text:
høyskole

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a college

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: høyskole


text:
쓰레기통

Etymology
+

Noun

 * 1) garbage can, trash can, rubbish bin

title: 쓰레기통


text: høyskolen

title: høyskolen


text:
ごみ箱

Etymology
Compound of and.

Noun

 * 1) garbage can, trash can, rubbish bin

title: ごみ箱


text: høyskoler

title: høyskoler


text:
ごみばこ

Noun

 * 1)  garbage can, trash can, rubbish bin

title: ごみばこ


text: høyskolene

title: høyskolene


text:
ごみいれ

Noun

 * 1) garbage can, trash can, rubbish bin

title: ごみいれ


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 入 read as いれ


text: Category:Northern Sami nouns by inflection type


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with kanji read as いれ


text:
Category:Northern Sami contracted nouns

Nouns with contracted inflection have an accusative/genitive singular form with stress on an even-numbered syllable counting from the end (normally the second-last). The consonants following the last stressed syllable are in the weak grade in the nominative singular and essive, and in the strong or extra-strong grade in other forms.

title: Category:Northern Sami contracted nouns


text:
høgskole

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a college

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a college

title: høgskole


text:
tabescencia

Noun

 * 1) tabescence

title: tabescencia


text:
finanssioikeus

Noun

 * 1)  fiscal law area of law pertaining to public finances

title: finanssioikeus


text:
掛鎖

Noun

 * 1) padlock

title: 掛鎖


text: 挂锁

title: 挂锁


text: høgskolen

title: høgskolen


text:
Talk:Hottentot

The first time I ever heard the term "Hottentot" was in "The Wizard of Oz," when the Cowardly Lion is reciting his "Courage" speech. At one point he says, "What makes the Hottentots so hot?" I never knew what it was until recently, but there seem to be several definitions. Does anyone know what he meant?

 * He means the African tribe. "Hot" suggests a warlike nature. Equinox ◑ 13:57, 14 November 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hottentot


text: høgskoler

title: høgskoler


text: høgskolene

title: høgskolene


text: Wiktionary:Foreign Word of the Day/2014/November 15


text:
광원

Noun

 * 1) light source

title: 광원


text: høgskolar

title: høgskolar


text: Wiktionary:Foreign Word of the Day/2014/November 16


text: høgskolane

title: høgskolane


text: Wiktionary:Foreign Word of the Day/2014/November 17


text: Wiktionary:Foreign Word of the Day/2014/November 18


text:
finanssitiede

Noun

 * 1) finance science

title: finanssitiede


text: Wiktionary:Foreign Word of the Day/2014/November 19


text: Wiktionary:Foreign Word of the Day/2014/November 20


text:
finanssihallinto

Noun

 * 1) fiscal administration administration of the public funds

title: finanssihallinto


text:
finanssimies

Noun

 * 1) finance expert

title: finanssimies


text:
PORT

Pronunciation

 * as an acronym: like

title: PORT


text: Template:se-noun/documentation

title: Template:se-noun/documentation


text: Template:se-noun

title: Template:se-noun


text: utdanninga

title: utdanninga


text: Template:se-adj/documentation

title: Template:se-adj/documentation


text: Template:se-adj

title: Template:se-adj


text: Category:Northern Sami headword-line templates


text: Template:se-verb/documentation

title: Template:se-verb/documentation


text: Template:se-verb

title: Template:se-verb


text: utdanningen

title: utdanningen


text: utdanninger

title: utdanninger


text: utdanningene

title: utdanningene


text: utdanningar

title: utdanningar


text: utdanningane

title: utdanningane


text:
콜호스

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) kolkhoz

title: 콜호스


text:
utdannelse

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) education

title: utdannelse


text: utdannelsen

title: utdannelsen


text: utdannelser

title: utdannelser


text: utdannelsene

title: utdannelsene


text:
User:LivelongYOLOL

Thi page will sometimes tell you facts and i will tell you everything i edit! #YOLO :p

{edited Pooh} {edited Easter} {edited youtube} ~I love youtube its a fun place to look and explore in your own style.GO TRY IT *·*= amazed #YOLO ;)

title: User:LivelongYOLOL


text: Template:Auto images

title: Template:Auto images


text: Template:Auto images/aux

title: Template:Auto images/aux


text: sex-machine

title: sex-machine


text: sex-machines

title: sex-machines


text:
番茄醬

Noun

 * 1) ketchup
 * 2) tomato sauce

title: 番茄醬


text: 番茄酱

title: 番茄酱


text: premièred

title: premièred


text: Category:pl:Bodybuilding

title: Category:pl:Bodybuilding


text:
siłownia

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  fitness center, fitness club, gym, health club, health spa, weight room
 * 2) engine room, machine room
 * 1) engine room, machine room
 * 1) engine room, machine room
 * 1) engine room, machine room

title: siłownia


text:
rękodzieło

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) handicraft; arts and crafts

title: rękodzieło


text:
ruletka

Noun

 * 1) roulette

title: ruletka


text:
バチスカーフ

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) bathyscaphe self-propelled deep-sea submersible

title: バチスカーフ


text:
바스스카프

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) bathyscaphe

title: 바스스카프


text:
探測器

Noun

 * 1) probe; detector

title: 探測器


text: 探测器

title: 探测器


text:
探測

Verb

 * 1) to probe; to take readings; to explore; to survey

Noun

 * 1) exploration

title: 探測


text: 探测

title: 探测


text:
siorbać

Etymology
, from.

Verb

 * 1)  to slurp

Conjugation
Standard conjugation:

Colloquial conjugation:

title: siorbać


text:
impetuosidad

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) impetuosity

title: impetuosidad


text: impetuosidades

title: impetuosidades


text:
혜성

Noun

 * 1) comet

title: 혜성


text:
karta pocztowa

Etymology
lit. 'post card'.

Noun

 * 1)  postcard

title: karta pocztowa


text:
pocztówka

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) postcard

title: pocztówka


text:
półksiężyc

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) half-moon
 * 2) crescent, half-moon
 * 3)  crescent
 * 4)  crescent
 * 1)  crescent

title: półksiężyc


text:
reconducir

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to return
 * 2)  to renew a lease, loan, etc.
 * 3)  to send back

title: reconducir


text:
reconducción

Noun

 * 1) renewal of a lease, loan, etc.

title: reconducción


text: reconducciones

title: reconducciones


text:
sao chổi

Etymology
🇰🇲,.

Noun

 * 1)  comet

Usage notes

 * The use of the classifier is often optional.

title: sao chổi


text: 扫帚星

title: 扫帚星


text:
掃帚星

Noun

 * 1)  comet
 * 2)  bearer of ill luck; person with the evil eye

title: 掃帚星


text:
長尾星

Noun

 * 1)  comet
 * 2)  bearer of ill luck; person with the evil eye

title: 長尾星


text: 长尾星

title: 长尾星


text: recreos

title: recreos


text:
siódme niebo

Etymology
lit. 'seventh heaven'.

Noun

 * 1)  seventh heaven

title: siódme niebo


text:
掃把星

Noun

 * 1)  comet
 * 2)  bearer of ill luck; person with the evil eye

title: 掃把星


text: 扫把星

title: 扫把星


text: שביט

title: שביט


text:
Talk:大事

Older sense (Japanese)
How should this usage in Japanese be explained: いと大事にはあらねど、起き臥し悩みたまふを in 落窪物語 (10th century)? I'm wondering if this might prove that my removal was wrong and that this entry should have "heavily wounded, dying" as another sense. 日本国語大辞典 attributes the usage, along with four other quotations, to the sense of 命にかかわるほど、病気や傷が重いこと. The full quotation list from 日本国語大辞典's entry is: I'm not too sure how to do because I'm that confident in parsing old/middle Japanese. Whym (talk) 03:42, 14 November 2014 (UTC)
 * 落窪物語〔１０Ｃ後〕三「いと大事にはあらねど、起き臥しなやみ給ふを」
 * 殿暦‐康和四年〔１１０２〕正月一七日「斎院頗御心地不快御歟、雖然不及大事」
 * 古本説話集〔１１３０頃か〕五「いづみへくだるみちにて、たかちか、れいならず大事にて、かぎりになりたりければ」
 * 愚管抄〔１２２０〕六・順徳「もがさと云病おこりたりしを、大事にわづらひて十一月十一日にうせ給にけり」
 * 読本・春雨物語〔１８０８〕宮木が塚「診（こころ）みて、あな大事也. 日過ぎては斃れん. よき時見せしとて」
 * Update: Special:Permalink/30168195/. Whym (talk) 11:48, 23 November 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:大事


text:
مذنب

Etymology 1
of from. Approximate meaning "long-tailed".

Noun

 * 1) comet

Etymology 2
of.

Adjective

 * 1) guilty

Noun

 * 1) criminal
 * 2) sinner

title: مذنب


text: せん滅

title: せん滅


text:
finanssiyhtiö

Noun

 * 1) finance services firm

title: finanssiyhtiö


text:
leasingyhtiö

Noun

 * 1) leasing company

title: leasingyhtiö


text:
編列

Verb

 * 1) to arrange; to lay out
 * 2) to work out; to formulate

title: 編列


text: 编列

title: 编列


text:
研擬

Verb

 * 1) to discuss and formulate

title: 研擬


text: 研拟

title: 研拟


text:
進度

Noun

 * 1) rate of progress; pace; tempo; degree of progress e.g. of a project

Noun

 * 1) degree of progress

title: 進度


text: 进度

title: 进度


text:
列印

Verb

 * 1)  to print (on a printer); to typeset and print

title: 列印


text:
一連串

Adjective

 * 1) a succession of; a series of; a string of; a chain of

title: 一連串


text: 一连串

title: 一连串


text:
連串

Adjective

 * 1) a succession of; a series of; a string of; a chain of

title: 連串


text: 连串

title: 连串


text:
績效

Noun

 * 1) achievement; effect; result

title: 績效


text: 绩效

title: 绩效


text: bãtalje

title: bãtalje


text:
Ігар

Etymology
From.

title: Ігар


text:
Ігор

Etymology
From. Related to 🇨🇬.

title: Ігор


text: Category:Belarusian male given names

title: Category:Belarusian male given names


text:
ಒರಟು

Noun

 * 1) implying rudeness

title: ಒರಟು


text: Category:se:Government

title: Category:se:Government


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 痴 read as おこ


text:
ಧೂಮಕೇತು

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1)  comet

title: ಧೂಮಕೇತು


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with kanji read as おこ


text: Category:se:Navigation

title: Category:se:Navigation


text: kometi

title: kometi


text: Category:Greek terms suffixed with -ιος

title: Category:Greek terms suffixed with -ιος


text: Category:se:Mythological creatures

title: Category:se:Mythological creatures


text: Category:se:Fantasy

title: Category:se:Fantasy


text: Category:se:Mythology

title: Category:se:Mythology


text: Category:se:Fiction

title: Category:se:Fiction


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 牙 read as は


text:
камета

Noun

 * 1)  comet

title: камета


text: Category:se:Grains

title: Category:se:Grains


text:
bolido

Noun

 * 1)  bolide extremely bright meteor

Noun

 * 1)  bolide extremely bright meteor

title: bolido


text:
finanssitalous

Noun

 * 1) financial economy, paper economy area of economy dealing with money and securities as opposed to real economy which consists of trade with tangible products and services

title: finanssitalous


text: bolidon

title: bolidon


text: bolidoj

title: bolidoj


text: bolidojn

title: bolidojn


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 牙 read as きば


text: tűzgolyót

title: tűzgolyót


text: tűzgolyókat

title: tűzgolyókat


text: tűzgolyónak

title: tűzgolyónak


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with kanji read as きば


text: tűzgolyóknak

title: tűzgolyóknak


text: tűzgolyóval

title: tűzgolyóval


text: tűzgolyókkal

title: tűzgolyókkal


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 牙 read as き


text: Category:se:Diseases

title: Category:se:Diseases


text: Category:se:Pathology

title: Category:se:Pathology


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 牙 read as が


text: Category:se:Constellations in the zodiac


text: Category:se:Astrology

title: Category:se:Astrology


text: Category:se:Pseudoscience

title: Category:se:Pseudoscience


text: Category:se:Divination

title: Category:se:Divination


text: Category:se:Occult

title: Category:se:Occult


text: Category:se:Forteana

title: Category:se:Forteana


text:
κιλοτζάουλ

Noun

 * 1)  kilojoule

title: κιλοτζάουλ


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 牙 read as かび


text:
finaaliottelu

Noun

 * 1)  final match the last match of a cup or series, in which the overall winner is determined

title: finaaliottelu


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 慾

title: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 慾


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 命 read as みこと


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with kanji read as みこと


text: Category:nn:Canids

title: Category:nn:Canids


text: Category:frm:Logic

title: Category:frm:Logic


text: Category:frm:Philosophy

title: Category:frm:Philosophy


text: Category:frm:Formal sciences

title: Category:frm:Formal sciences


text: Category:fa:Developmental biology

title: Category:fa:Developmental biology


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 鱏

title: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 鱏


text: Category:se:Watercraft

title: Category:se:Watercraft


text: Category:se:Vehicles

title: Category:se:Vehicles


text: Category:se:Reptiles

title: Category:se:Reptiles


text:
finaalirakenne

Noun

 * 1)  in Finnish, a participial phrase used for expressing the purpose of an action, using the long form of the first infinitive

title: finaalirakenne


text: publiekrechten

title: publiekrechten


text:
scissorer

Noun

 * 1) One who cuts with scissors.
 * 2)  A tribadist.

title: scissorer


text: scissorers

title: scissorers


text:
User:Davlag/1000 Japanese-Mongolian basic words

Энэ хавсралт нь мянгантүгээмэл үгийн тусгай жагсаалт ыг багтаасан хавсралт болно. Энэ нь яг цэвэр үг бус холбоос нөхцөлийг багтаасан болно. Мөн түгээмэл гэдгийг үгийн давтамжид үндэслэн тогтоогоогүй зөвхөн хувь үзлийн үүднээс хийсэн болно.

Хүмүүс

 * 、 – Хүн хүмүүн (ningen)
 * 、 – Хүмүүнлэг (jinrui)
 * 、 – Хувь хүн (hito)
 * 、 – эр хүн (otoko)
 * 、 – эм хүн (onna)
 * 、 – хүүхэд (kodomo)
 * 、 – балчир хүүхэд (akachan)
 * 、 – хүү (bouya)
 * 、 – гэрбүл (kazoku)
 * 、 – би (boku, гол төлөв эр хүн хэрэглэнэ)
 * 、 – би, би өөрөө (watashi)

Мэргэжилүүд

 * 、 – хүний эмч (isha)
 * 、 – сувилагч (kangoshi)
 * 、 – эмэгтэй сувилагч (kangofu)
 * 、 – шүдний эмч (shikai)
 * 、 – улс төрч (seijika)
 * 、 – хуульч (bengoshi)
 * 、 – гал сөнөөгч (shouboushi)
 * 、 – цэрэг (heishi)
 * 、 – уран барилгач (kenchikuka)
 * 、 – багш (sensei)
 * 、 – (эрдмийн) багш (kyoushi)
 * 、 – дуучин (kashu)

Бие

 * 、、 – хөл, мөч (ashi)
 * 、 – өсгүй (kakato)
 * 、 – шилбэ (sune)
 * 、 – өвдөг (hiza)
 * 、 – гуя (momo)
 * 、 – толгой (atama)
 * 、 – нүүр (kao)
 * 、 – ам (kuchi, sometimes guchi if more euphonious)
 * 、 – уруул (kuchibiru)
 * 、 – шүд (ha)
 * 、 – хамар (hana)
 * 、、、 – хирвээ сахал, битүү сахал (hige)
 * 、 – үс (kami)
 * 、 – чих (mimi)
 * 、 – ходоод (i)
 * 、 – бүтэн гар (ude)
 * 、 – тохой (hiji)
 * 、 – мөр (kata)
 * 、 – хумс (tsume)
 * 、 – гар (te)
 * 、 – бугуй (tekubi)
 * 、、 – алга (te-no-hira)
 * 、 – хуруу (yubi)
 * 、 – өгзөг (shiri)
 * 、 （、） – хэвлий (o-naka)
 * 、 – элэг (kanzō)
 * 、 – элэг (kimo)
 * 、 – булчин (kin'niku)
 * 、 – хүзүү (kubi)
 * 、 – зүрх [as in feelings] (kokoro)
 * 、 – ташаа, хондлой (koshi)
 * 、 – зүрх (shinzō)
 * 、 – нуруу (senaka)
 * 、 – цус (chi)
 * 、 – мах (niku)
 * 、、 – арьс (hada)
 * 、 – арьс (hifu)
 * 、 – арьс (hone)
 * 、 – цээж (mune)
 * 、 – ханиад [illness] (kaze)
 * 、 – гүйлгэлт, суулгалт (geri)
 * 、 – өвчин (byōki)

Гэр бүл

 * 、 – эцэг эх (oya)
 * 、 – хүүхэд, хүүхдүүд (kodomo)
 * 、 – аав (chichi)
 * 、 – ээж (haha)
 * 、 – эхнэр (tsuma)
 * 、 – нөхөр (otto)
 * 、 – ах (ani) (onī-san)
 * 、 – эгч (ane) (onē-san)
 * 、 – эрхтэй дүү (otōto)
 * 、 – эмэгтэй дүү (imōto)
 * 、 – ах дүүс (kyōdai)
 * 、 – эгч дүүс (shimai)
 * 、 – өвөг эцэг (sofu)
 * 、 – эмэг эх (sobo)
 * 、 – үр, ач (mago)
 * 、、 – нагац (oji)
 * 、、 – авга (oba)
 * 、、、、、、 – үеэл (itoko)
 * 、 – ач охин (mei)
 * 、 – ач хүү (oi)

Амьдрал

 * 、 – амьд амьтан (ikimono)
 * 、 – мангас (bakemono)

Амьтан

 * 、 – амьтан (dōbutsu)
 * 、 – нохой (inu)
 * 、 – муур (neko)
 * 、 – үхэр (ushi)
 * 、 – гахай (buta)
 * 、 – адуу (uma)
 * 、 – хонь (hitsuji)
 * 、 – сармагчин (saru)
 * 、 – хулгана, харх (nezumi)
 * 、 – бар (tora)
 * 、 – чоно (ōkami)
 * 、 – туулай (usagi)
 * 、、 – луу (ryū, tatsu)
 * 、 – буга (shika)
 * 、 – мэлхий (kaeru)
 * 、 – бах (gama)
 * – арслан (Shishi)
 * 、 – анааш (kirin)
 * 、 – заан (zō)
 * 、 – шувуу (tori)
 * 、 – тахиа (niwatori)
 * 、 – болжмор (suzume)
 * 、 – хэрээ, турлиах (karasu)
 * 、 – бүргэд (washi)
 * 、 – харцага, шонхор (taka)
 * 、 – загас (sakana)
 * 、 – алгантаны багийн улаан загас (tai)
 * 、 – сам хорхой, хавч (ebi)
 * 、 – сардина загас (iwashi)
 * 、 – туна, алтан зад загас (maguro)
 * 、 – хар амар загас (katsuo)
 * 、 – цурхай загас (sanma)
 * 、 – морин маккрел (aji)
 * 、 – маккрел (saba)
 * 、 – загасны өгөөш (ika)
 * 、、 – наймалж (tako)
 * 、 – шавьж (mushi)
 * 、 – эрвээхий (chō)
 * 、 – удган эрвээхий (ga)
 * 、 – соно,тэмээлзгэнэ (tonbo)
 * 、 – царцаа (batta)
 * 、 – аалз (kumo)
 * 、 – галтцох (hotaru)
 * 、 – гэрийн ялаа (hae)
 * 、 – шумуул, дэлэнч (ka)
 * 、 – жоом (gokiburi)
 * 、 – эмгэн хумс (katatsumuri)
 * 、 – нүцгэн салс (namekuji)
 * 、 – чийгийн өт (mimizu)
 * 、 – хясаа (kai)
 * 、 – хясааны хавтас (kaigara)
 * 、 – гүрвэл (tokage)
 * 、 – могой (hebi)

Ургамал

 * , - ургамал (shokubutsu)
 * , - өвс (kusa)
 * , - цэцэг (hana)
 * , - жимс (mi)
 * , - мод (ki)
 * ,, - навч (ha, happa)
 * ,, - үндэс (ne, nekko)
 * , - ургамлын газрын дээрх хэсэг, түрүү, иш (kuki)
 * , - мөөг (kinoko)
 * , - гэсэр цэцэг (kiku)
 * , - сакура (sakura)

үр тариа, буудай

 * 、 – түүхий тутрага (kome)
 * 、 – тутрагын түрүү (ine)
 * 、 – буудай, тариа, овьёс (mugi)
 * 、 – ногоо (yasai)
 * 、 – иддэг жимс (kudamono)
 * 、 – төмс, булцуйт ургамал (imo)
 * 、 – шош, вандуй (mame)
 * 、 – япон цагаан лууван (daikon)
 * 、 – лууван (ninjin)
 * 、 – алим (ringo)
 * 、 – жүрж (mikan)
 * 、、 – гадил (banana, kanshō)
 * 、 – лийр (nashi)
 * 、 – хүрэн самарт мод (kuri)
 * 、 – тоор (momo)
 * 、、 – улаан лооль (tomato, banka)
 * 、 – тарвас (suika)

Хоол

 * ,  - өглөөний хоол (chōshoku)
 * ,  - үдийн хоол (hirugohan)
 * , - оройн хоол (bangohan)
 * , - болгосон тутрага (gohan)
 * , - мисо (miso)
 * , - хүнс (ryōri)
 * - салад (sarada)
 * - диссет (dezāto)
 * - талх (pan)
 * - сандвич (sandoitchi)
 * , - зууш (oyatsu)
 * - мөхөөлдөс (aisukurīmu)

Унд

 * , - ногоон цай (ocha)
 * , - кофе (kōhī)
 * , - сүү (gyūnyū)

Амтлагч

 * , - чихэр (satō)
 * , - давс (shio)
 * , - сой соус (shōyu)

Орон цагийн нэр

 * 、 – хугацаа (jikan)
 * 、、 – ~цаг (toki, ji)
 * 、、 – цаг тооны бичиг (koyomi, karendā)
 * 、 – минут (fun)
 * 、 – секунд (byō)
 * 、、 – өдөр (hi, nichi)
 * 、、 – сар (tsuki, gatsu)
 * 、、 – жил (toshi, nen)
 * 、、 – өчигдөр (kinō, sakujitsu)
 * 、 – өнөөдөр (kyō)
 * 、、、 – маргааш (ashita, asu, myōnichi)
 * 、 – өглөө (asa)
 * 、 – үдээс хойш (hiru)
 * 、 – үдэш (yūgata)
 * 、 – үдэс (ban)
 * 、 – үдэш, орой (yoru)
 * 、 – ~өдөр (yōbi)
 * 、 – даваа (getsu-yōbi)
 * 、 – мягмар (ka-yōbi)
 * 、 – лхагва (sui-yōbi)
 * 、 – пүрэв (moku-yōbi)
 * 、 – баасан (kin-yōbi)
 * 、 – бямба (do-yōbi)
 * 、 – ням (nichi-yōbi)
 * 、 – долоо хоног (shū)
 * 、 – нэг долоо хоног (isshūkan)
 * 、 – нар (taiyō)
 * 、 – сар (tsuki)
 * 、 – од (hoshi)
 * 、 – цаг агаар (tenki)
 * 、 – цэлмэг (hare)
 * 、 – бороотой (ame)
 * 、 – бүрхэг (kumori)
 * 、 – цас (yuki)
 * 、 – салхи (kaze)
 * 、 – аянга, цахилгаан (kaminari)
 * 、 – тайфун (taifū)
 * 、 – угалз, шамрага (arashi)
 * 、 – тэнгэр (sora)

Чиглэл байрлал

 * 、 – дорнод (higashi)
 * 、 – өрнөд (nishi)
 * 、 – өмнөд (minami)
 * 、 – умард (kita)
 * – энд (koko)
 * – тэнд (soko)
 * – цаагуур (asoko)
 * 、 – баруун гар тийш (migi)
 * 、 – зүүн гар тийш (hidari)
 * 、 – дээр (ue)
 * 、 – доор, дор (shita)
 * 、 – урд талд (mae)
 * 、 – ард, хойно (ushiro)
 * 、 – нөгөө талд, эсрэг талд (mukō)
 * 、 – диогнал (naname)
 * 、 – ойролцоо, яг урд (temae)
 * 、 – хол (oku)

Материал

 * 、 – ус (mizu)
 * 、 – халуун ус (yu)
 * 、 – мөс (kōri)
 * 、 – уур (yuge)
 * 、 – гал (hi)
 * – хий (gasu)
 * 、 – агаар, агаар мандал (kūki)
 * 、 – дэлхий, хөрс (tsuchi)
 * 、 – төмөрлөг (kinzoku)
 * 、 – төмөр [Fe] (tetsu)
 * 、 – зэс [Cu] (dō)
 * 、 – алт [Au]; money (kin)
 * 、 – мөнгө [Ag]; wealth (gin)
 * 、 – хар тугалага [Pb] (namari)
 * 、 – хоолны давс [NaCl] (shio)
 * 、 – намаг, балчиг, бамбалзуур, шавар (doro)
 * 、 – утаа, тамхи, хар тамхи (kemuri)

Жин ба Хэмжүүр

 * – метр (mētoru)
 * – литр (rittoru)
 * – грам (guramu)
 * – кило- (kiro)
 * – бээр- (miri)
 * , – санж (senchi)
 * – ямх, инч (inchi)

Нийгэм

 * 、 – нийгэм (shakai)
 * 、 – эдийн засаг, эдийн засгийн ухаан (keizai)
 * 、 – компани (kaisha)
 * 、 – уусзалт (kaigi)
 * 、 – сургууль (gakkō)
 * 、 – орон нутгийн зархигааны байр (yakusho)
 * 、 – дэлгүүр (mise)
 * – зочид буудал (hoteru)
 * 、 – үйлдвэр (kōjō)
 * 、 – мөнгө (kane, илүү түгээмэл нь o-kane)
 * 、 – падаан [of money, e.g., a thousand-yen bill] (satsu)
 * 、 – задгай хариулт (kozeni)
 * 、、、 – хариулт (tsurisen), хариулт (o-tsuri)
 * 、 – автомат худалдааны машин (jidōhanbaiki)
 * 、 – тасалбар (public transport, fine) (kippu)
 * 、 – тамга (kitte)

Гэр

 * 、 – ширээ (tsukue)
 * 、 – сандал, байрлал (isu)
 * 、 – татами дэвсгэр (tatami)
 * 、 – хаалга, гэр бүл (to)
 * 、 – хаалганы хайрцаг (tobira)
 * – хаалга (doa)
 * 、 – цонх (mado)
 * 、 – хөнжил (futon)
 * 、 – орц (genkan)
 * 、 – байшин, гэр, байр (ie)
 * – цахилгаан шат (erebētā)
 * – шат (esukarētā)
 * 、 – цахилгаан (denki)

Хэрэгсэл

 * 、 – хумс, хадаас (kugi)
 * 、 – утас, олс (himo)
 * 、 – олс, дээс (nawa)
 * 、 – халаас, цүнх (fukuro)
 * 、 – ширэн цүнх (kaban)
 * 、 – шүхэр (kasa)
 * 、 – хаалганы түгжээ, түлхүүр (kagi)
 * 、 – баримал, сийлбэр (chōkoku)

Бичгийн хэрэгсэл

 * 、 – бичгийн хэрэгсэл (bunbōgu)
 * – бэх (inku)
 * – бал (pen)
 * – бал (bōrupen)
 * 、 – үзэг (mannenhitsu)
 * 、 – харандаа (enpitsu)
 * 、 – бийр (fude)
 * – шохой (chōku)
 * 、 – балруул (keshigomu)
 * 、 – харандаа үзүүрлэгч (enpitsu-kezuri)
 * 、 – шугам (jōgi)
 * – дэвтэр (nōto)
 * 、 – тэмдэглэлийн дэвтэр (nikki)
 * – номын хавтас (kabā)
 * 、 – дугтуй (fūtō)
 * 、 – хайч (hasami)
 * – үдээсний машин (hotchikisu)

Хувцас

 * 、 – хувцас (fuku)
 * 、 – орос хувцас (yōfuku)
 * 、 – кимоно (kimono)
 * 、 – япон хувцас (wafuku)
 * 、 – нудрага, ханьцуй (sode)
 * 、 – энгэр, зах (eri)
 * – товч (botan)
 * 、、 – цахилгаан товч (chakku, fasunā, jippā)
 * – бүс (beruto)
 * 、 – гутал (kutsu)
 * 、 – нүдний шил (megane)

Тээврийн хэрэгсэл

 * 、 – төмөр зам (tetsudō)
 * 、 – буудал, өртөө (eki)
 * 、 – онгоц (hikōki)
 * 、 （、） – нисэх буудал (kūkō, hikōjō)
 * 、 – гудамж, зам, харгуй (michi)
 * 、 – зам (dōro)
 * 、 – автобусны зогсоол (basutei)
 * 、 – өргөн чөлөө (tōri)
 * 、 – галт тэрэг (densha)
 * 、 – автомашин (jidōsha)

Хэл зүй

 * 、 – үсэг (moji)
 * 、 – тухайн нэг үсэг (ji)
 * 、 – хятад ханз (kanji)
 * 、 – хярагана үсэг (hiragana)
 * 、 – катакана үсэг (katakana)
 * 、 – тоо, цифр (sūji)
 * – цагаан толгой (arufabetto)
 * – Роман үсэг, латин үсэг (rōmaji)
 * 、 – үндэс, уг эх, үүсвэр (hon)
 * 、 – цаас (kami)
 * 、 – захиа (tegami)
 * 、 – сонин (shinbun)
 * 、 – толи бичиг (jisho)
 * – компютер (pasokon)
 * 、 – гадаад хэл (gaikokugo)
 * 、 （、） – япон хэл [language] (nihongo)
 * 、 – Англи хэл [language] (eigo)
 * 、 – Хятад хэл [language] (chūgokugo)
 * 、 – Гермен хэл [language] (doitsugo)
 * 、 – Спани хэл [language] (supeingo)
 * 、 – Франц хэл [language] (furansugo)
 * 、、、 – Солонгос хэл [language], өмнөд солонгос хэл [language] (chōsengo, kankokugo)

Өнгө

 * 、 – өргө (iro, shikisai)
 * 、 – улаан (aka)
 * 、 – шар (kiiro)
 * 、 – ногоон (midori)
 * 、 – хөх (ao)
 * 、 – ягаан (murasaki, murasakiiro)
 * 、 – цагаан (shiro)
 * 、 – хар (kuro)
 * – улбар ягаан (pinku)
 * 、 – бор (chairo)
 * 、、、 – саарал (haiiro, nezumiiro)
 * – улбар (orenjiiro)

Бусад

 * 、 – зураг (e)
 * 、 – хөгжим (ongaku)
 * 、 – Шинжлэх ухаан (rika)
 * 、 – арифметик (sansū)
 * 、 – түүх (rekishi)
 * 、 – газарзүй (chiri)
 * 、 – физик боловсрол (taiiku)
 * – спорт (supōtsu)
 * – систем (shisutemu)
 * 、 – мэдээ, мэдээлэл (jyōhō)
 * 、 – хэрэгцээ, шаардлага (hitsuyō)
 * 、 – судалгаа (benkyō)
 * 、 – хүсэлт (irai)

Тоо

 * 、、 – тэг (rei, zero)
 * 、 – нэг (ichi)
 * 、 – хоёр (ni)
 * 、 – гурав (san)
 * 、、 – дөрөв (yon, shi)
 * 、 – тав (go)
 * 、 – зургаа (roku)
 * 、、 – долоо (nana, shichi)
 * 、 – найм (hachi)
 * 、、 – ес (kyū, ku)
 * 、 – арав (jū)
 * 、 – зуу (hyaku)
 * 、 – мянга (sen)
 * 、 – арван мянга, түм (man)
 * 、 – нэг зуун сая (oku)
 * – нэг, нэг юм (hitotsu)
 * – хоёр, хоёр юм (futatsu)
 * – гурав, гурван юм (mittsu)
 * – дөрөв, дөрөвөн юм (yottsu)
 * – five, таван юм (itsutsu)
 * – зургаа, зургаан юм (muttsu)
 * – долоо, долоон юм (nanatsu)
 * – найм, найман юм (yattsu)
 * – ес, есөн юм (kokonotsu)
 * – арав, арван юм (tō)

Хийсвэр нэрүүд

 * – Тэр, энэ (kore)
 * – тэр (sore)
 * – цаана байгаа зүйл (are)
 * – аль нь ямар нь (dore)
 * 、 – this direction, thing, person, or place (kochira, kocchi)
 * 、 – that direction, thing, person, or place (sochira, socchi)
 * 、 – that direction, thing, person, or place over there (achira, acchi)
 * 、 – which direction, thing, person, or place (dochira, docchi)
 * 、 – нууц (himitsu)
 * 、 – автомат (jidō)
 * 、 – агууламж (naiyō)
 * 、 – зах, зүсэм, хэсэг (haba)
 * 、 – formality (seishiki)
 * 、 – гэрлэлт (kekkon)
 * 、 – одоо (genzai)
 * 、 – одоо (ima)
 * 、 – өнгөрсөн (kako)
 * 、 – ирээдүй (mirai)

Хэлбэрүүд

 * 、、 – сайн (ii, yoi)
 * 、 – муу, тохиромжгүй (warui)
 * 、 – үнэ ихтэй, өндөр (takai)
 * 、 – бага (hikui)
 * 、 – хямд (yasui)
 * 、 – том (ōkii)
 * 、 – жижиг (chiisai)
 * 、 – нимгэн (hosoi)
 * 、 – зузаан (futoi)
 * 、 – хуучин (furui)
 * 、 – шинэ (atarashii)
 * 、 – залуу (wakai)
 * 、 – хөнгөн, хялбар (karui)
 * 、 – хүнд (omoi)
 * 、 – амархан, хялбар (yasashii)
 * 、 – хүнд хүчир (muzukashii)
 * 、 – зөөлөн (yawarakai)
 * 、、 – хатуу (katai)
 * 、、 – халуун (atsui)
 * 、 – сэрүүн (tsumetai)
 * 、 – хүйтэн (samui)
 * 、 – амттай, амтлаг (oishii)
 * 、、 – сайхан аттай, идүүштэй (umai)
 * 、 – амт муутай (mazui)
 * 、 – чихэрлэг (amai)
 * 、 – халуун, дарвигнуулсан амт [spicy] (karai)
 * 、 – шорвог (shoppai)
 * 、 – гашуун (nigai)

Мэдрэмжийн зүйл

 * 、 – баяр (ureshii)
 * 、 – гуниг, харуусал (kanashii)
 * 、 – ганцаардал (sabishii)
 * 、、 – айдас (kowai)
 * 、 – эмзэг, өвчтэй (itai)
 * 、 – загатанасан (kayui)
 * 、 – өмхий үнэртэй (kusai)
 * 、 – өвдсөн, зүрх зүссэн (tsurai)

Үйл үг

 * – хийх (suru)
 * – үйлдэх (yaru)

Оршин байхын үгс

 * – байх [амьд зүйл оршин байх] (iru)
 * – байх [амгүй зүйл оршин байх] (aru)
 * – болох (naru)
 * 、、 – тохиолдох, болох (okoru)
 * , – гарч ирэх (arawareru)
 * 、 – амьдрах, амь зуух (ikiru)
 * 、、 – төрөх (umu)
 * 、 – үхэх (shinu)
 * , – таслах in (kowareru)

 * in intransitive sense

Шилжих үйлдэл

 * 、 – явах (iku)
 * 、 – ирэх (kuru)
 * 、、 – буцах, харих (kaeru)
 * 、 – алхах (aruku)
 * 、 – үсрэх, дэгдэх, нисэх (tobu)
 * 、 – усанд сэлэх (oyogu)

Үйлдэлүүд

 * 、 – хөдлөхin (ugoku)
 * 、 – бүжиглэх (odoru)
 * 、 – унтах (neru)
 * 、 – дуулах (utau)
 * – хазах (kamu)
 * 、 – идэх (taberu)
 * 、 – уух (nomu)
 * 、 – хүрэх (sawaru)
 * 、 – шидэх (nageru)
 * 、 – барих, тогтоох (motsu)
 * 、 – цохих, довтлох (utsu)
 * 、 – цохих, довтлох (naguru)
 * 、 – чиглүүлэн заах (sasu)
 * 、 – хатгах, чичих (sasu)
 * 、 – гар өргөх, гар сунгах (sasu)
 * 、 – өшиглөх, тангарах (keru)
 * 、 – суух (suwaru)
 * 、 – зогсох, босох (tatsu)
 * 、 – гүйх (hashiru)

 * in intransitive sense

нөхцөл байдлаа өөрчлөх

 * , – сул хоосон болох (aku)
 * , – дүүрэх, багшрах (komu)
 * , – хэрэгтэй (iru)
 * , – хатах (kawaku)
 * , - саатах, саад болох (midasu)
 * , - саатах, эргэлзэх (midareru)
 * , - үйлчилэх, төлөөд нь ажиллах (tsukaeru)
 * , - тоноглох (sonawaru)
 * , - илүү байх, давуу байх (sugureru)
 * , - багасгах, хорогдуулах (hieru)
 * , - эрүүл болох, сэрэх,сэргэг болох (sameru)
 * , - хөргөх (sameru)
 * , - нүүр нүүрээ харах, нааш эргэх (muku)
 * , - унах, нурах (taoreru)
 * , - хатуурах, царцах, талстжих(katamaru)
 * , - дүүрэх, хүрээлэгдэх, урсах (umaru)
 * , - булшилах, бүтээх, оршуулах (umoreru)
 * , - ихэсгэх, өсгөх, нэмэгдүүлэх (masu)
 * , - өсгөх, үржүүлэх (fueru)
 * , - хуваах (hazureru)
 * , - таргалах (futoru)
 * , - эхлэх (hajimaru)
 * , - дуусгах, хаах (owaru)
 * , - шийдэх (kimeru)

Мэдрэхүй

 * 、 – харах (miru)
 * 、、 – сонсох, чагнах (kiku)
 * 、 – гараар хүрэх, хүрэлцэн мэдрэх (sawaru)
 * 、 – үнэрлэх (kagu)

Яриа

 * 、 – хэлэх (iu)
 * 、 – ярих (hanasu)
 * 、 – бичих (kaku)
 * 、 – унших (yomu)

Ажил

 * 、 – хэрэглэх (tsukau)
 * 、、、 – бүтээх хийх, бий болгох (tsukuru)
 * 、、 – засах, янзлах (naosu)
 * 、 – хаях, хогийн савд хийх (suteru)
 * 、、、 – авах (toru)
 * 、 – тавих (oku)

Сэтгэлийн хөдлөл

 * 、、 – харамсалтай (kanashimu)
 * 、 – уйлах (naku)
 * 、 – инээх (warau)
 * 、 – уурлах (okoru)
 * 、 – зоригжуулах, зориглох (homeru)
 * 、 – баярлах, баяр тэмдэглэх, цэнгэх (yorokobu)
 * – хөгжилдөх, найрлах, цэнгэх (yorokobi)
 * 、 – тайтгаруулах,тайтгарах (nagusameru)
 * 、 – уйтгартай, уйдсан, гунигтай (akiru)
 * 、 – гайхах, хачирхах (odoroku)

Activities

 * 、 – уулзах, ярилцах (au)
 * 、 – нээхtr, гаргахtr (akeru)
 * 、 – тоглох (asobu)
 * 、 – хурах, цуглахin (atsumaru)
 * 、 – зарах (uru)
 * 、 – эзэмших, авах [some benefit or knowledge] (eru)
 * 、 – хуваахtr, нугалах tr (oru)
 * 、 – худалдан авах (kau)
 * 、 – таслах (kiru)†
 * 、 – өмсөх [дээд хэлсгийн хувцас] (kiru)
 * 、 – өмсөх [доод хэсгийн хувцас] (haku)
 * 、 – хариулах tr (kaeru)
 * 、 – солилцох(kaeru)
 * 、 – хаах tr (shimeru)
 * 、 – зангидах, уях, бэхлэх (shimeru)
 * 、 – бүрдүүлэх, тайлбарлах (shimeru)
 * 、 – мэдэх (shiru)†
 * 、 – ядрах (tsukareru)
 * 、 – гадагш явах, ээс хөдлөх (dekakeru)
 * 、 – ажиллах [e.g., at a job] (hataraku)
 * 、、 – хөдлөе, эхлэе (hanasu)
 * 、 – амрах, завсарлах, цайлах (yasumu)
 * 、 – хэсэг болгон хуваахin, хуваагдах (wakareru)
 * 、 – зааглахin, ялгахin, таслахin (wakareru)

 * tr transitive sense
 * in intransitive sense
 * † conjugates as a u-verb

Adverbs

 * – аль хэдийнээ (mō)
 * – хүртэл, арай (mada)
 * – үргэлж, дандаа (zutto)
 * – маш, бүр, улам (totemo)
 * – үүн шиг (kō)
 * – түүшиг (sō)
 * – Oh!, Ah! (ā)
 * – яаж, хэрхэн (dō)
 * – гол төлөв (shibashiba)

Pre-noun adjectival

 * – this (kono)
 * – that (sono)
 * – that (ano)
 * – which (dono)

Interjections

 * – Тийм, за (hai)
 * – үгүй, гүй (iie)

Conjunctions

 * - гэвч (kedo)
 * – харин, тиймч (shikashi)
 * – тэгээд, тиймээс… (soshite)
 * – нөгөөтэйгүүр (soreni)
 * – учир иймээс, ийм байснаас (nazenara)

Үгийн дагавар нөхцөлүүд

 * 、 – volitional ending [う for u-verbs, よう for ru-verbs]: "Let's…" or "I will" (u, yō)
 * 、 – causative ending [せる for u-verbs, させる for ru-verbs]: to make [someone do something], to allow (seru, saseru)
 * 、 – passive verb ending [れる for u-verbs, られる for ru-verbs]: to be [e.g., 食べられる, "to be eaten"] (reru, rareru)
 * そうだ – indicates that it seems the verb occurs [e.g., "It seems he ate"] (sōda)
 * – чөлөөт өнгөрсөн цаг (ta)
 * – indicates desire to perform verb (tai)
 * – indicates that it seems the verb occurs; also used to ask whether the verb occurs (darō)
 * , – informal negative (nai, n) [ん is a slurred version and sounds a little masculine]
 * – archaic informal negative ["he hath", "he didst", etc.] (nu)
 * – formal non-past ending (masu)

нөхцөлүүд

 * – нэрлэхийн тийн ялгал, нь (ga)
 * – гарахын тийн ялгал,аас4 (kara)
 * – өгөх оршихын тийн ялгал, д,т (de)
 * – ба, хамт (to)
 * – өгөх орчих (ni)
 * – харьяалах ний,ийн (no)
 * – руу, рүү (e) [Note: へ is normally read he, but when used as this particle its reading changes to e]
 * – хүртэл (made)
 * – тэрнээс, харьцуулах (yori)
 * – заахын тийн ялгал, ийг (o)

Холбоос

 * – эзэн заагч (wa) [тэмдэглэл: "は" нь ихэвчлэн "ha" гэж дуудагдана, гэвч эзэн заасан үед "wa" гэж дуудана]
 * – түүчлэн, тэх мөртөө (mo)
 * – ба (ya)

бүрэн холбоос

 * 、 – and (oyobi)
 * – whether (ka)
 * – might be, possible that (kamo)
 * – and then (sosh i te)
 * – or (soretomo)
 * – things like, including, such things as (dano)
 * – ongoing occurrence (tsutsu) [similar to ながら but has different tone, and both actions have equal weight]
 * – te form of verb or adjective [see explanation]
 * – хэзээ, хэрвээ, тэхээр (to)
 * – хэсэгтээ, хэдий ч, аль аль нь ч (nagara)
 * – тийм бөгөөд мөн (narabini)
 * – ямартай ч (nari)
 * – <хаа нэг тийш>руу, рүү, <хэн нэгэн> ээр (ni)
 * – тай байх, харьяалах (no)
 * – иймээс (node)
 * 、 – мөн, дахин (mata)
 * 、 – эсвэл, өөр үгээр (matawa)
 * – мөн, бас (mo)
 * – ба (ya)

Final

 * – тодоруулах ба асуултыг илэрхийлэх, "зөв үү?" тэй ижил утгатай(ne)
 * – асуутын тэмдэг "уу" тай ижил (ka)
 * – дайвар үгийн дараа хэрэглэгддэг холбох нөхцөл (na)
 * – би гайхаж байна (kashira)
 * – чанар, нөхцөл,зэрэг,шинжийг илтгэгч (sa)
 * – өгүүлэгч зарим мэдээллийг эргэн сануулахыг чармайж байгааг илтгэнэ ["What class is next -kke?"] (-kke)

Adverbial

 * – онцлох тодруулах (koso)
 * – мөн бас тэнцүү, тийм ч гэсэн (sae)
 * – зөвхөн (shika)
 * – тэгсэн ч (sura)
 * 、 – ойролцоогоор, орчим (kurai)
 * – зөвхөн (dake)
 * – гэсэн хэдий ч (datte)
 * – хар ярианы илтгэгч (ttara) [to ittara ийн ярианы хэлний хэлбэр (if you refer to ~; as for ~'']
 * – тэгж хэлсэн (tte)
 * – мөн эсвэл, буюу (demo)
 * – (particle used to indicate that what precedes it is an extreme example and strongly negates it) (dokoro)
 * – жишээ нь (nado)
 * – хэрэв [үйл үгийн хувьд]; эзэн заагч [нэр үгийн хувьд] (nara)
 * – энгийн тааруу үнэлгээ, дүргүй, байхгүй (nanka)
 * – энгийн тааруу үнэлгээ, дүргүй, байхгүй (nante)
 * – эзэн заагч (wa) [хиргаанаагаар ha гэж дуудах авч, wa гэж дуудана)
 * 、 – яг, зөвхөн (bakari)
 * – хүртэл (made)
 * – бас, мөн (mo)

ja:Wiktionary:日本語の基本語彙1000 zh-min-nan:Wiktionary:1000-ê Ji̍t-gí ki-pún-sû en:Appendix:1000 Japanese basic words


text:
filmlore

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) The knowledge, study, science, history, or culture relating to films or moviemaking; cinematology.

title: filmlore


text:
cinematology

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) The art and science of making movies; cinematography.

title: cinematology


text:
macroweather

Noun

 * 1) Longer-term average weather, covering a duration between that of weather and climate.

title: macroweather


text:
apartheidize

Verb

 * 1)  To increase the apartheidistic nature of.

title: apartheidize


text: apartheidizes

title: apartheidizes


text: apartheidizing

title: apartheidizing


text: apartheidized

title: apartheidized


text:
apartheidization

Noun

 * 1)  The process of apartheidizing.

title: apartheidization


text:
Buddhize

Verb

 * 1)  To make Buddhist; to increase the Buddhistic nature of.

title: Buddhize


text: Buddhizes

title: Buddhizes


text: Buddhizing

title: Buddhizing


text: Buddhized

title: Buddhized


text:
finaalisuus

Noun

 * 1)  finality state of being final

title: finaalisuus


text:
finaalisesti

Adverb

 * 1)  finally in a manner expressing purpose

title: finaalisesti


text: 'Eid ul-Adha

title: 'Eid ul-Adha


text: 'Eid al-Adha

title: 'Eid al-Adha


text:
robot revolution

Noun

 * 1) A productivity revolution caused by the large-scale use of robots.
 * We learned that 47 percent of consumers believe the robot revolution is here now and growing. (Robotics Business Review)
 * 1)  A violent uprising by sapient robots, aimed at overthrowing human government.

title: robot revolution


text:
Reconstruction talk:Proto-Germanic/uberganganą

Old Norse
In Old Norse, many originally compound verbs became phrasal verbs; for instance, Old Norse probably continues this PGmc verb. Can we list these under descendants, or should they be left out? Anglom (talk) 11:02, 14 November 2014 (UTC)


text:
Ded Moroz

Alternative forms

 * Dyed Moroz

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Proper noun

 * 1) A fictional man in Slavic culture who delivers presents to children on New Year's Eve.

title: Ded Moroz


text:
lithogeochemistry

Noun

 * 1)  The scientific study of the composition, structure, properties and reactions of stone and mineral from the earth.

title: lithogeochemistry


text: grub-stake

title: grub-stake


text:
lithogeochemical

Adjective

 * 1) Relating to lithogeochemistry.

title: lithogeochemical


text: Horsemen of the Apocalypse

title: Horsemen of the Apocalypse


text:
healthcare robot

Noun

 * 1) A robot for delivering care to a patient, sometimes in the patient's home.
 * home healthcare robots such as the one that appeared in the movie Robot & Frank

title: healthcare robot


text:
creeptacular

Adjective

 * 1)  Extremely creepy.
 * 2) * 2006, Aimee Fountain, First Nation review, CMJ New Music Monthly, Issue 140, June 2006, page 39 (approx.):
 * The debut from New York's First Nation is spooky and beautiful aboriginal lullaby music, culled from God-knows-what sorts of string instruments, creeptacular vocal harmonies and more than a little bit of punk attitude.

title: creeptacular


text: pensjonister

title: pensjonister


text: pensjonistene

title: pensjonistene


text:
fuckbait

Noun

 * 1)  Somebody who deserves or merits sex.

title: fuckbait


text:
dế

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬 Bi.

Noun

 * 1) cricket
 * 2)  cell phone/mobile phone

Usage notes

 * The sense "cell phone" is already somewhat dated.

title: dế


text:
User:Morescrev

 * notes

 * Category:ru:English surnames

title: User:Morescrev


text:
Ullr

Proper noun

 * 1)  An Áss associated with archery and skiing; the stepson of Thor.
 * 2) * 2013, Samantha-Rae Tuthill, Where Did Old Man Winter, Jack Frost Come From?. Accuweather.com.
 * "For the Norse mythologies, Ullr was the god of winter. Son of a frost giant, he would rule Asgard in Odin's absence in the winter."
 * 1) * 2014, Norse Mythology for Smart People, Ullr
 * "...Ullr is an excellent archer, hunter, skater, and skier, handsome, warlike, and an especially apt deity to invoke before a duel."

Translations

 * Arabic:
 * Japanese: ウル
 * Korean: 울르
 * Swedish:

Etymology
From, from , from. Cognate to 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Proper noun

 * 1)  Ullr
 * 2) * Gylfaginning, ch. 31
 * "non"

- Ullr heitir einn, sonr Sifjar, stúpsonr Þórs. Hann er bogmaðr svá góðr ok skíðfærr svá, at engi má við hann keppast. Hann er ok fagr álitum ok hefir hermanns atgervi. Á hann er ok gott at heita í einvígi.

title: Ullr


text: oppgava

title: oppgava


text: oppgaven

title: oppgaven


text: oppgaver

title: oppgaver


text: oppgavene

title: oppgavene


text:
governmentist

Noun

 * 1) A supporter of governmentism
 * 2) * 2005 WDU, Re: A Modest proposal to fix Social Security Group: triangle.general
 * Minimalist governmentists perhaps, but they believe in and respect the law, just more literally than most.
 * 1) * 2006 Perfectlyable, Re: They Say it's not Slavery or Tyranny: it's Dependency Group: alt.law-enforcement
 * There are big governmentists on the left and right.
 * 1) * 2007, John Husvar, Re: GRRRR Group: alt.support.mult-sclerosis
 * Now if the various nanny governmentists would just treat addiction as the medical issue it is instead of the criminal problem it wouldn't be if they took the financial incentives out of it

title: governmentist


text: governmentists

title: governmentists


text:
powerism

Noun

 * 1)  A disposition in geopolitical relations that supports hegemonic influence

title: powerism


text:
powerist

Noun

 * 1) A proponent of powerism.

title: powerist


text: powerists

title: powerists


text: とりけす

title: とりけす


text:
decathexis

Noun

 * 1)  reversal of cathexis; detachment of the libido from some external object

title: decathexis


text:
хэпкӏьэн

Verb

 * 1) to spill a liquid onto another liquid.

title: хэпкӏьэн


text:
coresident

Adjective

 * 1) Living together.

Noun

 * 1) One who lives with somebody else, or in the same area; a cohabitant.

title: coresident


text: inpourings

title: inpourings


text: soothsaid

title: soothsaid


text: stairhall

title: stairhall


text: stairhalls

title: stairhalls


text:
stair hall

Noun

 * 1) The stairs, landings, hallways, or other portions of the public hall through which it is necessary to pass when going from the entrance floor to the other floors of a building.

title: stair hall


text: stair halls

title: stair halls


text:
Talk:羗

For Japanese definition Reeves's muntjac, the corresponding wiki article is. What type of reading would this be called? Hongthay (talk) 14:06, 14 November 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:羗


text:
Citations:Emyda

Proper noun: synonym of "Lyssemis"
English citations

 * 1831,, Synopsis Reptilium; or, Short Descriptions of the Species of Reptiles, part I: “Cataphracta: Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Enaliosaurians”, order i : ‘Chelonii’, family iv: « Trionychidæ », genus 2: ‹ Emyda › (pages 49–50):
 * Gen. 2. EMYDA. (Emyda.) Margo dorsi cartilaginea ossibus marginalibus sustentata. Pedes retracti valvulis e margine sterni ortis inclusi. Sternum latum. The margin of the dorsal shield is supported by a series of small bones in the front and hinder extremity, similar to the bones of the margin in the other tortoises; and the sternum, which has each of the bones of which it is composed furnished with callosities, is also provided with valves or flaps on the edges of the sides over the legs, which they quite hide from view when the animal is withdrawn within the shell. 1. Emyda punctata, (Punctured Emyda.) — Scutellis obscure viridibus, occipite maculis duabus albis ornato, sterno 7-calloso callis postice unitis. Test. punctata, Lacép, t. 7, f. 1, (v. Mus. Par.) cop. Test. scabra, Latr. and Chagrined Tortoise, Test. granulata, Shaw, iii. t. 14, et Enc. M. t. 6, f. 4, et Daud. Rept. iii. t. 19, f. 2. Test. granosa, Schoepf, t. 30, f. A. B. Trionyx Coromandelicus, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv. t. Anat. et Cuv. Os. Fos. v. t. 12, f. 47, Anat. Test. Dura, Hamilton, Icon. ined. (v. Icon. Mus. Ind.) Illust. Ind. Zool. t. Junior. Obscure viridi, maculis subrotundis irregularibus luteis nigro marginatis ornata; capite supra albo maculato, genis albo lineatis. Illust. Ind. Zool. t. , f.   . Habit. in Indiæ fluvio Ganges. The vertebral bones vary from 6 to 9; the hinder callosities are united only in the adult animals, and hence Cuvier considers it to have 6 callosities, and Geoffrey 7.

title: Citations:Emyda


text: Sheas

title: Sheas


text:
sicofanta

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) sycophant

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) sycophant

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) sycophant

title: sicofanta


text:
Danaher

Etymology
Reduced Anglicized form of, a personal name ultimately derived from.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Danaher is the 16179st most common surname in the United States, belonging to 1786 individuals. Danaher is most common among White (96.08%) individuals.

title: Danaher


text:
Citations:Emyda Javanica

Proper noun: misspelling of
English citations

 * 1831,, Synopsis Reptilium; or, Short Descriptions of the Species of Reptiles, part I: “Cataphracta: Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Enaliosaurians”, order i : ‘Chelonii’, family iv: « Trionychidæ », genus 1: ‹ Trionyx ›, species 6: Trionyx Javanicus (page 48):
 * Testudo Gotaghol, Hamilton Mss. Icon. Ined. (v. Icon. Mus. Ind.) cop. lllust Ind. Zool. t. Trionyx Javanicus, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv. t. (anat.) Emyda Javanica, Schw.

title: Citations:Emyda Javanica


text:
undivisive

Adjective

 * 1) Not divisive.

title: undivisive


text:
хэгъэузыкӏын

Verb

 * 1) to make someone feel pain or to hurt (In general)
 * Къэсхэбгъэузыкӏы — You are hurting me.
 * Кӏалэм хэбэгъэузыкӏы — You are hurting the boy
 * Лӏы лъэшым хэбгъэузыкӏышъутэп — You can't hurt the strong man.

title: хэгъэузыкӏын


text:
antipsychoanalytic

Adjective

 * 1) Opposing psychoanalysis.

Translations

 * Portuguese: antipsicanalítico

title: antipsychoanalytic


text:
Pasifika

Etymology
From, changed to use Samoan orthography.

Noun

 * 1)  Pacific Islander.
 * 2) * 2018, The Guardian, "Post-colonial talk back: seeing London in the South Seas", Selina Tusitala Marsh, 24 February 2018 (Selina Tusitala Marsh is a poet-scholar and New Zealand Poet Laureate for 2017–2019)
 * My political stance as a Pasifika poet has always been one of inclusion – I'm a bridge not a wall.

title: Pasifika


text: Amyda javanica

title: Amyda javanica


text: sicofantas

title: sicofantas


text: szektorok

title: szektorok


text: Schrödinger equations

title: Schrödinger equations


text: хэгъэузыкӏьын

title: хэгъэузыкӏьын


text:
castrillo

Noun

 * 1) camp

title: castrillo


text: Deák

title: Deák


text:
Amyda cartilaginea

Synonyms

 * See.

title: Amyda cartilaginea


text:
Hottentot fig

Noun

 * , a South African plant.
 * 1) The acidic edible fruit of this plant.

title: Hottentot fig


text: Hottentot figs

title: Hottentot figs


text:
supervisionist

Noun

 * 1) Someone who supports supervision.

title: supervisionist


text: supervisionists

title: supervisionists


text:
catalecticant

Etymology
, coined by in 1852.

Noun

 * 1)  A polynomial in the coefficients of a form of even degree that vanishes when the form is a sum of an unusually small number of powers of linear forms.

Translations

 * Finnish: katalektikantti
 * German: Katalektikant
 * Polish:

title: catalecticant


text: catalecticants

title: catalecticants


text:
Cayleyan

Adjective

 * 1) Of or relating to  (1821–1895), British mathematician.

Noun

 * 1)  A variety associated to a hypersurface.

title: Cayleyan


text: Cayleyans

title: Cayleyans


text:
quippian

Etymology
Coined by.

Noun

 * 1)  A degree 5 class 3 contravariant of a plane cubic.

title: quippian


text: quippians

title: quippians


text:
pippian

Etymology
Coined by.

Noun

 * 1)  A Cayleyan.

title: pippian


text: pippians

title: pippians


text: coaxal

title: coaxal


text:
possessionism

Noun

 * 1) The tendency to expand one's ownership of property without regard for its ethical implications

title: possessionism


text:
possessionist

Noun

 * 1) A proponent of possessionism

title: possessionist


text: possessionists

title: possessionists


text:
undispossessed

Adjective

 * 1) Not dispossessed.

title: undispossessed


text: connexing

title: connexing


text: connexed

title: connexed


text: contravariants

title: contravariants


text: coresiduals

title: coresiduals


text:
cosingular

Adjective

 * 1)  Having the same singularities.

title: cosingular


text:
آسم

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  asthma

title: آسم


text: retakings

title: retakings


text:
ladder match

Noun

 * 1) A match in professional wrestling in which an item, such as a title belt, is hung above the ring, and the winner is the contestant who climbs a ladder and retrieves it.

title: ladder match


text: ladder matches

title: ladder matches


text:
swaplist

Noun

 * 1) A list of items that the owner wishes to exchange for other items.

title: swaplist


text: swaplists

title: swaplists


text: Emyda

title: Emyda


text:
territorialist

Noun

 * 1) Someone who supports territorialism

title: territorialist


text: territorialists

title: territorialists


text:
territorialistic

Adjective

 * 1) Pertaining to territorialism

title: territorialistic


text:
Lissemys

Hypernyms

 * ; - subfamily

Hyponyms

 * ,, - species

title: Lissemys


text: liseuses

title: liseuses


text:
supremacistic

Adjective

 * 1)  Pertaining to supremacism.

title: supremacistic


text: kinnet

title: kinnet


text:
مثانه

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) urinary bladder, a muscular sac into which urine is temporarily stored before urination

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  bladder, urinary bladder

title: مثانه


text:
hyperculture

Noun

 * 1) A culture of the Information Age that uses hypertext.

title: hyperculture


text: hypercultures

title: hypercultures


text:
kinna

Etymology 1
From, from. Verb is derived from the noun.

title: kinna


text: íes griegas

title: íes griegas


text: emydi

title: emydi


text: íes

title: íes


text: ἐμύδι

title: ἐμύδι


text:
antiantibody

Noun

 * 1)  An antibody that binds to other antibodies.

Translations

 * Portuguese: antianticorpo
 * Russian:

title: antiantibody


text: kinnene

title: kinnene


text:
possessionistic

Adjective

 * 1) Pertaining to possessionism
 * 2) * 1995 Sebastian Rust, Re: 3D Dungeons and Dragons RPG MUD--Why the hell not???? Group: comp.sys.mac.games
 * Am I being a bit too possessionistic about this? Well anyways, if it's not how -I- would've made it, you can bet on mine coming out by all means (guy reading this mutters "dreamer...") Oh yeah? Just WATCH me!
 * 1) * 2010 James Paget, Jews, Christians and Jewish Christians in Antiquity - Page 353
 * Secondly, his attempts to show that the possessionistic Christology he is proposing is the earliest Christology lacks support on two grounds: (i) there is no evidence that Paul disagreed with his opponents on matters of Christology
 * Secondly, his attempts to show that the possessionistic Christology he is proposing is the earliest Christology lacks support on two grounds: (i) there is no evidence that Paul disagreed with his opponents on matters of Christology

title: possessionistic


text:
finiittimuoto

Noun

 * 1)  finite form

title: finiittimuoto


text:
Template talk:la-IPA

A use for the second parameter
Would it be possible for this template to handle input like and generate a result like: perchance? This would be useful in all cases where a word has variable vowel quantities. — I.S.M.E.T.A. 15:37, 14 November 2014 (UTC)

 * It is not impossible, but needs more effort. I'll do this when I have time. Sorry. --kc_kennylau (talk) 16:37, 25 March 2015 (UTC)

 * There's no rush, honestly. Please, take your time. Thanks for responding at all. :-)  — I.S.M.E.T.A. 19:39, 27 March 2015 (UTC)

Breakup of consonant clusters
This template is used in the page exilis, and produces an odd syllabification: eksˈiː.lis. I think this should be ekˈsiː.lis; the use of a single letter for the consonant cluster doesn't imply that it has to belong to one syllable. Is it possible to make the template create this output? I don't know enough about the language used in the code to figure this out for myself.

Also, I think x+t should be syllabified as k.st, at least if the principle of maximal onsets is supposed to be followed in the case of Latin. (Meaning that if a consonant cluster appears at the beginning of a word, it can be the onset of a non-initial syllable.) Eru·tuon 02:47, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Solved. Next time please ping me or User:CodeCat. --kc_kennylau (talk) 16:35, 25 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I'll do that next time. Eru·tuon 20:27, 25 March 2015 (UTC)

Needs an era parameter
Currently words like are listing explicitly Vulgar Latin pronunciations as "classical". --Tropylium (talk) 18:31, 27 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Ditto words that do not occur before the Late, Mediaeval, Renaissance, or New Latin periods. — I.S.M.E.T.A. 20:16, 28 January 2015 (UTC)

Ecclesiastical fixes

 * /ˈlin.ɡwa/ should be /ˈlin.ɡwa/, [ˈliŋ.ɡwa]
 * /prɔ.pɔˈsi.t͡si.o/, [prɔ.pɔˈsiː.t͡si.o] should be /pro.pɔˈzi.t͡si.o/, [pro.pɔˈziː.t͡si.o]
 * /ˈmɛ.ni.a/, [ˈmɛː.ni.a] should be /ˈme.ni.a/, [ˈmeː.ni.a]
 * /karˈta.ɡɔ/, [karˈtaː.ɡɔ] should be /karˈta.ɡo/, [karˈtaː.ɡo]
 * /ˈrɔ.ma/, [ˈrɔː.ma] should be /ˈro.ma/, [ˈroː.ma]
 * /kaˈlen.dɛ/ should be /kaˈlɛn.dɛ/
 * /prɔˈlɔ.kwi.um/, [prɔˈlɔː.kwi.um] should be /proˈlɔ.kwi.um/, [proˈlɔː.kwi.um]
 * /suk.t͡ʃeˈda.neu̯s/, [suk.t͡ʃeˈdaː.neu̯s] should be /sut.t͡ʃeˈda.neu̯s/, [sut.t͡ʃeˈdaː.neu̯s]
 * /ˈzɔ.na/, [ˈd͡zɔː.na] should be /ˈzo.na/, [ˈd͡zoː.na]
 * /eksˈt͡ʃel.sus/ should be /ɛkˈʃɛl.sus/

Thanks for adding this option, Kenny! —Aɴɢʀ (talk) 15:02, 25 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Some of the above corrections contradict with User:GianWiki's instructions, so I'm calling him. --kc_kennylau (talk) 16:29, 25 March 2015 (UTC)
 * I've been pronouncing /eksˈt͡ʃel.sus/. --kc_kennylau (talk) 16:30, 25 March 2015 (UTC)
 * AFAIK it should be /ɛkˈʃɛl.sus/; x = cs, so excelsus = ecscelsus = ec.scelsus /ɛkˈʃɛl.sus/. —Aɴɢʀ (talk) 16:44, 25 March 2015 (UTC)
 * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNEVOlxEQDk uses /ɛkˈʃɛl.sis/; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oRpHLsBO-t4 uses /eksˈt͡ʃel.sis/; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3JkSeJkpwvA uses /ɛkˈsɛl.sis/. Of course, one would argue that it is the accent that makes the difference. --kc_kennylau (talk) 17:04, 25 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Well, there are different traditions in pronouncing Ecclesiastical Latin. What we're representing here is the Italian tradition, which is the most commonly used one in English-speaking countries today (as well as Italy, of course). The German tradition has /ɛksˈt͡sɛlzis/, the French tradition has /ɛkˈsɛlsis/, the English tradition (now virtually extinct in singing as far as I know, but still used for the names of prayers) is /ɛkˈsɛlsɪs/. See . I've always taken the pronunciation with /-ksˈt͡ʃ-/ to be a hypercorrection and spelling pronunciation. —Aɴɢʀ (talk) 17:13, 25 March 2015 (UTC)

Hey, I noticed this discussion just now. I'm curious, what's the rationale for where to use and where to use  in Ecclesiastical Latin pronunciations?

As I noted on the WikiProject Latin talk page, I doubt there's a phonemic distinction between the two. Most Wikipedia pages say that historically long e and o, and oe, are close-mid while short e and o, and ae, are open-mid. However, long e and o aren't marked in Ecclesiastical Latin, and ae and oe are confused in Ecclesiastical Latin Regina Coeli (which would be Regina Caeli in Classical Latin). I'm not sure how speakers are supposed to know which e and o is open-mid and which is close-mid, when these aren't marked in spelling, and the confusion of ae and oe suggests that they are pronounced the same. So, I'm not sure how the phonemic distinction could exist.

Are you guys assuming a phonemic distinction between close-mid and open-mid vowels, or an allophonic one, and what's the evidence? Curious mainly because I removed the distinction between open-mid and close-mid from the table in w:Help:IPA for Latin. Eru·tuon 20:23, 25 March 2015 (UTC)
 * They aren't marked, but speakers are just supposed to know, just like in Italian. My father told me that when he was in Italy, he noticed that singers made a distinction between /e o/ and /ɛ ɔ/ in Latin words, but he didn't see any rhyme or reason for it. So he asked an Italian singer friend how to tell when to use which quality. His friend said, "Oh, it's easy. Just think of the corresponding Italian word. If the Italian word has /e/ or /o/, then the Latin word does too, and if the Italian word has /ɛ/ or /ɔ/ than the Latin word does too." Which wasn't much use to my father, since his Italian was rudimentary, and he didn't know when to use which quality in Italian either. In German-style Latin, they also distinguish between /i u/ and /ɪ ʊ/, with the former coming from ī ū and the latter from ĭ ŭ. I admit the fluctuation between oe and ae is problematic, but if you follow my father's friend's rule then it's /tʃɛli/ since has /ɛ/. —Aɴɢʀ (talk) 20:44, 25 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Hmm, okay. Do you know if the distinction would tend to correspond to the Latin long–short vowel distinction, or not? I suppose Latin short e and o would remain open-mid through Romance vowel breaking (while sometimes developing a preceding glide), but I'm not sure how former Latin long ē and ō are pronounced in Italian. If the Italian descendants of ē and ō remain close-mid, I suppose reverting my change to the IPA help page would be accurate.

 * And then there's another question: what about words that aren't in Italian at all? Which vowel would an Italian Ecclesiastical Latin speaker pronounce them with, close-mid or open-mid? (A similar question could be asked about Latin words borrowed straight into Italian without Romance vowel-changes.) Unfortunately, I don't have any examples, since I'm not that familiar with Italian, but I suppose there must be some.

 * I actually found a counter-example: diretto, which had a closed-syllable long ē in Latin: dīrēctus. (This is true despite Wiktionary not marking it in the entry. It's marked in rego, though.) So in some circumstances Latin long ē in a stressed syllable would not be rendered with Italian close e; not sure precisely what circumstances, maybe closed syllables. Eru·tuon 00:10, 26 March 2015 (UTC)

 * A third point: even among Italians, the open-mid and close-mid distinction is not made in unstressed syllables, so the transcription of Athenae should have in the unstressed last syllable, and similarly with several other words. Perhaps you know this and have noticed, but just making sure. Eru·tuon 00:27, 26 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Hmm, we're venturing beyond my ken now! I hope User:GianWiki replies here soon; he's a native Italian speaker. I hadn't thought about unstressed syllables, but probably the /e ~ ɛ/ and /o ~ ɔ/ contrasts are lost there, just as they are in Italian. I can't imagine that Italian speakers would retain a phonemic distinction in Latin in a position where it's neutralized in Italian. (Although on the other hand, apparently the Russian pronunciation of Old Church Slavonic does not have final devoicing even though Russian does, so maybe we shouldn't underestimate people's ability to retain phonemic distinctions in liturgical languages closely related to their native language.) I tried keeping syllable stress in mind when singing in Latin at choir practice tonight, but soon realized that when I'm singing, I don't always have time to stop and think which syllable is stressed! —Aɴɢʀ (talk) 21:09, 26 March 2015 (UTC)
 *  vs. : since ⟨ae oe⟩ phonemically represent, I suggested that ⟨e⟩ be rendered as in all environments in order to avoid ambiguity: of course, due to Italian phonotactics - Italian speakers would pronounce many of those ⟨e⟩ as , but my thought is that avoiding ambiguity might be more important. As for ⟨o⟩, no distinction between close-mid and open-mid exists for back vowels in Latin, so I suggested that it simply be rendered phonemically as ; phonetically, I think that  is the best default rendition (it also maximizes distinction from ), but that  would be better suited to render ⟨ō⟩. Basically - in the way I see it - following Italian phonotactics wouldn't be a bad idea, if not for the fact that it would create ambiguities between ⟨e⟩ and ⟨ae oe⟩. Plus, I don't think that this Ecclesiastical pronunciation should be "Italian" in every way (the aforementioned example of  would be rendered - following an all-Italian pronunciation - as , while - due to the reasons stated above - I would choose ). -- GianWiki (talk) 15:04, 27 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Why do you say "no distinction between close-mid and open-mid exists for back vowels in Latin"? That's not what Vulgar Latin says at all. It implies should be /dɔloˈroza/ and  should be /ˈrɔza/, just like in Italian. You even say yourself that ⟨o⟩ should be [ɔ] and ⟨ō⟩ should be [o]; surely that means they're separate phonemes since they can contrast. All that being said, however, I just found an online copy of the Liber Usualis which denies any distinction between /e o/ and /ɛ ɔ/, instead asserting that e, ae, and oe are all /ɛ/ and o is /ɔ/. It also says on the next page that excelsis has /kʃ/. I don't know how authoritative the Liber Usualis is considered, though. —Aɴɢʀ (talk) 22:47, 27 March 2015 (UTC)
 * What I suggested is that ⟨o⟩ and ⟨ō⟩ have phonetically different renditions ( and respectively): those would - phonemically - both fall under  . Also, from what I read here, you seem to be right about the pronunciation of ⟨xc⟩ before front vowels (like in excelsis). - GianWiki (talk) 22:41, 7 April 2015 (UTC)
 * That makes no sense. If they are distinct phonetically and there is no other phonetic feature in the word that decides which of the two pronunciations to use, then the distinction is by definition phonemic. —CodeCat 20:08, 8 April 2015 (UTC)
 * and coexist as phonetic allophones of the phoneme .The different realizations reflect the vowel change from Latin to Italian (on which phonological system Ecclesiastical pronunciation is supposedly based), where Latin ⟨ō⟩ has given Italian . - GianWiki (talk) 23:33, 9 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Like CodeCat, I'm puzzled by what you're saying. According to Wikipedia, in stressed syllables, close-mid and open-mid  are phonemes (though not in some Italian dialects, apparently). And the fact that the Italian phonological system came from the Latin one proves that open-mid and close-mid are phonemically contrasted. Just as Classical Latin had a phonemic contrast between long and short mid vowels, Italian has a phonemic contrast between close-mid and open-mid vowels. Phonemic vowel length in Latin changed to phonemic vowel height in Italian. Eru·tuon 04:25, 11 April 2015 (UTC)
 * I'd add to what Angr says: ae and oe are not both, at least not in Vulgar Latin. ae was open like former short e, and oe was close  like former long ē. I would explain this height difference by the fact that  is the "average" of the vowel heights of open  and mid , while oe has no averaging going on, since it's composed of two mid vowels. However, perhaps Ecclesiastical Latin is different from Vulgar Latin in this respect, and both ae and oe are open? Eru·tuon 19:52, 29 March 2015 (UTC)
 * As far as I know - and also according to Wikipedia - ⟨ae⟩ and ⟨oe⟩ have effectively merged into . - GianWiki (talk) 22:41, 7 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Best not to use the Latin pronunciation article as a source, because I'm not sure if what it says about e, ae, and oeis supported by any sources. See Vulgar Latin instead. In Vulgar Latin, ae became open-mid, and oe close-mid . I think this can be seen in Italian (from ) which has . If Ecclesiastical Latin follows Vulgar Latin and Italian, then ae is open-mid and oe close-mid. Eru·tuon 05:37, 8 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Harold Copeman in this poor photocopy on Google Books says the same thing as the Liber Usualis, though, namely that the distinction between close /e o/ and open /ɛ ɔ/, although present in Vulgar Latin and in Italian, is lost in Ecclesiastical pronunciation, so that ae, oe, ē, and ĕ are all /ɛ/ and ō and ŏ are both /ɔ/. His sample texts include /spɛs/ for spēs and /ˈnɔbis/ for nōbīs. Which is too bad, because I always liked the idea of distinguishing /ˈvɛnit/ "he comes" from /ˈvenit/ "he came" in Ecclesiastical Latin, but apparently that isn't as authentic as I thought it was. —Aɴɢʀ (talk) 19:53, 8 April 2015 (UTC)
 * That would certainly make sense of the spelling confusion between caeli and coeli. Eru·tuon 05:44, 9 April 2015 (UTC)

Some more fixes: —Aɴɢʀ (talk) 21:16, 26 March 2015 (UTC)
 * /h/ is lost in Italianate Ecclesiastical Latin, and
 * the /t/ → /t͡s/ before /i/ plus vowel rule does not apply after /s/, so
 * /ˈhos.t͡si.a/, [ˈhɔs.t͡si.a] should be /ˈɔs.ti.a/
 * Fixed. --kc_kennylau (talk) 14:52, 27 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks. According to the Liber Usualis (see link above), the rule is also suppressed after x and another t, so forms like pextia and pettia (if they existed) would have /t/ and not /t͡s/. —Aɴɢʀ (talk) 22:47, 27 March 2015 (UTC)

@kc_kennylau et al.: Soooo, is this feature ready for general deployment? — I.S.M.E.T.A. 19:33, 1 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Not in its current state, no. —Aɴɢʀ (talk) 20:45, 1 May 2015 (UTC)

 * @Aɴɢʀ: How much more work needs to be done on it, do you think? — I.S.M.E.T.A. 20:53, 1 May 2015 (UTC)

 * We need to come to some agreements about Ecclesiastical pronunciations first. If we follow the recommendations of the Liber Usualis, then excelsis is /ɛkˈʃɛlsis/ not /ɛksˈtʃɛlsis/ and ē ĕ ae oe are all /ɛ/ while ō ŏ are both /ɔ/, but I'm not sure everyone who's commented in this thread will find that acceptable. Also, h needs to be silent, but it still renders as /h/. —Aɴɢʀ (talk) 05:39, 2 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Calling User:GianWiki also. --kc_kennylau (talk) 07:58, 2 May 2015 (UTC)

 * @Aɴɢʀ: Well, like you, I like "the idea of distinguishing 'he comes' from  'he came' in Ecclesiastical Latin", but if it means that we can get this feature up and running, I'd be willing to compromise by "follow[ing] the recommendations of the Liber Usualis". — I.S.M.E.T.A. 08:59, 2 May 2015 (UTC)

 * If we're looking to create a somewhat realistic rendition system, it could go like this:
 * ⟨e⟩ = ; ⟨ē⟩ =
 * ⟨o⟩ = ; ⟨ō⟩ =
 * ⟨ae oe⟩ =
 * Otherwise - should the former prove too difficult to implement - ⟨e ē⟩ can be rendered as just (not, to avoid ambiguity), and ⟨o ō⟩ as  (not , because it doesn't quite make an effective default rendering, for example in words like ). -- GianWiki (talk) 23:19, 5 May 2015 (UTC)

 * I'm fine with using /e/ and /o/ instead of /ɛ/ and /ɔ/, though the Liber Usualis does make it pretty clear that they're supposed to be open-mid rather than close-mid vowels. —Aɴɢʀ (talk) 09:35, 6 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I only speak from my personal knowledge of Italian-based Latin pronunciation, but I'm pretty sure [phonetically] rendering long vowels as close-mid and short ones as open-mid would be an accurate enough representation of their actual pronunciation. Even if we were to simplify it, and use one same value to render both long and short vowels, open-mid vowels would not be the best suited ones for that (see above, the example).  GianWiki (talk) 20:59, 6 May 2015 (UTC)
 * The reason I prefer to follow the Liber Usualis is that we then have an actual published authority to follow rather than just our own personal experience. —Aɴɢʀ (talk) 21:27, 6 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Great. So let's just go for it so we can get this feature up and running. :-)  — I.S.M.E.T.A. 13:54, 6 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Done. Used Gianwiki's first proposal. --kc_kennylau (talk) 16:39, 7 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Excellent. So, can this feature be made independent of specifying eccl? — I.S.M.E.T.A. 17:46, 7 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Two things: h still needs to be silent; hostia should be /ˈostia/ not /ˈhostia/. Also, GianWiki's proposal that ĕ and ē are phonemically the same but phonetically different is impossible. It makes no sense to say that vĕnit and vēnit are phonemically both /ˈve.nit/ but that the former is phonetically [ˈvɛː.nit] and the latter is phonetically [ˈveː.nit]. That's not the way phonemes work. If they're phone t ically distinct, they form a minimal pair, proving that they are phone m ically distinct. But that's not what the only published sources on Ecclesiastical pronunciation that I've been able to find (the Liber Usualis and Copeman's book) say: they say that ĕ and ē (and, in parallel, ŏ and ō, not to mention ă and ā, ĭ and ī, as well as ŭ and ū) are phonetically identical, so vĕnit and vēnit are homophones at both the phonemic and the phonetic level. If we're going to follow the published sources rather than our own intuitions and experiences, vĕnit and vēnit should both be phonetically [ˈvɛ.nit] (or [ˈve.nit] if you prefer; as long as there's no contrast it doesn't matter which symbol we pick). I suppose it's acceptable to put the length mark in too, but I don't think it's necessary for Ecclesiastical Latin (as opposed to Italian), and it might confuse people to see a Classical short vowel like that of vĕnit transcribed with a phonetic long vowel in Ecclesiastical. So while my preference is for [ˈvɛ.nit], I don't actually object to any of [ˈvɛː.nit], [ˈve.nit], or [ˈveː.nit]. But I do object to making a contrast between [ˈvɛː.nit] and [ˈveː.nit] at the phonetic level while claiming that they're phonemically identical, because that's nonsense. —Aɴɢʀ (talk) 20:37, 7 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I don't think "it confuses people" is a good reason not to lengthen accented vowels. --kc_kennylau (talk) 13:23, 8 May 2015 (UTC)

I have a doubt: is rendered as, but - if we're following an "italianate pronunciation" - it should be. --- GianWiki (talk) 22:48, 7 August 2016 (UTC)

 * What is the consensus or unsolved problems? --kc_kennylau (talk) 12:24, 5 November 2016 (UTC)

Exceptions regarding enclitics and compounds
I have no idea how this would be accomplished myself, but I'm curious as to whether or not this template could be changed so that it would change the stress as appropriate regarding enclitics and compounds, e.g. (despite the fact that this entry wouldn't exist on Wiktionary) typing and having /roːˈma.kʷe/, [roːˈma.kᶣɛ] appear, rather than the expected descriptions /ˈroːma.kʷe/, [ˈroːma.kᶣɛ]. Would this be possible? --Joseph Yanchar (User page/Talk page) 15:50, 26 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your suggestion. However, why should the stress fall on the "ma" instead of the "Rō"? --kc_kennylau (talk) 15:15, 26 March 2015 (UTC)
 * According to Allen and Greenough § 12, in words with enclictics, the syllable before the enclitic is stressed, and compounds of "faciō" retain the stress of the original form in "faciō". --Joseph Yanchar (User page/Talk page) 15:50, 26 March 2015 (UTC)
 * A&G also mention penultimate stress in Cornēlī, Vergilī, ingenī, but it might be too much to ask for the template to know whether or not such forms have -ius/-ium in the nominative. Maybe the template should have a manual override for stress, so that correctly gives /aˈmaː.bi.liː/, but   (or however we want to write it) gives /werˈɡi.liː/ ( will give the right result already because of the long ē). —Aɴɢʀ (talk) 21:25, 26 March 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree that that would be the best way to improve this template; any alternatives would be too hard to implement (if not impossible). --Joseph Yanchar (User page/Talk page) 22:10, 26 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Done. --kc_kennylau (talk) 16:09, 2 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Kenny! —Aɴɢʀ (talk) 16:39, 2 May 2015 (UTC)

⟨rh⟩ in Ecclesiastical
It's just /r/, not /rʰ/, unless my memory is sorely mistaken. Can anyone else confirm and fix this? —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 23:45, 24 September 2016 (UTC)
 * As far as I know, no language has such a thing as an aspirated r; what is probably intended is, voiceless r. But either way, I think you're right that Ecclesiastical Latin doesn't have it. — Eru·tuon 23:21, 4 October 2016 (UTC)
 * —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 01:42, 5 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Then what is the difference between r and rh? --kc_kennylau (talk) 08:27, 5 October 2016 (UTC)
 * In Ecclesiastical Latin, none. Even in Classical Latin probably none, especially once ῥ started to be pronounced /r/ in Greek. —Aɴɢʀ (talk) 16:33, 5 October 2016 (UTC)
 * , this still needs to be fixed. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 03:44, 17 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Done. --kc_kennylau (talk) 13:04, 17 October 2016 (UTC)

Length of nasalized vowels
Nasalized vowels are always long, including at the end of words. The example dēfēnsum should therefore be [deːˈfẽː.sũː]. A classic example of this is the metric scansion of Ītaliam at the beginning of Vergil's Aeneid:

 * Ītali/am fā/tō profu/gus lā/vīn(i)aque / vēnit / lītora
 * [iːˈtalɪãː ˈfaːtoː ˈprɔfʊgʊs laːˈwiːn(j)akᶣɛ ˈweːnɪt ˈliːtɔra]

Please make the relevant changes in the code of this template.--Serafín33 (talk) 02:05, 17 October 2016 (UTC)
 * There is a distinction between metrical length and linguistic length. — JohnC5 02:06, 17 October 2016 (UTC)
 * I think the distinction is that syllables ending in a consonant are "long" (heavy) even when the vowel of the syllable is not. That doesn't apply in this case, because the syllable does not end in a consonant, except in the spelling, so the vowel has to be long. That is often the case when a nasal was lost and the preceding vowel has become nasal: see and . — Eru·tuon 05:15, 17 October 2016 (UTC)

The changes to the this template
The current method by which this template functions (generating the phonemic and phonetic pronunciations, comparing them to see whether they differ, then regenerating the phonetic description if so) is highly inefficient and ugly. If done internally to the module, this means that each pronunciation need only be generated once and the calls the Module:IPA and Module:a may be done internally for added efficiency. Is there a complaint with that? — JohnC5 20:30, 23 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I realize there was a equals sign where a not-equals needed to be in the module. My bad. It should all work the same now. — JohnC5 20:40, 23 January 2017 (UTC)

"Classicistic"?
I'm removing this template whenever I stumble upon a Neo-Latin term, because the label "Classical" is misleading then. Could it be replaced by "Classicistic" when is present? --Barytonesis (talk) 17:51, 19 October 2017 (UTC)
 * No, because Lua modules can't search the wikitext of the page on which they are placed and find out if a template is used there. But a parameter could be added to to change the label. [Edit: Hm, I should say I don't know if a module can search the text of the page. Maybe it can. But I haven't seen that technique used in any module.] — Eru·tuon 23:14, 19 October 2017 (UTC)
 * It's used in several modules, most notably Module:descendants tree. — JohnC5 06:02, 20 October 2017 (UTC)
 * I also noticed today that Module:zh-forms searches the wikitext of the page it's placed on. — Eru·tuon 06:08, 20 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Another fairly clean example is at MOD:term etymology. — JohnC5 06:29, 20 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Well, I meant cases where the module searches the same page that it's invoked on. But I guess it isn't really different. Still, it would be simpler to add a parameter rather than make a page parser. — Eru·tuon 06:34, 20 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Now that I think of it, the use of seems far from widespread anyway, so it would probably be better not to rely on it. --Barytonesis (talk) 06:58, 20 October 2017 (UTC)

Should the ecclesiastical pronunciation not be included by default?
Contrast, which has a range of pronunciations in a neat little drop-down menu without any need for additional parameters specifying their inclusion. — Kleio (t · c) 19:41, 21 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I see this was never answered, and la-IPA hasn't been updated since 2017, seems abandoned, but I concur with this comment, Latin IPA should be changed ASAP to include the Ecclesiastical pronunciation by default, unless someone can provide a convincing reason to NOT provide both pronunciations. Possibly also include Vulgar Latin pronunciation, although maybe should get more specific in description for that first, as is the case with the Ancient Greek. (Specify for example "5th century CE Late Latin" or "9th century CE Medieval Latin"). The shifts in vernacular pronunciation from "Classical" toward medieval Vulgar, Medieval, Ecclesiastical (and then later Proto-/Old Romance languages) had begun as early as the 1st century AD/CE when the Roman Empire was at its peak, just as Classical Greek of 400 BC Athens had become Koine by 100 BC Alexandria. To only provide the (speculatively RECONSTRUCTED) high-register literary Latin pronunciation of Cicero of c. 3rd-1st centuries BC is misleading and clearly flawed. Especially when compared with other old ancient-medieval-modern evolving languages, the lack of any pronunciation besides the "Classical" becomes a glaring absence.
 * As KIeio mentions, the Template:grc-IPA automatically provides not one, not two, but five different pronunciations across nearly 2,000 years each specifically described (5th Century BCE Classical Attic; 1st century CE Koine Egyptian (Alexandrian), 4th century CE Koine, 10th century CE Byzantine Medieval, 15th century CE Constantinopolitan Medieval), 3 shown by default (Classical, Koine, Medieval), just click drop-down to see all 5. Often the later Medieval pronunciations resemble and provide a useful bridge to Modern Greek pronunciation. Even Phoenician Punic, an ancient language the pronunciation of which we know far less about, Template:xpu-ipa-rows automatically provides 3 evolving pronunciations (6th century BCE Punic, 2nd century BCE Late Punic, 2nd century CE Neo-Punic), that likewise serves as a useful bridge to Hebrew and other Semitic languages. Hebrew words can have many IPA pronunciations (e.g. Biblical, Tiberian, Ashkenazi, Sephardi, Yemenite, Modern Israeli)...for 2,500+ year-old language Latin whence eventually evolved Italian and other Romance tongues, we have only ONE IPA pronunciation from BC era, as if Latin ceased to exist as spoken tongue 2,019 years ago.
 * The fact is, the "Classical" pronunciation is reconstructed by best guess of how upper-class Roman Republic citizens like Cicero spoke in Rome during a narrow specific period about 2,200-2,000 years ago. Nobody has ever heard anyone speak Latin like the "Classical" pronunciation, it was not passed down in that form but rather a modern academic reconstruction. Insofar as Latin has remained a living spoken language, it resembled what we call "Ecclesiastical" pronunciation, closer to the Romance languages which evolved from Latin—obviously most closely the Italic Romance languages of Italy whence the Latin language originated in the first place. Medieval Latin was kept alive all over Europe as a language of scholarship and ceremony, but in particular spoken and chanted Latin naturally passed down as the active liturgical language of the Latin-rite Roman Catholic Church based in Roma, Latium. The Pope of the Roman Church assumed the Classical-era Latin title of Pontifex Maximus; the Latin of the Roman Church has been the standard form of living Latin since the fall of the Roman Empire. Until 1969 every Roman Catholic Mass on earth was said, chanted, and sung in Latin—in "Ecclesiastical" pronunciation—and today many Roman Catholics still attend pre-1969 "Tridentine" Latin Mass rather than vernacular service. The Vatican, the only state where Latin is an official language, still produces a Modern Latin lexicon. As a matter of practical concern, anyone who sings in a schola or choir and who looks up any Latin words on Wiktionary to know how to pronounce them (one of few areas where verbal Latin is still regularly used by people of all backgrounds) will find the "Classical" pronunciation useless, or even worse, confuse and embarrass them if they lack foreknowledge about "Classical" vs. "Ecclesiastical" pronunciation differences, or even unaware that there is a difference at all. Wiktionary is useless or worse for most people looking up Latin pronunciations to SAY or SING, to actually put to practical use, unless the person knows about the different pronunciations and knows to edit the source page to add "eccl=yes" to show the Ecclesiastical pronunciation that should have been showing by default.
 * One more thing may be noted: the "Ecclesiastical" pronunciation was not merely the Latin used in Roman Catholic Church. In fact by the 19th century the liturgical Latin in churches of different countries had become corrupted by influence of local vernaculars. This prompted Pope Pius X in 1912 and Pope Pius XI in 1928 to call upon the universal Roman Catholic Church to purify their Latin pronunciation and conform to the pure living Latin of Rome, Latin pronounced more Romano ("in the Roman style"), i.e. the Italianate pronunciation of Latin that developed naturally in Rome alongside the distinct vernacular Italian Romance languages—which we now call "Ecclesiastical" Latin pronunciation.
 * While not widely spoken as vernacular, the situation of "Ecclesiastical" Latin vs. "Classical" Latin is most akin to the development of Classical Ancient Greek to Byzantine Koine/Medieval Greek and onward to Modern Greek spoken by Greeks in Greece. 15th century CE Constantinopolitan Medieval Greek pronunciation is still here categorized as a pronunciation evolution of "Ancient Greek", a distinct language from Modern Greek, although the pronunciation is far closer to Modern Greek then to Classical Attic Ancient Greek. As Constantinople was the capital of the Greek world until 15th century, so Rome was and still is the capital of the Latin world. The way Latin pronunciation evolved in Rome to Italianate "Ecclesiastical" pronunciation should be considered a natural evolution of Latin pronunciation (an evolution into Late Latin that had begun as early as the first few centuries AD) just as Classical Attic Ancient Greek pronunciation naturally evolved into 300 AD Koine and eventually into 1452 AD Byzantine Ancient Greek which is pronounced like Modern Greek (as Ecclesiastical Latin is pronounced similar to Modern Italian). But Wiktionary classifies the language of 1452 Constantinople as "Ancient Greek". With "Latin", we don't even have that slightly misleading "Ancient" label in the name of the language to argue against including post-Cicero Ancient Latin IPA.
 * So again I strongly concur on making an easy and quick change to automatically include Ecclesiastical Latin pronunciation with the la-IPA template to appear under the Classical pronunciation, 2 pronunciations for a language in use for 2,500+ years or so is hardly unusual; having only ONE pronunciation based on reconstructed 2nd century BC literary Latin is downright defective. The Wiktionary language is LATIN, not CLASSICAL LATIN. Unless someone can provide a convincing argument to the contrary, that's a simple change that should be made immediately. Further down the road we should consider more significant reforms of Latin IPA template to mirror that of e.g. Ancient Greek and Punic in showing historical evolution of pronunciation.  Inqvisitor (talk) 19:03, 9 November 2019 (UTC)

Palatalized /k/
Shouldn’t we represent the realization of and  as palatal or palatalized before front vowels in Classical pronunciation, as in ? Instead of the current, we could have ,  or ,. After all, it must have been a palatal stop first before changing into an affricate and I see no reason why it wouldn’t have been so already in the Classical period. There is a very strong trend of palatalization in European languages and we have plenty of examples of allophonic palatal. Also, it seems to be basically impossible to maintain especially before  or ; e.g., Italian, Spanish, French, English, German, Danish, Icelandic, Faroese all have a palatal k before these sounds. There is more variation before mid-front vowels. English and Faroese show that after palatals have changed to affricates, newly created sequences of velar stop + front vowel are quickly palatalized once again. In Slavic languages there are even at least four layers of palatalization (the satem shift + post-alveolar sibilants + alveolar sibilants + recent unaffricated/unfricativized palatalized velars)! Sorry about the long-winded post, but in short I would like to see alveolar stops rendered as palatals or palatalized velars (only in the phonetic transcription, not the phonemic one). – Krun (talk) 23:03, 20 September 2019 (UTC)
 * The velar stops remained velar stops in Sardinian, so I guess the question is whether they're phonetically palatalized in that language. If not, then that's a reason to believe there was no noticeable palatalization in Classical Latin. —Mahāgaja · talk 08:56, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

Word-internal clusters with /s/, and palatalizated /lʲ/ in Classical Latin
I think words like festus should be syllabified as /ˈfeː.stus/, instead of /ˈfeːs.tus/. In dividing clusters between syllables, you move as many consonants to the syllable onset as possible. /ˈfeː.stus/ would only happen in languages that don't permit word-initial clusters with /s/ like Spanish (e.g. rastro [ras.tɾo]).

Also, what about the sequence /li/, why is it transcribed as [lʲi] (as in liber)? I'd never read about that palatalization process, are there any sources about that? I'd be interested in this issue. Thanks!
 * After a short vowel, a word-internal consonant cluster starting with s was definitely heterosyllabic rather than a homorganic complex-onset cluster. We have metrical evidence for that: in Classical Latin, the first syllables of words like vester or costa regularly scanned as heavy despite containing short vowels. That kind of evidence doesn't exist for the syllabification of s-clusters after long vowels. However, based on the behavior after short vowels, it seems questionable that Latin really "moves as many consonants to the syllable onset as possible". It seems like it works just as well or better to say that Latin avoids empty onsets, but doesn't always use the maximum possible onset. That alternative formulation would also be more consistent with the behavior of obstruent+liquid clusters, which are well known to be sometimes heterosyllabic despite being valid as syllable onsets.

 * The transcription of /li/ is currently given as [lʲi] because [lʲ] has been implemented as the transcription of the "clearest" allophone of Latin /l/ based on Ranjan Sen's phonetic transcription. See the discussion here for more context: Allophones of L.
 * --Urszag (talk) 05:52, 29 February 2020 (UTC)
 * While 'tis true generally Latin tries to maximize the onset, medial /s/+consonant is a notable exception (based on fairly solid evidence) and must split syllables so [ˈfeːs.t̪ʊs] would be correct. Alkire and Rosen's Romance Languages §1.1.3: «one unexpected fact about Latin syllabification concerns /s/+consonant occurring word-medially. The syllable boundary in this case runs between /s/ and the consonant, which seems contrary to the principle of maximizing the onset. Even though /s/+consonant can begin a word, it cannot begin a medial syllable. For example SPA.TA, but CRIS.PA, not *CRI.SPA. This fact is inferred from clear linguistic evidence (§1.2.5).» And §2.2.1: «Clusters of /s/+consonant cannot begin a syllable word-medially: festa is syllabified FES.TA.»
 * In Popular (Vulgar) Latin, this prohibition on /s/+consonant beginning a syllable already tended to apply even word-initially, with the addition of a prosthetic vowel before /s/+consonant, as /s/ could never syllabify in the onset. Hence Classical Latin ‹sponsa›→ Old Italian /isposa/, Old French /espose/, Spanish /esposa/; Lat. ‹spatha›→ Old Ital. /ispada/, Old Fr. /espede/, Sp. /espada/; Lat. ‹scriptu(m)›→ Old Ital. /iscritto/, Old Fr. /escrit/, Sp. /escrito/, etc.
 * Modern Italian lost this rule and mostly shed the prosthetic vowels. Modern French instead typically deletes the preconsonantal /s/ e.g. Lat. ‹studiu(m)›→ Old Fr. /estude/→ Fr. ‹étude›. As you note, Spanish is one Romance language where this rule is still active.
 * The palatized "L" is more speculative and debatable; some scholars interpret L exīlis ('thin' L, as opposed to velarized dark 'fat' L pinguis [ɫ]) not as a plain alveolar (or dental) lateral approximant but as palatized [lʲ] or even [ʎ] when occurring before a front vowel /li-/ /le-/, or only before front vowel -i as /li-/, and also when geminated /ll/, hence e.g. ‹Apollō› too is rendered palatized on here in Classical pronunciation as [aˈpɔl.lʲoː].
 * In truth the pronunciation of /L/ probably varied not only based on word placement but also varied considerably over the centuries of Latin usage across all different regions that Wiktionary currently groups all together as one "Classical" pronunciation (which was probably only used among educated Romans c. 1st century BC-2nd century AD, possibly as a Ciceronian affectation versus the genuine Sermo Vulgaris heard on the streets of Rome). For example Wikt applies the palatalization [lʲ] to the /l/ of Classical Latin ‹lingua› as [ˈlʲɪŋ.ɡʷa], when in Old Latin the word was found as ‹dingua› (from Proto-Italic *denɣwā /ˈden.ɣwaː/) suggesting that initial /li-/ sound originally rather resembled an alveolar tap or alveolar stop, which would suggest an alveolar lateral approximant [l] sound virtually identical in place of articulation to alveolar stop [d]–easy to confuse and conflate the two alveolar sounds. Perhaps the later phonemic shift to /l/ originated with a lateral release of /d/ as [dˡ], a tendency that can be seen in English where /d/ and /l/ can merge e.g. ‹middle› [ˈmɪdəl]→ [ˈmɪdˡl̩].
 * —Inqvisitor (talk) 17:44, 29 February 2020 (UTC)
 * The /d/ > /l/ shift found in and  is almost certainly not a regular sound change, as the vast majority of words with initial d- in Proto-Italic and Old Latin still had d in Classical Latin, so dingua > lingua is a red herring in this discussion. —Mahāgaja · talk 19:26, 29 February 2020 (UTC)

Ecclesiastical _a_
Why is _a_ transcribed as [ɑ] in Ecclesiastical, as opposed to Classical [ä]? Ecclesiastical Latin has a triangular system very much like Italian, Spanish, or modern Greek, where the lowest vowel is always central [ä]. No Romance language I know has /ɑ/, with the partial exception of French, where /ɑ/ is recessive anyway. German doesn't have it, either. I think [ä] should be used for both Classical and Ecclesiastical. Stick Daze (talk) 14:31, 17 September 2021 (UTC)
 * [ä] shouldn't be used at all as it is meaningless in a system that doesn't also include [a]. Just use [a]. —Mahāgaja · talk 15:52, 17 September 2021 (UTC)
 * The transcription of /a/ was discussed on the module talk page in March. Incidentally, does everyone active on this talk page also look at that one? There has not been much activity there since the module was locked due to edit wars; I have usually posted there as the module is where the actual logic of the template is implemented, but I could post here if more people will see it. I'd appreciate input on the transcription of /r/ as I'd like to request for a mod to alter the current behavior there.
 * The reasoning for the [ɑ] transcription is a little unclear to me. I'd be fine with [ä] for both, or [a] as a broader transcription. The difference between [a] and [ä] is not meaningless, as [ä] is explicitly central and [a] is ambiguous (in practice) between front, central, or even back. While it's questionable whether our reconstruction of Latin is certain enough to give narrow transcriptions like [ä], it does include more detail than [a]. The lack of contrast with [a] only is "meaningless" in the context of a phonemic transcription, not a narrow phonetic one.--Urszag (talk) 18:45, 17 September 2021 (UTC)

Indeed. The vowel in question was in all likelihood low central and the same in quality as present-day Italian and Spanish a. The low back unrounded vowel is usually found in languages with at least two vowels in the low front area, which as far as we can tell was never the case with Latin. When sung (plainsong, etc.) in Church, it's usually centralized and invariably so if the singer is Italian, Spanish, or even German. It may well be the case that judgment here has been influenced by the phonetics of English, where the most open vowel is the low back unrounded vowel for most native speakers, except in dialects where "short-a" has retracted to low central position (e.g. often in Northern Britain), or "short-o" has advanced to the same position (the "flat" Midwestern accent), or "broad a" has advanced to the same position (in Australia). Stick Daze (talk) 20:55, 17 September 2021 (UTC)

 * I agree that [ɑ] in all environments is exceedingly unlikely, considering that (Standard) Ecclesiastical pronunciation is based on the speech of Roman clergy. The main realization should be central. The Nicodene (talk) 00:11, 19 September 2021 (UTC)

Transcription of syllable-initial semivowels
Currently, the module (and thus, template) generates Classical Latin pronunciations where the non-syllabic glides corresponding to the spellings I and V are displayed as [i̯] and [u̯] respectively in all contexts.

Furthermore, a phonetic dissimilation rule is implemented where phonemic /u̯u/ and /i̯i/ are displayed as phonetic [u̯o] and [i̯e] respectively (e.g. in and ), in contrast to our usual phonetic transcriptions of pre-consonantal /u/ and /i/ as [ʊ] and [ɪ] respectively.

I think that we should instead use [j] and [w] for the syllable-initial consonant sounds, and not indicate any kind of dissimilation of a following vowel. Therefore, I think we should transcribe vulgus and the pronunciation of obicere that started with a closed syllable as [ˈwʊɫ̪gʊs] and [ɔbˈjɪkɛrɛ] respectively.

The relevant facts regarding /wu/ are as follows: whenever /wu/ appears in Latin, it is the outcome of older /wo/ where vowel raising turned /o/ to /u/ (raising occurred either in non-initial syllables or before dark L). Raising of /o/ to /u/ was indicated later in spelling after /u/, /w/, /kʷ/, /gʷ/ than after other sounds (in contexts where raising is expected to apply, the spellings "VO", "QVO", "GVO" were used up until around the middle of the 1st century AD, after which they were replaced by the spellings "VV", "CV"/"QVV", "GV"/"GVV"). Some sources hypothesize that that the period of conditional V/O spelling (e.g. with forms like "SERVOM" alongside "PVERVM") indicates a phonemic reality of some stage of Latin: that there was a phonological dissimilation rule that replaced /u/ with /o/ after /u/, /w/, /kʷ/, /gʷ/. However, I don't think that this hypothesis is a good basis for us to transcribe vu as [u̯o]. The spelling change to VV (corresponding to the normalized spelling vu that we use in our entries) seems like fairly strong evidence that by the first century AD, the vowel was phonemically identified with /u/, and therefore that it phonetically sounded more similar to Latin speakers' ears at that point to [ʊ] than to [ɔ]. Hypothesizing that even after the vowel was phonologically reinterpreted as /u/, speakers actually used a special intermediate value of [o] after /w/ seems dubious to me, and I don't know of a source that describes that situation. (The Wikipedia article makes a different assertion that I find equally dubious: that despite the spelling change to VV, the vowel remained phonemically /o/ and phonetically [ɔ]). W. Sidney Allen says that VO is "certainly to be pronounced as uu in imperial times, and almost certainly earlier" (Vox Latina p. 18). The current transcription also seems inconsistent in that it shows /kʷu/, /gʷu/ as [kʊ] [gʊ] not [kʷo] [gʷo], even though O spellings seem to have persisted about as long after labiovelars as after V/U.

The case with /ji/ is somewhat similar, although more complicated, and there are fewer affected words (exclusively compounds of iacio). While some sources hypothesize a stage involving [je] in these words, there are practically no attested spellings with E, and the words seem to have been pronounced with the regular short /i/ vowel, with [j] variably present or lost.--Urszag (talk) 01:33, 19 September 2021 (UTC)

 * That was bothering me as well. The approximants in question are best transcribed as [j w].
 * On chronological grounds, Classical spellings of the ⟨seruom⟩ type would more likely indicate a temporary persistence, in this environment, of Old Latin /o/ after /w/ rather than the /o/ > /u/ > [o] implied by the module comment ("dissimilation after homorganic glides").
 * That such spellings must have had a basis in phonetic reality is, as Allen hints, questionable. Adams (2013: 63) comments:
 * "Any statistic account of spellings showing o for ŭ which does not cite the evidence must also be treated with suspicion (so that of Gaeng 1968), because many such spellings turn out to be special cases irrelevant to developments in the later vowel system. Some old spellings very persistent. Most notable among these is the writing of uo rather than uu, where the first letter represents a semivowel ([w]) and the second a short vowel. There was a reluctance to repeat the letter with a different phonetic value, and for that reason old spellings such as seruos persisted. Prinz (1932: 50–4) has a detailed discussion of the matter, along with statistical tables showing the incidence in inscriptions at different periods of uo versus uu. There is also a good discussion by Carnoy (1906: 51–4)."
 * I was not able to find a copy of Prinz (1932). Carnoy (1906: 51–54) had this to say:
 * "Until the end of the republic, and even until [the time] of Quintilian, the nominative and accusative singular endings of the o type were written os, om in traditional fashion whenever preceded by u̯. It is far from certain that this corresponded to the actual pronunciation. A grammarian of the first century [C.E.], Velleius Longus (Lindsay 267) explicitly says that: ‘[The words] primitivus, adoptivus, and nominativus were written with u and o [i.e. ⟨uo⟩] by most of our precedessors, clearly because they knew that the vowels could not be mingled with each other [when written] this way [...] It seems that they wrote this type of noun one way and pronounced them another way, as they would pronounce u despite writing o.’ This is simply a means to avoid confusion between uu ( = ū), u̯u, and uu̯. A look at the various examples of uo and uu spellings in Hispania confirms that this has nothing to do with pronunciation [...] It is clear from one of Varro's texts that, already in the Republican period, u was pronounced in the word vulnus. The author chose as examples of initial u̯ before all vowels in the alphabet the words vafer, velum, vinum, vomis, and vulnus (Liindsay 236). Accordingly, even if volnus were written, it was pronounced vulnus." (Translation mine.)
 * On the whole, [wʊ] seems likely to me.
 * Adams, James Noel. 2013. Social variation and the Latin language. Cambridge University Press.
 * Carnoy, Albert Joseph. 1906. Le latin d'Espagne d'après les inscriptions: Étude linguistique. Brussels: Misch & Thron.
 * Prinz, Otto. 1932. De o et u vocalibus inter se permutatis in lingua latina. Halle: Eduard Klinz.
 * The Nicodene (talk) 23:19, 19 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Adams, James Noel. 2013. Social variation and the Latin language. Cambridge University Press.
 * Carnoy, Albert Joseph. 1906. Le latin d'Espagne d'après les inscriptions: Étude linguistique. Brussels: Misch & Thron.
 * Prinz, Otto. 1932. De o et u vocalibus inter se permutatis in lingua latina. Halle: Eduard Klinz.
 * The Nicodene (talk) 23:19, 19 September 2021 (UTC)

New Latin pronunciations
Some users have been removing Classical pronunciations (e.g., here; ), leaving only the Ecclesiastical ones, which do not distinguish vowel length; however, the usage note of states “There is no unity among those users of New Latin who distinguish vowel length as to whether the "a" of the stem should be long or short”. As they (the mentioned users of New Latin) Classically distinguish vowel length those pronunciations should not be removed. J3133 (talk) 19:00, 21 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Considering that there isn't agreement over the 'o' either, we should in theory have four different pronunciations. It's a bit silly in the end. Having phonetic transcriptions of Classical Latin in the first place is also silly to me, but that's another matter. Nicodene (talk) 19:06, 21 May 2022 (UTC)

Specifying that the phonetic transcription is a reconstruction
Shouldn't we specify that the current phonetic transcription given for Classical Latin is a reconstruction (maybe with an asterisk in front of it?), and possibly also indicate what book/study/scholar's theory it's following? There are other reconstruction theories out there, not necessarily agreeing with the one we are giving on Wiktionary.

Also, shouldn't we specify that the Ecclesiastical Latin pronunciation we give is the Italian one? While it is true that recently the Vatican has pushed to "unify" Latin pronunciation (read: spread the Italian one everywhere), every European country has its own traditional church pronunciation of Latin. Sartma (talk) 13:30, 31 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Template talk:la-IPA


text:
Appendix:Variations of "az"

The word “az” appears in many languages with many variations in the use of capitalization, punctuation, diacritics, and in other scripts.

Capitalization and punctuation

 * az
 * Az
 * AZ
 * az-
 * -az
 * az.
 * .az

Diacritics

 * aż, -aż
 * až
 * áz, -áz
 * āz
 * äz

Other scripts

 * Arabic
 * ال, before the letter ز (zayn); see sun letter

 * Cyrillic
 * аз, Аз, АЗ
 * аж, АЖ, -аж

Homophones
fr:Modèle:voir/az

title: Appendix:Variations of "az"


text:
دیابت

Noun

 * 1) diabetes

title: دیابت


text: bumph

title: bumph


text:
governmentism

Noun

 * 1) The aspirations and initiatives associated with individuals who are supportive of institutions and policies that promote strong governance

title: governmentism


text: shuftie

title: shuftie


text: μαριονέττα

title: μαριονέττα


text:
μαριονέτα

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) puppet, marionette

title: μαριονέτα


text:
وزوز گوش

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) tinnitus

title: وزوز گوش


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/mēþiz

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1)  measure, degree

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/mēþiz


text:
ματαιώνω

Verb

 * 1) to thwart, foil, frustrate, stymie

title: ματαιώνω


text: ματαίωσα

title: ματαίωσα


text: ματαιώθηκα

title: ματαιώθηκα


text: ματαιώνομαι

title: ματαιώνομαι


text:
mechaieh

Etymology
Borrowed from, originally from.

Noun

 * 1)  A pleasure; a joy.

title: mechaieh