text:
User:Burgundaz/Germanic derivation

Grade
Where the term functional is used, as in functional o-grade or functional zero-grade it is to be understood as the formation acting as the synchronic realization of that grade within a particular paradigm, regardless of its etymological history. For example, the functional zero-grade of class 5 strong verbs is -e-, like the full- or e-grade, despite the historical PIE zero-grade of these roots simply being -∅-, as in e-grade *h₁ed-, zero-grade *h₁d-. Germanic, as many post-PIE dialects did, introduced the full-grade secondarily as a functional zero-grade to make pronunciation easier. Likewise, in the class 6 strong verbs, the functional o-grade is -ō-, while the functional zero-grade is -a-.

Tone
Where the terms barytonic ("not final-syllable stressed"), " or oxytonic ("stressed on final syllable") are used, it is to be understood as reference to the pre-Proto-Germanic stress, as stress in Proto-Germanic proper had become fixed on the initial syllable. Rather, these terms are used to explain the Verner's voicing, as well as difference in semantics. In trisyllabic formations, the term paroxytone will describe the stress on the middle syllable.

e-grade a-stem
Class 1

 * *blīþaz ("blessed, happy") (passive - barytonic)
 * *līkaz ("leveled, likened > equal, similar (to)") (passive - barytonic)
 * *rīfaz
 * *stīfaz
 * *wīdaz ("divided, wide") (passive - barytonic)
 * *wīgaz ("")
 * *wīhaz ("selected, separated > holy, sacred") (passive - barytonic)

Class 2
 * *beugaz ("bent, bowed") < *beuganą (passive - barytonic)
 * *bleugaz ("(being) unsure > bashful, shy") < **bleuganą (active - oxytonic)
 * *deupaz ("(being) low, deep") < *deupaną (active - oxytonic)
 * *deuzaz ("(being) wild, fierce") **deusaną (active - oxytonic)
 * *dreugaz ("(being) useful, serving, enduring") < *dreuganą
 * *fleutaz ("flowing, running, swift") < *fleutaną (active - oxytonic)
 * *hleuzaz
 * *hreubaz
 * *hreuhaz
 * *leubaz ("regarded, desired, dear") < *leubaną
 * *leutaz ("deceiving, false") < **leutaną (GO liuts; ON ljótr) (active - oxytonic)
 * *meukaz
 * *seukaz ("(being) ill, sick") < *seukaną
 * *skeuhaz
 * *skeutaz

Class 3
 * *blindaz ("obscured, blind") < **blindaną
 * *bregdaz ("shifting, ) < *bregdaną
 * *derbaz ("") < *derbaną
 * *derkaz ("dark") < **derkaną
 * *felgaz ("warm"?)
 * *gellaz
 * *gelpaz
 * *grellaz ("angry")
 * *grimmaz ("") < *grimmaną
 * *hellaz ("ringing, resounding") < *hellaną (active - oxytonic)
 * *hwelbaz ("curving, arching") < *hwelfaną (< *kʷelp-) (OHG sin-welb) (active - oxytonic)
 * *hwellaz ("forward, bold") < **hwellaną (< *kʷel-n-: OHG hwel)
 * *hwerbaz ("changeable") < *hwerfaną (< *kʷerp-:) (active - oxytonic)
 * *kringaz ("(well) rounded?") < *kringaną (< *grengh-:)
 * *lertaz ("bent, misshapen") < *lertaną (*lerd-:) (passive - barytonic)
 * *skelhaz ("twisted, wrong") < **skelhaną (*skelk-:) (passive - barytonic)
 * *skerzaz ("running, skitting") < **skersaną (< *(s)kers-: ON skjarr) (active - oxytonic)
 * *þerbaz ("tasting bland, dull") < **þerfaną (< *terp-: ON þjarfr; OE þeorf; OHG derb/derp) (active - oxytonic)
 * *þwerhaz ("across, sideways, oblique") < *þwerhaną (< *twerk-)
 * *welhaz ("(made) wet, mild, moist") < **welhaną (< *welk-: OHG welh) (passive - barytonic)
 * *welkaz ("soft") < *welkaną (< *welg-: MD welc) (p
 * *werdaz ("turning (toward)") < *werþaną (< *wert-) (active - oxytonic)
 * *werþaz ("turned (against?), become > worth") < *werþaną (< *wert-) (passive - barytonic)

Class 4
 * *geraz ("urging > eager, desirous") < **geraną (
 * **senaz ("reached (?) > old") < **senaną (< *sen(H)-) (GO sinista)

Class 5
 * *frekaz < **frekaną
 * *lekaz ("leaking") < *lekaną (active - oxytonic)
 * *metaz < *metaną
 * *wrekaz < *wrekaną

Class 6
 * *bataz ("improved, good") < **bataną
 * *dagaz ("cycled, turned to day > light, bright") < **daganą
 * *fraþaz ("(having) understood, wise")
 * *hagaz ("(being) easy, comfortable") < **haganą
 * *hwataz ("cutting > sharp, quick") < **hwataną (< *kʷeh₁d-:)
 * *lakaz ("lacking, missing") < **lakaną (active - oxytonic)
 * *lamaz ("lame") < **lamaną
 * *sakaz ("charged, accused") < *sakaną (< *seh₂g-: OE sæc/on-sæc)
 * *samaz ("(being) similar to, same") < **samaną (< *semh₂-)
 * *wanaz ("lacking, missing") < **wananą

Class 7
 * *argaz ("mounted > unmanly, cowardly") < **arganą
 * *audaz ("granted (gifts/wealth) > rich") < *audaną
 * *rēdaz ("advised, counseled") < *rēdaną

Irregular
 * *magaz ("being able, well off, powerful") < *maganą (OHG un-mag)

Uncertain
 * *wlakwaz

e-grade u-stem
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5 Class 6 Class 7

o-grade a-stem
Class 1
 * *blaikaz < *blīkaną
 * *faihaz ("made angry, hostile") < **fīhaną
 * *faihaz ("colored") < '''**fīhaną
 * *haitaz
 * *hnaiwaz < *hnīwaną
 * *kaibaz
 * *skaibaz
 * *waikwaz ("giving way, weak") < '''*wīkwaną

Class 2
 * *grautaz ("being coarse, rough > great") < *greutaną
 * *laubaz ("being well-regarded, trustworthy") < *leubaną (< *lewbʰ-:) (active)
 * *laudaz ("grown, mature, adult") < *leudaną (< *h₁lewdʰ-:)
 * *lausaz ("released, let go > loose, without") < *leusaną (< *lew-s-)
 * *raudaz ("(being) red") < *reudaną (< *h₁rewdʰ-)
 * *sauzaz ("(being) dry") < **seusaną (< *h₂sews-)
 * *þrawaz ("enduring, stubborn") < *þrewaną (< *trewH-: ON þrár)

Class 3
 * *halbaz < **helfaną
 * *hallaz < *hellaną
 * *hamfaz < **himfaną
 * *hanþaz < *hinþaną
 * *hwalfaz ("vaulted, curved") < *hwelfaną (< *kwelp-) (passive - barytonic)
 * *hwallaz < **hwellaną
 * *hwarbaz < *hwerfaną
 * **sanþaz ("(having) traveled > near, soon; now, immediately") < *sinnaną ("to travel, go (to see)") - (< *sent-n-: ON senn/seðr < adv. *sanþi/*sanþiz)
 * *skankaz ("wry, askew, distorted")
 * *skardaz ("cut up") < **skerdaną
 * *skarpaz ("cutting, sharp") < *skerpaną (< *skerbh-n-:) (ON skarpr; OS skarp
 * *strangaz < **stringaną
 * *swangaz ("slim, thin") < '**swinganą
 * *þrangwaz ("pressing, narrow") < *þringwana (< *trenkw-: ON þrǫngr; MD drang)
 * *þranhaz ("rotten, dirty, rancid") < **þrinhaną (< *trenk-: ON *þrár > MoIs þrár; OE þrōh)
 * *walgaz < **welhaną
 * *waltaz < *weltaną
 * *wandaz ("winding, changing") < *windaną (ON vandr; OS wand)
 * *wanhaz ("twisted, crooked, wrong") < **winhaną (GO un-wāhs)
 * *wardaz < *werþaną
 * *wrangaz < *wringaną

Class 4A
 * *dwalaz < *dwelaną
 * *falaz ("being able to be sold, saleable") < **felaną (< *pel(H)-: ON falr)
 * *gramaz
 * *talaz ("being told, ordered, commanded")
 * *tamaz < **temaną
 * *walaz ("rolling, round") < *welaną
 * *wanaz ("accustomed") < **wenaną
 * *waraz ("being aware") < **weraną (ON varr; OE wær; OS war; OHG gi-war)

Class 4B
 * **mēraz ("shining, illustrious, well-reputed") < **meraną (attested in personal names; to be separated from *mēriz ("fit to be illustrious, known, (in)famous"))
 * **sēnaz ("approaching, nearing; (adv) soon") < **senaną - (OE sōna; OF sōn; OHG sān'')
 * *swēraz ("(being) heavy, weighty") (GO swērs; ON svárr; OE swǣr; OF swēr; OS swār; OHG swār)

Class 5A
 * *blakaz < **blekaną (< *bʰleg-)
 * *hraþaz < **hreþaną (or *hraþaną?) (< *kret-)
 * *makaz ("being suitable, fit") < **mekaną
 * *rakaz < *rekaną
 * *wakwaz ("being wet, moist")< **wekwaną
 * *wrakaz < *wrekaną

Class 5B
 * *dwēsaz ("foolish < out of one's mind") < **dwesaną (OE dwǣs; OF dwēs; MD dwaes; MHG twās)
 * *mētaz < *metaną (OHG un-māz)
 * *nēhwaz ("near, reaching, approaching") (GO nēƕ (adv); ON ná-; OE nēah (adv/prp); OF nei (prp); OS nāh (adv); OHG nāh)
 * *swēsaz ("one's own") < **swesaną (also found in *swestēr < *swés-ōr)
 * *wētaz ("wet") < **wetaną

Class 6
 * *dōgaz ("cycling > daily") < **daganą
 * *flōtaz ("flat, low") < **flataną
 * *fōgaz < **fahaną
 * *frōdaz < *fraþjaną (OHG fruot)
 * *gōdaz < **gadaną
 * *gōlaz < *galaną (OHG ur-guol)
 * *jōsaz ("fermented, bubbling") < *jasaną
 * *nōgaz < **nahaną

Class 7
 * *maidaz ("being hurt, damaged") < *maiþaną (oxytonic)
 * *waldaz ("being powerful, ruling") < *waldaną

o-grade i-stem gerundive
These adjectives are formed with the o-grade or functional o-grade of their class. This is somewhat confusing, because in classes 4, 5 and 6, the functional o-grades are -ē-, -ē- and -ō-, rather than -a-.

Semantically these adjectives could be used either actively or passively, but generally trend towards passive capacity, "able/worthy/necessary to...". This could be illustrated best with *lēziz (< *lesaną ("to collect")) with the meaning of "empty" from earlier "able to be collected" > "needing to be collected" (of food/material). For the most part, these adjectives fit in meaning with English adjectives ending in -able/-ible.

Class 1
 * *draibiz < *drībaną
 * *glaidiz < *glīdaną
 * *graipiz ("gripping, grasping; able to be grasped") < *grīpaną - (ON hard-greipr; OE æt-grǣpe)
 * *hlainiz ("bending, sloping > narrowing") < *hlinaną (OE hlǣne)
 * *hrainiz ("sifting, separating; able to be/having been sifted > small, pure, clean") < **hrinaną - (GO hrains; ON hreinn; OF hrēne; OS hrēni; OHG reini)
 * *klaibiz < *klībaną
 * *klainiz ("smearing/able to be smeared > clean, small, fine") ("...they stain more carefully with a clay so clear and bright..." Tacitus, 16) < *klinaną ("to smear") - (OE clǣne; OF klēne; OS klēni; OHG kleini/klein)
 * *laiziz ("able/fit to be taught") < *lizaną - (OE ēaþ-lǣre)
 * *raidiz ("able to be ridden, ready (to ride)") < *rīdaną - (ON reiðr)
 * *saigiz ("able to fall, trickle")< *sīhwaną (ON seigr; OE on-sǣge; OHG ana-seigi)
 * *skainiz < *skīnaną (OHG un-skeini)
 * *skairiz < **skīraną - (ON skærr)
 * *smaitiz < *smītaną - (OE smǣte)
 * *swaigiz < *swīganą
 * *wlaitiz ("fit to appear") < *wlītaną - (ON leitr) (or simply *wlaitaz ("appearing")?)
 * *wraidiz ("able to twist/wrap" > "mingle") < *wrīþaną - (OE un-sam-wrǣde)
 * *wrainiz ("able to rut") < *wrīnaną - (OE wrǣne)

Class 2
 * *baugiz ("able to bend, bendable, pliant") < *beuganą - (OE liþe-bíge)
 * *draugiz < *dreuganą
 * *flaugiz ("able or fit to fly") < *fleuganą (OHG wint-flougi)
 * *flautiz < *fleutaną
 * *graupiz < *greupaną
 * *hlautiz ("able to share (in), participate") < *hleutaną (OHG ur-(h)lōzi)
 * *klaubiz < *kleubaną
 * *nautiz ("able to use, useful")< *neutaną
 * *skautiz < *skeutaną

Class 3
 * *bargiz ("able to (be) ascend(ed)") < **berganą (OHG widar-bergi)
 * *halliz ("able/fit to sound, harmonize") < *hellaną (OHG gi-helli)
 * *hwalbiz ("able to be turned (over), round") < *hwelfaną (OHG sin(a)-welbi)
 * *skalkiz ("being low, wrong") < **skelkaną (or zero-grade i-stem from *skalkaną?) (OHG ur-skelki)
 * *skalliz ("able/fit to be rung, sounded") < *skellaną (OE scyl; OHG ab-skelli)
 * *skrankwiz ("shriveling; able to be shriveled, shrunk") < *skrinkwaną - (OE ġe-sċrenċe; OHG hintar-skrenki)
 * *strangiz ("able/fit to be stiff, hard, strong") < *stringaną - (OHG strengi)
 * *þankiz ("thinking; able to be thought") < **þinkaną (ON ú-þekkr; OHG in-denki) (possibly; could also be *þankijaz from *þankijaną)
 * *þarbiz ("needing, using; able to be used, useful") < *þurbaną - (OE un-bi-þirfe; MD derf/derve; OHG bi-derbi)
 * *wandiz ("winding, turning; able to be wound, turned") < *windaną - (ON ør-vendr; OE hāt-wende)

Class 4
 * *bēriz ("bearing; able to bear") < *beraną (ON bærr; OE wæstm-bǣre; OF ā-bær; MD open-bær; OHG danc-bāri)
 * *dēliz ("able to deal with, handle")< **delaną (ON dæll)
 * *fēliz ("able to be sold, saleable") < **felaną (OF fēle; OHG fāli(/feile = conflated with *fail- ("dear, protected"))) (cf. with original o-stem *falaz)
 * *fēriz ("able to cross, reach > enduring") < **feraną - (OE lang-fǣre; OHG lang-fāri)
 * *hēliz ("able to conceal, deceitful") < *helaną - (MLG hāl; OHG hāli)
 * *kwēmiz < *kumaną (sg. pres. *kwem-) (ON kvæmr; OE ge-cwēme; MD be-quame; OHG bi-quāmi)
 * *mēriz ("fit to be known, reputed") < **meraną - (GO *waila-mērs; ON mærr; OE mǣre; OS māri; OHG māri)
 * *nēmiz ("able to take, receptable") < *nemaną - (ON auð-næmr)
 * *sēliz ("happy, healthy, blessed") < **selaną - (GO sēls; ON sæll; OE un-sǣle)
 * *sēmiz ("one > some, part > half") < **semaną - (OE sām-; OS sām-; OHG sāmi-)
 * *sēniz ("fit to be formed, straightened?") < **senaną - (OHG un-sāni)
 * *skēriz ("able to be cut") < *skeraną - (ON lýð-skærr, NO skjær)
 * *stēdiz ("steady, supported") < **steþ/daną (connected to *stuþ/ds("prop, support")?) (OF stēde; MLG stede; MD stede; OHG stāti)
 * *tēmiz ("fitting, suitable") < *temaną - (GO ga-tēmiba; MLG be-tāme; MD be-tame/be-taem; OHG gi-zāmi)
 * *þwēriz ("able to swirl, stir > mingling together") < *þweraną - (OE ġe-þwǣre)
 * *wēniz ("hoping, desirable") < **wenaną (or *wēnijaz from *wēniz?) - (ON vænn; OE -wēne; OF -wēne; OS -wāni; OHG ana-wāni'')

Class 5
 * *bēdiz ("able/worthy to be bidden, entreated") < *bidjaną - (OE ēaþ-bēde)
 * *brēkiz ("able to break, breakable") < *brekaną - (OE ǣw-brǣce; OHG un-brāhhi)
 * *drēpiz ("able/fit to be hit, struck") < *drepaną - (ON dræpr)
 * *ētiz ("able to eat, eatable") < *etaną - (ON ætr; OE ǣte; MLG ēte; MHG gaeze)
 * *fēgiz ("able to rejoice, be glad") < *fehaną - (GO ga-fēhaba )
 * *frēgiz ("worthy of asking (about), renowned, famous") < *frehnaną - (ON frægr; OE ge-frǣge; OS gi-frāgi)
 * *frētiz < *fretaną (or *fraētiz from *fraetaną?) -
 * *gēbiz ("giving, generous") < *gebaną - (ON gæfr; OF jēve; MLG gēve; MHG gaebe'')
 * *gētiz ("able to be gotten, seized (upon)") < *getaną - (ON á-gætr; OE or-gēte)
 * *grēbiz < **grebaną
 * *kwēdiz ("able to speak, speak of")< *kweþaną - (GO un-qēþs; ON sam-kvæðr; OE sōþ-cwǣde)
 * *lēgiz ("lying; able or worthy to be lying, lain") < *ligjaną - (ON lægr; OHG aba-lāgi)
 * *lēziz ("able to be collected > needing to be collected, empty") < *lesaną - (OE ge-lǣr(e); MD laer; OS lāri; OHG lāri)
 * *mētiz ("measurable, estimable") < *metaną - (ON mætr; OE ge-mǣte; MD ge-mate; OHG māzi)
 * *(w)rētiz ("fit to be/become fierce") < **(w)retaną (or **(w)rētaną?) (OHG rāti)
 * *sētiz ("able to sit/stay, endurable") < *sitjaną (ON sætt (n.)
 * *sēwiz ("able to be seen, visible") < *sehwaną (ON auð-sær)
 * *sprēkiz ("able/fit to speak") < *sprekaną (OHG filu-sprāhhi)
 * *stēkiz ("striking, stinking, rancid") < *stinkwaną
 * *swēbiz ("able to sleep, sleepy") < *swefaną
 * *tēpiz ("sparing, scant") < **tepaną (ON tæpr)
 * *trēdiz ("able to be tread, accessible") < *trudaną (sg. pres. *tred-)
 * *trēgiz ("down, slow, sluggish") < *treganą
 * *þēgiz ("able to accepted, acceptable") < *þigjaną - (ON þægr)
 * *wēgiz ("able to be moved, transported > weighed") < *weganą - (ON vægr; MHG unwæge)
 * *wēziz ("able or worthy to stay/reside") < *wesaną (ON heraðs-værr)
 * *wrēkiz ("wicked, worthy of persecution") < *wrekaną (ON rækr; OF inwrēsze)

Class 6
 * *dōbiz ("suitable, fitting, appropriate") < *dabaną - (GO ga-dōfs; OE ge-dēfe)
 * *drōgiz ("pulling; able to pull, lead") < *draganą - (ON drœgr)
 * *fōgiz ("able to fit, suitable") < **fahaną (OE (un-)ġe-fēġe; OHG gi-fuogi)
 * *fōriz ("able to go, travel, moveable") < *faraną - (ON fœrr; OE fēre; OF fēre; OHG gi-fuori)
 * *grōbiz ("able to bury, be buried") < *grabaną - (ON grœfr)
 * *hlōgiz ("able to laugh, laughable") < *hlahjaną (ON *hlœgr(/hlœgiligr) > NO (dial.) and-lø̄g; OHG ant-hluogi)
 * *hōbiz ("able/worthy to lift, take up > good < *hafjaną - (ON hœfr; OE be-hēfe)
 * *hōgiz ("able to be straightened (out)" > "easy, convenient") < **hagan (ON hœgr)
 * *kōniz ("knowing, certain; bold, valiant") < **kananą - (ON kœnn; OE cēne; MLG kōne; OHG kuoni)
 * *kwōmiz ("arriving quickly; pleasing, favorable) < *kwamaną - (OE cwēme)
 * *lōmiz ("susceptible, liable(?)) < **lamaną - (OHG suht-luomi)
 * *nōgiz ("able/fit to suffice, be enough") < *nahaną - (ON gnœgr; OHG ginuogi)
 * *nōpiz ("able to fall, drop?") < *napaną (OE nēp-flōd) (related to ON neppr ("fainting"))
 * *ōbiz ("vehement, furious") < **afaną - (ON all-œfr)
 * *ōgiz ("able to terrify, terrible, frightening") < *aganą - (ON œgr)
 * *ōliz ("able/fit to be fed, nourished") < *alaną - (ON œll)
 * *rōdiz ("able to be spoken, reckoned") < *raþjaną - (ON tí-rœðr)
 * *skōbiz ("able or fit to shave, scrape") < *skabaną - (ON auð-skœfr)
 * *skōdiz ("able to injure, scatheful") < *skaþjaną - (ON skœðr)
 * *skrōpiz < **skrapaną - (OHG ur-skruofi)
 * *slōgiz ("able to hit, strike" > "cunning")< *slahaną - (ON slœgr)
 * *sōkiz ("able to be disputed, rebuked") < *sakaną - (GO un-and-sōks)
 * *sōmiz ("agreeable, suitable, fitting") < *samaną - (ON sœmr; OS sōmi; MHG süeme)
 * *stōmiz ("quiet, calm") < **stamaną - (OHG un-gi-stuomi)
 * *stōpiz ("fitting to step, stomping") < *stapjaną - (OHG stuofi)
 * *swōriz ("able or fit to be sworn") < *swar(j)aną - (ON sœrr)
 * *tōkiz ("fit/worthy to take, receive") < *takaną - (ON arf-tœkr)
 * *wōdiz ("wadable, fordable") < *wadaną - (ON œðr)
 * *wōgiz ("shaking, moving a lot") < **waganą - (MD woeg)
 * *wōkiz ("able to wax, grow, increase") < *wahsijaną - (OHG wuoh(h)i)

Class 7
 * *blandiz ("blending, mingling; able to be mingled") < *blandaną - (ON ú-sið-blendr)
 * *blōtiz ("able or worthy to be honored, satisfied") < *blōtaną - (ON wand-blœtr)
 * *faldiz ("folding, bending (towards); able to be folded") < *falþaną - (ON brot-feldr/ú-feldr)
 * *falliz ("falling; able to fall") < *fallaną - (OF falle/felle)
 * *fangiz ("taking, seizing; able to be taken, seized") < *fanhaną (ON auð-fengr; OE and-fenge; OF fendze/fensze)
 * *gangiz ("able to go/walk, pass") < *ganganą (ON gengr; OF gendze/ganse; MD genge)
 * *glēiz ("shining, glowing; able to shine") < **glēaną - (ON glær)
 * *grōiz ("growable") < *grōaną - (ON snemm-grœr)
 * *haitiz ("able/worthy to be spoken, sworn") < *haitaną - (ON ljúg-heitr; OHG ant-heizi)
 * *haldiz ("able to hold, be held") < *haldaną - (GO haldis (adv); ON heldr (adv); OE ēaþ-hylde; OS hald (adv); OHG halt (adv))
 * *hlaupiz ("able to run, leap (about) > not tied down(?)")< *hlaupaną - (ON ein-hleypr; OE ān-hlīepe; OS ēn-lōpe)
 * *hwōtiz ("inciting, stabbing > hostile") < *hwētaną' (OS hōti > MLG höt(e))
 * *knēiz ("able to know, recognize") < *knēaną - (ON knár; OE on-cnǣwe)
 * *lētiz ("letting; able to be let (go)") < *lētaną - (OE earfoþ-lǣte; MHG abe-læze)
 * *waldiz ("able to be dealth with, controlled") < *waldaną - (ON auð-veldr; OE wilde/wylde; OF un-welde)

Irregular
 * *dēdiz < *dōną
 * *stōdiz < *standaną

o-grade u-stems
West Germanic had a tendency to shift u-stem adjectives to i-stem adjectives, especially the continental languages.
 * *brauþuz ("brittle") < *breuþaną - (OE brēaþ; MLG brōde; OHG brōdi)
 * *drōbuz ("turbid, troubled") < *drabaną' - (OE drōf; OS drōbi; OHG truobi)
 * *kōluz ("cool") < *kalaną - (OE cōl; MD coele; OHG kuoli)
 * *lēguz ("low") < *ligjaną - (ON lágr; OF lēch/leich; MD lage; MHG læge)
 * *tōmuz ("empty, habitable") < **tamaną - (OE tōm; OHG zuomi)

zero-grade i-stem
Class 1
 * *glidiz < *glīdaną
 * *slidiz < *slīdaną
 * *swikiz < *swīkaną
 * *witiz < *witaną' or *wi-taną (OHG filu-wizzi)

Class 2
 * *brūkiz ("useful") < **breukaną/**brūkaną (GO brūks; OE brȳċe; OHG brūhhi)
 * *drugiz ("deceptive") < *dreuganą
 * *drūgiz ("dry") < *drūganą
 * *dugiz ("reliable") < *duganą
 * *flugiz < *fleuganą
 * *gutiz < *geutaną
 * *hlutiz ("having lot in, sharing, participating") < *hleutaną (OE or-hlyte)
 * *hruziz ("falling") < *hreusaną (OE hryre)
 * *lugiz ("lying") < *leuganą (OE lyge; OHG luggi)
 * *nutiz < *neutaną (OE un-nyt; OHG nuzzi)
 * *sprutiz ("sprouting") < *spreutaną (OHG spruzzi)
 * *þrutiz < *þreutaną

Class 3
 * *bulgiz < *belganą
 * *fundiz ("finding") < *finþaną (ON ein-fyndr; OE īþ-fynd
 * *mulkiz < *melkaną
 * *runiz < *rinnaną
 * *sprungiz < *springaną (OHG grana-sprungi)
 * *swurgiz < **swerganą - (OHG ur-sworgi)
 * *trunniz < *trinnaną
 * *þungiz < *þinhaną
 * *wurdiz < *werþaną

Class 4'
 * *brukiz < *brekaną (OE bryce)
 * *kumiz ("arriving, reaching > suitable, pleasant, convenient") < *kumaną (sg. pres. *kwem-) (OE cyme)
 * *muniz < **menaną
 * **suniz ("approaching, nearing") < **senaną (GO suns ("soon"))

Class 5
 * *kwidiz ("speaking") < *kweþaną - (OHG fol-kweti)
 * *mitiz ("measuring") < *metaną - (OHG un-gi-mezzi)
 * *widiz ("leading") < *wedaną - (OHG in-witti)
 * *wigiz ("moving, passing") < *weganą - (OHG ur-wiggi)

Class 6
 * *latiz ("being late, slow") < **lataną (OHG lezzi)
 * *sakiz ("charging, reprimanding") < *sakaną (ON sekr)
 * *slagiz ("slaying, killing") < *slahaną (OHG bruoder-sleggi)

Class 7
 * *aikiz ("being one's own") < *aikaną - (OHG ur-eihhi)
 * *gangiz ("going, current") < *ganganą (OE genge; OHG gengi) (or are all "o-grade" i-stem "goable, passable"?; hard to tell, same form)
 * *rēdiz("advising, counciling") < *rēdaną
 * *swōgiz ("sounding") < *swōganą (OE ġe-swēġe) (or the o-grade i-stems above?)
 * *walliz ("welling, springing") < *wallaną (OE fisċ-wylle/fugol-wylle)

Irregular
 * *kunþiz ("knowing, familiar with") < *kunnaną (the preterite stem (the functional zero-grade) is *kunþ-) (OHG ant-kundi)
 * *skuldiz ("bound by obligation, owing") < *skulaną (ON al-skyldr) (or does it belong to the o-grade i-stem formations?)

Zero-grade u-stems

 * *durzuz ("bold") < *dʰr̥s-ús
 * *guluz ("yellow") < *ǵʰl̥h₃-ús (possibly; see Chromonyms above)
 * *kuruz ("heavy") < *gʷr̥H-ús
 * *mekuz ("great") < *meǵh₂-ús (ON mjǫk)
 * *murguz ("short") < *mr̥gʰ-ús
 * *tulguz ("firm") < *dl̥h₁gʰ-ús
 * *þekuz ("thick") < *teg-ús (oblique *þikwi-)
 * *þunguz ("heavy") < *tn̥gʰ-ús
 * *þunuz ("thin") < *tn̥h₂-ús (oblique *þunn-)
 * *þurzuz ("dry") < *tr̥s-ús

e-grade na-stem

 * *ebnaz ("even") < *h₁ém-nos
 * *gernaz ("eager")

o-grade ni-stem

 * *arniz ("sure, certain, doughty") < **eraną < *h₁er- (or an i-stem from a lost **arnaną (cf. AG órnumi < *h₃er-))
 * *frōkniz ("strong, bold") (ON frœkn; OE frēcne) < **frakaną
 * *gaisniz ("bereft, barren, lacking") < **gīsaną
 * *grōniz ("green") < *grōaną
 * *laihniz ("fleeting, passing, transitory") < *līhwaną
 * *laugniz ("secret, concealed, denied") < *leuganą
 * *mainiz ("common, shared") < **mij(j)aną
 * *siuniz ("visible") < *sehwaną (if from *sē(g)w-niz, which is uncertain)
 * *skauniz ("beautiful") < **skew(w)aną

*-raz
Characteristically oxytonic and formed with the zero-grade, however there are some forms found with the o-grade; these could be explained as secondary from original o-grade r/n-stems, or derived from otherwise lost o-grade intensive formations.

Class 1 (zero-grade -i-; o-grade -ai-)
 * *baitraz < *bītaną or **baitaną
 * *bitraz < *bītaną
 * *digraz < *diganą
 * *klibraz < *klībaną
 * *slidraz < *slīdaną
 * *staigraz < *stīganą
 * *waigraz < *wihaną or **waihaną
 * *witraz < *witaną

Class 2 (zero-grade -u-; o-grade -au-)
 * *rudraz < *reudaną
 * *snutraz < *snūtaną

Class 3 (zero-grade -u-; o-grade -a-)
 * *lungraz < *lingwaną

Class 4 (zero-grade -u-)
 * *stulraz < *stelaną

Class 5 (zero-grade -e-)
 * *legraz < *ligjaną

Class 6 (zero-grade -a-)
 * *abraz < **afaną
 * *fagraz < **fahaną
 * *hagraz < **hahaną
 * *wakraz < *wakaną

*-ulaz
Class 1 (zero-grade -i-)
 * *gripulaz < *grīpaną
 * *migulaz < *mīganą
 * *rizulaz < *rīsaną
 * *skitulaz < *skītaną
 * *spiwulaz < *spīwaną
 * *swikulaz < *swīkaną

Class 2 (zero-grade -u-)
 * *flugulaz < *fleuganą
 * *hruzulaz < *hreusaną
 * *skutulaz < *skeutaną

Class 3 (zero-grade -u-)
 * *fundulaz < *finþaną

Class 4 (zero-grade -u-)
 * *numulaz < *nemaną

Class 5 (zero-grade -e-)
 * *etulaz < *etaną
 * *gebulaz < *gebaną
 * *getulaz < *getaną
 * *kwedulaz < *kweþaną
 * *sprekulaz < *sprekaną

Class 6 (zero-grade -a-)
 * *farulaz < *faraną
 * *habulaz < *hafjaną?
 * *hlagulaz < *hlahjaną
 * *lagulaz < **laganą
 * *sakulaz < *sakaną
 * *stapulaz < *stapjaną
 * *wakulaz < *wakaną

Class 7 (zero-grade = unchanged)
 * *gangulaz < *ganganą

Irregular
 * *magulaz < *maganą
 * *sagulaz < *sagjaną
 * *þagulaz < *þagjaną

Chromonyms
Germanic and IE names for colors are usually derived from nouns featuring that color, some are old, while others are Germanic innovations:
 * *baswaz ("purple") < *basją (pl. *bazjō) ("like berry"); the process was still somewhat productive
 * *blēwaz < *bʰléh₁-wos ("(dark) like the (stormy) sky"); derived from *bʰleh₁- ("to blow (of wind)"), not *bʰleh₃- ("to blow/bloom"), which would be impossible for Germanic
 * Latin flāvus represents zero-grade *bʰl̥h₁-wos; the two might have inflected as common *bʰléh₁-us/*bʰl̥h₁-wó-, like "yellow" below; semantically, blue and yellow are close in terms of colexification:
 * *brūnaz ("brown") < *bruh₁-nos ("like brew"); derived from *brewwaną ("to brew") which fits formally and semantically; not from *bʰerH- which would only give *bern-/*barn-/*burn or *berr-/*barr-/*burr- (Kluge's)
 * *falwaz ("pale, gray") < *pol(H)-wos; uncertain: possibly *pelh₁- ("to burn") for the color of ashes ; or either *pel- ("skin, hide"), *pel- ("stone")?
 * *gelwaz ("yellow") < *ǵʰélh₃-wos ("like bile"); cf. PG *gallô/ǭ ("bile"), which together with Celtic *galarom ("sickness") reflects PIE *ǵʰólh₃-r̥/*ǵʰl̥h₃-né-
 * *guluz ("yellow"); as Kroonen (p. 174), the Germanic forms probably inflected as *geluz/*gulwaz < *ǵʰélh₃-us/*ǵʰl̥h₃-wós; or *guluz represents a zero-grade u-stem adjective formation like *kuruz, *þekuz
 * *grēwaz < *ǵʰreh₁-wos ("like the dawn (early hours/twilight)") from *ǵʰreh₁- ("to dawn, be early")
 * *grōniz < *gʰróh₁-nis ("like grass"); further PG *grasą < *gʰrh̥́₁-s- (like *glasą ("glass") < *gʰlh̥́₁-s-, *drasul-/-il- ("mount") < *dʰrh̥́₃-s-) and Latin grāmen < *gʰr̥h₁-mn̥
 * *haswaz ("grey, tawny"), derived from *hasô ("hare"); further evidence that the process was productive
 * *hasnaz ("mat, dull"), same as above but with a different suffix; cf. Latin cānus ("grey")

*-h/gaz
*-agaz
 * *audagaz' < *audą
 * *blōþagaz < *blōþą (probably originally *blōdahaz)
 * *karagaz < *karō
 * *mōdagaz < *mōdą
 * *regnagaz < *regną (probably originally *regnahaz)
 * *sairagaz < *sairą
 * *swaitagaz < *swaitaz
 * *wuldragaz < *wuldrą
 * *wundagaz < *wundō
 * *wurdagaz < *wurdą (originally *wurdahaz)

*-ahaz
 * *bergahaz ("mountainous, of the mountains") < *bergaz (GO 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌴𐌹)

*-īgaz
 * *anstīgaz < *anstiz
 * *kunþīgaz < *kunþiz
 * *runīgaz < *runiz
 * *skuldīgaz < *skuldiz
 * *spōdīgaz < *spōdiz
 * *þuldīgaz < *þuldiz

*-ugaz
 * *handugaz < *handuz
 * *kustugaz < *kustuz
 * *þurstugaz < *þurstuz

Secondary *ga-stems The suffix *-gaz is most commonly used to form adjectives from nominal stems; some words however show peculiarities which can be explained by a secondary transfer from other adjective formations, usually from ja-stems, but also in ON the suffix -ugr can be used to derived deverbal adjectives from weak class 2 verbs.
 * Gothic 𐌽𐌴𐌼𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍃 (as if from *nēmīgaz) < *nēmijaz < *nēmijaną
 * Old English stæþþig (as if from *staþjagaz) < *staþjaz < *staþjaną
 * Old English wērig (as if from *wōrīgaz) < *wōrijaz < *wōrō

Adjectival tu-stems
In the West Germanic languages, u-stem adjectives were commonly shifted to the ja-stems.

 * *auþuz ("easy") (ON auð-; OE īeþe; OS ōthi; MD ode; OHG ōdi)
 * *blauþuz ("soft, weak, timid") (ON blauðr; OE blēaþ; OHG blōdi)
 * *fastuz ("firm, solid") (ON fastr; OE fæst; OF fest; OS fast/fasti; OHG festi) (probably related to *fasaz/*fasǭ ("fringe, fiber, thread")
 * *funhtuz ("humid, moist") (OE fūht; OS fūht; OHG fūht)
 * *grumþuz ("low, shallow") (ON grunnr, possibly)
 * *harduz ("hard < rough < sharp") < *kor-tús from *ker- ("to cut") cf. the related *harwaz ("bitter")) (GO hardus; ON harðr; OE heard/hard; OF herd; OS hard; OHG hart/herti)
 * *mōþuz ("weary, tired") (ON móðr; OE mēþe; OS mōthi; OHG muodi) (from a lost strong verb *mōaną ("to be tired, weary"))
 * *samþuz ("soft, smooth") (OE sēfte, sōfte; OS sāfto; OHG samfti/semfti, samfto) (from a lost strong verb *samaną ("to be suitable, agreeable")
 * *sīþuz ("late") (GO seiþus; ON síðr (comp.); MD side; OHG sīd (comp.))
 * *snauþuz ("bereft, weak, miserable") (ON snauðr; MHG snœdi)
 * *þinhtuz ("dense, tight, close") (ON þéttr; OE -þiht)
 * *wōstuz ("empty, desolate") (OE wēste; OS wōsti; OHG wuosti) (cognate with LA vāstus, PC *wāstos'')

*-þeraz

 * *afteraz < *h₂ep-teros ("more off/away")
 * *anþeraz < *h₂én-teros ("more near?") (cf. Sanskrit ántara)
 * *austeraz < *h₂ewsr- > *austr- (remodeled) ("more dawn-ward")
 * *furþeraz < *pŕ̥-teros ("more forward")
 * *hwaþeraz < *kʷó-teros ("more which/who")
 * *niþeraz < *ní-teros ("more down") (cf. Sanskrit nitara)
 * *nurþeraz < *h₁nŕ̥-teros ("more below/under")
 * *sunþeraz < *sh₂u-n-teros ("more Sun-ward") or *sń̥H-teros ("more true/correct/straight")
 * *westeraz < *wekʷsp-teros ("more evening-ward") or *h₂wes- ("stay, spend the night (of the sun)")
 * *wiþeraz < *wí-teros ("more apart") (cf. Sanskrit vítara)

Barytone neuter to-stem

 * *anþą < **andaz (lost past participle of *ananą)
 * *baþą < **badaz (*bēaną)
 * *bruþą < **brudaz (*brewwaną)
 * *gulþą < **guldaz (possibly; almost all PIE roots were verbal in nature)
 * *hliþą ("slope; that which is inclined or sloped") < **hlidaz (*hlinaną)
 * *kalþą < *kaldaz (*kalaną) (OE ceald/cald )
 * *murþą < **murdaz (**meraną or *muraną)
 * *nestą ("provisions, victuals") < **nestaz < *nesaną ("to take care of, nourish, save")
 * *staþą (cf. also *staþaz) < *stadaz (*stāną)

Presumably also:
 * *hlassą ("(cart-)load; that which is loaded") < **hlassaz < *hlaþaną
 * *rehtą ("that which is right, straight, correct") < *rehtaz

O-grade/vṛddhi relational

 * *bōstaz ("rope made of bast") - *bastaz ("bast")
 * *brōks ("breech(es)") - *brakkǭ ("pant leg, breech(es)")
 * *nōtō ("net") < *natją ("net") - *natǭ ("nettle"; the fabric of which was commonly used for nets) (possibly; Latin nōdus likely implies a stem *ne/oHd-)
 * *ōhstō/*ōhsnō (or *ōhstnō) ("armpit") - *ahsō ("axle") (with uncertain suffix(es))
 * *ōstaz ("knot, eye of a tree") - *astaz ("branch, bough")
 * *ōþalą ("patrimony, birthright; (literally) relating/pertaining to birth") - *aþalą ("nature, birth")

Barytonic o-grade na-stem
The suffix should probably be reconstructed as *-h₂nom in view of *launą, as extra-Germanic cognates indicate the root to be *leh₂u-; however Kroonen assumes that *loh₂u-nom would give *lōną as PIE *-eh₂u- resolves to Germanic *-ō- in open syllables, but to *-au- in closed syllables (eg. *gōmô ("gum, palate") < *ǵʰeh₂u-mon- vs oblique *gauman- < *ǵʰeh₂u-mn-; cf. OHG guomo and goumo (both "throat")); he therefore reconstructs *lowh₂-nom with laryngeal metathesis. However, if we assume a laryngeal was present (*-Hnom) this provides the closed syllable that would give Germanic *-au-, as well as additionally finding a cognate in Ancient Greek -anon as seen in ὄργανον ("instrument, tool < working thing") < *wórǵ-h₂nom.

 * *barną ("child, offspring") < *bʰor-h₂nom (from *beraną)
 * *baukną ("beacon, sign, symbol") < ''*bʰówG-h₂nom
 * *bragną ("brain") < *mrógʰ-h₂nom
 * *faikną ("deceit, guile; misfortune") < *póyG-h₂nom (cf. Latin piger ("unwilling, reluctant, inactive"); unrelated to *faihaz ("hostile"), otherwise we'd expect *faihną or *faiką'')
 * *garną ("intestine > yarn") < *ǵʰór-h₂nom (cf. *garnō ("intestines"), which split off from the plural and preserves the original meaning)
 * *laihną ("loan") < *lóykʷ-h₂nom (*līhwaną ("to lend < to leave"))
 * *launą ("reward") < *lóh₂u-h₂nom (or *lówh₂-nom)
 * *rahną ("booty") < *Hrók-h₂nom
 * *rainą ("strip/piece of land") < *Hróy(H)-h₂nom (cf. Proto-Celtic *roinom'')
 * *razną (if from '*Hrósdʰ-h₂nom, otherwise reflects *HrH̥s-h₂nóm)
 * *skarną ("dung, dirt") < *skór-h₂nom
 * *taikną ("sign, token") < *dóyK-h₂nom or *dóyG-h₂nom (cf. Latin digitus ("digit, finger, toe"))

Z-grade ra-stem

 * *legrą < *legraz
 * *setrą < **setraz
 * *slidrą < *slidraz

Oxytonic o-grade ō-stems
This noun formation shows o-grade or functional o-grade of the root with Verner's alternation. Extra-Germanic comparisons can be drawn with the -type class of nouns in Ancient Greek.

Class 4 and 5 roots seem to also have variants with lengthened grade in *-ē-, possibly relics of the functional o-grade in some roots before the singular indicative preterite ablaut was replaced with more regular *-a-, compare *ēt, "I/(s)he ate", which resisted this change.

Class 1 (o-grade -ai-)

 * *baidō < *bīdaną
 * *baitō < *bītaną
 * *draibō < *drībaną
 * *graipō < *grīpaną
 * *klaibō < *klībaną
 * *laibō < *lībaną
 * *laidō < *līþaną
 * *laizō < *lizaną
 * *raidō < *rīdaną
 * *skraidō ("shoal < striding (place)") < *skrīþaną (ON skreið)
 * *snaidō < *snīþaną
 * *staigō < *stīganą
 * *waigō < *wihaną/*wiganą
 * *wlaitō < *wlītaną
 * *wraidō (?) < *wrīþaną

Class 2 (o-grade -au-)

 * *brautō < *breutaną
 * *flaugō < *fleuganą
 * *flautō (?) < *fleutaną
 * *klaubō ("cleft, cleaving") < *kleubaną (OE clēaf)
 * *laubō < **leubaną
 * *lautō < **leutaną
 * *skraudō ("shred") < *skraudaną (OE sċrēad)
 * *taugō < *teuhaną

Class 3 (o-grade -a-)

 * *falgō < *felhaną
 * *hwalbō < *hwelfaną
 * *stangō < *stinganą
 * *tangō < *tinganą
 * *þambō < **þimfaną
 * *þarbō < **þerfaną
 * *þarzō < *þersaną
 * *þrangwō < *þrinhwaną

Class 4A (o-grade -a-)

 * *barō < *beraną (compare *bērō)
 * *kwalō < *kwelaną (compare *kwēlō)
 * *salō < **selaną
 * *skarō < *skeraną
 * *stalō < *stelaną (compare *stēlō)
 * *talō < **telaną (?)
 * *þanō ("stretching

Class 4B (o-grade -ē-)
 * bērō ("bier, stretcher < bearing, carrying")
 * fērō
 * skēlō ("bowl < splitting, division") (ON skál)

Class 5A (o-grade -a-)

 * *gabō < *gebaną (compare *gēbǭ)
 * *kwadō < *kweþaną
 * *nazō < *nesaną
 * *rakō < *rekaną
 * *snadō < **sneþ/daną
 * *tradō < *tredaną/*trudaną
 * *wadō < *wedaną (compare *wēdō)
 * *wagō < *weganą (compare *wēgō)
 * *wrakō < *wrekaną (compare *wrēkō)

Class 5A (o-grade -ē-)

 * *gēbǭ
 * *lēgō < *ligjaną
 * *sētō < *sitjaną
 * *tēwō < **tehwaną?
 * *wēdō
 * *wēgō
 * *wrēkō

Class 6 (functional o-grade -ō-)

 * *bōtō < **bataną (?)
 * *fōdō < **faþaną
 * *fōrō < *faraną
 * *grōbō < *grabaną
 * *mōtō < **mataną
 * *nōtō (?) < **nataną (ON nót, although declined as consonant-stem)
 * *ōbō < **afaną
 * *skōbō ("shaving, scraping > scales") < *skabaną

Class 7
 * *aizō

Irregular
 * *stōdō < *standaną (acts as if class 6, which it otherwise is except for a nasal present)

Oxytonic o-grade neuter a-stem
Class 1
 * *baitą ("splitting > boat") < *bītaną (OE bāt)
 * *skraidą < *skrīþaną/*skrīdaną (or *skraidō?)

Class 2
 * *braudą ("bread") < *breuþaną (from "to ruin, reduce" > "flour, bread" or from *brewwaną as suggested by Kroonen)
 * *nautą ("cattle") < *neutaną (from "what is used/useful" > "livestock, wealth"?)
 * *raubą ("spoil, booty") < *reufaną (OE rēaf)
 * *skraudą ("cut, crack") < skraudaną (OF skrēd)
 * *smaugą < *smeuganą (?)

Class 3
 * *bandą < *bindaną
 * *bragdą < *bregdaną
 * *hwarbą < *hwerfaną
 * *kalzą < **kelsaną
 * *starbą < *sterbaną
 * *warpą < *werpaną

Class 4 (o-grade -a- and occasional -ē-)
 * *dērą < **deraną
 * *fērą < **feraną (originally "crossing" then "dangerous")
 * *nēmą < *nemaną
 * *salą < **selaną
 * *skwalą < *skwelaną
 * *walą < *wiljaną

Class 5 (o-grade -a- and occasional -ē-)
 * *drēpą < *drepaną
 * *ētą < *etaną
 * *gatą < *getaną
 * *lagą < *ligjaną
 * *þaką < **þekaną

Class 6
 * *hōbą < *hafjaną
 * *lōgą < **laganą (?)
 * *skōdą < *skaþjaną
 * *sōtą < *sataną
 * *stōdą < *standaną
 * *wōlą ("ruin, destruction") < **walaną ("to wound, ruin")
 * *wrōgą ("slander, calumny") < **wrahaną or **wrēhaną (ON róg)

Class 7

Oxytonic zero-grade feminine ō-stem
Class 1 (zero-grade -i-)
 * *glimō < *glīmaną
 * *stigō < *stīganą
 * *swikō < *swīkaną

Class 2 (zero-grade -u-)
 * *lubō < *leubaną
 * *nutō < *neutaną

Class 3 (zero-grade -u-)
 * *wulwō < *welwaną

Class 4 (zero-grade -u-)
 * *skulō < **skelaną

Class 5 (zero-grade -e-, rare -u-)
 * *bedō < *bidjaną
 * *gebō < *gebaną
 * *trudō < *tredaną
 * *þegō < *þigjaną

Class 6 (zero-grade -a-)
 * *farō < *faraną
 * *grabō < *grabaną
 * *sakō < *sakaną
 * *slagō < *slahaną
 * *swarō < *swarjaną

Class 7 (unchanged)

Oxytonic zero-grade neuter a-stem
This noun formation shows zero-grade or functional zero-grade of the root with Verner's alternation. Semantically the class seems to trend towards being a result noun with a tendency for concretization.

Class 1 (zero-grade -i-)
 * *bidą ("waiting, delay") < *bīdaną - (ON bið)
 * *bliką ("gleam, shine") < *blīkaną - (ON blik)
 * *dribą ("drift, what is driven") < *drībaną - (ON drif)
 * *dritą ("dirt") < *drītaną - (ON drit)
 * *flitą ("dispute") < *flītaną - (OE yrfegeflit)
 * *giną ("gap, opening") < *gīnaną - (ON gin; OE gin)
 * *gripą ("grip, seizing") < *grīpaną - (OE gegrip)
 * *klibą ("cliff < what is clung to") < *klībaną - (ON klif; OE clif)
 * *lidą ("vessel, ship") < *līþaną - (ON lið; OE lid)
 * *ribą ("tearing asunder; plundering") < *rīfaną - (ON rif)
 * *ridą ("swaying, swinging, riding") < *rīdaną - (ON rið)
 * *sigą ("a sinking, falling") < *sīganą - (ON sig, "rope let down")
 * *skiną < *skīnaną
 * *slitą < *slītaną
 * *snidą < *snīþaną
 * *stigą < *stīganą
 * *swibą < *swībaną
 * *swiką < *swīkaną
 * *þribą < *þrīfaną
 * *þwitą ("what is cut: cuttings, shaving") < *þwītaną (OE þwit)
 * *wikwą < *wīkwaną
 * *witą ("wit, understanding") < *witaną - (ON vit)
 * *wridą ("a writhing") < *wrīþaną - (ON rið, "winding staircase"; OE wrid, "shrubs, thicket")
 * *writą ("a writing, writ") < *wrītaną - (OE writ)

Class 2 (zero-grade -u-)
 * *bruką < *brūkaną
 * *brutą < *breutaną
 * *bruwwą < *brewwaną
 * *budą < *beudaną
 * *flugą < *fleuganą
 * *flutą < *fleutaną
 * *fruzą < *freusaną
 * *grutą < *greutaną
 * *gutą < *geutaną
 * *hlutą < *hleutaną
 * *hrudą < *hreuþaną
 * *hruzą < *hreusaną
 * *kuzą < *keusaną
 * *lubą < **leubaną
 * *lugą < **leuhaną
 * *lutą < **leutaną
 * *luzą < *leusaną (also analogical *lusą)
 * *rubą < *reufaną
 * *rudą < *reudaną
 * *skutą < *skeutaną
 * *smugą < *smeuhaną/*smeuganą
 * *sprutą < *spreutaną
 * *sudą < *seuþaną
 * *tugą < *teuhaną
 * *þrutą < *þreutaną

Class 3 (zero-grade -u-)
 * *hurbą < *hwerfaną
 * *smultą < *smeltaną

Class 4 (zero-grade -u-)
 * *burą < *beraną
 * *bruką < *brekaną
 * *dwulą < *dwelaną
 * *stuną < **stenaną
 * *swulą < *swelaną

Class 5 (rare zero-grade -u-; functional zero-grade -e-)
 * *bedą < *bidjaną
 * *drepą < *drepaną
 * *gebą < *gebaną
 * *getą < *getaną
 * *kwedą < *kweþaną
 * *metą < *metaną
 * *nezą ("refuge; < salvation, recovering") < *nesaną
 * *reką < *rekaną
 * *setą < *sitjaną
 * *trudą < *tredaną/*trudaną
 * *webą < *webaną
 * *wreką < *wrekaną

Class 6 (functional zero-grade -a-)
 * *atą < **ataną
 * *dragą < *draganą
 * *farą < *faraną
 * *galą < *galaną
 * *grabą ("grave, trench; < digging") < *grabaną
 * *habą < *habjaną
 * *matą < **mataną (?)
 * *radą ("count") < *raþ(j)aną
 * *skapą < *skapjaną
 * *slagą < *slahaną
 * *taką < *takaną
 * *talą < **talaną
 * *wadą < *wadaną
 * *walą ("the slain") < **walaną ("to wound, ruin") (?)

Class 7 (functional zero-grade = no change)
 * *audą < **audaną (original past participle > *audanaz)
 * *banną < *bannaną
 * *blandą < *blandaną
 * *blōtą < *blōtaną
 * *fallą < *fallaną
 * *fangą < *fanhaną
 * *gangą < *ganganą
 * *haldą < *haldaną
 * *haitą < *haitaną
 * *hawwą < *hawwaną
 * *hladą < *hlaþaną
 * *hlaupą < *hlaupaną
 * *lētą < *lētaną
 * *rēdą < *rēdaną
 * *skaidą < *skaiþaną
 * *waską < *waskaną

Preterite-Present
 * *mōtą < *mōtaną (?)

Irregular
 * *spurą < *spurnaną (?) (nasal infix)

Oxytonic zero-grade masculine i-stems
This noun formation shows zero-grade or functional zero-grade in the root, along with an i-stem ending and Verner's alternation.

Class 1 (zero-grade -i-)
 * *bitiz ("bite, biting") < *bītaną - (OE -bite, OHG biz)
 * *gripiz ("grip, grasp") < *grīpaną - (ON gripr; OE gripe)
 * *hriniz ("touch, effect") < *hrīnaną - (ON hrinr; OE hrine)
 * *sigiz ("a fall, falling, sinking") < *sīhwaną/*sīganą (OE -siġe)
 * *skridiz ("striding, course") < *skrīdaną - (ON skriðr)
 * *slidiz ("sliding, slip, fall") < *slīdaną - (OE slide)
 * *slitiz ("slit, tear") < *slītaną - (OE slite)
 * *smitiz ("smear, stain") < *smītaną - (OE smite; OHG smiz)
 * *snidiz ("a cut, incision") < *snīþaną - (OE snide; OHG snit)
 * *spiwiz ("spewing, vomiting") < *spīwaną
 * *stigiz ("climbing") < *stīganą
 * *stridiz ("striding, resisting") < *strīdaną
 * *swikiz ("deceit, fraud") < *swīkaną
 * *wlitiz < *wlītaną

Class 2 (zero-grade -u-)
 * *bugiz ("bending") < *beuganą
 * *drupiz < *dreupaną/*drūpaną
 * *druziz ("falling") < *dreusaną
 * *dugiz < **deuganą
 * *flugiz ("flying, flight") < *fleuganą
 * *gruziz ("terror, fright") < (*)*greusaną
 * *gutiz ("pouring") < *geutaną
 * *hlutiz ("lot, portion, share") < *hleutaną
 * *hruziz ("fall") < *hreusaną
 * *kuziz ("choice, choosing") < *keusaną
 * *lugiz ("lie") < *leuganą
 * *luziz ("loss") < *leusaną
 * *sigiz ("sight, aim") (?) < *sehwaną
 * *skubiz ("push, shove") < *skeubaną
 * *skutiz ("shot, shooting") < *skeutaną
 * *slupiz ("slipping") < *sleupaną/*slūpaną
 * *sudiz ("seething, boiling > decoction") < *seuþaną
 * *sukiz ("sucking") (secondary) < *sūkaną/*sūganą
 * *supiz ("sipping, guzzling") (secondary) < *sūpaną
 * *tugiz ("pull(ing), tug") < *teuhaną

Class 3 (zero-grade -u-)
 * *bruniz ("burning") < *brinnaną
 * *drunkiz ("drinking > drink") < *drinkaną
 * *dungiz ("beating, dashing > storm") < *dingwaną
 * *fundiz < *finþaną
 * *hlumiz < *hlimmaną
 * *h(w)urbiz < *hwerfaną
 * *kurbiz ("cutting") < *kerbaną
 * *runiz ("running > course") < *rinnaną
 * *skurdiz < *skerdaną
 * *sturkiz < **sterkaną
 * *swuliz ("swelling") < *swellaną
 * *swultiz < *sweltaną
 * *wurdiz ("weird, fate") < *werþaną - (secondarily feminine: ON urðr; OE wyrd; OS wurd; OHG wurt)
 * *wurpiz ("throwing") < *werpaną

Class 4 (zero-grade -u-)
 * *brukiz ("breach, breaking") < *brekaną
 * *buriz ("bearing, carrying") (?) < *beraną
 * *duniz ("din, noise") < **denaną - (OIc dynr (secondarily feminine); OE dyne)
 * *kuliz ("chill, gust of cold air") < **kelaną (OIc kylr)
 * *kumiz ("coming, arrival") < *kwemaną - (GO qums; OE cyme; OF keme; OS kumi)
 * *kuniz ("son, descendant" < "begetting") < **kunaną/**kenaną - (OIc konr)
 * *muniz ("intention, purpose, desire") (?) < **menaną
 * *numiz ("taking") < *nemaną
 * *stuniz ("sighing") < **stenaną - (ON stynr)

Class 5 (functional zero-grade -e-)
 * *dripiz ("striking, stroke") < *drepaną
 * *kwidiz ("speech, saying") < *kweþaną
 * *stikiz ("sticking, prick, puncture") < *stikaną (or class 1?)

Class 6 (functional zero-grade -a-)
 * *akiz ("pain, ache") < *akaną
 * *habiz ("heaving > weight") < *hafjaną/*habjaną
 * *kaliz < *kalaną
 * *skapiz ("shape, shaping, formation") < *skapjaną
 * *slagiz ("blow, strike") < *slahaną
 * *stapiz ("step, stepping") < *stapaną/*stapjaną

Class 7 (functional zero-grad = no change)
 * *fangiz ("taking, receiving") < *fanhaną
 * *gangiz < *ganganą
 * *waldiz < *waldaną (presumably, also appears as feminine)

Irregular

Deverbal agent n-stems
The widespread productivity of the n-stems in agentive use is reminiscent of the productive ā-stem agentive formation in Ancient Greek. While we don't have enough information to know for sure, it seems likely that the n-stem and ā-stem formations in earlier Germanic merged into the n-stem agentives, becoming the default way of marking agency in Germanic. It seems even original r-stems were remodeled or replaced by this formation, as it's possible a few of these were originally r-stems, ending in *-Tēr or *-Tōr, in which case the agentive r-stems were probably remodeled as n-stems in *-Trijô from the oblique *-Tr-. This might also be paralleled by the feminine *-trijǭ (< PIE *-trih₂) if indeed part of the combined suffix *-is-trijǭ.

Strong
Deverbal agent n-stems derived from strong verbs tend to prefer the zero-grade. The few full-grade forms usually show zero-grade alternants, and probably represent regularization.

The few forms that show yod-stem could either be derived from zero-grade ye-presents or show influence from the weak derived agents.

Class 1 (zero-grade -i-)
 * *dribô < *drībaną
 * *flitô < *flītaną
 * *lidô < *līþaną
 * *migô < *mīganą
 * *ridjô < *rīdaną or **ridjaną (?)
 * *ridô < *rīdaną
 * *stigô < *stīganą
 * *wigô < **wihaną/*wiganą

Class 2 (zero-grade -u-)
 * *budô < *beudaną
 * *flugô < *fleuganą
 * *flutô < *fleutaną
 * *gutô < *geutaną
 * *kuzô < *keusaną
 * *luzô < *leusaną
 * *nutô < *neutaną
 * *skutô < *skeutaną
 * *tugô < *teuhaną

Class 3 (full-grade -e-/-i-, zero-grade -u-)
 * *drinkô < *drinkaną
 * *drunkijô < *drinkaną (or **drunkijaną?)
 * *trunnô < *trinnaną

Class 4 (full-grade -e-, zero-grade -u-)
 * *berô ("he who bears") < *beraną
 * *brekô ("he who breaks") < *brekaną
 * *brukô < *brekaną
 * *burô < *beraną
 * *d(w)ulô < *dwelaną
 * *kumô ("he who comes") < *kwemaną/*kumaną
 * *kwemô < *kwemaną
 * *nemô ("he who takes") < *nemaną
 * *numjô < *nemaną or **numjaną (?)
 * *numô ("he who takes") < *nemaną

Class 5 (full and zero-grade -e-) Could technically be either full or zero-grade, but in light of other classes probably represents the zero-grade.
 * *etô < *etaną
 * *gebô < *gebaną
 * *kwedô < *kweþaną
 * *setô < *sitjaną
 * *sprekô ("he who speaks") < *sprekaną
 * *þegô ("he who receives, takes") <*þigjaną

Class 6 (full and zero-grade -a-)
 * *abô ("he who works, labors") > husband < **afaną''
 * *banô ("he who kills, slays") < **ban(j)aną
 * *dragô ("he who draws, drags") < *draganą
 * *farô ("he who travels") < *faraną
 * *galô ("he who sings") < *galaną
 * *hanô ("he who sings, calls") < **hananą < PIE *kh̥₂n-
 * *sakô ("he who charges, accuses") < *sakaną
 * *skaþô ("he who injures, harms") < **skaþjaną (irregular: probably secondary for **skadô)
 * *slagô ("he who strikes, slays") < *slahaną
 * *stapô ("he who steps") < *stapjaną
 * *swarô ("he who swears") < *swarjaną

Class 7 (full and zero-grade are the same)
 * *aigô ("he who owns, possesses") < *aiganą
 * *haitô ("one who calls upon, promises") < *haitaną
 * *waldô ("he who rules, governs") < *waldaną

Irregular
 * *dēdijô < **dēdijaną or *dōną
 * *skulô < *skulaną
 * *spinþrijô ("he who spins") < (probably an original r-stem *spinþōr, derived from *spinnaną, although **spunþrijô would be expected)
 * *witô < *witaną

Deverbal n-stems

 * *bōnijô ("he who entreats, supplicates") < **bōnijaną < *bōniz
 * *bōtijô ("he who amends, does good") < *bōtijaną < *bōtō
 * *brutjô < *brutjaną
 * *burþrijô ("he who bears, carries") < **burþrijaną (?) (probably an original r-stem *burþōr)
 * *dōmijô ("he who deems, judges") < *dōmijaną
 * *fanþijô ("he who travels by foot (as down a road or path)") < *fanþijaną < **fanþ- ("road, path")
 * *fērijô < *fērijaną
 * *fōrijô < *fōrijaną
 * *gangijô < *gangijaną (or *ganganą?)
 * *haitijô < **haitijaną (or *haitaną?)
 * *marzijô ("he who hinders, obstructs") < *marzijaną
 * *murþrijô ("he who murders, kills") < *murþrijaną (may originally be an r-stem **murþōr, in which case *murþrijaną is a back-formation or alteration of *murþijaną)
 * This might also help to explain the competing forms *murþą and *murþrą, both meaning "murder", where the presumable instrumental formation *murþrą seems out of place.
 * *nautijô < *nautijaną
 * *rīkijô ("he who rules") < *rīkijaną
 * *rōþrijô ("he who rows; oarsman") < *rōþrijaną (possibly an original r-stem *rōþōr, compare also Old Norse rœðir < *rōþ/dijaz)
 * *sagjô < *sagjaną
 * *saljô ("he who gives, offers") < *saljaną
 * *sētijô < *sētijaną
 * *skutjô < *skutjaną (or *skeutaną?)
 * *slahtijô < *slahtijaną
 * *sōmijô < *sōmijaną
 * *taumijô < *taumijaną
 * *timrijô ("he who builds") < *timrijaną
 * *wabjô < *wabjaną
 * *waiþijô < *waiþijaną
 * *wakjô < *wakjaną
 * *wōsijô < *wōsijaną
 * *wrakjô < *wrakjaną
 * *wurhtijô ("he who works, labors") < **wurhtijaną (possibly also an original r-stem *wurhtVr, dissimilated from **wurhtrijô)
 * An unattested **wurhtijaną would be understandable as a denominative formation from *wurhtiz, or possibly from another unattested formation **wurhtą, "worked thing, crafted good" < *wurhtaz. Although, the heavy syllabic environment is promotive for dissimilation, here of a following -r-, which also gives us the option of assuming an original r-stem as well.

*-az/-iz-

 * *agaz (obl. *agiz-) ("fear, dread")
 * *ahaz (obl. *ahiz-) ("ear (of grain)")
 * *angaz (obl. *angiz-) ("worry, grief")
 * *arwaz (obl. *arwiz-) ("scar")
 * *baraz (obl. *bariz-) ("awn; barley")
 * *bewwaz (obl. *biwwiz-) ("barley") (or from bewwu?)
 * *drabaz (obl. *drabiz-) ("dregs")
 * *fahaz (obl. *fahiz-) ("sheep")
 * *fleusaz (obl. *fleusiz) ("fleece")
 * *hailaz (obl. *hailiz-) ("omen, portent")
 * *hataz (obl. *hatiz-) ("hatred")
 * *hōnaz (obl. *hōniz-) ("fowl, hen")
 * *hrefaz (obl. *hrifiz-) ("body, abdomen")
 * *hreþaz (obl. *hriþiz-) ("breast, heart")
 * *hrinþaz (obl. *hrunþiz-) ("horned beast; ox")
 * *kalbaz (obl. *kalbiz-) ("calf")
 * *kelþaz (obl. *kilþiz-) ("child")
 * *lawaz (obl. *lawiz-) ("thigh, ham")
 * *laiwaz (obl. *laiwiz-) ("lark") (indirectly: *laiwizakǭ; → Proto-Finnic *leivo
 * *lambaz (obl. *lambiz-) ("lamb")
 * *lunaz (obl. *luniz-) ("linchpin")
 * *leuhaz (obl. *liuhiz-) ("light") (indirectly: *leuhsą, ON lýr(r) < *liuhizaz)
 * *rēfaz (obl. *rēfiz-) ("rafter, roof beam")
 * *rekwaz (obl. *rikwiz-) ("darkness")
 * *remaz (obl. *rimiz-) ("peace, quiet, tranquility")
 * *sahaz (obl. *sahiz-) ("sedge")
 * *salaz (obl. *saliz-) ("hall, house")
 * *segaz (obl. *sigiz-) ("victory")
 * *stimbaz (obl. *stimbiz-) ("firmness, support, strength")
 * *welþaz (obl. *wilþiz-) ("wild animal, beast")

*-maz
O-grade
 * *dōmaz
 * *farmaz
 * *glōmaz
 * *stōmaz

*-mô
Zero-grade
 * *bliksmô < *blīkaną (or *blik-s(k)-?)
 * *glitmô < *glītaną
 * *hulmô < root **hel-
 * *wriþmô < *wrīþaną

*-þiz
Probably more productive in early Germanic. It's inapplicability to certain stem types likely lead to the proliferation of other deverbal formations, eg. ablaut-based *laidō, *flugą, *tugiz.

Verner's law also appears to create doublet formations, ie. *burþiz, *burdiz, probably due to their common use in compounds.

Class 1
 * *driftiz < *drībaną
 * *listiz < *lizaną (root *līs-)
 * *riftiz < *rīfaną
 * *ristiz < *rīsaną
 * *skriftiz < *skrībaną
 * *stihtiz < *stīganą
 * *tihtiz < *tīhaną

Class 2
 * *buhtiz < *beuganą
 * *duhtiz < *duganą (root *deug-)
 * *druhtiz < *dreuganą
 * *fluhtiz < *fleuganą
 * *hlustiz < **hleusaną
 * *kluftiz < *kleubaną
 * *kustiz < *keusaną
 * *lustiz < *leusaną
 * *nuhtiz < *nuganą (root *neh-)
 * *suhtiz < *seukaną
 * *tuhtiz < *teuhaną
 * *þluhtiz < *þleuhaną

Class 3
 * *durstiz < *durzaną (root *ders-)
 * *þurftiz < *þurbaną (root *þerf-)
 * *þurstiz < *þersaną
 * *wurhtiz < *werk(ij)aną (root *werk-)

Class 4
 * *burþiz/*burdiz < *beraną
 * *dulþiz < *dwelaną
 * *furdiz < **feraną
 * *kumþiz/*kundiz < *kwemaną
 * *numþiz < *nemaną
 * *skuldiz < *skulaną (root *skel-)
 * *skurdiz < *skeraną
 * *stuldiz < *stelaną
 * *turþiz < *teraną
 * *þuldiz < **þulaną/**þelaną (root *þel-)

Class 5
 * *frihtiz < *frehnaną
 * *giftiz < *gebaną
 * *jihtiz < *jehaną
 * *nistiz < *nesaną
 * *wiftiz < *webaną
 * *wistiz < *wesaną

Class 6
 * *fardiz < *faraną
 * *graftiz < *grabaną
 * *haftiz < *hafjaną
 * *kraftiz < **kraf/bjaną
 * *sahtiz < *sakaną
 * *skaftiz < *skapjaną

Class 7
 * *aihtiz < *aiganą
 * *ardiz < *arjaną
 * *ganhtiz < *ganganą
 * *glōdiz < *glōaną
 * *hlauftiz < *hlaupaną
 * *mēþiz < *mēaną
 * *spōdiz < *spōaną

Irregular
 * *dēdiz < *dōną
 * *mahtiz < *maganą
 * *stadiz < *stāną

Weak
 * *arbaiþiz/*arbaidiz < **arbaiþi
 * *fagēþiz < **fagēną

*-þlą
The expected companion formation **-dlą seems to have resolved to *-(l)lą, compare Middle High German arl, "small plow", presumably representing *arlą < *ardlą < *h₂erh₃dʰlom.
 * *buþlą < *būaną
 * *fariþlą < *farjaną

*-þrą/*-drą
Class 1
 * *hrīdrą < **hrijaną (the root was extended as *hriþaną)

Class 2
 * *tūdrą < **tew(w)aną

Class 3

Class 4
 * *berþrą < *beraną
 * *kurþ/drą < **keraną
 * *swerdą < possibly original **swerdrą < *sweraną
 * *wuldrą < **welaną
 * *wundrą < **wenaną (or originally **wunrą < **wunraz (Olsen, 1988))

Class 5
 * *lehtrą < *ligjaną

Class 6
 * *aldrą < *alaną
 * *galdrą < *galaną
 * *lahtrą < **laganą
 * *maldrą < *malaną
 * *skwaldrą < **skwalaną (ON skvaldr)

Class 7
 * *fōdrą < **fōaną (the root was extended as **faþaną)

Factitives

 * *aglijaną ("to make difficult, troublesome") < *agluz
 * *angwijaną ("to make narrow")< *anguz
 * *auþijaną ("to make empty, desolate") < *auþijaz
 * *balþijaną ("to make bold") < *balþaz
 * *birhtijaną ("to make bright") < *berhtaz
 * *blauþijaną ("to make weak, soft") < *blauþuz
 * *blindijaną ("to make blind") < *blindaz
 * *bōnijaną ("to make pretty") < *bōnaz
 * *braidijaną ("to make broad or extend") < *braidaz
 * *daudijaną ("to make dead; to kill") < *daudaz
 * *fagrijaną ("to make fitting, fair") < *fagraz
 * *faihijaną ("to make colored") < *faihaz
 * *faitijaną ("to make fat") < *faitaz
 * *fullijaną ("to make full") < *fullaz
 * *furhtijaną ("to make fearful") < *furhtaz
 * *gailijaną ("to make glad, merry") < *gailaz
 * *haftijaną ("to make bound") < *haftaz
 * *hailijaną ("to make whole") < *hailaz
 * *hardijaną ("to make hard") < *hardaz
 * *hauhijaną ("to make high") < *hauhaz
 * *kunþijaną ("to make known; to proclaim") < *kunþaz
 * *latjaną ("to make slow") < *lataz
 * *natjaną ("to make wet, moist") < *nataz
 * *niwjaną ("to make new") < *niwjaz
 * *rihtijaną ("to make right") < *rehtaz
 * *rōtijaną ("to make glad, cheerful") < *rōtaz
 * *rūmijaną ("to make roomy, spacious") < *ru-maz
 * *sadjaną ("to make sated, full") < *sadaz
 * *skaftijaną ("to make ready") < **skaftaz
 * *stadjaną ("to make stood, fixed") < *stadaz
 * *strangijaną ("to make strong, stiff") < *strangaz
 * *tawjaną ("to make ready, finished") < **tawaz
 * *tōmijaną ("to make empty") < *tōmaz
 * *þiuþijaną ("to make favorable") < *þiuþijaz
 * *wanjaną ("to make accustomed") < *wanaz
 * *warmijaną ("to make warm") < *warmaz
 * *wīhijaną ("to make sacred; to hallow") < *wīhaz
 * *wlankijaną ("to make bold or arrogant") < *wlankaz

Weak 3rd class

 * *dugaiþi < *duganą
 * *kunnaiþi < *kunnaną
 * *magaiþi < *maganą
 * *munaiþi < *munaną
 * *þarbaiþi < *þurbaną
 * *witaiþi < *witaną

Weak 4th class
Class 1
 * *libnaną < **lībaną
 * *ribnaną < *rīfaną
 * *tignaną < *tīhaną

Class 2
 * *bugnaną < *beuganą
 * *brutnaną < *breutaną
 * *flutnaną < *fleutaną
 * *gutnaną < *geutaną
 * *rubnaną < *reufaną
 * *tugnaną < *teuhaną

Class 3
 * *bulgnaną < *belganą
 * *þurznaną < *þersaną

Class 4
 * *bruknaną < *brekaną
 * *mulnaną < **melaną

Class 5

Class 6
 * *batnaną < **bataną
 * *flagnaną < *flahaną
 * *waknaną < *wakaną

Class 7

O-grade causative-iterative(-intensive)
Class 1 (o-grade -ai-)
 * *baidijaną < *bīdaną
 * *baitijaną < *bītaną
 * *draibijaną < *drībaną
 * *gaizijaną < *gīsaną
 * *hlainijaną < **hlīnaną
 * *hrainijaną < *hrīnaną
 * *hnaigijaną < *hnīwaną
 * *laibijaną < *lībaną
 * *laidijaną < *līþaną
 * *laizijaną < *lizaną
 * *raizijaną < *rīsaną
 * *waitijaną < *witaną/*wītaną

Class 2 (o-grade -au-)
 * *baugijaną < *beuganą
 * *daugijaną < *duganą
 * *daupijaną < *dūbaną/*dupp/bōną
 * *draupijaną < *dreupaną/*drūpaną
 * *drauzijaną < *dreusaną
 * *fawjaną < **fūaną or *few(w)aną
 * *fawjaną < *few(w)aną
 * *flaugijaną < *fleuganą
 * *klaubijaną < *kleubaną
 * *nautijaną < *neutaną
 * *raubijaną < *reufaną
 * *smaugijaną < *smeuganą
 * *taugijaną < *teuhaną

Class 3 (o-grade -a-)
 * *balgijaną < *belganą
 * *bandijaną < *bindaną
 * *barkijaną < *berkaną
 * *brannijaną < *brinnaną
 * *dangijaną < *dingwaną
 * *darbijaną < *derbaną
 * *drankijaną < *drinkaną
 * *handijaną < *hinþaną (or denominal to *handuz)
 * *hwarbijaną < *hwerfaną
 * *krangijaną < *kringaną
 * *mampijaną < **mimpaną
 * *mangijaną < **minhaną
 * *marzijaną < *mersaną
 * *rannijaną < *rinnaną
 * *sandijaną < *sinnaną
 * *þrangijaną < *þrinhwaną
 * *wandijaną < *windaną
 * *wardijaną < *werþaną

Class 4A (o-grade -a-)
 * *dwaljaną < *dwelaną
 * *farjaną < **feraną
 * *haljaną < *helaną
 * *kramjaną < *krimmaną (originally nasal present or **kremaną)
 * *kwaljaną < *kwelaną
 * *taljaną < **telaną
 * *tradjaną < *tredaną
 * *waljaną < *wiljaną

Class 4B (o-grade -ē-)
 * *bērijaną (?) < *beraną
 * *nēmijaną < *nemaną
 * *stēlijaną < *stelaną (?)
 * *swēlijaną < *swelaną
 * *tēlijaną < **telaną
 * *tērijaną < *teraną

Class 5A (o-grade -a-)
 * *atjaną < *etaną
 * *fagjaną < *fehaną
 * *hragjaną < *hreganą
 * *kwadjaną < *kweþaną
 * *lagjaną < *ligjaną
 * *nazjaną < *nesaną
 * *satjaną < *sitjaną
 * *swabjaną < *swefaną
 * *wabjaną < *webaną
 * *wagjaną < *weganą'
 * *wrakjaną < *wrekaną'

Class 5B (o-grade -ē-)
 * *ētijaną < *etaną
 * *gētijaną < *getaną
 * *kwēdijaną < *kweþaną
 * *lēgijaną < *ligjaną
 * *mētijaną < *metaną
 * *sētijaną < *sitjaną
 * *sēlijaną < **selaną
 * *swēbijaną < *swefaną
 * *wēgijaną < *weganą
 * *wēdijaną < *wedaną
 * *wrēkijaną < *wrekaną

Class 6 (o-grade -ō-)
 * *fōdijaną < **faþaną
 * *fōgijaną < **fahaną
 * *fōrijaną < *faraną
 * *frōdijaną < *fraþjaną
 * *gōlijaną < *galaną
 * *hlōgijaną < *hlahjaną
 * *kōlijaną < *kalaną
 * *ōgijaną < *aganą
 * *sōkijaną < *sakaną
 * *sōmijaną < **samaną
 * *stōdijaną < *standaną
 * *wōgijaną < *wahwaną
 * *wōlijaną < **walaną
 * *wrōgijaną < **wrahaną or **wrēhaną

Class 7 (o-grade = no change or -ō-)
 * *aikijaną < **aikaną
 * *blandijaną < *blandaną
 * *fallijaną < *fallaną
 * *gangijaną < *ganganą
 * *haitijaną < *haitaną
 * *hangijaną < *hanhaną
 * *laikijaną < *laikaną
 * *rōdijaną < *rēdaną

Irregular
 * *kannijaną < *kunnaną

Zero-grade class 1
Class 1 (zero-grade -i-)
 * *blikjaną < *blīkaną
 * *switjaną < **swītaną

Class 2 (zero-grade -u-)
 * *brutjaną < *breutaną
 * *bugjaną < *beuganą
 * *dupjaną < *deupaną
 * *flutjaną < *fleutaną
 * *guzjaną < *geusaną (or *guzą?)
 * *klubjaną < *kleubaną
 * *krubjaną < *kreufaną/*kreubaną
 * *nutjaną (?) < *neutaną
 * *rudjaną < *reudaną
 * *sprutjaną < *spreutaną

Class 3 (zero-grade -u-)
 * *bulgijaną < *belganą
 * *burgijaną < *berganą
 * *fulgjaną < *felhaną
 * *gurdijaną < *gerdaną
 * *þungijaną < *þinhwaną
 * *þunkijaną < **þinkaną
 * *þurzijaną < *þersaną
 * *wurgijaną < *werganą
 * *wurkijaną < **werkaną
 * *wurpijaną < *werpaną

Class 4 (zero-grade -u-)
 * *buljaną < *bel(l)aną
 * *burjaną < *beraną
 * *duljaną < *dwelaną
 * *dunjaną < **denaną (or *duniz)
 * *gruljaną < *grelaną
 * *huljaną < *helaną
 * *muljaną < **melaną
 * *munjaną (?) < **menaną (or *munaną)
 * *spurjaną
 * *stunjaną
 * *surjaną < *sweraną
 * *þuljaną < **þelaną

Class 5 (zero-grade -e-)

Class 6 (zero-grade -a-)
 * *agjaną < **aganą
 * *aljaną < *alaną
 * *atjaną < *ataną
 * *habjaną
 * *hatjaną
 * *hazjaną
 * *lakjaną
 * *lapjaną
 * *spanjaną
 * *tagjaną/*tahjaną
 * *wakjaną

Class 7

o-grade iteratives

 * *faukōną < *feukaną
 * *kramm/mōną < *krimmaną

zero-grade iteratives
This class of verbs had one form of root in the singular present, while another in all other positions, due the original suffixation (*-néh₂-eti, *-n̥h₂é-) triggering Kluge's law. This led to extensive remodeling/leveling in the daughter languages, where a form like -tt-/-d- could see reflexes of -tt-/-t-/-d-/-dd-. The forms can be kind of all over the place, which is why the class was so hard to understand for so long, usually these effects were attributed to "expressive gemination", which just wasn't a thing in Germanic.

Further, due to the frequentative nature of these verbs, the roots themselves could see extensions with an -r- or -l- suffix in the Old and Middle Germanic languages; so a verb like *smukk/gōną could appear as Dutch smokkelen or Low German smuggeln.

Class 1 (zero-grade -i-)
 * *bitt/tōną < *bītaną
 * *fikk/gōną ("to move back and forth/to move quickly/restlessly") < **fīhaną/**fīganą (EN/MoE fike (< *fik- (or *fīk-?)), fig (< *figg-) ; MHG ficken (< *fikk-), figeln (with extension -l-) ("to file"))
 * *frikk/gōną ("to rub") < *frīhaną/*frīkaną (MoE frick (< *frikk-), frig(g) (as if *frigg-''))
 * *gripp/bōną < *grīpaną (**grībaną would be expected)
 * *mitt/dōną < **mīþaną
 * *ripp/bōną < *rīfaną
 * *sikk/gōną ("to sink, lower, trickle") < *sīhwaną (NO sikka; OE sicerian (< *sik(k)-rōną(secondary -r-))
 * *sipp/bōną ("to pass through (of liquids), percolate, filter") < **sīfaną/**sībaną (SW (dial) sipa; OE sipian; MD seven; MLG seven; MHG siben/siffen)
 * *skitt/tōną < *skītaną
 * *smitt/tōną < *smītaną
 * *snitt/dōną < *snīþaną
 * *splitt/tōną < *splītaną
 * *spritt/dōną < *sprīþaną
 * *stikk/kōną < *stikaną (zero-grade present; also secondary *stukk/kōną)
 * *stritt/dōną < *strīdaną
 * *swipp/bōną < *swībaną
 * *þripp/bōną < *þrīfaną
 * *wlittōną < *wlītaną
 * *writt/tōną < *wrītaną

Class 2 (zero-grade -u-)
 * *dupp/bōną < **deubaną (would probably be expected)
 * *flukk/gōną < *fleuganą
 * *flutt/tōną < *fleutaną
 * *fukk/kōną ("to strike, assail") < **feukaną
 * *grutt/tōną < *greutaną
 * *rupp/bōną < *reufaną
 * *rutt/dōną < *reudaną
 * *skupp/bōną < *skeubaną
 * *skutt/tōną < *skeutaną
 * *smukk/gōną ("to slip (through/into)") < *smeuganą (**smeuhaną would be expected)
 * *smukk/kōną < *smeu/ūkaną
 * *sprutt/tōną < *spreutaną
 * *strukk/gōną < *streukaną (**streuganą might be expected)
 * *tukk/gōną < *teuhaną

Class 3 (zero-grade -u-
 * *dump/bōną < *dimbaną
 * *duntōną < *dintaną
 * *funt/dōną < *finþaną
 * *hunt/dōną < *hinþaną
 * *krumm/mōną < *krimmaną
 * *krunk/gōną < *kringaną
 * *mump/bōną < *mimpaną (**mimbaną would be expected)
 * *skrump/bōną < *skrimm/mpaną
 * *slunk/gōną < *sling/kaną
 * *slutt/tōną < *sleu/ūtaną
 * *swurp/bōną < *swerbaną
 * *þrummōną < *þrimmaną

Class 4 (zero-grade -u-)
 * *brukk/kōną < *brekaną (secondary zero-grade)
 * *brumm/mōną < *bremaną
 * *gull/lōną < (*)*gel(l)aną (**gelaną is expected; *gellaną is a back-formation or influenced by the geminate of the iterative)
 * *knutt/dōną < *kne/udaną
 * *stull/lōną < *stelaną
 * *trutt/dōną < *tre/udaną (also secondary *trett/dōną)

Class 5 (zero-grade -e-)
 * *drupp/bōną < *drabaną (but probably interpreted as from from *drepaną, which was back-formed from the iterative)

Class 6 (zero-grade -a-)
 * *bakk/kōną < *bakaną
 * *happ/bōną < **habaną
 * *happ/bōną < **haf(j)aną (compare *habjaną)
 * *hlakk/gōną < *hlahjaną
 * *stapp/bōną < *stapjaną

Class 7
 * *flakk/gōną < *flōkaną

title: User:Burgundaz/Germanic derivation


text: געראַטעוועט

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: געראַטעוועט


text:
מאַמעשי

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * : mommy, mummy

title: מאַמעשי


text:
מאַמינקע

Etymology
Possibly directly borrowed from. . Compare also 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * : mommy, mummy

title: מאַמינקע


text:
גאָטעניו

Etymology
From.

Interjection

 * 1) oh my God, God in heaven

title: גאָטעניו


text:
going once, going twice, sold

Translations

 * Finnish: ensimmäisen, toisen ja kolmannen kerran; ensimmäinen, toinen ja kolmas kerta
 * Hungarian: először, másodszor – senki többet? –, harmadszor: elkelt!
 * Portuguese: dou-lhe uma, dou-lhe duas, dou-lhe três; vendido!
 * Spanish: a la de una, a la de dos, vendido!

title: going once, going twice, sold


text:
изощрённый

Adjective

 * 1) highly sensitive, keen
 * 2) refined, subtle, ingenious, sophisticated, convoluted

Declension
highly sensitive, keen:

refined, subtle, ingenious:

title: изощрённый


text: изощренный

title: изощренный


text:
машинный

Adjective

 * 1)  machine
 * 2)  computer
 * 1)  computer
 * 1)  computer
 * 1)  computer
 * 1)  computer
 * 1)  computer
 * 1)  computer

title: машинный


text:
User:Vivek chhetri Rauniyar

Vivek Rauniyar

title: User:Vivek chhetri Rauniyar


text:
сезонный

Adjective

 * 1) seasonal
 * 2)  season

title: сезонный


text:
оппозиционный

Etymology
Perhaps from.

Adjective

 * 1)  opposition, oppositional

title: оппозиционный


text:
потерянный

Adjective

 * 1) lost
 * 2) embarrassed, perplexed
 * 3) hopeless, ruined
 * 1) hopeless, ruined

title: потерянный


text:
полимерный

Adjective

 * 1)  polymer, polymeric, polymerous

title: полимерный


text:
фанерный

Adjective

 * 1)  plywood

title: фанерный


text:
надзорный

Adjective

 * 1)  surveillance
 * 2)  supervision, supervisory

title: надзорный


text:
Talk:檸檬

Your last revision |mn_note "lêng-bông" - Mainland seems to run counter to TDJ, unless Taiwan Min Nan has migrated to "lê-bóng" only. Hongthay (talk) 02:15, 7 April 2016 (UTC)
 * It should be dated in Taiwan since THCWD does not have lêng-bông. Modified accordingly. — justin(r)leung { (t...) 02:23, 7 April 2016 (UTC)

Philippine Hokkien
Just wanted to check what the POJ means here. How is the neutral tone pronounced? — justin(r)leung { (t...) 13:51, 19 May 2024 (UTC)
 * My take on this is just to remove the pronunciation. I don't recognize this as Hokkien really. --Mar vin kaiser (talk) 13:56, 19 May 2024 (UTC)
 * @Justinrleung The speakers I know of say it like le22mong00, but I think speakers have in mind, but they just have Hokkien accent. I think I put this in before because Vicente Lim (1941) listed it as a Hokkien word as well along with other fruits in the Ph Hokkien he wrote about at p.159, writing 6 columns for:
 * "華 Chinese", "廈門音 Amoy Pron.", "英 English", "西代英音 Pronunciation", "菲 Tagalog", "西 Spanish"
 * "檸檬", "limon", "Lemon", "lemon", "Dayap", "Lemon"
 * Oh yeah, this was also one of those words that was inside the "菲律賓咱人話（Lán-lâng-uē）研究" paper of 蔡惠名 (2017)
 * Mlgc1998 (talk) 15:49, 19 May 2024 (UTC)
 * What is 00? That is not a valid tone description. Also if it’s 22, then it’s not lê (if the following tone is neutral). — justin(r)leung { (t...) 19:43, 19 May 2024 (UTC)
 * @Justinrleung 00 or 0 as in neutral tone. it drops down to no tone. Which tone would it be if pertaining to non-sandhied tone? lě--mong? Mlgc1998 (talk) 19:51, 19 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I just want to add to the discussion here that Vicente Lim isn't really representative of what we speak today, and the 蔡惠名 paper also has things that we don't agree with, but they give different pronunciations, like Vicente gives "limon", and 蔡惠名 gives "lemen". As for what speakers say today, my understand is that they just say the English word with interpretation of tones. --Mar vin kaiser (talk) 12:38, 26 May 2024 (UTC)
 * @Mar vin kaiser @Justinrleung I've had some deeper thought again for the past days reminiscing why I added "lê--mong" last 2022 besides finding it in Vicente Lim (1941) and 蔡惠名 (2017). I think I was thinking last 2022 about considerations on how blurry the line was in dealing with loanwords in Hokkien and I was wondering where exactly on the blurry line was that separated what was considered a legit "loanword" in Hokkien vs a word from another language that's merely been codeswitched due to a lack of a common Hokkien term in the mind of a typical native speaker.
 * I remember before talk with some friends on a groupchat before how 蔡惠名 (2017)'s paper mentioned supposed loanwords in Ph. Hokkien which included supposed English loanwords like, , and , which were supposedly directly loaned into Ph Hokkien, but this claim or proposition about those specific terms as "loanwords" into Ph Hokkien for at least the last two were usually ridiculed by Ph Hokkien-speaking readers I had met and spoken with, except the first one about due to a certain /le˩ tsu˧ tsʰai˥˩/ that we still sometimes hear today in Ph. Hokkien.
 * Then later I saw in Vicente Lim (1941), some supposed loanwords that caught my eye that he also listed:
 * "咬九 ka kaó Cocoa coco Kokoa Cocoa" (p.96) (last two actually referring to and  respectively)
 * "咖啡 kape Coffee cofi Kape Café" (p.94 and p.114)
 * "檸檬 limon Lemon lemon Dayap Lemon" (p.159)
 * along with other Hokkien terms (many of whom still used today I still regularly hear and some perhaps we are unfamiliar of or unheard of now) effectively claiming that those (on the 2nd column) too are Ph Hokkien. Now, I think I was wondering about this last 2022, because "ka-pé" in Ph Hokkien is still very much used in Ph Hokkien as the only term Ph Hokkien speakers usually know of for "Coffee", just as is the common default term for "Coffee" in Tagalog today. Now as for "Cocoa bean",  is still used in Tagalog as the only term Tagalog speakers use, unless they codeswitch to, although a discussion about "cocoa beans" in the Philippines is not that common unless one is frequently speaking to baristas or cafe owners or something like that, so in Ph Hokkien, I do not remember explicitly hearing about usage of "ka kaó" or something similar yet but it is conceivable to agree with Vicente Lim (1941) about a supposed "ka kaó" he would use for Ph Hokkien as well, especially that those syllables conform to Hokkien phonology. Now on the topic of "Lemon", it is quite similar in that, we do not usually talk about lemons normally anyways in Ph Hokkien to hear about "lê--mong" but I remember having asked a native speaker how to say it and got him to somehow say it some time in 2022 and it was like /le22 mong0/, and normally the average ph hokkien speaker and average tagalog speaker doesn't know of any other word for the "lemon fruit" in mind besides these days , so it fits the same situation as the term for "coffee" and "cocoa bean" in that there is a blurry line where a word is considered a legit "loanword" vs mere codeswitching that's still the word from the source language.
 * Now, I added "lê--mong" before cuz I think I wanted to test that and see where exactly the line was that made a word a legit loanword into Hokkien, especially that 檸檬 for Hokkien already exists for all the other Hokkien dialects, like does it have to be slightly reshaped from the etymon conforming to Hokkien phonology to start to be considered as a legit Hokkien loanword? does it have to even follow Hokkien phonology strictly? does it have to veer off to a slightly different meaning? does it have to be a word that's frequently used in the midst of an otherwise full Hokkien sentence or phrase? etc etc. These were some considerations I had pondered upon before last 2022 as far as I remember. Whether or not, "lê--mong" stays on this page tho is not a big concern to me, but what happens to it is something for study of mine to gauge that blurry line of when a term can be said as definitely a legit loanword. Mlgc1998 (talk) 16:02, 26 May 2024 (UTC)
 * The other one, my dad was talking about lemons, and he just said the English word "lemon" with tones, like "lé-mòn", something like that. And not "lê--mong", the way you typed it. --Mar vin kaiser (talk) 08:31, 28 May 2024 (UTC)
 * @Mar vin kaiser the one that ends in "mon" and how sure that the falling tone there is not also a neutral tone. These supposed "loanwords" will of course be in free variation or have multiple different pronunciations just like many other "loanwords" and ph placenames that we haven't added to wikt yet which the exact tones were the main contention anyways why those others haven't been added yet. I put the "lê--mong" before just to update what Vicente Lim (1941) was trying to say with his "limon" that he must've had in mind with. Mlgc1998 (talk) 11:17, 28 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Do speakers that you know actually say it like "le22mong00" with an "-ng" ending? --Mar vin kaiser (talk) 01:12, 5 June 2024 (UTC)
 * @Mar vin kaiser As you know, Hokkien has a limited set of syllables due to the accent of native speakers or for some reason like that. I've thought about the "lé-mòn" that you mentioned and I think I thought about that years ago too but I didn't put that kind of spelling cuz Hokkien don't naturally have "mon" syllables. There are nasalized "bun" syllables tho sometimes and perhaps that's what you heard. For my dad before, I heard a "mong" syllable at the end as nasalized form of "bong", but the nasal ending at the end is a little weaker. This is kinda like the Hokkien placenames trying to approximate the mainstream known word, but their native Hokkien accents leave them to sound like that. I think I put a ph pronunciation there as well because all the other Hokkien dialects have an available pronunciation and I imagine a Hokkien learner from the Philippines would try and pick something and if they were to pick something, then a Hokkien accent closest to the that native speakers have in mind anyways would be the safest updated choice if not defaulting to codeswitching eludes the mindset. If there are multiple more pronunciations that other native Hokkien speakers say out there, I think it's understandable since they are likely trying to approximate  and a century ago, speakers would've been trying to approximate  as well anyways, so it's bound that there would be room for variation on a blurry word like this. Mlgc1998 (talk) 12:26, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:檸檬


text:
cờ vua

Etymology
From 🇰🇲. Compare.

title: cờ vua


text: Ńg

title: Ńg


text:
phăng teo

Noun

 * 1)  a joker

title: phăng teo


text:
tú lơ khơ

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1)  playing cards

title: tú lơ khơ


text:
User:Erutuon/edittools

  Acute: Á á Ć ć É é ǵ ḱ Í í Ĺ ĺ Ń ń Ó ó Ŕ ŕ Ś ś Ú ú Ẃ ẃ Ý ý Ź ź Ǽ ǽ ··· Grave: À à È è Ì ì Ò ò Ù ù Ẁ ẁ Ỳ ỳ ··· Circumflex: Â â Ĉ ĉ Ê ê Ĝ ĝ Ĥ ĥ Î î Ĵ ĵ Ô ô Ŝ ŝ Û û Ŵ ŵ Ŷ ŷ ··· Umlauts and diaereses: Ä ä Ë ë Ï ï Ö ö Ü ü Ẅ ẅ Ÿ ÿ ··· Tilde: Ã ã Ẽ ẽ Ĩ ĩ l̃ m̃ Ñ ñ r̃ Õ õ Ũ ũ Ỹ ỹ ··· Ring: Å å Ů ů ··· Cedilla: Ç ç Ģ ģ Ķ ķ Ļ ļ Ņ ņ Ŗ ŗ Ş ş ··· Comma below: D̦ d̦ Ș ș Ț ț ··· Ogonek: Ą ą Ę ę Į į Ǫ ǫ Ų ų ··· Hook: Ả ả Ẻ ẻ Ỉ ỉ Ỏ ỏ Ủ ủ Ỷ ỷ  ··· Horn: Ơ ơ Ư ư  ··· Caron: Ǎ ǎ Č č Ď ď Ě ě Ǐ ǐ J̌ ǰ Ľ ľ Ň ň Ǒ ǒ Ř ř Š š Ť ť Ǔ ǔ Ž ž Ǯ ǯ  ··· Breve: Ă ă Ĕ ĕ Ğ ğ Ĭ ĭ Ŏ ŏ Ŭ ŭ ··· Stroke: Ƀ ƀ Đ đ Ǥ ǥ Ħ ħ Ł ł Ø ø Ŧ ŧ Ʉ ʉ ··· Double acute: Ő ő Ű ű ··· Macron: Ā ā Ē ē Ī ī Ō ō Ū ū Ȳ ȳ Ǣ ǣ ··· Dot above: Ḃ ḃ Ċ ċ Ḋ ḋ Ė ė Ḟ ḟ Ġ ġ İ i Ṁ ṁ Ṅ ṅ Ṗ ṗ Ṙ ṙ Ṡ ṡ Ṫ ṫ Ż ż ··· Dot below: Ạ ạ Ḍ ḍ Ẹ ẹ Ḥ ḥ Ị ị Ọ ọ Ṛ ṛ Ṣ ṣ Ṭ ṭ Ụ ụ Ỵ ỵ Ẓ ẓ ··· Ligatures: Æ æ  Œ œ   ẞ ß  ··· Others: Ð ð Ə ə Ȝ ȝ Ᵹ ᵹ Ƕ ƕ ı Ŋ ŋ ſ Þ þ Ƿ ƿ ʻ ··· Double diacritics: Ằ ằ Ẳ ẳ Ẵ ẵ Ắ ắ Ặ ặ Ầ ầ Ẩ ẩ Ẫ ẫ Ấ ấ Ậ ậ ą́ ą̃ č̣ Č̣ Ề ề Ể ể Ễ ễ Ế ế Ệ ệ ḗ Ė̄ ė̄ ę́ ę̃ ė́ ė̃  Ḯ ḯ į́ į̃ Ồ ồ Ổ ổ Ỗ ỗ Ố ố Ǭ ǭ Ộ ộ ṓ Ờ ờ Ở ở Ỡ ỡ Ớ ớ Ợ ợ Ṏ ṏ Ǘ ǘ Ǜ ǜ Ǚ ǚ Ǖ ǖ Ừ ừ Ử ử Ữ ữ Ứ ứ Ự ự ų́ ų̃ ū́ ū̃  ÿ́  IPA: Vowels: ɨ ʉ ɯ ɪ ʏ ʊ ø ɘ ɵ ɤ ə ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ æ ɐ ɶ ɑ ɒ ɚ ɝ ã ɑ̃ ə̃ ɛ̃ ɔ̃ œ̃ æ̃ ẽ ĩ õ ũ i̯ y̯ u̯ ɪ̯ ʏ̯ ʊ̯ ɐ̯ e̞ o̞ ø̞ a̯ i̥ u̥ ɯ̥ ᵊ ··· Suprasegmentals: ˈ ˌ ː ˑ ˥ ˦ ˧ ˨ ˩ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ ⁹ ‿ ꜛ ꜜ ··· Pulmonic consonants: b̥ d̥ ɡ̊ l̥ m̥ n̥ r̥ t̪ d̪ n̪ ʈ ɖ ɟ ɢ ʔ ɱ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ ʙ ʀ ɾ ɽ ɸ β ṽ θ ð ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ɦ ɬ ɮ ʋ ɹ ɻ ɰ ɭ ʎ ʟ ʍ ɥ ʜ ʢ ʡ ɕ ʑ ɺ ɧ ɡ ɫ l̩ m̩ n̩ r̩ ɹ̩ r̥ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ t͡s d͡z ··· Non-pulmonic consonants: Clicks: ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ · Implosives: ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ · Ejectives: ʼ ··· Diacritics: ʰ ʱ ʲ ʷ ˠ ˀ ˤ ˞ ᵝ ᵐ ᶬ ⁿ ᶯ ᶮ ᵑ ᶰ  ̰   ̤   ͈  ̯  ̑ enPR: Vowels: ā ă ä â ē ĕ ī ĭ î ō ŏ ô ŭ o͞o (“food”) o͝o (“foot”) û ə ··· Partially anglicised foreign phonemes: ɴ ʀ ᴋʜ ö ü ··· Stress markers: ʹ '

 Spacing modifiers: ʹ ʺ ʻ ʼ ʽ ʾ ʿ ˀ ˁ ˂ ˃ ˄ ˅ ˆ ˇ ˈ ˉ ˘ ˊ ˋ ˌ ˍ ˎ ˏ ◌ Combining diacritics:   ̀   ́   ̂   ̃   ̄   ̅   ̆   ̇   ̈   ̉   ̊   ̋   ̌   ̍   ̎   ̏   ̐   ̑   ̒   ̓   ̔   ̕   ̖   ̗   ̘   ̙   ̚   ̛   ̜   ̝   ̞   ̟   ̠   ̡   ̢   ̣   ̤   ̥   ̦   ̧   ̨   ̩   ̪   ̫   ̬   ̭   ̮   ̯   ̰   ̱   ̲   ̳

 Wiki markup: + # <+> ~ |  ··· Quotation marks:  “+” ‘+’ ‘ ’ ‛ „+“ ‚+‘ «+» ‹+› ⟨+⟩  ··· Other punctuation: … · ‑ – — ― ⸗  ¿  ¡  ‽  Mathematical symbols: ± −  ×  ÷  °  ≈  ≠ ∅ Superscripts and subscripts: ⁰ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ ⁹ ₀ ₁ ₂ ₃ ₄ ₅ ₆ ₇ ₈ ₉ Other symbols: ª º ¶ § † ‡  №  ⁊  ✔  ← ⇐  → ⇒  ∴  ∵  ′  ″  〃  ♀  ♂

 *    #    ===Alternative forms=== ===Etymology=== ===Pronunciation=== ===Adjective=== ===Adverb=== ===Glyph origin=== ===Hanja=== ===Hanzi=== ===Idiom=== ===Interjection=== ===Kanji=== ===Noun=== ===Numeral=== ===Participle=== ===Phrase=== ===Prefix=== ===Preposition=== ===Pronoun=== ===Proper noun=== ===Romanization=== ===Suffix=== ===Symbol=== ===Verb===  ====Usage notes==== ====Synonyms==== ====Antonyms==== ====Derived terms==== ====Related terms==== ====Translations==== ===See also=== ===References=== ===Further reading===

 Ɑ ɑ Ɓ ɓ Ƈ ƈ Ɖ ɖ Ɗ ɗ Ǝ ǝ Ɛ ɛ Ƒ ƒ Ɠ ɠ Ɣ ɣ Ɩ ɩ Ɨ ɨ Ƙ ƙ Ŋ ŋ Ɲ ɲ Ɔ ɔ Ƥ ƥ Ʃ ʃ Ƭ ƭ Ʈ ʈ Ʊ ʊ Ʋ ʋ Ⱳ ⱳ Ƴ ƴ Ʒ ʒ ř

 Transliteration: G̃ g̃ Ḫ ḫ ř Š š Ṣ ṣ Ṭ ṭ ʾ ā ē ī ō ū â ê î ô û Indexes: ₀ ₁ ₂ ₃ ₄ ₅ ₆ ₇ ₈ ₉ ₓ ×

 Letters: ا أ إ آ ٱ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ك ل م ن ه و ي ة ى ء ؤ ئ ﻻ ﷲ ـ ݣ ··· Persian: پ چ ژ ک گ ی ··· Urdu: ٹ ڈ ڑ ں ے ۓ ہ ھ ··· Kurdish: ە ڕ ڒ ڤ ڵ ۆ ۊ ێ ··· Vowels: fatha: ـَ damma: ـُ kasra: ـِ fathatan: ـً dammatan: ـٌ kasratan: ـٍ ••• Other: shadda: ـّ sukun: ـْ maddah above: ـٓ hamza above: ـٔ hamza below: ـٕ dagger alif: ـٰ Arabic translit.: ʾ ṯ ḥ ḵ ḏ š ṣ ḍ ṭ ẓ ʿ ḡ ā ī ū ē ō á í ú é ó Persian translit: ’ â š ž č ğ

 Ա ա Բ բ Գ գ Դ դ Ե ե Զ զ Է է Ը ը Թ թ Ժ ժ Ի ի Լ լ Խ խ Ծ ծ Կ կ Հ հ Ձ ձ Ղ ղ Ճ ճ Մ մ Յ յ Ն ն Շ շ Ո ո Չ չ Պ պ Ջ ջ Ռ ռ Ս ս Վ վ Տ տ Ր ր Ց ց Ւ ւ Փ փ Ք ք Օ օ Ֆ ֆ և ﬔ ﬕ ﬓ ﬗ ﬖ ··· Dialectal: ՙ  ա̈  ա̊  օ̈  ո̈ւ յ̵  ʔ ··· Punctuation:  ՚   ՛   ՜   ՝   ՞   ՟   ․   ։   ֊ ··· Symbols: ֏ ֎ ֍

 𐬀 𐬁 𐬂 𐬃 𐬄 𐬅 𐬆 𐬇 𐬈 𐬉 𐬊 𐬋 𐬌 𐬍 𐬎 𐬏 𐬐 𐬑 𐬒 𐬓 𐬔 𐬕 𐬖 𐬗 𐬘 𐬙 𐬚 𐬛 𐬜 𐬝 𐬞 𐬟 𐬠 𐬡 𐬢 𐬣 𐬤 𐬥 𐬦 𐬧 𐬨 𐬩 𐬪 𐬫 𐬬 𐬭 𐬮 𐬯 𐬰 𐬱 𐬲 𐬳 𐬴 𐬵 ··· Punctuation: 𐬹 𐬺  𐬻  𐬼  𐬽  𐬾  𐬿

 က ခ ဂ ဃ င စ ဆ ဇ ဈ ည ဉ ဋ ဌ ဍ ဎ ဏ တ ထ ဒ ဓ န ပ ဖ ဗ ဘ မ ယ ရ လ ဝ သ ဿ ဟ အ ဣ ဤ ဥ ဦ ဧ ဩ ဪ င်္  ်  ္  ျ  ြ  ွ  ှ  ာ  ါ  ိ  ီ  ု  ူ  ေ  ဲ  ော  ေါ  ို  ံ  ့  း ၌ ၍ ၎ ၏ ၊ ။ ၀ ၁ ၂ ၃ ၄ ၅ ၆ ၇ ၈ ၉ Transliteration: ā à á ă ḍ è é ī ì í ḷ ṃ ñ ṅ ṇ ò ó ṭ ū ù ú ʔ ’ ‘ ′ ″

 Ꭰ Ꭱ Ꭲ Ꭳ Ꭴ Ꭵ Ꭶ Ꭷ Ꭸ Ꭹ Ꭺ Ꭻ Ꭼ Ꭽ Ꭾ Ꭿ Ꮀ Ꮁ Ꮂ Ꮃ Ꮄ Ꮅ Ꮆ Ꮇ Ꮈ Ꮉ Ꮊ Ꮋ Ꮌ Ꮍ Ꮎ Ꮏ Ꮐ Ꮑ Ꮒ Ꮓ Ꮔ Ꮕ Ꮖ Ꮗ Ꮘ Ꮙ Ꮚ Ꮛ Ꮜ Ꮝ Ꮞ Ꮟ Ꮠ Ꮡ Ꮢ Ꮣ Ꮤ Ꮥ Ꮦ Ꮧ Ꮨ Ꮩ Ꮪ Ꮫ Ꮬ Ꮭ Ꮮ Ꮯ Ꮰ Ꮱ Ꮲ Ꮳ Ꮴ Ꮵ Ꮶ Ꮷ Ꮸ Ꮹ Ꮺ Ꮻ Ꮼ Ꮽ Ꮾ Ꮿ Ᏸ Ᏹ Ᏺ Ᏻ Ᏼ

 А а Б б В в Г г Ѓ ѓ Ґ ґ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ З́ з́ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с С́ с́ Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ’ m-dash: — acute: ́ grave: ̀ macron: ̄ double grave: ̏ inverted breve: ̑ А́ а́ Е́ е́ Є́ є́ И́ и́ І́ і́ Ї́ ї́ О́ о́ Р́ р́ У́ у́ Ъ́ ъ́ Ы́ ы́ Э́ э́ Ю́ ю́ Я́ я́ А̀ а̀ Ѐ ѐ Є̀ є̀ Ѝ ѝ І̀ і̀ Ї̀ ї̀ О̀ о̀ Р̀ р̀ У̀ у̀ Ъ̀ ъ̀ Ы̀ ы̀ Э̀ э̀ Ю̀ ю̀ Я̀ я̀ Non-Slavic: Ӓ ӓ Ӑ ӑ Ӕ ӕ Ӡ ӡ Ӷ ӷ Ӣ ӣ Ҋ ҋ Ԥ ԥ Ӯ ӯ Ҕ ҕ Ғ ғ Е̃ е̃ Ӗ ӗ Ҽ ҽ Ҿ ҿ Ә ә Ӛ ӛ Җ җ Ӝ ӝ Ӂ ӂ Ҙ ҙ Ӟ ӟ Ҋ ҋ И̃ и̃ Ӏ ӏ Ҟ ҟ Ҡ ҡ Ҝ ҝ Қ қ Ӄ ӄ Ӆ ӆ Ԓ ԓ Ң ң Ҥ ҥ Ӈ ӈ Һ һ Ҩ ҩ Ө ө Ӫ ӫ Ӧ ӧ О̃ о̃ Р̌ р̌ Ҏ ҏ Ҫ ҫ Ҭ ҭ Ӱ ӱ Ү ү Ұ ұ Ҳ ҳ Ӽ ӽ Ӿ ӿ Ҍ ҍ Ӹ ӹ Ҵ ҵ Ҷ ҷ Ӵ ӵ Ӌ ӌ Ӭ ӭ Є̈ є̈ Ю̆ ю̆ Я̆ я̆ ˮ Archaic: Ҁ ҁ Ѻ ѻ Ѡ ѡ Ѿ ѿ Ꙑ ꙑ Ѣ ѣ Ꙓ ꙓ Ꙗ ꙗ Ѥ ѥ Ѧ ѧ Ѩ ѩ Ѫ ѫ Ѭ ѭ Ѯ ѯ Ѱ ѱ Ѳ ѳ Ѵ ѵ Ѷ ѷ Ꙟ ꙟ Transliteration: Ž ž Č č Š š ʹ ʺ Á á Ǎ ǎ Ǎ̀ ǎ̀ É é Í í Ó ó Ú ú Ý ý ɛ ɛ́ Ǵ ǵ Ḱ ḱ Ŭ ŭ

 ँ ं  ः अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ऋ ऌ ऍ ऎ ए ऐ ऑ ऒ ओ औ क क़ ख ख़ ग ग़ घ ङ च छ ज ज़ झ झ़ ञ ट ठ ड ड़ ढ ढ़ ण त थ द ध न ऩ प फ फ़ ब भ म य य़ र ऱ ल ळ ऴ व श ष स ह  ़ ऽ  ा  ि  ॊ  ो  ौ  ्  ी  ु  ू  ृ  ॄ  ॅ  ॆ  े  ै  ॉ ॐ  ॑  ॒  ॓  ॔ ॠ ॡ  ॢ  ॣ। ॥ ॰ ... Transliteration: ā ḍ ġ ḥ ī ḷ ḹ ṃ ñ ṅ ṇ ŕ ṛ ṝ ś ṣ ṭ ū. ã ā̃ ẽ ĩ ī̃ õ ũ ū̃

 ሀ ሁ ሂ ሃ ሄ ህ ሆ ሇ ለ ሉ ሊ ላ ሌ ል ሎ ሏ ሐ ሑ ሒ ሓ ሔ ሕ ሖ ሗ መ ሙ ሚ ማ ሜ ም ሞ ሟ ሠ ሡ ሢ ሣ ሤ ሥ ሦ ሧ ረ ሩ ሪ ራ ሬ ር ሮ ሯ ሰ ሱ ሲ ሳ ሴ ስ ሶ ሷ ሸ ሹ ሺ ሻ ሼ ሽ ሾ ሿ ቀ ቁ ቂ ቃ ቄ ቅ ቆ ቇ ቈ ቊ ቋ ቌ ቍ ቐ ቑ ቒ ቓ ቔ ቕ ቖ ቘ ቚ ቛ ቜ ቝ በ ቡ ቢ ባ ቤ ብ ቦ ቧ ቨ ቩ ቪ ቫ ቬ ቭ ቮ ቯ ተ ቱ ቲ ታ ቴ ት ቶ ቷ ቸ ቹ ቺ ቻ ቼ ች ቾ ቿ ኀ ኁ ኂ ኃ ኄ ኅ ኆ ኇ ኈ ኊ ኋ ኌ ኍ ነ ኑ ኒ ና ኔ ን ኖ ኗ ኘ ኙ ኚ ኛ ኜ ኝ ኞ ኟ አ ኡ ኢ ኣ ኤ እ ኦ ኧ ከ ኩ ኪ ካ ኬ ክ ኮ ኯ ኰ ኲ ኳ ኴ ኵ ኸ ኹ ኺ ኻ ኼ ኽ ኾ ዀ ዂ ዃ ዄ ዅ ወ ዉ ዊ ዋ ዌ ው ዎ ዏ ዐ ዑ ዒ ዓ ዔ ዕ ዖ ዘ ዙ ዚ ዛ ዜ ዝ ዞ ዟ ዠ ዡ ዢ ዣ ዤ ዥ ዦ ዧ የ ዩ ዪ ያ ዬ ይ ዮ ዯ ደ ዱ ዲ ዳ ዴ ድ ዶ ዷ ዸ ዹ ዺ ዻ ዼ ዽ ዾ ዿ ጀ ጁ ጂ ጃ ጄ ጅ ጆ ጇ ገ ጉ ጊ ጋ ጌ ግ ጎ ጏ ጐ ጒ ጓ ጔ ጕ ጘ ጙ ጚ ጛ ጜ ጝ ጞ ጟ ጠ ጡ ጢ ጣ ጤ ጥ ጦ ጧ ጨ ጩ ጪ ጫ ጬ ጭ ጮ ጯ ጰ ጱ ጲ ጳ ጴ ጵ ጶ ጷ ጸ ጹ ጺ ጻ ጼ ጽ ጾ ጿ ፀ ፁ ፂ ፃ ፄ ፅ ፆ ፇ ፈ ፉ ፊ ፋ ፌ ፍ ፎ ፏ ፐ ፑ ፒ ፓ ፔ ፕ ፖ ፗ ፘ ፙ ፚ ፠ ፡ ። ፣ ፤ ፥ ፦ ፧ ፨ ፩ ፪ ፫ ፬ ፭ ፮ ፯ ፰ ፱ ፲ ፳ ፴ ፵ ፶ ፷ ፸ ፹ ፺ ፻ ፼ ᎐ ᎑ ᎒ ᎓ ᎔ ᎕ ᎖ ᎗ ᎘ ᎙

 𐌰 𐌱 𐌲 𐌳 𐌴 𐌵 𐌶 𐌷 𐌸 𐌹 𐌺 𐌻 𐌼 𐌽 𐌾 𐌿 𐍀 𐍁 𐍂 𐍃 𐍄 𐍅 𐍆 𐍇 𐍈 𐍉 𐍊 ··· Þ þ Ƕ ƕ

 Plain: Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω · ᾼ ᾳ ῌ ῃ ῼ ῳ · Acute: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ · ᾴ ῄ ῴ · Grave: Ὰ ὰ Ὲ ὲ Ὴ ὴ Ὶ ὶ Ὸ ὸ Ὺ ὺ Ὼ ὼ · ᾲ ῂ ῲ · Circumflex: ᾶ ῆ ῖ ῦ ῶ · ᾷ ῇ ῷ ··· With smooth breathing: Plain: Ἀ ἀ Ἐ ἐ Ἠ ἠ Ἰ ἰ Ὀ ὀ ὐ Ὠ ὠ · ᾈ ᾀ ᾘ ᾐ ᾨ ᾠ · ῤ · Acute: Ἄ ἄ Ἔ ἔ Ἤ ἤ Ἴ ἴ Ὄ ὄ ὔ Ὤ ὤ · ᾌ ᾄ ᾜ ᾔ ᾬ ᾤ · Grave: Ἂ ἂ Ἒ ἒ Ἢ ἢ Ἲ ἲ Ὂ ὂ ὒ Ὢ ὢ · ᾊ ᾂ ᾚ ᾒ ᾪ ᾢ · Circumflex: Ἆ ἆ Ἦ ἦ Ἶ ἶ ὖ Ὦ ὦ · ᾎ ᾆ ᾞ ᾖ ᾮ ᾦ ··· With rough breathing: Plain: Ἁ ἁ Ἑ ἑ Ἡ ἡ Ἱ ἱ Ὁ ὁ Ὑ ὑ Ὡ ὡ · ᾉ ᾁ ᾙ ᾑ ᾩ ᾡ · Ῥ ῥ · Acute: Ἅ ἅ Ἕ ἕ Ἥ ἥ Ἵ ἵ Ὅ ὅ Ὕ ὕ Ὥ ὥ · ᾍ ᾅ ᾝ ᾕ ᾭ ᾥ · Grave: Ἃ ἃ Ἓ ἓ Ἣ ἣ Ἳ ἳ Ὃ ὃ Ὓ ὓ Ὣ ὣ · ᾋ ᾃ ᾛ ᾓ ᾫ ᾣ · Circumflex: Ἇ ἇ Ἧ ἧ Ἷ ἷ Ὗ ὗ Ὧ ὧ · ᾏ ᾇ ᾟ ᾗ ᾯ ᾧ ··· Diaeresis: ϊ ΐ ῒ ῗ ϋ ΰ ῢ ῧ · Long/short: ᾰ ᾱ ῐ ῑ ῠ ῡ Ᾰ Ᾱ Ῐ Ῑ Ῠ Ῡ ···   ̀   ́   ̈   ̓   ̔   ̄   ̆   ··· Archaic letters: Ϝ ϝ Ϙ ϙ Ϟ ϟ Ϡ ϡ Ϛ ϛ ϗ ··· Variant forms: ϐ ∂ ϵ ϑ ϰ ϖ ϱ ϲ ϒ ϕ Ȣ ȣ ··· Modern Greek dialects: ι̮ ά̤ α̤ ό̤ ο̤ ζ̌ ξ̌ σ̌ χ̌ ψ̌ ··· For : ¯   ˘  ··· Templates:
 Letters: א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כ ך ל מ ם נ ן ס ע פ ף צ ץ ק ר ש שׁ שׂ ת ··· Marks: dagésh: ּ géresh: ׳ gersháyim: ״ makáf: ־ sof pasúk: ׃ ··· Vowels: kamáts: ָ patákh: ַ tseiréi: ֵ segól: ֶ khirík: ִ kholám: ֹ kubúts: ֻ sh'vá: ְ khatáf-kamáts: ֳ khatáf-patákh: ֲ khatáf-segól: ֱ ··· Accents: ráfe: ֿ dot above: ׄ méteg: ֽ ··· Ligatures: ײַ ··· Translit.: á é í ó ú ··· Scholarly: ʾ ḇ ḡ ḏ ḥ ṭ ḵ ʿ p̄ ṣ ḳ š ś ṯ ə ᵊ ă ĕ ŏ ā ē ī ō ū â ê î ô û ā́ ḗ ī́ ṓ ū́ ··· Misc. tr.: ḍ ẓ č ž

 Hiragana: ぁ あ ぃ い ぅ う ぇ え ぉ お か が き ぎ く ぐ け げ こ ご さ ざ し じ す ず せ ぜ そ ぞ た だ ち ぢ っ つ づ て で と ど な に ぬ ね の は ば ぱ ひ び ぴ ふ ぶ ぷ へ べ ぺ ほ ぼ ぽ ま み む め も ゃ や ゅ ゆ ょ よ ら り る れ ろ ゎ わ ゐ ゑ を ん ゛ ゜ ゝ ゞ ゟ ··· Katakana: ァ ア ィ イ ゥ ウ ェ エ ォ オ カ ガ キ ギ ク グ ケ ゲ コ ゴ サ ザ シ ジ ス ズ セ ゼ ソ ゾ タ ダ チ ヂ ッ ツ ヅ テ デ ト ド ナ ニ ヌ ネ ノ ハ バ パ ヒ ビ ピ フ ブ プ ヘ ベ ペ ホ ボ ポ マ ミ ム メ モ ャ ヤ ュ ユ ョ ヨ ラ リ ル レ ロ ヮ ワ ヰ ヱ ヲ ン ヴ ヵ ヶ ・ ー ヽ ヾ ヿ ··· Punctuation: 、. 々 〆 〈+〉 《+》 「+」 『+』 【+】 〔+〕 〖+〗 〘+〙 〚+〛 〜

 ក ខ គ ឃ ង ច ឆ ជ ឈ ញ ដ ឋ ឌ ឍ ណ ត ថ ទ ធ ន ប ផ ព ភ ម យ រ ល វ ឝ ឞ ស ហ ឡ អ ឣ ឤ ឥ ឦ ឧ ឨ ឩ ឪ ឫ ឬ ឭ ឮ ឯ ឰ ឱ ឲ ឳ ។ ៕ ៖ ៗ ៘ ៙ ៚ ៛ ៜ ៝ ០ ១ ២ ៣ ៤ ៥ ៦ ៧ ៨ ៩ ៰ ៱ ៲ ៳ ៴ ៵ ៶ ៷ ៸ ៹    ា  ិ  ី  ឹ  ឺ  ុ  ូ  ួ  ើ  ឿ  ៀ  េ  ែ  ៃ  ោ  ៅ  ំ  ះ  ៈ  ៉  ៊  ់  ៌  ៍  ៎  ៏  ័  ៑  ្  ៓

 Korean Jamo: ㄱ ㄲ ㄳ ㄴ ㄵ ㄶ ㄷ ㄸ ㄹ ㄺ ㄻ ㄼ ㄽ ㄾ ㄿ ㅀ ㅁ ㅂ ㅃ ㅄ ㅅ ㅆ ㅇ ㅈ ㅉ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ ㅏ ㅑ ㅒ ㅓ ㅔ ㅕ ㅖ ㅗ ㅘ ㅙ ㅚ ㅛ ㅜ ㅝ ㅞ ㅟ ㅠ ㅡ ㅢ ㅣ  ㅥ ㅦ ㅧ ㅨ ㅩ ㅪ ㅫ ㅬ ㅭ ㅮ ㅯ ㅰ ㅱ ㅲ ㅳ ㅴ ㅵ ㅶ ㅷ ㅸ ㅹ ㅺ ㅻ ㅼ ㅽ ㅾ ㅿ ㆀ ㆁ ㆂ ㆃ ㆄ ㆅ ㆆ ㆇ ㆈ ㆉ ㆊ ㆋ ㆌ ㆍ ㆎ

 ກ ຂ ຄ ງ ຈ ສ ຊ ຍ ດ ຕ ຖ ທ ນ ບ ປ ຜ ຝ ພ ຟ ມ ຢ ລ ວ ຫ ອ ຮ ··· Ligatures: ຫຼ ໜ ໝ ··· Vowel nuclei: ະ  ັ າ   ິ   ີ   ຶ   ື   ຸ   ູ  ເ ແ ໂ   ົ   ໍ  ໄ ໃ ຽ   ຳ ··· Tone marks:  ່   ້   ໋   ໊

 Letters: 𐌀 𐌁 𐌂 𐌃 𐌄 𐌅 𐌆 𐌇 𐌈 𐌉 𐌊 𐌋 𐌌 𐌍 𐌎 𐌏 𐌐 𐌑 𐌒 𐌓 𐌔 𐌕 𐌖 𐌗 𐌘 𐌙 𐌚 𐌛 𐌜 𐌝 𐌞 𐌟  ··· Numerals:  𐌠 𐌡 𐌢 𐌣  ··· Punctuation:  · ⁚ ⁝

 𐎠 𐎡 𐎢 𐎣 𐎤 𐎥 𐎦 𐎧 𐎨 𐎩 𐎪 𐎫 𐎬 𐎭 𐎮 𐎯 𐎰 𐎱 𐎲 𐎳 𐎴 𐎵 𐎶 𐎷 𐎸 𐎹 𐎺 𐎻 𐎼 𐎽 𐎾 𐎿 𐏀 𐏁 𐏂 𐏃 ··· Logograms: 𐏈 𐏉 𐏊 𐏋 𐏌 𐏍 𐏎 𐏏 ··· Word divider: 𐏐 ··· Numerals: 𐏑 𐏒 𐏓 𐏔 𐏕

 𐤀 𐤁 𐤂 𐤃 𐤄 𐤅 𐤆 𐤇 𐤈 𐤉 𐤊 𐤋 𐤌 𐤍 𐤎 𐤏 𐤐 𐤑 𐤒 𐤓 𐤔 𐤕 ··· Numerals:  𐤖 𐤗 𐤘 𐤙 𐤚 𐤛  ··· Word divider: 𐤟

 Common: æ ə á é í ó ú ǽ ə́ ā ē ī ō ū ǣ ə̄ ā́ ḗ ī́ ṓ ū́ ǣ́ ə̄́ ₔ ᵊ — ś ź č š ž ʷ ʰ ɸ β θ þ ð χ ɣ Balto-Slavic: ˀ Brythonic: β̃ ė ɨ ö ọ ü ʉ Germanic: ê ô ą į ų į̄ ǭ ǫ̂ West Germanic: ą̄ į̄ ų̄ ʀ Indo-European: ḱ ǵ ₁ ₂ ₃ l̥ r̥ m̥ n̥ ŕ̥ ĺ̥ ḿ̥ ń̥ Indo-Iranian: ć ȷ́ ǰ Semitic: ʾ ḥ ḫ θ̣ ʿ ġ ṣ ṣ́ Slavic: ť ď ľ ň ř ě ę ǫ ь ъ Other: ·

 Postures: shape 𝠀 1 𝠎 3 𝠞 Bent3 𝠟 𝠭 4 𝡄  5 𝡌 Claw5 𝡐 6 7 8 Open8 𝣄 9 Flat9 A OpenA B BentB FlatB OpenB C FlatC SmallC D E G H I K L M OpenM N O FlatO SmallO R S T V BentV X OpenX Y ILY Corna   @  location on (or  Near From Distal  ) the (  In Back Radial Ulnar Tip Base  zone of) opposite hand's  Forearm Wrist Hand Finger Thumb Palm  or body Backhead Top Forehead Sfhead Nose Cheek Ear Mouth Lip Jaw Chin Neck Shoulder Sternum Chest Trunk Abdomen Upperarm Forearm Leg , or in space ( Near Distal Extend  )  Center Inside Side Left1 Left2 Left3 Right1 Right2 Right3  at  Tophigh Foreheadhigh Nosehigh Mouthhigh Chinhigh Neckhigh Sternumhigh Chesthigh Trunkhigh Abdomenhigh    -  orientation Finger Thumb Palm facing  Forward Back Up Down Across Aside  Moves:  Round Seven Circles along  Horiz Vert Midline Surface Oblique   ...  Slow Fast Accel Tense Small Large Contact  ...  Wiggle Hook Flatten Twist Nod Release Rub Squeeze  ... Sidetoside Frontandback Upanddown

 අ ආ ඇ ඈ ඉ ඊ උ ඌ ඍ ඎ ඏ ඐ එ ඒ ඓ ඔ ඕ ඖ ක ඛ ග ඝ ඞ ඟ ච ඡ ජ ඣ ඤ ඥ ඦ ට ඨ ඩ ඪ ණ ඬ ත ථ ද ධ න ඳ ප ඵ බ භ ම ඹ ය ර ල ව ශ ෂ ස හ ළ ෆ ෴ ං ඃ  ්  ා  ැ  ෑ  ි  ී  ු  ූ  ෘ  ෙ  ේ  ෛ  ො  ෝ  ෞ  ෟ  ෲ  ෳ

 ܐ ܒ ܓ ܕ ܗ ܘ ܙ ܚ ܛ ܝ ܟ ܠ ܡ ܢ ܣ ܥ ܦ ܨ ܩ ܪ ܫ ܬ ··· ܀ ··· Western vowels: ܰ ܳ ܶ ܺ ܽ ܱ ܴ ܷ ܻ ܾ ··· Eastern vowels: ܲ ܵ ܸ ܼ ܿ ܹ ··· Other diacritics: ܑ ̮ ݀ ݁ ݂ ̈ ̤ ̄ ̱ ̇ ̣ ̃ ̰ ݊ ̊ ̥ ݉ ܊ ··· Translit.: ʾ ḇ ḡ ḏ ḥ ṭ ḵ ʿ p̄ ṣ ḳ š ś ṯ ə ᵊ ă ĕ ŏ ā ē ī ō ū â ê î ô û ā́ ḗ ī́ ṓ ū́ ḍ ẓ č ž

 ก ข ฃ ค ฅ ฆ ง จ ฉ ช ซ ฌ ญ ฎ ฏ ฐ ฑ ฒ ณ ด ต ถ ท ธ น บ ป ผ ฝ พ ฟ ภ ม ย ร ฤ ล ฦ ว ศ ษ ส ห ฬ อ ฮ ฯ ··· ะ า  ำ เ แ โ ใ ไ ๅ ๆ ··· ฤ ฦ Diacritics:   ั   ิ   ี   ึ   ื   ุ   ู   ฺ    ่   ้   ๊   ๋   ์   ํ   ๎   ็    ๏ Thai numerals: ๐ ๑ ๒ ๓ ๔ ๕ ๖ ๗ ๘ ๙ ••• ◌ Transliteration diacritics:   ́   ̀   ̂   ̌ Transliteration: ʉ ɛ ɔ ə á à â ǎ é è ê ě ɛ́ ɛ̀ ɛ̂ ɛ̌ ə́ ə̀ ə̂ ə̌ í ì î ǐ ó ò ô ǒ ɔ́ ɔ̀ ɔ̂ ɔ̌ ú ù û ǔ ʉ́ ʉ̀ ʉ̂ ʉ̌ ́

 ⴰ ⴱ ⴲ ⴳ ⴴ ⴵ ⴶ ⴷ ⴸ ⴹ ⴺ ⴻ ⴼ ⴽ ⴿ ⵀ ⵁ ⵃ ⵄ ⵅ ⵇ ⵉ ⵊ ⵋ ⵍ ⵎ ⵏ ⵒ ⵓ ⵔ ⵕ ⵖ ⵘ ⵙ ⵚ ⵛ ⵜ ⵝ ⵞ ⵟ ⵠ ⵡ ⵢ ⵣ ⵤ ⵥ ⵯ ··· Tuareg: ⴾ ⵀ ⵂ ⵆ ⵈ ⵌ ⵐ ⵑ ⵓ ⵗ

 𐎀 𐎁 𐎂 𐎃 𐎄 𐎅 𐎆 𐎇 𐎈 𐎉 𐎊 𐎋 𐎌 𐎍 𐎎 𐎏 𐎐 𐎑 𐎒 𐎓 𐎔 𐎕 𐎖 𐎗 𐎘 𐎙 𐎚 𐎛 𐎜 𐎝 ··· Word divider: 𐎟 ··· Translit.: ʿ ḫ ḥ ṭ š ḏ ẓ ṣ ṯ ġ s̀ ả ỉ ủ ʾ ā ē ī ō ū â ·

 À à Ả ả Ã ã Á á Ạ ạ Ă ă Ằ ằ Ẳ ẳ Ẵ ẵ Ắ ắ Ặ ặ Â â Ầ ầ Ẩ ẩ Ẫ ẫ Ấ ấ Ậ ậ Đ đ È è Ẻ ẻ Ẽ ẽ É é Ẹ ẹ Ê ê Ề ề Ể ể Ễ ễ Ế ế Ệ ệ Ì ì Ỉ ỉ Ĩ ĩ Í í Ị ị Ò ò Ỏ ỏ Õ õ Ó ó Ọ ọ Ô ô Ồ ồ Ổ ổ Ỗ ỗ Ố ố Ộ ộ Ơ ơ Ờ ờ Ở ở Ỡ ỡ Ớ ớ Ợ ợ Ù ù Ủ ủ Ũ ũ Ú ú Ụ ụ Ư ư Ừ ừ Ử ử Ữ ữ Ứ ứ Ự ự Ỳ ỳ Ỷ ỷ Ỹ ỹ Ý ý Ỵ ỵ

 Zhuyin: ㄅ ㄆ ㄇ ㄈ ㄉ ㄊ ㄋ ㄌ ㄍ ㄎ ㄏ ㄐ ㄑ ㄒ ㄓ ㄔ ㄕ ㄖ ㄗ ㄘ ㄙ ㄚ ㄛ ㄜ ㄝ ㄞ ㄟ ㄠ ㄡ ㄢ ㄣ ㄤ ㄥ ㄦ ㄧ ㄨ ㄩ ㄪ ㄫ ㄬ

title: User:Erutuon/edittools


text:
aadaaní

Noun

 * 1) son-in-law
 * 2) sister’s daughter’s husband
 * 3) father’s sister’s daughter’s husband
 * 4) father’s sister’s husband
 * 5) mother’s sister’s husband

Inflection
possessives of aadaaní

title: aadaaní


text:
Talk:疊

, May I please propose to kyujitai for the Nan origin because it reflects the period of the borrowing? I may have asked this before somewhere but don't know where to find it. Hongthay (talk) 02:58, 7 April 2016 (UTC)
 * You asked me for 預備. What do you think? — justin(r)leung { (t...) 03:03, 7 April 2016 (UTC)
 * I don't really care about this one. I'm okay with this. —suzukaze (t・c) 03:04, 7 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Ok, changed it back to 疊. — justin(r)leung { (t...) 03:16, 7 April 2016 (UTC)

Umm.. is there a reference for Etymology 2? Wyang (talk) 03:17, 7 April 2016 (UTC)
 * LOL. Have you seen MoE Entry #31151? Hongthay (talk) 03:25, 7 April 2016 (UTC)
 * That is kanji though. What about use of 疊 for this sense in written Min Nan? Wyang (talk) 03:28, 7 April 2016 (UTC)
 * I see what you mean. I think it would require more research to show whether they write or ever wrote 疊 with the intention of the tha-thá-mih reading. Thanks. Hongthay (talk) 03:53, 7 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Before we can prove that it is used in writing and read so, maybe we should suppress the display of the section? Wyang (talk) 06:04, 7 April 2016 (UTC)
 * I think we should. Also, I think it's more likely for it to be written as 榻榻米 like here. — justin(r)leung { (t...) 06:35, 7 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Concur. Couldn't find it in TDJ online. (Then again haven't found that many loanwords in it so far.) Hongthay (talk) 07:59, 7 April 2016 (UTC)
 * I've removed the etymology now. Wyang (talk) 13:49, 7 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:疊


text: Template:table:suits/cmn

title: Template:table:suits/cmn


text: 直头

title: 直头


text:
User talk:Crissov

guttural vs. laryngeal
The term guttural originally referred to articulation in the back of the mouth, but has been replaced as a linguistic term due to the linguistically-inaccurate sense that developed and crowded out the original sense. The term laryngeal refers to the voice box or Adam's apple, which is quite a ways down the throat from the mouth. They're not at all synonymous. The use of laryngeal in Indo-European linguistics is a misnomer that became the standard term before anyone had any idea what the sounds in question might be. At least one of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals was probably guttural in the original sense of the word, but that has nothing to do with the meaning of laryngeal outside of PIE studies. Chuck Entz (talk) 03:08, 7 April 2016 (UTC)
 * I didn’t want to imply they’re synonymous, just related. guttural [2] could mention all modern phonetic terms it encompasses. Crissov (talk) 09:48, 7 April 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Crissov


text:
落第

Verb

 * 1)  to fail in an imperial examination
 * 2)  to fail an exam or test
 * 3)  to repeat a grade in school

Noun

 * 1) failure
 * 2) failure to advance to the next grade or graduate from school

Verb

 * 1) to fail an examination or test
 * 2) to fail to advance to the next grade or graduate from school

title: 落第


text: Category:zh:Stone fruits

title: Category:zh:Stone fruits


text: Category:ja:Stone fruits

title: Category:ja:Stone fruits


text: Category:zh:Rose family plants

title: Category:zh:Rose family plants


text: Category:zh:Rosales order plants

title: Category:zh:Rosales order plants


text:
赤点

Etymology
Derived from the practice of writing failing grades in red.

Noun

 * 1) failing grade

title: 赤点


text:
落第点

Etymology
Compound of.

Noun

 * 1) failing grade

title: 落第点


text:
ตั้งโอ๋

Etymology
or 🇨🇬. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

title: ตั้งโอ๋


text:
直頭

Adverb

 * 1) directly
 * 2) simply
 * 3) definitely; truly; clearly; absolutely
 * 1) definitely; truly; clearly; absolutely
 * 1) definitely; truly; clearly; absolutely

title: 直頭


text:
rebukement

Etymology
Equivalent to. More at rebuke.

Noun

 * 1) harsh criticism
 * 2) * 1995, Richard Nolan Armstrong, Red Army Legacies: Essays on Forces, Capabilities, and Personalities :
 * Such rebukement would feed frustration and resentment in Heinrici.
 * 1) * 1997, A. J. J. M. Vingerhoets, Frans van Bussel, Jan Boelhouwer, The (Non)expression of Emotions in Health and Disease :
 * Least important are positive events and criticism/ rebukement.
 * 1) * 2000, LeRoy Powell, III, Vengeance :
 * Troy gave him a rebukement glare.
 * 1) * 2002, Linda Gardner, III, Full Circle on the Mountain :
 * I held my breath and was waiting for his rebukement about proper manners at the table but, to my surprise, he held his knee and yelled, “You got me!”
 * 1) * 2010, William Peters, The Light in the Window: Whisperings from the Soul :
 * I speak it softly as I sway and give way to her gentle or harsh caress or rebukement.
 * 1) * 2014, Lama Milkweed Augustine PhD, Casino Child: King of the Slot Machines :
 * Bob said to himself, in a tone characteristic of severe fear of rebukement and chastisement.

title: rebukement


text: Template:table:playing cards/cmn

title: Template:table:playing cards/cmn


text: Template:scn-conj-èssiri

title: Template:scn-conj-èssiri


text:
自虐

Verb

 * 1) to torture oneself; to torment oneself

Noun

 * 1) torment of oneself

title: 自虐


text:
bilongbilong

Noun

 * 1) moonfish,

title: bilongbilong


text:
Template talk:nan-hbl-pronunc

This could be used in li̍t-thâu/ji̍t-thâu for example if one can suppress Zhangzhou/Taipei. Hongthay (talk) 04:00, 7 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Template talk:nan-hbl-pronunc


text:
↕

Description
A vertical line, where each of the two ends is an arrow (one pointing up, the other pointing down).

Symbol

 * 1) up or down, above or below
 * 2)  adjustable in vertical direction
 * 3)  size in vertical direction, height


text:
ドラッグ&ドロップ

Noun

 * 1) drag and drop

Verb

 * 1) to drag-and-drop

title: ドラッグ&ドロップ


text: Template:table:poker hands/cmn

title: Template:table:poker hands/cmn


text: Category:zh:Poker

title: Category:zh:Poker


text:
bakunawa

Noun

 * 1) a dragon or sea serpent that rises from the ocean to swallow the moon causing an eclipse

Noun

 * 1) dragon or sea serpent that rises from the ocean to swallow the moon causing an eclipse
 * 2)  eclipse

Noun

 * 1) eclipse solar or lunar

title: bakunawa


text:
社食

Noun

 * 1)  staff cafeteria

title: 社食


text:
tugkaran

Noun

 * 1) the land around a house; a yard; a lawn

title: tugkaran


text:
ถุงยางอนามัย

Etymology
From 🇰🇲.

Noun

 * 1) condom.

title: ถุงยางอนามัย


text:
即戦力

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a fighting force that can be rapidly deployed without needing practice or preparation
 * 2)  someone who can be relied on at any time

title: 即戦力


text: Template:table:chess pieces/cmn

title: Template:table:chess pieces/cmn


text:
frutal

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) related to fruit
 * 2) fruit-bearing

Noun

 * 1) fruit company

title: frutal


text:
tugkad

Verb

 * 1) to stand with both feet touching the bottom of a pool or body of water but still keeping one's head above water
 * 2) to be able to touch or reach the bottom of a pool or body of water with both feet and without immersing one's head
 * 3) to fathom

title: tugkad


text:
κελαηδώ

Etymology
From, and see Etymology at.

title: κελαηδώ


text:
ชิง

Noun

 * 1)  palms

Etymology 1
Compare 🇨🇬. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, and 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to contend, to contest, to compete; to strive, to struggle.
 * 2)  to do (before or ahead of another person, an event, etc).
 * 3) to seize: to take by force or without legal right.
 * 4)  to rob: to take by unlawful force or threat of violence.
 * 5) to rob, to steal, to take by theft; to kidnap, to abduct.
 * 1) to seize: to take by force or without legal right.
 * 2)  to rob: to take by unlawful force or threat of violence.
 * 3) to rob, to steal, to take by theft; to kidnap, to abduct.
 * 1)  to rob: to take by unlawful force or threat of violence.
 * 2) to rob, to steal, to take by theft; to kidnap, to abduct.
 * 1) to rob, to steal, to take by theft; to kidnap, to abduct.

Etymology 2
From, from.

Proper noun

 * 1) Qing.

title: ชิง


text:
hungihong

Etymology
Compare.

Noun

 * 1) rumor

title: hungihong


text:
κελάηδησα

Verb

 * : "I chirped"

title: κελάηδησα


text:
libak

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) backbiting
 * 2) criticism
 * 1) criticism

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) backbiting

Verb

 * 1) to backbite, to backstab

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) mockery; derision; ridicule; insult

title: libak


text:
κελαηδάω

Etymology
+ modern suffix. Inherited from the medieval form (also spelling ) of, from , contracted form of , with  of [a] > [ai̯]. The spelling with eta, by false etymology to , modern.

Verb

 * 1)  to sing, chirp. cheep, chirrup, tweet
 * 2)  to babble, prattle talk at length happily
 * 3)  to sing like a bird, sing like a canary reveal secrets under pressure
 * 1)  to babble, prattle talk at length happily
 * 2)  to sing like a bird, sing like a canary reveal secrets under pressure
 * 1)  to sing like a bird, sing like a canary reveal secrets under pressure

Usage notes
This is the most common spelling. Babiniotis, in his dictionary, uses the spelling and explains the (by far) more common spelling given here as influenced by the word.

title: κελαηδάω


text:
時給

Noun

 * 1) rate wage calculated in relation to a unit of time

title: 時給


text: kolmikymppinen

title: kolmikymppinen


text:
khoẻ mạnh

Adjective

 * 1) healthy

title: khoẻ mạnh


text:
mạnh

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) strong; powerful; vigorous

title: mạnh


text:
diavoletto di Maxwell

Noun

 * 1)  Maxwell's demon

title: diavoletto di Maxwell


text:
storably

Adverb

 * 1)  In a storable manner.
 * 2) * 1997, U.S. Department of Commerce, Patent and Trademark Office, Official Gazette of the United States Patent and Trademark Office: Patents
 * A container for storably receiving an ink jet cartridge including a recording head section for discharging ink from a plurality of ink discharging orifices and an ink storing section having ink to be fed to said recording head section
 * A container for storably receiving an ink jet cartridge including a recording head section for discharging ink from a plurality of ink discharging orifices and an ink storing section having ink to be fed to said recording head section

title: storably


text:
dilemmatico

Adjective

 * 1) dilemmatic

title: dilemmatico


text: discalzando

title: discalzando


text: discalzante

title: discalzante


text: discalzato

title: discalzato


text:
discalzare

Etymology
From, or from.

title: discalzare


text: discalzati

title: discalzati


text: discalzata

title: discalzata


text: discalzo

title: discalzo


text: discalzi

title: discalzi


text: discalza

title: discalza


text: discalziamo

title: discalziamo


text: discalzate

title: discalzate


text: discalzano

title: discalzano


text: discalzavo

title: discalzavo


text: discalzavi

title: discalzavi


text: discalzava

title: discalzava


text: discalzavamo

title: discalzavamo


text: discalzavate

title: discalzavate


text: discalzavano

title: discalzavano


text: discalzai

title: discalzai


text: discalzasti

title: discalzasti


text: discalzò

title: discalzò


text: discalzammo

title: discalzammo


text: discalzaste

title: discalzaste


text: discalzarono

title: discalzarono


text: discalzerò

title: discalzerò


text: discalzerai

title: discalzerai


text: discalzerà

title: discalzerà


text: discalzeremo

title: discalzeremo


text: discalzerete

title: discalzerete


text: discalzeranno

title: discalzeranno


text: discalzerei

title: discalzerei


text: discalzeresti

title: discalzeresti


text: discalzerebbe

title: discalzerebbe


text: discalzeremmo

title: discalzeremmo


text: discalzereste

title: discalzereste


text: discalzerebbero

title: discalzerebbero


text: discalziate

title: discalziate


text: discalzino

title: discalzino


text: discalzassi

title: discalzassi


text: discalzasse

title: discalzasse


text: discalzassimo

title: discalzassimo


text: discalzassero

title: discalzassero


text: deventando

title: deventando


text: deventante

title: deventante


text: deventato

title: deventato


text: deventati

title: deventati


text: deventata

title: deventata


text: deventiamo

title: deventiamo


text: deventate

title: deventate


text: deventano

title: deventano


text: deventavo

title: deventavo


text: deventavi

title: deventavi


text: deventava

title: deventava


text: deventavamo

title: deventavamo


text: deventavate

title: deventavate


text: deventavano

title: deventavano


text: deventai

title: deventai


text: deventasti

title: deventasti


text: deventò

title: deventò


text: deventammo

title: deventammo


text: deventaste

title: deventaste


text: deventarono

title: deventarono


text: deventerò

title: deventerò


text: deventerai

title: deventerai


text: deventerà

title: deventerà


text: deventeremo

title: deventeremo


text: deventerete

title: deventerete


text: deventeranno

title: deventeranno


text: deventerei

title: deventerei


text: deventeresti

title: deventeresti


text: deventerebbe

title: deventerebbe


text: deventeremmo

title: deventeremmo


text: deventereste

title: deventereste


text: deventerebbero

title: deventerebbero


text: deventiate

title: deventiate


text: deventino

title: deventino


text: deventassi

title: deventassi


text: deventasse

title: deventasse


text: deventassimo

title: deventassimo


text: deventassero

title: deventassero


text:
donno

Etymology
From, shortened variant of. Cognates include 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

title: donno


text: キモかわいい

title: キモかわいい


text:
libakera

Noun

 * 1) a female backbiter or backstabber

Adjective

 * 1) characteristic of a backbiter or backstabber

title: libakera


text:
Vorgängerin

Etymology
From.

title: Vorgängerin


text:
libakero

Noun

 * 1) a male backbiter or backstabber

Adjective

 * 1) characteristic of a backbiter or backstabber

title: libakero


text: dopolistino

title: dopolistino


text:
キモカワイイ

Etymology
From 🇰🇲.

Adjective

 * 1)  simultaneously repulsive and adorable

title: キモカワイイ


text:
anemia drepanocitica

Noun

 * 1)  sickle-cell disease

title: anemia drepanocitica


text:
seihen

Etymology
From, from , from , from , from.

Verb

 * 1) to filter, to sift, to strain

title: seihen


text: キモ可愛い

title: キモ可愛い


text: Thesaurus:scrounger

title: Thesaurus:scrounger


text:
drepanocitico

Adjective

 * 1) drepanocytic

title: drepanocitico


text:
drepanocytic

Adjective

 * 1) Relating to drepanocytosis

Translations

 * Italian:

title: drepanocytic


text:
dolcitudine

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  sweetness

title: dolcitudine