text:
Module talk:pi-Latn-translit

 * Moved from Module talk:pi-Latn-Deva-translit.

, this is perfect! I'll try to implement in. —Aryamanarora (मुझसे बात करो) 15:50, 1 January 2016 (UTC)
 * nvm, it uses Module:pi-headword and I don't know Lua. —Aryamanarora (मुझसे बात करो) 15:54, 1 January 2016 (UTC)
 * No problem, please see my edit in that module. If the given transliteration disagrees with the module one, it will be sent into Category:Pali terms with inconsistent transliterations. Wyang (talk) 22:58, 1 January 2016 (UTC)
 * That's great! Great job on such short notice. I can vouch for the Devanagari transcriptions. —Aryamanarora (मुझसे बात करो) 02:32, 2 January 2016 (UTC)

Thai
. What is the Thai transliteration based on?

E.g. อ in Thai proper is a silent consonant at the beginning of a word and ะ is a short vowel "a", a syllable "ra" should be "ระ" (not just ร) but a standalone syllable "a" should be "อะ". --Anatoli T. (обсудить/вклад) 09:58, 2 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Hi Anatoli, please see . Wyang (talk) 10:01, 2 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Ah, thanks! I see it's very different from modern Thai spelling. They shouldn't list "อะ" in a vowel table as "a", since the inherent "a" is always pronounced as in Sanskrit. --Anatoli T. (обсудить/вклад) 10:10, 2 January 2016 (UTC)

Some errors
see and. Thanks! —Aryamanarora (मुझसे बात करो) 16:51, 31 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Cheers, good catch! I'm not 100% sure about the right solution. I have used the equivalents of virāma for now. Wyang (talk) 21:55, 31 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks! That seems to be an ideal solution. —Aryamanarora (मुझसे बात करो) 23:35, 31 January 2016 (UTC)

Bengali
Bengali script form is breaking at. I think it's because of the nuqta? —Aryaman (मुझसे बात करो) 00:00, 5 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks, it's fixed now. Wyang (talk) 00:30, 5 October 2017 (UTC)

Brahmi
, it seems that the tables are showing Brahmi label but no Brahmi script. Can this be fixed? —*i̯óh₁nC[5] 07:46, 4 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Ya, not a problem. Fixed. Wyang (talk) 11:23, 4 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Thank you. For my reference, what was the actual issue and can we get the Brahmi translit working? —*i̯óh₁nC[5] 09:47, 5 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Ah, the Pali language is said to have "Brahmi" as one of its scripts in Module:languages/data2, but this module currently has no support for the Brahmi script when it inherits the list of scripts used to write Pali from Module:pi-headword. To fix it we have to add the Brahmi equivalents of the Indic characters to this module. Wyang (talk) 14:36, 5 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I just added Brahmi few days ago dudes! --Octahedron80 (talk) 02:20, 6 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I think I did it? —*i̯óh₁nC[5] 01:45, 6 December 2017 (UTC)
 * From my null edits of kamma and ca, you did fine so far. --Lo Ximiendo (talk) 01:51, 6 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks! To be fair, I was curious whether they are correct, because I effectively just copy-pasted from the Unicode table. —*i̯óh₁nC[5] 02:00, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

Bengali 2
Aryaman Hi, is the Bengali version a modified version or traditional? Because traditionally Bengalis didn't use ৱ for va, they used ব for both. ৱ (wo) is an Assamese letter and it was derived from its earlier version: র (wo/va) which is still used in Mithilakshar. Sagir Ahmed Msa (talk) 14:00, 19 February 2018 (UTC)
 * I am not sure, added it. It is probably meant to be traditional, I can change it. —AryamanA (मुझसे बात करें • योगदान) 14:55, 19 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Pali uses both "ba" and "va" making words different meaning but common Bengali has only ব for ba so we need another symbol. I choose ৱ from Assamese for va because it is only one left. (র is already belonged to "ra") Please note that this module is NOT Bengali/Assamese language so their rules can't be used here. --Octahedron80 (talk) 02:11, 20 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Does this module follow Pali's rule? I mean these scripts are here because they are traditionally used to write Pali. So in the traditional Pali manuscripts, written in Bengali script, which letters were used for r, b and v? Sagir Ahmed Msa (talk) 04:38, 20 February 2018 (UTC)
 * I don't know either. But if one has an evidence, changing letter is easy. --Octahedron80 (talk) 19:35, 20 February 2018 (UTC)

I think just like Sanskrit, Pali also didn't use র for ra and ৱ for va. Are there any evidence? Even ৱ is a variant of র in Bengali. It's common to see ৱ used as ra in Bengali and other languages of Bengal. I think the Pali module should follow the Sanskrit module for Bengali alphabet where ব is used for both ba and va. I have seen a lot of writings from Bengal where ব is used for both b and v. Unfortunately I can't identify the languages. I've never seen writings from Bengal where ব is ba and ৱ is va. Msasag (talk) 16:59, 22 November 2018 (UTC)

What we need is evidence of Bengali script usage for Pali - preferably sources fit for use in quotations. It seems that at one time the Bengali script used the 'vva' conjunct ব্ব for va in Sanskrit. At https://www.nirvanapeace.com/buddhism-philosophy/buddhist-philosophy/121, we can find ব U+09AC for ba and ৰ U+09F0 for va! The example is বহুং ৰে সরণং যন্তি, পব্বতানি ৰনানি চ = "bahuṃ ve saraṇaṃ yanti, pabbatāni vanāni ca". RichardW57 (talk) 00:11, 23 November 2018 (UTC)

Hi, the ৱ for va is not used in any traditional texts in the Bengal region. ব is used for both ba and va in Sanskrit, Bengali etc. Adding ৱ from Assamese is neologism. Please add sources that it is not and that ৱ for va is traditionally used in Bengal. Msasag (talk) 11:09, 26 December 2018 (UTC)

 * What traditional usage is there of Eastern Nagari for Pali?

I'm not confident that Pali and Sanskrit writing usage coincide. For example, I have seen a claim that to use niggahita for homorganic nasals before stops in Pali is simply wrong; whereas that is the standard Indian Devanagari practice for Sanskrit. (European Devanagari for Sanskrit uses the nasal consonant instead.)

The Thai script spelling we use for Pali uses a character (namely, phinthu) that was added in the 19th century. What do we have for modern Pali use in the Eastern Nagari script? All I could dig out from the Internet was U+09F0 BENGALI LETTER RA WITH MIDDLE DIAGONAL for va; my best guess is that should be interpreted as a substitute for the character formerly known as BENGALI LETTER VA WITH LOWER DIAGONAL because too many fonts and code charts show it with a dot rather than an extra stroke. The scanty evidence I have seen says that ba and va are different in modern Eastern Nagari script usage. Vidyābhūṣaṇ (1898) says that U+09F1 is acceptable for writing the sound [v] or [w] in English loanwords, so the letter is not such a stranger to Bengali usage.

Modern usage in books should trump traditional usage when it dominates it for Pali. However, I believe we need to allow for systematic alternatives in spelling; I intend to automate alternatives for the Tai Tham script. I expect at least a few alternatives will be needed for the Sinhalese script. (I have already automated Thai script alternatives in the conjugation of the middle voice of the verb.) --RichardW57 (talk) 16:43, 26 December 2018 (UTC)

But U+09F1 was never used in Bengali for v/wa of English loanwords, ওয় is used instead. Like ওয়াশিংটন for 'Washington'. And ৱ is used for 'ra' instead. You can search আমাৱ and see a lot of results of Bengali texts using ৱ as 'ro'. In many fonts U+09B0 has a line instead of dot and in handwritings as well. And similarly in other variants of Eastern Nagari like Assamese, Mithilakshar, ৱ and র are variants of each other for wa/va sound. In Charyapada র is used for va (and ব for ba and ra. But sometimes ৰ for ra). Also in Bengali both র and ৰ were used for ra. And ব for ba and va is still used (check the Bengali alphabet, including different variants of some characters used in this 1778 book: https://books.google.co.in/books/about/A_Grammar_of_the_Bengal_Language.html?id=bttGAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button&redir_esc=y ). So it's better to use the traditional ব or the modern ওয়/ওঅ. Msasag (talk) 19:12, 27 December 2018 (UTC)

Your arguments make a lot of sense for devising a transliteration to use on bn.wiktionary.org if there is no standard scheme for writing Pali in the script or transliterating it to the script. However, our primary aim here is to record the spelling used for Pali texts when written in the Eastern Nagari script. The scanty evidence I have seen for usage in the script shows that va is distinguished from ba and ra. What evidence have you on the actual usage for Pali in the Eastern Nagari script?

I tried to expand my knowledge by fishing on Google with various spellings of the exact phrase "evaṃ me sutaṃ":

"এৱং মে সুতং" (using U+09F1 BENGALI LETTER RA WITH LOWER DIAGONAL) got 0 hits! "এবং মে সুতং" (using U+09AC BENGALI LETTER BA) got 10 hits. "এৰং মে সুতং" (using U+09F0 BENGALI LETTER RA WITH MIDDLE DIAGONAL) got 20 hits. "এরং মে সুতং" (using U+09B0 BENGALI LETTER RA) got 0 hits

There was nothing in Google books, alas.

So, there is a case for *adding* the spelling with U+09AC as an alternative. I'm not sure how strong this is; the lack of a source for quotations is a handicap. .

Should we take this to the Beer Parlour? --RichardW57 (talk) 23:02, 27 December 2018 (UTC)

{{ping:Octahedron80}: I've been watching the ongoing vandalism with horror. However, if we're going to use ৰ U+09F0 BENGAL LETTER RA WITH MIDDLE DIAGONAL for 'v', I thing the form before other consonants needs not to be , but . Test case: 'vyi', which one would naively encode as  yields: 1)  is ৰ্যি - glyphs: i, 'v', modified ya 2)  is ৰ‌্যি - glyphs: i, 'v', modified ya 3)  is ৰ্‍যি - glyphs: i, 'v', virama, modified ya 4)  is ৰ্‌যি - glyphs: 'v', virama, i, ya Test case: 'vvi', which one would naively encode as  yields 5)  is ৰ্ৰি - glyphs 'v', virama, i, 'v' 6)  is ৰ‌্ৰি - glyphs 'v', virama, i, 'v' 7)  is ৰ্‍ৰি - glyphs i, 'v', virama, 'v' 8)  is ৰ্‌ৰি - glyphs 'v', virama, i, 'v'

The combinations 'vy' and 'vv' are the only clusters I can thing of that begin with 'v'.

Do you see something different? I see no repha! --RichardW57 (talk) 15:49, 31 May 2020 (UTC)

 * : I forgot the cluster 'vh' (chiefly found in the second person plural of the middle). So, testing for the very real cluster 'vhe':

9)  is ৰ্হে - glyphs: 'v', virama, e, h 10)  is ৰ‌্হে - glyphs: 'v', virama, e, h 11)  is ৰ্‍হে - glyphs: e, 'v', virma, h 12)  is ৰ্‌হে - glyphs: 'v', virama, e, ha

Again, no sign of repha! It may be worth noting that the renderer is HarfBuzz - I wouldn't guarantee all systems to be the same. I'm not sure of the font - the system seems to think it can fake a half-form by sticking a virama in, which is why the vowel ends up on the left in sequences 3, 7 and 11. In sequences 1 and 2, the special form of 'y' (ya phalaa?) indicates a non-initial consonant, so the vowel can be moved to the font. Otherwise, no form of consonant combination can be achieved (sometimes due to ZWNJ), so we get two orthographic syllables (as fallback in 5 and 9, by command in the others), so the vowel moves to after the 'v'. --RichardW57 (talk) 17:30, 31 May 2020 (UTC)

 * I found the problem last night with "vyañjana". It must be rendered as ৰ‌্যঞ্জন instead of incorrect ৰ্যঞ্জন, so I solved it (in the same way ব্য bya appears). I use method described in ZWNJ at Wikipedia. Yeah, ZWNJ must be put between ra\va and next virama, I tried all methods. Replied to RichardW57, I see reph on 1, 5, and 9 without modification. 2, 6 and 10 are prefered results. This because ৰ is designated for displaying Assamese ra at first, so it become reph when followed by virama. --Octahedron80 (talk) 00:48, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

 * In case you want to see what I see, I have a screenshot I use default system fonts which Windows provides. --Octahedron80 (talk) 01:11, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

 * Your rendering system is indeed generating a repha - I'm not getting that on Firefox under Ubuntu. Now when I type <U+09B0 RA, U+09CD, U+09AF, U+09BF>, I do get র্যি with a repha.  So, how much better is the behaviour using the standard combination <U+200D, U+09CD> as defined in http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/ch12.pdf p478?

 * The test sequences and what I get on Ubuntu are:
 * 13) <U+09F0, U+200D, U+09CD, U+09AF, U+09BF> is ৰ‍্যি. Glyphs are i, 'v', ya phalaa, as desired
 * 14) <U+09F0, U+200D, U+09CD, U+09F0, U+09BF> is ৰ‍্ৰি. Glyphs are 'v', virama, i, 'v'.
 * 15) <U+09F0, U+200D, U+09CD, U+09B9, U+09C7> is ৰ‍্হে. Glyphs are 'v', virama, e, h

 * The renderings you get are what I can get on IE11 using Nirmala UI. The repha formation seems to be a feature of that font.  When I use a HarfBuzz renderer on the same font, I get almost the same shape except for numbers 3, 7 and 11 - HarfBuzz puts the vowel between the consonants.

Now for 13 to 15, with Nirmala UI and either IE11 or the HarfBuzz renderer, I get:

13: i, 'v', ya phalaa, as desired. 14: i, 'vv' conjunct - what we want, but this is a very rare and strange sequence. 15: 'v', virama, e, h. I rather we had a conjunct, but if it's not available, this is an acceptable fallback.

Overall, the Unicode connections sequence <U+200D, U+09CD> seems to give the best results if we have to use U+09F0. --RichardW57 (talk) 02:41, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

 * OK then, we will use 200D (ZWJ) instead of 200C (ZWNJ) as the Unicode suggests. --Octahedron80 (talk) 06:24, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

2021 Update

 * We've just had a discussion on Template talk:pi-alt about the Bengali script equivalent of <v> when writing Pali. We now have a book ambiguously using U+09AC BENGALI LETTER BA and a book using U+09F0 BENGALI LETTER RA WITH MIDDLE DIAGONAL as this module already does - see the other discussion page for links.  I intend to check what can be extracted from the online presence of the first book; at first glance its spelling looked a little inconsistent.  For now, I'd say no action is needed, but we may find we will benefit from generating an extra transliteration.  There is, I think, no action needed for transliteration to Latin; we certainly cannot distinguish initial <b> and <v> if the writing system does not. --RichardW57 (talk) 18:49, 17 May 2021 (UTC)

Rajbansi
AryamanA Hi, if Rajbansi includes Koch Rajbongsi (Assam), Rangpuri (Bangladesh) and Kamatapuri (West Bengal) then it needs a similar template like this, with 3 alphabets. Koch Rajbongsi alphabet is similar to Assamese alphabet, means it has ৰ (ro) and ৱ (wo); Rangpuri uses a Bengali based alphabet, means it has র (ro) and ও (ó) for "r" and "w" respectively. Sagir Ahmed Msa (talk) 14:08, 19 February 2018 (UTC)
 * We only have a few Rajbanshi words right now, but I agree that would be necessary if we want to expand it. —AryamanA (मुझसे बात करें • योगदान) 02:15, 20 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Its phonology looks very different from that of Kamata/Koch Rajbongsi/Rangpuri. There was a category for Kamatapuri, I can't find it. -- Sagir

Tai Tham Consonants
There are some problems similar to the one solved by replacing ᩈ᩠ᩈ <HIGH SA, SAKOT, HIGH SA> by ᩔ <GREAT SA>. In Pali, the subscript forms of RA, LA, LOW PA (Pali <b>) and HIGH RATHA (Pali <ṭh>) are not formed by prefixing SAKOT. Instead, special subscript consonants, MEDIAL RA, MEDIAL LA and SIGN LOW PA OR HIGH RATHA, are used instead. Thus, instead of ᨠ᩠ᩁ ᩃ᩠ᩃ ᨻ᩠ᨻ ᨭ᩠ᨮ, we have ᨠᩕ ᩃᩖ ᨻᩛ ᨭᩛ. (<SAKOT, LA> may be used occasionally to represent <al>.)

 * The general issues of subscript <ṭh>, <b>, <r> and <r> were addressed on 29-30 September 2018 by Octahedron80. RichardW57 (talk) 09:00, 30 September 2018 (UTC)

It is safest to restrict the use of SIGN LOW PA OR HIGH RATHA to the combinations ṭṭh ṇṭh bb mb.

Pali <p> is represented by ᨷ U+1A37 BA in the west (Northern Thailand and the Shan States), but ᨸ U+1A38 PA in Laos and Northeast Thailand. Thus the Tai Tham alternative form for pāpa is wrong for someone who uses Tai Tham in a Northern Thai context. -- RichardW57 (talk) 21:04, 5 September 2018 (UTC)

 * Default was switched to U+1A37 BA on 29-30 September 2018 by Octahedron80. RichardW57 (talk) 09:00, 30 September 2018 (UTC)

 * We also have two alternatives for consonant stems - one with U+1A7A TAI THAM SIGN RA HAAM and one with U+1A7C TAI THAM SIGN KHUEN-LUE KARAN. - RichardW57 (talk) 20:07, 17 September 2018 (UTC)

 * I add conditions to mainly used by Northern Thai. For other variants, please manually add to Lana2, Lana3, Lana4. --Octahedron80 (talk) 23:59, 29 September 2018 (UTC)

 * , that should be a temporary measure for predictable variations. I'm trying to amass evidence of what these variations are.  Once we have that evidence, I believe pi-alt should generate them automatically.  Or will you write a bot to report inconsistencies in what is passed to pi-alt?  The other sane alternatives are to:
 * Generate templates for each cross-script word with variants. I don't think  would approve, as each macro might not ever be used in much more than a dozen words (9 current scripts, Lao with Pali-support consonants restored, and just possibly the spelling found in Thai chanting books).
 * Consolidate the supplementary forms in a data module indexed by primary Roman script form. Perhaps this should be accessed by something like 'pi-alt-extra', so that adding an extra form does not invalidate the cache of every page for a Pali word.

 * Should we take this discussion to the Grease Pit? - RichardW57 (talk) 00:39, 30 September 2018 (UTC)
 * The sanest alternative is having a way to provide word variants by hand within pi-alt, since there is so little duplication. The alternative script pages are just glorified redirects and a bot could be used to make them and handle their pi-alt templates. I think having all these modules, as you have been suggesting and implementing for a while now, is overkill, and also it's neither editor- nor user-friendly (how would a new editor understand how to add forms in the data module? what if a user wants to see where the data is stored?). I don't edit much Pali anymore so I have taken a laissez-faire approach, but if I was more involved with Pali I would have been a bit more vocal about my disapproval. I don't think this is the right direction to go with Pali entries. —AryamanA (मुझसे बात करें • योगदान) 03:28, 30 September 2018 (UTC)
 * The automation of pi-alt is the first step towards making a bot for automatically creating alternative script pages. However, the data on what alternative script pages to create would have to be stored somewhere.  Where?  A big step was the automation of pi-alt, but I think it needs to handle automatic variation *within* scripts.  This variation is mostly between writing systems.  (Incidentally, is the writing system of the old PTS dictionary considered too rare to fully accommodate?)  However, not all variation is of this nature.  We also have variable Sanskritisation (or apparent Sankritisation), as in {{l|pi|tatra} v.  and {{l|pi|ti} v. {{l|pi|tri}.  There is also local variation.  Francis Mason reports in his grammar that the Burmese used -smi, -smiṃ, -smī and -smīṃ indiscriminately as the locative singular ending. The last of them is a fairly fundamental breach of the laws of Pali phonology!  I think fully grammatical  deserves a lemma-like entry of its own, but how far those Burmese variants deserve propagation (as opposed to cross-referencing) across scripts is another matter.  A few words can be supported manually - though expect groans when Pali-capable Lao is added.  (The addition to Unicode of the consonants restored or invented by the Buddhist Institute in the 1930's has started.)

 * As to how to use pi-alt and any associated data module, that is what documentation pages are for. (pi-alt/documentation does need some improvement, but the associated error-checking helps a lot.)  Now, a template like pi-alt-pāpa to generate the alternative forms of  (or should that be the less clear pi-alt-paapa?) should be fairly clear to the user.  At present, to understand  pi-alt one has to drill down to the module.  A bot that made the invocations consistent could lead to edit wars, as has happened on Wikipedia with Thai minority languages and bots that enforce the WTT-type rules of Thai orthography.  In this case, a bot should make suggestions, not changes.  Otherwise, trouble could arise when the deletion of an alternative form is requested, as I must get round to for a Devanagari Pali entry with -ghgh-. RichardW57 (talk) 07:30, 30 September 2018 (UTC)

Transliterating dhy
, : The digraph in 'dh' in the sequence 'dhy' is not recognised. This was shown in the cross-script declension test Module:pi-decl/noun/testcases/documentation for bodhi, which has oblique singular bodhyā if it follows the paradigms. The oblique singulars of बोधि and โพธิ are showing up as बोद्ह्या and โพทฺหฺยา in the 'expected' column, which shows a transliteration of the Roman script case form. - RichardW57 (talk) 20:11, 29 September 2018 (UTC)

Well, I can't find bodhyā, but there are several words with 'dhy'. The commonest seems to osadhyo, which occurs as the unassimilated syncopated vocative plural of osadhī 'medicinal plant in:

 * tiṇalatā ca osadhyo pabbatāni vanāni ca । ammaṃ ārogyaṃ vajjātha: ayaṃ no neti brāhmaṇo
 * Grass and creepers, plants, mountains, and woods, please wish our mummy well. This brahmin is taking us away.

in Verse 519 of the Vessantara Jataka (Verse 2174 of the Mahanipato). Thus, we have a bug to be fixed. - RichardW57 (talk) 00:00, 30 September 2018 (UTC)

 * This module is not originally made by me. I think the problem is at Latin alphabet parsing and I cannot spot where. I also have another version conversing Thai to other scripts at th.wikt that does not need to examine digraphes. I think can help in this case. --Octahedron80 (talk) 08:10, 1 October 2018 (UTC)
 * : Look for 'h$' in the code. I'm inclined to greedily convert the onset processing digraphs first, and then stick viramas, stackers or pure killers in between the consonants.  However, I'm inclined to set up a decent set of testcases first, to catch the nasties.  The longest stack I can find is 'brhm', which looks like a scribal abbreviation for 'brahm' to me - that would just about work in the Burmese script.
 * Is this proper Pali? I was under the impression that dhy should assimilate to jh word-initially and jjh medially, no? Wyang (talk) 09:21, 1 October 2018 (UTC)
 * It's valid enough for Wiktionary, which is what matters, and appears to be in the canon. Old Indic *dhy indeed assimilates as you describe.  However, what we have here seems to be syncopation - '-iy-' reduces to 'y', inconsistently followed by another round of assimilation.   Thus, for the oblique singulars of  and, Duroiselle records jātiyā/jatyā/jaccā and nadiyā/nadyā/najjā.  Now, he doesn't have plural nadyo, but he does have plural jatyo.  Another source of odd clusters is sandhi - that restores clusters in -Cv- that one would have expected to have been assimilated away. RichardW57 (talk) 09:53, 1 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Ok thanks. Feel free to add this into the module; if you would like me to help please let me know. I think a way to do this could be splitting the  on line 332 into   and , but it would depend on what similar cases there are. Wyang (talk) 10:47, 1 October 2018 (UTC)
 * : That dependency is why I'd go for brute force:

 * 1) Replace '.h' by corresponding single non-Roman letter.  'h' is not the first element of a digraph, so OK.
 * 2) Replace '.' by corresponding non-Roman letter.
 * 3) Replace '  ' by
 * 4) Repeat to handle sequences of 3 or more letters.

Fancy stuff like 'medials', glide handling converting homorganic nasals to niggahita and phonetic syllables goes in the script specific bits. The Thai script has complication with words like 'guyho' - majority คุโยฺห in usage, but majority คุยฺโห in mentions - if we stick to forms with phinthu, and I'm not sure you want to call Pali <h> a 'glide'. RichardW57 (talk) 12:34, 1 October 2018 (UTC)

 * Solution now implemented as described. Detected issues now limited to round AA v. tall AA, which is discussed elsewhere.

Burmese Pali vo
This should be transliterated as ဝေါ, but is being transliterated as ဝော, which truly looks like 'te' in my browser. - RichardW57 (talk) 20:11, 29 September 2018 (UTC)

 * I think it is now fixed. --Octahedron80 (talk) 07:10, 1 October 2018 (UTC)

Pali "brahmañña" and "ဗြာဟ္မဏ" - brahmin

 * Khmer and Burmese sources for 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬 use Pali etymologies but in different scripts 🇨🇬 for Khmer and 🇨🇬 for Burmese, which is their usual convention. It should be the same Pali word. Is there an inline template call for converting Pali to different scripts or back to Roman? --Anatoli T. (обсудить/вклад) 08:07, 1 October 2018 (UTC)

 * IFAIK, Pali in Myanmar script does not use 'lunar ra', but use 'subscript ra' instead. 'brahmañña' should become . (also ဉ္ဉ > ည) By the way, ñ (ဉ) and ṇ (ဏ) are not the same letter; Burmese ပုဏ္ဏား should come from . --Octahedron80 (talk) 08:13, 1 October 2018 (UTC)

 * : Thanks but please don't remove sourced etymologies. If the spelling is incorrect or unknown, you can remove it like this . --Anatoli T. (обсудить/вклад) 08:31, 1 October 2018 (UTC)

 * I checked source that there is 'brāhmaṇa' in both Pali/Sanskrit. I put this instead. --Octahedron80 (talk) 08:42, 1 October 2018 (UTC)

 * : Thank you! --Anatoli T. (обсудить/вклад) 08:55, 1 October 2018 (UTC)
 * : Actually, do you know if is a valid Pali word? Is it the same as ? --Anatoli T. (обсудить/вклад) 08:57, 1 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes. I found it moments ago. And no, you must notice that bra- (his god) and brā- (his follower) are actually not the same word. Be careful. --Octahedron80 (talk) 09:02, 1 October 2018 (UTC)
 * ,: is also given in A.P. Buddhadatta Mahathera's 'Concise Pali-English Dictionary', at least as it appears at https://www.budsas.org/ebud/dict-pe/dictpe-19-b.htm.  (Note that the text is a bit broken - 'ntilde' appears instead of the letter 'ñ'.)  It looks a regular derivative of the forms with 'ṇ'. RichardW57 (talk) 09:26, 1 October 2018 (UTC)

 * We need to check on Burmese practice on which of subscript and lunar (a.k.a. medial) RA are used in Pali. While www.tipitaka.org uses <VIRAMA, RA> and doesn't appear to be using the Zawgyi encoding, Mason's grammar, and Mazard's revision thereof, both use medial RA in their spelling of the root noun, which I suppose is Pali . The proposal adding MEDIAL RA leaves the impression that subscript RA is only used in Sanskrit, in imitation of some very old inscriptions.  RichardW57 (talk) 09:26, 1 October 2018 (UTC)

 * Which the default should we use? I guess it gonna be lunar ra? --Octahedron80 (talk) 02:13, 2 October 2018 (UTC)

 * There's no template to wrap this module, which is for converting Pali from Roman to non-Roman. We ought to get round to writing a non-Roman to Roman module for use in the standard transliteration scheme - at present the Romanisation module uses other languages' Romanisations, and only covers a few scripts.  Obviously the Romanisation for Khmer in Khmer script will be no use for Pali. RichardW57 (talk) 09:26, 1 October 2018 (UTC)

Tai Tham vs Myanmar
Look at this one: @ "9 Attributes of the Buddha". It shows that <da> + in Tai Tham and Myanmar do not act same behavior; Myanmar use tall aa ဒါ but Tai Tham use normal aa ᨴᩣ. Northern Thai also does not use tall aa in this case. The reason is Tai Tham <a> ᩋ (compare ᨴᩣ) does not look like Myanmar <a> အ (compare ဒာ). (As I said recently, the aa form will be considered by the top of consonant stack.) So gyadā in testcases must be ᨣ᩠ᨿᨴᩣ instead of ᨣ᩠ᨿᨴᩤ.

According to the page, Tai Tham uses ᨸ (with tail) instead of ᨷ against Myanmar ပ. Just to ensure that Pali use both ᨷ/ᨸ in writings.

May be not related, but I have this book to check Northern Thai vocabulary. It contains little error but useable. --Octahedron80 (talk) 02:58, 2 October 2018 (UTC)

 * Take a look at the N3207 source of the quotation for the common noun ᨻᩩᨴ᩠ᨵ. The quote comes from the top of the lower leaf in Figure 9a.  (If my directions are not clear enough, you'll find it most easily be looking for ᨶ᩠ᨶᩴ at the start of a line.)  You'll see the syllable ᨴᩤ as well as the syllable ᨴ᩠ᨵᩤ. RichardW57 (talk) 09:42, 2 October 2018 (UTC)

 * I look through my source every entry and I found that sometimes ᨴᩣ sometimes ᨴᩤ made me more confusing. So I would tell that they are variations of each other. --Octahedron80 (talk) 00:21, 3 October 2018 (UTC)
 * : There are several possibilities as to what is going on. It seems that some people who would always write ᩅᩤ will nevertheless write ᩅ᩵ᩣ.  However, subtle rules like that are irrelevant for Pali - Pali doesn't have tone marks. RichardW57 (talk) 23:52, 9 October 2018 (UTC)

 * Tall AA seems not to occur if there is a rising subscript between the base consonant and the vowel. The reason seems obvious - the rising subscript stops the base consonant and vowel joining (or seeming to be joined), so tall AA is not needed.  In the MFL, MEDIAL RA also usually stops tall AA, but not always - the spelling in the MFL is not consistent. RichardW57 (talk) 09:42, 2 October 2018 (UTC)

 * ᨷ v. ᨸ is a regional difference, and is also related to the shape of ᨷ. I don't know where the author gets his Pali writing system from.  It's a shame he presents no manuscripts to back his statements.  He doesn't seem to be aware of the vast variation of the shape in LETTER A in Northern Thailand.  As far as I am aware, ᨷ v. ᨸ in Pali is a matter of Northern Thai v. Lao.  It's also conceivable that some places have switched from ᨷ to ᨸ to be more like Central Thai.  RichardW57 (talk) 09:42, 2 October 2018 (UTC)

Variant Forms
My longer term aim for this module is that, at least when servicing pi-alt, it will return a list of alternative transliterations for the non-Roman script. It may be appropriate to do that through an explicit target argument. One complication is that not all options are simultaneously present - ᩈᨻ᩠ᨻᩣ might not be a possible transliteration of sabbā, though ᩈᨻᩛᩣ, ᩈᨻᩛᩤ and ᩈᨻ᩠ᨻᩤ will all be found. RichardW57 (talk) 09:42, 2 October 2018 (UTC)

Sinhalese Script
Is there any rationale to the transliteration of consonant clusters (back) to the Sinhalese script? It's not the way Mazard writes them.

,, : I've now amassed quite a collection of Sinhala examples (see Category:Pali_terms_with_inconsistent_transliterations) to suggest that clusters should generally be made out of touching letters. Dow we need to accept any clusters made with al-lacuna without ZWJ? It affects the inflection of the '(m/v)ant' stems. RichardW57m (talk) 12:57, 22 October 2018 (UTC)

,, : I've changed transliteration so that Sinhala consonant clusters use touching consonants or conjuncts. The conjuncts are used for -r and -y as the second element, and the 6 exceptional clusters kv, tth, tv, nth, nd, ndh. It may be that we will also need repha, though there seem to be very few examples in mainstream Pali. RichardW57 (talk) 22:48, 8 November 2018 (UTC)

, : I've found another exceptional cluster, 'nv' that is also written as a conjunct. If we take the source of the quote for the Sinhala script form of, it's found at Verse 37. (It's Verse 31 at tipitaka.org.) It's another one we don't have font for - Iskoola Pota seems to have overlooked it (neither conjunct nor touching ligatures) and the list of conjuncts and touching forms in the introduction of the book also omits it. I'm mentioning it here so I don't forget it. It also needs to be handled properly in inflection - please no global substitutions. --RichardW57 (talk) 11:46, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Transliteration and joining of inflections have now been modified so that Sinhala 'nv' now forms a conjunct without breaking the inflection of the middle of --RichardW57 (talk) 20:57, 9 June 2020 (UTC)

We may now have a complete list for Pali - there are 6 plausible combinations out of [k|t|n][v|th|d|dh], unless 'kth' also occurs. --RichardW57 (talk) 11:46, 4 June 2020 (UTC)

I'm bending the LKLUG font to support Pali. (It's from GNU, so I can publish it when I've finished.) I've already added a set of touching forms, but the conjunct forms will be more effort - I'm going to have assemble each ligature. The conjuncts nd and ndr are already in LKLUG. It's worse than it sounds, for when I make the conjunct for kv, I've also got to add ligatures for kvi, kvī, kvu and kvū. --RichardW57 (talk) 11:46, 4 June 2020 (UTC)

Lao Pali Alphabets
From what I'm seeing the commoner writing for Pali 'y' seems to be ຍ rather than ຢ. This seems to be the case even when only the Lao lao consonants are used, and so ຍ represents both 'y' and 'ñ'. Does this correspond to others' observations? I've added a parameter y to the inflection templates to handle the endings. -- RichardW57 (talk) 22:31, 28 June 2019 (UTC)

 * I notice that either. So I will change y to short-tail ຍ. And ñ is still ຎ. --Octahedron80 (talk) 03:09, 29 June 2019 (UTC)

Tai Tham Tall AA Following Subscripts
The rule

 * word = gsub(word, "([ᨣᨴᨵᨷᩅ])(᩠[ᨠ-ᩌᩔ])(ᩮ?)ᩣ", "%1%2%3ᩤ")

doesn't always work, even in writing systems that normally use tall AA after those base consonants. I propose we gather together examples so that we can make an evidence-based refinement to the rule. Note that inflection tables already allow fine-tuning between round AA and tall AA. Please ensure that the examples come from texts where tall AA is used when there is no subscript. --RichardW57 (talk) 13:36, 4 April 2020 (UTC)

"iṃ" in Khmer, Thai and Lao
There's a specific vowel to denote the "iṃ". For example:

In Khmer, Thai and Lao, no vowel stakes on another vowel. Also, it's not appear well on some device. Hence, it should be កឹ, กึ, and ກຶ, respectively. — Pichnat Thong • 16:47, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * For Khmer and Thai script, sara ue certainly seems much more popular than using two marks, for which the primary users are tipitaka.org and en.wiktionary.org. That's annoying, because when I queried the rendering with Microsoft about 15 years ago, the man (Peter Constable) said Microsoft did regard <sara i, nikkhahit> as the proper encoding, and that the failed rendering in Windows XP with complex scripts enabled would be fixed in Vista.  I am not sure whether the two element combination merits retention as an alternative spelling. --RichardW57 (talk) 00:55, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * For Lao, I'm not so sure what is currently happening. If one goes to page 40 of the Lao source for the first quote of, you'll find ᨠᩥᩴᩈᩩ converted to the Lao script as ກິໍສຸ that looks very different to ກິໍສຸ.  (The usual conversion in that book would be to ກິງສຸ).  We may have to search hard for a text that will show the difference. --RichardW57 (talk) 00:55, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Do not use sara UE anywhere to write Pali (and also Sanskrit). If you have a proper font like Angsana New, Leelawadee UI or Lao Pali Alpha, you will see nikkhahit over sara I. Due to old system (like XP), nikkhahit cannot be input over sara I, so many people just use sara UE instead. Todays, font makers already realize the problem and make their fonts to support <sara i, nikkhahit>. For readers, you may want to copy newer version of same fonts to update your old system. And I do not recommend Arial Unicode MS because it stops update for ages. --Octahedron80 (talk) 01:17, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

 * , Thank you, I understand your saying. I was wondering how it would be "sara i, nikkhahit" when "sara ue" is just conveniently combined the former as one. — Pichnat Thong • 02:17, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

 * (You don't need to ping me when you reply. This page is permanently on my watch list.) --RichardW57 (talk) 03:17, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * There are several issues here.
 * Are sara ue and <sara i, nikkhahit> often distinguished in handwriting? I've been looking at extracts from a 19th century book, and I can't see the difference between sara ue in Thai and the vowel in Pali text.  Is the difference in appearance real?  There are now some Khmer scripts fonts on Windows that distinguish <COENG, TA> and <COENG, DA> because they're encoded differently, though in Cambodia (or Phnom Penh, at least), they've been written the same for nearly a century.
 * Yes. They are surely different. UE is merged together but IM is stacking in two. And no one write UE in place of IM by hand, and vice versa. See my sample fonts: https://ibb.co/c3ppDZ9 --Octahedron80 (talk) 04:04, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * The difference you describe is what I had hoped to see, but in the old book sara ue (in Thai) was written with a gap between the sara i and nikkhahit parts. And clearly Pichnat Tong hadn't been taught that they were different.  On the other hand, he will probably have been taught that sara ue is composed of sara i and nikkhahit.  And that is what a lot of fonts do - they put glyphs for sara i and for nikkhahit together to make sara ue.  --RichardW57 (talk) 10:40, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * See Lao Pali too: https://ibb.co/sszR38L --Octahedron80 (talk) 04:38, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Whose is that font? It looks as though it suffers from having to work with Latin text - the vowels above are too small, which forces the nikkhahit to be at the top of the stack.  In the Lanna script, I've almost always seen the mai kang to the right of the vowel, and it's very striking how similar Lao Tham and Lao Lao are.  (One exception is the Hariphunchai font line, but I think that's an oversight, not an intention.  Its mai kang appears inside the vowel.) --RichardW57 (talk) 10:40, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * You can get it from my collection. There are two fonts that display the same. You can get more if you google for "Lao Pali font". (I won't collect more; I am just satisfied with these.) --Octahedron80 (talk) 02:37, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

 * If there is a real difference between the two, have Thais now permanently switched to using sara ue? After all, 'the textbook' uses sare ue!  If they have, that is what Wiktionary should treat as the primary form.
 * As I told before, UE is just easier to type (but incorrect) because the limitation of the system does not allow to type nikkhahit over sara I (and also after sara U as in พาหุํ if you want to know.) Luckily, Firefox allows to do that. In case of capable to change, every UE must be converted to IM. Todays, we will see the actual IM in publications. At Wikibooks, I will change it now. --Octahedron80 (talk) 04:10, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

 * As it is currently what is being used, sara ue needs to be recorded in Wiktionary. We might record it as an XP-induced misspelling.  On the other hand, we might have to record <sara i, nikkhahit> as an old-fashioned, obsolete or pedantic spelling.
 * The correct form is <sara i, nikkhahit>. I do not recommend to use UE in any case because it is not intended to use in this way. --Octahedron80 (talk) 04:21, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Wiktionary records languages as they are, not as they should be. There's a whole set of alternative Esperanto spellings (digraphs with 'x') because the standard spellings were too hard to type! --RichardW57 (talk) 10:40, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * No prob. --Octahedron80 (talk) 03:28, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

 * The inflections will need tweaking again. I think it's time to work out how to add footnotes to inflection tables.  We're beginning to pick up non-standard spellings and regional forms -  may turn out to to be a purely Sinhalese aorist form, and  may be a 'late' Sanskritised form of an inflection of  - or perhaps it's even just Devanagari!  Verb conjugation already has special handling for Thai having two spellings for the endings -mhe and -vho. -RichardW57 (talk) 03:17, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

 * I recalled something in this video, at 9:30: The Pali Alphabet & Pronunciation Guide | Learn Pāli Basics on Youtube
 * [iṃ] denotes two sounds: อีง and อึง. A comment mentioned อีง sounds as อิํ, otherwise อึ is อึง. In Khmer there use only one its sound "អឹ"/"អឹង". I doubt if "อิํ" is obsolete in Thai, as in Khmer it is. Another case, "am" denotes "sara am" (អាំ/อำ) that is a part of makāranta which pronounce [ṃ] and [m] as the same "m" final sound, but doesn't count for now. Thanks to you two, I respect your works and explaining. — Pichnat Thong • 06:29, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * The video is rather confusing at that point, and I think the attempt to pronounce nasalised vowels failed. Fortunately, for Wiktionary, we don't at present need to know how to pronounce Pali, just how to write it.  On top of the vastly different pronunciations one would expect from the usual local pronunciation of the consonants, there are apparently pronunciations that have been taken from the local vernaculars that badly mangle the vowels. --RichardW57 (talk) 10:40, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

Quotations
We have, I believe, three quotations giving [iṃ] in Thai script with implicit vowels, all from the same book. An example is
 * (the text in the book is shown at ).
 * (the text in the book is shown at ).

 * What is printed in the book there? Sara ue or <sara i, nikkhahit>?  I transcribed it as the latter, but I am worried that I am wrong.  Within the book, the precise typeface seems only to be used for Pali.  (It could have been chosen because it handles marks below well.) --RichardW57 (talk) 17:43, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

 * I found and <sara i, nikkhahit> (which I assumed, probably just errors?) in the same page of the book "ภิกขุปาติโมกข์ปาฬิ ฉบับ จปร อักษรสยาม" . You'd found them on third and forth line on page 30/40. Pichnat Thong (talk) 18:21, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't think it's กึ but กิํ. For sara ue, I would expect the nikkhahit to be further to the right.  The layout is not consistent.  On line -9 (i.e. 9th line from the bottom) of the same page we have successive words สัน์ติํ and อาปัต์ติํ.  The nikkhahit is at different heights in the two last syllables! So what do you think is truly written in the text I have copied for Wiktionary quotations? --RichardW57 (talk) 01:07, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

 * I'd figured that it depends on what the writer choose to type out. <sara i, nikkhahit> and might not be the same thing but they could be used alternatively..
 * I'd say from the text you copied, it clearly is อสฺมึ rather than อสฺมิํ. Unless not in a book, I prefer the former over the latter since on mobile devices including tablets, <sara i, nikkhahit> looks faulty. I couldn't even type "nikkhahit" after "sara i" after all. — Pichnat Thong, 04:13, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I've updated the quotation module accordingly, and also the inflection tables for the words whose quoted inflected forms have changed -, and . --RichardW57 (talk) 15:50, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

Burmese: Mon, Old Shan, New Shan
I have added Mon, Old Shan, New Shan variations of Burmese script. You can look at 'variations' table to see what is changed between them. --Octahedron80 (talk) 02:56, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Conversion to Old Shan was generating hybrid forms (e.g. ၺႃယဿ compared to standard Burmese script ဉာယဿ), which is wrong for servicing pi-alt. I've changed it so that words with GREAT SA will be left in the Burmese form rather than converted to Old Shan. This does not affect the conversion of words to the New Shan variant. --RichardW57m (talk) 13:12, 19 August 2021 (UTC)

Mon iṃ

 * Following the discussion at User talk:RichardW57, I am commenting out the conversion of Mon Pali to ီ rather than to ိံ until we get evidence of it good enough to defend an entry. (Corrected text.) --RichardW57 (talk) 01:10, 26 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Incidentally, when I checked yesterday, was the only Pali term with ီ for iṃ that linked to a page. --RichardW57 (talk) 01:13, 26 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I neglected to make the change until today. --RichardW57m (talk) 10:06, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

Adding the Chakma Writing System
How could the Chakma script be added to the module? --Apisite (talk) 13:02, 15 October 2021 (UTC)

The has been added. --Apisite (talk) 13:48, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

Isn't Cyrillic more urgent? I'm not sure how many dead bodies would be required for Chakma. The CFI issue is important. How many durable instances do we have? Are people likely to just come across Pali in Chakma script? The perceived need for the letter VAA for base letter 'v' is odd, when one can see that WAA is being used for subscript 'v'. --RichardW57 (talk) 19:51, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

The technical issues that immediately spring to mind are:

 * Which independent vowels are used? Do they alternate with spellings with AA?
 * How are geminate consonants written? Does the presence of an explicit vowel matter?  If MAAYAA is used, is there consensus on the order of MAAYAA and vowel?
 * How are other consonant clusters written? If there's no tradition of writing Pali or Sanskrit, we can't rely on that to guide the writing.

For transliteration from Chakma, the following questions also arise:
 * Do we need to distinguish VAA and WAA as base consonants? I would not be surprised to see WAA used for 'v'.  I think we don't need to.
 * Do we need to distinguish <MAAYAA, vowel> and <vowel, MAAYAA>? I think not.

The only texts I have available for analysis are those in the Unicode proposals. --RichardW57 (talk) 19:51, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

Do you have any other Pali texts to offer? --RichardW57m (talk) 12:01, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

 * I have no Pali texts in the Chakma script, but you could ask Jyoti and Suz Moriz Chakma, who made the RibengUni font. (You might want to have a good understanding of Bengali though.) --Apisite (talk) 14:02, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

, : For transliteration from the Chakma script, I would recommend creating Module ccp-translit, with a switch on language for differences between Chakma and Pali. The use of U+11102 CHAKMA SIGN VISARGA for Pali ā is quite remarkable. --RichardW57m (talk) 14:42, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

 * Here's an awkward question. Is subscript 'v' encoded as U+11131 CHAKMA O MARK or as <U+11134 CHAKMA MAAYYAA, U+11124 CHAKMA LETTER WAA>? --RichardW57 (talk) 21:56, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

RichardW57 (talk) 03:48, 22 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I've added Chakma to this module. The limited data I have is consistent with 𑄠𑄢𑄣𑅇 (yrlv) being subscripted in clusters and all other consonants, including 𑄚 (n), not being subscripted.  Until such time as Chakma is added to the script list for Pali in Module:languages/data2, link and mention will require sc for transliteration to occur - but you didn't ask about these! --RichardW57 (talk) 03:48, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

 * In early 2023, Chakma was added for Pali to what is now Module:languages/data/2, so it no longer needs to be treated exceptionally. --RichardW57 (talk) 21:41, 1 July 2023 (UTC)

 * I've now added inflection capability for Chakma. For pi-decl-noun you need to add new argument Cakm and old argument ending ceases to be optional.  For pi-conj-special, you need to add new argument Cakm. --RichardW57 (talk) 17:23, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

Inverse transliteration
{{ping|Apisite}: I've now knocked up the inverse transliteration, from Chakma to Latin, for Pali. It's Module:Cakm-translit. Unfortunately, there are some unexplained discrepancies between the automated and manual transliterations for Chakma. Does that 'transliteration' depend on invisible phonetic facts? --RichardW57 (talk) 16:49, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

Fixing vital punctuation and re-asking:

 * I've now knocked up the inverse transliteration, from Chakma to Latin, for Pali. It's Module:Cakm-translit.  Unfortunately, there are some unexplained discrepancies between the automated and manual transliterations for Chakma.  Does that 'transliteration' depend on invisible phonetic facts? --RichardW57m (talk) 16:39, 13 May 2022 (UTC)

We'll have to make a poster, that says this: "Help wanted from any people with knowledge of Pali written in the Chakma script." --Apisite (talk) 00:40, 2 July 2023 (UTC)

 * What I wrote was ambiguous. The problem is with Chakma written in the Chakma script; I suspect the issues may be shared with Bengali. --RichardW57m (talk) 08:57, 3 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Module talk:pi-Latn-translit


text:
гласна жица

Noun

 * 1) vocal cord

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: гласна жица


text:
епиглотис

Noun

 * 1) epiglottis

title: епиглотис


text:
капаче

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) cap, lid
 * 2)  epiglottis
 * 1)  epiglottis

title: капаче


text:
голтник

Noun

 * 1)  pharynx

title: голтник


text:
ѓакон

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) deacon

title: ѓакон


text: evalueres

title: evalueres


text: evaluer

title: evaluer


text: evaluerer

title: evaluerer


text: evaluerte

title: evaluerte


text: evaluert

title: evaluert


text:
bullanguero

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) lively, rowdy

Noun

 * 1) lively, rowdy person

title: bullanguero


text:
естрагон

Noun

 * 1) tarragon

title: естрагон


text:
canotaje

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) boating

title: canotaje


text:
херпес

Noun

 * 1) herpes

title: херпес


text:
foreview

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) A preview
 * 2)  A forward view
 * 1)  A forward view
 * 1)  A forward view
 * 1)  A forward view

title: foreview


text: foreviews

title: foreviews


text:
Wiktionary:About Pali

Background
Pali is an Old-Indo-Aryan language that is similar to Vedic Sanskrit. It is also the language of the earliest Buddhist scriptures.

Scripts
Pali uses the following scripts:

 * Roman
 * Devanagari
 * Burmese
 * Thai
 * Khmer
 * Sinhalese
 * Tai Tham
 * Lao
 * Bengali (but seemingly nothing durably archived)
 * Chakma
 * Brahmi

Wiktionary uses the template to show forms of words in different scripts. See for an example.

Roman
The Roman script as used on Wiktionary uses the 33 consonant letters k, kh, g, gh, ṅ (velars); c, ch, j, jh, ñ (palatals); ṭ, ṭh, d, ḍh, ṇ (retroflexes); t, th, d, dh, n (dentals); p, ph, b, bh, m (labials); y, r, l, v (semivowels), s, h, ḷ and ṃ (niggahita) and the 8 vowels a, ā, i, ī, u, ū, e and o. This arose as an application of the IAST Variant systems may be encountered with 'ŋ' for 'ṃ' (Pali Text Society (PTS) or 'ṁ' for 'ṁ' (ISO 1519) and á, í and ú for the contrastively long vowels.  Very occasionally, the palatals and retroflexes may be denoted by italicising the letters for the velars and dentals.  Finally, as the difference between 'ṅ' and 'n' is not phonemic, the PTS texts write 'n' for both.

Devanagari
Devanagari uses the same 33 consonant letters (except that niggahita is a combining mark, commonly known as anusvara) and 8 vowel letters, except that they occur both as independent vowel and as dependent vowels (with the rules of an abugida). There is no indication that anusvara is used as an abbreviation for a homorganic nasal.

Burmese
In principle, the Burmese script uses the same 33 consonant letters (except that niggahita is a combining mark, commonly known as anusvara) and 8 vowel letters, except that they occur both as independent vowel and as dependent vowels (with the rules of an abugida). However, the dependent vowels corresponding to 'ā' and 'o' each have two different forms, which are encoded separately. The choice is context sensitive, and the rules for Burmese itself are known to have varied over time. An additional encoding complication is that the subscript forms correpsonding to 'y', 'r', 'v' and 'h' are encoded in Unicode as combining marks known as 'medial consonants'. Finally, Unicode has separate letters for the geminates 'ññ' and 'ss'.

It is entirely possible that a Mon tradition may use a different letter for 'jh' to the Burmese tradition.

Thai
As an abugida, the Thai script uses the same 33 consonant letters (except that niggahita is a combining mark) and 8 vowel letters. Instead of independent vowels, the dependent vowel uses a dummy consonant, which in Thai represents an initial glottal stop. The vowel 'a' is the default vowel, and the absence of a vowel is marked by the 'diacritic' called phinthu. There is variation in the positioning of a preposed vowel in a consonant cluster - 'yho' may be found both as โยฺห and ยฺโห.

The Thai script may also be used as an alphabet. The vowel has two, separately encoded forms, one for open syllables and one for closed syllables. The niggahita is written with the letter ngo ngu, making it formally indistinguishable from 'ṅ'. Context resolves the difference between 'ṃ' and 'ṅ'.

Khmer
The Khmer script uses the same 33 consonant letters (except that niggahita is a combining mark, commonly known as anusvara) and 8 vowel letters, except that they occur both as independent vowel and as dependent vowels (with the rules of an abugida). Early in the 20th century, subscript 't' and 'ṭ' came to be written the same. It is not known how subscript 'ṭ' is normally encoded nowadays.

Sinhala
The Sinhala script uses the same 33 consonant letters and 8 vowel letters, except that they occur both as independent vowel and as dependent vowels (with the rules of an abugida). Consonant clusters are written as conjunct or touching letters; conjunction and touching are encoded differently, and are different from normal cluster notation in the Sinhalese language, which uses the sign al-lakuna, which also serves to mark various vowels as long.

Sinhala Rendering
The rendering of conjuncts and touching letters may be poor, with systems falling back to a glyph or glyph modification and, usually, vowels written on the left appearing within the cluster. For Windows 7, the font Iskoola Pota works well, but it may have problems with later operating systems (for which it is probably unlicensed anyway). There is a freeish font LKLUG_T which works adequately for Pali with browsers; it does not work well with Word 2016. (That appears to be a problem with the rendered, not the font.) There have been adequate fonts for Macs, but their current status is unknown.

Tai Tham
The Tai Tham script uses the same 33 consonant letters and 8 vowel letters, except that they occur both as independent vowel and as dependent vowels (with the rules of an abugida). However, western practice (Burma and Northern Thailand) writes 'p' using U+1A37 TAI THAM LETTER BA while eastern practice (north eastern Thailand and Laos) uses U+1A38 TAI THAM LETTER HIGH PA. As with Burmese, the dependent vowels corresponding to 'ā' and 'o' each have two different forms, which are encoded separately. The rules for which one to use vary from place to place. There is also variation in the writing of subscript 'ṭh', 'b', 'm' and 's', and this is captured in the encoding. Additionally, the obvious way of encoding subscript 'l' and 'r' is used for the vernaculars, not for Pali. Pali uses 'medial' consonants for the subscripts of these two letters, e.g. . Finally, as in the Burmese script, there is a special letter for 'ss'.

Lao
With the addition of the Buddhist Institute letters for Pali, the Lao script can be used in the same way as the Thai script.

However, Pali is also written using the limited repertoire available to Lao. These schemes are alphabets, not abugidas. The missing consonants are occasionally supplied by the use of nuktas, which may be encoded using U+0EBA LAO SIGN PALI VIRAMA, but normally a consonant that would be pronounced the same in Lao borrowings is used. The distinction between ຍ and ຢ may be used to represent the distinction between Pali 'ñ' and 'y', but often they are both written with ຍ. Pali 'ññ' may be written ນຍ.

Bengali
The Bengali script may use the same 33 consonant letters (except that niggahita is a combining mark, commonly known as anusvara) and 8 vowel letters, except that they occur both as independent vowel and as dependent vowels (with the rules of an abugida). However, there are complications arising from the ancient loss of the distinction between 'b' and 'v' in this script. Combining Pali and Sanskrit, the following combinations for 'r' and 'v' are known:
 * 1) ৰ and ৱ (Assamese)
 * 2) র and ৰ
 * 3) র and ব (Preserving Bengali merger of 'b' and 'v')

Brahmi
Devanagari uses the same 33 consonant letters and 8 vowel letters, except that they occur both as independent vowel and as dependent vowels (with the rules of an abugida). The relevant inscriptions are not early Brahmi, so the spelling is probably as expected.

Nouns
Nouns use the headword template, with a parameter for gender (1). In action the template looks like this:

Nouns are in their stem form, which varies based on gender and declension systems, but is generally the main headword in most Pali dictionaries. As some dictionaries instead list words by the nominative singular, it is considered appropriate to create an entry for the nominative singular when it differs from the stem. Similarly, an entry for the 'alternative citation form' in -u may be created for nouns whose stem ends in -'ar'.

Declensions are handled with the template, or shorter for auto-detection. The basic table can handle only one word of one script and one gender, but can accept manual overrides and can incorporate multiple spelling systems.

Tasks

 * Add links to feminine forms where applicable; for example, sīha.

title: Wiktionary:About Pali


text: Ngŵyr

title: Ngŵyr


text: bullangueros

title: bullangueros


text: bullanguera

title: bullanguera


text: bullangueras

title: bullangueras


text: canotajes

title: canotajes


text: cariocas

title: cariocas


text: Category:Pali noun forms

title: Category:Pali noun forms


text: bar mitzvahs

title: bar mitzvahs


text: b'nai mitzvah

title: b'nai mitzvah


text: bat mitzvahs

title: bat mitzvahs


text: b'not mitzvah

title: b'not mitzvah


text:
mot a mot

Etymology
From 🇰🇲.

Adverb

 * 1) word for word, verbatim

Adverb

 * 1) word for word (verbatim)

title: mot a mot


text:
pŵer

Etymology
, from ,

Noun

 * 1)  power

title: pŵer


text: bŵer

title: bŵer


text: mhŵer

title: mhŵer


text: phŵer

title: phŵer


text: pwerau

title: pwerau


text: bwerau

title: bwerau


text: mhwerau

title: mhwerau


text: phwerau

title: phwerau


text:
pweru

Verb

 * 1) to power

title: pweru


text: mhweru

title: mhweru


text: phweru

title: phweru


text: bweru

title: bweru


text:
pŵer niwclear

Noun

 * 1) nuclear power power from nuclear reactions

title: pŵer niwclear


text:
niwclear

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Adjective

 * 1) nuclear

title: niwclear


text:
цветен прав

Noun

 * 1) pollen

title: цветен прав


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwatjaną

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to sharpen; whet
 * 2) to instigate; incite

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwatjaną


text: gyfrifiadur

title: gyfrifiadur


text: nghyfrifiadur

title: nghyfrifiadur


text: chyfrifiadur

title: chyfrifiadur


text: gyfrifiaduron

title: gyfrifiaduron


text: nghyfrifiaduron

title: nghyfrifiaduron


text: chyfrifiaduron

title: chyfrifiaduron


text:
Talk:عمل

It means to take pains AWAY. . .and that's not understandable on its own...they said "ala" يعمل على just means to serve to (function) الدواء يعمل على ازالة الحمى the medicine serves to reduce the fever. المشروع يعمل على تحسين الانتاج the project serves to increase production.

title: Talk:عمل


text:
wätje

Etymology
From, from. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  to whet, sharpen

title: wätje


text: termene

title: termene


text:
отисок

Noun

 * 1)  print (e.g. fingerprint)

title: отисок


text:
срамни влакна

Noun

 * 1) pubic hair

title: срамни влакна


text:
Gefieder

Etymology
From, , , extended forms of , , , from , , from.

Noun

 * 1) plumage

title: Gefieder


text:
grievement

Etymology
, equivalent to.

Adverb

 * 1) gravely; seriously

title: grievement


text:
termar

Etymology
From +. Compate, from Latin.

Verb

 * 1)  to hold; to stand; to support

title: termar


text: 𦛂

title: 𦛂


text: termane

title: termane


text:
aterminer

Etymology
, equivalent to.

Verb

 * 1)  to finish; to complete

title: aterminer


text:
зимувалиште

Noun

 * 1) winter resort

title: зимувалиште


text:
крвна слика

Noun

 * 1) blood test (lit. "blood image")

title: крвна слика


text:
окце

Noun

 * 1) peephole
 * 1) peephole

title: окце


text:
зајчица

Noun

 * 1) female rabbit

title: зајчица


text:
зајче

Noun

 * 1) bunny, baby rabbit

title: зајче


text:
тврдо непце

Noun

 * 1) hard palate

title: тврдо непце


text:
меко непце

Noun

 * 1) velum, soft palate

title: меко непце


text:
кираџија

Noun

 * 1) tenant, boarder
 * 2)   carter

title: кираџија


text:
Istakhr

Etymology
Borrowed from, possibly through.

Translations

 * Arabic: إِصْطَخْر
 * Middle Persian: sthl
 * Persian:

title: Istakhr


text:
кираџика

Noun

 * 1) female tenant

title: кираџика


text:
scharp

Etymology
From, from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) sharp

Etymology
From, from.

Adjective

 * 1) sharp (cutting easily)
 * 2) rough, harsh to the skin
 * 3) sharp (of the senses or mind)
 * 4) fierce, intense
 * 5) cruel, nasty
 * 6) strict

Etymology
From, from , from.

Adjective

 * 1) sharp

title: scharp


text:
книвче

Noun

 * 1) booklet
 * 1) booklet

title: книвче


text:
книшка

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) book

Noun

 * 1) booklet
 * 2) chequebook

title: книшка


text:
монахиња

Noun

 * 1) nun

title: монахиња


text:
калуѓер

Etymology
(🇨🇬).

Noun

 * 1) monk

title: калуѓер


text:
средно училиште

Noun

 * 1) high school, middle school, secondary school

title: средно училиште


text:
средно

Adverb

 * 1) to an intermediate degree

title: средно


text:
сваќа

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) co-mother-in-law

title: сваќа


text:
карван

Noun

 * 1)  caravan

title: карван


text:
Dizi

Proper noun

 * 1) A district (woreda) in southern Ethiopia.
 * 2) Dizin, a language of southern Ethiopia.

Noun

 * 1) An ethnic group of southern Ethiopia.

Proper noun

 * 1) Dizicheh, a small city in Iran.

title: Dizi


text:
туженик

Noun

 * 1) defendant

title: туженик


text:
фес

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) fez

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) fes a Turkish hat in the shape of a truncated cone

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) fez a Turkish hat in the shape of a truncated cone

title: фес


text:
шпагета

Etymology
Back-formed singular from, itself from (via 🇨🇬).

Noun

 * 1)  a piece of spaghetti, spaghetto

Usage notes

 * Usually used in its plural form.

title: шпагета


text:
макарона

Noun

 * 1) macaroni

title: макарона


text:
сарма

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) dolma,  stuffed cabbage or grape leaves

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) a type of dish (mincemeat and rice wrapped in cabbage or vine leaves)

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) a type of food from meat rolled with leaves

title: сарма


text:
Ahvaz

Etymology
From, from and , a shortened form of , a calque of , name of a major town in Sassanian-era Khuzestan; see  for more.

Proper noun

 * , capital of the Khuzestan Province.

Translations

 * Arabic: أَهْوَاز, أَحْوَاز
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Hindi: अहवाज़
 * Persian:
 * Tajik: Аҳвоз

title: Ahvaz


text:
цуфка

Noun

 * 1)  booger
 * 2)  an unwanted irregular particle on some surface, possibly attached to it (e.g. lint on clothing)

title: цуфка


text:
цуцка

Noun

 * 1)  tip, small protuberance
 * 2)  an unwanted particle or substance (e.g. the chalazae in an egg, or burned spots on a potato)

Verb

 * 1)  to make, arrange or modify in a ridiculously meticulous or fastidious way

title: цуцка


text:
пупа

Noun

 * 1)  shoe

title: пупа


text:
гомце

Noun

 * 1)  turd

title: гомце


text:
ајдук

Noun

 * 1)  Hajduk
 * 2)  outlaw, highwayman, robber, thief

title: ајдук


text:
меана

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) tavern

title: меана


text:
песнарка

Noun

 * 1) songbook

title: песнарка


text:
стихозбирка

Noun

 * 1) collection of poems

title: стихозбирка


text:
деец

Noun

 * 1) activist

title: деец


text:
социјална мрежа

Noun

 * 1) social network

title: социјална мрежа


text:
одглас

Noun

 * 1) echo
 * 2)  reaction

title: одглас


text:
оглас

Noun

 * 1) ad, advertisement

title: оглас


text:
Talk:act for

act for
"To make decisions in (someone's) place". Isn't this just [[act]] [[for]]? Renard Migrant (talk) 15:48, 24 November 2015 (UTC)
 * It's To make decisions in (someone's) place; to take over and act in the role of (someone who can not be present); to represent (someone) in an official capacity. act doesn't mean "make decisions" or "represent in an official capacity". Perhaps it should be tightened to focus on the officialness of it? It's called a phrasal verb by Cambridge and McGraw-Hill, plus listed here. WurdSnatcher (talk)

 * I can't say as I agree with either Cambridge or McGraw Hill. “To   for (someone)” is an exceedingly generic construction.  “To chew for someone”, “to shop for someone”, “to read aloud for someone” -- these all express the same sense from  as the construction “to act for someone”.  As such, act for doesn't seem all that idiomatic.  ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │Tala við mig 16:35, 24 November 2015 (UTC)
 * But none of those are official. "act" doesn't normally imply doing something in an official or legal capacity. WurdSnatcher (talk) 16:51, 24 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Many senses are limited in context, and thus in what types of words they appear with: we don't need entries for run water or run a candidate just because you can't run water for governor or run a candidate for a bath. Chuck Entz (talk) 21:27, 27 November 2015 (UTC)
 * My thought was, does act for always mean to speak for. Can act for not be also non-verbal action, therefore broadening the definition to 'to act on behalf of someone', hence, clear SoP. Renard Migrant (talk) 16:43, 24 November 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure that would clear it up: "act" can mean "to do something" (this committee will act on your proposal), doesn't have to imply speaking. "act for" does, I think, require speaking (or at least signing documents, which is leqally equivalent to speaking). WurdSnatcher (talk) 16:51, 24 November 2015 (UTC)

Keep - not SoP. Act here has a very specific/restricted legalese sense that is not covered by any of the usual uses of act. Try it with other preps, to act with cannot mean "to make decisions with someone", to act beside cannot mean "to make decisions next to someone". However, "I'm acting for XXX" can also be expressed "I'm acting on XXX's behalf", so perhaps this phrase needs coverage.--Sonofcawdrey (talk) 03:45, 25 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Can't it? "France says to act with Germany for euro." "Alderman-elect Schilling of the Twenty-fourth Assembly District announced last night that he proposed to act with the Republicans in the organization of the incoming Board of Aldermen." Smurrayinchester (talk) 08:56, 25 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete. Expand act as required. Equinox ◑ 03:50, 25 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete per Equinox. DCDuring TALK 05:32, 25 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Delete More than anything, I think the definition is misleading and simply wrong. To "act for" has a broader meaning than just "to make decisions for" – it means "to represent" in general ("Nicola Sturgeon vows [Scottish National Party] will act for entire UK". Really, it's just the broadest meaning of act ("do something") + for. Smurrayinchester (talk) 08:56, 25 November 2015 (UTC)
 * I too think it's act (perform an action or actions) + for, and speaking of course is a specific action so falls well within the definition of 'perform an action'. Renard Migrant (talk) 17:25, 26 November 2015 (UTC) (apologies for later signature Renard Migrant (talk) 17:25, 26 November 2015 (UTC))

 * Delete per Smurray. - -sche (discuss) 19:12, 27 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Okay - I capitulate, to an extent. "act for" may not be a "good" phrasal verb - esp. as you can act on someone's behalf. However, I think that it is wrong to say that the sense is simply act ("do something") + for ... I think there is a specific legal sense which means "to make legally binding decisions (for someone or some entity who is absent)" - which is entirely different to the sense in Smurray's example of France acting with Germany, which is a case of France representing France, or the Scottish National Party acting for the UK, which means to do something for another's benefit.--Sonofcawdrey (talk) 10:40, 29 November 2015 (UTC)
 * The purported special legal meaning of act for is almost certainly to be found in what might be special legal meanings of act. Various legal dictionaries and glossaries have perhaps as many as a dozen definitions of act (noun), some of which presumably are associated with uses of act (verb). (See under business heading for examples.)
 * AFAICT, act for has no meaning distinct from act on behalf of in any of those definitions in any context. DCDuring TALK 13:52, 29 November 2015 (UTC)
 * All I am saying is that we need a special verb sense for act that covers the meaning captured here in this SoP entry, because the current entry for act doesn't cover it.--Sonofcawdrey (talk) 14:11, 29 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I didn't get your full position. We are in agreement apparently. DCDuring TALK 23:42, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

I have deleted [[act for]] and added a sense "To do something that causes a change binding on the doer: act on behalf of John" to [[act]]. Please edit that sense as needed for accuracy, clarity, etc. Striking. —msh210℠ (talk) 20:25, 22 December 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:act for


text:
Power Five

Etymology
🇰🇲

Proper noun

 * 1)  The five college football conferences (,, ,  and ) that traditionally contain the strongest programs, and whose champions are guaranteed berths in one of the six bowl games associated with the.

title: Power Five


text:
потрчко

Noun

 * 1) errand boy, submissive person who takes orders from everyone

title: потрчко


text:
лигуш

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) overly sentimental person
 * 2) wimp, whiner, sissy, softie

title: лигуш


text:
подлизурко

Noun

 * 1)  suckup, flatterer

title: подлизурко


text:
мушама

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) oilskin, oilcloth watertight covering, especially a tablecloth which does not need to laundered
 * 2) raincoat, mackintosh

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) canvas (material)
 * 2) tablecloth

title: мушама


text:
бришач

Noun

 * 1) windshield wiper

title: бришач


text:
бранител

Etymology
From ; equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) defender

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) defender
 * 2) defense attorney

title: бранител


text:
црпалка

Noun

 * 1) ladle, scoop

title: црпалка


text:
снегулка

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) snowflake

title: снегулка


text:
правнука

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) great-granddaughter

title: правнука


text:
прабаба

Etymology
..

Noun

 * 1) great-grandmother

Etymology
..

Noun

 * 1) great-grandmother

Etymology
, from. .

Noun

 * 1) great-grandmother

title: прабаба


text:
прадедо

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) great-grandfather

title: прадедо


text:
бабетина

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  hag, nasty old woman
 * 2)  weak person, milksop
 * 1)  weak person, milksop

title: бабетина


text: Category:rw:Human

title: Category:rw:Human


text:
едрилица

Noun

 * 1) glider
 * 2) sailboat

title: едрилица


text: Category:is:Brewing

title: Category:is:Brewing


text: Category:io:Slavery

title: Category:io:Slavery


text:
моторџија

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  motorcyclist

title: моторџија


text: Category:pcd:Language

title: Category:pcd:Language


text:
моторџика

Noun

 * 1)  female motorcyclist

title: моторџика


text:
деверица

Noun

 * 1) bridesmaid

title: деверица


text:
oikeinkirjoitussääntö

Noun

 * 1) orthographic rule

title: oikeinkirjoitussääntö


text: Category:bg:Subatomic particles

title: Category:bg:Subatomic particles


text:
буковец

Noun

 * 1) a type of spice based on peppers, chili powder

title: буковец


text: Category:pcd:Communication

title: Category:pcd:Communication


text: Category:gd:Woods

title: Category:gd:Woods


text: Category:de:Ophthalmology

title: Category:de:Ophthalmology


text: Category:frm:Ancient Rome

title: Category:frm:Ancient Rome


text:
кари

Noun

 * 1) curry

Noun

 * 1) lady

title: кари


text: Category:bg:Particle physics

title: Category:bg:Particle physics


text:
каро

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1)  ♦, the suit of diamonds
 * 2) a card of that suit

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) diamonds (in card games)

Etymology
.

Noun

 * , diamonds in card- and boardgames

title: каро


text:
треф

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) clubs (in card games)

Etymology
.

Noun

 * , clubs in card- and boardgames

title: треф


text: Category:gd:Natural materials

title: Category:gd:Natural materials


text: Category:frm:Europe

title: Category:frm:Europe


text: Category:frm:Eurasia

title: Category:frm:Eurasia


text:
херц

Etymology 1
.

Noun

 * 1) hearts (in card games)

Etymology 2
, after the German physicist.

Noun

 * 1) hertz

Etymology 1
.

Noun

 * , hearts in card- and boardgames

Etymology 2
, after the German physicist.

Noun

 * 1) hertz

title: херц


text: Category:frm:Earth

title: Category:frm:Earth


text:
алатка

Noun

 * 1) tool

title: алатка


text:
кариера

Noun

 * 1) career

title: кариера


text: Category:af:Vegetables

title: Category:af:Vegetables


text: Category:acw:Anatomy

title: Category:acw:Anatomy


text: Category:acw:Biology

title: Category:acw:Biology


text: Category:acw:Medicine

title: Category:acw:Medicine


text:
главуч

Noun

 * 1) a person with a big head
 * 2)  boss, honcho

Usage notes

 * This word is sometimes slurred into "глауч".

title: главуч


text: Category:acw:List of related-to categories


text: Category:acw:Sciences

title: Category:acw:Sciences


text: Category:acw:All topics

title: Category:acw:All topics


text: Category:ko:Grasses

title: Category:ko:Grasses


text: Category:mk:Finance

title: Category:mk:Finance


text: Category:lt:Knitting

title: Category:lt:Knitting


text: Category:yi:Islands

title: Category:yi:Islands


text: Category:lt:Crafts

title: Category:lt:Crafts


text:
oikullisesti

Adverb

 * 1) whimsically, capriciously

title: oikullisesti


text:
творештво

Noun

 * 1) all the works of an author

title: творештво


text:
земјанин

Noun

 * 1) earthling

title: земјанин


text:
блам

Noun

 * 1)  embarrassment, humiliation

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  (feeling of) embarrassment

title: блам


text:
пивтија

Etymology
(🇨🇬), from.

Noun

 * 1) jellied meat

title: пивтија


text:
пача

Noun

 * 1) king, sovereign, monarch

Etymology
(🇨🇬), from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) aspic

title: пача


text:
ухать

Verb

 * 1) to crash, to bang
 * 2) to hoot

title: ухать


text:
секад

Adverb

 * 1)  always

title: секад


text:
Origanum

Etymology
From.

Hypernyms

 * ; - subfamily;  - tribe;  - subtribe

Hyponyms

 * - type species; for other species see

title: Origanum


text:
гол полжав

Noun

 * 1) slug

title: гол полжав


text:
низа

Noun

 * 1) sequence

title: низа


text:
монистро

Noun

 * 1) bead

title: монистро


text:
тинејџерка

Noun

 * 1) female teenager

title: тинејџерка


text:
средношколец

Noun

 * 1) high school student

title: средношколец


text:
средношколка

Noun

 * 1) female high school student

title: средношколка


text:
контролор

Noun

 * 1)  controller
 * 2) supervisor, overseer, superintendent

title: контролор


text:
вариво

Noun

 * 1) stew, brew boiled dish
 * 2) ingredients for stew

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) cooked vegetables

Etymology
From

Noun

 * 1) stew, brew
 * 2) jam, jelly

title: вариво


text:
лампион

Noun

 * 1) Christmas ornament

Noun

 * 1) lampion

title: лампион


text:
افسردن

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  to cool down; freeze

title: افسردن


text: родови улоги

title: родови улоги


text:
куртон

Noun

 * 1)  condom
 * 2)  dickhead

title: куртон


text:
поема

Etymology 1
Inherited from. Equivalent to.

Verb

 * 1) to take
 * 2) to consume, to swallow (food, medicine, etc.)
 * 3) to absorb (moisture)
 * 4) to take on (an obligation, commitment, debt, risk, etc.)
 * 5) to begin, to start
 * 6) to set out, to head
 * 7)  to understand, to get (something)
 * 1)  to understand, to get (something)

Etymology 2
Ultimately from.

Noun

 * 1) poem

Noun

 * 1) poem

Etymology
Ultimately from, from. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) poem large work of narrative poetry

title: поема


text:
порнич

Noun

 * 1)  pornographic video

title: порнич


text:
опаш

Noun

 * 1) tail

title: опаш


text:
машна

Noun

 * 1)  ribbon, bowtie

title: машна


text:
прелив

Noun

 * 1) dressing, sauce

title: прелив


text:
Sophora

Etymology
Coined by Linnaeus in 1753 from an "ancient name" for a similar plant, presumed taking over the epithet of the medicinal and yellow-flowered Arabian syn. the epithet of which derives from the name for  now spelled, , , secondarily connected to the Arabic triliteral root  and the plant name , from , under influence of  in order to make a pun.

Hypernyms

 * ; - subfamily;  - tribe

Hyponyms

 * - type species; for other species see

title: Sophora


text:
дремка

Noun

 * 1) nap
 * 2) somnolence

title: дремка


text:
сапунерка

Noun

 * 1) soapdish

title: сапунерка


text: Category:nb:Weightlifting

title: Category:nb:Weightlifting


text: Category:nn:Weightlifting

title: Category:nn:Weightlifting


text:
گساردن

Etymology
Probably from.

Verb

 * 1)  to soothe, allay, quell, quench

title: گساردن


text:
манџа

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) stew

title: манџа


text:
свињарник

Noun

 * 1) pigsty
 * 2)  filthy, messy place

title: свињарник


text:
кошаркар

Noun

 * 1) basketball player

title: кошаркар


text:
трнарче

Noun

 * 1) goldfinch

title: трнарче


text:
одделение

Noun

 * 1) grade (school, e.g. first grade)

title: одделение


text: manualene

title: manualene


text: manualar

title: manualar


text: manualane

title: manualane


text:
telk

Noun

 * 1) tent

title: telk


text:
karpan

Noun

 * 1) tent

title: karpan


text: interjetée

title: interjetée


text: interjetés

title: interjetés


text: interjetées

title: interjetées


text: interjete

title: interjete


text: interjetes

title: interjetes


text: interjetent

title: interjetent


text: interjeterai

title: interjeterai


text: interjeteras

title: interjeteras


text: interjetera

title: interjetera


text: interjeterons

title: interjeterons


text: palapinė

title: palapinė


text:
քնապարկ

Noun

 * 1) sleeping bag

Usage notes
In colloquial speech Russian is often used instead.

title: քնապարկ


text:
ตู้เย็น

Etymology
From 🇰🇲. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) refrigerator; fridge.

title: ตู้เย็น


text:
binær

Etymology
From, from.

Adjective

 * 1) binary

Etymology
From, from.

Adjective

 * 1) binary

Etymology
From, from.

Adjective

 * 1) binary

title: binær


text:
intersaison

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) interseason

title: intersaison


text: kânoun

title: kânoun


text:
slaapzak

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) sleeping bag

title: slaapzak


text: binært

title: binært


text:
cuisneoir

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) refrigerator

title: cuisneoir


text:
майхан

Noun

 * 1) tent

title: майхан


text:
khammessat

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a form of sharecropping, in the Mahgreb, in which the farmer retained a fifth of the produce

title: khammessat


text: binære

title: binære


text:
khammès

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) a sharecropper, in the Mahgreb, who retained a fifth of the produce

title: khammès


text:
ბედობა

Noun

 * 1) The second day of a calendar year. It is believed that whatever happens on this day it will recur in the rest of the year.

title: ბედობა


text:
զգուշանալ

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to beware of, to watch out

title: զգուշանալ


text:
կցորդիչ

Noun

 * 1) clutch, coupling in a vehicle, etc

title: կցորդիչ


text:
хөргөгч

Noun

 * 1) refrigerator

title: хөргөгч


text:
wasmachine

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) washing machine

title: wasmachine


text:
хөргүүр

Noun

 * 1) refrigerator

title: хөргүүр


text:
Template:Tephritidae Hypernyms

 * Brachycera - suborder; Muscomorpha - infraorder; Schizophora - section; Acalyptrata - subsection; - superfamily; Tephritidae - family

title: Template:Tephritidae Hypernyms


text:
Template:Tephritidae Hypernyms/documentation

This is a typing shortcut intended for use under the Hypernyms header of taxa under Tephritidae. It can also be used with subst:.


text:
կցորդում

Noun

 * 1) coupling, joining

title: կցորդում


text:
giuz

Etymology 1
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) bridge

Etymology 2
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) ball object used in games

title: giuz


text:
túi ngủ

Etymology
🇰🇲.

Noun

 * 1) sleeping bag

title: túi ngủ


text:
tēneti

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) tent

title: tēneti


text:
ຖົງນອນ

Etymology
🇰🇲. Compare 🇨🇬

Noun

 * 1) sleeping bag

title: ຖົງນອນ


text:
ถุงนอน

Etymology
. Same as 🇰🇲. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) sleeping bag.

title: ถุงนอน


text:
침낭

Noun

 * 1) sleeping bag

title: 침낭


text:
슬리핑 백

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) sleeping bag

title: 슬리핑 백


text:
User talk:Ccie w3c icann

creating user talk pageCcie w3c icann (talk) 21:48, 1 January 2016 (UTC)

creating user talk page
creating user talk page Ccie w3c icann (talk) 21:50, 1 January 2016 (UTC)Ccie w3c icann (talk) 21:49, 1 January 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ccie w3c icann


text:
гүүр тавих

Verb

 * 1) to bridge

title: гүүр тавих


text:
devā

Noun

 * 1) ; the gods

title: devā


text: देवस्

title: देवस्


text:
pilapiirtäjä

Noun

 * 1) editorial cartoonist

title: pilapiirtäjä


text:
собиралиште

Noun

 * 1) venue, gathering point

title: собиралиште


text:
nederst

Etymology
From ; compare with the adverb, and with.

Adjective

 * 1) bottom, bottommost, lowest

title: nederst


text: nederste

title: nederste


text:
угаалгын машин

Noun

 * 1) washing machine

title: угаалгын машин


text:
string substitution

Noun

 * 1)  The semantics-free search and replacement of one sequence of text characters with another.
 * 2)  A mapping of letters to sets of strings, which creates a closed operation for regular and context-free languages.

title: string substitution


text:
cartier

Noun

 * 1) playing card maker

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) quarter, district (part of town), neighbourhood

title: cartier


text: cartiers

title: cartiers


text:
naist

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) panpipes player

Etymology
From, from , from. More at 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) next

Preposition

 * 1) beside; in addition to

title: naist


text: Category:Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *deḱ-


text: Category:Proto-Italic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *deḱ-


text: Category:Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *deḱ-


text: Category:Hijazi Arabic terms derived from Proto-Semitic


text: Category:Ido terms derived from Middle Dutch


text: Category:Mi'kmaq terms derived from Indo-European languages


text:
a son escient

Adverb

 * 1) to one's knowledge; to the best of one's knowledge

title: a son escient


text: Category:Greenlandic terms with rare senses


text:
virveldyr

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  a vertebrate

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  a vertebrate

title: virveldyr


text: Category:Mbugu terms derived from Benue-Congo languages


text: Category:Mbugu terms derived from Volta-Congo languages


text: Category:Mbugu terms derived from Atlantic-Congo languages


text: Category:Mbugu terms derived from Niger-Congo languages


text:
à sa connaissance

Adverb

 * 1) to one's knowledge

title: à sa connaissance


text: Category:Tocharian A terms derived from Turkic languages


text: Category:Sayula Popoluca terms derived from Indo-European languages


text: Category:Sayula Popoluca terms derived from other languages


text: virveldyret

title: virveldyret


text: Category:Lycian inherited terms

title: Category:Lycian inherited terms


text: Category:Interlingua borrowed terms

title: Category:Interlingua borrowed terms


text: virveldyra

title: virveldyra


text: Category:Fiji Hindi terms derived from Bhojpuri


text: Category:Terms derived from Bhojpuri

title: Category:Terms derived from Bhojpuri


text: virveldyrene

title: virveldyrene


text: Category:Luwian inherited terms

title: Category:Luwian inherited terms


text: Category:Waneci terms by etymology

title: Category:Waneci terms by etymology


text: Category:Polish terms derived from Gaulish


text: Category:Polish terms derived from Celtic languages


text: Category:Kwak'wala entry maintenance

title: Category:Kwak'wala entry maintenance


text: Category:Yiddish terms with historical senses


text: Category:Scottish Gaelic noun plural forms


text: Category:Nyishi numbers

title: Category:Nyishi numbers


text: Category:Nyishi terms by semantic function


text: Category:Chuvash inherited terms

title: Category:Chuvash inherited terms


text: sells wolf tickets

title: sells wolf tickets


text: selling wolf tickets

title: selling wolf tickets


text: sold wolf tickets

title: sold wolf tickets


text: Category:Fiji Hindi templates

title: Category:Fiji Hindi templates


text: Category:Central Franconian terms by prefix


text: Category:Central Franconian prefixes

title: Category:Central Franconian prefixes


text: Category:Northern Sotho terms derived from Benue-Congo languages


text: Category:Northern Sotho terms derived from Volta-Congo languages


text: Category:Northern Sotho terms derived from Atlantic-Congo languages


text: Category:Northern Sotho terms derived from Niger-Congo languages


text: Category:Northern Sotho terms derived from other languages


text: Category:Northern Sotho terms by etymology


text: Category:Lunda terms derived from Benue-Congo languages


text: Category:Lunda terms derived from Volta-Congo languages


text:
Talk:возобновляемый

Does the participle have short forms? Benwing2 (talk) 00:17, 2 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes, all passive participles have short forms.--Anatoli T. (обсудить/вклад) 00:26, 2 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:возобновляемый


text: Category:Lunda terms derived from Atlantic-Congo languages


text: Category:Lunda terms derived from Niger-Congo languages


text: Category:Lunda terms derived from other languages


text: Category:Japanese terms by phonemic property


text: Category:Lunda terms by etymology

title: Category:Lunda terms by etymology


text: Category:Fiji Hindi proper nouns

title: Category:Fiji Hindi proper nouns


text: stop-overs

title: stop-overs


text: fail-safes

title: fail-safes


text: alumni associations

title: alumni associations


text: art papers

title: art papers


text: season finales

title: season finales


text: time-outs

title: time-outs


text: truant officers

title: truant officers


text: hyperspace drives

title: hyperspace drives


text: baby-jumpers

title: baby-jumpers


text: hypnotisations

title: hypnotisations


text:
לופֿטמענטש

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) luftmensch

title: לופֿטמענטש


text: לופֿטמענטשן

title: לופֿטמענטשן


text: Mario Andrettis

title: Mario Andrettis


text: Ragamuffins

title: Ragamuffins


text: ampere-turns

title: ampere-turns


text:
לופֿט

Etymology
From, from , from , from.

Noun

 * 1) air mixture of gases making up the atmosphere of the Earth

title: לופֿט


text: Category:Spanish terms derived from Opata


text: Category:Spanish terms derived from Taracahitic languages


text: Category:Sarikoli terms derived from other languages


text: Category:Sarikoli terms by etymology

title: Category:Sarikoli terms by etymology


text: Category:Pipil uncountable nouns

title: Category:Pipil uncountable nouns


text: Category:Luhya terms derived from Benue-Congo languages


text: Category:Luhya terms derived from Volta-Congo languages


text: Category:Luhya terms derived from Atlantic-Congo languages


text: Category:Luhya terms derived from Niger-Congo languages


text: Category:Luhya terms derived from other languages