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Letters from John Curtis to Alexander Henry Haliday 13th February 1833

Curtis to Haliday 13th February 1833,

I received your kind and interesting letter dated Clifden 6th Jan. and another from Dublin 16th Jan, both of which I shall endeavour to answer and send it per post as soon as I can get your packet ready. The Bracon dissected was a fem. of desertor I have every reason to believe but I will, if possible find my dissections to send you, for at the early period at which the genus was published I might have been mistaken in the species. I regret to see a blunder in my description, it ought to be ‘3 submarginal cells’ and the inferior wings have 1 radial and 2 subcubital cells. Did I give you both sexes of castrator if not tell me which you want and I will set it aside for you. I am delighted to hear that you will undertake to describe the Magellan Hymenops .. which I shall therefore have the pleasure of sending you, I shall send the whole although it is the nondescript that you will do me the favour to describe, but the names of any of them should you accidentally ascertain in your investigations you would be kind enough perhaps to stick under them as it would be a pity to lose any part of your valuable labours, but this I do not mean as a hint to name them with any trouble for the Collection (excepting my share of it) will pass out of my hands when I have done with it. I must again beg that you will keep, if you please, the 2nd specimens to which you will be most assuredly entitled, unless indeed you do not sufficiently value exotic insects. With regard to the style I shall merely give a short description of the Coleops and Lepidops. in Latin and any necessary observations or particular distinctions or peculiarities in English as Capt. King and Mr. Broderip have done the shells in the Zoological Journal, the length ought to be given and any of the characters in any new genera ought to be in Latin, indeed your own papers in the Ent. Mag. are very similar to that of the shells. I should like the beautiful Pompilus with crimson thorax to be named after Capt. King and some other handsome one after Lieutenant Graves. You will be good enought not to take the tickets from them as they indicate where they were taken as SP = Saint Pauls, P.F., Port Famine. I have some idea of publishing the whole in 8 vol with a couple of plates, if I can secure myself from being a loan by it and Mr. Walker  has kindly undertaken the Diptera so that we shall I trust make an interesting volume out of it. I hope your brother will arive safe from abroad and that he may surprise you with a pretty collection of Hymenops, and if you have any duplicates I shall be most thankful for them. I often wish you were my neighbour that I might have the pleasure of looking over with you some of the wonders that delight me so much from the tropical climates, as well as to look over new works and have the benefit of your opinion on many subjects, you may therefore guess how disappointed I am to learn that you have no prospect of visiting London at present. Many thanks for your remarks on the Sierra Leona insects, it is twice as much as he must expect to get for them and I should say 60 pounds is the most I could give favourable as Mr. Templeton’s report is, even if they were large handsome insects generally, principally Coleops and Lepidops if I could afford it I should way more, but I find the richest naturalists the most stingy, I can never find any one who will even go halves with me in a collection unless it is so cheap that I can take it all myself, this is to be regretted for the consequence is that we have only the leavings of other Nations 9 times out of 10. I never intended to state that I had gone to any trouble to get the insects you wanted and if I had it would have been the more gratifying to me had I suceeded but I have not obtained one for you at present. I shall put into the box the Ichneumonidae you have promised to look over and if you can help me to the genera I shall be contented and most thankful and as I before said wherever there are two pray take one and any you want if you will mark them I may be able to help you hereafter. I send you Spinola vol 2 [Insectorum Liguriæ Species Novæ aut Rariores] the only one you asked for and also 6 nos, of  my B.E.  I also have enclosed a little parcel for Mr. Templeton and if he should offer to pay you at any time for my Nos will you be kind enough to keep the money for me until an opportunity occurs of sending it on or I see you, of course the sum is of no consequence at the same time I am happy to supply any Subscribers when they are annoyed and disappointed by the booksellers, as in that way I lose many of my supporters. Thanks for description etc.of Callicerus which I shall publish next If your species of Rogas be handsome as well as curious I shall be most happy to figure it for I fear that bicolor is represented in the Berlin Transactions. By the bye in the Nova Acta Medica-Physico v.12 are 12  Diptera figured and described some of them Dolichopidae: it is a most valuable work. I am much obliged to you for your sketch of Leiophron, it is the same as mine and the apicalis is a pretty and distinct species ‘ ochreous, tip of abd. piceous! I am quite agreeable to your views of Zele, I only intended to say that testaceator and albitarsus both offered a curious character not found in any of the others viz. the additional costal cell of the underwings. Indeed they appeared to me so much alike that I began to think one was only a dark form of the other. I have carefully looked through my boxes and cannot find the insect from the Ageilegia but have sent you one from a card at the top of the genus Encyrtus, which I hope may be what you want, it is Microma latipennis. I regret that your paper in the hands of the Ent. Mag. was not published before the one on Diptera, for Westwood will give one in the March No, of London I understand that will I fear interfere very much with yours and of course with my nomenclature. Perhaps I have made some mistake about Lucina for if you remember I said I feared I might, in consequence of the insects not being arranged in the box, I will look at it tomorrow and add the result I am glad you made the observations you did on Lucina for I find I had transposed Tetanocera lineata and Lucina fasciata for which I am very sorry and must correct Dale  and Walker to whom I gave 2 of your specimens. I shall be exceeding glad of Crabro palmipes which I do not know I have only cribrarius and palmator with dilated tarsi and they are the same. I will illustrate Prosophonia with pleasure if you will favour me with your observations, indeed if it were not for Capt. Kings insects I would write a monograph on the Neuroptera and Trichoptera. Mr. Templeton has been so good as to send me a few insects amongst them Phosphuga subrotundata which are so like our atrata that I think as mine you must have both species in Ireland, he also enclosed some of Dorthesia cataphracta, my onisciformis is stuck through with a pin which gives it London milk colour and it is very convex, but as I presume these are accidental it is no doubt the same as yours. Do you know the sexes, the male I have found is winged. Fearing you might forget to change the name Ephedius I took upon me to request Mr. Newman to substitute my name, a liberty which I hope you will excuse. My notion respecting Tipula dispar was natural enough and not knowing the male I had no means of ascertaining that it was a distinct species and I am exceedingly pleased that you have proved the fact. Like most system-makers Mr. Newman has assumed a great deal, which like mortar in a stone -wall may make the most heterogenous masses unite until the true labourer comes when a single blow will knock it to pieces and show all its deformity. I respect Newman and therefore regret that he has committed himself by writing a learned book with very little knowledge and with a good opinion of his work and a very moderate one of others as is evidenced when he says ‘no-one has thought on the subject’, excepting himself we may add. If he be not blinded by vanity and pursues his researches with the talent he possesses he will in a few years repent of his Sphinx vespiformis at least such is my opinion although at present it may be treason to say so. I really think your Thrips must be the larva of a new Hemip. I have seen but have nothing like it (what is the size) except one with two setae at the tail. I always considered that the larva of the Thrips was apterous; the pupa imperfectly winged and the male as we know amply so but I should think under the bark of an old Elm you might soon ascertain something satisfactory, for I have found them there in all stages and have only been waiting to find a few large and alive to attack and publish this curious genus. ….. latin descrips….. I enclose a rough sketch (A) which I must request you to return, as I have not the insect but Mr. Walker has, pray tell me what it is ... it struck me now you had a Cynips with similar antennae. Is it near to Hormius? By accident Cynips strepticera has a + before it in my Guide but it was you and not Dale, I think, who first found it, I know not who has it excepting yourself. As I have several boxes of yours which may be useful to you I shall endeavour to pack my insects into them and when you return them they can be put into Mr. Dales box which I now send with a present of insects from him and a letter.As it is not full I shall add some from Mr. Walker and some of my own. I also send you a letter from the Rev. G.T. Rudd, he has also asked me to forward you some insects and as I cannot tell but he may take advantage of this to insinuate that he is my friend I must explain. He was and still is I believe the intimate friend of Messrs Hope, Stephens and Westwood, he once behaved in my own Chambers so cavalierly that I did not speak to him for some time and he has lately treated Mr. Davis in an equally ungentlemanly manner which has led to a correspondence. There were things stated by Stephens in his work years since which I am pretty certain were obtained by the same Revd. Gentmn. from my cabinet and he is now every Friday bringing me information from some of the first-mentioned trio. All this I should put a stop to at once ‘for those that fetch can carry’ and I believe him to be only a spy and it is difficult for a man publishing a periodical work to act as independently as he would wish at all times, indeed he must not make enemies for this very man once at Dale's table denied my work and eulogised Stephen's so much that Dale says he convinced his friend declined taking the BE and he felt so hurt at Mr. Rudds conduct that he silenced him by saying ‘I wish Curtis were here to speak for himself’ and it was curious enough that I entered the room before the party broke up, I am the last Man in the World to embarass science by petty factions or to dictate to my friends but as men behave so will I speak of them. Everyone who knows me I believe will say I am sincere in in friendship and probably I may be a bitter enemy but even that is better than hypocrisy which I detest - so much I never can suffer it to pass current. Whenever you send my friends Dale and Walker I am delighted to know I have been the means of their introduction to you knowing that like myself they would give you anything you wanted but I should grieve if you devoted one hour to anyone on my account who gained your correspondence from selfish motives and this must be my apology for detaining you so long about so unpleasant a subject. I return Illiger [Nachlese zu den Bemerkungen, Berichtigungen und Zusätzen zu Fabricii Systema Eleutheratorum Mag. fur Insektenkunde] with many thanks. The Deal box belonging to him to be returned to me contains 1st a great number for you from him 2d some from Mr. Walker 3d a few I think may be useful and if they be so I beg you accept them they are 1. Plecinus polycerata. 2, Stephanus, I believe, from Brazil 3. Ibalia cultellator ? France. I wish these were better but I have only one of each myself. 4. Foenus assectator ? Isle of Wight I wish I could give you the female. 5. Scelis, France. 6. Cleptis auratis Britain. 7. Microma latipennis. I would send you more but they have no heads excepting I believe 1 other specimen. 8. Reduvius subapterous, this and the following are British specimens and I shall publish it soon, it seems to unite Reduvius and Nabis. 9. Molophilus brevipennis, this I shall publish soon, is it not a curious insect. 10. This is my Anisomena obscura ? Tell me if you please if you think it is of that genus as I should like to publish it, I send two imperfect ones which they all are excepting my Cabinet specimens, they were on the lid of a box and someone opened it arelessly and broke the whole row: it seems to be very rare the female is like the male excepting the pointed abdomen 11 Tephritis marginata 12 T. sonchi. There follow 2 Diptera and 5 dissections you were so kind as to lend me. Your oval box contains the insects you wished to examine. I hope they will arrive safe as I have no other specimens of any of them. I have attached a number to each which refers to my Guide they will be useful to you and enable me to put them in their places again, at the same time I shall be most grateful for your observations upon them and do not fail to let me have a list of your corrections. Also 6 Beetles and 2 Spiders for Mr. Templeton. The mahogany box is filled with the S.American insects. I have put a number on each ticket thinking it might save you trouble. What a beautiful thing No.9 is No.20 I fear is figured? & look out for it 21 Dorylus ns. 26 I bought a specimen, do you wish for one? is not 27 a faded one of the same. 34 is my specimen and as it was given to me by Lieut. Graves please to name it after him. 35 Sphex heros Fab. Supp. 44 I have the rest. 51, 52 and 53 take a pair if you please, as these are mine. 61 Trigona amalthea. The tin box contains my Ichneumonidae for you to look over as before observed also the specimen of Bracon I dissected for you to see. Have you L. silphoides and depressus. If not I will save them for you. I hope to send the packet on Saturday 16th inst. to the Steam Packet Office directed to Mr. Robert Grimshaw, Belfast, but as it is of importance I I send this per post and if I cannot get a Frank I shall enclose the rest of this letter in the parcel.


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 destroying all before him. The second of November he burnt the church of Mecana Selassé of the holy sepulchre, and Atronsa Mariam; and, on the 8th of the fame month, Ganeta Georgis; on the 2d of December, Debra Agezia-beher; the 6th of the same month, St Stephen's church; after which he returned to Adel with his booty.

following year Gragné returned in April, plundered and burnt Warwar, and wintered there. In the year 1530 Gragn6 invaded the province of Tigré in the month of October, while the king, who had wintered in Dembea, marched up to Woggora; thence, in December, he went to Tsalamet, and returned to Tigré to keep the feast of the Epiphany.

king, next year, marched through Tzegadé, and Gragné close followed him, as if he had been hunting a wild beast rather than making war. The 2d of January he burnt Abba Samuel, then went down into Mazaga the borders of Sennaar to a conference with Muchtar, one of his confederates, when it was resolved that they should fight the king wherever they could meet him, and attach themselves to his person alone. Gragné by forced marches overtook the king upon the Nile at Delakus, the 6th of February, and offered him battle, knowing the proud spirit of David, that he would not refuse, however great the disproportion was.

event was such as might be expected. Fortune again declared against the king. Negadé Yasous, Acab Saat, and many others of the nobility perished, fighting to the last, in the fight of their sovereign. In this

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Author:John Henry Middleton

Works

 * Ancient Rome in 1888 (1888)
 * The Engraved Gems of Classical Times (1891)
 * Illuminated Manuscripts in Classical and Mediaeval Times (1892)
 * Plans and drawings of Athenian buildings (1900)

Articles

 * "Kempley Church, Gloucestershire", Midland Naturalist 1:265-269 (1878)

Contributions to EB9

 * 'Mural Decoration' (volume 17), together with William Morris
 * (Ancient)
 * (Ancient)
 * (Ancient)
 * (Ancient)
 * (Ancient)

Contributions to EB1911

 * (in part)
 * (Art (in part))
 * (in part)
 * (Ancient (in part))
 * (in part)
 * (in part)
 * (with Arthur Hamilton Smith)
 * (The Ancient City (in part), and Christian Rome (in part))
 * (in part)
 * (Ancient (in part) and Modern (in part))
 * (in part)
 * (Zuccaro I.-II)
 * (The Ancient City (in part), and Christian Rome (in part))
 * (in part)
 * (Ancient (in part) and Modern (in part))
 * (in part)
 * (Zuccaro I.-II)
 * (in part)
 * (Zuccaro I.-II)
 * (Zuccaro I.-II)
 * (Zuccaro I.-II)
 * (Zuccaro I.-II)
 * (Zuccaro I.-II)

title: Author:John Henry Middleton


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/John of Bury


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Rh sorts: sometimes an hotel de villa, sometimes a guardhouse, sometimes a dwelling-house, sometimes a chateau with a rank garden, prolific in dandelion, and watched over by extinguisher-topped turrets, and blink-eyed little casements; are the standard objects, repeated over and over again. Sometimes, we pass a village inn, with a crumbling wall belonging to it, and a perfect town of out-houses: and painted over the gateway, "Stabling for Sixty Horses;" as indeed there might be stabling for sixty score, were there any horses to be stabled there, or anybody resting there, or anything stirring about the place but a dangling bush, indicative of the wine inside: which flutters idly in the wind, in lazy keeping with everything else, and certainly is never in a green old age, though always so old as to be dropping to pieces. And all day long, strange little narrow waggons, in strings of six or eight, bringing cheese from Switzerland, and frequently in charge, the whole line, of one man or even boy—and he very often asleep in the foremost cart—come jingling past: the horses drowsily ringing the bells upon their harness, and looking as if they thought (no doubt they do) their great blue woolly furniture, of immense weight and thickness with a pair of grotesque horns growing out of the collar, very much too warm for the Midsummer weather. Then, there is the Diligence, twice or thrice a-day; with the dusty outsides in blue frocks, like butchers; and the insides in white nightcaps; and its cabriolet head on the roof, nodding and shaking, like an idiot's head; and its Young-France passengers staring out of window,

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Fitzgibbon take good pledges for him, 'for, it is said, you will be cozened by him at last' (Cal. Carew MSS. iii. 462). In May 1601 he again fell under suspicion for not attempting to capture the Sugan Earl [see Fitzthomas, d. 1608], while passing through his territories ; but, 'being earnestly spurred on to repair his former errors' by Sir George Carew, 'did his best endeavours which had the success desired.' His capture of the Sugan Earl in the caves near Mitchelstown purchased him the general malice of the province. Such service could not pass unrewarded, and on 12 Dec. 1601 the queen declared her intention that an act should pass in the next parliament in Ireland for restoring him to his ancient blood and lineage. This intention was confirmed by James I on 7 July 1604, and the title of Baron of Clangibbon conferred on him. But as no parliament assembled before 1613, and as by that time he and his eldest son were both dead, it took no effect. In 1606 he again fell under suspicion, and was committed to gaol, but shortly afterwards liberated on promising to do service against the rebels. He died at Castletown on Sunday, 23 April 1608, a day after the death of his eldest son, Maurice, They were buried together in the church of Kilbeny, where they lay a week, and were then removed to Kilmallock, and there lie in their own tomb. He married, first, Joan Tobyn, daughter of the Lord of Cumshionagh, co. Tipperary, by whom he had two sons, Maurice (who married Joan Butler, daughter of Lord Dunboyne, by whom he had issue Maurice and Margaret), and John, and four daughters ; secondly, Joan, daughter of Lord Muskerry, having issue Edmund and David, who died young. Maurice and John dying, Maurice, the grandson, succeeded, but dying without issue the property passed to Sir William Fenton through his wife, Margaret Fitzgibbon. [All the references to Fitzgibbon's life contained in the State Papers, the Carew MSS., and Pacata Hibernia have been collected together in the Unpublished Geraldine Documents, pt. iv., ed. Hayman and Graves.]  FITZGIBBON, EDWARD (1803–1857), who wrote under the pseudonym 'Ephemera,' son of a land agent, was born at Limerick in 1803. He was devotedly attached to fishing from boyhood. When he was fourteen years old his father died, and he came to London. At sixteen he was articled to a surgeon in the city, but quitted the profession in disgust two years later, and became a classical tutor in various parts of England for three years, finding time everywhere to practise his favourite sport. He then visited Marseilles, where he remained six years, devoting himself to politics and the French language and literature, and becoming a welcome guest in all literary and polite circles. Having taken some part in the revolution of 1830, he returned to England and recommended himself to the notice of Black, the editor of the 'Morning Chronicle.' Being admitted to the staff, he worked with success in the gallery of the House of Commons. For a long series of years he wrote on angling for 'Bell's Life in London,' his knowledge of the subject and the attractive style in which his articles were written giving them great celebrity. For twenty-eight years he was a diligent worker for the daily press. His 'Lucid Intervals of a Lunatic' was a paper which at the time obtained much attention. He wrote often for the 'Observer,' and was a theatrical critic of considerable acumen. With his fine genius, excellent classical attainments, and perfect knowledge of French, Fitzgibbon would have been more famous but for an unfortunate weakness. He had periodical fits of drinking. Physicians viewed his case with much interest, as his weakness seemed almost to amount to a kind of monomania, in the intervals of which his life was marked by abstemiousness and refined tastes. Fitzgibbon often promised that he would write his experiences of intoxication, which his friends persuaded themselves would have won him fame. But he became a wreck some years before his death, on 19 Nov. 1857, after a month's illness. He died in the communion of the Roman catholic church. He left no family, and was buried in Highgate cemetery. Fitzgibbon made a great impression upon all who knew him by the brilliancy of his gifts. He possessed unblemished integrity, a kind and liberal disposition, much fire and eloquence, and the power of attaching to him many friends. From 1830 to the time of his death his writings had given a marvellous impulse to the art of fishing, had caused a great improvement in the manufacture and sale of fishing tackle, and largely increased the rents received by the owners of rivers and proprietors of fishing rights. He once killed fifty-two salmon and grilse on the Shin river in fifty-five hours of fishing. His 'Handbook of Angling' (1847), which reached a third edition in 1853, is perhaps the very best of the enormous number of manuals on fishing which are extant. Besides it Fitzgibbon wrote, in conjunction with Shipley of Ashbourne, 'A True Treatise on the Art of Fly-fishing as practised on the Dove and the Principal Streams of the Midland Counties,' 1838; and 'The Book of the Salmon,' together with A. Young, who added to it many notes on the


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 life-history of this fish, 1850. 'Ephemera' regarded this as the acme of his teachings on fishing. He also edited and partly rewrote the section on 'Angling' in Elaine's 'Encyclopædia of Rural Sports' (1852), and published the best of all the practical editions of 'The Compleat Angler' of Walton and Cotton in 1853.

FITZGIBBON, GERALD (1793–1882), lawyer and author, the fourth son of an Irish tenant farmer, was born at Glin, co. Limerick, on 1 Jan. 1793, and, after receiving such education as was to be had at home and in the vicinity of his father's farm, obtained employment as a clerk in a mercantile house in Dublin in 1814. His leisure hours he devoted to the study of the classics, and in 1817 entered Trinity College, where he graduated B.A. in 1825, and proceeded M.A. in 1832, having in 1830 been called to the Irish bar. During his college course and preparation for the bar he had maintained himself by teaching. In the choice of a profession he was guided by the advice of his tutor, Dr. (afterwards Bishop) Sandes. His rise at the bar was rapid, his mercantile experience standing him in good stead, and in 1841 he took silk. In 1844 he unsuccessfully defended Dr. (afterwards Sir John) Gray, one of the traversers in the celebrated state prosecution of that year, by which O'Connell's influence with the Irish masses was destroyed. In the course of the trial Fitzgibbon used language concerning Cusack Smith, the Irish attorney-general, which was construed by the latter into an imputation of dishonourable motives, and so keenly resented by him that he sent Fitzgibbon a challenge. Fitzgibbon returned the cartel, and on the attorney-general declining to take it back, drew the attention of the court to the occurrence. Thereupon the chief justice suspended the proceedings, in order to afford the parties time for reflection, observing that 'the attorney-general is the last man in his profession who ought to have allowed himself to be betrayed into such an expression of feeling as has been stated to have taken place.' The attorney-general thereupon expressed his willingness to withdraw the note, in the hope that Fitzgibbon would withdraw the words which had elicited it, and Fitzgibbon disclaiming any intention to impute conduct unworthy of a gentleman to the attorney-general, the matter dropped, and the trial proceeded (Annual Register, 1844, Chron. 323). Fitzgibbon continued in large practice until 1860, when he accepted the post of receiver-master in chancery. He published in 1868 a work entitled 'Ireland in 1868, the Battle Field for English Party Strife; its Grievances real and fictitious; Remedies abortive or mischievous,' 8vo. The book, which displays considerable literary ability, dealt with the educational, agrarian, religious, and other questions of the hour. The last and longest chapter, which was entitled 'The Former and Present Condition of the Irish People,' was published separately the same year. Its design is to show, by the evidence of history and tradition, that such measure of prosperity as Ireland has enjoyed has been due to the English connection. A second edition of the original work also appeared in the course of the year, with an additional chapter on the land question, in which stress is laid on the duties of landowners. This Fitzgibbon followed up with a pamphlet entitled 'The Land Difficulty of Ireland, with an Effort to Solve it,' 1869, 8vo. The principal feature of his plan of reform was that fixity of tenure should be granted to the farmer conditionally upon his executing improvements to the satisfaction of a public official appointed for the purpose. In 1871 he published 'Roman Catholic Priests and National Schools,' a pamphlet in which the kind of religious instruction given by Romanist priests, particularly with regard to the dogma of eternal punishment, is illustrated from authorised works. A second edition with an appendix appeared in 1872. Having in 1871 been charged in the House of Commons with acting with inhumanity in the administration of certain landed property belonging to wards of the Irish court of chancery, he published in pamphlet form a vindication of his conduct, entitled 'Refutation of a Libel on Gerald Fitzgibbon, Esq., Master in Chancery in Ireland,' 1871, 8vo. Fitzgibbon also published 'A Banded Ministry and the Upas Tree,' 1873, 8vo. He resigned his post in 1880, and died in September 1882. As an advocate he enjoyed a high reputation for patient and methodical industry, indefatigable energy, and great determination, combined with a very delicate sense of honour, and only a conscientious aversion to engage in the struggles of party politics precluded him from aspiring to judicial office. Fitzgibbon married in 1835 Ellen, daughter of John Patterson, merchant, of Belfast, by whom he had two sons, (1) Gerald, now Lord Justice Fitzgibbon, (2) Henry, now M.D. and vice-president of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland.


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 FITZGIBBON, JOHN, (1749–1802), lord chancellor of Ireland, the second son of John Fitzgibbon of Mount Shannon, co. Limerick, a successful Irish barrister, was born near Donnybrook in 1749. At school and at the university of Dublin he gained great distinction. Grattan was his great rival at Dublin, and had the superiority in the early, while Fitzgibbon succeeded best in the later years of the course. In 1765 Fitzgibbon obtained an optime for a translation of the 'Georgics,' 'the very rarest honour in our academic course' (Dublin University Mag. xxx. 672). He graduated B.A. of Trinity College, Dublin, in 1767, and afterwards entered Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated M.A. in 1770. In 1772 he was called to the Irish bar, and stepped at once into a large and growing practice. He received in his first year 3437l. 7s., between 1772 and 1783 (when he became attorney-general) 8,973l. 6s. 3d., and between 1783 and 1789 (when he became lord chancellor) 36,939l. 3s. 11d. (ib. xxx. 675). His father is said to have allowed him 600l. a year in addition. He conducted a successful election petition in 1778 against the return of Hely Hutchinson for the university, succeeded to the seat, and, along with Hussey Burgh, represented the university till 1783. In his early parliamentary days he gave a moderate support to the national claims. In 1780 he opposed Grattan's declaration of the legislative rights of Ireland; but, in consequence of an appeal from his constituents, promised to support it on the next occasion. 'I have always been of opinion,' he said, 'that the claim of the British parliament to make laws for the country is a daring usurpation of the rights of a free people, and have uniformly asserted the opinion in public and in private.' The total repeal of Poynings's law, however, seemed to him undesirable. On the necessity of repealing the Perpetual Mutiny Bill and of making the judges independent, he entirely agreed with his constituents (see his letter in, Lord Chancellors of Ireland, ii. 160).

He succeeded in keeping on good terms both with the government and with the nationalists. On several important questions he supported the latter, and had his reward in 1783, when Grattan, to his own subsequent regret, pressed for his appointment as attorney-general (, Memoirs, iii. 202). Fitzgibbon was never fortunate enough to find a suitable occasion for expressing the national feelings with which Grattan credited him. Until the union he remained practically the directing head of the Irish government, and consistently used his great influence to resist every proposal of reform and concession. His first conflict was over the question of parliamentary reform in the House of Commons, where he now represented Kilmallock. He opposed Flood's bill of 1784 as the mandate of a turbulent military congress; and, when the sheriffs of Dublin convened a meeting for the purpose of electing delegates to a national congress to consider the question, he wrote a letter threatening them with prosecution if they proceeded. He had the courage to appear at the meeting and repeat his threat. Reilly, the sheriff who was present, yielded, but was nevertheless fined for contempt of the court of king's bench in calling an illegal meeting. In the House of Commons Fitzgibbon defended both the legality and the expediency of this proceeding, and stated that it had been taken by his advice. In 1785 he supported the government's commercial policy with such power as to produce a special message of thanks from the king. In a speech on the treaty (15 Aug.) he referred to Curran as 'the politically insane gentleman,' whose declamation was better calculated for Sadler's Wells than the House of Commons. Curran retorted by saying that if he acted like Fitzgibbon he should be glad of the excuse of insanity. A duel followed, 'but,' says Lord Plunket in narrating the incident, 'unluckily they missed each other.' Curran is reported to have accused Fitzgibbon of determined malignity, shown by taking aim for nearly half a minute after his antagonist had fired (, Curran and his Contemporaries, p. 145). Mr. Froude ingeniously suggests that Fitzgibbon's deliberate aim was 'perhaps to make sure of doing him no serious harm' (English in Ireland, ii. 484). The enmity lasted through life; and Curran freely accused Fitzgibbon of purposely seeking opportunities to injure him.

In the Whiteboy Act of 1787 Fitzgibbon may be said to have begun his consistent policy of repression. He was presumably responsible for a clause, which had to be abandoned, giving power to destroy any popish chapel in or near which an illegal oath had been tendered. In later years he recurred repeatedly to the evil influence of the priests. At the same time he saw clearly the causes of outrage which repressive measures could not remove. In an often-quoted passage he gave his experience of Munster: 'If landlords would take the trouble to know their tenants,' he said, 'and not leave them in the hands of rapacious agents and middlemen, we should hear no more of discontents. The great source of all these miseries arises from the neglect of those whose duty and


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 interest it is to protect them.' On the other hand, he steadily opposed a reform of the tithe system such as Pitt advised in 1785 and as Grattan urged in the Irish parliament in 1787, 1788, and 1789 (, Hist. of England, vi. 401).

In the debates on the regency in 1789 the duty of advocating the case of the government rested mainly on Fitzgibbon. In his speeches, which Mr. Lecky has justly described as 'of admirable subtlety and power,' may be found probably the best defence which was made of Pitt's proposal. They show, however, that the idea of a union with England was already in his mind, though he spoke of it as only the least of two evils. Since the 'only security of your liberty,' he said, 'is your connection with Great Britain, he would prefer a union, however much to be deprecated, to separation.' During the debate on the lord-lieutenant's refusal to transmit to the Prince of Wales the address of the Irish parliament Fitzgibbon unguardedly said he recollected how a vote of censure on Lord Townshend had been followed by a vote of thanks which cost the nation half a million, and that therefore he would oppose the present censure, which might lead to an address which would cost half a million more (, Hist. of Ireland, ii. 286;, Memoirs, iii. 377. See Fitzgibbon's subsequent explanation in a speech of 19 Feb. 1798, reprinted after his reply to Lord Moira on the same day).

In 1789 Fitzgibbon succeeded Lord Lifford as lord chancellor of Ireland, with the title of Baron Fitzgibbon of Lower Connello. Thurlow for a long time opposed his appointment, partly on the ground that the office should not be held by an Irishman, and partly owing to reports of Fitzgibbon's unpopularity, but yielded at last to the pressure of Fitzgibbon himself, the Marquis of Buckingham, and others (, Courts and Cabinets of George III, ii. 157;, Lord Chancellors of Ireland, ii. 200). In 1793 he received the title of Viscount Fitzgibbon and in 1795 that of Earl of Clare, and in 1799 he was made a peer of Great Britain as Lord Fitzgibbon of Sidbury, Devonshire.

In his judicial capacity he displayed great rapidity of decision, which, though called precipitancy and attributed to his despotic habits, was rather the simple result of his extraordinary power of work and of concentration. An anonymous biographer says that he had heard [q. v.], an eminent counsel and strong political opponent, testify to the extraordinary correctness of Clare's judgments (Dublin University Mag. xxx. 682). With equal energy he devoted himself to the task of law reform, and down to the day of his death he sought every opportunity to remove legal abuses.

In politics he maintained an uncompromising resistance to all popular movements, and especially to all attempts to improve the position of the Roman catholics. A detailed record of his chancellorship would be a history of Ireland during the same period. His position and opinions can be most conveniently indicated by a reference to four speeches in the Irish House of Lords, published by himself or his friends, which are of great historical importance: 1. A speech on the prorogation of parliament in 1790, in which he angrily attacked the Whig Club for interfering in a question which had been raised concerning the election of the lord mayor (see pamphlet entitled Observations on the Vindication of the Whig Club; to which are subjoined the speech of the Lord Chancellor as it appeared in the newspapers, the Vindication of the Whig Club, &c., and see also, Miscellaneous Works, pp. 266, 270). 2. A speech on the second reading of a bill for the relief of his majesty's Roman catholic subjects in Ireland, 13 March 1793 (1798; reprinted in 1813). Reviewing at great length the history of the Roman catholic church in Ireland, and the claims of the catholic church in general, he urged vehemently the impolicy and danger of entrusting catholics with power in the state, but agreed that after the promises which had been made it might be essential to the momentary peace of the country that the bill should pass. His peculiar bitterness on this occasion was partly due to the fact that only a few months before he had vainly sought to dissuade the viceroy and the English government from any conciliatory language towards the catholics (, Hist. of England, vi. 528), and that as a member of the government he was speaking against a government measure. Comparing the speech with that of the Bishop of Killala, who preceded him, Grattan wrote to Richard Burke: 'The bishop who had no law was the statesman; the lawyer who had no religion was the bigot' (Memoirs, v. 557). The attempt at conciliation which Lord Fitzwilliam was allowed to make for a few months in 1794 and 1795 must have been intensely repugnant to him. Fitzwilliam had marked out the lord chancellor as one of the men who had to be got rid of (, Courts and Cabinets, p. 312), and the influence of the chancellor had doubtless a good deal to do with the viceroy's recall. On the day of Lord Camden's arrival the Dublin mob attacked Clare's house, and he was saved only by the skill with which his sister led off the crowd to


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Fitzgibbon seek him elsewhere. 3. Speech in the House of Lords, 19 Feb. 1798, on Lord Moira's motion (printed 1798). Lord Moira attacked the government for its coercive policy. Clare justified that policy in a long reply, containing an elaborate account of the progress of disaffection, and of the failure of conciliation during a period, as he considered it, of rapid advance. He excused a case of picketing, on the ground that it led to the discovery of two hundred pikes within two days, and has been therefore denounced as the defender of torture. Clare himself, however, was inclined to temper a rigorous policy by moderation to individuals. Both he and Castlereagh supported Cornwallis's proposal of a general amnesty after Vinegar Hill, and in the case of Lord Edward Fitzgerald he went so far as to warn his friends that his doings were fully known to the government, and to promise that if he would leave the country every port should be open to him. This did not affect his determination to crush out disaffection at any cost. (The share of Clare in the government policy cannot be profitably separated from the general history, as to which see the Cornwallis and Castlereagh Correspondence, the Lords' Report of the Committee of Secrecy, which is understood to have been carefully edited by Clare, and Macneven's Pieces of Irish History.) 4. Speech in the House of Lords, 10 Feb. 1800, on a motion made by him in favour of a union (printed 1800). Clare narrated the history of the English connection, of the religious divisions, and of the land confiscations, recalled the circumstances in which the 'final adjustment of 1782' was made, the designs of the revolutionists, and the disorganised state of Irish finances, and insisted that union was the only alternative to separation and bankruptcy. Grattan replied in an indignant pamphlet, vindicating the action of himself and his friends, and rebuking Clare for the insulting language in which he spoke of his country. The speech is certainly that of an advocate, not of an historian ; but it is impossible not to admire its skilful marshalling of facts and the vigour of its language. There is little doubt that the passing of the Act of Union was due to Clare more than to any other man. For the last seven years, he said, he had urged its necessity on the king's ministers, and this statement is borne out by an unpublished letter which he wrote to Lord Auckland in 1798. 'As to the subject of the union with the British parliament,' he said, 'I have long been of opinion that nothing short of it can save this country. I stated this opinion very strongly to Mr. Pitt in the year 1793, immediately after that fatal mistake into which he was betrayed by Mr. Burke and Mr. Dundas, in receiving an appeal from the Irish parliament by a popish democracy.' He states his continued adherence to this view, and concludes : 'It makes me almost mad when I look back at the madness, folly, and corruption in both countries which has brought us to the verge of destruction' (British Museum Additional MS. 29475, f. 43). Yet in 1793 he told the House of Lords that a separation and a union were 'each to be equally dreaded.' On 16 Oct. 1798 he wrote to Castlereagh : 'I have seen Mr. Pitt, the chancellor, and the Duke of Portland, who seem to feel very sensibly the critical situation of our damnable country (highly complimentary, but it was between themselves), and that the union alone can save it' (Castlereagh Correspondence, i. 393). Clare was equally eager that no attempt should be made to change, as a part of the union, the existing catholic laws. 'Even the chancellor,' wrote Cornwallis to Pitt, 25 Sept. 1798, 'who is the most right-minded politician in this country, will not hear of the Roman catholics sitting in the united parliament' (Cornwallis Correspondence, ii. 416 ; and see letter of Lord Grenville, 5 Nov. 1798, in, Courts and Cabinets, ii. 411; and , Administrations of Great Britain, p. 185). Clare even ventured to try humour in his anxious desire for a union. In 1799 appeared a tract entitled 'No Union! But Unite and Fall! By Paddy Whack, in a loving letter to his dear mother, Sheelah, of Dame Street, Dublin,' of which he is said to have been the author, and in which Paddy Whack advises Sheelah to marry 'the rich, and generous, and industrious, and kind, and liberal, and powerful, and free, honest John Bull.' Its humour is somewhat coarse and clumsy. After the union Clare appeared several times in the House of Lords, but he did not increase his reputation. His sharp temper brought him into frequent conflict, while the studied disrespect with which he referred to his countrymen, and his passionate insistence on the madness of conceding anything to the Roman catholics, excited a feeling of repugnance. 'Good God!' Pitt is reported to have said when listening to him on one occasion, did you ever hear in all your life such a rascal as that ?' (, Memoirs, iii. 403). He died on 28 Jan. 1802. His funeral was followed by a Dublin mob, whose curses vioently expressed the hate with which a great part of his fellow-countrymen regarded him (account by an eye-witness in Dublin Univ. Mag. xxvii. 559 ;, Personal Recollections, p. 146).

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Fitzgilbert his wife, and requested her to burn all his papers —'should they remain after me, hundreds may be compromised'— and his wishes were observed (Curran and his Contemporaries, p. 154). A report that he repented of his action with regard to the union (, Hist. of Ireland, ii. 558) is based on a sentence in an abusive statement of his nephew Jeffreys, who had quarrelled with his uncle over private matters : 'I afterwards saw Lord Clare die, repenting of his conduct on that very question' (, Memoirs, iii. 403). Clare married in 1786 Anne, eldest daughter of R. C. Whaley of Whaley Abbey, co. Wicklow, who died in 1844. He left two sons, both of whom succeeded to the earldom. John, the elder (1792-1851), second earl, educated at Christ Church, Oxford, was governor of Bombay, 1830-4. Richard Hobart, the younger son (1793-1864), third and last earl, had an only son, John Charles Henry, viscount Fitzgibbon (1829-1854), who fell in the charge of the light brigade at Balaklava. Clare has been described as the basest of men, without one redeeming virtue (see the account of him by Grattan's son in Memoirs, iii. 393), and he has been represented as an unsullied patriot, thinking only of his country's good (, English in Ireland, ii. 526). The one picture is as false as the other. In Clare's cold and unemotional manner there was a good deal of affectation, and his friends claimed for him that in private life he was kindly and true. There is evidence that he was an indulgent landlord — 'the very best of landlords,' Plowden calls him. It is unreasonable, moreover, to question the general sincerity of his political opinions. He had a fixed purpose clearly before his mind, and he held firmly to it, undeterred by the abuse and the hate which he excited. He was ambitious, not very scrupulous, vain, and intolerably insolent ; but whether he used his power for good or evil he acted with uniform courage, and in point of ability stood head and shoulders above all the other Irishmen of his time who sided with the government (Curran and his Contemporaries, p. 139 ; Magee's funeral sermon in Annual Register, 1802, p. 705 ;, Rise and Fall of the Irish Nation). [O'Flanagan's Lives of the Lord Chancellors of Ireland ; Grattan's Memoirs; Phillips's Curran and his Contemporaries ; Dublin Univ. Mag. xxx. 671 ; Metropolitan Mag. xxiv. 337, xxv. 113; Gent. Mag. lxxii. 185; Irish Parliamentary Debates ; Cornwallis and Castlereagh Correspondence.]  FITZGILBERT, RICHARD (d. 1090?), founder of the house of Clare. [See, d. 1090 ?] FITZGILBERT, RICHARD (d. 1136?). [See, d. 1136 ?]

 FITZHAMON, ROBERT (d. 1107), conqueror of Glamorgan, belonged to a great family whose ancestor, Richard, was either the son or nephew of Rollo, and which since the tenth century had possessed the lordships of Thorigny, Creully, Mézy, and Evrecy in Lower Normandy (Roman de Rou, ed. Andresen, 1. 4037 sq.) Richard's son, 'Haim as Denz' (Haimo Dentatus), was one of the rebels slain at Val ès Dunes in 1047 (ib. 1. 4057 sq.), and Robert is generally described as his son (, Les Barons de Creully, p. 50). But William of Malmesbury expressly states that Robert was the grandson of this Haimo (Gesta Regum, bk. iii. p. 393, Engl. Hist. Soc.) If so, Robert's father must have been some other Haimo, probably the 'Haimo vicecomes' mentioned in the 'Domesday Book' as holding lands in chief in Kent and Surrey, and who presided as sheriff over the great suit between Odo and Lanfranc in the Kentish shire moot (, Roman de Rou, Anmerkungen, ii. 768 ; cf. note to his edition of, iii. 14, 'grace aux renseignements de M. Stapleton ;' cf. also , Epistolæ, iv. 57, complaining of the outrages of Hamon's followers). Those who regard Haimo Dentatus as the grandfather of Robert, the conqueror of Glamorgan, suppose that the former had, besides 'Haimo vicecomes,' another son called Robert Fitzhamon, to whom the earlier notices of the name really refer. In that case, Haimo the sheriff was probably the father of Haimo Dapifer, a tenant-in-chief in Essex, though Mr. Ellis (Introduction to Domesday Book, i. 432) identifies the two Haimos. There is, however, no direct evidence for this, and it is quite certain that 'Hamon the steward' was brother, though hardly, as Professor Freeman (William Rufus, ii. 82-3) says, elder brother, of Robert Fitzhamon ( in, Hist. Norm. Scriptt. Ant. 306 c.) Robert held all the family estates, and Haimo was still alive in 1112 ( in Arch. Journal, xxxv. 3). It is therefore not quite certain whether the earlier notices of Robert Fitzhamon refer to the nephew or the uncle ; but in any case a Robert Fitzhamon is mentioned in Bayeux charters of 1064 and 1074 (ib. xxxv. 2). Between 1049 and 1066 the same person assented as lord to the foundation of the priory of St. Gabriel (, Essais Historiques sur la Ville de Caen, ii. 409 ; cf. Nouveaux Essais, ii. 39 ;, p. 23). In 1074 he attested a charter of William I (Memoires de la Societe des Antiquaires de la Normandie, xxx. 702). There is no certain


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Fitzhamon mention of him in 'Domesday Book,' despite the appearance of the two Hamons, his kinsmen. When the feudal party under Odo of Bayeux revolted in 1088, Robert is mentioned among the select band of 'legitimi et maturi barones' who supported the royal cause ( ed. Le Prévost, iii. 273). His Kentish connections may have given him special grievances against Odo as earl of Kent, ward for his services William assigned him great estates, particularly the lands mostly in Gloucestershire, but partly in Buckinghamshire and Cornwall, which had passed from Brictric to Queen Matilda (Cont. in, ii. 55, and Chron. Angl. Norm. i. 73, which is manifestly wrong in making William I grantor of Brictric's lands to Fitzhamon ; see , Norman Conquest, iv. 762-3). These Rufus had for a time allowed his brother Henry to possess, but about 1090 he transferred them to Fitzhamon ( iii. 350). It is possible that the Gloucestershire estates were now erected into an honour (, Monasticon, ii. 60). Robert's marriage with Sibyl ( iii. 118), daughter of Roger of Montgomery and sister of Robert of Bellême [q. v.], must have still further improved his position on the Welsh marches. The next few years were marked by the definitive Norman conquest of South Wales. But while authentic history records the settlements of Bernard of Neufmarché in Brecheiniog, and of Arnulf of Montgomery in Dyfed and Ceredigion, the history of Fitzhamon's conquest of Glamorgan has to be constructed out of its results, and the untrustworthy, though circumstantial, legend that cannot be traced further back than to fifteenth or sixteenth century pedigree-mongers. In 1080 the building of Cardiff, subsequently the chief castle of Fitzhamon's lordship, was begun (Brut y Tywysogion, sub anno, Rolls Ser.), and this event may mark the beginning of Fitzhamon's conquests. If we can rely on the authenticity of the charter of 1086 (Hist. Glouc. i. 334), by which William I confirmed to Abbot Serlo Fitzhamon's grant of Llancarvan to the abbey of Gloucester, there can be no doubt but that the end of William's reign saw the beginning of the conquest. But probability suggests that it was not until after he had obtained the honour of Gloucester that he was able to win so large a territory as Glamorgan. The legend fits in with this, for it tells us how about 1088 Eineon [q. v.], son of Collwyn, went to London and 'agreed with Robert Fitzhamon, lord of Corbeil in France and cousin of the Red King, to come to the assistance of Iestin, prince of Morganwg.' 'Twelve other honourable knights' were persuaded by Robert to accompany him. Uniting his forces with Iestin, Robert defeated and slew Rhys ab Tewdwr at Hirwaun Wrgan, received from Iestin his recompense in sterling gold, and returned towards London. But Eineon, disappointed by Iestin's treachery of Iestin's daughter, besought them to return. At Mynydd Bychan, near Cardiff, Iestin was put to flight and despoiled of his country. 'Robert Fitzhamon and his men took for themselves the best of the vale and the rich lands, and allotted to Eineon the uplands.' Robert himself, 'their prince,' took the government of all the country and the castles of Cardiff, Trevuvered, and Kenfig, with the lands belonging to them. The rest of the valley between the Taff and the Neath he divided among his twelve companions. Such is the story as told in the so-called Gwentian 'Brut y Tywysogion,' the manuscript of which is no older than the middle of the sixteenth century. The same story is repeated, with more detail and with long genealogical accounts of the descendants of Fitzhamon's twelve followers, in Powel's 'History of Cambria,' first published in 1584, on the authority of Sir Edward Stradling, described as 'a skilful and studious gentleman of that country,' but whose more than doubtful pedigree it was a main purpose of the story to exalt. There is in some ways a still fuller account in Rhys Meyrick's 'Book of Glamorganshire Antiquities' (1578). The 'Gwentian Brut's' authority is singularly small, and the details of the pedigrees in the later versions are of no authority at all. Rhys ab Tewdwr was really slain by Bernard of Neufmarché and the French of Brecheiniog (Brut y Tywysogion, sub anno 1091 ; but the date of (ii. 31), 1093, is better; cf., William Rufus, ii. 91 ). But his death was followed by the French conquests of Dyved and Ceredigion, which must surely have succeeded the occupation of Glamorgan. Fitzhamon's grants to English churches and the inheritance which his daughter brought to her husband equally prove Fitzhamon to have been the conqueror of Glamorgan. There is almost contemporary proof of the existence of some at least of his twelve followers, and for their possession of the lordships assigned to them in the legend (e.g. Liber Landavensis, p. 27, for Pagan of Turberville, Maurice of London, and Robert of St. Quentin ; cf. Hist. Glouc. passim). We can gather from the records of the next generation that Glamorgan was organised into what was afterwards called a lordship marcher, with institutions and government based on those of an English county ('Vicecomes Glamorgansciræ,' Hist. Glouc.


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132 is between three and four hundred per cent. increase over the price which some of the ablest men in the business in this country felt was too high previously thereto, and, no doubt, honestly so felt. We see how easy it is for even the most expert men to fail in reaching a correct conclusion on these unascertainable and difficult questions. To say, therefore, that those men who in rare exceptions had guessed the market price of sugar correctly, or probably less than half correctly, as to the prices that they would be compelled to pay for the replacement of their stock, for no other reason than their sales at this inadequate price, had acted criminally, seems preposterous.

Of course, it may be a theoretical estimate, but there is a general conclusion among economists that only about one man in every ten succeeds who assumes these risks of business. The rest fail chiefly because of the constant variation and inevitable losses of those taking the risk in business not even averaging with the possible gain. This again demonstrates Adam Smith's contention that the ever present tendency is for hope unwisely to overbalance fear.

Business will not and cannot go on, or production continue, much less increase, if, when the occasional year of profit comes, it is to be made more dangerous and cruel than even the years of loss. It is probable that most, if not all, of the men now under indictment for sugar profiteering were only indicted because of a failure on the part of the Government to distinguish between "price" and "value"; and, when the cycle that constitutes business is completed and their stock replaced, they will find that they are much poorer instead of richer than if they had been guided by "value" instead of mere "price." They will wish that they had adhered to Adam Smith and all his


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/November 1887/Specialization in Science


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/November 1887/Food and Fiber Plants of the North American Indians


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/November 1887/Science and Revelation


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Author:Édouard Constant Biot

Science and technology

 * Traité sur l'économie des machines et des manufactures par Charles Babbage, traduit de l'anglais sur la troisième édition par Éd. Biot (1833)
 * Manuel du constructeur des chemins de fer, ou Essai sur les principes généraux de l'art de construire les chemins de fer (1834)

History

 * De l'Abolition de l'esclavage ancien en Occident (1840)
 * Mémoire sur la condition de la classe servile au Mexique, avant la conquête des Espagnols (1840)

Books

 * Dictionnaire des noms anciens et modernes des villes et arrondissements de premier, deuxième et troisième ordre compris dans l'Empire chinois (1842)
 * Essai sur l'histoire de l'instruction publique en Chine et de la corporation des lettrés (2 volumes, 1845-1847)
 * Le Tcheou-li ou Rites des Tcheou, traduit pour la première fois du chinois par feu Édouard Biot (2 volumes, 1851). Édité par Jean-Baptiste Biot. Réédition : Ch'eng Wen Publishing Co., Taipei, 1975.

Memoirs

 * Notice sur quelques procédés industriels connus en Chine au XVIe siècle (1835)
 * Mémoire sur la population de la Chine et ses variations, depuis l’an 2400 avant J.-C. jusqu’au XVIIe siècle de notre ère (1836)
 * Mémoire sur la condition des esclaves et des serviteurs gagés en Chine (1837)
 * Mémoire sur le système monétaire des Chinois (1838)
 * Mémoire sur les recensements des terres, consignés dans l'Histoire chinoise (1938)
 * Mémoire sur la condition de la propriété territoriale en Chine, depuis les temps anciens (1838)
 * Note sur la connaissance que les Chinois ont eue de la valeur de position des chiffres (1839)
 * Table générale d'un ouvrage chinois intitulé Souan-fa-tong-tsong, ou Traité complet de l'art de compter (1839)
 * Mémoire sur divers minéraux chinois, appartenant à la collection du Jardin du roi (1839)
 * Mémoire sur les montagnes et cavernes de la Chine (1840)
 * Recherches sur la hauteur de quelques points remarquables du territoire chinois (1840)
 * Recherches sur la température ancienne de la Chine. (1840)
 * Tchou-chou-ki-nien (1841)
 * Traduction et explication du Tchéou-peï (1841)
 * Catalogue général des tremblements de terre en Chine (1841)
 * Mémoire sur le chapitre Yu-kong du Chi-king et sur la géographie de la Chine ancienne (1842)
 * Mémoire sur les déplacements du cours inférieur du fleuve Jaune (1843)
 * Recherches sur les mœurs anciennes des Chinois, d'après le Chi-king (1843)
 * Observations anciennes de la planète Mercure, extraites de la Collection des vingt-quatre historiens de la Chine (1843)
 * Note sur la direction de l'aiguille aimentée en Chine, et sur les aurores boréales observées dans ce pays (1842)
 * Mémoire sur l’extension progressive des côtes orientales de la Chine (1844)
 * Mémoire sur la Constitution politique de la Chine au XIIe siecle avant notre ère (1844)
 * Études sur les anciens temps de l'Histoire chinoise (1845)
 * Catalogue de tous les météores observés en Chine, avec la date du jour de l'apparition et l'identification des constellations traversées (1846)
 * Recherches faites dans la grande collection des historiens de la Chine, sur les anciennes apparitions de la comète de Halley (1846)
 * Catalogue des comètes observées en Chine, depuis l'an 1230 jusqu'à l'an 1640 de notre ère (1846)
 * Catalogue des étoiles extraordinaires observées en Chine, depuis les temps anciens jusqu'à l'an 1200 de notre ère (1846)
 * Mémoire sur les monuments analogues aux pierres druidiques qu'on rencontre dans l'Asie orientale, et en particulier à la Chine (1848)
 * Mémoires sur les colonies militaires et agricoles des Chinois (1850)

title: Author:Édouard Constant Biot


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/November 1887/About the Wedding-Ring


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/November 1887/The Chemistry of Oyster-Fattening


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/November 1887/Geikie on the Teaching of Geography


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/November 1887/A Kitchen College


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/November 1887/What American Zoologists Have Done for Evolution: 1887 Speech II


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 from respect to his female prisoner, whom he brought in triumph before Socinios to Dancaz, and was the first messenger of his own victory.

received this queen of the Greeks on his throne; but, in consideration of her infirmities, dispensed with the ceremony of prostration, constantly observed in Abyssinia on being introduced to the presence of the king: seeing that she was unable to stand during the time of her interrogation, he ordered a low stool to be set for her on the ground; a piece of consideration very rarely shewn to any stranger in Abyssinia, however great their dignity and quality.

sternly demanded of his prisoner, "Why she and her predecessors, being vassals to the crown of Abyssinia, had not only omitted the payment of their tribute, but had not even sent the customary presents to him upon his accession to the throne?"

this the queen answered with great frankness and candour, "That it was true, such tributes and presents were due, and were also punctually paid from old times by her ancestors to his, as long as protection was afforded them and their people, and this was the principal cause of paying that tribute; but the Abyssinians having first suffered the country to be in great part conquered by the Arabs, and then again by the Funge, without ever interfering, she had concluded a peace with the Funge of Sennaar, and paid the tribute to them, in consequence of which they defended her from the Arabs: That she had had no soldiers but such as were employed in keeping a strict watch over the road through the desert to Suakem, which was anciently trusted


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 his reign, and remained at Tchelga under the mutual protection of "Wed Ageeb and the emperor of Abyssinia, a kind of prisoner to them both; and had brought with him a number of soldiers and dependents, the partakers of his former good fortune, who, finding safety and good usage at Tchelga, were naturally well-affected to the king. These, ready mounted and armed, joined Sanuda immediately upon his declaring the exigency; and with these he marched straight to Coga, to the defence of the palace with which he had been intrusted.

, whose design was against Coga, no sooner heard Sanuda was arrived there than he marched to surprise him, and a very bloody and obstinate engagement followed. The Funge, piqued in honour to render this service to their protector, fought so obstinately that they were all slain, and Sanuda, mounted that day upon a fleet horse belonging to Socinios, escaped with difficulty, much wounded.

soon as Socinios heard of this misfortune, he sent Ras Emana Christos, who marched straight to Woggora, creating Zenobius, son of Imael, governor of that district; and there he found Sanuda Zenobius and Ligaba Za Denghel together, in a place called Deberasso.

soon as the rebel Melchizedec heard Emana Christos was come, and with him the fore-mentioned noblemen, he set himself to exert the utmost of his power to draw together forces of all kinds from every part he could get them, and his army was soon increased to such a degree as,


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2 to this practice, otherwise almost general. Icon Amlac is the only name by which we know this first prince of the race of Solomon, restored now fully to his dominions, after a long exile his family had suffered by the treason of Judith. The signification of his name is, "Let him be made our sovereign," and is apparently that which he took upon his inauguration or accession to the throne; and his name of baptism, and bye-name or popular name given him, are both therefore lost.

now restored to the complete possession of his ancient dominions, he was too wise all at once to leave his dutiful kingdom of Shoa and return to Tigré. He continued to make Tegulat, the capital of Shoa, his seat of the empire, and there reigned fifteen years.

the 14th year of the reign of this prince, his great benefactor, Abuna Tecla Haimanout, founder of the Order of Monks of Debra Libanos, and restorer of the Royal family, died at that monastery in great reputation and very advanced age. He was the last Abyssinian ordained Abuna; and this sufficiently shews the date of that canon I have already spoken of, falsely said to be a canon of the council of Nicea.

Le Grande and some others have pretended to be in doubt at what time, and for what reason, this canon could have been made, I think the reason very plain, which fixes it to the time of Tecla Haimanout, as well as shews it to be a forgery of the church of Alexandria, no doubt with the council and advice of this great statesman Tecla Haimanout. Egypt was fallen under the dominion of the


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 reach their largest size on the frontal mound and cheeks and extend over the whole carapace, including the eye mounds, in uniform density.

The abdomen is slender. It expands gradually to the fourth segment whence it contracts again as gradually to the long and slender postabdomen. The greatest width is probably about one fourth greater than that of the carapace. The preabdomen is longer by one third than the carapace, and the postabdomen is but little longer than the preabdomen. The tergites are short plates with nearly straight anterior and posterior margins, while the sternites exhibit strongly curved posterior margins, the middle being strongly concave and the postlateral angles well rounded and produced backward. Traces of a marginal line of tubercles on the tergites have been observed and it is possible that the whole surface was tuberculate.

The telson has not been observed in position, but it is quite probable that a slender spine, found in association with these remains, belongs to this species since it fully corresponds to the form of the postabdomen.

Appendages. The chelicerae and first pair of legs have not been seen. Of the second pair but four segments of the specimen could be exposed without destroying the following legs, and of the third pair also a portion of a fifth segment. These exposed portions show that the legs were long and slender, the third still somewhat surpassing the second in length; thus the second to fourth legs continuously increase in length backward. The fourth and fifth segments, and presumably the following ones, are furnished with a series of straight, slender paired spines, about 6–9 pairs on each segment. The fourth and fifth pairs of long legs were not of equal size, but the fourth shorter by one eighth. The latter, fully reflexed, would reach the last postabdominal segment and the fifth leg the telson. The coxae of these legs are not exposed; the first and second segments, however, are partly seen and can be recognized as consisting of short rings; the third is somewhat longer, while the fourth is the longest and broadest of all. It is two and one half times as long as the third. The sixth is again shorter by one third while the seventh and eighth are distinguished by again increasing in length and decreasing notably in width. The


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Rh

"Soldiers of my old guard, I bid you farewell. For twenty years I have constantly accompanied you on the road to honor and glory. In these latter times, as in the days of our prosperity, you have invariably been models of courage and fidelity. With men such as you our cause could not be lost; but the war would have been interminable; it would have been civil war, and that would have entailed deeper misfortunes on France. I have sacrificed all my interests to those of the country. I go, but you, my friends, will continue to serve France. Her happiness was my only thought. It will still be the object of my wishes. Do not regret my fate; if I have consented to survive, it is to serve your glory. I intend to write the history of the great achievements we have performed together. Adieu, my friends. Would I could press you all to my heart." Napoleon then ordered the eagles to be brought, and, having embraced them, he added: "I embrace you all in the person of your general. Adieu, soldiers! Be always gallant and good."

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 terminal spine is short and stout with incurved point. All the segments, including the terminal spine, carry sharply elevated longitudinal ridges.

On account of the obvious distortions of all specimens we refrain from giving measurements of the parts of the animal beyond the relative dimensions cited above.

The metastoma and genital appendages have not been observed in place.

Horizon and locality. One of the rarer forms in the Shawangunk grit at Otisville, N. Y.

Remarks.  stands apart from all its allies in a number of characters that show it to be an aberrant form. The most notable of these are the frontal prolongation of the carapace, the frontal row of denticulations, the strongly tuberculate mound behind the latter and the submarginal, forward position of the eyes. It is hardly to be doubted that these characters together with the slender form of the body and the length of the legs indicate that it was an active species and not a mud groveler. The elongate outline of the carapace it has in common with. Both these species probably belong to the same subgenus, Ctenopterus.

Different degrees and directions of compression have produced a strikingly varying series of aspects of the carapace, some of which are here reproduced, since these specimens serve to bring out certain other features. In some we have indicated the direction of compression by pointers. In a few [ pl. 50, fig. 4–6] the typical aspect is so completely changed by the preservation that without intermediate stages they would surely be taken for. representatives of different species.

There is a distinct similarity by convergence between this form and certain species of the trilobite Dalmanites that finds its most pregnant expression in the frontal row of denticulations duplicated in the subgenera Odontocephalus and Corycephalus, in the bulging frontal mound, recalling the frontal lobe of the glabella, and the large, widely separated crescent-shaped eyes. We can hardly go amiss in attributing this similarity less to an accidental coincidence in fugitive characters than to an adaptation to like conditions or similar habits.


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 About this time she married Fitzhenry, a lawyer, by whom she had a son and a daughter. He also predeceased her. She reappeared at Smock Alley in October 1757 as Mrs. Fitzhenry in Calista. At one or other of the Dublin theatres, between 1759 and 1764, she played Isabella in 'Measure for Measure,' Emilia in 'Othello,' Cleopatra in 'All for Love,' the Queen in 'Hamlet' (then held to be a character of primary importance), Mandane in the 'Orphan of China,' Queen Katharine, and other parts. On 15 Oct. 1765, as Calista, she made her first appearance at Drury Lane, and added to her characters, 9 April 1766, Roxana in the 'Rival Queens.' Returning to Dublin she played at Smock Alley or Crow Street theatres, both for a time under the management of Mossop, the Countess of Salisbury and Aspasia in 'Tamerlane.' Her last recorded appearance was at Smock Alley 1773-4 as Mrs. Belleville in the 'School for Wives.' Not long after this she retired with a competency and lived with her two children. She returned to the stage, Genest supposes, on no very strong evidence, about 1782-3, and acted successfully many of her old parts. She then finally retired, and is said to have died at Bath in 1790. The date and place are doubted by Genest, a resident in Bath, who thinks there is a confusion between her and Mrs. Fitzmaurice, who died in Bath about this epoch. The monthly obituary of the 'European Magazine' for November and December 1790 says: '11 Dec. Lately in Ireland, Mrs. Fitzhenry, a celebrated actress.' Mrs. Fitzhenry was an excellent actress. She lacked, however, the personal beauty of Mrs. Yates, to whom she was opposed by the Dublin managers, and was in consequence treated with much discourtesy and cruelty in Dublin. Her acting was original, and her character blameless. She was prudent, and it may almost be said sharp, in pecuniary affairs.

FITZHERBERT, ALLEYNE, (1753–1839), was fifth and youngest son of William Fitzherbert of Tissington in Derbyshire, who married Mary, eldest daughter of Littleton Poyntz Meynell of Bradley, near Ashbourne, in the same county. His father, who was member for the borough of Derby and a commissioner of the board of trade, committed suicide on 2 Jan. 1772 through pecuniary trouble. He was numbered among the friends of Dr. Johnson, who bore witness to his felicity of manner and his general popularity, but depreciated the extent of his learning. Of his mother the same authority is reported to have said 'that she had the best understanding he ever met with in any human being.' Alleyne, who inherited his baptismal name from his maternal grandmother, Judith, daughter of Thomas Alleyne of Barbadoes, was born in 1753, and received his school education at Derby and Eton. In July 1770 he matriculated as pensioner at St. John's College, Cambridge, his private tutor being the Rev. William Arnald, and in the following October Gray wrote to Mason that 'the little Fitzherbert is come as pensioner to St. John's, and seems to have all his wits about him.' Gray, attended by several of his friends, paid a visit to the young undergraduate in his college rooms, and as the poet rarely went outside his own college, his presence attracted great attention, and the details of the interview were afterwards communicated to Samuel Rogers, and printed by Mitford. Fitzherbert took his degree of B.A. in 1774, being second of the senior optimes in the mathematical tripos, and he was also the senior chancellor's medallist. Soon afterwards he went on a tour through France and Italy, and when abroad was presented to one of the university's travelling scholarships. In February 1777 he began a long course of foreign life with the' appointment of minister at Brussels, and this necessitated his taking the degree of M.A. in that year by proxy. He remained at Brussels until August 1782, when he was despatched to Paris by Lord Shelburne as plenipotentiary to negotiate a peace with the crowns of France and Spain, and with the States-General of the United Provinces; and on 20 Jan. 1783 the preliminaries of peace with the first two powers were duly signed. The peace with the American colonies, which was agreed to at about the same date, was not brought to a conclusion under Fitzherbert's charge, but he claimed to have taken a leading share in the previous negotiations which rendered it possible. This successful diplomacy led to his promotion in the summer of 1783 to the post of envoy extraordinary to the Empress Catherine of Russia, and he accompanied her in her tour round the Crimea in 1787. His conversation was always attractive, and among his best stories were his anecdotes of the empress and her court, some of which are preserved in Dyce's 'Recollections of Samuel Rogers' (pp. 104-5). At the close of 1787 he returned to England to


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(Stylomurus in error) Hall (Martin). N. Y. Acad. Sci. Trans. 1882. 2: 2

Hall. N. Y. State Mus. 36th An. Rep't. 1883. p. 77, pl. 5, fig. 1

Claypole. American Philosophical Soc. Proc. 1883. 21: 236, pl. 3

Hall. American Assn. Adv. Sci. Proc. 1884. 33: 421

Hall & Clarke. Palaeontology of New York. 1888. 7: 158, 221, pl. 26, 26A

Beecher. American Jour. Sci. 1900. 10: 145, pl. 1

Only two specimens of this species are yet known. One a natural external mould of the complete carapace from the Catskill beds at Andes, Delaware co., N. Y., is in the possession of Rutgers College and is the type of Hall's original description. Another fragmentary carapace from the same formation in Pennsylvania, the original of Claypole's description, is now in the National Museum. Clarke succeeded in developing on the underside of the latter, a chelicera, one of the first pair of legs and the coxae of two legs of the succeeding pairs.

Both these specimens and the discovered appendages have been fully described by Hall and Clarke in Palaeontology of New York, volume 7, pages 158, 221, to which the reader is here referred for the details.

Professor Beecher subsequently selected  for restoration on account of its gigantic dimensions, supplying the missing parts from the British species   and , and the American. The discovery by the authors of a specimen of  at Otisville retaining all save the first pair of legs, and the fact that   is, according to the form and character of its carapace, manifestly more nearly related to that species than to any other, have suggested to us some corrections in this careful restoration which have already been dealt with in the preceding generic discussion. The


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 {| align="center" width="674px" Figure 65 Ventral appendages of Hall. C, chelicera; B, one of first pair of endognathites; D, G, coxae of legs of second and third pair. Natural size. (From Hall & Clarke)
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 * The Eurypterida of New York figure 65.jpg
 * }


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/November 1887/The Unhealthfulness of Basements


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/November 1887/Sketch of Chester S. Lyman


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/November 1887/Correspondence


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/November 1887/Editor's Table


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Author:James Burgess

Works

 * The Rock Temples of Elephanta (1871)
 * The Indian Antiquary (1872 - 1884))
 * Archaeological Survey of Western India
 * (ed.) Fergusson's History of Indian Architecture
 * 1889–94 published scientific papers in the:
 * Philosophical Magazine
 * Archæological Survey Reports
 * Epigraphica Indica
 * Temples of Somnath, Junaghar and Girnar
 * The Rock Temples of Ajanta
 * The Rock Temples of India (with J. Fergusson) (1880)
 * Buddhist Art in India (1901)
 * Buddhist Art in India (1901)

title: Author:James Burgess


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/November 1887/Literary Notices


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/November 1887/Popular Miscellany


text: Popular Science Monthly/Volume 32/November 1887/Notes


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 close relationship existing between  and   is also indicated by the presence of paired spinous appendages on the first pair of legs of the former which correspond to those on the second and third pairs of legs in. We have above proposed the subgenus Ctenopterus for this well defined group of species.

Another alteration of the restoration of, suggested by evidence afforded by  , relates to the structure of the eyes. The carapace of Beecher's restoration is a cast from the Rutgers College specimen. In this the eye regions exhibit an inner circular depression described by Hall and Clarke as the eye. This is encircled on its outer edge by a conspicuous subsemicircular orbital ridge, but separated from the latter by a concentric level area bearing the same sculpture as the rest of the carapace. In much compressed or collapsed carapaces of  the eye presents an aspect very like that of this specimen of. In a few better preserved examples however [ pl. 49, fig. 1,] the eye is highly prominent, looking like a bean lying on the carapace and the large semilunate visual surface surrounds a small, subcircular top area [ pl. 50, fig. 1]. The logical inference hence is that the visual node of  bulged in the same way and we have represented it thus in our restoration. The intense concentric wrinkling of the area within the orbital ridge in the specimen in the National Museum is direct evidence of the collapse of the visual node.

By analogy it would be necessary to infer that the central circular broken area in the eye of  is the outer end of the palpebral lobe and the entire surrounding concentric area the visual surface. The latter part of this inference is at once invalidated by the fact of the extension of the surface sculpture upon the concentric area. The first part of the inference that the broken down inner circular areas were parts of the


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 palpebral lobes is supported by the fact that in the National Museum specimen this part projects prominently; further in all other species of Stylonurus the visual surface is a more or less narrow crescent on a circular base [see,   and  ], and it therefore should not be assumed to be circular in.

Some closer study of the eye region in the two carapaces of  has furnished the solution of these apparently contradictory facts in the finding of distinct, narrow crescentic, visual areas on the outside of the broken, circular, palpebral area. They are particularly well seen in the Rutgers College specimen, where they are clearly outlined although somewhat obscured by having become infolded at the collapse of the visual node.

We picture, then, the original aspect of the eye of  as a bulging subhemispheric, visual node, supported on the outside by the strong orbital ridge, on the inside by the median ridge of the carapace and the transverse palpebral lobes. At the apex of this node and at the outer end of the palpebral lobe the relatively small crescentic visual surface was situated.

It is obvious that the visual area did not keep step with the growth of the carapace and of the visual node and thus became finally a relatively small band around the apex of a high node. This giant merostome would thus seem to have possessed very small eyes in comparison with smaller eurypterids, a feature common in the giants of other groups, as in the whales and elephants among the mammals.

The collections from Schenectady and Duanesburg contain half a dozen specimens that are strikingly different from the associated eurypterids in greater relative length of carapace, broad, flat margin and subcentral position of the rather close-set large circular eyes, or eye nodes. All these characteristics suggest the generic reference of this interesting


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 species to Stylonurus. The presence of this genus, or rather of that branch of the eurypterids which leads to the late Siluric and Devonic Stylonurus, is further indicated by body segments (tergites) [ pl. 85, fig. 6] which have the form and ornamentation of the Otisville species.

Description. Carapace elongate semielliptic, a little longer than wide, widest at the base and contracting uniformly to the front which is evenly rounded. The posterior margin is straight transverse. The carapace is surrounded on all sides by a distinct border which is broadest in front where it attains one eighth the length of the carapace, and narrowest along the posterior margin. On the upperside this border slopes outward and is smooth, on the underside it was flat and concentrically grooved. The eye nodes are large, about one fifth the length of the body, circular, situated just in front of the transverse middle line of the carapace, close-set, about their own diameter apart. The visual surface has not been clearly distinguished from the node and it may have occupied the entire node. The ocelli have not been seen. The ornamentation is not visible on the carapace, but tergites probably belonging to the same species show circular to elliptic, relatively large nodes.

The tergites are strongly curved, convex forward in the middle and concave toward the sides, with very prominent "ears" at the antelateral angles and much rounded postlateral angles. They were very convex in the middle and surrounded by a depressed border.

Long slender tubular leg segments [ pl. 85, fig. 9] and broad flat leg spines also occur in the Frankfort shale, such as among the later eurypterids are only known from the Stylonurus group.

Horizon and localities. Frankfort shale (Schenectady facies) at Schenectady and Duanesburg.

Remarks. Besides these elongate carapaces, a broad short carapace with the eyes far apart has been found at Schenectady [ pl. 85, fig. 4]. This closely resembles the  from Otisville. Like the latter, it has a very broad, concentrically striated or grooved border. This


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 quite probably represents a distinct species; on account of the rather unsatisfactory preservation of the single carapace representing it, we have refrained from naming it.

was of fairly large size. The carapace selected as type is 38 mm wide and 39 mm long.

Sarle. N. Y. State Palaeontologist Rep't. 1902. p. 1105, pl. 26, fig. 2–4

Mr Sarle collected from the Pittsford shale a group of endognathites that present characters quite different from those of the associated species. He gave an elaborate description of the fragments but was unable to refer them to any of the genera of eurypterids and therefore suggested that "with more perfect material the forms will be found to represent a new genus."

Our entire specimen of  from Otisville furnishes the clue to these organs, in showing that the longest endognathite of the group corresponds to the third pair in Stylonurus, subgenus Ctenopterus. The general form and the relative dimensions of the parts of this endognathite are quite precisely those of Stylonurus. We infer from these facts that the fragments indicate the presence of a fairly large species of Stylonurus in the Pittsford shale. As this form is recognizable from the figured parts, we venture to name it.

Sarle's description of the fragments is as follows:

An eurypterid differing very materially from anything described from the Bertie waterlime, is represented in the collection by a group of four incomplete arms and a body segment, and by another of two incomplete arms.

In the first group [ pl. 50, fig. 10] the longest of the arms has the coxal and succeeding five joints preserved. These are long, measuring altogether 110 mm in length. The three distal bear a series of long, curved spines. The form of the coxal joint is subtrapezoidal, the anterior side being


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 considerably the longer. The breadth and the mean length are each about 18 mm. The dentate border is slightly produced and in length is equal to about one half the breadth of the joint. The dentation begins at the front end with an isolated, blunt tooth pointing forward, followed by sharp, curved teeth of small size which grade posteriorly into fine, hairlike bristles. The anterior side of each joint from the second to the sixth inclusive, is arcuate. The posterior sides of the second and third joints are straight, of the fourth, fifth and sixth, concave. The distal end of each is at right angles to the long axis. The second joint is narrower (14.5 mm) than long (23 mm); the third just twice as long (28 mm) as wide (14 mm); the fourth a little longer than the preceding (30 mm) and less than half as wide (7 mm). Along the concave, posterior side of the fourth are articulated five, long, curved, striated spines, nearly perpendicular to the joint. At the distal end of the series there is an indication of another. The most complete of these spines is 16 mm in length. The fifth joint is 16 mm long and 6 mm wide. Near the anterior end of the posterior edge it carries the stump of a large spine followed by the sockets of four more. The sixth joint bears the basal portion of three spines, but is so crushed and foreshortened that neither the original number of spines nor the length of the joint can be determined. Judging by the taper of this arm, there may have been two more joints.

The remnant of another appendage appears to be part of the proximal four joints, and measures 32 mm in length. From its robustness, it seems to have belonged just in front of the last mentioned. The peculiarities of these joints are their shortness and their thickening at the articulations. The joint, which on the tablet lies nearest to the large arm, is a little inflated and, though very imperfect, has the appearance of being the coxal joint.

The two other appendages of this group are robust and short. One is tolerably complete, apparently lacking only the dentate border of the coxal joint. It is 38 mm long and consists of seven joints. The coxa is large and globose. Each joint from the second to the fifth carries on the posterior edge a pair of short, stout, distally directed, lanceolate spines, averaging 2.5 mm long and nearly half as wide. Joint two is broad and very short. Joints three, four and five are subquadrate and successively smaller. Joint six is nearly one and one half times as long as broad and at the end bears two distally directed spines, one anterior, the other posterior. The seventh is long and clawlike, slightly inflated at the base. The other appendage is so crushed and folded that little can be determined by it. However, from the larger size of the coxal joint, it is probable that its position on the body was behind the more complete. The spines preserved on it, like those of the smaller appendage, are short and lanceolate.


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 The body plate in this group is very narrow (76 mm) as compared to its length (23 mm). Its division into right and left halves by a suture, the arching of each half and the produced antelateral angles indicate it to have been a paired sternite.

In the second group one of the imperfect arms consists of the four distal joints, the other of two imperfect proximal joints. The joints of the former are short and expanded at the articulations. The first and second are each provided on the posterior side with a pair of distally directed spines. These are long, curved and sharp like those of the large arm of the other group. The second has also, on the opposite side of the distal angle, a single, large one extending parallel with the axis of the arm. The penultimate is long and shows no sign of having been spiniferous. The terminal is about equal in length to the spines and, like the terminal appendage in the other group, is clawlike. This arm, judging from the shortness of the joints and the broadening at the articulations, probably corresponds to the second described from the other group. The joints of the other arm appear to correspond to part of joints two and three of the first of that group.

Associated with this last, and lying partially beneath its larger end, is a fragment of test which is ornamented by sharp, triangular scales differing from anything found on the other eurypterids herein described. However, it is not certain that this had any connection with this arm. Aside from this possibility, neither the appendages nor the sternite show any signs of ornamentation.

The most noticeable features revealed by these specimens are: the robustness and the great difference in size of the several pairs of endognathites; on the anterior three of these the arrangement in pairs of the posterior spines, which, on the first two, are noticeable for their shortness and lanceolate form, and on the third for their length and curvature; the high degree of specialization of the fourth pair of endognathites, shown by the great length of the joints and the number and large size of the spines; the narrowness and proportionately great length of the compound sternite; and the probability of there being several compound sternites. It is evident that the animal had a long, slender body with long, very strong limbs.

From a comparison of these parts with those of the various genera of eurypterids, it appears that they do not agree very closely with any. To show this, it is necessary only to point out certain of the more evident differences. In Eurypterus proper the fourth endognathite, to which I consider the longer of these arms to correspond, consists of nine joints, probably a greater number than is possessed by the other; besides, it bears no spines except the two formed by the prolongation of the eighth or penultimate joint. On the three anterior pairs of endognathites the spines are more uniform in shape and size. The body is proportionately broader