text:
شكل

Verb

 * 1) to hobble (an animal)
 * 2) to vocalize (a text)
 * 3) to become dubious or confused

Verb

 * 1) to become dubious or confused
 * 2) to form, fashion, figure, shape, sculpture, picture

Noun

 * 1) likeness, resemblance, semblance
 * 2) model, pattern, mode, manner
 * 3) shape, form, figure
 * 4) kind, sort, variety
 * 5) way, course, mode, manner of acting; conduct
 * 6) aim, intention, purpose
 * 7) something suitable, fit or proper for someone
 * 8) vocalization of a text
 * 9) a species of plant, yellow and red in color
 * 10) coquettishness
 * 1) coquettishness

Noun

 * 1) a dubious or confused matter
 * 2) an ear ornament of pearl or silver
 * 1) an ear ornament of pearl or silver

Noun

 * 1) kind, shape, the way something is, looks, or seems

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) form, shape, figure
 * 2) mathematical or other diagram
 * 3) sort, kind, manner
 * 4) grade, degree, stage
 * 5) guise, appearance, aspect
 * 1) guise, appearance, aspect

Etymology 1
From.

Verb

 * 1) to form, to shape, to give shape to

Etymology 2
From.

Noun

 * 1) form, shape, appearance
 * 2)  to seem

title: شكل


text: acciglionasse

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: acciglionasse


text: acciglionassimo

title: acciglionassimo


text: acciglionassero

title: acciglionassero


text:
accincignare

Verb

 * 1) to wrinkle
 * 2) to crease

title: accincignare


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/wayd-

Etymology
From, from.

Root

 * 1) to know
 * 2) to find

Derived terms

 * *ni-wayd-, with
 * Eastern Iranian:
 * Western Iranian:
 * Northwestern Iranian:
 * Parthian:
 * Manichaean: ;
 * → Old Armenian: ← Middle Iranian
 * → Old Armenian: ← Middle Iranian:
 * Southwestern Iranian:
 * Middle Persian:
 * Book Pahlavi:, / ;
 * *fra-wayd-, with
 * → Old Armenian: ,
 * → Old Armenian:
 * *pati-wayd-, with
 * → Old Armenian: ,
 * → Old Armenian:
 * *pati-wayd-, with
 * → Old Armenian: ,
 * → Old Armenian:

Descendants

 * Eastern Iranian:
 * Southwestern Iranian:
 * Middle Persian:
 * Manichaean:
 * Manichaean:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/wayd-


text: accincignando

title: accincignando


text: accincignante

title: accincignante


text: accincignato

title: accincignato


text: accincignati

title: accincignati


text: accincignata

title: accincignata


text: accincigno

title: accincigno


text: accincigni

title: accincigni


text: accincigna

title: accincigna


text: accincigniamo

title: accincigniamo


text: accincignate

title: accincignate


text: accincignano

title: accincignano


text: accincignavo

title: accincignavo


text: accincignavi

title: accincignavi


text: accincignava

title: accincignava


text: accincignavamo

title: accincignavamo


text: accincignavate

title: accincignavate


text: accincignavano

title: accincignavano


text: accincignai

title: accincignai


text: accincignasti

title: accincignasti


text: accincignò

title: accincignò


text: accincignammo

title: accincignammo


text: accincignaste

title: accincignaste


text: accincignarono

title: accincignarono


text:
مشكلة

Noun

 * 1) problem, difficulty

Noun

 * 1) problem

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) problem

title: مشكلة


text: accincignerò

title: accincignerò


text: accincignerai

title: accincignerai


text: accincignerà

title: accincignerà


text: accincigneremo

title: accincigneremo


text: accincignerete

title: accincignerete


text: accincigneranno

title: accincigneranno


text: accincignerei

title: accincignerei


text: accincigneresti

title: accincigneresti


text: accincignerebbe

title: accincignerebbe


text: accincigneremmo

title: accincigneremmo


text: accincignereste

title: accincignereste


text: accincignerebbero

title: accincignerebbero


text: accincigniate

title: accincigniate


text: accincignino

title: accincignino


text: accincignassi

title: accincignassi


text: accincignasse

title: accincignasse


text: accincignassimo

title: accincignassimo


text: accincignassero

title: accincignassero


text:
acclimamento

Etymology
From.

title: acclimamento


text:
acclimatore

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) acclimatizer

title: acclimatore


text: Template:et-decl-mõte/documentation

title: Template:et-decl-mõte/documentation


text: Template:et-decl-mõte

title: Template:et-decl-mõte


text: Category:Estonian mõte-type nominals

title: Category:Estonian mõte-type nominals


text: Template:et-decl-kallas/documentation

title: Template:et-decl-kallas/documentation


text: Template:et-decl-kallas

title: Template:et-decl-kallas


text: Category:Estonian kallas-type nominals

title: Category:Estonian kallas-type nominals


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 芬

title: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 芬


text:
նվիրակ

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) legate of the catholicos
 * 2) nuncio of the pope
 * 3) envoy of a monastery sent to collect gifts or first fruits
 * 4)  legate

title: նվիրակ


text:
صالح

Etymology
of.

Adjective

 * 1) in good condition, sound, whole
 * 2) honest, upright, good, just, virtuous, right
 * 3) pious
 * 4) suitable, fit
 * 5) copious, frequent

Noun

 * 1) good, advantage, benefit, interest

Proper noun

 * 1)  Saleh, a prophet of Islam
 * 1)  Saleh, a prophet of Islam

Etymology
.

Proper noun

 * 1)  a prophet in Islam.

Etymology
, from.

Adjective

 * 1) virtuous, pious, righteous

Proper noun

 * 1)  Saleh, Salih

title: صالح


text:
مائدة

Etymology
Borrowed from, which is of unknown origin.

Noun

 * 1) dining table
 * 2)  The food itself
 * 1)  The food itself

title: مائدة


text:
likiverkko

Noun

 * 1)  personal area network very short range wireless communications network, intended for devices within a small room or cubicle

title: likiverkko


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/o(b)strovъ

Etymology 1
From 🇨🇬,. Morphologically from 🇨🇬 +, from , from. The literal meaning of the term is “one which gets flowed around” or possibly “flowless” (in case the prefix is applied with abessive function).

Baltic cognates include 🇨🇬,, 🇨🇬. With another vocalism: 🇨🇬,, 🇨🇬, , East 🇨🇬.

Indo-European cognates include 🇨🇬,, 🇨🇬, , , 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) streamlined
 * 2) river island
 * 3) island

Descendants
undefined
 * East Slavic:
 * South Slavic:
 * Old Church Slavonic:
 * Cyrillic:
 * Glagolitic:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * Cyrillic:
 * Glagolitic:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Non-Slavic:

Etymology 2
From.

Adjective

 * 1) islandy

Descendants

 * East Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/o(b)strovъ


text: cans eivissencs

title: cans eivissencs


text:
Reconstruction talk:Proto-Slavic/o(b)strovъ

About meaning
Černyx: остров получил своё наименование в о.-с. праязыке потому, что он действительно является частью суши, со всех сторон обтекаемой струями воды.

ЭССЯ: об-текаемое

Vasmer: то, что обтекается, речной остров

— Игорь Телкачь 15:57, 21 February 2015 (UTC)


text: atemptades

title: atemptades


text: atemptada

title: atemptada


text: atemptats

title: atemptats


text: cent quaranta-quatrenes

title: cent quaranta-quatrenes


text: comorians

title: comorians


text: egípcies

title: egípcies


text: egipcis

title: egipcis


text: guaranís

title: guaranís


text: ignoràncies

title: ignoràncies


text: melons d'aigua

title: melons d'aigua


text: sabadellenques

title: sabadellenques


text: sabadellenca

title: sabadellenca


text: sabadellencs

title: sabadellencs


text: tonyines

title: tonyines


text: unitats astronòmiques

title: unitats astronòmiques


text: aanbieders

title: aanbieders


text: aandetetjie

title: aandetetjie


text: erdvarke

title: erdvarke


text: feë

title: feë


text: reëntjie

title: reëntjie


text: rolprentjie

title: rolprentjie


text: rolprente

title: rolprente


text: saadjie

title: saadjie


text: saads

title: saads


text: sfeertjie

title: sfeertjie


text: sirkeltjie

title: sirkeltjie


text: sirkels

title: sirkels


text: góllal

title: góllal


text: bullebulles

title: bullebulles


text:
بضاعة

Noun

 * 1) commodity, goods, merchandise

title: بضاعة


text:
Höhlenbewohner

Noun

 * 1) cave dweller

title: Höhlenbewohner


text: Höhlenbewohners

title: Höhlenbewohners


text:
kalkoentjie

Etymology
Borrowed from, diminutive of.

Noun

 * 1) Any of several African pipits of the genus.
 * 2) Any of several South African gladioli.

title: kalkoentjie


text: kalkoentjies

title: kalkoentjies


text:
تفاح

Etymology
According to Fraenkel, a borrowing from, but the putative etymon is not unambiguously attested in Aramaic. More prominent in, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and Semitic-borrowed 🇨🇬 up to 🇨🇬 etc.

Noun

 * 1)  apple, apples

Descendants

 * (in Kelantan)
 * (in Kelantan)
 * (in Kelantan)
 * (in Kelantan)
 * (in Kelantan)

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  apple, apples

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  apples

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) apple

title: تفاح


text:
بستان

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) garden
 * 2) orchard

title: بستان


text:
Höhlenbewohnerin

Noun

 * 1) A female cave dweller.

title: Höhlenbewohnerin


text: Höhlenbewohnerinnen

title: Höhlenbewohnerinnen


text:
Tibi

Etymology
.

title: Tibi


text:
بستاني

Noun

 * 1) gardener

Adjective

 * 1) garden
 * 2) horticultural

title: بستاني


text:
سفلي

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) lower
 * 2) bottom
 * 3) low

title: سفلي


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/strumy

Etymology
From, from , from.

Baltic cognates include 🇨🇬 dialectal, , 🇨🇬.

Indo-European cognates include 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Related to 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) stream

Descendants

 * East Slavic:
 * South Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * (dated)
 * Sorbian:
 * West Slavic:
 * (dated)
 * Sorbian:
 * (dated)
 * Sorbian:
 * (dated)
 * Sorbian:
 * (dated)
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/strumy


text:
accodamento

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) appending
 * 2) queueing

title: accodamento


text: accogliticcio

title: accogliticcio


text: accolita

title: accolita


text:
krajcár

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  kreuzer

title: krajcár


text:
accolitato

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) acolyteship

title: accolitato


text: accollacciato

title: accollacciato


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/struga

Etymology
From, ultimately from. Cognate with 🇨🇬,, ,.

Noun

 * 1)  wave front, current

Descendants

 * East Slavic:
 * South Slavic:
 * Old Church Slavonic:
 * Cyrillic:
 * Glagolitic:
 * West Slavic:
 * Bohemian :
 * Sorbian:
 * West Slavic:
 * Bohemian :
 * Sorbian:
 * Bohemian :
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/struga


text:
accollamento

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) shouldering (of a task)

title: accollamento


text:
أصر

Verb

 * 1) to persist ( in)
 * 2) to insist ( on)

Verb

 * 1)  to insist, to persist

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1) to insist

title: أصر


text:
accollatico

Noun

 * 1)  a tax, in the 1600s and 1700s, on the use of yoked oxen

title: accollatico


text:
صيدلة

Noun

 * 1)  pharmacology, pharmacy

title: صيدلة


text:
tvartas

Noun

 * 1) building for livestock

title: tvartas


text:
واضح

Etymology
of.

Adjective

 * 1) clear
 * 2) distinct
 * 3) obvious
 * 4) evident
 * 5) plain

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) clear
 * 2) obvious

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) evident, obvious, clear, manifest

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) clear
 * 2) obvious

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) evident, manifest, elaborate, clear, apparent

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) prominent, apparent
 * 2) obviously, obvious, clear

title: واضح


text:
شفاف

Adjective

 * 1) see-through, transparent
 * 2)  sheer, thin, fine, delicate, see-through, transparent

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) transparent, see-through, diaphanous, clear, translucent, having the property that light passes through it almost undisturbed

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) transparent, see-through
 * 2) transparent, open, public
 * 3)  lucid

title: شفاف


text:
accomandigia

Noun

 * 1) deposit
 * 2) loan

title: accomandigia


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/struja

Etymology
From, from.

Baltic cognates include 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬,

Indo-European cognates include 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬,, 🇨🇬

Cf. 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬

Noun

 * 1) stream

Descendants

 * East Slavic:
 * South Slavic:
 * Old Church Slavonic:
 * Cyrillic:
 * Glagolitic:
 * Cyrillic:
 * Glagolitic:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/struja


text:
accomodantismo

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) the tendency to always be accommodating, especially for the sake of a quiet life

title: accomodantismo


text:
accomodaticcio

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) arranged for the best

title: accomodaticcio


text:
accomodativo

Adjective

 * 1) accommodative
 * 2) adaptable

title: accomodativo


text:
népsűrűség

Noun

 * 1) population density

title: népsűrűség


text:
accompagnatura

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) symmetry, correspondence (between two things)
 * 1) symmetry, correspondence (between two things)

title: accompagnatura


text: Wiktionary:Foreign Word of the Day/2015/February 22


text:
krubba

Etymology
From, from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Alternatively, perhaps borrowed from, , from , from , from.

Noun

 * 1) a manger, a crib, a feeding trough for animals
 * Krubborna sättas 85—90 cm över spiltgolvet
 * The cribs should be mounted 85—90 cm above the stall floor
 * 1) the particular crib in Bethlehem where baby Jesus was placed
 * Till krubbans stråbädd, där det heliga barnet vilade, skyndade fattiga herdar och mäktiga, rika, vise konungar från Österland
 * To the straw bed in the crib, where the holy child rested, hasted poor shepherds and mighty, rich, wise kings from the Orient
 * Det är alldeles visst, att ljusstrålarna från Betlehems stjärnbelysta krubba och Kristi kors gått ut och gå än i dag ut öfver hela världsrymden.
 * It is entirely certain, that the lightbeams from Bethlehem's starlit crib and the cross of Christ have shone and shine still today over the whole universe.
 * 1) a nativity scene,
 * 2) a preschool, a crib,
 * Falk och amiralen skulle anhålla att få inträda som betalande ledamöter i krubban
 * Falk and the admiral would apply to join the crib [charity] as paying members

Verb

 * 1)  to eat

title: krubba


text:
Talk:grabbing

Use by Gypsys
Grabbing is a method of 'seduction' used by gypsy adolescent males on gypsy females - can be verging on sexual assault.

Apparently referred to or shown in Channel 4 programme My Big Fat Gypsy Wedding & included in online Urban Dictionary.

JDE 188.164.224.203 17:36, 21 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:grabbing


text:
რასაცა გასცემ შენია, რას არა დაკარგულია

Etymology
Coined by in his only poem  (verse 50). Literally translates as "That which you give away is yours, that which you don't is lost".

Proverb

 * 1) That which we give makes us richer, that which is hoarded is lost

title: რასაცა გასცემ შენია, რას არა დაკარგულია


text:
atcerēties

Etymology
From at- + cer + -(ē)ties.

Verb

 * 1) to remember
 * 2) to recall
 * 3) to recollect
 * 4) to think back
 * 5) to reminisce

title: atcerēties


text:
művészettörténet

Noun

 * 1) art history

title: művészettörténet


text: sellerien

title: sellerien


text:
meleh

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) grasshopper
 * 2) locust

title: meleh


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/hmáwčati

Etymology
From, from , from.

Verb

 * 1) to release, let loose, free

Derived terms

 * Manichaean:
 * Buddhist:
 * ("to tear apart, rip out")
 * , pum(ы)c-
 * Manichaean:
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic:
 * Buddhist:
 * ("to tear apart, rip out")
 * , pum(ы)c-
 * Manichaean:
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic:
 * , pum(ы)c-
 * Manichaean:
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic:
 * , pum(ы)c-
 * Manichaean:
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic:
 * , pum(ы)c-
 * Manichaean:
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic:
 * Manichaean:
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic:
 * Manichaean:
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic:
 * Manichaean:
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic:
 * Manichaean:
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic:
 * Manichaean:
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic:
 * Manichaean:
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic:
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic:
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic:
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic:
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic:
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic:
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic:
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic:
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic:
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic:
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic:
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic:
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic:
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic:
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic:
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic:
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic:
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic:
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic:
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic:
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/hmáwčati


text:
klade

Noun

 * 1) notebook

title: klade


text:
մոյկ

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬. Ultimately from 🇨🇬; see there for more.

Noun

 * 1) shoe

title: մոյկ


text:
sairaspäivä

Noun

 * 1) sick day

title: sairaspäivä


text: Template:et-decl-katus/documentation

title: Template:et-decl-katus/documentation


text: Template:et-decl-katus

title: Template:et-decl-katus


text:
մույկ

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) boot

title: մույկ


text:
kreere

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to create

title: kreere


text: Category:Estonian katus-type nominals

title: Category:Estonian katus-type nominals


text:
cringeworthily

Adverb

 * 1) In a cringeworthy manner; so as to make one cringe.

title: cringeworthily


text: kreerer

title: kreerer


text: kreerte

title: kreerte


text:
պատմուճակ

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1)  cloakroom attendant

Etymology
The basic meaning is “dresser”, from, an agent noun from , from  + ; see the latter for more. For the suffix see.

Noun

 * 1) wardrobe keeper, wardrobe master

title: պատմուճակ


text: kreert

title: kreert


text: bonsaiing

title: bonsaiing


text: bonsaied

title: bonsaied


text: debutene

title: debutene


text:
洗衣店

Noun

 * 1) laundry shop where laundering services are provided; laundromat

title: 洗衣店


text:
洗衣房

Noun

 * 1) laundry place or room where laundering is done

title: 洗衣房


text: debutane

title: debutane


text: 搭载

title: 搭载


text: Category:xcl:Comedy

title: Category:xcl:Comedy


text: Category:xcl:Drama

title: Category:xcl:Drama


text:
旗下

Noun

 * 1) under the banner (of); under the flag (of)
 * 2)  under the  of the Qing dynasty
 * 3)  Manchu bannerman
 * 1)  Manchu bannerman

title: 旗下


text:
大幅度

Adverb

 * 1) by a wide margin; substantially; to a great extent

title: 大幅度


text:
斷獄

Verb

 * 1)  to pass judgment on a legal case

title: 斷獄


text: 断狱

title: 断狱


text: akkordene

title: akkordene


text:
talentfull

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) talented

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) talented

title: talentfull


text: talentfullt

title: talentfullt


text: talentfulle

title: talentfulle


text:
班組

Noun

 * 1) group, team (e.g. in a factory)

title: 班組


text: 班组

title: 班组


text:
Talk:irrota

ex dividend
This verb also has the meaning of "to ex dividend", but what would be an appropriate English translation of it as a verb? --88.114.40.198 19:54, 21 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:irrota


text:
詞曲

Noun

 * 1)  and  poetry
 * 2) words and music of a song

title: 詞曲


text: 词曲

title: 词曲


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bakkōną

Etymology
From earlier paradigm, from pre-, iterative to.

Verb

 * 1) to bake, fry

Inflection
The original paradigm consisted of two stem variants, against.

Descendants

 * (the weak conjugation)
 * (the weak conjugation)
 * (the weak conjugation)
 * (the weak conjugation)
 * (the weak conjugation)
 * (the weak conjugation)
 * (the weak conjugation)
 * (the weak conjugation)
 * (the weak conjugation)
 * (the weak conjugation)
 * (the weak conjugation)

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bakkōną


text:
華文

Noun

 * 1) Chinese language or script

title: 華文


text: 华文

title: 华文


text:
概率

Noun

 * 1) probability; odds

title: 概率


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/brukkōną

Etymology
From earlier paradigm, from pre-, iterative to. Possible parallel formation with 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to break, crumble

Inflection
The original paradigm consisted of two stem variants, against.

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/brukkōną


title: Template:R:xcl:Lidén:1906


text:
kʾtk'

Etymology
Probably from, from , the perfect passive participle of the root , from ; see there for more.

Alternatively, from the root.

In any case, cognate with the loanword, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) game, joke

title: kʾtk'


text: hewholes

title: hewholes


text: wallhicks

title: wallhicks


text:
حريق

Adjective

 * 1) burnt

Noun

 * 1) fire, inferno, blaze

Noun

 * 1) nettle

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a fire, inferno, blaze

title: حريق


text: talentene

title: talentene


text:
lägel

Etymology
, from Latin, from. Compare 🇨🇬,.

The first official Swedish Bible translation of 1541 used this word in 1 Samuel 16:20, where KJV has "a bottle of wine". The now famous use from Matthew 9:17 (new wine into old wineskins) stems from a Swedish bible translation of 1853, where older translations had "(läder)flaskor" (bottles or leather bottles).

Noun

 * 1) a container for transportation of liquids, e.g. a wooden barrel or a ceramic flagon
 * 2) a wineskin

title: lägel


text:
حصل

Verb

 * 1)  to be educed, to be taken forth, to be extracted
 * 2) to happen, to come to existence, to befall
 * 3)  to remain, to stay
 * 4) to originate
 * 5) to obtain, to get, to acquire; to receive; to collect (a debt)

Verb

 * 1) to produce, to educe, to fetch out, to extract, to take forth, to raise, to levy, to gather, vel sim.

Noun

 * 1) dates before they have become hard

Etymology 1
From.

Verb

 * 1) to be stuck
 * 2) to obtain

Etymology 2
From.

Verb

 * 1) to trap

title: حصل


text:
prasac

Etymology
. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) male pig

title: prasac


text:
نجح

Verb

 * 1) to succeed, to be successful

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to succeed

title: نجح


text: sholties

title: sholties


text:
Talk:cyberpunk

Wikipedia has a music subgenre Cyberpunk, which only contains the music from the Matrix movies. Is this sufficient for an additional definition? (Kiwima (talk) 20:57, 21 February 2015 (UTC))

 * Unlikely. What sources do they cite? Do they meet our WT:CFI? Equinox ◑ 21:01, 21 February 2015 (UTC)

 * If you look at at Cyberpunk, you'll see quite a few cyberpunk-influenced groups and artists mentioned, many of which precede the Matrix movies by quite a bit. I'm not even sure that the Matrix movies are, strictly-speaking, cyberpunk- though they owe a great deal to the genre. At any rate, we go by usage, as documented in durably-archived works, and we don't accept wikis as sources. That means there would need to be people using the term with that meaning in the type of sources that WT:CFI accepts. Chuck Entz (talk) 21:30, 21 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:cyberpunk


text:
tøff

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) tough

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) tough
 * 2) awesome, cool

title: tøff


text:
subtweet

Noun

 * 1)  A tweet that refers to another user without tagging their name in the message, so that the user being talked about is not automatically notified.
 * 2)  Any social media post of this type, regardless of which service it is posted on.
 * 1)  Any social media post of this type, regardless of which service it is posted on.
 * 1)  Any social media post of this type, regardless of which service it is posted on.

Verb

 * 1)  To post a message of this kind.
 * 2) * 2014, danah boyd, It's Complicated: The Social Lives of Networked Teens (page 69)
 * More often than not, they employed this term when referencing various teen dramas that occurred between friends and classmates that required insider knowledge to decode. In other words, teens subtweet to talk behind someone else's back.
 * 1)  To speak obliquely about (a person).
 * More often than not, they employed this term when referencing various teen dramas that occurred between friends and classmates that required insider knowledge to decode. In other words, teens subtweet to talk behind someone else's back.
 * 1)  To speak obliquely about (a person).
 * 1)  To speak obliquely about (a person).

title: subtweet


text: subtweeting

title: subtweeting


text: subtweeted

title: subtweeted


text: subtweets

title: subtweets


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gazъ

Etymology
From, from an extension of.

Noun

 * 1) ford

Derived terms

 * (probably)

Descendants

 * East Slavic:
 * South Slavic:
 * South Slavic:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gazъ


text:
عبر

Etymology 1
From the root. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to cross, to traverse
 * 2) to ford
 * 3) to swim
 * 4) to pass over

Verb

 * 1)  to interpret

Etymology 3
. Compare 🇨🇬.

Preposition

 * 1) across

Etymology 4
From the root and in the meanings of explaining, interpreting, expressing a  = 🇨🇬,  =.

Verb

 * 1)  to get across
 * 2)  to make cross, to cause to pass over, to convey across
 * 3)  to express, to put into terms
 * 4)  to interpret

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to express
 * 2) to consider, to care about

title: عبر


text:
Talk:cornflour

Is cornflower a homophone in all accents? I wouldn't have thought so. If not, we should give details. Equinox ◑ 21:09, 21 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:cornflour


text:
acconciamento

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) styling, setting (of hair)
 * 2) dressing up

title: acconciamento


text:
junkaholic

Noun

 * 1)  A person who accumulates and stores large quantities of junk.
 * 2)  One who consumes junk food in excess.
 * 1)  One who consumes junk food in excess.

title: junkaholic


text: junkaholics

title: junkaholics


text:
acconcime

Noun

 * 1) restoration, repair (of a building)
 * 2) clothing

title: acconcime


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gaziti

Etymology

 * ЭССЯ: probably from, from extension of
 * Derksen: from, from

 * Baltic cognates include 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬

 * Indo-European cognates include 🇨🇬

Verb

 * 1) to wade
 * 2) to tread, tread on, tread down

Descendants

 * South Slavic:
 * ⇒ Russian Church Slavonic:
 * ⇒ Russian Church Slavonic:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gaziti


text:
accontentamento

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) fulfilment, satisfaction, gratification
 * 1) fulfilment, satisfaction, gratification

title: accontentamento


text:
trenkles

Noun

 * 1)  rhubarb

title: trenkles


text:
creologenic

Adjective

 * 1)  Relating to, or fostering, the formation of a creole.

title: creologenic


text:
pidginogenic

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  Relating to, or fostering, the formation of a pidgin.

title: pidginogenic


text:
accoppiatoio

Noun

 * 1) a leash that keeps a pair of hunting dogs together
 * 2) (mechanical) coupling

title: accoppiatoio


text:
unclingy

Adjective

 * 1) Not (emotionally) clingy.

title: unclingy


text:
accoratezza

Etymology
From.

title: accoratezza


text:
tormentable

Adjective

 * 1) Capable of being tormented.

title: tormentable


text: tøft

title: tøft


text:
accoratoio

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a sharp needle used to slaughter pigs

title: accoratoio


text:
unfomented

Adjective

 * 1) Not fomented.

title: unfomented


text:
unrebelling

Adjective

 * 1) Not engaging in rebellion.

title: unrebelling


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰeh₁-

Root
Alternative reconstruction *gʰeh₁

 * 1) to come, to reach; to go, to walk

Derived terms

 * *ǵʰh₁-nós
 * *ǵʰé-ǵʰeh₁-ti
 * *ǵʰḗh₁-s-t ~ *ǵʰéh₁-s-n̥t
 * *ǵʰéh₁-t ~ *ǵʰh₁-ént
 * *ǵʰh₁-yé-ti
 * Unsorted formations:
 * *ǵʰḗh₁-s-t ~ *ǵʰéh₁-s-n̥t
 * *ǵʰéh₁-t ~ *ǵʰh₁-ént
 * *ǵʰh₁-yé-ti
 * Unsorted formations:
 * *ǵʰḗh₁-s-t ~ *ǵʰéh₁-s-n̥t
 * *ǵʰéh₁-t ~ *ǵʰh₁-ént
 * *ǵʰh₁-yé-ti
 * Unsorted formations:
 * *ǵʰéh₁-t ~ *ǵʰh₁-ént
 * *ǵʰh₁-yé-ti
 * Unsorted formations:
 * *ǵʰéh₁-t ~ *ǵʰh₁-ént
 * *ǵʰh₁-yé-ti
 * Unsorted formations:
 * *ǵʰh₁-yé-ti
 * Unsorted formations:
 * Unsorted formations:
 * Unsorted formations:


text:
dial-around

Noun

 * 1)  A service that allows an international (or other) telephone call to be made indirectly through another number, thus avoiding the usual call routing and potentially saving money.

title: dial-around


text: tøffe

title: tøffe


text:
untorturable

Adjective

 * 1) Not torturable.

title: untorturable


text: šejienes

title: šejienes


text: tøffere

title: tøffere


text:
šejiene

Noun

 * 1) here
 * 2) this place

title: šejiene


text: tøffest

title: tøffest


text: tøffeste

title: tøffeste


text:
drīz

Adverb

 * 1) soon
 * 2) presently
 * 3) shortly

title: drīz


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/flukkōną

Etymology
From earlier paradigm, from pre-, iterative to.

Verb

 * 1) to fly, flutter

Inflection
The original paradigm consisted of two stem variants, against.

Descendants

 * (obsolete?)
 * (obsolete?)
 * (obsolete?)
 * (obsolete?)

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/flukkōną


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/leyp-

Etymology
Often supposed to be an extension of.

Root

 * 1) to stick
 * 2) fat or sticky substance

Derived terms

 * *léyp-os ~ *léyp-es-os
 * *leyp-ó-m
 * *li-né-p-ti ~ *li-m-p-énti
 * *lip-yé-ti
 * *loyp-éye-ti
 * Eastern Baltic:
 * *loyp-éh₂
 * Eastern Baltic:
 * Slavic:
 * *loyp-o-s
 * *lip-o-s
 * Eastern Baltic:
 * *lip-nó-s
 * Eastern Baltic:
 * *lip-ró-s
 * *lip-r-éh₂
 * *lip-tó-s
 * Eastern Baltic:
 * *lip-ú-s
 * Eastern Baltic:
 * *loyp-éh₂
 * Eastern Baltic:
 * Slavic:
 * *loyp-o-s
 * *lip-o-s
 * Eastern Baltic:
 * *lip-nó-s
 * Eastern Baltic:
 * *lip-ró-s
 * *lip-r-éh₂
 * *lip-tó-s
 * Eastern Baltic:
 * *lip-ú-s
 * Eastern Baltic:
 * *lip-o-s
 * Eastern Baltic:
 * *lip-nó-s
 * Eastern Baltic:
 * *lip-ró-s
 * *lip-r-éh₂
 * *lip-tó-s
 * Eastern Baltic:
 * *lip-ú-s
 * Eastern Baltic:
 * Eastern Baltic:
 * *lip-ró-s
 * *lip-r-éh₂
 * *lip-tó-s
 * Eastern Baltic:
 * *lip-ú-s
 * Eastern Baltic:
 * *lip-tó-s
 * Eastern Baltic:
 * *lip-ú-s
 * Eastern Baltic:
 * Eastern Baltic:
 * *lip-ú-s
 * Eastern Baltic:
 * *lip-ú-s
 * Eastern Baltic:
 * *lip-ú-s
 * Eastern Baltic:
 * *lip-ú-s
 * Eastern Baltic:
 * *lip-ú-s
 * Eastern Baltic:
 * Eastern Baltic:

 * Unsorted formations:
 * Balto-Slavic:
 * Eastern Baltic:
 * (with unexpected voiced Verner alternant)
 * Germanic: ,
 * Hellenic:
 * Indo-Iranian:
 * Indo-Aryan:
 * Tocharian:
 * Indo-Iranian:
 * Indo-Aryan:
 * Tocharian:
 * Indo-Iranian:
 * Indo-Aryan:
 * Tocharian:
 * Tocharian:
 * Tocharian:
 * Tocharian:
 * Tocharian:
 * Tocharian:


text:
sakas

Etymology
From (whence also  (q.v.)) from. Cognate with 🇨🇬. Semantic development: branch > parting place of two branches > the two beams around a horse's neck. Along with šak- > sak-, there is cak-/čak-, cf. whence. See 🇨🇬 for additional cognates.

Noun

 * 1) collar

title: sakas


text:
utenat

Adverb

 * 1) by heart
 * lære / kunne noe utenat - learn / know something by heart

title: utenat


text:
garumzīme

Etymology
From +.

Noun

 * 1) macron
 * 2) lengthening mark

title: garumzīme


text:
unfocalized

Adjective

 * 1) Not focalized.

title: unfocalized


text: focalizations

title: focalizations


text: uiers

title: uiers


text: uiertje

title: uiertje


text: uiertjes

title: uiertjes


text:
Auerbachian

Adjective

 * 1) Of or relating to  (1892–1957), philologist and comparative scholar and critic of literature.

title: Auerbachian


text:
Cullerian

Adjective

 * 1) Of or relating to  (born 1944), Professor of English who has published works on structuralism and literary theory.

title: Cullerian


text:
Genettian

Adjective

 * 1) Of or relating to  (born 1930), French literary theorist associated with structuralism.

title: Genettian


text:
antideconstructionist

Noun

 * 1) One who rejects the theory of deconstructionism.

title: antideconstructionist


text: antideconstructionists

title: antideconstructionists


text: deconstructionisms

title: deconstructionisms


text:
Talk:lifestyle

I recently bumped into another meaning of lifestyle - "The lifestyle", referring to swinging - see e.g. http://www.laweekly.com/columns/swinging-the-underground-lifestyle-that-lets-you-f-ck-your-friends-2530165

 * I'd say that's just sense 1: several subcultures (BDSM being another) talk about "the lifestyle". It's really just a lifestyle, but the implication is that, within the given scene, you know which one they mean. Equinox ◑ 22:45, 21 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:lifestyle


text:
جهة

Noun

 * 1) side, point of view
 * 2)  case

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) side, way
 * 2) administrative region
 * 1) administrative region

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) side, direction

title: جهة


text:
كذلك

Adverb

 * 1)  likewise
 * 2)  too, also
 * 3)  either
 * 1)  either

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) also
 * 2) likewise

title: كذلك


text:
شدة

Etymology 1
of.

Noun

 * 1)  intensity
 * 2)  strength, severity, violence
 * 3)  misfortune, misery, distress, hardship, discomfort, affliction
 * 1)  misfortune, misery, distress, hardship, discomfort, affliction

Etymology 2
of.

Noun

 * 1)  shadda

Etymology 1
From.

Noun

 * 1) shadda
 * 2) cards, card game
 * 3) deck of cards

Etymology 2
From.

Noun

 * 1) a time of misfortune, hardship, discomfort

title: شدة


text: Category:Latvian misspellings

title: Category:Latvian misspellings


text:
brahminess

Noun

 * 1)  A female brahmin.

title: brahminess


text:
azeiteiro

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a person involved in the production or sale of olive oil; oilman
 * 2)  a tasteless person
 * 3)  a womanizer

title: azeiteiro


text: brahminesses

title: brahminesses


text:
cargo bike

Noun

 * 1) A bicycle designed for carrying large or heavy loads; by extension, any other pedal cycle such as a tricycle or quadricycle designed in this way.

Translations

 * Danish: christianiacykel, ladcykel
 * Dutch: ,
 * Finnish: lastipyörä, rahtipyörä, tavarapyörä, kuljetuspyörä, taakkapyörä, kuormapyörä, laatikkopyörä, lavapyörä
 * French:, vélo de fret
 * German: Lastenrad
 * Russian: грузово́й велосипе́д
 * Spanish: bicicleta de reparto
 * Ukrainian: ванта́жний велосипе́д

title: cargo bike


text: cargo bikes

title: cargo bikes


text: Category:Latvian nonstandard forms

title: Category:Latvian nonstandard forms


text: Category:Latvian nonstandard terms

title: Category:Latvian nonstandard terms


text:
أخير

Adjective

 * 1) last, final
 * 2) last, latest, most recent

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) last, latest, most recent

title: أخير


text: bodabodas

title: bodabodas


text:
أخيرا

Etymology
.

Adverb

 * 1) recently
 * 2) finally

Etymology
.

Adverb

 * 1) at last, finally

title: أخيرا


text:
User:Dixtosa/addWiki.js

// // Description: adds a new button "add wikipedia", which unsurprisingly adds to every language that lacks it while the article with the same name exists there. // TODO: only works for Georgian uk ru and hy // TODO: does not check if there is a link already under External links

importScript("User:Dixtosa/XMLize.js"); importScript("User:Dixtosa/minorEdits.js");

var lang2wlangcode = { "Georgian" : "ka", "English":"en", "Ukrainian" : "uk", "Russian" : "ru", "Armenian" : "hy", "Mingrelian" : "xmf" }; function exists(wlangcode, article) { let api = new mw.ForeignApi("https://"+ wlangcode +".wikipedia.org/w/api.php"); return api.get({		'action': 'mobileview', // ugly hack		'page': article,		'format': 'json'	}); }

function addWiki {	new mw.Api .edit( mw.config.values.wgPageName, function ( revision ) {		return changePromise( revision.content )				.then( function ( p ) { return { text: p.wikitext, summary: p.summary}; } );	})	.then( function {		mw.notify ( 'Saved! ');	}); }

function changePromise(wikitext) {	let addedCount = 0; let deferreds = []; let wikixml = WikiXml.parseWikitext (wikitext); let datas = wikixml.find("[level=2] > data:first-child");

datas.each(function (i, elem) {		let lang = $(elem).parent.attr("class");		let code = lang2wlangcode[lang];		if (code && $(elem).text.search("wiki") == -1)		{			deferreds.push( exists(code, mw.config.values.wgTitle).then(function(result){				if (result && result.mobileview)				{					$(elem).prepend(`\n`);					addedCount++;				}			}));		}	}); return $.when(...deferreds).then(function{		let wikitext = WikiXml.toWikitext(wikixml);		wikitext = clean(wikitext);		return {			wikitext: wikitext,			summary: addedCount > 0 ? "Added link(s) to Wikipedia articles" : "Minor changes"		};	}); }

if (mw.config.values.wgNamespaceNumber === 0 && mw.config.values.wgAction == "view") {	mw.loader.using(['mediawiki.api.edit'], function {		$(  => { $("#ca-talk").after("  Add Wikipedia  "); });	}); } //

title: User:Dixtosa/addWiki.js


text:
نقص

Verb

 * 1) to decrease, diminish, reduce
 * 2) to be reduced by (an amount)
 * 3) to lack

Noun

 * 1) reduction
 * 2) lack
 * 1) lack

Etymology 1
From.

Verb

 * 1) to be decreaseed, diminished
 * 2) to be reduced by (an amount)
 * 3) to lack

Etymology 2
From.

Noun

 * 1) reduction
 * 2) lack

Etymology 3
From.

Verb

 * 1) to decrease, diminish
 * 2) to reduce by (an amount)

Noun

 * 1) deficiency, imperfection
 * 2) defect, blemish
 * 3) decrease, diminution
 * 1) decrease, diminution

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to reduce, to decrease

title: نقص


text:
dual-coding theory

Proper noun

 * 1) A theory of cognition according to which visual and verbal information are both used to represent information, but processed in different ways.

title: dual-coding theory


text:
active transport

Noun

 * 1)  Movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.
 * 2)  Walking and cycling as means of travel.

Usage notes

 * The term is sometimes used to include public transport as well.

title: active transport


text:
𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍃

Etymology
From. May contain the suffix.

Noun

 * 1) custom; habit

title: 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍃


text: ziekelijker

title: ziekelijker


text: ziekelijkst

title: ziekelijkst


text:
stålsette

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  stålsette : to steel oneself
 * 2) to harden someone

title: stålsette


text:
افتكر

Verb

 * 1) to reflect, to contemplate, to consider
 * 2) to think
 * 3) to remember

title: افتكر


text:
prepidgin

Noun

 * 1)  An early mixture of languages capable of developing into a pidgin.

title: prepidgin


text: prepidgins

title: prepidgins


text:
عدم

Verb

 * 1) to lack, not to have
 * 2) to lose, to miss

Verb

 * 1) not to exist

Noun

 * 1) non-existence, nothingness
 * 2) nothing
 * 3) lack, absence
 * 4) non-, un-, in-, dis-
 * 5) nonentity
 * 1) nonentity

Noun

 * 1) lack
 * 1) lack

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) nonexistence, negation, nonentity, nothingness, void
 * 2) non-possession, lack
 * 3) being lost

title: عدم


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wiskaz

Etymology
From (cf. the feminine ō-stem variant ), from the root. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) bundle of hay/straw, wisp

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wiskaz


text:
قنبلة

Etymology
Borrowed from, from.

Noun

 * 1) bomb, grenade

Etymology
Borrowed from, from.

Noun
(plural (ganābil))

 * 1) bomb, grenade

title: قنبلة


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wiskijaną

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to sweep
 * 2) to sweep away, to clean
 * 3) to erase

Descendants

 * (or possibly the descendants are loaned from West Germanic)
 * (or possibly the descendants are loaned from West Germanic)
 * (or possibly the descendants are loaned from West Germanic)
 * (or possibly the descendants are loaned from West Germanic)
 * (or possibly the descendants are loaned from West Germanic)
 * (or possibly the descendants are loaned from West Germanic)
 * (or possibly the descendants are loaned from West Germanic)
 * (or possibly the descendants are loaned from West Germanic)
 * (or possibly the descendants are loaned from West Germanic)

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wiskijaną


text:
A to B travel

Noun

 * 1)  Transportation for ordinary purposes, as opposed to that by a professional driver for business purposes.

title: A to B travel


text: stålsett

title: stålsett


text:
road bike

Noun

 * 1) A lightweight bicycle with narrow wheels and downward curving handlebars.

Translations

 * French:
 * Italian:
 * Polish: kolarzówka
 * Spanish:

title: road bike


text: hanam

title: hanam


text: stålsetter

title: stålsetter


text: stålsatte

title: stålsatte


text: stålsatt

title: stålsatt


text:
unacerbic

Adjective

 * 1) Not acerbic.

title: unacerbic


text:
aamt

Etymology
Related to. In the past these larvae were considered to be the cause of the disease.

Noun

 * , a condition of bovines, goats and sheep before delivery of their young

title: aamt


text: road bikes

title: road bikes


text:
ticiyotl

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) healing, medicine
 * 2) divination, soothsaying
 * 3) * Idem, f. 113r. col. 2.
 * Ticiotl. arte demedicina, o coſa de medicos, o a- / diuinacion por agueros . ſ . agoreria de echar / ſuertes.
 * Ticiotl. the art of medicine, or that related to healers, or divination by omens, that is, the drawing lots.
 * Ticiotl. arte demedicina, o coſa de medicos, o a- / diuinacion por agueros . ſ . agoreria de echar / ſuertes.
 * Ticiotl. the art of medicine, or that related to healers, or divination by omens, that is, the drawing lots.

title: ticiyotl


text: ticiotl

title: ticiotl


text: settende

title: settende


text:
Woozle effect

Etymology
A reference to the book Winnie-the-Pooh (1926) by English author (1882–1956), in which the characters Winnie-the-Pooh and Piglet follow their own tracks in the snow, believing them to be the tracks of the imaginary “Woozle”. The term in its precise form is believed to have been coined by Beverly Houghton in a paper entitled Review of Research on Women Abuse delivered at the annual meeting of the held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, 7–10 November 1979: see the 1980 quotation. However, earlier mentions of the Woozle in this context exist.

Proper noun

 * 1) The phenomenon whereby frequent citation of earlier publications leads to a mistaken public belief in something for which there is no evidence, giving rise to an urban myth.

Translations

 * Arabic: تأثير ووزل
 * Ukrainian: ефект Бабая

title: Woozle effect


text:
Alchemilla

Etymology
, from, diminutive of , from belief in the power of the drops distinctively formed on the leaves of the plant.

Hypernyms

 * ; - subfamily;  - tribe;  - subtribe

Hyponyms

 * - type species; for other species see

title: Alchemilla


text:
noncyanotic

Adjective

 * 1) Not cyanotic.

title: noncyanotic


text: Template:R:PRPM

title: Template:R:PRPM


text:
polistirena

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  A type of polymer which is used as a packaging material etc.; polystyrene.

title: polistirena


text:
ڤوليستيرينا

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  A type of polymer which is used as a packaging material etc.; polystyrene.

title: ڤوليستيرينا


text:
nyangatja

Determiner

 * 1) this

title: nyangatja


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/mittōną

Etymology
From Pre-Germanic, a zero-grade iterative to.

Verb

 * 1) to cut

Inflection
The original paradigm consisted of two stem variants, against.

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/mittōną


text: knawn

title: knawn


text: nowadayes

title: nowadayes


text:
ma-pitjanyi

Verb

 * 1) go away

title: ma-pitjanyi


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/smittōną

Etymology 1
From Pre-Germanic, a zero-grade iterative to.

Verb

 * 1) to strike

Inflection
The original paradigm consisted of two stem variants, against.

Etymology 2
Derived from. See. Alternatively from.

Verb

 * 1)  to stain, smear

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/smittōną


text:
Zahavian

Adjective

 * 1) Of or relating to  (born 1928), Israeli evolutionary biologist.

title: Zahavian


text:
Stiege

Etymology 1
From, from , a variant (with an unusual ablaut grade) of. Related with 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬. See also 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) narrow, often steep stairs (e.g. to a loft)
 * 2)  stairs in general, staircase
 * 3)  separate entry, doorway and/or staircase to or inside an apartment building, apartment complex or a housing complex
 * 1)  separate entry, doorway and/or staircase to or inside an apartment building, apartment complex or a housing complex
 * 1)  separate entry, doorway and/or staircase to or inside an apartment building, apartment complex or a housing complex

Etymology 2
From (also ), from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, whence the modern doublet. Possibly a byform of, whence 🇨🇬, but definitely related with it.

Noun

 * 1)  wooden crate

Etymology 3
From, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. Has been compared to 🇨🇬, which if related, from.

Noun

 * 1)  a set of twenty, e.g. of sheaves, livestock, eggs

title: Stiege


text: Stiegen

title: Stiegen


text:
Balle

Etymology
Various origins:
 * Borrowed from, a reduced form of any of various Germanic names beginning with the element.
 * Borrowed from, a habitational surname from.
 * A respelling of, an occupational surname from.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Balle is the 39164th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 562 individuals. Balle is most common among Hispanic/Latino (55.69%) and White (38.26%) individuals.

Etymology
Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) ball
 * 2) bale

title: Balle


text: Bällchen

title: Bällchen


text: Bällchens

title: Bällchens


text:
Weiblein

Etymology
From.

title: Weiblein


text: Weibleins

title: Weibleins


text:
抹大拉的馬利亞

Proper noun

 * 1)  Mary Magdalene

title: 抹大拉的馬利亞


text: 抹大拉的马利亚

title: 抹大拉的马利亚


text:
抹大拉

Proper noun

 * 1) Magdala

title: 抹大拉


text:
馬利亞

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * 1)  Mary

title: 馬利亞


text: 马利亚

title: 马利亚


text:
utility bike

Noun

 * 1) A bicycle designed for practical transportation as opposed to recreation or competition.

title: utility bike


text: utility bikes

title: utility bikes


text:
Bourbon virus

Etymology
Discovered in 2014 in a case in by Olga Kosoy.

Proper noun

 * 1)  A virus believed to be in species  in family, a tick-borne virus discovered in 2014 that has caused at least one fatality in an otherwise healthy man

Hypernyms

 * - order; - family;  - genus;  - species

title: Bourbon virus


text:
briefish

Adjective

 * 1) Somewhat brief.

title: briefish


text:
bluntishness

Noun

 * 1)  The quality of being somewhat blunt.

title: bluntishness


text:
Citations:adult

 * 1996, The 1996 Collection: Prepared for Sudbury-Model Schools, page 286:
 * If anything I give more space to someone new just to be sure they don't feel adulted on (great image huh?).
 * 2013, Transnational Migration and Childhood ISBN 1135716641, page 70:
 * In particular she identifies practices used by adults to position themselves in relation to children and refers to these as ‘childing’ practices. Mannion (2007) builds on this idea but also refers to ‘adulting’ practices used by children

title: Citations:adult


text:
անրջային

Adjective

 * 1) dreamy, dreamlike, wishful

title: անրջային


text:
glamper

Etymology
, parallel to and equivalent to. Early 2006, UK origin, adopted in US by 2007.

Noun

 * 1) A participant in glamping (luxury camping).
 * 2) * 2006, “The Glamper’s Guide To Style” (archive), GadgetCandy.com, 2/24/2006:

title: glamper


text: glampers

title: glampers


text: dodderings

title: dodderings


text: refractory rhymes

title: refractory rhymes


text:
чтить

Etymology
, from. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to honor, to revere

title: чтить


text:
Global South

Etymology
First used in a political sense in 1969.

Proper noun

 * 1)  A region predominantly composed of the developing countries of Africa, Latin America, and Asia excluding Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and Israel, regarded as half of a socioeconomic and political divide opposite to the Global North.

Translations

 * Georgian: გლობალური სამხრეთი
 * Russian: глоба́льный Юг
 * Vietnamese: Nam toàn cầu

title: Global South


text:
User:123uhjsakddsa89321l3

Hi there. I used to edit under my real name here, but no longer access that account. :)

title: User:123uhjsakddsa89321l3


text:
annoyable

Adjective

 * 1) Capable of being annoyed.

title: annoyable


text:
LGBTA

Etymology
An initialism, one of several expansions of the earlier initialism.

Usage notes

 * See the usage notes about LGBT and (regarding the A) LGBTQIA.

title: LGBTA


text: transexuals

title: transexuals


text:
selvitystila

Noun

 * 1)  liquidation, insolvency
 * 2)  receivership state of being under the control of a receiver

title: selvitystila


text:
전문화

Noun

 * 1) specialization

title: 전문화


text:
widleich

Adjective

 * 1) supple, lithe, willowy

title: widleich


text:
cuatrillo

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) An obsolete letter (Ꜭ, ꜭ) shaped like a 4 with a hook, used in colonial Mayan orthographies to indicate a velar ejective.

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) an obsolete letter shaped like a 4 with a hook from colonial Mayan orthographies to indicate a velar ejective

title: cuatrillo


text: cuatrillos

title: cuatrillos


text:
cinquillo

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  A type of Latin American musical rhythm consisting of five-beat units.

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  a type of Latin American musical rhythm consisting of five-beat units

title: cinquillo


text: cinquillos

title: cinquillos


text:
schüüch

Etymology
From, , from , from.

Adjective

 * 1) shy

Adverb

 * 1) shyly

title: schüüch


text:
Wulche

Etymology
From, from , from. Cognate to 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) cloud

title: Wulche


text:
посчитаться

Verb

 * 1) to settle accounts (with), to consider, to take into consideration, to reckon (with)
 * 2)  to be considered / reputed (someone), to be, to pass (for)

title: посчитаться


text: accorciatoia

title: accorciatoia


text:
accorciatore

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) shortener

title: accorciatore


text:
accorciatura

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) shortening, abridgement

title: accorciatura


text:
tjala

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to plant, to sow

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to plant, to sow

title: tjala


text:
accordatamente

Etymology
From.

title: accordatamente


text:
accordevole

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  suitable
 * 2)  conciliatory

title: accordevole


text:
accorruomo

Interjection

 * 1) help!

title: accorruomo


text:
waṉka

Noun

 * 1) spider, caterpillar
 * 2) spiderweb

title: waṉka


text:
accostatura

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) approaching
 * 2) fitting, joining
 * 3) joint, junction

title: accostatura


text:
yohuac moteittitia

Etymology
Literally “at night it appears before others”, from +  +  +.

Noun

 * 1) it is a nocturnal ghost or apparition, especially one seen as an evil omen.

title: yohuac moteittitia


text:
accostevole

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  approachable, accessible
 * 2)  affable

title: accostevole


text:
accotonatore

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) teaser (of fabric)
 * 2) backcomber (of hair)

title: accotonatore


text:
accottimare

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to employ or to work on a piecework basis

title: accottimare


text: accottimando

title: accottimando


text: accottimante

title: accottimante


text: accottimato

title: accottimato


text: accottimati

title: accottimati


text: accottimata

title: accottimata


text: accottimo

title: accottimo


text: accottimi

title: accottimi


text: accottima

title: accottima


text: accottimiamo

title: accottimiamo


text: accottimate

title: accottimate


text: accottimano

title: accottimano


text: accottimavo

title: accottimavo


text: accottimavi

title: accottimavi


text: accottimava

title: accottimava


text: accottimavamo

title: accottimavamo


text: accottimavate

title: accottimavate


text: accottimavano

title: accottimavano


text: accottimai

title: accottimai


text: accottimasti

title: accottimasti


text: accottimò

title: accottimò


text: accottimammo

title: accottimammo


text: accottimaste

title: accottimaste


text: accottimarono

title: accottimarono


text: accottimerò

title: accottimerò


text: accottimerai

title: accottimerai


text: accottimerà

title: accottimerà


text: accottimeremo

title: accottimeremo


text: accottimerete

title: accottimerete


text: accottimeranno

title: accottimeranno


text: accottimerei

title: accottimerei


text: accottimeresti

title: accottimeresti


text: accottimerebbe

title: accottimerebbe


text: accottimeremmo

title: accottimeremmo


text: accottimereste

title: accottimereste


text: accottimerebbero

title: accottimerebbero


text: accottimiate

title: accottimiate


text: accottimino

title: accottimino


text: accottimassi

title: accottimassi


text: accottimasse

title: accottimasse


text: accottimassimo

title: accottimassimo


text: accottimassero

title: accottimassero


text: accovarsi

title: accovarsi


text: accovando

title: accovando


text: accovante

title: accovante


text: accovato

title: accovato


text: accovati

title: accovati


text: accovata

title: accovata


text: accovo

title: accovo


text: accovi

title: accovi


text: accova

title: accova


text: accoviamo

title: accoviamo


text: accovate

title: accovate


text: accovano

title: accovano


text: accovavo

title: accovavo


text: accovavi

title: accovavi


text: accovava

title: accovava


text: accovavamo

title: accovavamo


text: accovavate

title: accovavate


text: accovavano

title: accovavano


text: accovai

title: accovai


text: accovasti

title: accovasti


text: accovò

title: accovò


text: accovammo

title: accovammo


text: accovaste

title: accovaste


text: accovarono

title: accovarono


text: accoverò

title: accoverò


text: accoverai

title: accoverai


text: accoverà

title: accoverà


text: accoveremo

title: accoveremo


text: accoverete

title: accoverete


text: accoveranno

title: accoveranno


text: accoverei

title: accoverei


text: accoveresti

title: accoveresti


text: accoverebbe

title: accoverebbe


text: accoveremmo

title: accoveremmo


text: accovereste

title: accovereste


text: accoverebbero

title: accoverebbero


text: accoviate

title: accoviate


text: accovino

title: accovino


text: accovassi

title: accovassi


text: accovasse

title: accovasse


text: accovassimo

title: accovassimo


text: accovassero

title: accovassero


text:
tứ quý

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  four of a kind
 * 2)  The four most holy days of obligation: Christmas, Ascension, Assumption, and All Saints' Day.

title: tứ quý


text:
accovonatore

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) person who binds sheaves of corn
 * 2) binder (agricultural machine)

title: accovonatore


text: accozzame

title: accozzame


text:
accozzatore

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a person who gets things muddled or jumbled

title: accozzatore


text: tứ quí

title: tứ quí


text:
quý

Etymology 1
.

Usage notes

 * Used quite similarly to 🇨🇬, although not as broadly applicable.

Etymology 2
.

Noun

 * 1)  a

title: quý


text:
recoil pad

Noun

 * 1)  A soft rubber (or similar) attachment added to the butt of a long firearm to absorb some of the recoil.

title: recoil pad


text:
баллотироваться

Verb

 * 1) to run for an election, to stand for election

title: баллотироваться


text:
Module:fr-pron

--[=[

Author: Benwing, rewritten from original by Kc kennylau

Generates French IPA from spelling. Implements template ; also used in Module:fr-verb (particularly Module:fr-verb/pron, the submodule handling pronunciation of verbs).

--]=]

local export = {}

local m_str_utils = require("Module:string utilities") local pron_utilities_module = "Module:pron utilities" local table_module = "Module:table"

local str_gsub = string.gsub

local u = m_str_utils.char local rfind = m_str_utils.find local rsubn = m_str_utils.gsub local rmatch = m_str_utils.match local rsplit = m_str_utils.split local ulower = m_str_utils.lower local uupper = m_str_utils.upper local usub = m_str_utils.sub local ulen = m_str_utils.len

local pages_where_redundancy_checking_is_disabled = { ["Appendix:Protologisms/Long words/Titin/French"] = true, }

local TILDE = u(0x0303) -- tilde = ̃

local EXPLICIT_H = u(0xFFF0) local EXPLICIT_X = u(0xFFF1) local EXPLICIT_J = u(0xFFF2)

local explicit_sound_to_substitution = { ["h"] = EXPLICIT_H, ["x"] = EXPLICIT_X, ["j"] = EXPLICIT_J, }

local explicit_substitution_to_sound = {} local explicit_substitution_regex = {} for from, to in pairs(explicit_sound_to_substitution) do	explicit_substitution_to_sound[to] = from table.insert(explicit_substitution_regex, to) end explicit_substitution_regex = "[" .. table.concat(explicit_substitution_regex) .. "]"

-- If enabled, compare this module with new version of module in -- Module:User:Benwing2/fr-pron to make sure all pronunciations are the same. -- To check for differences, go to Tracking/fr-pron/different-pron -- and look at what links to the page. local test_new_fr_pron_module = false

-- version of rsubn that discards all but the first return value local function rsub(term, foo, bar) local retval = rsubn(term, foo, bar) return retval end

-- apply rsub repeatedly until no change local function rsub_repeatedly(term, foo, bar) while true do		local new_term = rsub(term, foo, bar) if new_term == term then return term end term = new_term end end

local function ine(x) if x == "" then return nil else return x end end

local function track(page) local m_debug = require("Module:debug").track("fr-pron/" .. page) return true end

-- pairs of consonants where a schwa between them cannot be deleted in VCəCV -- within a word local no_delete_schwa_in_vcvcv_word_internally_list = { 'ʁʁ', 'ɲʁ', 'ɲl' } -- generate set local no_delete_schwa_in_vcvcv_word_internally = {} for _, x in ipairs(no_delete_schwa_in_vcvcv_word_internally_list) do	no_delete_schwa_in_vcvcv_word_internally[x] = true end

-- pairs of consonants where a schwa between them cannot be deleted in VCəVC -- across a word boundary; primarily, consonants that are the same except -- possibly for voicing local no_delete_schwa_in_vcvcv_across_words_list = { 'kɡ', 'ɡk', 'kk', 'ɡɡ', -- WARNING: IPA ɡ used here 'td', 'dt', 'tt', 'dd', 'bp', 'pb', 'pp', 'bb', 'ʃʒ', 'ʒʃ', 'ʃʃ', 'ʒʒ', 'fv', 'vf', 'ff', 'vv', 'sz', 'zs', 'ss', 'zz', 'jj', 'ww', 'ʁʁ', 'll', 'nn', 'ɲɲ', 'mm' -- FIXME, should be others } -- generate set local no_delete_schwa_in_vcvcv_across_words = {} for _, x in ipairs(no_delete_schwa_in_vcvcv_across_words_list) do	no_delete_schwa_in_vcvcv_across_words[x] = true end

local remove_diaeresis_from_vowel = {['ä']='a', ['ë']='e', ['ï']='i', ['ö']='o', ['ü']='u', ['ÿ']='i'}

-- True if C1 and C2 form an allowable onset (in which case we always -- attempt to place them after the syllable break) local function allow_onset_2(c1, c2) -- WARNING: Both IPA and non-IPA g below, and both r and ʁ, because it is -- called both before and after the substitutions of these chars. return (c2 == "l" or c2 == "r" or c2 == "ʁ") and rmatch(c1, "[bkdfgɡpstv]") or		c1 == "d" and c2 == "ʒ" or		c1 ~= "j" and (c2 == "j" or c2 == "w" or c2 == "W" or c2 == "ɥ") end

-- list of vowels, including both input Latin and output IPA; note that -- IPA nasal vowels are two-character sequences with a combining tilde, -- which we include as the last char local oral_vowel_no_schwa_no_i = "aeouAEOUéàèùâêôûäëöüăŏŭɑɛɔæœø" local oral_vowel_schwa = "əƏĕė" local oral_vowel_i = "iyIYîŷïÿ" local oral_vowel = oral_vowel_no_schwa_no_i .. oral_vowel_schwa .. oral_vowel_i local nasal_vowel = TILDE local non_nasal_c = "[^" .. TILDE .. "]" local vowel_no_schwa = oral_vowel_no_schwa_no_i .. oral_vowel_i .. nasal_vowel local vowel = oral_vowel .. nasal_vowel local vowel_c = "[" .. vowel .. "]" local vowel_no_schwa_c = "[" .. vowel_no_schwa .. "]" local vowel_maybe_nasal_r = "[" .. oral_vowel .. "]" .. TILDE .. "?" local non_vowel_c = "[^" .. vowel .. "]" local oral_vowel_c = "[" .. oral_vowel .. "]" -- FIXME: Previously vowel_no_i specified the vowels explicitly and didn't include the nasal combining diacritic; -- should we include it? local vowel_no_i = oral_vowel_no_schwa_no_i .. oral_vowel_schwa local vowel_no_i_c = "[" .. vowel_no_i .. "]" -- special characters that should be carried through but largely ignored when -- syllabifying; single quote prevents interpretation of sequences, -- ‿ indicates liaison, ⁀ is a word boundary marker, - is a literal hyphen -- (we include word boundary markers because they mark word boundaries with -- words joined by hyphens, but should be ignored for syllabification in -- such a case), parens are used to explicitly indicate an optional sound, esp. -- a schwa local syljoiner_c = "[_'‿⁀%-]" -- don't include syllable marker or space local opt_syljoiners_c = syljoiner_c .. "*" local schwajoiner_c = "[_'‿⁀%-. ]" -- also include. and space but not local opt_schwajoiners_c = schwajoiner_c .. "*" local cons_c = "[^" .. vowel .. ".⁀ %-]" -- includes underscore, quote and liaison marker local cons_no_liaison_c = "[^" .. vowel .. ".⁀‿ %-]" -- includes underscore and quote but not liaison marker local real_cons_c = "[^" .. vowel .. "_'‿.⁀ %-]" -- excludes underscore, quote and liaison marker local cons_or_joiner_c = "[^" .. vowel .. ". ]" -- includes all joiners local front_vowel = "eiîéèêĕėəɛæœyŷ" -- should not include capital E, used in cœur etc. local front_vowel_c = "[" .. front_vowel .. "]" local word_begin = "'‿⁀%-" -- characters indicating the beginning of a word local word_begin_c = "[" .. word_begin .. "]"

local function respelling_to_IPA(data) local prons = export.show(data.respelling, data.args.pos.default, data.args.noalternatives, data.pagename)

-- Check whether explicitly given pronunciations are redundant. if data.orig_respelling and data.orig_respelling ~= "+" then local full_pagename = mw.title.getCurrentTitle.fullText if not pages_where_redundancy_checking_is_disabled[full_pagename] then local default_prons = export.show(nil, data.args.pos, data.args.noalternatives, data.pagename,				"no test new module") local is_redundant, is_non_redundant for _, pron in ipairs(prons) do				if #default_prons == 1 and default_prons[1] == pron or #default_prons > 1 and require(table_module).contains(default_prons, pron) then is_redundant = true else is_non_redundant = true end end if is_redundant and not is_non_redundant then track("redundant-pron") elseif is_non_redundant and not is_redundant then track("needed-pron") elseif is_redundant and is_non_redundant then track("partly-redundant-pron") end end end

for i, pron in ipairs(prons) do prons[i] = "/" .. pron .. "/"	end return prons end

--[==[ Actual implementation of fr-IPA, compatible in spirit with IPA. ]==] function export.fr_IPA(frame) local parent_args = frame:getParent.args

local augment_params = { ["noalternatives"] = {type = "boolean"}, ["noalt"] = {type = "boolean", alias_of = "noalternatives"}, }

local augment_param_mod_spec = { {param = "qual", alias_of = "q", separate_no_index = false}, -- deprecated {param = "n", alias_of = "ref"}, -- deprecated {param = "pos", separate_no_index = true}, -- pos= by itself has a special meaning }

return require(pron_utilities_module).format_prons { lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode("fr"), respelling_to_IPA = respelling_to_IPA, raw_args = parent_args, augment_params = augment_params, augment_param_mod_spec = augment_param_mod_spec, track_module = "fr-pron", } end

function export.canonicalize_pron(text, pagename) if not text or text == "+" then text = pagename end

text = rsub(text, "%[([hHxXjJ])%]", function(sound)		return explicit_sound_to_substitution[ulower(sound)]	end)

if rfind(text, "^%[.*%]$") then local subs = rsplit(rmatch(text, "^%[(.*)%]$"), ",") text = pagename for _, sub in ipairs(subs) do			local fromto = rsplit(sub, ":") if #fromto ~= 2 then error("Bad substitution spec " .. sub .. " in ") end local from, to = fromto[1], fromto[2] if rfind(from, "^~") then -- formerly, ~ was required to match within a word from = rmatch(from, "^~(.*)$") end local newtext = text if rfind(from, "^%^") then -- whole-word match from = rmatch(from, "^%^(.*)$") newtext = rsub(text, "%f[%a]" .. require("Module:string utilities").pattern_escape(from) .. "%f[%A]", to) else newtext = rsub(text, require("Module:string utilities").pattern_escape(from), to) end if newtext == text then error("Substitution spec " .. sub .. " didn't match respelling '" .. text .. "'") end text = newtext end end

text = ulower(text) return text end

function export.show(text, pos, noalternatives, pagename, no_test_new_module) -- check_new_module=1 can be passed from a bot to compare to the new -- module. In that case, if there's a difference, the return value will -- be a string "OLD_RESULT || NEW_RESULT". --	-- no_test_new_module can be passed from module code to disable the -- new-module check. This is used when checking for redundant pronunciation -- to avoid excess triggering of the Tracking/fr-pron/different-pron -- page. local check_new_module if type(text) == "table" then pos = ine(text.args.pos) noalternatives = ine(text.args.noalternatives) pagename = ine(text.args.pagename) check_new_module = ine(text.args.check_new_module) text = ine(text.args[1]) end

local new_module_result -- Test code to compare existing module to new one. if (test_new_fr_pron_module or check_new_module) and not no_test_new_module then local m_new_fr_pron = require("Module:User:Benwing2/fr-pron") new_module_result = m_new_fr_pron.show(text, pos, noalternatives, pagename) end

pagename = pagename or mw.loadData("Module:headword/data").pagename

text = export.canonicalize_pron(text, pagename)

-- track quote-separator if different numbers of quote symbols if ulen(rsub(text, "[^']", "")) ~= ulen(rsub(pagename, "[^']", "")) then track("quote-separator") end

-- To simplify checking for word boundaries and liaison markers, we -- add ⁀ at the beginning and end of all words, and remove it at the end. -- Note that the liaison marker is ‿. text = rsub(text, "%s*,%s*", '⁀⁀ | ⁀⁀') text = rsub(text, "%s+", '⁀ ⁀') text = rsub(text, "%-+", '⁀-⁀') text = '⁀⁀' .. text .. '⁀⁀'

-- various early substitutions text = str_gsub(text, 'ǝ', 'ə') -- replace wrong schwa with same-looking correct one text = str_gsub(text, 'œu', 'Eu') -- capital E so it doesn't trigger c -> s	text = str_gsub(text, 'oeu', 'Eu') text = str_gsub(text, 'œil', 'Euil') text = str_gsub(text, 'œ', 'æ') -- keep as æ, mapping later to è or é

-- Handle soft c, g. Do these near the very beginning before any changes -- that disturb the orthographic front/back vowel distinction (e.g.	-- -ai -> -é when pos == "v" in the next section); but after special -- handling of œu (which should not trigger softening, as in cœur), whereas -- other occurrences of œ do trigger softening (cœliaque). text = rsub(text, "c('?" .. front_vowel_c .. ')', 'ç%1') text = rsub(text, 'ge([aoAOàâôäöăŏɔ])', 'j%1') text = rsub(text, 'g(' .. front_vowel_c .. ')', 'j%1')

if pos == "v" then -- special-case for verbs text = rsub(text, 'ai⁀', 'é⁀') -- portions, retiens as verbs should not have /s/ text = rsub(text, 'ti([oe])ns([⁀‿])', "t_i%1ns%2") -- retienne, retiennent as verbs should not have /s/ text = rsub(text, 't(ienne[⁀‿])', "t_%1") text = rsub(text, 't(iennent[⁀‿])', "t_%1") -- final -ent is silent except in single-syllable words (ment, sent); -- vient, tient, and compounds will have to be special-cased, no easy -- way to distinguish e.g. initient (silent) from retient (not silent). text = rsub(text, '(' .. vowel_c .. cons_no_liaison_c .. '*' .. ')ent⁀', '%1e⁀') text = rsub(text, '(' .. vowel_c .. cons_no_liaison_c .. '*' .. ')ent‿', '%1ət‿') end

-- various early substitutions #2 text = rsub(text, '[aä]([sz][⁀‿])', 'â%1') -- pas, gaz text = str_gsub(text, 'à', 'a') text = str_gsub(text, 'ù', 'u') text = str_gsub(text, 'î', 'i') text = str_gsub(text, '[Ee]û', 'ø') text = str_gsub(text, 'û', 'u') -- absolute, obstacle, subsumer, obtus, obtenir, etc.; but not toubibs text = str_gsub(text, 'b([st][^⁀‿])', 'p%1') text = str_gsub(text, 'ph', 'f') text = str_gsub(text, 'gn', 'ɲ') text = str_gsub(text, 'compt', 'cont') text = str_gsub(text, 'psych', 'psik') -- -chrom-, -chron-, chrétien, etc.; -chlor-, etc.; -techn-, arachn-, etc.; use 'sh' to get /ʃ/ text = str_gsub(text, 'ch([rln])', 'c%1') -- dinosaure, taure, restaurant, etc.; in unstressed syllables both /ɔ/ and /o/ are usually possible, -- but /ɔ/ is more common/natural; not in -eaur-, which occurs in compounds e.g. Beauregard text = str_gsub(text, '([^e])aur', '%1or') text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')désh', '%1déz') text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')et([⁀‿])', '%1é%2') text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')es([⁀‿])', '%1ès%2') text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')est([⁀‿])', '%1èt%2') text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')ress', '%1rəss') -- ressortir, etc. should have schwa text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')intrans(' .. vowel_c .. ')', '%1intranz%2') text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')trans(' .. vowel_c .. ')', '%1tranz%2') text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')eu', '%1ø') -- even in euro- text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')neur', '%1nør') -- neuro-, neuralgie, etc. -- hyperactif, etc.; without this we get /i.pʁak.tif/ etc. text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')hyper', '%1hypèr') -- superessif, etc.; without this we get /sy.pʁɛ.sif/ etc. text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')super', '%1supèr') -- adverbial -emment is pronounced -amment text = rsub(text, 'emment([⁀‿])', 'amment%1') text = rsub(text, 'ie(ds?[⁀‿])', 'ié%1') -- pied, assieds, etc.	text = rsub(text, '[eæ]([dgpt]s?[⁀‿])', 'è%1') -- permet text = rsub(text, 'ez([⁀‿])', 'éz%1') -- assez, avez, etc.	text = str_gsub(text, 'er‿', 'èr‿') -- premier étage text = rsub(text, '([⁀‿]' .. cons_c .. '*)er(s?[⁀‿])', '%1èr%2') -- cher, fer, vers text = rsub(text, 'er(s?[⁀‿])', 'ér%1') -- premier(s) text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. cons_c .. '*)e(s[⁀‿])', '%1é%2') -- ses, tes, etc.	text = str_gsub(text, 'oien', 'oyen') -- iroquoien -- bien, européens, païen, moyen; only word finally or before final s	-- (possibly in liaison); doesn't apply to influence, omniscient, réengager, -- etc.; cases where -ien- is [jɛ̃] elsewhere in the word require respelling -- using 'iain' or 'ien-', e.g. 'tient', 'viendra', 'bientôt', 'Vientiane' text = rsub(text, '([iïéy])en(s?[⁀‿])', '%1ɛn%2') -- special-case for words beginning with bien- (bientôt, bienvenu, bienheureux, etc.) text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')bien', '%1biɛn')

--s, c, g, j, q (soft c/g handled above; ç handled below after dropping	-- silent -s; x handled below) text = str_gsub(text, 'cueil', 'keuil') -- accueil, etc.	text = str_gsub(text, 'gueil', 'gueuil') -- orgueil text = rsub(text, '(' .. vowel_c .. ')s(' .. vowel_c .. ')', '%1z%2') text = str_gsub(text, "qu'", "k'") -- qu'on text = rsub(text, 'qu(' .. vowel_c .. ')', 'k%1')

-- gu+vowel -> g+vowel, but gu+vowel+diaeresis -> gu+vowel text = rsub(text, 'gu(' .. vowel_c .. ')', function(vowel)		local undo_diaeresis = remove_diaeresis_from_vowel[vowel]		return undo_diaeresis and 'gu' .. undo_diaeresis or 'g' .. vowel		end) text = str_gsub(text, 'gü', 'gu') -- aiguë might be spelled aigüe -- parking, footing etc.; also -ing_ e.g. swinguer respelled swing_guer, -- Washington respelled Washing'tonne text = rsub(text, '(' .. cons_c .. ")ing(s?[_'⁀‿])", "%1iŋ%2") text = str_gsub(text, 'ngt', 'nt') -- vingt, longtemps text = str_gsub(text, 'j', 'ʒ') text = str_gsub(text, 's?[cs]h', 'ʃ') text = str_gsub(text, '[cq]', 'k') -- following two must follow s -> z between vowels text = rsub(text, '([^sçx⁀])ti([oeɛ])n', '%1si%2n') -- tion, tien text = rsub(text, '([^sçx⁀])ti([ae])l', '%1si%2l') -- tial, tiel

-- special hack for uï; must follow guï handling and precede ill handling text = str_gsub(text, 'uï', 'ui') -- ouir, etc.

-- special hack for oel, oil, oêl; must follow intervocal s -> z and -- ge + o -> j, and precede -il- handling text = rsub(text, 'o[eê]l', 'wAl') -- moelle, poêle -- poil but don't affect -oill- (otherwise interpreted as /ɔj/) text = str_gsub(text, 'oil([^l])', 'wAl%1')

-- ill, il; must follow j -> ʒ above -- NOTE: In all of the following, we purposely do not check for a vowel -- following -ill-, so that respellings can use it before a consonant -- (e.g. boycotter respelled 'boillcotter') -- (1) special-casing for C+uill (juillet, cuillère, aiguille respelled	--    aiguïlle) text = rsub_repeatedly(text, '(' .. cons_c .. ')uill', '%1ɥij') -- (2) -ill- after a vowel; repeat if necessary in case of VillVill --    sequence (ailloille respelling of ayoye) text = rsub_repeatedly(text, '(' .. vowel_c .. ')ill', '%1j') -- (3) any other ill, except word-initially (illustrer etc.) text = rsub(text, '([^⁀])ill', '%1ij') -- (4) final -il after a vowel; we consider final -Cil to contain a	--    pronounced /l/ (e.g. 'il', 'fil', 'avril', 'exil', 'volatil', 'profil') text = rsub(text, '(' .. vowel_c .. ')il([⁀‿])', '%1j%2') -- (5) -il- after a vowel, before a consonant (not totally necessary;	--    unlikely to occur normally, respelling can use -ill-) text = rsub(text, '(' .. vowel_c .. ')il(' .. cons_c .. ')', '%1j%2')

-- y; include before removing final -e so we can distinguish -ay from -- -aye text = rsub(text, 'ay([⁀‿])', 'ai%1') -- Gamay text = str_gsub(text, 'éy', 'éj') -- used in respellings, eqv. to 'éill' text = rsub(text, '(' .. vowel_no_i_c .. ')y', '%1iy') text = rsub(text, 'yi([' .. vowel .. '.])', 'y.y%1') text = str_gsub(text, "'y‿", "'j‿") -- il n'y‿a text = rsub_repeatedly(text, '(' .. cons_c .. ')y(' .. cons_c .. ')', '%1i%2') text = rsub(text, '(' .. cons_c .. ')ye?([⁀‿])', '%1i%2') text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')y(' .. cons_c .. ')', '%1i%2') text = str_gsub(text, '⁀y⁀', '⁀i⁀') -- CyV -> CiV; will later be converted back to /j/ in most cases, but -- allows correct handling of embryon, dryade, cryolithe, glyoxylique, etc. text = rsub(text, '(' .. cons_c .. ')y(' .. vowel_c .. ')', '%1i%2') text = str_gsub(text, 'y', 'j')

-- nasal hacks -- make 'n' before liaison in certain cases both nasal and pronounced text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. '[mts]?on)‿', '%1N‿') --mon, son, ton, on	text = str_gsub(text, "('on)‿", '%1N‿') --qu'on, l'on text = str_gsub(text, '([eɛu]n)‿', '%1N‿') --en, bien, un, chacun etc. -- in bon, certain etc. the preceding vowel isn't nasal text = str_gsub(text, 'n‿', "N‿")

-- other liaison hacks text = str_gsub(text, 'd‿', 't‿') -- grand arbre, pied-à-terre text = str_gsub(text, '[sx]‿', 'z‿') -- vis-a-vis, beaux-arts, premiers enfants, etc. text = str_gsub(text, 'f‿', 'v‿') -- neuf ans, etc.	-- treat liaison consonants that would be dropped as if they are extra-word, -- so that preceding "word-final" letters are still dropped and preceding -- vowels take on word-final qualities text = str_gsub(text, '([bdgkpstxz]‿)', '⁀%1') text = str_gsub(text, 'i‿', 'ij‿') -- y a-t-il, gentil enfant

--silent letters -- do this first so we also drop preceding letters if needed text = str_gsub(text, '[sz]⁀', '⁀') -- final -x silent in prix, chevaux, eux (with eu -> ø above) text = str_gsub(text, '([iuø])x⁀', '%1⁀') -- silence -c and -ct in nc(t), but not otherwise text = str_gsub(text, 'nkt?⁀', 'n⁀') text = str_gsub(text, '([ks])t⁀', '%1T⁀') -- final -kt, -st pronounced text = str_gsub(text, 'ér⁀', 'é⁀') -- premier, converted earlier to premiér -- p in -mp, b in -mb will be dropped, but temporarily convert to capital -- letter so a trace remains below when we handle nasals text = str_gsub(text, 'm([bp])⁀', function(bp)		local capbp = {b='B', p='P'}		return 'm' .. capbp[bp] .. '⁀'	end) -- plomb -- do the following after dropping r so we don't affect -rt text = str_gsub(text, '[dgpt]⁀', '⁀') -- remove final -e in various circumstances; leave primarily when -- preceded by two or more distinct consonants; in V[mn]e and Vmme/Vnne, -- use [MN] so they're pronounced in full text = rsub(text, '(' .. vowel_c .. ')n+e([⁀‿])', '%1N%2') text = rsub(text, '(' .. vowel_c .. ')m+e([⁀‿])', '%1M%2') text = rsub(text, '(' .. cons_c .. ')%1e([⁀‿])', '%1%2') text = rsub(text, '([mn]' .. cons_c .. ')e([⁀‿])', '%1%2') text = rsub(text, '(' .. vowel_c .. cons_c .. '?)e([⁀‿])', '%1%2')

-- ç; must follow s -> z between vowels (above); do after dropping final s	-- so that ç can be used in respelling to force a pronounced s	text = str_gsub(text, 'ç', 's')

-- x; (h)ex- at beginning of word (examen, exister, hexane, etc.) and after -- a vowel (coexister, réexaminer) and after in- (inexact, inexorable) is	-- pronounced [egz], x- at beginning of word also pronounced [gz], all- -- other x's pronounced [ks] (including -ex- in lexical, sexy, perplexité,	-- etc.). text = rsub(text, '([' .. word_begin .. vowel .. ']h?)[eæ]x(h?' .. vowel_c .. ')', '%1egz%2') text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. 'in)[eæ]xh?(h?' .. vowel_c .. ')', '%1egz%2') text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')x', '%1gz') text = str_gsub(text, 'x', 'ks')

-- double consonants: eCC treated specially, then CC -> C; do after -- x -> ks so we handle exciter correctly text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')e([mn])%2(' .. vowel_c .. ')', '%1en_%2%3') -- emmener, ennui text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')(h?)[eæ](' .. cons_c .. ')%3', '%1%2é%3') -- effacer, essui, errer, henné text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')dess', '%1déss') -- dessécher, dessein, etc. text = rsub(text, '[eæ](' .. cons_c .. ')%1', 'è%1') -- mett(r)ons, etc. text = rsub(text, '(' .. cons_c .. ')%1', '%1')

--diphthongs --uppercase is used to avoid the output of one change becoming the input --to another; we later lowercase the vowels; î and û converted early; --we do this before i/u/ou before vowel -> glide (for e.g. bleuet), --and before nasal handling because e.g. ou before n is not converted --into a nasal vowel (Bouroundi, Cameroun); au probably too, but there --may not be any such words text = str_gsub(text, 'ou', 'U') text = str_gsub(text, 'e?au', 'O') text = str_gsub(text, '[Ee]u([zt])', 'ø%1') text = rsub(text, '[Ee]uh?([⁀‿])', 'ø%1') -- (s)chleuh has /ø/ text = rsub(text, '[Ee][uŭ]', 'œ') text = str_gsub(text, '[ae]i', 'ɛ')

-- Before implementing nasal vowels, convert nh to n to correctly handle -- inhérent, anhédonie, bonheur, etc. But preserve enh- to handle -- enhardir, enharnacher, enhaché, enhoncher, enhotter, enhucher (all	-- with "aspirate h"). Words with "mute h" need respelling with enn-, e.g. -- enharmonie, enherber. text = rsub(text, '(' .. word_begin_c .. ')enh', '%1en_h') text = str_gsub(text, 'nh', 'n')

-- Nasalize vowel + n, m	-- Do before syllabification so we syllabify quatre-vingt-un correctly. -- We affect (1) n before non-vowel, (2) m before b/p/f (including B/P,	-- which indicate original b/p that are slated to be deleted in words like	-- plomb, champs; f predominantly from original ph, as in symphonie,	-- emphatiser; perhaps we should distinguish original ph from original f,	-- as in occasional words such as Zemfira), (3) -om (nom, dom, pronom,	-- condom, etc.) and (4) -aim/-eim (faim, Reims etc.), (4). We leave alone -- other m's, including most final m. We do this after diphthongization, -- which arguably simplifies things somewhat; but we need to handle the -- 'oi' diphthong down below so we don't run into problems with the 'noi' -- sequence (otherwise we'd map 'oi' to 'wa' and then nasalize the n	-- because it no longer precedes a vowel). text = rsub_repeatedly(text, '(.)(' .. vowel_c .. ')([mn])(' .. non_vowel_c .. ')',		function(v1, v2, mn, c)			if mn == 'n' or rfind(c, '[bpBPf]') or (v2 == 'o' or v2 == 'ɛ') and c == '⁀' then				local nasaltab = {['a']='ɑ̃', ['ä']='ɑ̃', ['e']='ɑ̃', ['ë']='ɑ̃',					['ɛ']='ɛ̃', ['i']='ɛ̃', ['ï'] = 'ɛ̃', ['o']='ɔ̃', ['ö']='ɔ̃',					['ø']='œ̃', ['œ']='œ̃', ['u']='œ̃', ['ü']='œ̃'} -- à jeun				if v1 == 'o' and v2 == 'i' then					return 'wɛ̃' .. c -- coin, point				elseif nasaltab[v2] then					return v1 .. nasaltab[v2] .. c				end			end			return v1 .. v2 .. mn .. c		end) -- special hack for maximum, aquarium, circumlunaire, etc. text = rsub(text, 'um(' .. non_vowel_c .. ')', 'ɔm%1') -- now remove BP that represent original b/p to be deleted, which we've	-- preserved so far so that we know that preceding m can be nasalized in	-- words like plomb, champs text = str_gsub(text, '[BP]', '')

-- do after nasal handling so 'chinois' works correctly text = str_gsub(text, 'oi', 'wA')

-- Remove silent h (but keep as _ after i/u to prevent glide conversion in	-- nihilisme, jihad, etc.; don't do this after original ou, as souhaite is	-- pronounced /swɛt/). -- Do after diphthongs to keep vowels apart as in envahir, but do -- before syllabification so it is ignored in words like hémorrhagie. text = str_gsub(text, '([iu])h', '%1_') text = str_gsub(text, 'h', '')

--syllabify -- (1) break up VCV as V.CV, and VV as V.V; repeat to handle successive --    syllables text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(" .. vowel_maybe_nasal_r .. opt_syljoiners_c .. ")(" .. real_cons_c .. "?" .. opt_syljoiners_c .. oral_vowel_c .. ')', '%1.%2')	-- (2) break up other VCCCV as VC.CCV, and VCCV as VC.CV; repeat to handle successive syllables text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(" .. vowel_maybe_nasal_r .. opt_syljoiners_c .. real_cons_c .. opt_syljoiners_c .. ")(" .. real_cons_c .. cons_or_joiner_c .. "*" .. oral_vowel_c .. ")", '%1.%2')

local function resyllabify(text) -- (3) resyllabify C.C as .CC for various CC that can form an onset: --    resyllabify C.[lr] as .C[lr] for C = various obstruents; --    resyllabify d.ʒ, C.w, C.ɥ, C.j as .dʒ, .Cw, .Cɥ, .Cj (C.w comes from		--     written Coi; C.ɥ comes from written Cuill; C.j comes e.g. from		--     des‿yeux, although most post-consonantal j generated later); --    don't resyllabify j.j text = rsub(text, "(%(?)(" .. real_cons_c .. ")(" .. opt_syljoiners_c .. ")%.(" .. opt_syljoiners_c .. ")(" .. real_cons_c .. ")", function(lparen, c1, j1, j2, c2) if allow_onset_2(c1, c2) then return "." .. lparen .. c1 .. j1 .. j2 .. c2				end end)		-- (4) resyllabify .CC as C.C for CC that can't form an onset (opposite of --    the previous step); happens e.g. in ouest-quart		text = rsub(text, "%.(" .. opt_syljoiners_c .. ")(" .. real_cons_c .. ")(%)?)(" .. opt_syljoiners_c .. ")(" .. real_cons_c .. ")",			function(j1, c1, rparen, j2, c2)				if not allow_onset_2(c1, c2) and not (c1 == "s" and rfind(c2, "^[ptk]$")) then					return j1 .. c1 .. rparen .. "." .. j2 .. c2				end			end) -- (5) fix up dʒ and tʃ followed by another consonant (management respelled		--    'manadjment' or similar) text = rsub(text, "%.([%(]?[dt]" .. opt_syljoiners_c .. "[ʒʃ])(" .. opt_syljoiners_c .. ")(" .. real_cons_c .. ")", "%1.%2%3")		return text	end

text = resyllabify(text)

-- (6) eliminate diaeresis (note, uï converted early) text = rsub(text, '[äëïöüÿ]', remove_diaeresis_from_vowel)

--single vowels text = str_gsub(text, 'â', 'ɑ') --don't do this, too many exceptions --text = rsub(text, 'a(%.?)z', 'ɑ%1z') text = str_gsub(text, 'ă', 'a') text = str_gsub(text, 'e%.j', 'ɛ.j') -- réveiller text = rsub_repeatedly(text, 'e%.(' .. cons_no_liaison_c .. '*' .. vowel_c .. ')', 'ə.%1') text = rsub(text, 'e([⁀‿])', 'ə%1') text = str_gsub(text, 'æ%.', 'é.') text = rsub(text, 'æ([⁀‿])', 'é%1') text = rsub(text, '[eèêæ]', 'ɛ') text = str_gsub(text, 'é', 'e') text = rsub(text, 'o([⁀‿])', 'O%1') text = str_gsub(text, 'o(%.?)z', 'O%1z') text = rsub(text, '[oŏ]', 'ɔ') text = str_gsub(text, 'ô', 'o') text = str_gsub(text, 'u', 'y')

--other consonants text = str_gsub(text, 'r', 'ʁ') text = str_gsub(text, 'g', 'ɡ') -- use IPA variant of g

--(mostly) final schwa deletions (FIXME, combine with schwa deletions below) --1. delete all instances of ė text = rsub(text, '%.([^.⁀]+)ė', '%1') --2. delete final schwa, only in the last word, not in single-syllable word --  (⁀. can occur after a hyphen, e.g. in puis-je) text = rsub(text, '([^⁀])%.([^ə.⁀]+)ə⁀⁀', '%1%2⁀') --3. delete final schwa before vowel in the next word, not in a single- --  syllable word (croyez-le ou non); the out-of-position %4 looks weird --  but the effect is that we preserve the initial period when there's a	--   hyphen and period after the schwa (con.tre-.a.tta.quer ->	--   con.tra.tta.quer) but not across a space (con.tre a.tta.quer ->	--   contr a.tta.quer) text = rsub(text, '([^⁀])%.([^ə.⁀]+)ə⁀([⁀ %-]*)(%.?)(' .. vowel_c .. ')', '%1%4%2⁀%3%5')	--4. delete final schwa before vowel in liaison, not in a single-syllable --  word text = rsub(text, '([^⁀]%.[^ə.⁀]+)ə‿%.?(' .. vowel_c .. ')', '%1‿%2')	--5. delete schwa after any vowel (agréerons, soierie) text = rsub(text, '(' .. vowel_c .. ').ə', '%1') --6. make final schwa optional after two consonants except obstruent + approximant --  and [lmn] + ʁ text = rsub(text, '(' .. cons_c .. ')(' .. '%.?' .. ')(' .. cons_c .. ')ə⁀',		function(a, dot, b)			return a .. dot .. b .. ( rfind(a, '[bdfɡkpstvzʃʒ]') and rfind(b, '[mnlʁwj]') and 'ə' or rfind(a, '[lmn]') and b == 'ʁ' and 'ə' or '(ə)') .. '⁀'		end)

--i/u/ou -> glide before vowel -- -- do from right to left to handle continuions and étudiions --   correctly -- -- do repeatedly until no more subs (required due to right-to-left	--   action) -- -- convert to capital J and W as	a signal that we can convert them --   back to /i/ and /u/ later on if they end up preceding a schwa or	--    following two consonants in the same syllable, whereas we don't	--    do this to j from other sources (y or ill) and w from other --   sources (w or oi); will be lowercased later; not necessary to do 	--    something similar to ɥ, which can always be converted back to /y/ --   because it always originates from /y/. while true do local new_text = rsub(text, '^(.*)i%.?(' .. vowel_c .. ')', '%1J%2') new_text = rsub(new_text, '^(.*)y%.?(' .. vowel_c .. ')', '%1ɥ%2') new_text = rsub(new_text, '^(.*)U%.?(' .. vowel_c .. ')', '%1W%2') if new_text == text then break end text = new_text end

--hack for agréions, pronounced with /j.j/	text = str_gsub(text, 'e%.J', 'ej%.J')

--glides -> full vowels after two consonants in the same syllable --(e.g. fl, tr, etc.), but only glides from original i/u/ou (see above) --and not in the sequence 'ui' (e.g. bruit), and only when the second --consonant is l or r (not in abstiennent) text = rsub(text, '(' .. cons_c .. '[lʁ])J(' .. vowel_c .. ')', '%1i.j%2') text = rsub(text, '(' .. cons_c .. '[lʁ])W(' .. vowel_c .. ')', '%1u.%2') text = rsub(text, '(' .. cons_c .. '[lʁ])ɥ(' .. vowel_no_i_c .. ')', '%1y.%2') -- remove _ that prevents interpretation of letter sequences; do this -- before deleting internal schwas text = str_gsub(text, "_", "")

-- internal schwa -- 1. delete schwa in VCəCV sequence word-internally when neither V is	--   schwa, except in a few sequences such as ʁəʁ (déchirerez), ɲəʁ --   (indignerez), ɲəl (agnelet); use uppercase schwa when not deleting it, --   see below; FIXME, we might want to prevent schwa deletion with other --   consonant sequences text = rsub_repeatedly(text, '(' .. vowel_no_schwa_c .. ')%.(' .. real_cons_c .. ')ə%.(' .. real_cons_c .. ')(' .. vowel_no_schwa_c .. ')',		function(v1, c1, c2, v2)			if no_delete_schwa_in_vcvcv_word_internally[c1 .. c2] then				return v1 .. '.' .. c1 .. 'Ə.' .. c2 .. v2			else				return v1 .. c1 .. '.' .. c2 .. v2			end		end) -- 2. delete schwa in VCə.Cʁə, VCə.Clə sequence word-internally --   (palefrenier, vilebrequin). text = rsub(text, '(' .. vowel_no_schwa_c .. ')%.(' .. real_cons_c .. ')ə%.(' .. real_cons_c .. ')([lʁ]ə)', '%1%2.%3%4') -- 3. make optional internal schwa in remaining VCəCV sequences, including -- across words, except between certain pairs of consonants (FIXME, needs	-- to be smarter); needs to happen after /e/ -> /ɛ/ before schwa in next -- syllable and after removing ' and _ (or we need to take them into account); -- include .* so we go right-to-left, convert to uppercase schwa so	-- we can handle sequences of schwas and not get stuck if we want to -- leave a schwa alone. text = rsub_repeatedly(text, '(.*' .. vowel_c .. opt_schwajoiners_c .. ')(' .. real_cons_c .. ')(' .. opt_schwajoiners_c.. ')ə(' .. opt_schwajoiners_c .. ')(' .. real_cons_c .. ')(' ..		opt_schwajoiners_c .. vowel_c .. ')',		function(v1, c1, sep1, sep2, c2, v2)			if no_delete_schwa_in_vcvcv_across_words[c1 .. c2] then				return v1 .. c1 .. sep1 .. 'Ə' .. sep2 .. c2 .. v2			else				return v1 .. c1 .. sep1 .. '(Ə)' .. sep2 .. c2 .. v2			end		end)

-- lowercase any uppercase letters (AOUMNJW etc.); they were there to	-- prevent certain later rules from firing text = ulower(text)

--ĕ forces a pronounced schwa text = str_gsub(text, 'ĕ', 'ə')

-- need to resyllabify again in cases like 'saladerie', where deleting the -- schwa above caused a 'd.r' boundary that needs to become '.dr'. text = resyllabify(text)

-- rewrite apostrophes as liaison markers text = str_gsub(text, "'", "‿")

-- convert explicit-notation characters to their final result text = rsub(text, explicit_substitution_regex, explicit_substitution_to_sound)

-- remove hyphens text = rsub(text, '%-', '')

local function flatmap_result(items, fun) local new = {} for _, item in ipairs(items) do			local results = fun(item) for _, result in ipairs(results) do				table.insert(new, result) end end return new end

local result = {text} if not noalternatives then -- Include alternative with harmonized é/è if rfind(text, "ɛ%.") or rfind(text, "e" .. real_cons_c .. "+%.") then result = flatmap_result(result, function(item)				return {item, rsub(rsub(item, "ɛ%.", "e."), "e(" .. real_cons_c .. "+%.)", "ɛ%1")}			end) end if rfind(text, "ism[⁀‿]") then result = flatmap_result(result, function(item)				return {item, rsub(item, "ism([⁀‿])", "izm%1")}			end) end if rfind(text, "is%.mə[⁀‿]") then result = flatmap_result(result, function(item)				return {item, rsub(item, "is%.mə([⁀‿])", "iz.mə%1")}			end) end if rfind(text, "ɑ" .. non_nasal_c) then result = flatmap_result(result, function(item)				return {rsub_repeatedly(item, "ɑ(" .. non_nasal_c .. ")", "a%1"), item}			end) end end

--remove word-boundary markers for i, item in ipairs(result) do		result[i] = rsub(item, '⁀', '') end

-- Handle test_new_fr_pron_module/check_new_module if specified. if new_module_result then if test_new_fr_pron_module then if not require("Module:table").deepEquals(new_module_result, result) then --error(table.concat(result, ",") .. " || " .. table.concat(new_module_result, ",")) track("different-pron") else track("same-pron") end end if check_new_module then if not require("Module:table").deepEquals(new_module_result, result) then result = table.concat(result, ",") .. " || " .. table.concat(new_module_result, ",") end end end

return result end

return export

title: Module:fr-pron


text: Template:fr-IPA

title: Template:fr-IPA


text:
Talk:австраль

RFD
No definition. Google found no page with this word in Ukrainian, one misspeling of the former Argentinian currency in Russian, and several pages in Mongolian (though I do not understand the language) Alexdubr (talk) 13:37, 24 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Anatoli T. (обсудить/вклад) 01:17, 29 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Speedy delete this term entered as Ukrainian noun of masculine gender as unattested, thus for reasons usually handled in RFV. Attesting quotations can still be added to Citations:австраль by anyone later. Please post such cases to RFV next time. --Dan Polansky (talk) 18:10, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Deleted for now. My reason for deletion was because it's not easy to attest and find in dictionaries. It may indeed be an alternative form of - austral, former currency of Argentina, it may be attestable but time-consuming. I see no problem in creating unattested forms if it's requesting a definition. Editors either add a definition or RFD/RFV entries. --Anatoli T. (обсудить/вклад) 22:43, 1 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:австраль


text:
Talk:snipers' hide

RFD
This is a used by snipers. It would seem not entry-worthy by reason of SoPitude. DCDuring TALK 21:49, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete, utterly transparent. bd2412 T 22:25, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Speedied. SemperBlotto (talk) 08:35, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:snipers' hide


text:
Talk:senjen

RFD
Self-promotion.
 * Speedied. — Ungoliant (falai) 21:54, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:senjen


text:
Talk:hamburguesa de jardín

RFD
Claims to mean gardenburger. There are 17 google hits for this (most of them Wiktionary), no Google Books. RFV would fail. --Type56op9 (talk) 19:05, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Then why isn't at RfV instead of here? Pur ple back pack 89
 * Cos it would fail RFV. --Type56op9 (talk) 16:17, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Not necessarily. Google Books is not the only place to find durably archived sources. —Aɴɢʀ (talk) 16:58, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
 * It gets 17 hits in regular Google. It may very well be one of the many things LWC pulled out of his ass. — Ungoliant (falai) 17:05, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Speedied as a protologism. - -sche (discuss) 19:57, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:hamburguesa de jardín


text:
Talk:Tyrannosaurus rex

RFD
This is a Translingual term, we have a Translingual entry, and any use in running English text is still Translingual. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 20:04, 31 January 2015 (UTC)
 * What about citations for Tyrannosaurus rexes or Tyrannosauruses rex? That would perhaps support a definition of a common noun referring to an individual specimen, not a proper noun referring to the species. Supposedly taxa are properly used as proper names of the natural class or lineage, not in reference to an individual exemplar, though I find it hard to believe that anyone honors this in all cases. DCDuring TALK 22:35, 31 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I think this is a case where one of the vernacular names overlaps with the taxonomical name. —Aɴɢʀ (talk) 07:13, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Is there any alternative name apart from the short form T. rex? If not, keep. Donnanz (talk) 09:46, 1 February 2015 (UTC)

 * The existence of the English plural Tyrannosaurus rexes (I've just cited it and tyrannosaurus rex(es), and citations of Tyrannosaurus Rex(es) are easy to find) is suggestive, in my opinion, that Angr is correct and the English vernacular name happens to be homographic with the taxonomic name. - -sche (discuss) 19:12, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Ergo, keep. - -sche (discuss) 00:42, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Keep. It has an English pronunciation and you can easily find nonacademic usages, just like dog. — T AKASUGI Shinji (talk) 00:26, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Doesn't it have, say, a Japanese pronunciation too? DCDuring TALK 00:44, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The Japanese pronunciation is [tiɾ̠a̠no̞sa̠ɯᵝɾ̠ɯᵝsɯ̥ᵝ] (tyrannosaur). --Anatoli T. (обсудить/вклад) 01:03, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * All we need is a little attestation and we could/should have a Japanese L2 section also. Is there any language that the pronunciation principle enunciated above would not apply to? It seems we would only be limited by attestation. This would be quite easy for languages using Roman script, but need not be limited to them. DCDuring TALK  01:50, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I meant the above pronunciation applies to the Japanese spelling ティラノサウルス (transliteration of "tyrannosaurus"), of course, not the Roman spelling. Since, it's not RFV, a simple vote would suffice, IMO. Keep the English term. --Anatoli T. (обсудить/вклад) 02:26, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Closing as nominator; I am convinced by the citations. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 07:33, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tyrannosaurus rex