text:
-onimo

Etymology
From.

Suffix

 * 1) -onym

title: -onimo


text:
-adico

Suffix

 * 1) -adic

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: -adico


text:
คาทอลิก

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  Catholic.

Noun

 * 1)  Catholic.

Proper noun

 * 1)  Catholic Church.

title: คาทอลิก


text:
деза

Etymology 1
.

Adjective

 * 1) heavy
 * 2) expensive

Etymology 2
From.

Verb

 * 1) to like
 * 2) to love

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) heavy
 * 2) expensive

Etymology
Clipping of.

Noun

 * 1)  disinformation

title: деза


text:
Talk:дезинформация

Sorry, I forgot how to change the pronunciation when there are infected forms generated but I have changed it in the lemma. --Anatoli T. (обсудить/вклад) 08:17, 4 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Don't worry, just ping me. I've updated the inflected form pronunciations. Benwing2 (talk) 08:22, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:дезинформация


text:
โปรเตสแตนต์

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  Protestant.

Noun

 * 1)  Protestant.

Proper noun

 * 1)  Protestantism.

title: โปรเตสแตนต์


text: Category:th:Protestantism

title: Category:th:Protestantism


text:
era ora

Adverb

 * 1) finally, about time

title: era ora


text:
élmatok

Etymology
Compare.

Noun

 * 1) woman

title: élmatok


text:
élman

Etymology
Compare.

Noun

 * 1) man

title: élman


text:
pioggia acida

Noun

 * 1) acid rain

title: pioggia acida


text:
sindrome da immunodeficienza acquisita

Noun

 * 1)  acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

title: sindrome da immunodeficienza acquisita


text:
accento acuto

Noun

 * 1)  acute accent (´)

title: accento acuto


text: 中国内地

title: 中国内地


text:
addizionalmente

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) additionally

title: addizionalmente


text:
Talk:עתיק

Greek origin
, was this borrowed from a Hellenic language or is it from Proto‐Semitic? -- Romanophile ♞ (contributions) 08:43, 4 March 2016 (UTC)
 * If you're thinking of, then I don't see much of a semantic connection. It's tempting to a connection with , particularly because the n would have assimilated to the t, creating a geminate -tt- like this word has, however the initial consonant would have been , rather than (this applies to  as well). Also, contact with Latin is very unlikely that early on (contact with Greek would have been more plausible). More likely, it's simply derived from the verb , which had the meaning "move, advance", but in Aramaic developed into "advance in age, grow old", and  would be a regularly derived adjective from that root. --WikiTiki89 16:01, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

 * yeah, I should have suggested Latin, but I was pretty exhausted when I wrote that message. The similarities are probably just coincidental. -- Romanophile ♞ (contributions) 20:05, 4 March 2016 (UTC)
 * When I look at the Indo-European etymon for antiquus, it could almost have been borrowed from that... But yeah, probably just coincidence. Btw: I've just changed the etymology in Persian عتیق, which derived it from French. (Had been around for nine years :)) Kolmiel (talk) 05:59, 8 June 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:עתיק


text:
中國內地

Proper noun

 * 1) mainland China

title: 中國內地


text: Zhōngguó dàlù

title: Zhōngguó dàlù


text:
тәүтормош

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) primitive, primordial, primeval

Noun

 * 1)  primitive society earliest type of human society; the related prehistorical epoch
 * 2) primitive
 * 1) primitive

title: тәүтормош


text:
munisipyo

Etymology
.

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) a city hall, a town hall, a municipal hall

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) a city hall, a town hall, a municipal hall

title: munisipyo


text:
ɨkɨ

Noun

 * 1) water

title: ɨkɨ


text:
munisipalidad

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) municipality

title: munisipalidad


text:
dakbayan

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) city
 * 2)  city government

title: dakbayan


text:
puhunan

Etymology
From, derived from , via. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) capital
 * 2) investment

Verb

 * 1) to capitalize; to invest

Etymology
From, derived from , via. . Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) capital
 * 2) investment
 * 1) investment

title: puhunan


text:
tindera

Etymology
Borrowed from or from.

Etymology
, or from

Etymology
, or analytically from.

Noun

 * : female storekeeper; female vendor

title: tindera


text:
tindero

Etymology
Borrowed from or from.

Noun

 * 1) storekeeper; storekeeper
 * 2) vendor

Etymology
Borrowed from, or from.

Noun

 * 1) a boy or man who works in or runs a shop; a storekeeper; a shopboy; a salesman

Etymology
, or analytically from.

Noun

 * 1) storekeeper; vendor

title: tindero


text:
ตรอก

Etymology
Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) alley; lane; back street.

title: ตรอก


text:
manindahay

Noun

 * 1) a trader, seller or merchant, especially in the retail trade

title: manindahay


text:
mamaligyaay

Noun

 * 1) trader, seller or merchant, especially in the retail trade

title: mamaligyaay


text:
tigbaligya

Noun

 * 1) someone who sells; a seller; a vendor; a salesperson

title: tigbaligya


text:
aɗú

Noun

 * 1) water

title: aɗú


text:
ɛ́d̃ù

Noun

 * 1) water

title: ɛ́d̃ù


text:
ǹzú

Noun

 * 1) water

title: ǹzú


text:
Talk:заняться

Are you sure about forms like за́нялся, за́нялось with stressed за́-? Neither Zaliznyak nor ruwikt mentions these forms. Benwing2 (talk) 09:41, 4 March 2016 (UTC)
 * This may be less grammatical but за́нялся is more common than the other two, IMO. It's hard to attest stressed forms. If it's not in dictionaries, pls label it colloquial. --Anatoli T. (обсудить/вклад) 10:03, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:заняться


text:
kapritso

Etymology
Borrowed from, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) caprice, whim

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) caprice; whim

title: kapritso


text:
jerrykanna

Noun

 * 1)  a jerry can

title: jerrykanna


text: śai

title: śai


text: jerrykannen

title: jerrykannen


text: jerrykanner

title: jerrykanner


text: jerrykannene

title: jerrykannene


text:
codepletion

Noun

 * 1)  The depletion of one substance in conjunction with the depletion of another.

title: codepletion


text:
intralaboratory

Adjective

 * 1) Within a single laboratory.

title: intralaboratory


text:
multiplace

Adjective

 * 1) Of a hyperbaric chamber: suitable for use by more than one person at a time.

Adjective

 * 1) ; multispace; multiroom

title: multiplace


text: oligogalacturonides

title: oligogalacturonides


text: palaeobiodiversity

title: palaeobiodiversity


text:
Sraffan

Adjective

 * 1) Of or relating to the Italian economist  (1898–1983), credited with founding the neo-Ricardian school of economics.

title: Sraffan


text:
biocriminological

Adjective

 * 1) Relating to biocriminology.

title: biocriminological


text:
neurocriminological

Adjective

 * 1) Relating to neurocriminology.

title: neurocriminological


text: lùkǎo

title: lùkǎo


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wel-

Root

 * 1) to see, perceive

Descendants

 * *wél-e-ti ~ *wl-én-ti

 * *wḗl-s-t ~ *wél-s-n̥t

 * *wléy-ti
 * *wley-
 * *wléy-de-ti

 * *wél-tu-s ~ *wl̥-téw-s

 * Unsorted formations:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wel-


text: traïson

title: traïson


text: Zhōngguó nèidì

title: Zhōngguó nèidì


text:
gravplass

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a cemetery, burial ground

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a cemetery, burial ground

title: gravplass


text: jiānjiào

title: jiānjiào


text: 脸照

title: 脸照


text:
臉照

Noun

 * 1) face picture; facepic

title: 臉照


text: liǎnzhào

title: liǎnzhào


text:
facepic

Noun

 * 1)  A photograph of a person's face.

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 臉照
 * Finnish: kasvokuva
 * Russian:

title: facepic


text: facepics

title: facepics


text:
合群

Adjective

 * 1) able to get on well with others; able to fit in; sociable

title: 合群


text: héqún

title: héqún


text:
บล็อก

Etymology 1
From.

Noun

 * 1)  blog.

Etymology 2
From.

Noun

 * 1)  rectangular object such as brick.
 * 2)  group of records.
 * 3)  region of code in a program that acts as a single unit.

Verb

 * 1)  to block, to prevent.

title: บล็อก


text:
nastro adesivo

Noun

 * 1) adhesive tape

title: nastro adesivo


text:
grande ammiraglio

Noun

 * 1)  admiral of the fleet (approximate equivalent)

title: grande ammiraglio


text: gravplassen

title: gravplassen


text:
geometrinen keskiarvo

Noun

 * 1) geometric mean

title: geometrinen keskiarvo


text: gravplasser

title: gravplasser


text: Category:de:Places of worship

title: Category:de:Places of worship


text: gravplassene

title: gravplassene


text: mar Adriatico

title: mar Adriatico


text:
mare Adriatico

Proper noun

 * 1) Adriatic Sea

title: mare Adriatico


text: gravplassar

title: gravplassar


text:
haichʼiid

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1) he/she/it is scratching it up or out, digging it up or out with hands, claws, or paws

Conjugation
.

Verbal stems

 * IMPERFECTIVE: -chʼiid
 * PERFECTIVE: -chʼid
 * FUTURE: -chʼił
 * ITERATIVE: -chʼiʼ
 * OPTATIVE: -chʼiid

title: haichʼiid


text: gravplassane

title: gravplassane


text:
calendario dell'avvento

Noun

 * 1) Advent calendar

title: calendario dell'avvento


text: Category:German terms suffixed with -st

title: Category:German terms suffixed with -st


text:
pubbliredazionale

Noun

 * 1) advertorial

title: pubbliredazionale


text:
จุล

Etymology
Borrowed from ; compare 🇨🇬.

Prefix

 * 1) little; small; tiny.
 * 2) inferior; minor.

title: จุล


text:
attacco aereo

Noun

 * 1) airstrike

title: attacco aereo


text:
rifugio antiaereo

Noun

 * 1) air-raid shelter

title: rifugio antiaereo


text: 中枪

title: 中枪


text:
中槍

Verb

 * 1) to get shot

title: 中槍


text: zhòngqiāng

title: zhòngqiāng


text:
navata laterale

Noun

 * 1) aisle

title: navata laterale


text:
navata centrale

Noun

 * 1) nave

title: navata centrale


text: Category:de:Asterales order plants

title: Category:de:Asterales order plants


text:
gravhaug

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  a burial mound, tumulus

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  a burial mound, tumulus

title: gravhaug


text:
ผู้ช่วยศาสตราจารย์

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  assistant professor.

title: ผู้ช่วยศาสตราจารย์


text: ผศ.

title: ผศ.


text:
geometria algebrica

Noun

 * 1)  algebraic geometry

title: geometria algebrica


text:
allergicamente

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) allergically

title: allergicamente


text:
รองศาสตราจารย์

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  associate professor.

title: รองศาสตราจารย์


text:
รศ.

Usage notes

 * Not to be confused with

title: รศ.


text: rén'ǒu

title: rén'ǒu


text: pinza a coccodrillo

title: pinza a coccodrillo


text: yǐnbì

title: yǐnbì


text:
connettore a coccodrillo

Noun

 * 1) crocodile clip

title: connettore a coccodrillo


text: meïsme

title: meïsme


text:
latte di mandorla

Noun

 * 1) almond milk

title: latte di mandorla


text:
associate professor

Noun

 * 1)  A teacher in a higher education institution who ranks above an assistant professor and below a professor.

Translations

 * Afrikaans: medeprofessor
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Dutch: universitair hoofddocent
 * Finnish: apulaisprofessori
 * French:
 * Greek:
 * Hungarian:
 * Indonesian: lektor kepala
 * Japanese: 准教授
 * Malay: profesor madya
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: førsteamanuensis
 * Polish: ,
 * Romanian: profesor asociat
 * Thai: รองศาสตราจารย์
 * Vietnamese: phó giáo sư

title: associate professor


text:
ambra grigia

Noun

 * 1) ambergris

title: ambra grigia


text:
sogno americano

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) American Dream

title: sogno americano


text:
ดอกเตอร์

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  doctor: person holding a doctor's degree.

Usage notes
Often used as title, as "ดอกเตอร์เอ" (literally "Doctor A") or "ผู้ช่วยศาสตราจารย์ ดอกเตอร์บี" (literally "Assistant Professor, Doctor B").

title: ดอกเตอร์


text: ดร.

title: ดร.


text:
gheppio americano

Noun

 * 1) American kestrel

title: gheppio americano


text: gravhaugen

title: gravhaugen


text:
modulazione di ampiezza

Noun

 * 1) amplitude modulation

title: modulazione di ampiezza


text:
ดุษฎีบัณฑิต

Etymology
From 🇰🇲.

Noun

 * 1)  doctor: person holding a doctor's degree.

Usage notes

 * A person holding a doctor's degree may use as his title. The present term is never used as title.

title: ดุษฎีบัณฑิต


text: gravhauger

title: gravhauger


text:
prolungamento analitico

Noun

 * 1)  analytic continuation

title: prolungamento analitico


text:
geometria analitica

Noun

 * 1)  analytic geometry

title: geometria analitica


text: gravhaugene

title: gravhaugene


text:
Rückruf

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  recall, callback
 * 2)  callback

title: Rückruf


text: gravhaugar

title: gravhaugar


text: gravhaugane

title: gravhaugane


text: antica Roma

title: antica Roma


text:
Roma antica

Proper noun

 * 1) Ancient Rome

title: Roma antica


text:
e così via

Phrase

 * 1) and so on, and so forth

title: e così via


text:
มหาบัณฑิต

Etymology
From 🇰🇲.

Noun

 * 1)  great scholar; prominent scholar.
 * 2)  master: person holding a master's degree.

title: มหาบัณฑิต


text:
squalo angelo

Noun

 * 1) angel shark

title: squalo angelo


text:
บัณฑิต

Etymology
From or. Cognate with 🇨🇬,, ; 🇨🇬, , ; Modern 🇨🇬; 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) scholar; learned man; wise man.
 * 2) * 1831, “โคลงโลกนิติ”, in :
 * 3)  bachelor: person holding a bachelor's degree.
 * 4)  graduate.
 * 1)  graduate.

title: บัณฑิต


text:
parentesi angolare

Noun

 * 1)  angle bracket

title: parentesi angolare


text:
parentesi angolata

Noun

 * 1) angle bracket

title: parentesi angolata


text: armeüre

title: armeüre


text:
pesca con la lenza

Noun

 * 1) angling

title: pesca con la lenza


text:
wegziehen

Verb

 * 1)  to pull away
 * 2)  to move, to move away
 * 3)  to migrate (of birds)
 * 1)  to migrate (of birds)

title: wegziehen


text:
pesca con la mosca

Noun

 * 1) fly fishing

title: pesca con la mosca


text:
เนติบัณฑิต

Etymology
From 🇰🇲. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  barrister: lawyer who is a member of a bar association.

title: เนติบัณฑิต


text:
gravstein

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a gravestone, headstone

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a gravestone, headstone

title: gravstein


text: vesteüre

title: vesteüre


text:
sætande

Etymology
Present participle of.

Adjective

 * 1) reliable, trustworthy

title: sætande


text: gravsteinen

title: gravsteinen


text:
User:BAICAN XXX/semi-

semi-

semiaderent semiagnostic semianalfabet semianalfabetă semianarhist semiarbust semiarhaic semiarid semiarticulație semiartizanat semiautomat semiautomatic semiauxiliar semiaxă semibarieră semibursier semibursieră semic semicalc semicarbonizare semicentenar semicentral semicerc semicilindric semicilindru semicircular semicivilizat semicivilizație semiclandestin semiclandestinitate semicocs semicocsificare semicoloană semicolonial semicolonie semiconductor semiconservă semiconsoană semiconsonantă semicristal semidecomandat semideșert semidiurn semidoct semidoctism semidoctă semidreaptă semifabricat semifeudal semifin semifinalist semifinalistă semifinală semifinisat semifinit semifluid semifond semifondist semifondistă semigreu semiindustrializa semiindustrializare semiindustrializat semiinternat semilaminat semiliber semilichid semilunar semilună semimat semimetal semimetalic semimijlociu semimuscă seminal seminar seminar pedagogic seminarial seminarist seminaristic seminariza seminarizare semincer semincioară seminomad seminomadism seminomadă semințenie semințerie seminție semințiș semiobscur semiobscuritate semioficial semiolog semiologic semiologie semiologă semiopac semiopacitate semioptic semiotic semiotică semiparazit semiparazitism semipermeabil semipermeabilitate semiplan semiporțelan semipreparat semiprodus semirecital semirelief semiremorcă semirigid semisferic semisolid semison semispațiu semistabulație semit semitic semitism semitolog semitologic semitologie semitologă semiton semitort semitransparent semitârâtor semită semiuncială semiurban semiuscat semiușor semivelin semivocalic semivocală semivoltă semivowel semizeu semiînchis semiîntuneric semiînălțime semn

title: User:BAICAN XXX/semi-


text: Template:de-decl-unßer

title: Template:de-decl-unßer


text: gravsteiner

title: gravsteiner


text: gravsteinene

title: gravsteinene


text: gravsteinar

title: gravsteinar


text: gravsteinane

title: gravsteinane


text:
Calafóirn

Etymology
Borrowed from, from.

title: Calafóirn


text:
bobil

Noun

 * 1) enemy, rival

Etymology
From, similar to German.

Noun

 * 1) a camper (camper van), motor home, motor caravan

title: bobil


text:
motor caravan

Noun

 * 1) A motorised caravan; camper, motor home, recreational vehicle

title: motor caravan


text:
Talk:lorry

Sizes?
I'm new to the Wiktionary. Is it custom to put some links to e.g. names of other words referring to sizes of vehicles? Like passenger cars, van, lorry, truck, and e.g. I can't remember the name of these super long trucks you e.g. see in Australia with 3 trailers behind them? It would help people looking for the correct words, like me a non-native english speaker. Ow, I just find out on the page van, they do put a phrase so people can get to related words describing the size of vehicles: " A (covered) vehicle used for carrying goods or people, usually roughly cuboid in shape, longer and higher than a car but smaller than a truck."

Thy. --SvenAERTS (talk) 14:23, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

 * , you can add a ===See also== section. — Ungoliant (falai) 16:05, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:lorry


text: bobilen

title: bobilen


text: bobiler

title: bobiler


text: bobilene

title: bobilene


text:
aik-

Etymology
From (whence also 🇨🇬), from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, etc.

Verb

 * 1) to know, recognize

Etymology
From (whence also 🇨🇬), from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, etc.

Verb

 * 1) to know, recognize

title: aik-


text:
𪜁

Related characters

 * (Orthodox form in modern usage)

Glyph origin
recorded in 《殷周金文集成》 published by the.

title: 𪜁


text: Category:Terms derived from other languages by language


text:
разламывать

Etymology
From or from.

Verb

 * 1) to break apart, to break into pieces
 * 2) to destroy
 * 3)  to ache severely
 * 1)  to ache severely
 * 1)  to ache severely

title: разламывать


text:
tmāṃ

Etymology
Compare 🇨🇬.

Numeral

 * 1)  ten thousand

title: tmāṃ


text: diritti animali

title: diritti animali


text:
diritti degli animali

Noun

 * 1) animal rights

title: diritti degli animali


text:
antisetticamente

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) antiseptically

title: antisetticamente


text: nè capo nè coda

title: nè capo nè coda


text:
alfabeto arabo

Noun

 * 1) Arabic alphabet, Arabic script

title: alfabeto arabo


text:
deçoite

Noun

 * 1) deceit; deception

title: deçoite


text:
lepre artica

Noun

 * 1) arctic hare

title: lepre artica


text:
costare un occhio della testa

Etymology
lit. 'to cost an eye of the head'. Compare 🇨🇬.

title: costare un occhio della testa


text:
RSS Armena

Proper noun

 * 1) Armenian SSR

title: RSS Armena


text:
sfera armillare

Noun

 * 1) armillary sphere

title: sfera armillare


text:
autobus articolato

Noun

 * 1) bendy bus

title: autobus articolato


text:
вешание

Noun

 * 1) hanging (action)

title: вешание


text:
per quanto si sa

Adverb

 * 1) as far as one knows

title: per quanto si sa


text:
semicerc

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) semicircle

title: semicerc


text:
упадочный

Adjective

 * 1) depressive, declining

title: упадочный


text: fascia degli asteroidi

title: fascia degli asteroidi


text:
cintura asteroidale

Noun

 * 1)  asteroid belt

title: cintura asteroidale


text: Template:cite-meta

title: Template:cite-meta


text:
atonalmente

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) atonally

title: atonalmente


text:
Austria-Ungheria

Proper noun

 * 1) Austria-Hungary

title: Austria-Ungheria


text:
sauveor

Etymology

 * equivalent to,.

Noun

 * 1) savior

Usage notes

 * Usually refers to Jesus Christ in a Christian context

title: sauveor


text: Template:cite-meta/documentation

title: Template:cite-meta/documentation


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Tocharian/procer

Etymology
Ultimately from.

Noun

 * 1) brother

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Tocharian/procer


text:
Lago Averno

Proper noun

 * 1) Lake Avernus

title: Lago Averno


text:
asse di simmetria

Noun

 * 1) axis of symmetry

title: asse di simmetria


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Tocharian/óktä

Etymology
From.

Numeral

 * 1) eight

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Tocharian/óktä


text:
ราชินี

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) (พระ~) queen:
 * 2) female monarch;
 * 3) wife or widow of king;
 * 4) woman, or something personified as woman, that is foremost or preeminent in any respect.
 * 5)  fertile female ant, bee, termite, or wasp.
 * 1)  fertile female ant, bee, termite, or wasp.

title: ราชินี


text:
lingua blu

Noun

 * 1) bluetongue

title: lingua blu


text: Category:Hebrew terms belonging to the root ע־ת־ק


text:
co-owner

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) Someone who owns something together with one or more other people.

Translations

 * Danish: medejer
 * Finnish: osaomistaja
 * French:
 * German: ,
 * Greek:
 * Italian:, comproprietaria, contitolare
 * Manx: co-hellooder
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: medeier
 * Nynorsk: medeigar
 * Polish:, współwłaścicielka
 * Portuguese: coproprietário, coproprietária
 * Russian: ,
 * Spanish: copropietario, copropietaria
 * Swedish:, medägare, samägare
 * Tagalog: kamay-ari
 * Ukrainian: співвла́сник, співвла́сниця

title: co-owner


text:
𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌

Etymology
From, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Preposition

 * 1) around, with

title: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌


text:
𐬀𐬊𐬚𐬭𐬀

Noun

 * 1) shoe

title: 𐬀𐬊𐬚𐬭𐬀


text:
Reconstruction talk:Proto-Germanic/farō

Etymology
This is probably actually derived from the lost verb, being an oxytonic o-grade ō-stem, similar to ,. The equivalent formation derived from would be, where the lengthened grade acts as a secondary o-grade. Anglom (talk) 16:35, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Reconstruction talk:Proto-Germanic/farō


text:
medeier

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a co-owner, joint owner

title: medeier


text:
bulgnais

Etymology

 * compare 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) ; of, from or relating to

Noun

 * 1) a person from

title: bulgnais


text:
User:DCDuring/Phrases using "time''

at

 * at time
 * at times
 * at a time
 * at the time
 * at the times
 * at any time
 * at any times
 * at all times
 * at no time
 * at each time
 * at some time
 * at some times
 * at every time
 * at one time
 * at one's time
 * at one's times
 * at one's own time
 * at this time - deixis
 * at that time - deixis
 * at these times - deixis
 * at those times - deixis
 * at many times
 * at one's time of life
 * at another time
 * at other times
 * at both times
 * at such time
 * at such times
 * at various times

title: User:DCDuring/Phrases using "time''


text:
อายุวัฒนะ

Etymology
From +.

Noun

 * 1)  elixir of life.

title: อายุวัฒนะ


text: Category:th:Alchemy

title: Category:th:Alchemy


text:
รสายนเวท

Etymology
From +.

Noun

 * 1) alchemy.

title: รสายนเวท


text:
bulgnaiṡ

Alternative forms

 * , today considered incorrect

Etymology

 * compare 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) ; of, from or relating to

Noun

 * 1) a person from

title: bulgnaiṡ


text:
טשיקאַווע

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) curious inquisitive
 * 2) interesting, curious

title: טשיקאַווע


text:
right quick

Adverb

 * I’m just gonna run to the store right quick.
 * Could you help me right quick?
 * Could you help me right quick?

title: right quick


text: bulgnaisa

title: bulgnaisa


text:
טשיקאַוועס

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) curiosity

title: טשיקאַוועס


text: bulgnaiṡa

title: bulgnaiṡa


text: bulgnaisi

title: bulgnaisi


text: bulgnaiṡi

title: bulgnaiṡi


text: Category:Emilian adjective forms

title: Category:Emilian adjective forms


text: medeieren

title: medeieren


text: beneïson

title: beneïson


text:
ਜੁੱਤੀ

Etymology
From, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) shoe

title: ਜੁੱਤੀ


text: medeiere

title: medeiere


text: medeierne

title: medeierne


text: beneïstre

title: beneïstre


text: Category:Glosa language

title: Category:Glosa language


text: Category:ro:Shapes

title: Category:ro:Shapes


text:
Appendix:Glosa/mi

Pronoun

 * 1) I, me

title: Appendix:Glosa/mi


text: Category:Glosa lemmas

title: Category:Glosa lemmas


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Tocharian/käntwo

Etymology
From, hence supposedly from earlier. However, as Tocharian is commonly thought to have split off of the Indo-European trunk right after Anatolian (where the root isn't attested), the original order of the consonants is arguably indeterminate.

Noun

 * 1) tongue
 * 2) language

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Tocharian/käntwo


text:
Appendix:Glosa/u

Article

 * 1) the
 * 2) a

title: Appendix:Glosa/u


text: מילכיגער

title: מילכיגער


text:
hernari

Etymology 1
From. Compare,.

Noun

 * 1) pea soup

Etymology 2
From. Compare,.

Noun

 * 1) peashooter

title: hernari


text: desjeüner

title: desjeüner


text: Category:Proto-Tocharian lemmas

title: Category:Proto-Tocharian lemmas


text: Category:Proto-Tocharian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European


text: Category:Proto-Tocharian terms derived from Indo-European languages


text: Category:Proto-Tocharian terms derived from other languages


text: Category:Proto-Tocharian terms by etymology


text: Category:Proto-Tocharian nouns

title: Category:Proto-Tocharian nouns


text: Category:Proto-Tocharian numerals

title: Category:Proto-Tocharian numerals


text:
Module:auto cat

local m_str_utils = require("Module:string utilities")

local concat = table.concat local insert = table.insert local split = m_str_utils.split local trim = m_str_utils.trim

local export = {}

-- Used in multiple places; create a variable for ease in testing. local poscatboiler_template = "poscatboiler"

local function split_label_lang(titleObject) local getByCanonicalName = require("Module:languages").getByCanonicalName local canonicalName local lang -- Progressively add another word to the potential canonical name until it -- matches an actual canonical name. local words = split(titleObject.text, " ", true) for i = #words - 1, 1, -1 do		canonicalName = concat(words, " ", 1, i)		lang = getByCanonicalName(canonicalName) if lang then break end end local label = lang and titleObject.text:sub(#canonicalName + 2) or titleObject.text return label, lang end

--[==[ Copy the arguments in `source` to those in `receiver`, offsetting numeric arguments by `offset`.

Handlers that invoke poscatboiler use this to pass user-specified arguments to poscatboiler along with arguments specifying the category and its type. Specifically, poscatboiler requires arguments specified in 1= (the language name embedded in the category), 2= (the category name minus the language name and any suffixed script), 3= (the script code of categories of the form Category:Pali nouns in Devanagari script) and raw= (true for raw categories). User-specified numeric parameters are passed in 4= and above hence `offset` will normally be 3. ]==] function export.copy_args(receiver, source, offset) for k, v in pairs(source) do		if type(k) == "number" then receiver[k + offset] = v		else receiver[k] = v		end end return receiver end

-- List of handler functions that try to match the page name. A handler should return a table of template title plus -- arguments to be passed to frame:expandTemplate. If a handler does not recognize the page name, it should return -- nil. Note that the order of functions matters!

local handlers = {}

-- ws topic cat insert(handlers, function(titleObject)	if not titleObject.text:find("^Thesaurus:[a-z-]+:.") then		return nil	end	local code, label = titleObject.text:match("^Thesaurus:([a-z-]+):(.+)$")	return {title = "ws topic cat", args = {code, label}} end)

-- Topical categories insert(handlers, function(titleObject)	if not titleObject.text:find("^[a-z-]+:.") then		return nil	end	local code, label = titleObject.text:match("^([a-z-]+):(.+)$")	return {title = "topic cat", args = {code, label}} end)

-- Fancy version of ine (if-not-empty). Converts empty string to nil, but also strips leading/trailing space. function export.ine(arg) if not arg then return nil end arg = trim(arg) if arg == "" then return nil end return arg end

-- Dialect categories e.g. for Category:New Zealand English or Category:Issime Walser insert(handlers, function(titleObject, args)	if export.ine(args.dialect) then		local args = export.copy_args({nil, titleObject.text}, args, 3)		args.raw = true		return {			title = poscatboiler_template,			args = args,		}, true	end end)

-- poscatboiler lang-specific insert(handlers, function(titleObject, args)	local label, lang = split_label_lang(titleObject)	if lang then		local baseLabel, script = label:match("(.+) in (.-) script$")		if script and baseLabel ~= "terms" then			local scriptObj = require("Module:scripts").getByCanonicalName(script)			if scriptObj then				return {title = poscatboiler_template, args =					export.copy_args({lang:getCode, baseLabel, scriptObj:getCode}, args, 3)}, true			end		end		return {title = poscatboiler_template, args = export.copy_args({lang:getCode, label}, args, 3)}, true	end end)

-- poscatboiler umbrella category insert(handlers, function(titleObject, args)	local label = titleObject.text:match("(.+) by language$")	if label then		return {			title = poscatboiler_template,			-- The poscatboiler code will appropriately lowercase if needed.			args = export.copy_args({nil, label}, args, 3)		}, true	end end)

-- ws topic cat insert(handlers, function(titleObject)	if not titleObject.text:find("^Thesaurus:") then		return nil	end

return {title = "ws topic cat", args = {nil, string.sub(titleObject.text, 11)}} end)

-- topic cat insert(handlers, function(titleObject)	return {title = "topic cat", args = {nil, titleObject.text}} end)

-- poscatboiler raw handlers insert(handlers, function(titleObject, args)	local args = export.copy_args({nil, titleObject.text}, args, 3)	args.raw = true	return {		title = poscatboiler_template,		args = args,	}, true end)

-- poscatboiler umbrella handlers without 'by language' insert(handlers, function(titleObject, args)	local args = export.copy_args({nil, titleObject.text}, args, 3)	return {		title = poscatboiler_template,		args = args,	}, true end)

function export.show(frame) local args = frame:getParent.args local titleObject = mw.title.getCurrentTitle if titleObject.nsText == "Template" then return "(This template should be used on pages in the Category: namespace.)" elseif titleObject.nsText ~= "Category" then error("This template/module can only be used on pages in the Category: namespace.") end

local function extra_args_error(templateObject) local numargstext = {} local argstext = {} local maxargnum = 0 for k, v in pairs(templateObject.args) do			if type(v) == "number" and v > maxargnum then maxargnum = v			else insert(numargstext, "|" .. k .. "=" .. v)			end end for i = 1, maxargnum do			local v = templateObject.args[i] if v == nil then v = "(nil)" elseif v == true then v = "(true)" elseif v == false then v = "(false)" end insert(argstext, "|" .. v)		end error("Extra arguments to not allowed for this category (recognized as ")	end

local first_error_templateObject, first_error_args_handled, first_error_cattext

-- Go through each handler in turn. If a handler doesn't recognize the format of the -- category, it will return nil, and we will consider the next handler. Otherwise, -- it returns a template name and arguments to call it with, but even then, that template -- might return an error, and we need to consider the next handler. This happens, -- for example, with the category "CAT:Mato Grosso, Brazil", where "Mato" is the name of	-- a language, so the handler for fires and tries to find a label -- "Grosso, Brazil". This throws an error, and previously, this blocked fruther handler -- consideration, but now we check for the error and continue checking handlers; -- eventually, will fire and correctly handle the category. for _, handler in ipairs(handlers) do		local templateObject, args_handled = handler(titleObject, args) if templateObject then require("Module:debug").track("auto cat/" .. templateObject.title) local cattext = frame:expandTemplate(templateObject) -- FIXME! We check for specific text found in most or all error messages generated -- by category tree templates (in particular, the second piece of text below should be			-- in all error messages generated when a given module doesn't recognize a category name). -- If this text ever changes in the source modules (e.g. Module:category tree,			-- it needs to be changed here as well.) if cattext:find("Category:Categories that are not defined in the category tree") or				cattext:find("The automatically%-generated contents of this category has errors") then if not first_error_cattext then first_error_templateObject = templateObject first_error_args_handled = args_handled first_error_cattext = cattext end else if not args_handled and next(args) then extra_args_error(templateObject) end return cattext end end end if first_error_cattext then if not first_error_args_handled and next(args) then extra_args_error(first_error_templateObject) end return first_error_cattext end error(" couldn't recognize format of category name") end

-- test function for injecting title string function export.test(title) local args = {} if type(title) == "table" then if type(title.args[1]) == "string" then args = title.args else args = title:getParent.args end title = args[1] end local titleObject = {} titleObject.text = title for _, handler in ipairs(handlers) do		local t = handler(titleObject, args) if t then return t.title end end end

-- use ExpandTemplates to "transclude" this on any Category: namespace page function export.testTransclusion(frame) local args = frame.args local title = args[1] local titleObject = {} titleObject.text = title for _, handler in ipairs(handlers) do		local t = handler(titleObject, {}) if t then return frame:expandTemplate(t) end end end

return export

title: Module:auto cat


text: Template:auto cat

title: Template:auto cat


text:
Template:auto cat/documentation

This template is used on category pages to automatically add a category boilerplate template. It deciphers the category name and transcludes the correct template with the correct parameters.

No parameters are needed in most cases. A few categories have optional or required parameters to help out the categorization; see below.

'''Most categories are handled by the poscatboiler system. See Module:category tree/poscatboiler/data/documentation for more information.'''

Most categories have an Edit category data button in the upper right that takes you directly to the module that implements the category.

To more easily add this template, place js in your common.js. This will add buttons directly below the first heading. Click them to add the template and save, or add the template and preview.

This template currently recognises categories that use the following templates:

Note that there used to be many more templates listed. All of the categories handled by those templates are now handled by the poscatboiler system. See Module:category tree/poscatboiler/data/documentation for more information. See also specific subpages for examples of the handlers that implement many of those pages, e.g. Module:category tree/poscatboiler/data/terms by etymology.

Parameters
Some categories allow or require parameters to to help out categorization.

Affix categories
These are categories are categories such as Category:Latin terms suffixed with -inus and Category:Japanese terms prefixed with 真っ. The types of affixes currently recognized are prefix, suffix, infix, interfix, circumfix and transfix. For these categories, the following parameters are allowed (none are required):

 * alt
 * The affix with diacritics. Only needed for languages with extra diacritics in their headwords (e.g. Latin, Russian, Arabic and Old English), and only if those diacritics are present. For example, for Category:Latin terms suffixed with -inus, specify so that the suffix in the category description, and the breadcrumb at the top of the page, are displayed as, with a macron.

 * sort
 * The sort key. Mostly only needed for Japanese. For example, for Category:Japanese terms prefixed with 真っ, use so that the page is properly sorted in its parent category Category:Japanese terms by prefix.

 * tr
 * Manual transliteration. Occasionally needed for non-Latin-script languages if the automatic transliteration is incorrect or if the language doesn't have automatic transliteration (e.g. Persian and Hebrew).

 * sc
 * Script code. Almost never needed.

Language categories
These are categories such as Category:French language and Category:Proto-Indo-European language. These are the root categories for the various languages represented in Wiktionary. These categories have required parameters specifying the country or countries where the language is spoken, as well as additional optional parameters:

 * 1, 2, 3, ...
 * The country or countries where the language is spoken. See Category:Languages by country and its subcategories. Make sure to include the word  if warranted, e.g.   or  . At least one country is required unless the language is reconstructed (e.g. Proto-Indo-European) or constructed/artificial (e.g. Esperanto). If the country is truly unknown, use the value.

 * 1
 * Specify that this language is extinct (no longer spoken).

 * setwiki
 * The name of the Wikipedia article about the language to link to. If omitted, the Wikipedia article in the language's wikidata entry or the language's category name will be used (e.g. ). Specify - to show no Wikipedia article link. Preferably, the wikidata entry for the language should be added to the language's data file rather than specified manually in this template.

 * setwikt
 * The code of the language's Wiktionary edition. If omitted, the Wiktionary language code for the language will be used. Specify - to show no Wiktionary edition link.

 * setsister
 * The name of the category on Wikimedia Commons with files related to the language. If omitted, the category name will be used (e.g. ). Specify - to show no Commons category link.

 * entryname
 * The English term on this Wiktionary to link to. If omitted, the canonical name of the language will be used (e.g. ). Specify - to show no entry link.

Dialect categories
These are categories are categories that refer to regional, temporal and sociolectal varieties of languages such as Category:Latin American Spanish (regional), Category:Early Modern English (temporal) and Category:Classical Persian (sociolectal), including those that don't have the containing language in their name (e.g. Category:Provençal and Category:Dari) or have only part of the containing language in their name (e.g. Category:Walser German, which is a variety of the Alemannic German language and not a variety of German). Because of the diversity of naming conventions, auto cat won't recognize or process such categories unless 1 is given. If no parameters other than 1 are given, auto cat will attempt to infer all the relevant parameters, but most of the time additional parameters need to be given, at the very least 1 specifying the region or time period of the variety in question and often cat specifying the parent category. The following parameters are recognized:

 * 1
 * Must be specified for auto cat to process the category.

 * 1
 * English description of the location where the variety is spoken (for regional varieties), the time period where the variety was spoken (for temporal varieties) or the of the variety (for sociolectal varieties). The text normally appears after the words "Terms or senses in LANGUAGE as spoken in", although both the verb ("spoken") and the preposition ("in") can be customized. Normally, the description will be linked using en; use 1 to disable this (see below). If the description names a country (or in some cases a sub-country entity such as California), and a category named   exists, the variety will automatically be categorized into this category. You can override the country or countries of the variety using country. If omitted, the default description is inferred from the variety name by subtracting the containing language (see cat and lang below). For example, for Category:Texas German, the containing language will be inferred as 'German', and after subtracting this, the default description becomes  . In some cases, this will be wrong, especially if the location is named in the variety using the adjectival form of the location, and the description must be given explicitly. For example, Category:Puerto Rican Spanish will result in a default description   when it should be  . If it's not possible to match the containing language in the variety name, 1 must be specified or an error results (unless def or fulldef are given; see below).
 * If the description contains the string, the countries in country will be substituted, comma-separated with "and" before the last one. See the examples below for an example of this.

 * cat
 * The parent category. This is the first containing category listed at the bottom of the page and determines the trail of breadcrumbs displayed at the top of the page. This should be used to express containment relationships of regional and temporal varieties. For example, Category:Durham University English has Category:Durham English as its parent, which in turn has Category:Northumbrian English as its parent, which in turn has Category:Northern England English as its parent, etc. If the parent category is omitted, the default depends on the containing language, according to the following algorithm:
 * The containing language is normally inferred from the variety's name by looking for the longest matching language suffix. This means, for example, that Category:Kentish Middle English will have 'Middle English' as its containing language, not merely 'English'. The containing language can be an etymology-only language; e.g. Category:Southern Brazilian Portuguese has 'Brazilian Portuguese' (code ) as its containing language. It is also possible for the variety itself to be an etymology-only language (e.g. Category:Brazilian Portuguese or Category:Provençal). In this case, the containing language is that same etymology-only language; but these categories are treated specially. The containing language can also be manually set using lang; this is necessary when it cannot be inferred from the name (e.g. Category:Issime Walser is a variety of etymology-only language Category:Walser German, but this language cannot be inferred because only part of its canonical name is found in the variety's name).
 * If the containing language is an etymology-only language, the default parent category is simply the containing language's category, which has the same name as the containing language (e.g. Category:Southern Brazilian Portuguese has Category:Brazilian Portuguese as its default parent).
 * If the containing language is a full language (i.e. not an etymology-only language), the default is normally named, e.g. Category:Regional English for Category:European English. However, if 1 is set (to indicate a non-regional variety), the default will be named  , e.g. Category:Early Modern English should set 1 and will have Category:English language as its parent.
 * If the variety is an etymology-only language, its default parent category will be based on the language's parent, using the above algorithm. For example, Brazilian Portuguese is an etymology-only language (code ) whose parent language is the full language Portuguese (code  ), and the default parent category of Category:Brazilian Portuguese will be Category:Regional Portuguese. (It is also possible for etymology-only languages to have other etymology-only languages as their parent; e.g. Contemporary Latin (code  ) has etymology-only language New Latin (code  ) as its parent, so the default parent category of Category:Contemporary Latin will be Category:New Latin.)
 * NOTE: This category needs to be one that is handled internally using the "raw category" subsystem of the poscatboiler system (see Module:category tree/poscatboiler/data/documentation). In particular, this means it cannot be a language category (such as Category:Mandarin lemmas), an umbrella category (such as Category:Nouns by language) or a topic category (such as Category:en:Universities). If this limitation is problematic, please contact User:Benwing2.

 * lang
 * Override the containing language. See cat above for more details. The containing language determines the default parent category (see above) and the default breadcrumb (see below). Note that if the variety directly names an etymology-only language, lang will automatically be inferred to be that language, and the corresponding language code(s) will be shown as part of the "additional" text following the category description.

 * breadcrumb
 * Override the default breadcrumb displayed for the variety in the trail of breadcrumbs displayed at the top of the page. The default breadcrumb is normally the portion of the variety's name minus the containing language suffix. For example, Category:Southern Brazilian Portuguese has containing language 'Brazilian Portuguese' and hence will have default breadcrumb . If the containing language cannot be matched in the variety's name, the code will try matching any parent languages of the containing language. For example, Category:Bahian Portuguese is a subvariety of Brazilian Portuguese; if pt-BR is given to set the containing language appropriately, the name 'Brazilian Portuguese' is not a suffix of 'Bahian Portuguese', but its parent language Portuguese is, so the default breadcrumb will be  . If neither the containing language nor any parent language matches, the breadcrumb is based on the entire variety (e.g. for varieties like Category:Provençal).

 * noreg
 * Indicate that this variety is not a regional variety. This is only necessary when cat isn't explicitly given, as its only purpose is to control the default parent category. See cat for more information.

 * nolink
 * Don't automatically link the description in 1 using en. This should be specified if 1 contains a description such as  that is not a Wiktionary entry, and does not have any links in it (either bare or specified using l, w or the like). (If the value of 1 has bare links in it, the effect of wrapping with en is simply to convert those bare links into links pointing to the English section of the page in question, which is generally correct.)

 * verb
 * Override the verb "spoken" that normally appears in the category's description. Example values are  for an extinct variety;   for a variety mostly spoken in the location specified in 1 but also spoken elsewhere;   for a written-only variety; etc.

 * prep
 * Override the preposition "in" that normally appears in the category's description. Example values are  if the location in 1 is an island;   if 1 specifies a group of people speaking the language (e.g. s); etc. Use   to suppress the preposition (e.g. Category:Overseas Chinese sets outside of China and Taiwan and -).

 * def
 * Override the whole description following the words "Terms or senses in". The final period should not be included.

 * fulldef
 * Override the entire description. The final period should not be included.

 * addl
 * Specify additional text to display after the "Terms or senses in ..." category description, and before any category TOC (table of contents) bar. If this is given, include the final period. Note that if the variety directly names an etymology-only language, the additional text will automatically include the language code(s) of this etymology-only language. In such a case, any text specified using addl will follow this auto-added text.

 * othercat
 * Any additional category or categories to place the variety in. Separate multiple categories with a comma, without a following space (if a space follows the comma, it will not be considered a delimiter; this allows for embedded commas in categories, which are nearly always followed by a space). Unlike the value in cat, there are no restrictions on what sort of categories can be specified here.

 * country
 * Override the country or countries where the variety is spoken. See 1 above. Separate multiple countries with a comma without a following space, as with othercat. The purpose of this parameter is to add the variety to additional categories named, so that such categories will be populated with all varieties spoken in the country. If the   category does not already exist, the variety will not be added to it. As mentioned in 1 above, if 1 names a country and a corresponding   category exists, the variety will automatically be added to it, so country does not need to be specified. As a rule, do not specify country for sub-country varieties. For example, Category:Texas English should not have the United States specified, since Category:Texas English is a subcategory of Category:American English, which is in Category:Languages of the United States. An exception is when a language is spoken in only a portion of a country. For example, Category:Texas Silesian should have the United States specified because there is no variety named Category:American Silesian (Silesian is not normally spoken in the United States except in Texas).

 * wp
 * Wikipedia link to include on the variety's page. This can be a single Wikipedia page or a comma-separated list of such pages (without any space after the comma; if a space follows the comma, it will not be considered a delimiter, to allow for embedded commas in Wikipedia page names). A given Wikipedia page can be prefixed with a language code to link to a page in a non-English Wikipedia. For example, Category:Japanese Korean specifies Zainichi Korean language,ko:재일조선어 to link to the page on the English Wikipedia as well as the page  on the Korean Wikipedia. If the value of a Wikipedia page is ,  ,  ,  ,   or similar, the Wikipedia page will be taken from the variety name. Note that if the variety names an etymology-only language (e.g. Category:Provençal or Category:Brazilian Portuguese), the correct Wikipedia article for this variety will automatically be fetched based on the relevant Wikidata entry and added to the category page. To prevent this, specify an explicit value for wp; use  ,  ,  ,  ,   or similar if you don't want any Wikipedia page displayed.

 * type
 * Specify the type of variety (, ,  ,   or  ). Extinct varieties are categorized into Category:All extinct languages. Reconstructed varieties are categorized into Category:Reconstructed languages. Unattested varieties are categorized into Category:Unattested languages. Constructed varieties are categorized into Category:Constructed languages. In all cases an "additional text" message is placed indicating that the variety is (respectively) extinct, reconstructed, unattested or constructed. If the type is not given, it is inferred based on various factors (the type of the parent category, the type of the language that the variety belongs to, and whether the name of the category or language begins with "Proto-"). If no type can be inferred, it defaults to.

 * pagename
 * Act as if the pagename is the specified value rather than its actual value. Any inferred parameters will be based off of the specified value. This is useful for testing and demonstration purposes (e.g. in documentation pages).

Examples
1. For Category:Hong Kong English, use:

Here, 1 does not need to be specified because the inferred description "Hong Kong" is correct. The language is automatically inferred as English (and in any case, this is an etymology-only language with code, from which the language can be inferred). The parent category is set to Category:Chinese English in place of the default Category:Regional English.

2. For Category:Durham University English, use:

Here, we specify the region description in 1 but the language is automatically inferred as English. The parent category is set to Category:Durham English in place of the default Category:Regional English (which leads to a breadcrumb chain Regional » European » British » English » Northern England » Northumbrian » Durham » Durham University based on parent categories). Category:en:Universities is added as an additional parent category.

3. For Category:Limburgan-Ripuarian transitional dialects, use:

This is a more complex example. We have to set the language (Central Franconian) explicitly using lang because it is not inferrable from the name and the category does not refer to an etymology-only language. The description in 1 contains, which substitutes the countries mentioned in country (which also cause the category to be added to Category:Languages of Belgium, Category:Languages of the Netherlands and Category:Languages of Germany. We also specify a parent category and Wikipedia page to link to.

4. For Category:Dobhashi, use:

Here, we have to set the language (Bengali), and we override the definition after "Terms or senses in" using def in place of specifying 1. Since this isn't a regional variety, we set 1 so the parent defaults to Category:Bengali language. We set extinct because this variety is extinct and this cannot be inferred from the parent (which is not extinct). We also use 1 to link to on Wikipedia.

5. For Category:The BMAC substrate, use:

Here, the language in question is an etymology-only substrate language whose actual name begins with a lowercase letter, but the dialect handler automatically takes care of the mismatch and recognizes the etymology-only language. The type is automatically inferred to be  based on it being a substrate language (this is done by checking the code; all substrate language codes begin with  ). Based on the type, the default parent is. We set a breadcrumb to override the default breadcrumb.

"Languages of COUNTRY" categories
These are categories such as Category:Languages of India and Category:Languages of the United States. These categories contain subcategories for all the languages and sublects spoken in the country in question. The following parameters are allowed (none are required):

 * flagfile
 * An image file specifying the flag of the country in question, displayed in the upper right corner of the category page. The  prefix should be omitted. An example is Flag of Afghanistan (2013–2021).svg for Afghanistan. The default is  ; if this file does not exist, no flag is displayed. Use - to cause the flag to be omitted even if the appropriate flag file is present.

 * wp
 * A link to a Wikipedia article describing the languages of the country, such as . Use + or 1 to specify that the name of the Wikipedia article is the same as the category name.

 * commonscat
 * A link to a Commons category describing the languages of the country, such as Commons:Category:Languages of Chad. Use + or 1 to specify that the name of the Commons category is the same as the category name.

User language competency categories
These are categories such as Category:User fr-4 indicating that the user speaks French at near-native competency. The following parameters are allowed (none are required):

 * text
 * The native-language text specifying a translation of the English text describing the competency of the users in the category in the language in question. An image file specifying the flag of the country in question, displayed in the upper right corner of the category page. The  prefix should be omitted. An example is Ces utilisateurs parlent <> à un niveau comparable à la langue maternelle. for the translation of "These users speak French at a near-native level." The text describing the level of competency should be boldfaced and the text specifying the language should be surrounded in double angle brackets, as shown. The language in double angle brackets will be boldfaced and linked to the higher-level user-competency category (e.g. Category:User fr); in that category, double angle bracket text is linked to the language category (e.g. Category:French language). If the text is omitted, the category is placed in two cleanup categories: Category:Requests for translations in user-competency categories by language and Category:Requests for translations in user-competency categories with  (e.g. Category:Requests for translations in user-competency categories with 16-31 users). (The purpose of the latter categories is to segment the categories with missing text by number of users so that the ones with more users can be focused on first.)

 * verb
 * The correct verb to use in the English text, in place of "speak" or (for sign languages) "communicate in". For example, protolanguages may prefer the verb "know".

 * langname
 * Override the name of the language. This is chiefly used in user competency categories for invalid language codes (e.g.  for Emiliano-Romagnol; on Wiktionary, this code is represented by two languages, Emilian with code   and Romagnol with code  ). Such categories should be actively eliminated by moving the users in them to the nearest valid Wiktionary code and then deleting the category when empty.

Spelled-with categories
These are categories such as Category:English terms spelled with É, Category:Japanese terms spelled with 愛 and Category:Ladino terms derived from the Hebrew root ח־ב־ר. Normally, what follows  is a single character, but occasionally multiple characters are used, as in Category:Ladino terms derived from the Hebrew root ח־ב־ר. For these categories, the following parameters are allowed (none are required):

 * sort
 * The sort key; used to sort the page in its parent category (e.g. Category:Japanese terms by their individual characters). Only needed if the automatically generated sort key is wrong. Examples are Category:Spanish terms spelled with Î, which should use, and Category:Japanese terms spelled with 衛, which should use . Japanese and Okinawan terms use Module:Hani-sortkey to generate the sort key, but currently this always generates Chinese sort keys, which in rare cases are wrong for Japanese (for example, the autogenerated sort key for Category:Japanese terms spelled with 衛 is  instead of  ).

 * char
 * If the category name has a descriptive word in it, such as, this should be the actual character referred to (in this case, ). Otherwise, it should be left out.

 * context, context2
 * Provided for compatibility purposes, but unused.

Japonic "terms spelled with KANJI read as READING" categories
These are categories such as Category:Japanese terms spelled with 学 read as がく and Category:Okinawan terms spelled with 光 read as ふぃちゃい. These contain terms spelled with individual kanji read in particular ways (where the reading is written in hiragana). These categories have required parameters specifying the type(s) of reading(s):

 * 1, 2, 3, ... (required)
 * The reading type(s); one or more of,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,   or  . For example, Category:Japanese terms spelled with 学 read as がく should use  and Category:Okinawan terms spelled with 光 read as ふぃちゃい should use . The particular reading type(s) can often be found on the page dedicated to the kanji in question.

Japonic "terms with KANJI replaced by daiyōji DAIYOJI" categories
These are categories such as Category:Japanese terms with 諒 replaced by daiyōji 了. These contain terms spelled with specific uncommon kanji that normally have that character replaced by another homophonic character (a daiyōji) chosen only for the sound and not the meaning. These categories have a required parameter specifying the sort key:

 * sort (required)
 * The sort key; in this case, hiragana representing the pronunciation of the character in question.

Japonic "kanji read as READING" categories
These are categories such as Category:Japanese kanji read as ゐ. These are umbrella categories grouping categories for kanji read with specific readings that have specific origins (e.g. kun, on). These categories have the following optional parameters:

 * modern
 * Specify that this is a historical reading and that such readings are normally consolidated into the modern reading (with modernized pronunciation). A message to this effect appears in the category text.

title: Template:auto cat/documentation


text:
Module:auto cat/documentation

This module implements.

title: Module:auto cat/documentation


text:
Weltjudentum

Proper noun

 * 1)  a global network of influential Jews that supposedly rules the world or aims at that

Usage notes

 * Unlike the 🇨🇬, which is used to refer collectively to Jews throughout the world, the German word is used only in the pejorative sense, certainly in contemporary usage. The word is strongly proscribed and can therefore be a source for precarious misunderstandings when being translated from English to German or vice versa.

title: Weltjudentum


text:
Appendix:Glosa/glosa

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) language

Synonyms

mg:Appendix:Glosa/glosa

title: Appendix:Glosa/glosa


text: Category:Hebrew terms belonging to the root שׁ־ע־ר


text:
itecuiyo

Noun

 * 1) ; he is his, her or its lord.

title: itecuiyo


text: Category:Hebrew terms belonging to the root שׂ־ע־ר


text:
behjelpelig

Etymology
From ; compare with 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) helpful

title: behjelpelig


text:
tliltetl

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  it is a paragraph.
 * 2)  it is a small written or printed stroke or mark placed over a letter; a tittle; tilde.
 * 1)  it is a small written or printed stroke or mark placed over a letter; a tittle; tilde.

title: tliltetl


text:
Appendix:Glosa/mo

Etymology
Influenced by.

Numeral

 * 1)  one
 * 2)   first

title: Appendix:Glosa/mo


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Tocharian/śäk

Etymology
From.

Numeral

 * 1) ten

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Tocharian/śäk


text: behjelpelige

title: behjelpelige


text:
booten

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1)  to boot

title: booten


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Kartvelian/eks₁w-

Etymology
From a descendant of, with metathesis.

Numeral

 * 1) six

Descendants

 * Zan:
 * Zan:
 * Zan:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Kartvelian/eks₁w-


text:
neliöllinen keskiarvo

Noun

 * 1) quadratic mean, root mean square

title: neliöllinen keskiarvo


text: Category:Proto-Kartvelian numerals

title: Category:Proto-Kartvelian numerals


text:
User:DCDuring/Ruggiero Superclasses

Ruggiero total = 12

 * Apicomonada - 1
 * Sporozoa - 12
 * Dinoflagellata - 4
 * Perkinsozoa - 0
 * Polycystinia - 0
 * Spasmaria - 2
 * "Angiospermae" - 7
 * "Gymnospermae" - 6
 * Actinopterygii - 200+
 * Chondrichthyes - 17
 * Sarcopterygii
 * Tetrapoda

title: User:DCDuring/Ruggiero Superclasses


text:
tehollisarvo

Noun

 * 1) quadratic mean, root mean square

title: tehollisarvo


text:
Waterpool

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) A pool of water; puddle

title: Waterpool


text:
मच्छर

Etymology
, from. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) mosquito

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) mosquito

title: मच्छर


text: 合羣

title: 合羣


text:
किसी

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * : some, a certain, a given

Pronoun

 * : anyone, someone

title: किसी


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Kartvelian/otxo-

Etymology
According to Klimov, borrowed from of which  was the dual form.

Numeral

 * 1) four

Descendants

 * Zan
 * Zan
 * Zan

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Kartvelian/otxo-


text: शीला

title: शीला


text:
आलू गोभी

Noun

 * 1) aloo gobi an Indian dish made with potato and cauliflower

title: आलू गोभी


text:
इनसानियत

Etymology
, from. . Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) humanity

title: इनसानियत


text: Vasemmistoliitto

title: Vasemmistoliitto


text:
Template:dsb-decl-pron-56

Declension of

title: Template:dsb-decl-pron-56


text:
Anglán

Noun

 * 1)  Englishman

Related terms

 * See

title: Anglán


text:
կկել

Verb

 * 1)  to doink, hump, have sex with

title: կկել


text:
Template:dsb-decl-pron-56/documentation

Usage
This template creates a declension table for Lower Sorbian animate relative and interrogative pronouns, such as, , etc.

 * 1) The first positional parameter is whatever stands before the -ogo of the genitive case, e.g.   for  (genitive ),   for  (genitive ), and so on.
 * 2) The second positional parameter, which is optional, is anything that comes after the inflection, e.g.   for  and   for.

title: Template:dsb-decl-pron-56/documentation


text:
bakaný

Adjective

 * 1)  nasty

title: bakaný


text:
Template:dsb-decl-pron-57

Declension of

title: Template:dsb-decl-pron-57


text:
Template:dsb-decl-pron-57/documentation

Usage
This template creates a declension table for Lower Sorbian inanimate relative and interrogative pronouns, such as, , etc.

 * 1) The first positional parameter is whatever stands before the -ogo of the genitive case, e.g.   for  (genitive ),   for  (genitive ), and so on.
 * 2) The second positional parameter, which is optional, is anything that comes after the inflection, e.g.   for  and   for.

title: Template:dsb-decl-pron-57/documentation


text:
Wiktionary talk:About Proto-Semitic

, just reminding you about this unfinished page... —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 20:41, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

Proposals for standardisation of Proto-Semitic
The lack of any content on this page has made it difficult to standardise entries appropriately. I have the following suggestions and questions that we should come to a consensus on, add to this page, and then add to the entries themselves.
 * 1) The "Onomastics" (and similar) sections should be removed, as they do not support the PS entries and are not allowed by WT:EL.
 * 2) All entries should have a reliable reference supporting the reconstruction (not macrocomparativist literature).
 * 3) All entries should have inherited reflexes in both West and East Semitic, or else indisputable inherited cognates in AA. If they only have reflexes in West Semitic, they may be suitable for a Proto-West Semitic entry.

And some questions:
 * 1) Do we want to include Huehnergard's proposed *x̣ (which he writes as *xʼ)?
 * 2) We currently have *-u(m) in the nominal inflection table; is there any reason we don't simply separate the construct state and absolute state in the table?
 * 3) What should the standard for verb lemmata be?

—Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 20:59, 2 August 2020 (UTC)

 * No to all.

 * 1) That you have recently found retarded irrelevant onomastics sections does not mean it is always bad. I like them (especially toponyms) sometimes on plant name entries, sometimes they do support (haven’t done this on Proto-Semitic as I remember, but on Proto-Slavic and Proto-Germanic variously, and there could be a standard for it).
 * 2) Bad reconstructions generally come from people adding things because they have found them in references rather than from assessing in how much they would themselves posit the reconstruction in question – isn’t that your preponderant observation, too? Naturally I disagree because I have many agreeable Proto-Semitic and other proto-entries without references, just stumbling upon the need to have an entry centralizing cognates, and assessing the probability of a Proto-Semitic form is rather easy if one has a sense of proportion. One just needs to know when one needs to stop. In reliable sources too there are starred things which should not be created. In other words the problem is less in people’s literature use but in lacking brains use. Referencing on this occasion
 * 3) As I have said already, I don’t believe in any larger division of the Semitic languages, or in the existence of a Proto-West Semitic any more than in a Proto-West Slavic. Some have argued that Old South Arabian was actually the first to split. I have sometimes been content with stated Proto-Semitic terms being present in Ethiopian, Old South Arabian, Arabic, Northwest Semitic, when it seems that Akkadian has innovated by replacing the Proto-Semitic term with a different word. The reader may himself see how much the likelihood of the Proto-Semitic term having existed is decreased by just the Akkadian lacking. What’s with ? Go back to cognates lists? It seemed to me it is still over the acceptable likelihood threshold. Sometimes the tolerances differ. I found  risky but it’s still okay on the other hand. BTW I see an analogy to Proto-Turkic pages still being created as “Common Turkic” when a Chuvash descendant lacks. One avoids to depend on one language.

 * Questions:

 * 1) Never seen that. And I am skeptical about all the attempts to get more than 29 consonants. When I say reconstructing Proto-Semitic is rather easy I refer to a notion that the phoneme set of Proto-Semitic makes the easy part.
 * 2) Probably just coding capabilities.
 * 3) I don’t see a current problem. Do you mean anything specific? The current formatting seems okay to me. Fay Freak (talk) 22:09, 2 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Suggestions: 1. Can you point out a PS example where the Onomastics section is useful? If a reflex is only found in proper nouns, those should be listed as descendants. 2. I don't think the reference needs to give the exact reconstruction, but if a comparison of the terms hasn't been considered by Kogan, Leslau, etc I would be suspicious, in that I doubt we can come up with anything they haven't written about. 3. I believe and  should be PWS. I don't see any case you have made to dispute the East-West division, which is consensus among workers and accords with an analysis on morphological grounds. Questions: 1. Then you should read about it. Huehnergard 2003 makes the case for it and gives a list of examples. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 23:02, 2 August 2020 (UTC)
 * 1. I have said I remember there haven’t been Proto-Semitic examples yet. I can point to Proto-Slavic examples,  and ; I can’t exclude future use for Proto-Semitic, though this is less likely. But yes, I list them as descendants (in a simulated section, to cram the common noun descendants not). I thought the dispute point is not how to list them but whether to include onomastics. Which I don’t really see a need to discuss for Proto-Semitic specifically. You did not need to have special clearance to remove silly stuff like on.
 * 2. I don’t find it suspicious because one hasn’t yet tried to be complete or something, and it seems that the etc. behind Leslau and Kogan is rather short, it ends with just few, few have tackled the task of reconstructing Proto-Semitic; say comparing to Indo-European studies. Anyway in as much as references are desirable there shan’t be a dogm that referenceless reconstructions are to be deleted, but the principle of Wiktionary as a secondary source stays, assessing the merits of reconstructions as needed. You don’t point out a need that one did not know about – I also like books, innit –, it’s just signalling how great scholarly references are to maintain status in the academia class, for which it won’t be grateful.
 * 3. x̣ might be a nice fiction to create entries where Akkadian has ḫ and West-Semitic ḥ, although there might be other reasons for the variation: dialectal variation in Akkadian (there was also chronolectal one in the appearance of ḫ); or more cases of sporadischen Lautwandel in den semitischen Sprachen where one knows that there is a relation but does not know the original.
 * You have seen a consensus, the wording in this Huehnergard paper is surely strong. I have seen other things as said, and especially what I have not seen: I have perhaps never seen Proto-West-Semitic being claimed with such determination, which was however useful for the argument in that paper. It always looks like that when you read some papers which are similar in some points, it’s called . However the problem is: what would distinct grammar of Proto-West-Semitic be, as opposed to Proto-Semitic? It would not be a distinct language. Actually Proto-West Semitic, if we posit it, is Proto-Semitic. Fay Freak (talk) 02:17, 3 August 2020 (UTC)
 * It looks like despite all the excess verbiage, we're essentially in agreement on the first two. As for *x̣, it does not depend on the East-West split, but that split makes it maximally parsimonious. Naturally it is a "nice fiction"; all of a protolanguage is a fiction, but we try to make that fiction as neat and close to the truth as possible. I don't know what you're reading, but Kogan's Genealogical Classification of Semitic, which is one of the most critical of the East-West divide in mainstream scholarship, says that this split is "one of the least controversial and most broadly accepted subgrouping hypotheses" (in his chapter 2, which I recommend you read). Perhaps the selection bias is operating on you as well? —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 07:43, 3 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Not pinged nor currently active in editing Semitic languages, but I strongly support suggestion 3 (require inherited reflexes in both West and East Semitic or uncontroversial AA inherited cognates) and am somewhat supportive of suggestion 2; I think that it should not be necessary if there are many independent descendants (though in such cases it is likely that there are reliable references), but otherwise very desirable to require it. ←₰-→ Lingo Bingo Dingo (talk)  09:59, 7 August 2020 (UTC)

 * I can only touch on point 3 right now, although I’ll share my thoughts on the rest later. Comparative reconstruction requires two independent pieces of evidence for any item being postulated for a proto-language. East and West Semitic are the most widely accepted higher-level branches of the Semitic language family. If Wiktionary’s Proto-Semitic policies are to reflect the academic consensus, then it necessarily follows that any item postulated for Proto-Semitic must be confirmed by a witness in both East and West Semitic, unless a higher level (ie. Afroasiatic) connection can be conclusively demonstrated for an item attested in a single branch. Seeing as how regular sound correspondences between the branches of Afroasiatic have yet to be established and the relevant sound change laws therefore remain undescribed, this particular route is impossible at the moment. On that basis I support point 3. Rhemmiel (talk) 15:17, 8 August 2020 (UTC)

 * , I neglected to respond regarding my question 3 (presentation of verbal stems), so I will do so now. It is clear that there is a problem: nearly all of our entries have the form *CaCaC-, as if someone simply took the Arabic lemma form and lopped up the final -a. Firstly, Arabic uses a suffix conjugation that cannot be reconstructed to PS, so this form is a bit anachronous. More importantly, this completely hides the thematic vowels, which are lexical and not currently even presented in the entry, which is a glaring omission. For example, our current entry has a thematic *u in the short prefix conjugation, such that *-ʔkul would be a far better lemma (although the thematic vowel of the long prefix conjugation, in this case *a, would still need to be mentioned in the entry). —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 18:43, 8 August 2020 (UTC)
 * The suffix conjugation cannot be reconstructed? Very new view to me, I use to think it was there but not with the same purpose as in Arabic (not a “perfect”). I read however that the geminate stem ( in Arabic) was CaCCiC- in the suffix conjugation and Arabic and Ethiopic innovated them to CaCCaC- by analogy; base stems and geminate stems are the only ever verb forms I have created or linked. Inacquaintance with Akkadian usage makes the Proto-Semitic picture of verb morphology opaque to me, and such jargonized general linguistic papers help little on it: . So what forms do you reconstruct?
 * Well, you can just give the prefix form in the header? I think one reason for using the current forms is that the individual language dictionaries are based on them. Fay Freak (talk) 20:18, 8 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Indeed, I found the reconstruction of the PS verbal system very confusing, and to be the clearest explanation. Of course, Akkadian weighs heavily on this reconstruction (as it does for lexical reconstruction, given that I accept the primary East-West split), but in its broad strokes, it seems to accord with what I see elsewhere. Among those broad strokes is that there are two different prefix forms, each with their own thematic vowel. I think that the PS entries should function as a good dictionary for PS, treated as its own language, rather than following conventions that are alien to it, and you will note that Kogan cites verbs as I suggest, with the stem of the short prefix conjugation. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 23:31, 8 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , any more thoughts on this? For the verbs in particular, I need to know what form we will use in the page title before I can make a conjugation template. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 17:54, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * How come “per my own answer” ? We didn’t, but then already I declared it nice, and here and there words came to be mentioned with that character. And I reconstructed way more casually back then, and you gave two even older pages as counterexamples, which I of course had moved had I noticed them, having the impression that we agreed. Too bad only that at that point we have given up to know how the Proto-Semitic phonemes sounded. Fay Freak (talk) 18:52, 5 July 2021 (UTC)

both of you, Fay and Meta, decided the standard with your discussion above:
 * M: "Do we want to include Huehnergard's proposed *x̣ (which he writes as *xʼ)?"
 * F: "Never seen that. And I am skeptical about all the attempts to get more than 29 consonants. When I say reconstructing Proto-Semitic is rather easy I refer to a notion that the phoneme set of Proto-Semitic makes the easy part."
 * M: "Then you should read about it. Huehnergard 2003 makes the case for it and gives a list of examples."
 * F: "x̣ might be a nice fiction to create entries where Akkadian has ḫ and West-Semitic ḥ, although there might be other reasons for the variation: dialectal variation in Akkadian (there was also chronolectal one in the appearance of ḫ); or more cases of sporadischen Lautwandel in den semitischen Sprachen where one knows that there is a relation but does not know the original. You have seen a consensus, the wording in this Huehnergard paper is surely strong [...]"
 * M: "As for *x̣, it does not depend on the East-West split, but that split makes it maximally parsimonious. Naturally it is a "nice fiction"; all of a protolanguage is a fiction, but we try to make that fiction as neat and close to the truth as possible."

You, Fay Freak, are skeptical about the addition of *x̣, whereas Metaknowledge refers to a (reliable) book. Note that I had to search here in the talk page because I remembered this, which is not indicated in the table of About_Proto-Semitic. Yes I admit I blindly followed the standard when I moved (I realized after that it wasn't a new lemma but one you moved). So it's time to discuss a bit more, perhaps to finally add *x̣, since you say *ḥ develops another way in Akkadian. Malku H₂n̥rés (talk) 07:33, 6 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Well, if we use that then the worst thing that can be is that it is (or turns out) synonymous to ḥ.
 * And it is not in the table since, ehm, the table only includes sounds of known articulation. Fay Freak (talk) 18:18, 6 July 2021 (UTC)

TBH I'm not against *x̣! Though I believe it's more a nice fiction to account for a badly understood Akkadian (or East Semitic) sound shift, it's a simple and scholars-supported solution, which at least avoids confusion with a conservative development of *ḥ remaining so in East and West Semitic. It's just that our standard doesn't even mention it. As for it's value, you say it's unknown. Yet I doubt Huehnergard chose the letter  for unknown... Malku H₂n̥rés (talk) 21:09, 6 July 2021 (UTC)
 * If you know it and are so sure of it being a simple solution widely supported why don’t you put it into the table 🤗. Fay Freak (talk) 21:19, 6 July 2021 (UTC)

To be absolutely honest, Metaknowledge told me one year ago that I wasn't ready to create PS entries, and generally I consider I should just follow what more knowledgeable people decided on wiki (that is, the standard established by you and him), until further notice. The second reason is phonological: for /x/ we use *ḫ, Huehnergard uses *x, and *ḵ is the most coherent as it's the fricative counterpart of *k, therefore I think we should use *ḵ̣ with both diacritics, just like *ṯ̣. Malku H₂n̥rés (talk) 21:51, 6 July 2021 (UTC)

sorry I forgot to ping you. Malku H₂n̥rés (talk) 21:51, 6 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I didn’t like the sign itself from the beginning, however even Huehnergard, whose paper Metaknowledge linked above two years ago, uses *ḫ where we do, so his x̣ is not based on him using x, and I didn’t consider a visually distinguishable alternative, and now I think of h with ring below, h̥, cool? Almost like ḥ but with small difference for the initiated. Fay Freak (talk) 22:28, 6 July 2021 (UTC)

 * When in doubt there’s always the good old fashioned subscript route. ḫ₂/ḥ₂ might be something to consider for stylistic consistency and phonetic neutrality. Rhemmiel (talk) 12:54, 7 July 2021 (UTC)

I had been waiting for 's proposals for the sign to use, but neither him nor answered, unlike  who I didn't pingn Perhaps  would have interesting propositions to say. For a sign replacing *x̣, I'm not a fan of 's *h̥, too close to *ḥ. Underdot isn't used in PIE because ring below is used consistently (for syllabic sonorants), and conversely we shouldn't use ring below because we use underdots consistently (for emphatic consonants as well as *ḥ). As for Rhemmiel's subscript, the idea of Huehnergard is that a single phoneme fully merged with *ḫ in East Semitic and with *ḥ in West Semitic, whereas using ḫ₂ and ḥ₂ make two phonemes. Perhaps just *h₂ is good. I propounded *ḵ̣, which got ignored whereas it's the regular phoneme following our rules of romanization. Malku H₂n̥rés (talk) 10:01, 9 July 2021 (UTC)
 * We can’t use *ḵ̣, because a macron with a dot is terrible to the eye, and because we don’t even use *ḵ (k with a macron below). I have yet not succeeded to see its regularly following our rules of romanization.
 * I foresaw the argument of PIE using the ring for syllabic consonants. Everything is used for something somewhere else it would not have been encoded. There is a list of to choose from. Fay Freak (talk) 14:31, 9 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I wrote out a response earlier and completely forgot to save the page, so apologies about that. Malku, how can you claim that this is "scholars-supported" when it remains contentious in the community? We can commit to a Huehnergardian PS, as is neatly outlined in The Semitic Languages, or we can choose not to; either way, we should not deceive ourselves that we are following consensus when no such consensus exists. Fay, your claim about *x̣ and its phonetic interpretation is unfounded, and based on misinterpreting Huehnergard's changing notation. He does believe it to be an emphatic form of /x/, and therefore writing it with *x̣ is the only reasonable option. (Also, making up our own signs is a terrible idea in general.) —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 16:44, 9 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I am not informed though about the contentions, or what one could have contended against. Has one answered him at all? How has the story continued?
 * Well making up signs is a terrible idea in general, as it only creates divisions with the rest of the field. So I already went with x̣, but Malku H₂n̥rés wanted to play through the alternatives first 😜.
 * My note about the uncertainty of the phonetic value of *x̣ is not unfounded though. There are multiple options even if Huehnergard itself picked a favourite one. The more so if its very existence is contested. Fay Freak (talk) 18:17, 9 July 2021 (UTC)
 * : Read the Handbook p. 84–5 for a quick summary. Those who disagree seem to generally take the tack that there are very few unquestionably valid examples of this correspondence, and they would rather take those as unexplained shifts from *ḥ than posit a new, uncommon phoneme in PS. I do not claim to be able to adjudicate this; I merely want us to be consistent, document what we do, and be conscious of the logic behind our choices. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 18:52, 9 July 2021 (UTC)
 * One of the two signs would have to be settled on, of course. But generally I agree with that making up our own transliteration symbols is not a good idea. Rhemmiel (talk) 09:36, 11 July 2021 (UTC)

it's supported by Huehnergard only, the -s for "scholars-supported" was unnecessary here. I've said that "I believe it's more a nice fiction to account for a badly understood Akkadian (or East Semitic) sound shift" and that *x̣ was an easy, but unreliable, solution. So either we keep *ḥ until one day something can account for this apparently-sporadic shift (which I support), or we use some sign standing for an emphatic velar fricative, assuming the nice fiction that it completely merged with *ḫ in East Semitic and with *ḥ in West Semitic. Malku H₂n̥rés (talk) 12:21, 11 July 2021 (UTC)

Noun-forming suffixes
Since noun-forming suffixes would be followed by inflection endings, shouldn’t and  be  and ? In other (proto) languages the lemma forms of noun-forming suffixes even include inflectional suffixes, such as : that is of course because the noun entries also include inflection endings, nominative singular masculine being the citation form in this example, and in analogy to it we would have to have the Proto-Semitic noun-forming suffixes hyphenated at the end like the noun entries are. What do I miss? That they unfortunately do not look like suffixes then? Fay Freak (talk) 17:10, 30 June 2021 (UTC)
 * You are definitely right. It looks ugly, but you are justified in adding a hyphen at the end. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 17:29, 30 June 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree. Since noun entries end with a hyphen, including the ones with these suffixes, those same nominal suffixes should end with a hyphen accordingly. And its way easier than adding a parameter to the declension template, which wouldn't be very used. Malku H₂n̥rés (talk) 17:43, 30 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Wiktionary talk:About Proto-Semitic


text:
User:DCDuring/Ruggiero Subclasses

=Prokaryota=
 * None

=Eukaryota= Ruggiero total = 145

Protozoa
4
 * 1) Exosporeae - 0
 * 2) Myxogastria - 2
 * 3) Flabellinia - 0
 * 4) Longamoebia - 0

Chromista
43
 * 1) Haptoria - 0
 * 2) Trichostomatia - 0
 * 3) Choreotrichia - 0
 * 4) Hypotrichia - 0
 * 5) Licnophoria - 0
 * 6) Oligotrichia - 0
 * 7) Protocruziidia - 0
 * 8) Stichotrichia - 0
 * 9) Apostomatia - 0
 * 10) Astomatia - 0
 * 11) Hymenostomatia - 0
 * 12) Peniculia - 1
 * 13) Peritrichia - 1
 * 14) Scuticociliata - 0
 * 15) Chonotrichia - 1
 * 16) Cyrtophoria - 0
 * 17) Rhynchodia - 1
 * 18) Suctoria - 4
 * 19) Coccidia - 6
 * 20) Coelotrophia - 0
 * 21) Hematozoa - 1
 * 22) Cryptogregaria
 * 23) Histogregaria
 * 24) Orthogregaria
 * 25) Dinophysoidia
 * 26) Gonyaulacoidia
 * 27) Peridinoidia
 * 28) Suessioidia - 1
 * 29) Bacillariophycidae
 * 30) Coscinodiscophycidae
 * 31) Fragilariophycidae - 0
 * 32) Dictypophycidae - 1
 * 33) Discosporangiophycidae - 1
 * 34) Fucophycidae - 5
 * 35) Ishigeophycidae - 1
 * 36) Eogamia -0
 * 37) Peronosporidae - 1
 * 38) Saprolegniidae - 0
 * 39) Placonuda - 0
 * 40) Placoperia - 0
 * 41) Eothecia - 0
 * 42) Phaeodaria - 0
 * 43) Tectosia - 0

Fungi
15
 * 1) Dothideomycetidae - 0
 * 2) Meliolomycetidae - 0
 * 3) Pleosporomycetidae - 1
 * 4) Chaetothyriomycetidae - 3
 * 5) Eurotiomycetidae - 4
 * 6) Mycocaliciomycetidae - 1
 * 7) Acarosporomycetidae - 1
 * 8) Lecanoromycetidae - 7
 * 9) Ostropomycetidae - 1
 * 10) Hypocreomycetidae - 3
 * 11) Sordariomycetidae - 0
 * 12) Spathulosporomycetidae - 0
 * 13) Xylariomycetidae - 0
 * 14) Agaricomycetidae - 12
 * 15) Phallomycetidae - 2

Plantae
25
 * 1) Ahnfeltiophycidae - 0
 * 2) Corallinophycidae - 0
 * 3) Hildebrandiophycidae - 0
 * 4) Nemaliophycidae - 4
 * 5) Rhodymeniophycidae - 1
 * 6) Anthocerotidae - 1
 * 7) Dendrocerotidae - 1
 * 8) Notothylatidae - 1
 * 9) Bryidae - 9
 * 10) Buxbaumiidae - 1
 * 11) Dicranidae - 0
 * 12) Diphysciidae - 0
 * 13) Funariidae - 0
 * 14) Timmidae - 0
 * 15) Jungermanniidae - 30+
 * 16) Metzgeiidae - 0 (Metzgeriidae - 1)
 * 17) Pelliidae - 1
 * 18) Equisetidae - 1
 * 19) Marattiidae - 0
 * 20) Ophioglossidae - 0 = Psilotidae - 0
 * 21) Polypodiidae - 1
 * 22) Cycadidae - 1
 * 23) Ginkgoidae - 2
 * 24) Gnetidae - 1
 * 25) Pinidae - 5

Animalia
58
 * 1) Hexacorallia - 12
 * 2) Octocorallia - 2
 * 3) Hydroidolina - 1
 * 4) Trachylina - 0
 * 5) Eumalacostraca - 30
 * 6) Hoplocarida - 1
 * 7) Phyllocarida - 1
 * 8) Branchiura - 2
 * 9) Copepoda
 * 10) Mystacocarida - 3
 * 11) Pentastomida
 * 12) Tantulocarida - 3
 * 13) Thecostraca
 * 14) Archaeognatha
 * 15) Dicondylia
 * 16) Pterygota
 * 17) Chilognatha - 1
 * 18) Penicillata
 * 19) Chromadoria
 * 20) Plectia - 2
 * 21) Bathyodontia
 * 22) Dorylaimia
 * 23) Trichocephalia
 * 24) Enoplia
 * 25) Oncholaimia
 * 26) Triplonchia
 * 27) Hirudinea
 * 28) Oligochaeta
 * 29) Echiura
 * 30) Errantia
 * 31) Sedentaria
 * 32) Autobranchia
 * 33) Protobranchia
 * 34) Coleoidea
 * 35) Nautiloidea
 * 36) Caenogastropoda
 * 37) Cocculiniformia
 * 38) Heterobranchia
 * 39) Neomphalina
 * 40) Neritimorpha
 * 41) Patellogastropoda
 * 42) Vetigastropoda
 * 43) Eulecithophora - 2
 * 44) Neodermata - 0
 * 45) Proseriatia - 0
 * 46) Bdelloidea
 * 47) Monogonta - 0
 * 48) Prototheria
 * 49) Theria
 * 50) Aves
 * 51) Crocodylomorpha
 * 52) Rhynchocephalia - 2
 * 53) Squamata - c 60
 * 54) Testudinata - 0
 * 55) Cidaroidea - 0
 * 56) Euechinoidea - 5
 * 57) Cephalodiscida - 0
 * 58) Graptolithina - 2

title: User:DCDuring/Ruggiero Subclasses


text:
ციებ-ცხელება

Noun

 * 1) fuss
 * 1) fuss

title: ციებ-ცხელება


text:
somarina

Noun

 * 1) nonsense

title: somarina


text:
Talk:votation

this is a made up word 50.59.88.46 20:54, 4 March 2016 (UTC)
 * They all are. - TheDaveRoss 20:56, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:votation


text:
עיקר

Noun

 * 1) essence, main part, gist, crux
 * 2) most (of)
 * 3) principle
 * 4)  the most important thing

Verb

 * 1) to sterilize

Etymology
From.

title: עיקר


text:
flat signed

Adjective

 * 1)  Having the signature alone, rather than being accompanied by other words or drawings.

title: flat signed


text: Category:Hebrew terms belonging to the root ע־ק־ר


text: chassiset

title: chassiset


text:
गुड़

Etymology
, from, from. Cognate to 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) jaggery traditional unrefined sugar

title: गुड़


text: chassiser

title: chassiser


text: Category:hi:Sugars

title: Category:hi:Sugars


text: 台階

title: 台階


text: Haddad

title: Haddad


text: chassisa

title: chassisa


text: 唇裂

title: 唇裂


text: Category:Sanskrit terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʷʰer-


text: chassisene

title: chassisene


text: слился

title: слился


text: слилась

title: слилась


text: слилось

title: слилось


text: слились

title: слились


text:
बाबू

Etymology
, of baby talk.

Noun

 * 1) papa, father
 * 2) clerk
 * 3)  sir, mister
 * 1)  sir, mister

title: बाबू


text:
नियोजन

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) planning

title: नियोजन


text:
залиться

Verb

 * 1) to sink underwater

Etymology 2
?

Verb

 * 1)  to laugh loudly

title: залиться


text:
fjæring

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) suspension

title: fjæring


text:
कर्णशुक्ति

Noun

 * 1) abalone

title: कर्णशुक्ति


text:
заливать

Verb

 * 1) to flood in terms of bodies of water
 * 2) to fill up (with liquid)
 * 3) to pour on, to spill
 * 4)  to lie, tell lies
 * 5) to upload, to put up

title: заливать


text: Category:Hebrew terms belonging to the root מ־ת־ק


text:
подлить

Verb

 * 1) to pour, to add by pouring

title: подлить


text: отолью

title: отолью


text: отольёшь

title: отольёшь


text: отольёт

title: отольёт


text: отольём

title: отольём


text: отольёте

title: отольёте


text: отольют

title: отольют


text:
User talk:Julian8941

—Aryamanarora (मुझसे बात करो) 21:59, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Julian8941


text: fjæringa

title: fjæringa


text: fjæringen

title: fjæringen


text:
erigata

Verb

 * 1)  to separate, to part
 * 2)  to divorce

title: erigata


text:
tagut

Postposition

 * 1) due to, because of
 * 2) as a consequence of
 * 3) for, in response to, in return for

title: tagut


text: fjæringer

title: fjæringer


text:
veškata

Verb

 * 1) to lead, to direct

title: veškata


text:
סנפיר

Etymology
. Perhaps related to 🇨🇬 or 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) fin, flipper (of a fish or other marine animal)
 * 2)  fin, flipper (device worn to aid swimming)
 * 3) fin (device that directs airflow, such as of a projectile)
 * 4) fin (device that facilitates heat transfer, such as of a radiator)
 * 1) fin (device that facilitates heat transfer, such as of a radiator)

title: סנפיר


text: fjæringene

title: fjæringene


text:
නිළි

Noun

 * 1) actress

title: නිළි


text:
el'geta

Verb

 * 1) understand

Verb

 * 1) to understand, to comprehend
 * 2) to realise
 * 3) to learn

title: el'geta


text:
sīhaḷa

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) Sinhalese

title: sīhaḷa


text:
mösketa

Verb

 * 1) to trade, to deal in

title: mösketa


text:
poimeta

Verb

 * 1) embroider

title: poimeta


text:
jokseta

Verb

 * 1) to run move fast with legs

title: jokseta


text:
kükseta

Verb

 * 1) to chase, to pursue

title: kükseta


text:
rusketa

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to redden, to become red

title: rusketa


text:
muigeta

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to turn sour, to go off

title: muigeta


text:
ṅke

Conjunction

 * 1) then, after

title: ṅke


text:
küpseta

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to ripen, to mature

title: küpseta


text:
User:DCDuring/Ruggiero Infraclasses

=Prokaryota= None
 * Ruggiero total = 23

=Eukaryota=
 * 1) Neocopepoda
 * 2) Progymnoplea
 * 3) Ascothoracida
 * 4) Cirripedia
 * 5) Facetotecta
 * 6) Neoptera
 * 7) Palaeoptera
 * 8) Helminthomorpha
 * 9) Pentazonia
 * 10) Canalipalpata
 * 11) Scolecida
 * 12) Adiaphanida
 * 13) Rhabdocoela
 * 14) Cestoda
 * 15) Monogenea
 * 16) Trematoda
 * 17) Eutheria = Placentalia
 * 18) Metatheria = Marsupialia
 * 19) Neognathae
 * 20) Paleognathae
 * 21) Acroechinoidea
 * 22) Carinacea
 * 23) Irregularia

A

Archosauromorpha, mostly extinct grouping of Reptilia, including crocodiles ✔Ascothoracida

C

✔Cirripedia

D

Diplostraca, order in Ruggiero et al

E

✔Eutheria

F

✔Facetotecta

H

Holostei, class in Ruggiero et al

L

Lepidosauromorpha, snakes in Reptilia

M

✔Marsupialia ✔Metatheria

N

✔Neocopepoda ✔Neoptera Neornithes, not in Ruggiero at any rank

P

✔Palaeoptera

T

Teleostei, class in Ruggiero et al

Z

Zatheria, not in Ruggiero at any rank

title: User:DCDuring/Ruggiero Infraclasses


text:
ñakte

Etymology
Possibly from, from

Noun

 * 1) god, lord

title: ñakte


text:
küps

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) ripe

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) ripe

Etymology
From *küpcä, variant of.

Adjective

 * 1) ripe, mature
 * 2) ready after preparing of food, i.e. cooked, boiled, baked

title: küps


text:
kirbota

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to fall, to be dropped, to slip from one's grip

title: kirbota


text:
muigota

Verb

 * 1) to turn sour

title: muigota


text:
kaideta

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to narrow, to become narrower

title: kaideta


text: User talk:156.202.209.189

title: User talk:156.202.209.189


text:
yentuke

Etymology
From, akin to 🇨🇬 from , from , from , of uncertain origin.

Noun

 * 1) an Indian

title: yentuke


text:
User:DCDuring/Ruggiero Superorders

=Prokaryota= None

Ruggiero total = 52

=Eukaryota=

Protozoa

 * 1) Columellidia
 * 2) Lucisporidia

Chromista

 * 1) Aconoidia
 * 2) Haemosporidia

Plantae

 * 1) Amborellanae
 * 2) Asteranae
 * 3) Austrobaileyanae
 * 4) Berberidopsidanae
 * 5) Buxanae
 * 6) Caryophyllanae
 * 7) Ceratophyllanae
 * 8) Dillenianae
 * 9) Lilianae = Monocotyledones
 * 10) Magnolianae
 * 11) Myrothamnanae
 * 12) Nympaeanae
 * 13) Proteanae
 * 14) Ranunculanae
 * 15) Rosanae
 * 16) Santalanae
 * 17) Saxifraganae
 * 18) Trochodendranae

Animalia

 * 1) Acariformes
 * 2) Parasitiformes
 * 3) Eucarida
 * 4) Peracarida
 * 5) Syncarida
 * 6) Podoplea
 * 7) Acrothoracica
 * 8) Rhizocephala
 * 9) Thoracica
 * 10) Holometabola
 * 11) Neuropterida
 * 12) Paraneoptera
 * 13) Polyneoptera
 * 14) Juliformia
 * 15) Nematophora
 * 16) Merochaeta
 * 17) Monhysterica
 * 18) Plectica
 * 19) Rhabditica
 * 20) Teratocephalica
 * 21) Metagynophora
 * 22) Heteroconchia
 * 23) Pteriomorphia
 * 24) Decabrachia
 * 25) Octobrachia
 * 26) Aplotegmentaria
 * 27) Pachytegmentaria
 * 28) Galloanseri
 * 29) Neoaves
 * 1) Neoaves

=Wiktionary superorders= A

Acanthopterygii, not in Ruggiero at any rank ✔Acariformes ✔Acrothoracica Afrotheria, not in Ruggiero at any rank ✔Asteranae Atelostomata, not in Ruggiero at any rank

B

Batoidea, not in Ruggiero at any rank Bryanae, not in Ruggiero at any rank

C

✔Caenogastropoda, subclass in Ruggiero et al   Clupeomorpha, not in Ruggiero at any rank Coleopterida, not in Ruggiero at any rank ✔Columellidia Condylognatha, not in Ruggiero at any rank ✔Crocodylomorpha, subclass in Ruggiero at al   Cyclosquamata, not in Ruggiero at any rank

D

✔Decabrachia Decapodiformes, not in Ruggiero at any rank Diadematacea, not in Ruggiero at any rank Dinosauria, not in Ruggiero at any rank Diplurata, not in Ruggiero at any rank, but see Diplura

E

Echinacea, not in Ruggiero at any rank Elopomorpha, not in Ruggiero at any rank]] Endopterygota, not in Ruggiero at any rank Euarchontoglires, not in Ruggiero at any rank ✔Eucarida Exopterygota, not in Ruggiero at any rank

G ✔Galloanseri ✔Gnathostomata, infraphylum in Ruggiero et al

H

✔Heterobranchia, subclass in Ruggiero et al   ✔Holometabola Hymenopterida, not in Ruggiero at any rank

L

Lampridiomorpha, not in Ruggiero at any rank Laurasiatheria, not in Ruggiero at any rank Lepidosauria, not in Ruggiero at any rank ✔Lucisporidia

N

✔Neoaves ✔Neognathae, infraclass in Ruggiero et al   ✔Neuropterida

O

Octopodiformes, not in Ruggiero at any rank Orthopterida, not in Ruggiero at any rank Ostariophysi, not in Ruggiero at any rank Osteoglossomorpha, not in Ruggiero at any rank

P

Palaeognathae, not in Ruggiero at any rank Panorpida, not in Ruggiero at any rank Paracanthopterygii, not in Ruggiero at any rank ✔Parasitiformes ✔Peracarida ✔Podoplea Polymixiomorpha, not in Ruggiero at any rank Polymyxiomorpha, not in Ruggiero at any rank ✔Polyneoptera Protacanthopterygii, not in Ruggiero at any rank ✔Psocodea, order in Ruggiero et al

R

Rajomorphii, not in Ruggiero at any rank ✔Rhizocephala

S

Sauropterygia, not in Ruggiero at any rank Scopelomorpha, not in Ruggiero at any rank Selachimorpha, not in Ruggiero at any rank Stenopterygii, not in Ruggiero at any rank ✔Syncarida

T

✔Thoracica

X

Xenarthra, not in Ruggiero at any rank

title: User:DCDuring/Ruggiero Superorders


text: Category:he:Swimming

title: Category:he:Swimming


text: Category:he:Water sports

title: Category:he:Water sports


text:
обвить

Verb

 * 1) to wind around; to coil around

title: обвить


text:
увить

Verb

 * 1) to tie
 * 2) to entwine

title: увить


text:
novela mexicana

Etymology
lit. 'Mexican soap opera'.

Noun

 * 1)  a dramatic situation

title: novela mexicana


text:
увиться

Verb

 * 1) to wrap oneself up

title: увиться