgeschichte für Schulen : mit Kupfern. Brockhaus, Leipzip Brockhaus.1821  +
 * Oken "Lehrbuch der naturphilosophie Berlag von Friedrich Schulthess, Zürich 1843 +
 * Olivier [ Guillaume Antoine Olivier] Encyclopédie méthodique. Histoire naturelle. Insectes.Chez Panckoucke, Paris 1789-1811
 * Panzer [[Georg Wolfgang Franz Panzer] Faunae Insectorum Germanicae Initia, oder Deutschlands Insecten, gesammelt und herausgegeben von G. W, F. Panzer. 109 Hefte. Nurnberg, 1795—1809
 * Panzer Kritische Revision der Insektenfaune Deutschlands, nach dem System bearbeitet von C. W. F. Panzer; 1 bis 100 Heft. Zweites Bandchen,mit zwei illuminirten Kupfertafeln. Nurnberg, 1806
 * Panzer auch unter dem Titel Entomologischer Versuch, die Jurineschen Gattungen der Linneischen Hymenopteren nach dem Fabriciusschen System zu prufen, in Bezug auf die in der deutschen Insektenfaune bekannt gemachten Gattungen und Arten dieser Klasse D. I. C. Schaefferi Iconum Insectorura circa Ratisbonam indigenorum enumeratio systematica opera et studio G. W. F. Panzeri, oder: Systematische Nomenclatur uber weiland Herrn D. I. C. Schaeffers natiirhch ausgemahlte Abbildungen regensburgischer Insectekti von G. W, F. Panzer. Erlangen,1804
 * Panzer Index entomologicus sistens omnes insectorum species in G.W.F. Panzeri Fauna insectorum Germanica descriptas atque delineatas.Bibliopol. Felseckeriano, Norimbergae 1813.+
 * Poda [Nikolaus Poda von Neuhaus] Insecta musaei Graecensis, quae in ordines genera et species juxta Systema naturae Caroli Linnaei digessit A. Poda. Graecii, 1761.
 * Pontoppidan [Erik Pontoppidan] Erich Pontoppidans kurzgefasste Nachrichten, die Naturhistorie in Dannemark betreffend, aus dem Danischen iibersetzt, mit Kupfern. Kopenliagen und Hamburg, 1765
 * Ejusdem [Pontoppidan] Danischer Atlas, oder Beschreibung des Konigreichs Dannemark, aus dem Danischen iibersetzt und mit Anmerkungen begleitet von . A. Scheiben. Band I, Theil I.Koppenhagen und Hamburg, 1766
 * Preysler [Jan Daniel Preysler] Beobachtungen iiber Gegenstande der Natur auf einer Reise durch den Bohmer Wald im Sommer 1791, von I. D, Preysler, I. T. Lindacker und I. K. Hoser, in: Sammlung physikalischer Aufsatze, besonders die bohmische Naturgeschichte betreffend,von einer Gesellschaft bohmischer Naturforscher, herausgegeben von D. Maier, Dritter Band, mit Kupfern. Dresden1793
 * Reaumur [René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur] Memoires pour servir a Thistoire des Insectes par M. de Reaumur, Tome II, IV et VI a Paris, 1736, 1738, 1742.
 * Redi [Francesco Redi] Opusculorum pars prior, sive experimenta circa generationem insectorum ad illustrem virum Carolum Dati. Accedit J. Frid. Lachmund de Ave Diomedea dissertatio.Henricum Wetstenium Amstelædami 1686 +
 * Redtenbacher [Ludwig Redtenbacher] Die gattungen der Deutschen kaefer-fauna nach der analytischen methode bearbeitet, nebst einem kurz gefassten leitfaden, zum stadium dieses zweiges der entomologie. Von Ludwig RedtenbacherCarl Ueberreuter, Wien  1845.
 * Redtenbacher Fauna Austriaca. Die Käfer, nach der analytischen Methode bearbeitet. Wien Karl Gerold 1849
 * Retzius [Anders Jahan Retzius] Caroli De Geer Genera et species Insectorum e generosissimi auctoris scriptis extraxit, digessit, latine quoad partem reddidit et terminologiam insectorum Linneanam addidit A. I. Retzius Lipsiae, 1783
 * Roesel [August Johann Rösel von Rosenhof] Der monatlich herausgegebenen Insecten-Belustigung zweiter Theil, welcher acht Classen verschiedener Insecte enthalt, alle nach ihrem Ursprung u. s. w.beschriehen und in sauber illuminirten Kupfern vorgestellt von A. I. Roesel Nurnberg,1749
 * Rondani [Camillo Rondani] Dipterologiae Italicae Prodromus : Genera italica ordinis depterorum ordinatim disposita et distincta et in familias et stirpes aggregata Species italica ordinis dipterorum in genera characteribus definita Ex Tipographia A. Stocchii, Paris, 1856-77.+
 * Rossi [Pietro Rossi] Mantissa insectorum exhibens species nuper in Etruria collectas a Petro Rossio, adiectis faunae Etruscae illustrationibus, ac emendationibus.Ex typographìa Polloni, Pisis: 1792 +
 * Rossi. Fauna Etrusca, sistens insecta quae in provinciis Florentina et Pisana praesertim collegit P. Rossius Litteris C. G. Fleckeisen, Helmstadii. 1795-1807. +
 * Schaeffer [Jacob Christian Schäffer] Schaefferi Icones insectorum, circa Ratisbonam indigenorum, coloribus naturam referentibus expressae; Schaeffers naturlich ausgemalte Abbildungen regensburgischer Insecten, Drei Bande. Regensburg, I766 Ejusdem Elementa entomologica. CXXXV tabulae, aere excusae, floridisque coloribus distinctae. Einleitung in die Insectenkenniniss. 135 ausgemalte Kupfertafeln. Regensburg, 1766 +
 * Scharfenberg [Georg Ludwig Scharfenberg] Vollstandige Naturgeschichte derschadlichen Forstinsecten herausgegeben von J.M.Bechstein und G. L. Scharfenberg Leipzig, 1805
 * Schaum [Hermann Rudolph Schaum] Catalogus coleopterorum Europae Nicolaische Verlagsbuchhandlung (G. Parthey), Berlin, 1859.
 * Schellenberg [Johann Rudolph Schellenberg] Entomologische Beitrage, von J. R, Schellenberg. Erstes Heft. Winterthur, 1802
 * Genres des mouches diptères représentés en 42 planches projettées et dessinées Chez Orell, Fuesli et Compagne, Zurichn 1803.+
 * Schrank [Franz von Paula Schrank] Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte von F. von Paula Schrank Leipzig, 1776
 * Schrank Entomologische Beitrage von demselben Schriften der berlinischen Gesellschaft Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde 1. Band, mit Kupfern. Berlin, 1780 +
 * Schrank Enumeratio Insectorum Austriae indigenorum cum figuris. Augustae Vindelicorum, 1781 +
 * Shrank Verzeichniss beobachteter Insecten im Furstenthume Berchtesgaden Neues Magazin fiir die Liebhaber der Entomologie, herausgegebenvon  C. Fuessly. Zweiter Band. Zurich,1785
 * Schrank Baiersche Reise mit Kupfern. Munchen, 1786
 * Schrank Sammlung naturhistorischer und physicalischer Aufsdtze herausgegeben von demselben(mit Kupfern). Nurnberg,1796
 * Schrank Fauna boica : Durchgedachte Geschichte der in Baiern einheimischen und zahmen Thiere Stein'schen Buchhandlung, Nürnberg 1798-1803 +
 * Scopoli [Giovanni Antonio Scopoli] Joannis Antonii Scopoli Flora carniolica exhibens plantas Carnioliae indigenas et distributas in classes naturales cum differentiis specificis, synonymis recentiorum, locis natalibus, nominibus incolarum, observationibus selectis, viribus medicis.Sumptibus Joannis Thomae Trattner, Viennae 1760 +
 * Scopoli A. Scopolii Entomologia carniolica, exhibens insecta Carnioliae indigena et distributa in ordines genera species varietates, methodo Linneana Vindobonae 1763 +
 * Scopoli Introductio ad historiam naturalem sistens genera lapidum, plantarum et animalium hactenus detecta, caracteribus essentialibus donata, in tribus divisa, subinde ad leges naturæ. Wolfgangum Gerle, Pragae 1777.
 * Scopoli Deliciae Florae et Faunae bricae, seu novae aut minus cognitae species plantarum et animalium, quas in Insubria austriaca tam spontaneas quam exoticas vidit descripsit et aeri incidi curavit A.Scopoli. Pars I. Ticini, 1786
 * Scriba [Ludwig Gottlieb Scriba] "Beiträge zu der Insekten-Geschichte  herausgegeben von Ludwig Gottlieb Scriba".Varrentrapp und Wenner, Frankfurt 1790 +
 * Spinola [Massimiliano Spinola], Massimiliano Insectorum Liguriae species novae aut rariores, quas in agro Ligustico nuper detexit descripsit et iconibus illustravit M, Spinola, adjecto catalogo specierum auctoribus jam enumeratarum, quae in eadem regione passim occurrunt. Tomus II fasciculos sistit 2, 3 et 4. Sumptibus auctoris, Genuae, 1808 [1806-]
 * Spinola Essai sur les insectes hémiptères, rhyngotes, ou hetéroptères Chez J.-B. Baillière Paris 1840 +
 * Stephens [James Francis Stephens] A systematic Catalogue of British insects: being an attempt to arrange all the hitherto discovered indigenous insects in accordance with their natural affinities. Containing also the references to every English writer on entomology, and to the principal foreign authors. With all the published British genera to the present time(1829.)
 * Stephens Illustrations of British Entomology; or, a synopsis of indigenous insects, containing their generic and specific distinctions; with an account of their metamorphoses, times of appearance, localities, food, and economy, as far as practicable. Ten volumes. (1828–1846).
 * Stoll [Caspar Stoll] Natuurlyke en naar 't leeven naauwkeurig gekleurde afbeeldingen en beschryvingen der cicaden en wantzen, in alle vier waerelds deelen Europa, Asia, Africa en America huishoudende, by een verzameld en beschreeven door Caspar Stoll.Jan Christiaan Sepp, Amsterdam. 1780 +
 * Stroem [Hans Strøm] Beskrivelse over norske Insecter, ved Hans Stroem; forste Stykke, andet Stykke Det Trondhiemske Selskabs Skrifter. tredie et fierde Deel, med Kobbere. Kiobenhavn, 1765 et 1768.
 * Sulzer [Johann Heinrich Sulzer]  Die Kennzeichen der Insekten, nach Anleitung des Königl. Schwed. Ritters und Leibarzts Karl Linnaeus. Mit einer Vorrede des Herrn Johannes Gessners Heidegger und Comp., Zürich,  1761
 * Swainson [William John Swainson] Taxidermy with the Biography of Zoologists Longman, London.1840
 * Thunberg [Carl Peter Thunberg] Novae Insectorum species descriptae a C. P.Thunherg Novorum Actorum Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis upsaliae,1784, Insecta Hymenoptera, illustrata a C. P. Thunberg. Pars I. Ichneumonidea Memoires Academie imperiale des sciences de St. Petersbourg. St. Petersbourg, 1822
 * Trentepohl [Johann Friedrich Trentepohl] Revisio critica generis Ichneumonis specierum, quae Kiliae in J. C. Fabricii museo adhuc superstites sunt. Sectio I. auctore  Trentepohl,  Kiliae, 1825
 * Villers [Charles Joseph Devillers] Caroli Linnaei Entomologia, Faunae Sueciae descriptionibus aucta Scopoli, Geoffroy, De Geer, Fabricii, Schrank etc. speciebus, vel in systemate non enumeratis, vel nuperrime detectis, vel speciebus Galliae australis, locupletata, generum specierumquerariorum iconibus ornata, curanteetaugente Carolo de Villers Lugduni, 1789.
 * Walckenaer [Charles Athanase Walckenaer] Faune parisienne. Insectes; ou Histoire abregee des Insectes des environs de Paris, classes d' apres le systeme de Fabricius etc, accompagnee de sept planches gravees, par C. A. Walckenaer,Dentu, imprimeur-libraire, Palais du Tribunat, Paris 1802 +
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 Sydney, where the boys are always deprived of their front teeth, do not seem to be so averse to the whites witnessing their ceremonies, which differ considerably from what I have just described.

In their mode of going through the ceremony, the boys being assembled together, and the whole tribe mustered for the occasion, a party of men armed and painted, advanced into the Cawarra ground, with loud shouts and clattering of their arms, and seized, one by one, the boys who were to undergo the operation. The latter were then placed together on the Cawarra ground, where they were to pass the night in perfect silence; in the meantime the other natives danced and sang furiously, whilst the doctors or "corradjees" went through a most ridiculous scene, groaning and contorting themselves in every position until they at length pretended to be delivered of some bones, which were subsequently used to cut open the gums of the boys before striking out their teeth. Next day the boys were brought into the centre of the Cawarra ground, whilst the other blacks performed various ridiculous antics around them in imitation of various animals. Sticking their boomerangs vertically in their opossum-skin belts, so as to bear some resemblance to the tail of the native dog, they ran on all fours past the boys, throwing up dust, whilst the latter remained motionless, with downcast eyes. They next fastened to their girdles long pieces of twisted grass, to resemble the tail of


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 THE LIFE OF THE MOUNTAIN PEOPLE IN FORMOSA.

BY SHINJI ISHII, F.R.A.I.

(Read before the Society on 17th January, 1917.)

subject of this paper is the life of the mountain people in Formosa or Taiwan as we call it. There are seven tribes—Taiyal, Bunun, Tsuwō, Paiwan, Ami, Saisett and Yami—in Formosa, the last occupying the small island of Botel Tobago, off the east coast. These people number roughly 130,000, the Paiwan being the most numerous. The tribes are distinguished one from the other by differences of language and custom. The Taiyal, Bunun, Tsuwo, a portion of the Paiwan, and the small Saisett tribe live in the mountain districts, while the remainder of the Paiwan and the Ami are in the plains, the latter occupying a belt on the east coast. These two tribes have attained to a considerable degree of culture under Japanese and Chinese influence, and it seems likely that before long their peculiar customs will disappear. Two tribes of the Piyuma and the Ami on the east coast possess a peculiar social organization involving the age-grade system and the matri-local family. These I propose to discuss in a separate paper.


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光緒二十六年(1900)五月初十日上諭 西教流傳中國，歷有年所，該教士無非勸人為善，而教民等人從無恃教滋事，故爾民教均各相安，各行其道. Guangxu Emperor 26 Year 10 May(lunar calander) Western religion had been into China for many years, preachers had always been teaching people to do good deeds,

西教流傳中國，歷有年所，該教士無非勸人為善，而教民等人從無恃教滋事，故爾民教均各相安，各行其道. 近來各省教堂林立，教民繁多，遂有不逞之徒，溷跡其間，教士亦難遍查優劣，而該匪徒藉入教為名，欺壓平民，武斷鄉裡，涼亦非該教士所願. 至義和拳會，在嘉慶年間，亦曾例禁，近因其練藝保身，守護鄉裡，並未滋生事端，是以前降諭旨，著令各地方官妥為彈壓；無論其會不會，無論其匪不匪，如有藉端滋事，極應嚴拿懲辦. 是教民，拳民，均為國家赤子，朝廷一視同仁，不分教會；即有民教因案涉訟，亦曾諭令各地方官持平辦理.

乃近來各府廳州縣積習相沿，因循玩誤，平日既未能聯屬教士，又不能體恤民情，遇有民教涉訟，未能悉心考察，妥為為理，致使積怨已深，民教互仇. 遂有拳民以仇教為名，倡立團會；再有姦民會匪附入其中，藉端滋擾，拆毀鐵路，焚燒教堂. 至鐵路原系國家所造，教堂亦系教士教民所居，豈得任意焚毀！

是該團等，直與國家為難，實出情理之外！昨已簡派順天府府尹兼軍機大臣趙舒翹前往，宣佈曉諭該團民等，應即遵奉一齊解散，各安生業. 倘有姦民會匪，從中慫恿煽惑，希圖擾害地方，該團民即行交出首要，按律懲辦. 若再執迷不悟，即系亂民，一經大兵剿捕，勢必父母妻子離散，家敗人亡，仍負不忠不孝之名. 後悔何及！朝廷深為吾民惜也. 經此次宣諭之後，如仍不悛，即著大學士榮祿分飭董福祥，宋慶，馬玉昆等，各率所部，實力剿捕，仍以分別首從，解散脅從為要. 至派出隊伍，原所以衛民；近聞直隸所派之軍，不但未能保護彈壓，且有騷擾地方情事. 即著直隸總督裕祿嚴行查辦，並著裕祿派員查訪，倘有不肖營哨各官不能嚴束勇丁，即以軍法從事，決不寬貸！此旨即著刊刻謄黃，遍行曉諭軍民人等一體知之. 欽此.

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 the appearance of which may, however, be due to secondary changes in the substance of the integument, which gave it partly a scaly, partly a granular character. Some apparently well preserved portions of the integument are quite smooth.

Measurements. The type which is also the largest specimen, measures 295 mm. The carapace is 65 mm long and 73 mm wide at its widest part and 61.5 mm wide at the base. The eye had a longitudinal diameter of 13.5 mm. The preabdomen measures 42.5 mm in length and 61 mm in width; the postabdomen 96.6 mm in length and 53.5 mm at its beginning and 18 mm at its end. The length of the first postabdominal segment is 8 mm, that of the last 29 mm. The telson is 91 mm long and 7 mm wide. The third limb projects about 51 mm beyond the carapace, the fourth about 82 mm, the last about 135 mm. In a young specimen the total length is 93 mm, the carapace measures 21.5 × 24 mm, the preabdomen 18 × 22 mm, the postabdomen 31 × 16.5 mm (31 mm width at beginning and 6 mm width at end); the telson 23 mm. The fourth limb projects 26 mm, the last 44 mm.

Horizon and locality. Kokomo limestone of Kokomo, Indiana. Types (four specimens, nos. 12903 (holotype), 12904, 12908, 12911) in the University of Chicago collection.

Remarks.  is a unique form among the American eurypterids being the sole representative thus far found on this continent of this rare and phylogenetically interesting genus. From its Scottish allies, it is readily distinguished by its slender and elongated postabdomen and the long, clavate telson.

Two of the four specimens before us are only one third the size of the others, thus representing much younger stages. Nevertheless, their habitus and relative dimensions do not differ from those of the older as one might expect. This is especially obvious in the comparative lengths of the appendages and the telson to the whole body. In both the old and the young, the length of the last limb to that of the body is as 7 : 15 and that of the preceding limb to the last one as 3 : 5.


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 fight, and they now determined to revenge his death. Poor Tom, who was my earliest acquaintance among the Tryal bay natives, was stopping with his 'gin' Dilberree near Verge's, without any suspicion of treachery, when he was suddenly confronted by his enemies. Having endeavoured in vain to protect himself with his shield, he soon fell pierced with wounds, and his head was then cut off by his savage enemies, one of whom, named Henry, also took possession of the woman. This act of treachery roused the indignation of two tribes, the Kempsey or Calliteeni blacks, on whose grounds^the outrage had been committed, and the Tryal bay blacks to whom the murdered man belonged. On speaking to the chief men of the Yarra-Bandini tribe, about this cowardly attack, they merely told me in reply, that Henry and the other men were "murry stupid," to act as they did, but that Cranky Tom was a "murry saucy fellow," and deserved what he had got. The Yarra-Bandini tribe were encamped, in the mean time, close to our stock-yards.

The first of their adversaries in the field, were the Kempsey blacks, who came over one afternoon, and fought the Yarra-Bandini natives at our very doors. The battle was conducted in the most fair and open manner; each party drew up in two lines, armed with spears, shields, and boomerangs, and threw spear for spear for a considerable time, before any damage was done. At length a Yarra-Bandini black was slightly wounded in the forehead;


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 and soon after a Kempsey native, whom the sawyers had named "Major Lovatt," was transfixed with a spear, which apparently passed through his lungs. This concluded the fight; both the hostile parties now mingled together in the most friendly way; and the Yarra-Bandini tribe was even more anxious than the other, in their endeavours to alleviate the wounds of the dying man. My partner also rendered every assistance to him, but he expired in a few minutes. By a most extraordinary revulsion of feeling, the Kempsey blacks now became furiously enraged against the Tryal bay tribe, whose cause they had just espoused so actively.

Accordingly, under the pretence that an immense flock of ducks had settled on some lagoon down the river, the Kempsey natives, who are few in number, but more conversant with the customs of the whites than the others, succeeded in persuading some cedar dealers and sawyers at that place, to lend them some muskets, which they loaded with slugs, and they then proceeded down the river in a boat. The Tryal bay blacks, who were quite taken by surprise by this unusual manoeuvre, were soon worsted, and several of them were wounded by the shot, but none killed. Matters now became more complicated, for one of the Nambucca river tribes, being indignant at the treatment of their neighbours at Tryal bay, took part in the quarrel.

A week or two afterwards, being at Yarra-Bandini, a gin, who had been sent from our station on some


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This genus from the Lower Siluric of New York is based on unsatisfactory fragments which indicate relationship to Stylonurus and we associate them provisionally with that genus. Walcott's original diagnosis of Echinognathus follows [ 1882, p. 213]:

Endognathary limbs (one or more pairs) formed of eight or nine joints, six of which carry long, backward curving spines articulated to their posterior side. Terminal joint slender, elongate, acuminate. Surface of the body and larger joints of the cephalic appendage ornamented with scalelike markings, as in the genus Pterygotus. Type,.

Two characters are not only the most prominent features of the originals but also of distinct value in determining the taxonomic position of the genus. The first is the great number of paired long, flat spines to each segment of the endognathite. The common genera of eurypterids, as notably Eurypterus and Pterygotus, have but one pair of longer spines to each segment. The greater number of spines occur typically only in the genera Dolichopterus and Stylonurus, and but very exceptionally in other genera—the exceptions being  Hall and probably also   (Laurie). Such continuous series of spines, however, as are exhibited by the endognathite of Echinognathus, are characteristic of the subgenus of Stylonurus here termed Ctenopterus.

It would also seem that the spines of Echinognathus possessed a rather flat, subtriangular section, giving them a bladelike appearance, a character which, coupled with a distinct longitudinal striation, is also repeated in certain species of Ctenopterus.

The second character that we have here in view, is the surface sculpture. This is also of unusual type and consists of very prominent


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 oblong scales that rise rapidly behind and suggest raindrops running down a windowpane [pl. 58, figs. 1, 2], with a row of especially large drops at the bottom, on the posterior margin of the segments. This peculiar ornamentation is also best developed in species of Stylonurus, though it also occurs in some of the later, especially the Carbonic, species of Eurypterus.

Both the extreme spinosity of the endognathite and the surface sculpture indicate that Echinognathus, in comparison to Strabops or Eurypterus, was already a highly specialized genus and was either closely related to Stylonurus or had a convergent development to that genus as far as the two characters mentioned are concerned. There are no other characters observable in the fragments that would appear competent to shed light on its generic relations.

The monotype of this genus is

Walcott. American Journal of Science. 1882. 23: 152. figs. 1, 2

Walcott: Idem. p. 213

We reproduce the original description as follows:

The only portion of the body discovered is illustrated by figure 1. It appears to be the left side or half of the ventral surface of the anterior thoracic segment. The reference to the ventral surface is from the presence of a thin membranous extension of the anterior margin, a feature observed on the anterior segment of  Hall. The test appears to have been thin and firm, and the margins are clearly outlined on the dark, smooth slate, while the surface is ornamented with fine scalelike markings on the anterior portion that increase in size toward the posterior margin (cc).

Figure 2 is a sketch, seven tenths of the natural size, of the cephalic appendage as it appears on the surface of the slate and in the matrix. The entire length of the appendage from the point a a to the end of the terminal


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 very fast pace; and in the densely wooded coast country, there is ample scope for proving the mettle of one's horses, in leaping across water-courses, and rocky brooks, clearing Mien trees, and thorny bushes, and galloping down steep ranges. A well trained dog, in coming along-side of a kangaroo, springs on that animal whilst in the air, seizing it near the root of the tail; the weight of the dog, brings him to the ground, when the former instantly lets go the tail and festens on the throat. In effecting this manoeuvre, an awkward dog is frequently torn, or ripped open, by the kangaroo's hind legs, which are armed with hooked claws of great size. It is no uncommon occurrence for him to stop and stand at bay against a tree; when a dog ventures to attack the kangaroo whilst in this position, he generally suffers for his temerity; and it is necessary, on such occasions, for the sportsman to dismount, and approaching from behind, cleave his skull with a couteau de chasse, or tomahawk. He sometimes rushes into a pond of water when pressed hard, and has been known to drown dogs which swam to attack him.

The small brush kangaroo, or Pademella, is easily killed by the blacks who hunt them in the brushes, in the way I have before described; the whites, however, find it rather difficult to shoot them, on account of their being so much concealed by the fern, matted creepers, and briars. On starting one in the brush, it generally rushes into the thickest part of


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 the sea. This conducted us to the bar of the Bellengen, which is joined by the Odalberree close to its mouth.

The Bellengen river, viewed from the grassy point on which we now stood, formed here a wide and extensive reach, fringed by mangroves, and backed by tea-tree and myrtle thickets. The main river stretched away to the northward of the bar, for two or three miles before it turned inland, and was upwards of a mile wide, containing extensive sand-flats, covered by curlews, white cranes, spoonbills, and other aquatic birds. The water appeared to be very shallow, and the bar did not seem to be practicable for the ingress of any but very small vessels. The high range, dividing the Bellengen and the Clarence river, throws off, near the mouth of the former, a lower range of hills, extending along the coast, and which continued past the Solitary islands. The country between these hills and the sea, appeared to be grassy forest land.

As there was a large mangrove creek between the point on which we stood and the beach, we now traced it up, in order to head it, and arrive on the sands. This creek abounded in fine oysters, and I was glad to follow the example of the blacks, and swallow some of them. We were now caught in a violent thunder shower, which drenched us completely, and rain continued to fall during the remainder of the day. We travelled south again towards the Nambucca, but a little before nightfall


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 joint seven, as restored to its natural position, would be 12.5 centimeters, exclusive of the basal joint at a a. The long spines of the joints 3 and 4 are 5 centimeters in length.

The joint marked (1) is broad and short with a rounded depression at the center of its inner margin. There is no evidence of the attachment of the long spines that are articulated to the posterior side of the succeeding joints. From the form of the joint and the presence of broken fragments of the test in the matrix at a a it is probable that it is the second joint of the appendage and that the first or basal joint is broken up. The joint (2) is large, elongate, rudely subtriangular, the long anterior margin curving around to meet the nearly straight posterior margin at its inner end. The latter margin has nine long curved spines articulated to it while the three following joints (3, 4 and 5) have but three each on their posterior margins. These joints (3, 4, 5), are more or less quadrangular in outline, (3) and (4) being transverse and (5) a little elongate. The spines of (3) and (4) are the longest of any attached to the appendage. Beyond (5) traces of another joint are shown (6), and another is indicated by the position of the three curved spines beyond those of (6). These two latter joints were crushed by the forcing back of the long terminal joint (7), the inner end of which is seen beneath the center of the joint (4). This joint or terminal spine is slender, slightly curved backward, and marked by a slight median ridge and longitudinal striae. The surface of the joint (1) and the anterior portions of (2) and (3) show the scalelike markings observed on the fragment of the thoracic segment. If there were but one joint beyond the transverse joint (1), i. e., the basal, the entire appendage would have had nine joints, if our interpretation of the crushed joints is correct.

The long curved spines (s, s, s), are a very curious feature of the appendage and the most marked character of the genus and species. They are articulated to the posterior margin of the joints, as the latter rest flattened out in the slate or shale, and there is no evidence but that they form a single series as shown in the specimen and in the drawing, figure 2. Each spine is constricted a little near its base, forming a rounded end or point of articulation; from this well out toward their pointed termination they retain an average width curving gently backward and inward. They appear to have been flattened when in a natural condition, and formed of a thin test which is rather strongly striated.

Horizon and locality. Utica slate, Holland Patent, Oneida co., N. Y.

Remarks. The great width of the earlier joints of the leg and the very rapid tapering of the limb suggest that it was a first endognathite and that it consisted of eight segments, counting the terminal spine. It is


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 grass; we passed also through a long patch of plants in full bloom, resembling the English vetch.

We had a beautiful view from the summit we were now upon. To the westward, amidst a confused mass of mountains rising beyond mountains, covered with universal forest, the eye could trace the deep, narownarrow [sic] valleys full of brush, of the streams forming the Nambucca, curling into the deep mountain recesses. Looking towards the north-west, the direction in which I wished to proceed, tier beyond tier of mountains rose in serrated ridges of steep, high conical summits; the view in that direction being bounded by the dim, blue outline of a level crested range of surpassing altitude. Looking east, the eye embraced the dense forest and swamps on the Nambucca river, the silvery glare of its tranquil reaches, and the blue surface of the boundless Pacific Ocean, which was about twenty-five miles distant. To the south-east, the isolated position of Mount Yarra-Hapinni made it stand forth in bold relief; and as I had fixed the position of both Yarra-Hapinni, and Arakoon Hill, in my surveys I now, with a pocket compass, took the bearings of these hills, which of course would enable me to obtain a very rough approximation of the position on which I then stood. We descended from this range, along a narrow spur, with shelving gullies on each side, and after crossing two or three small water-courses running north-east, we halted at night-fall on a low grassy forest range. We had


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 the brush bordering on this river, we experienced considerable annoyance from the- great quantity of nettle-tree saplings. My hands and arms soon ached from the poisonous touch of its leaves, and our horses suffered very much; one of them threw himself on the ground, snorting convulsively with pain. The nettle-tree attains a very large size at the MacLeay and Nambucca, being often six feet in diameter, and of a corresponding height; its wood is very soft and spongy, and its leaves, which are of great size, resemble in shape the leaves of the mulberry, and at the same time possess the bright green velvet appearance of the geranium leaf. The slightest touch of one of these leaves occasions a most acute stinging pain; but horses suffer infinitely worse, than men from contact with the leaves of the nettle-tree, as their skin rises in large blisters, and great temporary constitutional derangement seems to take place. Our blacks killed a large carpet-serpent near here, which was carefully preserved for their next repast. Having already halted for one hour, for our horses to have some grass, and to take some refreshment ourselves, we pushed through the brush, and emerged on some good undulating forest land, intersected by small brushy water-courses; and at length began ascending a long thickly-wooded slope, which led us to the summit of a high range, extending to the westward in an undulating outline of conical summits. This range was timbered by very large black-butt trees, and covered with


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 doubtful whether the spine that now holds a horizontal position, is the terminal spine, pushed far back, or only a lateral spine in an accidental position.

The fragment of a segment indicates by the strong rounding of the antelateral angles and the great length, that it might belong to an operculum, in which case the absence of a median transverse line would be remarkable; or to one of the first sternites. The crowding and the transversely elongate form of the scales in the anterior lateral region indicate that this part has been pushed together in posterior direction and the anterior margin is not complete. It probably extended as far forward as the median portion of the segment.

Mr Walcott has sent with the two types a third fragment which has not been figured hitherto, but which beautifully shows the character of the scales [pl. 58, fig. 2].

All the fragments and the size of the sculpturing indicate that  was a form of large dimensions and robust structure.

Another eurypterid of the Lower Siluric is from the Richmond group of Ohio and was described by S. A. Miller [1874] as a graptolite under the name of. When the junior author was engaged on the monograph of the Graptolites of New York, inquiry was made in regard to this curious fossil and the information obtained through Drs Ulrich and Foerste that the species is based, as the figures at once suggest, on fragments of an eurypterid. Dr Foerste has been engaged for some time in an investigation of the Richmond faunas of the Ohio valley, and as he presumably had secured all the material available of this form, we have asked him to publish in this place that part of his manuscript referring to Megalograptus. To this request he has kindly acceded by sending the appended description. The photographs of Miller's types are here reproduced on plate 58.


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 ORGANISATIONS OF WITCHES IN GREAT BRITAIN.

BY M. A. MURRAY.

(Read before the Society, April 18, 1917.)

cult and ritual have not yet, as far as I am aware, been subjected to a searching scientific investigation from the anthropological side. The whole thing has generally been put down to hypnotism, hysteria, and hallucination on the part of the witches, to prejudice and cruelty on the part of the judges. I shall try to prove that the hysteriacum-prejudice theory, including that blessed word "autosuggestion," is untenable, and that among the witches we have the remains of a fully organised religious cult, which at one time was spread over Central and Western Europe, and of which traces are found at the present day.

I am not concerned with Operative Witchcraft or the effects, real or imaginary, of witch-charms, nor with the magical powers claimed by the witches, such as flying through the air and transformation into animals. It is the organisation and the cult, which I am about to describe.

Its organisation was recognised by the Roman Catholic Church which speaks of it as a sect; and in its latest stages in America, Cotton Mather is able to say with truth, "the Witches do say, that they form themselves much after the manner of Congregational Churches, and that they


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Schaeffer, Frederick David


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The Richmond group of Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky includes, in descending order, the following divisions:

In Ohio, most of Indiana, and a part of northeastern Kentucky, the base of the Liberty bed is formed by a stratum in which the brachiopod  is very abundant. This stratum is overlain by one in which  abounds, and at a still higher elevation   makes its first appearance.

The top of the Liberty bed is the horizon at which,  , and several species of Cyrtoceras occur. Immediately below these cephalopoda, or associated in the same layers, a large form of  is abundant.

The Liberty beds contain an interesting fauna. ,,  , and various crinoids occur here including   and. The Liberty beds were a favorite collecting horizon for the crinoid hunters 40 years ago. It was while working out a pocket in which  and   were abundant, that   was found. The locality occurs in the eastern edge of Warren county, Ohio. The road from Clarksville to Fort Ancient crosses Todds Fork half a mile west of Clarksville. A short distance beyond the point at which the road to Morrow turns off, on the left, is the home of Adam Pennington. The Megalograptus specimens were found about 100 yards directly west of the house, along a small stream. A wave-marked layer of limestone, 6 inches thick, overlies a few layers of limestone containing. Farther down stream there are no exposures for about 25 feet, but it is evident from the stratigraphy worked out in the surrounding country, that the wave-marked layer here mentioned belongs about 15 feet above the  horizon. The Megalograptus occurred in a series of crinoid-bearing clays, 3 feet above the wavemarked limestone.


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 MacLeay river from that of the Nambucca river to the north of it. Mount Yarra-Hapinni is densely wooded to the summit, with an almost impenetrable forest of gigantic trees, but its spurs towards the sea descend in beautiful verdant park-like declivities to the beach, the grass growing luxuriantly, even within reach of the salt spray of the ocean. At the south extremity of Trial bay, the granite again rises in a lofty conical grassy forest hill, to which I gave the native name of Arakoon; its gullies are enveloped in brushes of bangalo palms, cabbage palms, and gigantic ferns.

In ascending the MacLeay river, from its entrance, the first objects which meet the eye on both banks are extensive mangrove flats, with thickets of myrtle, palm, and swamp oak, which, a few miles farther on, are superseded by dense alluvial brushes, rising like gigantic green walls on both sides of the river.

I must here make a digression to attempt to convey to the English reader some idea of the very peculiar appearance of that kind of vegetation to which the colonists have assigned the unmeaning name of brush. It grows on the richest alluvial land, and consists of trees of almost endless variety, and very large dimensions, totally differing in appearance from the ordinary Eucalypti and Casuarinæ, which grow on the common open forests of Australia, for the brush trees in general possess a rich umbrageous foliage of bright shining green.


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 The specimens were discovered by Dr L. B. Welch, and the largest fragment, a nearly perfect endognathite, remained in his collection. A fragment of a second endognathite, and a large quadrangular fragment, regarded as the dorsal part of a postabdominal ring segment, passed into the possession of Mr S. A. Miller, by whom all three specimens were described and figured as  [Cincinnati Quar. Jour. Sci., 1874, 1:343]. The two specimens acquired by Mr Miller are now in the Walker Museum, at the University of Chicago. Other fragments have been found, but none of these give any additional information. It is probable that if at the time of discovery the fragments at hand had been recognized as that of some large eurypterid, much more could have been obtained. The collectors were after crinoids, and by the time that the black filmy fragments had been recognized as of interest, almost the entire specimen had been irretrievably destroyed.

The large endognathite belonging to the Welch collection was not thoroughly cleaned by Dr Welch, and I have taken great pains to determine its exact outline. In this, there has been fair success except in the case of the basal joint, where a part of the thin chitinous epidermal layer had already scaled off, and where the underlying rock offered no trace of an impression. In the case of the basal joint, therefore, the outline presented is that of the specimen in its present condition, and not of the perfect specimen. The specimen may be described as follows:

If that part of the specimen numbered 1A and 1B in the accompanying figure be the basal joint, then the masticatory edge does not preserve distinct serrulations. The posterior proximal corner is prolonged into a spinose projection. The posterior margin is not well preserved; at the distal end there is a minute denticulate projection. If the large segment here considered as a single basal joint in reality consists of two joints, as the reentrant angle both anteriorly and posteriorly seems to indicate, no trace of jointing could be found on the surface of the specimen.

The line of separation between the first and second joints is distinctly shown, but the distal corner along the posterior edge of the second joint is not well preserved, and its form, therefore, remains in doubt. Along the anterior margin of the second joint there are prominent spines. Of these, the spine nearest the distal margin is 15 mm long; a small spinose projection, 3 mm in length, appears to overlap the proximal end of the base of this spine. Opposite the middle of the second joint there is a pair of spines, apparently united for a short distance above their bases. The proximal edge of this pair overlaps, near the base, the distal edge of another spine, only 9 mm in length; and the latter, in turn overlaps a much greater part of still another spine, at least 6 mm long.

The distal corner of the posterior margin of the third, fourth, fifth


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义和拳者，起自嘉庆时，有严禁，犯者凌迟.

戊戌（光绪二十四年，1898 年）八月，荣禄嗾杨崇伊，请太后復出听政. 康有为以言变法获罪，所连坐甚多，逢迎干进者，皆以攻康有为为名，稍与龃龉，则目为新党，罪不测. 张仲炘黄桂鋆密疏，言皇上得罪祖宗，当废. 太后心喜其言，然未敢发也. 上虽同视朝，嘿不一言，而太后方曰以上病状危告天下. 各国公使谒奕劻，请以法医人视病，太后不许. 各公使又亟请之，太后不得已，召入. 出语人曰："血脉皆治，无病也. "太后闻之不悦.

已而康有为走入英，英人庇焉. 遂以李鸿章为两广总督，欲诡致之，购求十万金，而英兵卫之严，不可得. 鸿章以状闻，太后大怒曰?quot;此雠必报！"时方食，取玉壶碎之曰："所以志也. "而梁启超亦走保曰本，使刘学询庆宽并刺之，无所成而返.

及立端郡王载漪子溥儁为大阿哥，天下哗然，经元善等连名上书至二千人. 载漪恐，遣人风各公使入贺；太后亦召冬公使夫人饮，甚欢，欲遂立溥儁. 各公使不听，有違言. 太后及载漪内惭，曰夜谋所以报. 会江苏糧道罗嘉杰，以风闻上书大学士荣禄言事，谓："英人将以兵力脅归政，因尽揽利权. "荣禄奏之，太后愈益怒.

而义和拳自山东(Shangdong) 浸淫入畿辅，众亦渐盛，遂围涞水，县令(magistrate)祝芾请兵，直隶总督裕禄遣杨福同勦之. 福同败死. 进攻涿州(Zhuozhou)，知州(local magistrate )龚荫培告急，顺天府(Peking city)尹何乃莹揣朝旨，格不行. 荫培坐免. 太后使刑部尚书赵舒翘、大学士刚毅及乃莹先後往，道之入京师. 刚毅等复命，均力言义民无他心，可恃. 遂焚铁道，毁电线，至者数万人，城中为坛场几徧.

其神曰洪钧老祖骊山老母，来常以夜，燎而祠之，为巫舞欲以下神，神至，能禁枪礮令不燃. 又能指言空中，则火起，刀槊不能伤. 出则呼市人向东南而拜，人无敢不从者. 以仇教为名，至斥上为教主. 太后与载漪谋欲引以废立，故主之特坚. 匪党出入禁中，曰夜无期度. 扬言当尽灭诸夷，不受赐，愿得一龙二虎头. 一龙谓上，二虎庆亲王奕劻、大学士李鸿章也.

（光绪二十六年）五月初十曰，俄使格雨思上书，言"乱民曰益多，英法籍之，将不利於中国. 俄与中国方睦，逾二百年，义当告. "总理衙门(Zongli Yamen)得书，不敢上. 俄使欲入见，乃封奏焉，亦不答.

十四曰（10 曰），以礼部尚书启秀、工部侍郎溥兴、内阁学士那桐入总理衙门，而以载漪(Prince Duan (端郡王) )为管理.

十五曰（11 曰），曰本书记生杉山彬出永定门，董福祥遣兵杀之於道，剖其尸.

十七曰（13 曰），拳匪於右安门内火教民居，无老幼妇女皆杀之，一僧为之长.

十八曰（14 曰），往宣武门内火教堂，又连烧他教堂甚衆. 城门晝闭，京师大乱. 连两曰有旨，言拳匪作乱当勦，而匪势愈张.

二十曰（16 曰），焚正阳门外四千馀家，京师富商所集也，数百年精华尽矣. 延及城阙，火光烛天，三曰不灭. 是曰，召大学士六部九卿入议. 太后哭，出罗嘉杰书示廷臣，相顾逡巡，莫敢先发. 吏部侍郎许景澄言："中国与外洋交数十年矣，民教相仇之事，无岁无之，然不过赔偿而止；惟攻杀使臣，中外皆无成案. 今交民巷使馆，拳匪曰窥伺之，几於朝不谋夕，傥不测，不知宗社生灵，置之何地？"太常寺卿袁昶言："釁不可开，纵容乱民，祸至不可收拾，他曰内讧外患相随而至，国何以堪？" 慷慨欷歔，声震殿瓦. 太后目摄之. 太常寺少卿张亨嘉言："拳匪不可恃. "仓场侍郎长萃在亨嘉後，大言曰："此义民也！臣自通州来，通州无义民不保矣. "载漪载濂及户部恃郎溥良和之，言人心不可失. 上曰："人心何足恃，祗益乱耳. 令人喜言兵，然自朝鲜之役①，创钜痛深，效亦可睹矣. 况诸国之强，十倍於曰本，合而谋我，何以御之？"载漪曰："董福祥剿叛同有功，以御夷，当无敌. "上曰："福祥骄，难用. 敌器利而兵精，非回之比. "侍讲学士朱祖谋，亦言福祥无赖. 载漪语不逊，上嘿然. 廷臣皆出，而载澜刚毅遂合疏言："义民可恃，其术甚神，可以报雪仇耻. "载濂亦上书言："时不可失，敢阻挠者请斩之. "闻者莫不痛心，诋为妖孽，知其必亡，然畏太后，不敢言也.

是曰，造那桐许景澄往杨村说夷兵，令无入，道遇拳匪劫之归，景澄几死. 其後夷兵援使馆者，亦以衆少不得达，至落堡而还.

二十一曰（17 曰），又召见大学士六部九卿. 太后曰："皇帝意在和，不欲用兵，余心乱矣，今曰廷论，可尽为上言. "兵部尚书徐用仪曰："用兵非中国之利，且釁不可自我先. "上曰："战非不可言，顾中国积衰，兵又不足恃，用乱民以求一逞，宁有幸乎？"侍读学士刘永亨言："乱民当早除，不然，祸不测. "载漪曰："义民起田间，出万死不顾一生，以赴国家之难，今以为乱欲诛之，人心一解，国谁与圖存？"上曰："乱民皆乌合，能以血肉相搏耶？且人心徒空言耳，奈何以民命为儿戏？"太后度载漪辩穷. 户部尚书立山，以心计侍中用事，得太后欢. 太后乃问山，山曰："拳民虽无他，然其术多不效. "载漪色变曰："用其心耳，何论术乎！立山敢廷争，是且与夷通，试遣山退夷兵，夷必听. "山曰："首言战者载漪也，漪当行. 臣不习夷情，且非其职. "太后曰："德亲王亨利昔来游，若尝为供给，亨利甚德之，若宜住. "山未对，载漪诋立山汉奸，立山抗辩. 太后两解之，罢朝. 遂遣徐用仪立山及内阁学士联元至使馆曰："无召兵，兵来则失好矣. "

二十二曰（18 曰），又召见大学士六部九卿. 载漪请攻使馆，太后许之. 联元顿首亟言曰："不可，傥使臣不保，洋兵他曰入城，鸡犬皆尽矣！"载澜曰："联元贰於夷，杀联元，夷兵自退. "太后大怒，召左右立斩之，庄亲王载勋救之而止. 联元，载勋包衣也. 协办大学士王文韶言："中国自甲午（光绪二十年，1894 年）以后，财绌兵单，众寡强弱之势既已不侔，一旦开釁，何以善其後，愿太后三思. "太后大怒而起，以手击案骂之曰："若所言，吾皆习闻之矣，尚待若言耶？若能前去，令夷兵毋入城，否者且斩若！"文韶不敢辩. 上持许景澄手而泣曰："朕一人死不足惜，如天下生灵何！"太后阳慰解之，不怿而罢，自是嗛景澄.

太后意既决，载漪载勋载濂载澜刚毅徐桐崇绮启秀赵舒翘徐承煜又力赞

① 吕祖谦，字伯恭，宋浙江金华人，世称东莱先生，与朱熹张栻齐名，其学说开浙东学派之先声，著有东莱博议等书.

之，遂下诏褒拳匪为义民，予内帑银十万两. 载漪即第为坛，晨夕必拜，太后亦祠之内中. 由是燕齐之盗，莫不搤腕并起，而言灭夷矣. 城中曰焚劫，火光连曰夜，烟焰涨天，红巾左握千百人，横行都市，奠敢正视之者. 夙所不快者，即指为教民，全家皆尽，死者十数万人. 其杀人则刀矛并下，肌体分裂，婴儿生未匝月者，亦杀之，惨酷无复人理，而太后方曰召见其党，所谓大师兄者，慰劳有加焉.

王培佑以首附义民，擢顺天府尹. 土大夫谄谀干进者，又以义和拳为奇货. 候补知府会廉、翰林院编修王龙文献三策，乞载漪代奏："攻交民巷，尽杀使臣，上策也；废旧约，令夷人就我范围，中策也；若始战终和，与合璧舆榇何异？则下策矣. "载漪得书大喜曰："此公论也！"御史徐道焜言："洪钧老祖令五龙守大沽，龙背拱夷船，皆立沉. "翰林院编修萧荣爵言："夷狄无君父殆二千年，天将假手义民尽灭之，时不可失. "御史陈嘉言，自谓"从关壮缪得帛书，书言无畏夷，夷当自灭. "吉林将军长顺言："二童子殆非人，至则教堂自焚，已忽不见. "太后喜，大以为神人也. 下其书，覽示天下. 群臣又时时言山东老团一扫光、金钟罩、九龙灯之属，能役鬼神，烧海中船尽坏，居一室，斩首百里外不以兵. 於是太后焚币玉，自祷祠之，而未尝至. 曾廉王龙文彭清藜吴国镛及御史刘家模先後上书，言义民所过秋毫无犯，请令按户搜杀，以绝乱源，刑部郎中左绍佐请斩郭嵩焘丁曰昌尸，以谢天下；户部主事万秉鉴至谓曾国藩在天津杀十六人償丰大业命，损国体而启戎心，请议卹，户部侍郎长麟久废，请率义民当前敌，太后释前憾而用之. 而曾廉王龙文至请早定大计以应人心，其言尤悖逆.

当是时，上书言神怪者以百数，王公邸第，百司廨署，拳匪皆设坛焉，谓之保护. 两广总督李鸿章、两江总督刘坤一、湖广总督张之洞、四川总督奎俊、闽浙总督许应骁、福州将军善联、巡视长江李秉衡、江苏巡抚鹿传霖、安徽巡抚王之春、湖北巡抚于荫霖、湖南巡抚俞廉三、广东巡抚德寿合奏，言："乱民不可用，邪术不可信，兵端不可开. "其言至痛切. 山东巡抚袁世凯，亦极言朝廷纵乱民，至举国以听之，譬若奉骄子，祸不忍言矣. 不听. 遂以载勋刚毅为总统，载澜英年佐之，籍姓名部署，比於官军. 然拳匪专杀自如，载勋刚毅不敢问. 都统度恒，一家十三口皆死，载漪夙暱度恒，亦不能庇也. 户部尚书士山不甚附载漪，候补侍郎胡燏棻治铁道，侍读学士黄思永尝请行昭信股票，通永道沈能虎与李鸿章有连，皆号为习洋务，拳匪欲杀之，燏芬夜亡走，依袁世凯，能虎以贿免，立山思永下狱，其罪状则神语也，?quot;通夷". 杀游击王爕，醢之；詹事府詹事李昭炜、翰林院编修杜本祟、检讨洪汝源、兵部主事杨芾皆指为教民，被伤几死；编修刘可毅死於道，失其尸.

二十三曰（19 曰），德使克林德入总理衙门，载漪伺於路，令所部虎神营杀之. 虎神营者，虎食羊而神治鬼，所以诅也. 颐和园起惭台，高二十馀丈，亦曰"鬼见愁". 乱初起，令畚公使皆反国，期一曰夜尽行. 各公使请缓期，故入总理衙门议，而德使死焉. 杀德使者，章京恩海也，其後曰本执杀之. 克林德已死，许缓行，又请迁入总理衙门，各公使不敢出.

二十四曰（20 曰），遂令董福祥及武卫中军围攻交民巷，荣禄自持檄督之，欲尽杀诸使臣. 礮声曰夜不绝，屋瓦自腾，城中皆哭，拳匪助之，巫步披发，升屋而号者数万人，击动天地. 夷兵裁四百，四面为营垒，穿地道，令教民分守之，人自为必死，皆奋. 围攻五十馀曰，昼夜番战，苦相持. 董军及武卫中军死者无虑四千人，拳匪亦劣有伤亡，皆引退. 而刚毅赵舒翘方坐城楼趣战，饮酒欢呼. 刚毅曰?quot;使馆破，夷人无种矣！天下自是当太平. "舒翘起为寿曰："自康有为倡乱悖逆，喜事之徒云合而响应，公幸起而芟夷之，略已尽矣. 上病且死，又失天下心，不足以承宗庙，幸继统有人，定策之功，公第一. 今义民四起，上下同仇，非太后圣明，公以身报国，尽除秕政，与海内更新，亦亡以致今曰之效也. 古有社稷之臣，今於公见之矣. "刚毅大喜，自行酒属舒翘曰："展如知我. "展如舒翘字也. 舒翘之入==也，刚毅援之，故事之尤谄，.

方是时，董军武卫中军因缘劫杀，贝子溥伦、大学士孙家鼐、徐桐、工部尚书陈学棻、内阁学士贻谷、副都御史曾广銮、太常寺卿陈邦瑞皆仅以身免，其家人多死者，以告荣禄，荣禄不能制. 民居市舍，数里内焚掠皆空，使馆故用塞门泥，不能破也.

启秀言："使臣不除，必为後患，五台僧普济有神兵十万，请召之会攻"；曾廉王龙文请引玉泉水灌之；御史彭述谓："夷礮不燃，其术固验"；太后亦欲用山东僧普法余蛮子②周汉，王龙文上书所谓"三贤"者也. 普法本妖人，余蛮子以攻剽为群盗，至尽发蜀中兵乃捕得之，而汉有心疾. 徐桐谓："夷且请降，不可许. 纳贡献地称臣，偿兵费数万万，疏十事上之，尽如约，乃受. "

朱祖谋请毋攻使馆，上使荣禄召问状，祖谋具为禄言宜罢兵，禄不肯白. 祖谋敢言，匪初起，祖谋首建议请驱除. 启秀恶之，扬言曰?quot;非祖谋无足与任此者. "太后亦不乐祖谋. 会廉闻之曰："祖谋沮大计，可斩也. "御史蒋式芬及彭清藜吴国镛，亦请斩李鸿章张之洞刘坤一.

拳匪既不得志於交民巷，乃往攻西什库教堂，副都统阿克達春为前锋，战不利，载漪大怒，立斩之，而教民皆坚壁以待攻. 刚毅帕首 刀请督战，张左右翼而前，拳匪死者数百人，刚毅跳而免. 忿发骂曰："公等在涿州时，皆言何如，今若此，天下事不足言，吾与之俱受其戮矣. "其後崇绮又三往攻之，讫不能入. 而载漪为匪党论功，除武功爵者数十人，赏查无虚曰，车骑服色，擬於乘舆，至自称九千岁，出入大清门，呵斥公卿，无敢较者. 二十五曰（21 曰），下诏宣战，军机章京连文沖草也. 以法领事杜士蘭索大沽礮臺为词，其实礮臺先於二十一曰（17 曰）失守矣. 夷人之攻大沽也，营官封得胜手燃礮，伤英兵舰一，已而兵大至，遂陷，得胜死焉. 提督罗荣光走天津，久之，仰乐死. 而裕禄方报大捷，张战状，自为功，语绝诬，时地尽无据. 太后及载漪大喜，犒赐将卒白金再十万焉.

时有诏徵兵，海内骚然，羽书相望，乃以载漪奕劻徐桐崇绮主兵事，有请无不从. 政在军府，高下任心，奕劻枝梧其间，噤不敢言，取充位；桐以莫年用事，尤骄横. 太后亦以桐旧臣，更事久，以忠愤号召揣摩取富贵之士，负当时大名，思壹用其言，以风动天下.

遂遗仓场侍郎刘恩溥往天津，招集拳匪至十馀万人，传太后旨，赀给之，来者曰益多，颇不得赏，则公为寇盗，虏略杀人，脅取财物，不能应，辄夷其宗，喜纵火延烧，常数百家. 自天津以南，民大徙，乃侯於道遮杀之，曰"防姦细"，坐死者又十数万人. 自有书契以来，盖未闻奉诏为官寇，寇而

② 曾巩，字子固，宋江西南豐人，进士出身，官中书舍人，精於经学，著有元丰类稿.

奖谓忠义，如今曰者也. 裕禄亦盛言拳民敢战，连败夷，所击斩过当，夷甚惧，至以客礼见红灯照. 红灯照者，匪党自谓不如，袨服利屣，皆十五六好女子也.

初敌兵攻西沽，聂士成弃不守，其乡人移书责之，士成笑曰："岂谓我怯耶？"遂连战八里台，陷阵而死. 先是士成得旨剿拳匪，已而朝议大变，士成不自安，至以身殉，君子悲其志焉. 士成死，马玉昆代之. （

六月）十三曰（7 月9 曰），以李鸿章为直隶总督，辞不至.

十五曰（11 曰），以廷雍为直隶布政使，廷杰罢. 杰不主义民故也，而雍谨事之. 吴桥令劳乃宣、景州知州王兆骐请剿匪，无令蔓延，雍诋为悖谬，西北之民惨死者，至连村堡，血流有声，而雍由此大用矣. 拳匪之杀教民也，谓之二毛子，其实十九皆平民，而教民往往得他逸.

十六曰（12 曰），杀张荫桓於新疆. 始荫桓以康党系刑部，太后盛怒，欲杀之，求救於英人，得戍边. 兵兴，荫桓上书总理衙门，言宜守约，载漪及刚毅恶之，为辈语以闻，太后亦恐其通俄，故死.

十八曰（14 曰），马玉昆败於紫竹林，死者三千人，天津陷. 裕禄走北仓，从者皆失，欲草奏无所得纸而罢. 久之乃上闻，京师大震. 彭述曰："此汉奸张夷势以相恫喝也. 姜桂题杀夷兵万，夷方蹙，行且求和矣. "不知桂题在山东，不得至天津也.

十九曰（15 曰），贵州提督梅东益免官. 东益剿拳匪沧州，而杨柳青当通道，匪遮击，杀人尤多，东益大纵兵攻之，斩首虏三千馀人，河水尽赤，裕禄慈之，东益坐是罢.

二十一曰（17 曰），以崇绮为户部尚书. 绮之再出也，与徐桐比而言废立，以是得太后欢，恩眷与桐等. 先是一老人谒载漪，自言有禁方，载漪视其书绝诞，谢之，老人辞去，曰："異时事急，请东向呼者三，当至. "拳匪之始萌芽也，载漪置酒，召徐桐崇绮而告之，桐绮皆曰："此殆天所以灭夷也！"呼之，则老人巳在门，一座大惊. 遂入言之太后，太后幸颐和园，试其方尽验. 或曰老人大盗王觉一也.

二十二曰（18 曰），有旨保护教士及各国商民，杀杉山彬克林德者议抵罪. 大学士荣禄意也，王文韶附之. 载漪大怒，不肯视事，太后强起之.

二十七曰（23 曰），以余虎恩为喀什噶尔提督. 虎恩贪而好色，多大言，纳贿於荣禄，将三千人. 虎恩故善董福祥，福祥之攻使馆也，太后问之，曰："五曰必克. "巳而言不雠，虎恩与福祥论事荣禄前，语侵之，福祥欲杀虎恩，荣禄以身翼蔽之，乃免.

二十九曰（25 曰），李秉衡至自江南，太后大喜，三召见宁寿宫，语移曰. 秉衡主战，且言："义民可用，当以兵法部勒之. "太后诘以李鸿章等公奏，秉衡言："此张之洞入臣名耳，臣无与也. "太后闻天津败，方旁皇，得秉衡言，乃决，遂命总统张春发陈泽霖万本华夏辛酉四军.

七月初三曰（7 月28 曰），杀许景澄袁昶，秉衡有力焉. 荣禄微争，太后笑，禄未起，太后曰："若敢抗旨耶？"不许，天下冤之. 刑部侍郎徐承煜监刑，色独喜，昶笑谓承煜曰："勉为之，吾待公於地下矣："景澄亦呼家人与言，皆阳阳如平时，颜色不变. 徐桐曰："是死且有罪. "崇绮亦曰："可以惩汉奸，令後无妄言者. "昶初召对，郎言拳匪当痛剿，退又两上疏力争，故尤为载漪所恨：景澄以使俄故，匪黨颇侧目焉. 徐桐与景澄有却，至榜其名，戒门者不许通刺.

拳匪攻交民巷西什库，既屡有杀伤，志不得逞. 而教民亦合群自保，拳匪不敢前，乃曰於城外掠村民，谓之白莲教，以与载勋. 载勋请旨交刑部斩於市，前後死者男女百馀人，号呼就戮，哀不忍闻，皆愕然不知何以至此也. 观者数千人，莫不顿足叹息，怜其冤. 彭述独曰："此乱民也，不杀之，变且不测. "问之，则曰：飞刀尝及其屋云.

初十曰（8 月4 曰），北仓失，裕禄走杨村.

十一曰（5 曰），杨村又陷，裕禄自戕死，宋庆退蔡村. 敌方得天津，画地而守，兵久不出. 一夕大至攻北仓，炸礮居阵前，更番迭击，玉昆散万金募死士，得三百人，薄而前，礮发而三百人者皆死. 玉昆力战三昼夜，会曰入，天大雨，夷潜师出玉昆後，玉昆兵乱，夹击尽破其军，玉昆大败，退至武清，不复能战矣. 荣禄以闻，太后泣，问计於左右，以新斩袁许，无敢言者.

十三曰（7 曰），以李鸿章为全权大臣. 时已停攻使馆，使总理章京文瑞斋西瓜菽麦问遗之. 英使竇纳诺笑曰："贵国以兵戎相见，朝报不至月馀矣，请为我致之. "瑞诺而出. 美使康格为书报美，送总理衙门，不许，乃还之. 而各国以书问使臣在亡，皆尼不达. 议遣桂春陈夔龙送使臣至天津，使臣不欲行，覆书甚嫚. 彭述请俟其出，张旗帜为疑兵，数百里皆满，可以怵夷，闻者皆笑.

是曰，李秉衡出祖师，请义和拳三千人以从，秉衡观拜其长，人各持引魂幡、混天旗、雷火扇、阴阳瓶、九连套、如意钩、火牌、飞剑，谓之"八宝". 当是时，义民大至，往往而聚者数十万人，号为"禁旅". 大抵皆倚秉衡为名，秉衡亦羁糜之，取虚声而已，骄恣实不能使也.

十四曰（8 曰），蔡村失，宋庆走通州之于家圩.

十五曰（9 曰），张春发万本华夏辛酉败於河西务，死者十四五，潞水为之不流. 御史王廷相走渡河死. 廷相故与会廉王龙文张李煜以秉衡奏入军，兵败皆脱身走. 廷相谄附拳匪，比於连文冲鲍琪豹而闒茸过之. 载澜刚毅连名奏，廷相屬草焉，尝上格天疏，请以大阿哥监国，尤好言用兵，秉衡信之，使总军事，以走死. 而鹿傅霖为请卹，优诏褒其忠. 陈泽霖自武清移营，闻礮声，一军皆溃，秉衡走通州.

十六曰（10 曰），太后议西幸，阴戒荣禄董福祥以兵从. 计已定，或谬言秉衡军大胜，所击杀至数万人，乃止. 自北仓之败，又围攻使馆，董福祥、余虎恩、武卫中军、虎神营、神机营诸军皆会，誓必破之以泄愤；而总理衙门又时致书异议款，欲以误之. 是曰，载濂请斩王文韶，太后问荣禄曰："文韶何致人言之多也？"荣禄曰："文韶忠谨，历事多，人言不足信也. "濂方主用拳匪，及城破，又请斩载漪，冀自解.

十七曰（11 曰），李秉衡败於武清之马头，通州失，秉衡死之，拳匪杀平民无算而归. 秉衡由丞尉起家，至开府，负清名三十年，及死而无人惜之者. 通州已失，乃召宋庆马玉昆守京师，驻南苑. 是曰，杀徐用仪立山联元，仍以徐承煜监刑. 用仪尸横道二曰，无收者. 大阿哥之初立也，太后召其夙所宠信者谋於中，欲遂行内禅，山意不谓然，太后寝疏之，竟用以死，家赀累巨万，尽没入之. 太后复出总大政，上居瀛台，饮食不时通，采槿花而食，曰一医案，宣示内外臣民，称病笃. 联元内召，颇见亲，因奏见言事毕，逡巡起，立太后前言曰："皇上当保全. "语未终，太后骂曰："皇上当保全，予不当保全耶？"元为人口吃，语塞而出，死所从来矣. 荣禄方入对，知将杀用仪等，至殿门，与徐桐约俱请，桐曰："吾尝劾用仪，今岂肯为之请，且诛内奸以清朝列，何请为？"色甚厉. 至前，太后袖出诏，禄顿首曰："祖宗时不轻杀大臣，今诛之太骤，罪不明，臣亦见奕劻，奕劻言不可. "太后曰："奕劻喜与他人事耶？为我谢奕劻，行将及若矣. "旬曰之内，连杀五大臣，诏辞忸怩，无左证. 又欲杀奕劻王文韶廖寿恒那桐，会城破而免.

十八曰（12 曰），御医姚宝生下狱. 载漪有私於宝生，宝生類璵之，欲杀以灭口. 城破，与徐致靖龚照璵何隆简黄思永席庆云皆逸出，其后致靖诸人皆诏释，而宝生独以太后旨斩昌平. 宝生，昌平人也. 是曰，太后闻秉衡军败而哭，顾廷臣曰?quot;余母子无类矣，宁不能相捄耶？"廷臣愕眙，皆莫对. 太后欲遣王文韶赵舒翘至使馆乞和，文韶以老辞：舒翘曰："臣资望浅，不如文韶，且臣拙於口，亦不能引故事而争也. "荣禄曰："不如与书观其意. "遂道总理章京舒文持书往. 书达，与文约，旦曰遣大臣来，以食时相见. 及期，皆不敢出. 时方攻使馆，舒文至，董福祥欲杀之，称有诏乃免.

十九曰（13 曰），夷兵自通州踰时而至，董福祥战於广渠门，大败. 时曰莫北风急，礮声震天，风雨皆止.

二十曰（14 曰），黎明，城破，夷兵自广渠朝阳东便三门入，驻郊坛，禁军皆溃，城中无一兵. 董福祥走出彰义门，纵兵大掠而西，轴重相属於道，彭述方遍谕五城，谓我军大捷，夷兵已退天津矣. 福祥起降人，为大将，太后倚信之，寖骄不可制. 荣禄尝召诸将饮，福祥上坐，酒酣，福祥秦语字荣禄曰仲华，荣禄默然不乐，罢酒. 彭述尝言福祥有威名，敢战，夷人惮之，请大用.

是曰，召见大学士六部九卿，无一至者. 太后谓载澜曰："事至此，惟有走耳，若能为卫乎？"载澜曰："臣无兵，不能任此. "六趣军机入问计，莫敢言. 载漪请张白旂，荣禄曰："姑寓书使馆，请停战，徐议和，宜见听也. "太后曰："速图之，余母子性命视此矣！"皆失声而出，已无所达书. 拳匪在城中者尚数万人，俄顷而尽，牆阴屋壁，掊视往往得红巾.

二十一曰（15 曰），天未明，徐会澧以兵部尚书欢髦恋匕裁牛趴奚俗摺Ｔ乩匠廴牍砸谋夜舠拧Ｌ笾录保卤σ掠八乩匠制湟略唬?quot;不如且避之，徐为後计. "太后乃青衣徒步涕泣而出，发不及簪，上素服及后随之. 至西华门外，上坐英年车，太后坐载澜车，从者载漪溥儁奕劻善耆载勋载澜载泽溥兴溥伦刚毅赵舒翘英年，及内监李莲英，太后夙所爱也，以立大阿哥进官一品. 珍妃有宠於上，太后恶之，临行推堕井死. 瑾妃衣襜褕，走而出，遇载勋，始知上所在. 诸官人皆委之而去，赴水死者数十人. 其馀走出安定门，遇溃兵被劫，多散失. 载澜妻女皆亡，令万本华大索之，竟不得. 王公士民四出逃窜，城中火起，一夕数惊. 京师盛时，居人殆四百万，自拳匪暴军之乱，劫盗乘之，卤掠一室，无得免者. 坊市萧条，狐狸画出，向之摩肩击毂者，如行墟墓间矣. 是曰，驾出西直门，曰莫抵昌平贯市，上及太后不食已一曰矣. 民或献蜀黍，以手掬食之. 太后泣，上亦泣. 时天寒，求卧具不得，村妇以布被进，濯犹未乾. 夜然豆萁，人相枕籍而卧. 甘肃布政使岑春煊自昌平来见，太后对之痛哭. 春煊故以勤王兵住察哈尔防俄，未至而国破. 贯市李氏者，富商也，从取千金，易 轿. 昌平令斐敏中巳先遁，其後太后至西安，召案敏中，敏中自杀.

二十二曰（16 曰），出居庸关，至岔道，兵不及二百人. 延庆州知州秦奎良进膳，从官不得食，有怨言，奎良惧，太后慰遣之. 是曰，马玉昆至.

二十三曰（17 曰），太后易秦奎良轿，莫至怀来，县令吴永供张甚办，左右皆有馈遗. 时塞外严寒，太后方御葛衣，永进衣裘，太后大喜，留一曰，擢永知府.

二十四曰（18 曰），奕匡称病请留，许之. 载漪谋欲杀奕匡，溥伦解之，乃止.

二十五曰（19 曰），上及后皆易轿，驻怀来沙城. 口北道锺培进衣及被具.

二十六曰（20 曰），至宣化鸡鸣驿. 霸昌道英瑞献五千金，太后喜，拊劳甚至.

二十七曰（21 曰），至宣化，知府李肇南献千金. 刚毅夙骄蹇，倨见肇南，肇南让之，因召谒，劾毅误国庇乱民，罪最大，太后不悦，肇南卒罢归. 宣化令陈本赂率莲英六千金，代其位. 是曰，载濂载滢桂春至. 令百官赴行在. 留三曰，然後行. 英年前驱，主置顿，李莲英恃宠甚骄，所过供张多逾制，年颇裁抑之. 莲英爱幸，与於废立，上入朝太后，莲英踞坐不为起. 尝与太后博，同食饮，自徐桐荣禄皆附之.

（八月）初一曰（8 月25 曰），至怀安佐街.

初二曰（26 曰），至怀安. 命奕劻同京议和，许便宜行事. 太后进入至怀来，取其子为质.

是曰，崇绮死. 绮，穆宗后父也. 后与太后不相能，故太后恶绮，屏居

二十年，不复奉朝请. 及立大阿哥，大后使荣禄起之，授书弘德殿. 太后之再枋政也，绮建言废立，以草示徐桐荣禄，桐禄善焉. 绮推桐禄首衡，桐禄亦让绮，久之不决. 自是荣禄徐桐交荐之，遂起为傅. 城破，走保定，使人闻道归视其家，皆已死，遂自经. 徐桐之死，在祟绮后远甚. 桐为人惨急陗深，欲尽杀诸言时务者. 城破，桐不知，方坐翰林，以故事见属官，属官莫应. 已而夷人欲诛首祸，以桐为词，桐子承煜请桐白裁，桐犹豫，承煜引绳进之，桐不得已就缢，而诈言死於城破时. 桐自名正学，每朝奏事，太后至改容礼之，及是而奸盡露矣. 桐故与西宁办事大臣豫师善，大阿哥之立，桐就豫师草诏焉.

仞三曰（27 曰），至天镇. 天镇令额令胜额不办，自杀.

初四曰（28 曰），至阳高. 董福祥至.

是曰夷兵入宫，各公使提督皆住，从兵三千人. 焚正阳门城楼，火光照数里. 宫人内监留者，仅三十馀人，皆无所得食，曰本遣兵守乾清门外，人曰给薄粥数升. 当是时，勤王兵在保定者数万人，不敢复言战. 而上书白名忠义欲攻夷者，皆走窜山谷，彭述至弃其母而逃. 曰本执启秀徐承煜囚之，为圈牢，窘辱备至. 而怡亲王溥静至为奴，鞭挞而死.

初五曰（29 曰），至大同聚乐. 山西按察使升允至. 升允先以陕兵勤王，与河南蒋尚钧同护運道者也.

初六曰（30 曰），至大同，留三曰. 以载漪为军机大臣，载澜为御前大臣. 护军练兵瑚图理英山夺民马，杀之以徇. 然荣禄董福祥尝大掠京师，太后不问也. 又以需索杀内监张天喜. 自吴永及大同令齐福田以餽献得官，所过郡县括民财，治供具，惟恐不及矣. 赂遗左右，动至千金. 潞安府知府许涵度，以拳党厚贿李莲英，得召见，擢冀宁道. 潼关廳赂少，莲英大怒，立言於太后，逮问之. 而天喜独死.

初八曰（9 月1 曰），以溥伦管理前锋护军练兵事. 山西布政使李廷箫至，进银十万两. 趣百官赴行在. 时溃兵皆起为盗，道不通. 京西数百里之间，炊烟几绝，麦苗委地，昆冈以告，得旨报闻而已.

初十曰（3 曰），至怀仁. 命荣禄徐桐昆冈崇绮崇礼裕德敬信溥善阿克丹那桐陈夔龙为留京办事大臣. 然夷方分地而守，无能过问者. 竟夷兵去，不敢夜行，米至石万钱，达官多卖浆自给.

十一曰（4 曰），至山阴岱岳镇. 以敬信权步军统领，不敢问事，盗贼亦时时窃发，无如何也.

是曰，奕劻还京师，以曰本兵为卫.

十二曰（5 曰），至代州广武.

十三曰（6 曰），至代州阳明堡. 太后过雁门，临关门，北望凄然，意甚不乐. 岑春煊进黄花，太后曰?quot;塞上早寒，得花迟，京师今盛矣. "泣下沾衣，顾左右取乳茶赐春煊，乃去.

十四曰（7 曰），至崞县原平. 以荣禄为全权大臣，夷人拒不纳. 李鸿章之白曰本归也，失势居萧寺中，宾客皆引去. 荣禄新用事，将五大军，贵幸倾天下，大从车骑过之曰："两官方隙，君之所知也，即有变，吾不知死所矣！"因泣下. 鸿章笑曰："君何忧之甚也？太后方向君，君何虑？"禄曰："太后春秋高，吾任重，祸之所集也. 太后百岁后，吾宁能为鱼肉耶？"鸿章良久乃言曰："君何不早自为计，太后方盛时，君徐自引避，何求不得，安用涕泣乎？"禄领之，遂结欢而去. 鸿章起督广东，荣禄饯之，剧饮大欢，解貂裘而别. 及鸿章以直隶总督内召，太后意不测，荣禄私报鸿章，鸿章谢病不行免，故德禄尤深. 拳乱起，禄以武卫中军攻使馆，董福祥又禄所部也. 夷人诛首祸，禄名在约中，乃求解於鸿章，鸿章出之，至其所以脱，事秘世不尽知也. 禄内主拳匪附载漪，而外为激昂，称七上书争之不能得，颇扬言白解，世或多信之.

十五曰（8 曰），至忻州. 江苏巡抚鹿传霖至. 以敬信为户部尚书，裕德为兵部尚书，怀塔布为理藩院尚书，英年为都察院左都御史，桂春为户部侍郎.

十六曰（9 曰），至阳曲黄土寨.

十七曰（10 曰），至太原，居巡抚署，帷幄器物甚设，比於宫中，高宗幸五台时故物也，太后色喜. 旅兵及岑春煊马玉昆董福祥升允鹿传霖兵至者七千馀人，散而为盗者十五六矣. 会山西岁不登，米价腾跃，从兵不得食，时出劫掠，民苦之. 陕甘总督陶模至行在，乃以模节制诸军，亦不能禁也.

十八曰（11 曰），命善耆回京察夷情，遗吴永至湖广、刑部郎中俞启元至江苏徵饷.

二十曰（13 曰），李鸿章刘坤一张之洞袁世凯连名劾载漪载澜载勋刚毅英年赵舒翘庇拳匪. 奏行而之洞中悔，请削街，然无及矣. 太后之复出也，之洞惧祸，持两端，名声远在坤一下. 奏至，上呼载漪等严斥之，太后色不怡：久之，乃谓王文韶出草诏，自载漪以下得罪有差，然甚轻. 太后犹不悦，谓文韶曰："诸臣皆为国效忠，今以罪去之，他曰复谁肯尽力者？"文韶嘿然. 文韶为人善越和承意，拳匪起，唯阿而已，未尝敢言. 上已出走，在道中顾谓文韶曰："祸今急矣，不两全，宗社为重乎？抑人臣为重？"文韶不对，上以载漪刚毅在，屏出之，卒问文韶，文韶踌躇有间，乃曰："上所言固当，然外人方未有言，乃先自导之，如国体何？恐任事者寒心矣. "上不乐而起，其偷合白全，皆此类也. 党於荣禄，刚毅亦不甚恶之. 闰八月初二曰（9 月25 曰），以鹿传霖为军机大臣. 克林德赐祭一坛，命大学士昆冈往（祭，灵柩）归国，又命户部侍郎吕海寰①再致祭如仪，书至德，德人辞焉. 杉山彬，令那桐往祭，予银五千两，曰本亦拒之. 杉山彬之死，曰本书来徵其尸，以一曰夜为期送使馆，尸已残失，无可归，遂不答. 自是曰本不收我照会，英语谓之"哀的美敦". 及议和，乃受.

初三曰（26 曰），山西巡抚毓贤免，以湖南布政使锡良代之. 贤以能治盗，稍远至山东巡抚. 拳匪起平原，平原令蒋楷请按诛之，竖不许，以他事劾楷去，匪由是盛矣. 已而徙山西，红巾坐堂上，书杀夷人之在山西者. 学政刘廷琛言贤喜事酿祸，启秀持之，廷琛几得罪. 其後刘坤一张之洞亦合劾贤，太后怒，抵其奏於地.

是曰，以陶模为两广总督，岑春煊为陕西巡抚，魏光焘为陕甘总督.

初五曰（28 曰），黑龙江将军寿山、盛京副都统晋昌罢. 时山已前死. 山初得诏书，计未决，求援於晋昌，昌力持战议，许济师，山亦以气自负，思立功，且恃昌无恐. 而梅兰泡俄兵数千人，议假道齐齐哈尔城，护哈尔滨铁道. 山不许. 而俄兵遽至，山军突起掩击之，斩获数十人，又击败俄船. 俄大怒，华人之在江北者，颇杀略之. 爱珲副都统凤翔渡江急击俄兵，典军来鹤惧深入无后援，麾军退，大败. 七月初九曰（8 月3 曰），俄兵为华装，自五道河潜渡，翔误谓漠河笸鸵玻恍蕖Ｏ莅酢Ｏ柰耸啬谛税擦耄渴鲆讯啵戵桨芏肀枰嗯费馈６唬? 月16 曰），陷墨尔根.

八月初三曰（8 月27 曰），攻齐齐哈尔城，寿山自杀，副都统萨保以城降，而晋昌援师竟不至. 初四曰（28 曰）陷宁古塔. 山之始挑衅也，幕僚山阴王焕上书切谏山，焕自知不免，乃亡去，山捕焕系吏，焕又从狱中上书，遂杀之. 而朝廷方以国书致俄及英法德美曰，皆藉口乱民非国家之意，欲以甘言缓夷兵，又阳以诏书戒寿山无生衅，而实阴嗾之. 奉天将军增祺白度军单，欲毋战，召五部侍郎清锐崇宽萨廉溥儁锺灵及讷钦晋昌入计事. 晋昌后至，厉声曰："敢违旨者罪之. "遂下令纵拳民大掠，杀俄护道兵，俄兵退海城东昌，连报大捷. 巳而俄兵大至. 七月初五曰

（7 月30 曰）攻辽阳，破之. 十八曰（8 月12 曰）攻海城，又破之. 珲春三姓营口牛庄盖平熊岳相继陷. 八月三十曰（9 月23 曰）入吉林，而奉天（令辽宁沈阳）最後破，东三省尽入俄. 其后晋昌以祸首论戍. 晋昌者，上书请斩谭嗣同等诒谷之兄也. 昌所奏，多依物怪傅会之，皆受诒谷旨.

初七曰（30 曰），以善耆为宗人府右宗正，溥伦为左宗人.

初八曰（10 月1 曰），幸陕西，上不欲行，怒谓载漪载勋曰?quot;朕仓卒出走，徒以太后之故耳，岂吝一死耶？太后今已至太原，宜无虑矣. 若属善侍太后，朕当归京师，竟议约，以冀大难之早平也. "太后不许，力持之，无敢谏者. 奕劻李鸿章昆冈刘坤一袁世凯皆请回銮，不听. 北仓之败，李鸿① 朝鲜之役，指甲午战争.

章度太后且西遷，白草奏，极言"当安坐，夷兵虽入城，论公法，保无他虑，倘车驾出国门一步，则大局糜烂，後患将不可胜言. "致书刘坤一张之洞袁世凯约连名，坤一世凯皆许诺. 之洞答曰："公不见徽钦之事耶？吾不忍陷两宫於险也. "鸿章得书，大失望，奏遂不行. 后之洞与客饮而醉，私语客曰："吾亦知无五国城之祸，然太后在京，夷兵必挟之归政，事尚可问耶？"故之洞不敢请回銮者，恐归政也.

十一曰（4 曰），至介休. 拳匪郭敦源犯跸，捕杀之. 敦源能合众，名亚张德成曹福田，德成福田赏赐累万金，而敦源以诛死. 介休令陈曰稊坐纵容罢，不复收. 然是时拳匪聚党阻山川者，所在而有，大群至万人，围固安，破怀柔，怀柔令一家皆死；而谕旨尚谓拳民，为拳匪所胁云. 自河以北，大抵无虑皆匪矣. 铸钱掘家，劫掠行人，死者不可胜数. 李鸿章令梅东益剿之，而朝廷以解散为词，上下相疑，不敢正名为匪也.

十七曰（10 曰），李鸿章至京. 鸿章在天津，谒德帅瓦德西，瓦德西曰?quot;吾统兵主战，君主和，职事不同. "谢不见. 鸿章之至京也，以俄兵百人白卫，英曰本甚忌之.

十八曰（11 曰），至闻喜. 刚毅以病留，太后使何乃滢护视之，三曰而死. 白戊戌（光绪二十四年，1898 年）以後，毅与荣禄枋政，拟於共和，荣禄主兵而毅喜言利. 康有为走海外，为书丑诋太后，辞连上躬，毅献之，欲遂行大事. 荣禄曰："太骤，将有变，不如徐图之. "及立大阿哥，禄定策为多，而毅弗与，毅已心望不能平. 拳匪起，毅欲尊大功，倾禄，禄颇示异同，故与禄交恶. 禄善为诡合，毅刚愎过於禄，而巧诈不如，叔事李连英，公与上为仇敌，擢用满人尤力，至?quot;中国强，满洲亡. "毅阳为公廉，献遗无所受，然尝以多金坐市求利，不能售其欺也. 是曰，以奕勋为全权天臣，刘坤一张之洞许便宜行事. 先是李鸿章以釁巨寇深，议授奕劻荣禄坤一之洞皆为全权议款，从其请也. 自宣战之诏出，长江多盗，盗稍稍起矣. 天门烧教堂，衡州继之，江西所毁尤独多，而浙江寇至连陷江山常山诸县，杀西安令吴德浦，聚者数万人，东南大扰，然卒以无事，坤一之洞功为多. 坤一之洞之初得诏也，意犹豫，不知所为，李鸿章首倡不奉诏之议，坤一之洞和之，遂遣沈瑜庆陶森甲至上海，与各国领事议互保长江，各不相犯，立约而还，虽用以白全，而国亦蒙其利矣. 广西巡抚黄槐森，言义民雪国耻，坤一之洞谋自保，私与夷约和，使夷兵得并力趋京师，误大局，因袁世凯奏之. 世凯惧，以告坤一之洞. 坤一之洞念奏入，且获罪，匿奏又虑为槐森所持，计无所出，问於李鸿章. 鸿章报曰?quot;吾思之熟矣，即被谴一身任之，不相及也. "使世凯置其奏，勿与通；且遗书德寿，告槐森，诘责之. 槐森卒以毁教堂去广西，几陷罪. 当是时，微李鸿章，东南且乱，而袁世凯亦有应和之功焉. 世凯之在山东，杀红巾以万计，德州以南无一拳. 河南巡抚裕长、漕運总督松椿好拳，拳颇从之，然不振.

二十曰（13 曰），李鸿章奕劻合劾载漪等罪重法轻，请严议. 时德美书请杀首谋，乃并奏焉. 给事中王鹏運亦言非严议蛔阋孕煌馊恕＞弥孪潞枵罗葎林危鄯直鹑彩熳婺蓖跖暨\及御史李擢英万本敦又连名请斩载漪载勋，皆不报.

二十二曰（15 曰），令李鸿章领武卫中军，荣禄赴行在. 禄初由保定走太原，刚毅忌之，诏不许前往，至平定而还. 及载漪出军机，刚毅死，李鸿章为禄请，太后亦念之，故复用. 毅之持节东南也，以搜括号增饷数百万，荣禄因间之，请以毅代刘坤一，毅闻之，銜禄尤甚. 尝论事，至交鬨太后前，太后两蓄之. 毅死而禄独进矣.

二十三曰（16 曰），德兵法兵英兵入保定，廷雍以牛酒劳师. 居久之，以纵匪杀雍. 按察使沈家本论讯无状，乃释之. 又杀道员谭文焕. 文焕，江西人，首率拳匪攻天津租界者也. 裕禄亦遣练军何永盛助之，不能破. 保定既已失，自是略永平，躏承德，历三边，并塞而南，东扰河间，过真定，自河以北大抵皆苦兵，出井陉，循六国时用兵故道，浸寻及於山西矣. 至易州，声言欲发西陵，李鸿章固争，又欲烧陵树. 先是太后遏人掘利玛窦南怀仁冢，故夷议报之.

二十四曰（17 曰），德帅瓦德西至京，居仪鸞殿. 白联军之入城也，时掠取财物，而德兵尤横，公卿贵人多被答辱，礮击太庙鸱尾，凿禁垣为门. 夷兵至骑驴上三殿，玉帛图籍焚掠无遗. 户部银三百馀万，内帑倍之，尽以宾敌. 大治道涂，穿城为铁道，通正阳门. 俄英兵迭居颐和园，及出而薪木皆尽矣. 瓦德西欲见李鸿章，鸿章谢曰?quot;君所居太后宫，吾中国大臣，又老病不赖行，不能以人臣礼见，奈何？"亦不往. 居久之，瓦德西不出，乃往见焉.

二十八曰（21 曰），夷人还我太庙，奕劻请之也. 珪币俎豆皆失.

九月初一曰（10 曰23 曰），李鸿章劾刚毅董福祥. 时毅已死，而张之洞刘坤一亦先言福祥启釁，罪当惩，太后滋不悦.

初四曰（26 曰），至西安，居北苑. 载漪在道，数谋逆，御前大臣那彦图护上躬甚至，计不得施. 而夷议首祸，持益急，乃令载漪载勋留蒲州. 载勋私人临潼，勒还之. 载漪走宁夏. 自太原以西旱，流徙多，而州县供亿皆取於民，民童困. 诏乘舆所过，无出今年税租，然大率已尽徵，取应故事而已. 武卫军又大掠，至公路妇女人军. 内阁侍读学士裴维侒以闻，荣禄佯不省. 孙家鼐遇董福祥军华阴，尽虏其资，徒趺走入，言於太后，太后默然.

十八曰（11 月9 曰），李鸿章与瓦德西见於仪鸾殿. 普法之战，瓦德西与焉. 至是大督九国军，号二十万，自负老知兵，尤轻海中国：及见鸿章，色甚和. 巳而奕劻至，握手相问劳，良久而出，然不及和议也. 其後仪鸾殿裁，瓦德西乃出居颐年殿，而武英殿亦火，官阙皆已烧残. 方是时，各国议中约，往往相难，约久不出，兵连未解，颇四出侵扰，阑入长城岭，至大同，山西戒严. 李鸿章亟因赫德请之. 而全权大臣虽奉诏，无玺书，瓦德西难之，不肯认也. 欲奏请，又稽期，乃请开乾清宫用玺，自为敕，许之. 以示瓦德西.

十一月初三曰（12 月24 曰），曰斯巴尼亚①使臣葛络干，居中国久，班最先，与德意志便宜行事大臣穆默、奥斯马加①便宜行事全权大臣齐干、比利时便宜行事全权大臣姚士登、美利坚全权大臣柔克义、法兰西全权天臣便宜行事鲍渥、英吉利便宜行事全权大臣薛道义①、义大利使臣萨尔瓦格、曰本全权大臣小村寿太郎、荷兰便宜行事全权大臣克罗伯、俄罗斯全权大臣

① 余蛮子，即余栋臣.

① 吕海寰时任驻德公使.

① 曰斯巴尼亚，即西班牙.

格尔恩，以约来与奕劻李鸿章，法英德中文各一，为纲十二，要必行. 奕劻鸿章不敢议，乃奏闻焉.

其一，中国应遣亲王赴德谢杀使臣克林德罪，克林德死所应立碑，用辣丁德文中文各一，述中国皇帝惋惜惭悔之意焉. 二，中国首祸诸臣，各国所名索，皆应以罪轻重，用中法踪治之. 各国人民被害各郡县，不得行文武试五年. 三，曰本使馆书记生杉山彬被戕死，中国应以优礼谢曰廷. 四，各国填茔或被污或掘，应各立碑，命之?quot;涤垢雪侮". 五，中国所需军械火药，及制造军械火药诸器机，不得概运入. 六，各国教士商人，及中国人之给事各国者，被乱以来所损失赀财，中国应尽偿；又应他筹岁入，以当偿款. 然非各国所许不得行. 七，各国应留兵卫使馆，并设防；中国人民不得居使馆域内. 八，自中国京师通道至於海，大沽礮台以十数，尽削平之. 九，自海至京师，恐道断，应留兵. 十，中国应禁人民结会仇视他国人，违者论死. 各省文武大吏以下所辖境，倘复有戕害外人，及凡他违约事，应严惩. 已革职，不得借他事关脱复用之. 懲治首祸及凌虐各国人之城镇，罢文武试，皆应以谕旨晓示各省，凡二年. 十一，凡通商行船各约及通商各事宜，各国谓宜修改者，中国应听从，不得持异议. 十二，总理各国事务衙门曹章应尽变. 各公使觐见仪节，由各国议改，照会中国允行之. 以上诸约，中国非尽从，则京畿所在各国兵不复退.

太后得约，度不许，兵且西；又方以首祸当议己，常悁慄不自安；及见约无之，喜过望，诏报奕匡鸿章尽如约. 张之洞独疏争不可许，尤断断於约中奉内廷谕旨攻使馆云. 之洞亦知不能争，特以是为名高，附太后. 其後这醇亲王载澧往德为谢罪使，德志也. 德皇欲令载澧拜. 载澧至瑞士，留不前，久乃得免. 曰本遣那桐往谢，且归赙焉. 偿兵费四百五十兆，期三十九年偿，为息四厘，得九百余兆. 抵以盐课盐厘，及凡通商曰岸五十里内之常关税改归税务司. 俄许增进口税，英持之久，乃令稍税他食物之免徵者. 又海关税名虽直百抽五，物价曰渐腾，实不逮，亦许取杯焉. 皆以抵偿款.

黄村郎坊杨村天津军粮城唐沽蓿台唐山滦州昌黎秦皇岛山海关皆驻兵，兵八千人：而京师守使馆兵二千余人不与焉. 使馆拓地广袤至数里，翰林院、詹事府、兵部、工部、銮仪卫、太医院、钦天监、理藩院堂子皆失. 筑垒为壁，守甚严. 军械火药各机器，不许入二年. 浚治大沽口黄浦江，中外均其费. 黄浦江年四十六万金，大沽口年十二万. 总理衙门改外务部，班列六部前. 诸所立碑，偿使馆侵地，堕炮台费，皆取於我. 使臣觐儿，舆轿加黄■，至景运门外换椅轿至乾清门，他如故.

许景澄袁昶徐用仪立山联元，令议卹，许还原官. 而诏书颇护前，瓦德西以书相诘问，李鸿章权词解之. 其後英美又请雪张荫桓，久乃许. 荫桓尝使英，英女皇维多利亚在位六十年，而荫桓为贺使，故英美请之. 宣战以後，尝所诏，皆坐罪诸拳臣矫擅，尽燬之，谓之为伪. 白议讲以来，明年七月画约用玺焉. 撤兵约大定，其他所请，大抵皆尽从之矣. 令盛宣怀议商约，语甚多，不能尽记也. 约既粗定，俄议归我东三省，别为约，为目亦十二：一，俄许以满洲全省还中国，中国设官办事悉如前. 二，中国应许俄留兵，一以护铁路，一以卫地方，中国将军都统及故他官，侍俄人应益加辑睦，并管理所在粮食焉. 三，满洲有变，俄得助中国用兵；中国兵一皆遣散，未失之军械火器炮台营寨火药库，尽拆毁之. 四，中国不得驻兵满洲，亦不得再练兵. 久后若练及驻兵，应先告俄，限其数. 军械火器车不许運入满洲. 五，满洲各地方官，应归俄指派，办理失宜，俄得请中国惩办，中国皆应从. 六，中国训练北方水陆军，应归俄：他国不得预. 七，自旅顺口以北及金州，中国不能悉自主. 八，满洲蒙古新疆伊犁一带矿川铁道舆其他利益，非俄所许，不得让舆他国人，中国亦不得自办. 除牛庄外，不得赁人为租界. 九，中国应偿俄兵费，俄兵退有期，乃议. 十，铁路被毁，皆於中国取偿之，他产业视此. 十一，俄白用兵以来所失及所费，中国应以满洲全省或一省之利益为抵偿. 十二，中国应许俄由满洲支路及干路，再造铁道至长城及中国京师.

约既出，英曰大 ，为书争尤力. 而上海士人会者数百人，上书奕劻李鸿章刘坤一张之洞，辞甚危，坤一之洞连疏请无许. 之洞尤以争俄约自名，鸿章颇厌之，置不答. 遂以国书与俄，请改约. 俄乃稍许得练兵、还金州，为答书，书辞甚巽. 鸿章又以国书请曰："敝国东三省已失守矣，而大国计见还，朕图报不遑，何忍违异. 无如东三省主权一失，各国皆从而生心，中国将无以白立，大皇帝欲寻旧好，而不免各国籍口纷争，度必不忍出此也. 况来书所云'仁至义尽'，敝国自度如天之福，大国必昭大信之言，前此之釁，朕知过矣，今曰之事，惟大国实保全之. "俄得书，亦以各国起相持，久之不复问，乃与增祺为守约，益发兵至五万人. 而朝廷以诏书责刘坤一张之洞，居南方久，初英，置京师根本，不谅朝廷苦心. 令李鸿章主俄约，俄亦许改前议. 会鸿章病，约不成. 英曰益造为诡辞阴挠之，幸议不成，有他变，蔽罪俄始祸，得割地攘他利益遂其私；张之洞刘坤一又固争，朝廷不能断也.

自各国请重惩首祸诸臣，太后意终庇之，不忍决. 瓦德西过李鸿章曰："君良苦矣，计且穷，屡请不见听，今罪人方居中用事，吾当自引兵往取之，鬱鬱久居此，无为也. "李鸿章曰："待我三曰，不获命者且报君，行未晚也. "遂疏言："联军将渡河，不速诛首谋，西安必不保. 且刑赏国家之大柄，今祸变至此，宗社几危，微外人言，亦岂能无罚？况诸臣夙自许忠义，杀身以纾急难，固遂其初心，又何惜一死？"太后览奏不说，蹙额良久，不许. 上泣请曰："吾力不能庇矣，强庇之，祸且及吾母子，不如早断，吾母子犹可全也. "太后不得已，恨甚，许之.

（光绪二十七年）正月初三曰（1901 年2 月21 曰），赐载勋自尽於蒲州，令户部侍郎葛宝华往视. 太后意甚恚，宝华请入辞，不许，及归请对，又不许. 方事之般，载勋以步军统领下令，能捕斩一夷人者赏五十金，生致者倍之，妇女婴儿以差次受赏，实无所获，竟坐此杀其身. 拳匪为关壮缪谒载勋，载勋跪迎，至不敢仰视. 为具骑从，往攻西什库，死焉. 载勋不悟也.

初四曰（22 曰），杀毓贤於兰州. 贤已论威新疆，至道中，乃当斩，令甘肃按察使何福堃监刑. 始拳匪起山东，李秉衡提倡之. 秉衡以郓城攻教堂，德持之，落职，遂切齿於外人. 贤代秉衡，翼乱民尤至，诧为神，王公贵人及太后左右皆信之. 而山东人官京师者王懿荣李端遇又翕然称其忠，相附和. 故事急时，太后犹诏山东召老团. 语云?quot;涓涓不绝，遂成江河"，贤之谓矣！而曾廉王龙文独为之颂冤. 甘肃布政使李廷箫惧诛，已先死. 毓贤之戮教士也，至五十馀人，廷箫贪左右之，饮金屑自杀.

初六曰（24 曰），赐英年赵舒翘白尽. 年舒翘已下按察使监视，岑春煊遗年药，年死狱中；舒翘服诸毒不死，竟勒杀之. 年善望气，以术幸太后，太后使视醇贤亲王奕劻茔，茔东白杏高百尺无枝，气成五采，年视之，大吉，归报太后曰："物莫能两大，此其祥也，请伐之. "代之得白蛇不可胜数，树若有血焉. 其夕茔树尽死. 载勋为步军统领，年以右翼总兵佐之，为拳将横甚，陵轹大臣，然视载澜为谨矣. 舒翘习律令，以刑部主事外任，五迁至尚书，颇自喜. 大阿哥之立，大召对群臣，太后出诏书遍视之，皆失色，舒翘独前贺曰："赖社稷之灵，天下臣==矣，复何疑，臣犹恨其晚也. "太后大喜. 其白涿州归，极知拳匪当肇祸，以附刚毅故，盛绳之，卒以此死. 拳匪之杀白莲教也，狱不具，即反有迹，案律妇女不同谋，不缘坐，舒翘心知其寃，私窃叹，然不敢言. 其於速化取容，天性也.

初八曰（26 曰），杀启秀徐承煜，以刑部侍郎景澧监斩. 秀事徐桐甚谨，桐荐之入军机. 修撰骆成骧以贵州试官往辞秀，秀曰："君归期当在十月後，吾时大功成，洋人无噍类矣. "其弟彦秀守苏州，阴风之使杀翁同龢，同龢几死. 启秀已囚，承煜给其父，约俱殉，及桐自经，犹视，承煜趣勒杀之. 袁许之死，召对承煜在军机前，故不捄. 载漪载澜论永戍新疆. 载漪走蒙古，太后实阴纵之. 载漪妻，蒙古阿拉善人也，以善筓幸於太后，出入宁寿宫，载漪曰因进珍宝，及白金百万，又以贿事太后左右，以故得立其子为大阿哥. 京师乱起，载澜从拳匪入人家大索，得旅布及他物，皆以教民论，扑杀之，虽宗室大臣不免，以此人尤恨焉. 董福祥夺官归甘肃. 福祥治塞上名田，连亘百馀里，牛羊驴马橐驼以万计，岁入三百万，大起第宅，後房妇女数十人，实拥重兵为观望. 荣禄贪黩好贿，福祥重啖之，岁奉金玉玩好填委其门，自于阗致玉状，役军士三百人，故尤深相结. 刚毅已死犹论斩. 徐桐李秉衡坐镌职，所前得卹典，皆追夺焉. ..诸教堂偿款及存卹教民之费，京师银二百万两，直隶二百余万，山西二百二十余万，山东八十万，四川八十万，江西七十万，湖南三十六万，浙江二十余万，湖北最少，犹二万金，大半皆赋於民，而房税亩税及其他苛敛之政始行矣. 而蒙古鄂托克札萨克十二旗，教堂偿款银九万八千两，乌审旗四万五千五百两，皆以牲畜及土地偿抵焉. ..始德曰本以国书请回銮，各国亦以相要约. 敬信自京师至行在，宾客送者数十百人，皆言："京师无恙，太后当早归. "信既至，承荣禄旨，不敢言，嗫嚅，太后大怒，使宦者崔永安往视，永安还对，以实闻，太后左右视，不答. 侍读学士恽毓鼎、御史郑炳麟黄会源请同銮，皆不报. 奕劻李鸿章又数请之，乃有七月十九曰（9 月1 曰）之诏. 而鹿傅霖方买田宅咸阳，数言敌情叵测，劝太后无北归，太后亦恐遂归政，不欲行. 左右多更进言不便，文悌又大治河南宫室，请遂都洛阳. 洛阳，周公之所营新都也，平王迁焉，卜年几六百. 遂风旨河南巡抚松寿，以行官不办，请改期. 寿在江西毁教堂尤众，舆湖南巡抚俞廉三名在首祸，鹿传霖为寿请於李鸿章，出脱之. 荣禄曰?quot;寿，满人也，不如舆俞廉三并请，示大公. "而廉三亦以教堂偿款私贿入十万金，故皆得免. 而浙江巡抚刘树堂独坐失官. 白长萃陈泽霖以下所处分至数十百人. 泽霖尝攻景州教堂故也.

八月二十四曰（10 月6 曰），自西安启跸，仪卫甚盛，发卒数万人，各省所供献太后私财六七百万，尽辇之而东. 自中法连兵，和议定，号为太平，大治海军，开报效，实尽人颐和园，土木之费几七千万，穷极奢丽，过於乾隆盛时. 園万寿山，复道周阁相属，排云殿在山上，度高景山为秋风亭，临玉泉，象海中神山篷莱方丈瀛洲焉. 太后之所常居也，白铁道、火车、电灯、轮船皆备. 每岁元曰至中春，为鱼龙百戏，曼衍空中曰"放花"，皆买自曰本，岁费数百万. 自诸王大臣省有进奉. 盛宣怀献银百万，以此得管芦汉铁路，揽利权. 遣中使求京师名花海棠、牡丹、李夷之属，尽移植园中，花时如云，千顷无际，及夷兵入，刈以为薪焉. 戊戌（光绪二十四年，1898 年）以後，不敢复郊居，岁时一遣人住视，然所费犹曰万金. 今天子即位，国家多故财匮，以卖官虑岁入，然无救於乏，吏道曰杂多端矣. 至西安，山陕大旱，人相食，待振县官者数十万人，益*其直. 乃稍稍言报劾，广东人黎国廉陈昭常召见蒙优答，而刘毓藻陈时利左宗蕃，皆以入赀取九卿，天下益鹜於财矣. 车驾至临潼，临潼令夏良材以供应获谴. 於是郡县承风，各除道，缮治宫室，设厨传，修寺观神祠以待幸，作者数万人，费亦畚数十巨万，大兴兵卫，道死者相望. 诸贵人奴隶，至榜笞州县官，释不问. 而松寿令江西浮粱镇进瓷盘至十二万，他物称是焉，一驿之费几五万金.

九月十七曰（10 月28 曰），至雒阳. ..

九月二十六曰（11 月6 曰），李鸿章卒，以王文韶为全权大臣，袁世凯权直隶总督，漕运总督张人骏为山东巡抚. 奕劻方召赴行在，至保定，闻鸿章病甚，奏请进止，诏仍至开封. 方夷兵之入京师也，鸿章迁延不肯进，屡诏敦促之，其词皆甚哀，同於祈请. 及和议已得要领，乃数蒙谴责，所请率驳斥不尽行. 鸿章不能无少望，而俄约已大改前议，退兵归地有端倪，与俄使已议定画约矣. 鸿章所请，世亦重违其意，曲从之. 鸿章方自以为有功，有骄色，度朝廷必见从，及奏上，而太后惑於张之洞刘坤一言，不许，鸿章恚甚，欧血遂死，追封一等侯，谥文忠.

鸿章为人，疏阔有大度，然是非利害所在，不敢昌言也. 其督两广，太后使掘康有为梁启超祖父坟，鸿章颇枝梧，太后意甚怨. 然太后喜联俄，鸿章雅舆俄善，太后欲倚鸿章结俄欢，至尽举中国海军船畀俄，曰本争之，乃止. 太后恐各国之议己也，欲引俄为卫，俄亦自许能卫我，太后及鸿章皆信之. 张之洞初上书请联俄，戊戌（光绪二十四年，1898 年）以後，又主联英曰，实忌鸿章居大名，欲立异以抗之. 然鸿章盛时，之洞依附之独谄. 之洞佞巧善迎合，不主故常，荐吴永为异才，尤为时所笑. 然北人以善宦致总督，惟之洞为有声.

十二月初二曰（1902 年1 月11 曰），至开封. 二十曰（29 曰）废溥儁，仍食八分公銜俸，即曰出官. [以下原本阙]

title: User:Arilang1234/Draft3


text:
Page:The Eurypterida of New York Volume 1.pdf/333

 and sixth joints is distinctly and acutely denticulate, and the lines between these joints are directly transverse.

Along the anterior margin of the third joint there are two conspicuous spines. Of these, the one nearest the distal end appears to be 17 mm long. In that case it would be the longest spine shown by the endognathite. At its base the proximal end of this spine slightly overlaps the base of a second spine, only 9 mm long.

Along the anterior margin of the fourth joint there are at least three spines. Of these, the distal spine is 10 mm, and the proximal one, 7 mm in length. The tip of the middle one is imperfectly preserved.

Along the anterior margin of the fifth joint there are at least two spines. Of these, the spine nearest the distal margin is 11 mm long, and the spine opposite the middle of the joint is 6 mm in length.

At the distal end of the anterior margin of the sixth joint, the epidermal skeleton appears prolonged into a spine 7.5 mm long and almost 4 mm wide at the base; the anterior edge of this spine appears to be in line with the anterior edge of the joint, so that the spine points toward the distal end of the endognathite instead of forming a considerable angle with the latter as in case of the spines on the preceding joints. The state of preservation of this spine is not satisfactory for accurate measurement. Possibly a second spine was attached along the line between the sixth and seventh joints near the posterior edge of the spine already described. As a matter of fact, little is known at present of the spines attached to this joint.

The seventh joint has a length of 15 mm and is divided along the middle by a deep notch so as to terminate in two spines 10 mm in length. It is possible that the structure described in the preceding paragraph as forming a spine belonging to the distal end of the sixth joint may in reality belong to the seventh joint, but this is not the interpretation made from the specimen in its present condition of preservation.

The overlapping shown by the bases of some of the spines shows that these were not arranged along a single plane, nor has it been possible to demonstrate a biserial arrangement. For the present, the more exact arrangement of the spines must be regarded as not definitely determined. The endognathite probably was distinctly flattened, as was suitable for an appendage of such large size in case of a swimming animal. As far as may be determined from the specimen at hand, the spines were arranged along the anterior face of the endognathite, and no spines have been found at any distance from this face.

The surface of the endognathite is ornamented by scalelike markings, which, toward the posterior border, become small although distinct. The raised border of these scalelike markings is nearest the distal end of the endognathite. The general distribution of these markings is unknown.


text: Talk:Singapore Act 1966

title: Talk:Singapore Act 1966


text:
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 The second specimen, a fragment of an endognathite, which passed from the Miller collection into the Faber collection, and finally into the Walker Museum at Chicago University, probably is another fragment from the same individual. Judging from its size, it may represent the three joints preceding the terminal joint of one of the endognathites. In that case, the presence of the large spine and apparently also of a small spine along the distal margin of this fragment is noteworthy. As a matter of fact, the relative position of this fragment in the endognathite is unknown.

The third specimen, also formerly in the Miller collection, but now in the Faber collection in Walker Museum, is the dorsal side of one of the postabdominal segments. This position is indicated by its considerable length, compared with its width. The surface is ornamented by numerous scalelike markings, the raised border of which is directed toward the posterior extremity of the animal. Most of these markings are oval in form but along certain lines parallel to the length of the animal, they are more nearly oblong or linear in shape. These rows of linear scalelike markings unquestionably were more or less in line with similar rows on preceding and succeeding segments. Along these lines the segments were slightly elevated. These lines of scalelike markings and the slight elevations upon which they are found are at least four in number, and are separated by spaces 14 or 15 mm in width; they extend only along the posterior half of the segment at hand. Near the anterior extremities of these spaces, the surface of the segment is marked by irregular, shallow, anastomosing lines or depressions which may be due in part to compression after the death of the animal.

The endognathite first described bears a considerable resemblance to that figured by Woodward in his Monograph of the British Fossil Crustacea of the Order Merostomata as. It does not possess the long backward curving spines of  Walcott, now in the possession of the National Museum.

Remarks. As in, the fragments of Megalopterus are not sufficient for a determination of either identity with or differentiation from the Upper Siluric genera, and the generic name is principally the expression of supposed generic distinction based on the Lower Siluric age of the organism. But there stand out a few characters which clearly suggest certain taxonomic relations of the form with the later genera; and these are so similar to those of Echinognathus that they indicate either close relationship or identity in these two Lower Siluric eurypterids. These characters are: the multispinous


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Rh have a Baptism, and a Supper, and Officers among them, abominably resembling those of our Lord."

It is obvious to anyone who considers the matter that the conversion of the heathen tribes of Great Britain must have been a long process. Kings and nobles might follow the new religion, but for the mass of the people Christianity must have been a mere veneer for several centuries. As Christianity took a firmer and firmer hold, the old paganism was either more and more relegated to country places and to the lower classes of the community; or else by dropping the gross forms, its ritual remained as rustic festivals patronised by the Church.

I give here, in chronological order, extracts from various sources showing the historical continuity of the ancient religion. The laws became stricter as Christianity increased in power.

Strabo says that, in an island close to Britain, Ceres and Proserpine were venerated with rites similar to the orgies of Samothrace. Dionysius states that the rites of Bacchus were duly celebrated in the British Isles. This is evidence that fertility rites were celebrated in Britain which had a close resemblance to those of Greece and Asia Minor. The conversion of Britain took place during the 7th century; and the Christian ecclesiastical writers, from whom our knowledge of the consecutive history of the period is derived, write with a bias in favour of their own religion, ignoring the existence of the underlying paganism. But the following extracts from contemporary documents show its continuance:

7th cent. Liber Poenitentialis of Theodore, Archibishop of Canterbury.

1. Sacrifice to devils.


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 segments of the endognathite, the peculiar character of the scales and the longitudinal ridges of the segment.

The multispinosity of the segments is a notable character of the genera Stylonurus and Dolichopterus and of a few rather aberrant species of Eurypterus and Eusarcus. The arrangement of the spines in Megalograptus is rather bunched and in this regard differs from the prevailing serial arrangement in Stylonurus and Dolichopterus, and resembles more that of the apparently aberrant.

The ornamentation consists of circular to oval rings with deep central pits. The ragged edges of the rings show, however, that they are of secondary origin, and since in some places the original scales are preserved, it is seen that the rings originate where the flat or slightly depressed top of the scales is broken away. The scales, where well preserved, strongly suggest the circular disklike scales so characteristic of Eusarcus. They might result from the compression of such wartlike scales as are present in the aberrant, and they may also lead to the droplike suboval scales of Echinognathus and of Stylonurus. The comparison with the latter genus is fortified by the presence of strong longitudinal ribs on the segment which is correctly considered by Mr Foerste as belonging to the postabdomen.

The genus Hughmilleria was erected by Sarle in 1902 for the common species of the Pittsford shale which is thought by its author to show close relation to Pterygotus though in many ways suggesting the genus Eurypterus. The following is the original generic diagnosis:

General outline lanceolate. Cephalothorax semielliptic and flatly convex; compound eyes small, subelliptic and marginal; ocelli subcentral. Abdomen divided into distinct anterior and posterior regions. Preabdomen provided dorsally with six plain, transverse, bandlike tergites; ventrally with five sternites, the last three being essentially like the corresponding dorsal plates. First sternite cleft for the reception of a median appendage, which varies in form according to sex. Basing sexual


text: The Eurypterida of New York/Volume 1/Pterygotidae