text:
Module:pl-noun/testcases

local tests = require('Module:UnitTests') local pl_noun = require('Module:pl-noun') local m_links = require('Module:links')

local inflection_mt = { __eq = function (left, right) for key, rvalue in pairs(right) do			local lvalue_nl = m_links.remove_links(left[key]) local rvalue_nl = m_links.remove_links(rvalue) if (rvalue_nl ~= "*") and (lvalue_nl ~= "*") then if lvalue_nl ~= rvalue_nl then return false end end end return true end; __tostring = function (self) local casepos = { noms = 1; nomp = 2; gens = 3; genp = 4; dats = 5; datp = 6; accs = 7; accp = 8; inss = 9; insp = 10; locs = 11; locp = 12; vocs = 13; vocp = 14; }		local output = {} for key, value in pairs(self) do			if m_links.remove_links(value) ~= "*" then output[casepos[key]] = ('%s = " %s "'):format(key, pl_noun.make_links(value, "/")) else output[casepos[key]] = ("%s = *"):format(key) end if key ~= "vocp" and mw.ustring.sub(key, -1) == "p" then output[casepos[key]] = output[casepos[key]] .. " "			end end return "{ " .. table.concat(output, ", ") .. " }"	end; }

function tests:check_autoinflect(pattern, args, lemma, expected) local argstring if args then -- The designer of Lua tables is definitely a being of pure evil. -- Their soul is as black as the darkness waiting at the end of time. local pretty_args = {}

-- First output positional arguments (thos with numeric keys) for k, v in ipairs(args) do			table.insert(pretty_args, v)		end

-- Now output keyword arguments. Do this by iterating over all -- arguments and ignoring numeric keys. for k, v in pairs(args) do			if type(k) ~= "number" then table.insert(pretty_args, k .. "=" .. v)			end end

-- Join with commas. argstring = "|" .. table.concat(pretty_args, "|") else argstring = "" end local desc = [=[Inflection of %s ]=]	desc = desc:format(lemma, lemma, mw.text.nowiki("...-" .. pattern .. argstring .. "}}"))	self:equals(		desc,		setmetatable(pl_noun.autoinflect(pattern, args or {}, lemma or ""), inflection_mt),		setmetatable(expected, inflection_mt)	) end

function tests:test_autoinflect_01_m_pr self:check_autoinflect("m-pr", nil, "gazda", { 		noms = "gazda"; nomp = "gazdowie";		gens = "gazdy"; genp = "gazdów";		dats = "gaździe"; datp = "gazdom";		accs = "gazdę"; accp = "gazdów";		inss = "gazdą"; insp = "gazdami";		locs = "gaździe"; locp = "gazdach";		vocs = "gazdo"; vocp = "gazdowie";	}) self:check_autoinflect("m-pr", nil, "jeniec", { 		noms = "jeniec"; nomp = "jeńcy";		gens = "jeńca"; genp = "jeńców";		dats = "jeńcowi"; datp = "jeńcom";		accs = "jeńca"; accp = "jeńców";		inss = "jeńcem"; insp = "jeńcami";		locs = "jeńcu"; locp = "jeńcach";		vocs = "jeńcze"; vocp = "jeńcy";	}) self:check_autoinflect("m-pr", nil, "jeździec", { 		noms = "jeździec"; nomp = "jeźdźcy";		gens = "jeźdźca"; genp = "jeźdźców";		dats = "jeźdźcowi"; datp = "jeźdźcom";		accs = "jeźdźca"; accp = "jeźdźców";		inss = "jeźdźcem"; insp = "jeźdźcami";		locs = "jeźdźcu"; locp = "jeźdźcach";		vocs = "jeźdźcze"; vocp = "jeźdźcy";	}) self:check_autoinflect("m-pr", nil, "zawodnik", { 		noms = "zawodnik"; nomp = "zawodnicy";		gens = "zawodnika"; genp = "zawodników";		dats = "zawodnikowi"; datp = "zawodnikom";		accs = "zawodnika"; accp = "zawodników";		inss = "zawodnikiem"; insp = "zawodnikami";		locs = "zawodniku"; locp = "zawodnikach";		vocs = "zawodniku"; vocp = "zawodnicy";	}) self:check_autoinflect("m-pr", nil, "władca", { 		noms = "władca"; nomp = "władcy";		gens = "władcy"; genp = "władców";		dats = "władcy"; datp = "władcom";		accs = "władcę"; accp = "władców";		inss = "władcą"; insp = "władcami";		locs = "władcy"; locp = "władcach";		vocs = "władco"; vocp = "władcy";	}) self:check_autoinflect("m-pr", nil, "piekarz", { 		noms = "piekarz"; nomp = "piekarze";		gens = "piekarza"; genp = "piekarzy";		dats = "piekarzowi"; datp = "piekarzom";		accs = "piekarza"; accp = "piekarzy";		inss = "piekarzem"; insp = "piekarzami";		locs = "piekarzu"; locp = "piekarzach";		vocs = "piekarzu"; vocp = "piekarze";	}) self:check_autoinflect("m-pr", nil, "Rosjanin", { 		noms = "Rosjanin"; nomp = "Rosjanie";		gens = "Rosjanina"; genp = "Rosjan";		dats = "Rosjaninowi"; datp = "Rosjanom";		accs = "Rosjanina"; accp = "Rosjan";		inss = "Rosjaninem"; insp = "Rosjanami";		locs = "Rosjaninie"; locp = "Rosjanach";		vocs = "Rosjaninie"; vocp = "Rosjanie";	}) self:check_autoinflect("m-pr", nil, "księgowy", { 		noms = "księgowy"; nomp = "księgowi";		gens = "księgowego"; genp = "księgowych";		dats = "księgowemu"; datp = "księgowym";		accs = "księgowego"; accp = "księgowych";		inss = "księgowym"; insp = "księgowymi";		locs = "księgowym"; locp = "księgowych";		vocs = "księgowy"; vocp = "księgowi";	}) self:check_autoinflect("m-pr", nil, "łowczy", { 		noms = "łowczy"; nomp = "łowczy";		gens = "łowczego"; genp = "łowczych";		dats = "łowczemu"; datp = "łowczym";		accs = "łowczego"; accp = "łowczych";		inss = "łowczym"; insp = "łowczymi";		locs = "łowczym"; locp = "łowczych";		vocs = "łowczy"; vocp = "łowczy";	}) self:check_autoinflect("m-pr", nil, "Olgierd", { 		noms = "Olgierd"; nomp = "Olgierdzi";		gens = "Olgierda"; genp = "Olgierdów";		dats = "Olgierdowi"; datp = "Olgierdom";		accs = "Olgierda"; accp = "Olgierdów";		inss = "Olgierdem"; insp = "Olgierdami";		locs = "Olgierdzie"; locp = "Olgierdach";		vocs = "Olgierdzie"; vocp = "Olgierdzi";	}) end

function tests:test_autoinflect_02_m_an self:check_autoinflect("m-an", nil, "kurczak", { 		noms = "kurczak"; nomp = "kurczaki";		gens = "kurczaka"; genp = "kurczaków";		dats = "kurczakowi"; datp = "kurczakom";		accs = "kurczaka"; accp = "kurczaki";		inss = "kurczakiem"; insp = "kurczakami";		locs = "kurczaku"; locp = "kurczakach";		vocs = "kurczaku"; vocp = "kurczaki";	}) self:check_autoinflect("m-an", { dats = "kotu" }, "kot", { 		noms = "kot"; nomp = "koty";		gens = "kota"; genp = "kotów";		dats = "kotu"; datp = "kotom";		accs = "kota"; accp = "koty";		inss = "kotem"; insp = "kotami";		locs = "kocie"; locp = "kotach";		vocs = "kocie"; vocp = "koty";	}) self:check_autoinflect("m-an", {"bob", "r", "bóbr"}, "bóbr", { 		noms = "bóbr"; nomp = "bobry";		gens = "bobra"; genp = "bobrów";		dats = "bobrowi"; datp = "bobrom";		accs = "bobra"; accp = "bobry";		inss = "bobrem"; insp = "bobrami";		locs = "bobrze"; locp = "bobrach";		vocs = "bobrze"; vocp = "bobry";	}) end

function tests:test_autoinflect_03_m_in self:check_autoinflect("m-in", nil, "głos", { 		noms = "głos"; nomp = "głosy";		gens = "głosu"; genp = "głosów";		dats = "głosowi"; datp = "głosom";		accs = "głos"; accp = "głosy";		inss = "głosem"; insp = "głosami";		locs = "głosie"; locp = "głosach";		vocs = "głosie"; vocp = "głosy";	}) self:check_autoinflect("m-in", {"bó", "l", "u"}, "ból", { 		noms = "ból"; nomp = "bóle";		gens = "bólu"; genp = "bóli";		dats = "bólowi"; datp = "bólom";		accs = "ból"; accp = "bóle";		inss = "bólem"; insp = "bólami";		locs = "bólu"; locp = "bólach";		vocs = "bólu"; vocp = "bóle";	}) self:check_autoinflect("m-in", nil, "garnek", { 		noms = "garnek"; nomp = "garnki";		gens = "garnka"; genp = "garnków";		dats = "garnkowi"; datp = "garnkom";		accs = "garnek"; accp = "garnki";		inss = "garnkiem"; insp = "garnkami";		locs = "garnku"; locp = "garnkach";		vocs = "garnku"; vocp = "garnki";	}) self:check_autoinflect("m-in", nil, "korek", { 		noms = "korek"; nomp = "korki";		gens = "korka"; genp = "korków";		dats = "korkowi"; datp = "korkom";		accs = "korek"; accp = "korki";		inss = "korkiem"; insp = "korkami";		locs = "korku"; locp = "korkach";		vocs = "korku"; vocp = "korki";	}) self:check_autoinflect("m-in", nil, "szacunek", { 		noms = "szacunek"; nomp = "szacunki";		gens = "szacunku"; genp = "szacunków";		dats = "szacunkowi"; datp = "szacunkom";		accs = "szacunek"; accp = "szacunki";		inss = "szacunkiem"; insp = "szacunkami";		locs = "szacunku"; locp = "szacunkach";		vocs = "szacunku"; vocp = "szacunki";	}) self:check_autoinflect("m-in", {"", "", "a"}, "młot", { 		noms = "młot"; nomp = "młoty";		gens = "młota"; genp = "młotów";		dats = "młotowi"; datp = "młotom";		accs = "młot"; accp = "młoty";		inss = "młotem"; insp = "młotami";		locs = "młocie"; locp = "młotach";		vocs = "młocie"; vocp = "młoty";	}) self:check_autoinflect("m-in", {"", "sn", "u", "sen"}, "sen", { 		noms = "sen"; nomp = "sny";		gens = "snu"; genp = "snów";		dats = "snowi"; datp = "snom";		accs = "sen"; accp = "sny";		inss = "snem"; insp = "snami";		locs = "śnie"; locp = "snach";		vocs = "śnie"; vocp = "sny";	}) self:check_autoinflect("m-in", nil, "próg", { 		noms = "próg"; nomp = "progi";		gens = "progu"; genp = "progów";		dats = "progowi"; datp = "progom";		accs = "próg"; accp = "progi";		inss = "progiem"; insp = "progami";		locs = "progu"; locp = "progach";		vocs = "progu"; vocp = "progi";	}) self:check_autoinflect("m-in", nil, "słownik", { 		noms = "słownik"; nomp = "słowniki";		gens = "słownika"; genp = "słowników";		dats = "słownikowi"; datp = "słownikom";		accs = "słownik"; accp = "słowniki";		inss = "słownikiem"; insp = "słownikami";		locs = "słowniku"; locp = "słownikach";		vocs = "słowniku"; vocp = "słowniki";	}) self:check_autoinflect("m-in", nil, "półpasiec", { 		noms = "półpasiec"; nomp = "półpaśce";		gens = "półpaśca"; genp = "półpaśców";		dats = "półpaścowi"; datp = "półpaścom";		accs = "półpasiec"; accp = "półpaśce";		inss = "półpaścem"; insp = "półpaścami";		locs = "półpaścu"; locp = "półpaścach";		vocs = "półpaścu"; vocp = "półpaśce";	}) self:check_autoinflect("m-in", nil, "dziedziniec", { 		noms = "dziedziniec"; nomp = "dziedzińce";		gens = "dziedzińca"; genp = "dziedzińców";		dats = "dziedzińcowi"; datp = "dziedzińcom";		accs = "dziedziniec"; accp = "dziedzińce";		inss = "dziedzińcem"; insp = "dziedzińcami";		locs = "dziedzińcu"; locp = "dziedzińcach";		vocs = "dziedzińcu"; vocp = "dziedzińce";	}) self:check_autoinflect("m-in", nil, "mebel", { 		noms = "mebel"; nomp = "meble";		gens = "mebla"; genp = "mebli";		dats = "meblowi"; datp = "meblom";		accs = "mebel"; accp = "meble";		inss = "meblem"; insp = "meblami";		locs = "meblu"; locp = "meblach";		vocs = "meblu"; vocp = "meble";	}) self:check_autoinflect("m-in", nil, "węgieł", { 		noms = "węgieł"; nomp = "węgły";		gens = "węgła"; genp = "węgłów";		dats = "węgłowi"; datp = "węgłom";		accs = "węgieł"; accp = "węgły";		inss = "węgłem"; insp = "węgłami";		locs = "węgle"; locp = "węgłach";		vocs = "węgle"; vocp = "węgły";	}) self:check_autoinflect("m-in", nil, "węgiel", { 		noms = "węgiel"; nomp = "węgle";		gens = "węgla"; genp = "węgli";		dats = "węglowi"; datp = "węglom";		accs = "węgiel"; accp = "węgle";		inss = "węglem"; insp = "węglami";		locs = "węglu"; locp = "węglach";		vocs = "węglu"; vocp = "węgle";	}) self:check_autoinflect("m-in", nil, "węzeł", { 		noms = "węzeł"; nomp = "węzły";		gens = "węzła"; genp = "węzłów";		dats = "węzłowi"; datp = "węzłom";		accs = "węzeł"; accp = "węzły";		inss = "węzłem"; insp = "węzłami";		locs = "węźle"; locp = "węzłach";		vocs = "węźle"; vocp = "węzły";	}) self:check_autoinflect("m-in", nil, "organizm", { 		noms = "organizm"; nomp = "organizmy";		gens = "organizmu"; genp = "organizmów";		dats = "organizmowi"; datp = "organizmom";		accs = "organizm"; accp = "organizmy";		inss = "organizmem"; insp = "organizmami";		locs = "organizmie"; locp = "organizmach";		vocs = "organizmie"; vocp = "organizmy";	}) end

function tests:test_autoinflect_04_f self:check_autoinflect("f", nil, "bułka", { 		noms = "bułka"; nomp = "bułki";		gens = "bułki"; genp = "bułek";		dats = "bułce"; datp = "bułkom";		accs = "bułkę"; accp = "bułki";		inss = "bułką"; insp = "bułkami";		locs = "bułce"; locp = "bułkach";		vocs = "bułko"; vocp = "bułki";	}) self:check_autoinflect("f", nil, "galaktyka", { 		noms = "galaktyka"; nomp = "galaktyki";		gens = "galaktyki"; genp = "galaktyk";		dats = "galaktyce"; datp = "galaktykom";		accs = "galaktykę"; accp = "galaktyki";		inss = "galaktyką"; insp = "galaktykami";		locs = "galaktyce"; locp = "galaktykach";		vocs = "galaktyko"; vocp = "galaktyki";	}) self:check_autoinflect("f", {"kono", "pi"}, "konopia", { 		noms = "konopia"; nomp = "konopie";		gens = "konopi"; genp = "konopi";		dats = "konopi";  datp = "konopiom";		accs = "konopię"; accp = "konopie";		inss = "konopią"; insp = "konopiami";		locs = "konopi";  locp = "konopiach";		vocs = "konopio"; vocp = "konopie";	}) self:check_autoinflect("f", nil, "entalpia", { 		noms = "entalpia"; nomp = "entalpie";		gens = "entalpii"; genp = "entalpii/entalpij (archaic)";		dats = "entalpii"; datp = "entalpiom";		accs = "entalpię"; accp = "entalpie";		inss = "entalpią"; insp = "entalpiami";		locs = "entalpii"; locp = "entalpiach";		vocs = "entalpio"; vocp = "entalpie";	}) self:check_autoinflect("f", nil, "kategoria", { 		noms = "kategoria"; nomp = "kategorie";		gens = "kategorii"; genp = "kategorii/kategoryj (archaic)";		dats = "kategorii"; datp = "kategoriom";		accs = "kategorię"; accp = "kategorie";		inss = "kategorią"; insp = "kategoriami";		locs = "kategorii"; locp = "kategoriach";		vocs = "kategorio"; vocp = "kategorie";	}) self:check_autoinflect("f", nil, "czara", { 		noms = "czara"; nomp = "czary";		gens = "czary"; genp = "czar";		dats = "czarze"; datp = "czarom";		accs = "czarę"; accp = "czary";		inss = "czarą"; insp = "czarami";		locs = "czarze"; locp = "czarach";		vocs = "czaro"; vocp = "czary";	}) self:check_autoinflect("f", nil, "pryzma", { 		noms = "pryzma"; nomp = "pryzmy";		gens = "pryzmy"; genp = "pryzm";		dats = "pryzmie"; datp = "pryzmom";		accs = "pryzmę"; accp = "pryzmy";		inss = "pryzmą"; insp = "pryzmami";		locs = "pryzmie"; locp = "pryzmach";		vocs = "pryzmo"; vocp = "pryzmy";	}) self:check_autoinflect("f", nil, "budowla", { 		noms = "budowla"; nomp = "budowle";		gens = "budowli"; genp = "budowli";		dats = "budowli"; datp = "budowlom";		accs = "budowlę"; accp = "budowle";		inss = "budowlą"; insp = "budowlami";		locs = "budowli"; locp = "budowlach";		vocs = "budowlo"; vocp = "budowle";	}) self:check_autoinflect("f", nil, "żmija", { 		noms = "żmija"; nomp = "żmije";		gens = "żmii"; genp = "żmij";		dats = "żmii"; datp = "żmijom";		accs = "żmiję"; accp = "żmije";		inss = "żmiją"; insp = "żmijami";		locs = "żmii"; locp = "żmijach";		vocs = "żmijo"; vocp = "żmije";	}) self:check_autoinflect("f", nil, "pasja", { 		noms = "pasja"; nomp = "pasje";		gens = "pasji"; genp = "pasji/pasyj";		dats = "pasji"; datp = "pasjom";		accs = "pasję"; accp = "pasje";		inss = "pasją"; insp = "pasjami";		locs = "pasji"; locp = "pasjach";		vocs = "pasjo"; vocp = "pasje";	})

self:check_autoinflect("f", {"uprzę", "ż", "e", "uprząż"}, "uprząż", { 		noms = "uprząż"; nomp = "uprzęże";		gens = "uprzęży"; genp = "uprzęży";		dats = "uprzęży"; datp = "uprzężom";		accs = "uprząż"; accp = "uprzęże";		inss = "uprzężą"; insp = "uprzężami";		locs = "uprzęży"; locp = "uprzężach";		vocs = "uprzęży"; vocp = "uprzęże";	}) self:check_autoinflect("f", { nomp = "brwi"}, "brew", { 		noms = "brew"; nomp = "brwi";		gens = "brwi"; genp = "brwi";		dats = "brwi"; datp = "brwiom";		accs = "brew"; accp = "brwi";		inss = "brwią"; insp = "brwiami";		locs = "brwi"; locp = "brwiach";		vocs = "brwi"; vocp = "brwi";	}) self:check_autoinflect("f", nil, "twarz", { 		noms = "twarz"; nomp = "twarze";		gens = "twarzy"; genp = "twarzy";		dats = "twarzy"; datp = "twarzom";		accs = "twarz"; accp = "twarze";		inss = "twarzą"; insp = "twarzami";		locs = "twarzy"; locp = "twarzach";		vocs = "twarzy"; vocp = "twarze";	})

self:check_autoinflect("f", nil, "stal", { 		noms = "stal"; nomp = "stale";		gens = "stali"; genp = "stali";		dats = "stali"; datp = "stalom";		accs = "stal"; accp = "stale";		inss = "stalą"; insp = "stalami";		locs = "stali"; locp = "stalach";		vocs = "stali"; vocp = "stale";	}) self:check_autoinflect("f", nil, "nożyczki", { 		noms = "*"; nomp = "nożyczki";		gens = "*"; genp = "nożyczek";		dats = "*"; datp = "nożyczkom";		accs = "*"; accp = "nożyczki";		inss = "*"; insp = "nożyczkami";		locs = "*"; locp = "nożyczkach";		vocs = "*"; vocp = "nożyczki";	}) self:check_autoinflect("f", nil, "Czechy", { 		noms = "*"; nomp = "Czechy";		gens = "*"; genp = "Czech";		dats = "*"; datp = "Czechom";		accs = "*"; accp = "Czechy";		inss = "*"; insp = "Czechami";		locs = "*"; locp = "Czechach";		vocs = "*"; vocp = "Czechy";	}) self:check_autoinflect("f", nil, "kość", { 		noms = "kość"; nomp = "kości";		gens = "kości"; genp = "kości";		dats = "kości"; datp = "kościom";		accs = "kość"; accp = "kości";		inss = "kością"; insp = "kościami";		locs = "kości"; locp = "kościach";		vocs = "kości"; vocp = "kości";	}) self:check_autoinflect("f", nil, "palarnia", { 		noms = "palarnia"; nomp = "palarnie";		gens = "palarni"; genp = "palarni";		dats = "palarni"; datp = "palarniom";		accs = "palarnię"; accp = "palarnie";		inss = "palarnią"; insp = "palarniami";		locs = "palarni"; locp = "palarniach";		vocs = "palarnio"; vocp = "palarnie";	}) self:check_autoinflect("f", nil, "kniahini", { 		noms = "kniahini"; nomp = "kniahinie";		gens = "kniahini"; genp = "kniahiń";		dats = "kniahini"; datp = "kniahiniom";		accs = "kniahinię"; accp = "kniahinie";		inss = "kniahinią"; insp = "kniahiniami";		locs = "kniahini"; locp = "kniahiniach";		vocs = "kniahini"; vocp = "kniahinie";	}) self:check_autoinflect("f-adj", nil, "radna", { 		noms = "radna"; nomp = "radne";		gens = "radnej"; genp = "radnych";		dats = "radnej"; datp = "radnym";		accs = "radną"; accp = "radne";		inss = "radną"; insp = "radnymi";		locs = "radnej"; locp = "radnych";		vocs = "radna"; vocp = "radne";	}) self:check_autoinflect("f-adj", { vocs ="bratowo"}, "bratowa", { 		noms = "bratowa"; nomp = "bratowe";		gens = "bratowej"; genp = "bratowych";		dats = "bratowej"; datp = "bratowym";		accs = "bratową"; accp = "bratowe";		inss = "bratową"; insp = "bratowymi";		locs = "bratowej"; locp = "bratowych";		vocs = "bratowo"; vocp = "bratowe";	}) end

function tests:test_autoinflect_05_n self:check_autoinflect("n", nil, "jarzmo", { 		noms = "jarzmo"; nomp = "jarzma";		gens = "jarzma"; genp = "jarzm";		dats = "jarzmu"; datp = "jarzmom";		accs = "jarzmo"; accp = "jarzma";		inss = "jarzmem"; insp = "jarzmami";		locs = "jarzmie"; locp = "jarzmach";		vocs = "jarzmo"; vocp = "jarzma";	}) self:check_autoinflect("n", nil, "jajko", { 		noms = "jajko"; nomp = "jajka";		gens = "jajka"; genp = "jajek";		dats = "jajku"; datp = "jajkom";		accs = "jajko"; accp = "jajka";		inss = "jajkiem"; insp = "jajkami";		locs = "jajku"; locp = "jajkach";		vocs = "jajko"; vocp = "jajka";	}) self:check_autoinflect("n", nil, "lekarstwo", { 		noms = "lekarstwo"; nomp = "lekarstwa";		gens = "lekarstwa"; genp = "lekarstw";		dats = "lekarstwu"; datp = "lekarstwom";		accs = "lekarstwo"; accp = "lekarstwa";		inss = "lekarstwem"; insp = "lekarstwami";		locs = "lekarstwie"; locp = "lekarstwach";		vocs = "lekarstwo"; vocp = "lekarstwa";	}) self:check_autoinflect("n", nil, "bagno", { 		noms = "bagno"; nomp = "bagna";		gens = "bagna"; genp = "bagien";		dats = "bagnu"; datp = "bagnom";		accs = "bagno"; accp = "bagna";		inss = "bagnem"; insp = "bagnami";		locs = "bagnie"; locp = "bagnach";		vocs = "bagno"; vocp = "bagna";	}) self:check_autoinflect("n", nil, "szkło", { 		noms = "szkło"; nomp = "szkła";		gens = "szkła"; genp = "szkieł";		dats = "szkłu"; datp = "szkłom";		accs = "szkło"; accp = "szkła";		inss = "szkłem"; insp = "szkłami";		locs = "szkle"; locp = "szkłach";		vocs = "szkło"; vocp = "szkła";	}) self:check_autoinflect("n", nil, "życie", { 		noms = "życie"; nomp = "życia";		gens = "życia"; genp = "żyć";		dats = "życiu"; datp = "życiom";		accs = "życie"; accp = "życia";		inss = "życiem"; insp = "życiami";		locs = "życiu"; locp = "życiach";		vocs = "życie"; vocp = "życia";	}) self:check_autoinflect("n", nil, "nozdrze", { 		noms = "nozdrze"; nomp = "nozdrza";		gens = "nozdrza"; genp = "nozdrzy";		dats = "nozdrzu"; datp = "nozdrzom";		accs = "nozdrze"; accp = "nozdrza";		inss = "nozdrzem"; insp = "nozdrzami";		locs = "nozdrzu"; locp = "nozdrzach";		vocs = "nozdrze"; vocp = "nozdrza";	}) self:check_autoinflect("n", nil, "cielę", { 		noms = "cielę"; nomp = "cielęta";		gens = "cielęcia"; genp = "cieląt";		dats = "cielęciu"; datp = "cielętom";		accs = "cielę"; accp = "cielęta";		inss = "cielęciem"; insp = "cielętami";		locs = "cielęciu"; locp = "cielętach";		vocs = "cielę"; vocp = "cielęta";	}) self:check_autoinflect("n", nil, "imię", { 		noms = "imię"; nomp = "imiona";		gens = "imienia"; genp = "imion";		dats = "imieniu"; datp = "imionom";		accs = "imię"; accp = "imiona";		inss = "imieniem"; insp = "imionami";		locs = "imieniu"; locp = "imionach";		vocs = "imię"; vocp = "imiona";	}) self:check_autoinflect("n", nil, "obserwatorium", { 		noms = "obserwatorium"; nomp = "obserwatoria";		gens = "obserwatorium"; genp = "obserwatoriów";		dats = "obserwatorium"; datp = "obserwatoriom";		accs = "obserwatorium"; accp = "obserwatoria";		inss = "obserwatorium"; insp = "obserwatoriami";		locs = "obserwatorium"; locp = "obserwatoriach";		vocs = "obserwatorium"; vocp = "obserwatoria";	}) self:check_autoinflect("n-adj", nil, "młode", { 		noms = "młode"; nomp = "młode";		gens = "młodego"; genp = "młodych";		dats = "młodemu"; datp = "młodym";		accs = "młode"; accp = "młode";		inss = "młodym"; insp = "młodymi";		locs = "młodym"; locp = "młodych";		vocs = "młode"; vocp = "młode";	})

-- to simplify adding new tests local x = [=[ self:check_autoinflect("n", nil, "słowo", { 		noms = ""; nomp = "";		gens = ""; genp = "";		dats = ""; datp = "";		accs = ""; accp = "";		inss = ""; insp = "";		locs = ""; locp = "";		vocs = ""; vocp = "";	}) ]=] end

return tests

title: Module:pl-noun/testcases


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 蜀

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 蜀


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 塌

title: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 塌


text:
Appendix:Lojban/kesyske

Etymology
' (', space) + ' (', science)

Predicate

 * 1) astronomy; x1 is astronomy based on methodology x2.

title: Appendix:Lojban/kesyske


text: Module:pl-noun/testcases/documentation

title: Module:pl-noun/testcases/documentation


text: flørten

title: flørten


text:
Appendix:Lojban/puvytarga'i

Etymology
puv (pu'u, ?) + tar (tarci, star) + ga'i (galfi, transformation)

Predicate

 * 1) stellar evolution; x1 is stellar evolution.

title: Appendix:Lojban/puvytarga'i


text: flørtene

title: flørtene


text:
slăbănog

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) weak, thin, weedy, scraggy, meagre, hidebound

Noun

 * 1)  touch-me-not

title: slăbănog


text:
mimoză

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  mimosa

title: mimoză


text:
yoołtʼoł

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1) he/she is in the process of sucking it, in the process of pumping it

Usage notes
This is a progressive verb; it is conjugated only in the progressive mode.

Conjugation
.

title: yoołtʼoł


text:
έρις

Etymology
From.

Noun
- formal type of "η έριδα"

 * 1) discord, conflict
 * 2) feud, vendetta

title: έρις


text:
slãghescu

Etymology
From or. Compare 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to lose weight, become thin
 * 2) to weaken, become weak
 * 3) to become bad/evil

Synonyms

 * mi-dizgrash

title: slãghescu


text:
vãrtos

Etymology
From, from. Compare 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) strong, robust

title: vãrtos


text:
cadãr

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) powerful, strong

title: cadãr


text:
ndrumin

Adjective

 * 1) strong

title: ndrumin


text: προδόθηκα

title: προδόθηκα


text:
putut

Adjective

 * 1)  capable
 * 2) strong, vigorous, able

Etymology
Past participle of.

Verb

 * 1)  able to

Noun

 * 1) corner

title: putut


text:
pututã

Verb

 * 1)  (invariant form used with "to have" in verb constructions)

Adjective

 * 1)  ( used as an adjective)

title: pututã


text:
besittelse

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) possession ( / of something)
 * 2) a possession

title: besittelse


text:
silnãos

Etymology
Related to. Compare Bulgarian and Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian.

Adjective

 * 1) strong, powerful
 * 2) violent

title: silnãos


text:
silã

Etymology
From a language; ultimately from. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) coercion, force

title: silã


text: נשואין

title: נשואין


text: rãu

title: rãu


text: besittelsen

title: besittelsen


text:
אינטימיש

Adjective

 * 1) intimate

title: אינטימיש


text: besittelser

title: besittelser


text: אינטימישע

title: אינטימישע


text: אינטימישן

title: אינטימישן


text: אינטימישער

title: אינטימישער


text: besittelsene

title: besittelsene


text:
lámpaláz

Etymology
,

Noun

 * 1) stage fright

title: lámpaláz


text:
arãuredz

Etymology 1
From + the suffix. Compare 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to run or flow like a river

Etymology 2
From or from, with the Aromanian suffix. Compare 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to fall like dewdrops, cover in dew
 * 2)  to cover in dew(drops)

title: arãuredz


text: lámpalázak

title: lámpalázak


text:
חוקה

Noun

 * 1) statute, law
 * 2) constitution
 * 1) constitution
 * 1) constitution

title: חוקה


text:
pãngãnãtati

Etymology
From, or possibly from. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) heathendom, paganism
 * 2) excrement

title: pãngãnãtati


text:
cãcat

Etymology
Past participle of the verb, corresponding to. Compare 🇨🇬.

Adjective
(feminine cãcatã or cãcate)

 * 1)  shitted, shat
 * 2) shit

Noun
or n (plural cãcats or cãcati/cãcate)

 * 1) shit, excrement

title: cãcat


text:
pågripe

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to arrest, apprehend (someone)

title: pågripe


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/frō

Etymology
From, from.

Adverb

 * 1)  early

title: Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/frō


text: ὄρυζον

title: ὄρυζον


text:
sprem

Etymology
From, from. Compare 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  to make great efforts for, strive for
 * 2)  to exert oneself, strain oneself

title: sprem


text: pågrip

title: pågrip


text:
scremet

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) the effort of straining, heaving, pushing (especially in the context of defecation)
 * 2) excrement, feces

title: scremet


text:
spreamit

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) shit, excrement

title: spreamit


text: pågriper

title: pågriper


text: pågripes

title: pågripes


text:
SAA

Noun

 * 1) . The US Army's classification for the Colt M1873 "Peacemaker" revolver, their standard revolver from 1873 to 1892.
 * 2) Small Arms Ammunition. The British armed forces term for ammunition used in sidearms and rifles. The acronym was used in 20th century manuals as an abbreviation.

title: SAA


text:
oikocryst

Etymology
+ a clipping of, or directly from the.

Noun

 * 1)  An enclosing crystal in a poikilitic fabric.

title: oikocryst


text:
olistolith

Etymology
From +.

Noun

 * 1)  Any of a mass of blocks of rock or mud that make up an olistostrome.

title: olistolith


text:
olivomycin

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  Any of a class of glycosidic antibiotics obtained from.

title: olivomycin


text:
Rhymes:English/ii

Pronunciation
,

Two syllables

 * beey
 * treey

title: Rhymes:English/ii


text: pågrep

title: pågrep


text: pågreip

title: pågreip


text: pågrepet

title: pågrepet


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/mъlvěninъ

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) the one who speaks

Descendants

 * East Slavic:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/mъlvěninъ


text:
որիզ

Etymology
From. .

Noun

 * 1) rice

title: որիզ


text: løslat

title: løslat


text: løslater

title: løslater


text: løslates

title: løslates


text: løslot

title: løslot


text: løslatt

title: løslatt


text: Template:scriptlink

title: Template:scriptlink


text:
гуэлӏ

Etymology
From Turkish "göl".

Adjective

 * 1) lake

title: гуэлӏ


text:
vahaskopiokone

Noun

 * 1) mimeograph

title: vahaskopiokone


text:
махъсымэ

Noun

 * 1) a Circassian alcoholic drink (Circassian boza)

Noun

 * 1) a Circassian alcoholic drink (Circassian boza)

Synonyms

 * бахъсымэ

title: махъсымэ


text:
Wiktionary talk:About Ancient Greek/Digamma & sigma theory

DI‑GAMMA / VAU : Smooth‑breathing & SIGMA / SAN : Rough‑breathing
Hello, from the Ancient‑Greek studies at dis‑tance, that I have per‑formed in Belgium in 2012, the "Smooth‑breathing" and "Rough‑breathing" serves to in‑dicate & marking the ab‑olition of the archaic letter Di‑gamma Ϝ (Smooth) or Sigma/San Σ/Ϻ  (Rough) in the word, the Ϝ or Σ/Ϻ can be at beginning or middle, it de‑pend of the position of the breathing.

{Di‑gamma Ϝ {also called ϜΑΥ : vau/vaw} is V be‑cause W was Υ/ΟΥ from Phoenician 𐤅, Ϝ don't share shape and sound with Υ / 𐤅, after some‑time Υ be‑came later  and  in Modern‑Greek ; Pamphylian Digamma/Wau/Waw Ͷ is  and is re‑formated one‑line Υ  to write it faster in one‑movement, also Ϝ  be‑came Latin F , V & F are labio‑dental sound and can be con‑fused, when W & F have nothing in com‑mon, so Latin letter F sound  come from Ancient‑Greek letter Ϝ sound ...}.

 * Source that Ϝ = : http://www.webtopos.gr/eng/languages/greek/alphabet/earlyletters.htm
 * Source that Υ = http://www.webtopos.gr/eng/languages/greek/alphabet/upsilon.htm
 * Source that is Ϝ = & Ͷ =  : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digamma#Pamphylian_digamma

In the French pre‑cise book of Ancient‑Greek "Le Grand Bailly" or "Abrégé Bailly" breathing (spirit in French) are re‑pre‑sented in the words and in the de‑finition, in [RAC : racine/root] Section is ad‑ded the original word with Di‑gamma Ϝ or Sigma/San Σ/Ϻ. In older editions of "Le Grand Bailly" or "Abrégé Bailly", the "Table of roots" (which is no longer pre‑sent in the new editions) speci‑fies the list of roots using Di‑gamma Ϝ & Sigma/San Σ/Ϻ, yet in Wikipedia English or French, no one mention that the "Smooth breathing" and "Rough breathing" were used for Di‑gamma Ϝ & Sigma/San Σ/Ϻ re‑moving, why ??? They talk only about a‑spired H (no one can make a‑spired H be‑fore a RHO, it's im‑possible), so it's wrong... Also In Wiktionary page for Ancient‑Greek words using breathing, the W/V or S/SH is never mentioned in "Archaic pro‑nunciation", like for ex‑ample :
 * ὙΠΕΡ / HYPER that was originally writed ΣΥΠΕΡ / SHYPER (Latin : SVPERIOR), or
 * ἙΞ / HEX → ΣΕΞ / SHEX (Latin : Six) or
 * ἘΞ / EX → ϜΕΞ /  VEX  (Latin : Ex‑) or
 * ἘΡΓΟΝ → ϜΕΡΓΟΝ (English : Work, Dutch : Werk, French : Vergô ↔ Greve {strike (cessation of work)}) or
 * ἩΛΙΟΣ / HELIOS → ΣΗΛΙΟΣ / SHELIOS {Attic} (Latin : Sol, Solis, English : Sun) or
 * ἉΛΙΟΣ/ HALIOS → ΣΑΛΙΟΣ / SHALIOS {Dorian} (Latin : Sol, Solis, English : Sun) or
 * ΟἸΝΟΣ → ϜΟΙΝΟΣ (Latin : VINVM, English : Wine, French : Vin) or
 * ἈΡΗΣ / ARES → ͶΑΡΗΣ / WARES (God of War, War God, war it‑self personi‑fied) or
 * ῬΕΩ → ΣΡΕΩ (flow) & ῬΕΩ/ἘΡΩ → ϜΡΕΩ/ϜΕΡΩ  (Speak/Verbum/Verity/Love) or
 * ἈΝΑ → ϜΑΝΑ or ΑϜΝΑ.

{I don't use ac‑cent acute / grave in Ancient‑Greek words be‑cause at that time they didn't ex‑ist, also writing Ancient‑Greek word in minuscule is an error, be‑cause at that epoch only capital script with‑out ac‑cent ex‑isted, minuscule should be used only for Modern‑Greek in your Wiktionary or Wikipedia...}. Gmazdên (talk) 12:09, 28 May 2015 (UTC)

 * First of all, this is the wrong place for such a discussion, since the people who know about such things aren't necessarily the ones who patrol recent edits, and it's only slightly relevant to this entry- better to ask about this at the About Ancient Greek page. Also, your use of hyphenation in the middle of words is distracting. As to substance: you're jumbling together a long history of sound and orthographical changes as if they all happened at once. Whatever the origin of the rough breathing, it was described by Greek grammarians in enough detail (not to mention being reflected in loans to other languages) so we can say pretty confidently that it really was something like aspiration when it was in use (I don't know enough about the matter of the pronunciation of the aspirated rho to comment, but it looks to me more like a spelling convention than an actual guide to pronunciation). As for the smooth breathing, are you seriously saying that all initial vowels in Ancient Greek started with a digamma? The diacritic may have had its origins in something else, but in the standard orthography as used here it merely indicates the lack of aspiration. As for the grave accent, we only use the acute in entry names, since the grave is only a positional variant. Chuck Entz (talk) 13:33, 28 May 2015 (UTC)

 * I ad‑ded this con‑versation here be‑cause like that every‑body reading the article can have this in‑formation, about the hyph‑en I use it to se‑parate pre‑fix and the root, be‑cause if you check their etymo‑logy they are com‑pound words. It's may‑be dis‑tracting for you but for me is more pre‑cise, ex‑act & ac‑curate.... I'm not saying that "all in‑itial vowels in Ancient‑Greek started with a di‑gamma" but only those using "smooth‑breathing", it's the in‑formation that I get in my dis‑tant learning course, and in dictionary like "Le Grand Bailly" or "Abrégé" they use it to... Mangêzd (talk) 14:11, 28 May 2015 (UTC)

 * I'm not entirely sure what you're trying to say, but... words in Greek that start with vowels came from words in Proto‑Indo‑European that started with *s, *w, *h₁, *h₂, *h₃, or no consonant. All of these were lost at some point in Attic Greek (but *w became the digamma in West Greek dialects), except when *s (usually) or *w (occasionally) became /h/ (which also developed spontaneously in words such as ἵππος), which was marked in several ways—see Heta for more. Eta and Heta.svg" in ancient Greek. Left: original spelling, right: modern transcription. Red: consonantal "Heta", blue: vocalic "Eta".

1.) archaic non-Ionic 2.) classical Ionic 3.) intermediate (e.g. Delphi) 4.) intermediate (e.g. Tarentum) 5.) late antiquity.]] As I recall, no word that had the rough breathing was ever spelled with sigma or san. (Also, please stop using hyphens to separate prefixes. What is etymological is not necessarily correct.) ObsequiousNewt (εἴρηκα|πεποίηκα) 18:39, 28 May 2015 (UTC)

 * I'm pre‑fer to write with hyph‑en, I always write like this, since 7 years... You seem to not be a Greek and it's not your mother‑tongue, so I'm not sure if you know every‑thing about this ancient‑language (these variants like Dorian, Ionian, Attic, Beotian, Eolian, Thrace, Macedonian)... All of what I'm saying is in uni‑versity dictionary‑book like Le Grand Bailly and I learn it to, in my dis‑tance courses & lessons from the Official Walloon franco‑phone E‑ducation com‑munity of Bruxelles (Boulevard du Jardin Botanique 20-22), and based on books of Roersch - Hombert - Thomas : Grammaire grecque & Alessandra Lukinovich & Madeleine Rousset : Grammaire de grec ancien... So I'm sure of what I'm saying... I really don't com‑pre‑hend and it's very strange that no one writed about this in Wikipedia article & Wiktionary pro‑nunciation, in French or English pages, so I just want to warn you about this... Mangêzd (talk) 20:36, 28 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Ignoring the fact that there is no longer any such thing as a native Ancient Greek speaker, I have studied the language extensively (by the way, the dialects are usually spelled Doric, Ionic, Boeotian, Aeolic; and Thracian and Ancient Macedonian are in fact different languages) I still don't understand what you're trying to say—is it that words with a rough breathing originally started with Σ (they didn't—in Proto-Indo-European they did but by the time Ancient Greek was written it the words were neither written nor pronounced that way) and that words with a smooth breathing originally started with ϝ (only in West Greek, and only when they came from a word beginning with *w in PIE, and only sometimes even then)? If not, it may be more useful to point out specific pages in these books that you are referencing. ObsequiousNewt (εἴρηκα|πεποίηκα) 21:48, 28 May 2015 (UTC)

 * When I write please don't ad‑d :::: be‑cause with these, at end, we don't have space to re‑spond (keep one ":" for you, zero ":" for me, if a third speak he can add "::" and so on...). Ok you say "‑IC" but in French we say "‑IEN", so I say in English "IAN", my first language is not English so I make mistake... No‑body know the real Proto‑Indo‑European and this imaginated, re‑con‑structed & sup‑posed language as no re‑maining writing be‑cause at that time, scripture even not ex‑ist, all of that are just theory, and I really don't be‑lieve that all Euro‑middle‑east‑asian languages are coming from one unique‑source root‑language, some word can be com‑mon be‑cause of nomadism. (Some‑time in word in Wiktionary etymo‑logy I see those kind of pseudo‑proto‑indo‑european root, and they share nothing in com‑mon with the structure or pro‑nunciation of that word, but they are writed like is sure & certain that it's the origin & good etymo‑logy, for me these are just sup‑position), like you say for Ancient‑Greek "there is no longer any such thing as a native Ancient‑Greek speaker", I'm sure that there is no Proto‑Indo‑European speaker, at least Ancient‑Greek have re‑maining books & arti‑fact, the proto not. I'm sure that, at the origin, all humans tribes up‑on the Earth had dif‑ferent languages and from a very long‑time... So searching in that one‑root di‑rection is a wrong way... (The Bible say that at Babel god di‑vided languages but at that time and only at that place, they shared a com‑mon Sumerian/Semitic language, not Chinese, Indian, Germanic or Slavic one). Well about page, I don't have these books here, I only have the pages of my course in a folder mentioning these books, I also have the well known "Le Grand Bailly" Ancient‑Greek/French dictionary and the Di‑Gamma & Sigma/San is mentioned in section [RAC : Racine/Root] in al‑most every‑page where a smooth or rough‑breath is used, some not and maybe those use the Hêta that you pro‑posed (the old edition have a table of roots at end with word using re‑moved Di‑Gamma & Sigma/San)... I don't com‑pre‑hend that great English searchers & students don't know about this... But what can I do... No‑body knows every‑thing. I searched in vain in Inter‑Net for a page listing all words and variants using Qoppa, Di‑Gamma, Pamphylian Di‑Gamma , San, Tzampi but with no suc‑cess, nobody have done that work be‑fore, all archives have been burned by mono‑theist in the library of Alex‑andria and others places, so we will never know the totality of these words, the books that we have to‑day are not the original and are re‑writing (I don't know which Ancient‑Greek books is the older one)... You say "I still don't under‑stand what you're trying to say is it that words with a rough‑breathing originally started with Σ  or Ϻ  and that words with a smooth‑breathing originally started with ϝ  or Ͷ Υ  (Pamphylian digamma)", yes, it's what are saying the Belgian courses and "Le Grand Bailly"... Mangêzd (talk) 22:51, 28 May 2015 (UTC)

 * I'm using colons because that is how Wiktionary talk pages are formatted. Similarly, Wiktionary policy is to display what is supported by evidence. Academic consensus is that Ancient Greek words did not all begin with consonants. If you'd like specific examples as to why, I can provide them. ObsequiousNewt (εἴρηκα|πεποίηκα) 02:47, 29 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Hello there! I'd first like to say that I have thoroughly enjoyed reading your comments above (if only because they are quite funny). You are correct in your statement that “No-body knows every-thing” [sic]. I for instance was not super familiar with Le Grand Bailly, so I looked it up and downloaded all 450 MB of the original edition. Let me tell you what I found out:
 * On page viii of the of the introduction, Bailly lists his primary sources for his etymological information which were:
 * Georg Curtius's Grundzüge der griechischen Etymologie (1873). This book claims to use Proto-Indo-European reconstructions on the first page of its introduction.
 * Other new etymological works in French and German, but primarily the Memoires de la Société de linguistique de Paris. The SLP was one of the earliest French publishers to adopt Proto-Indo-European theory.
 * The point I am making above is that Bailly is using early Proto-Indo-European reconstructions for his etymologies in his text. You cannot hold up le Grand Bailly as contradicting the findings of Proto-Indo-European theory as it uses them as its sources.
 * As to the specific examples you have used, I have looked at all the entries of le Grand Bailly and will write out the etymological information it provides for the first few:
 * ὑπέρ “(cf. skr. úpari, et lat. super avec s init.)” → (compare Sanskrit and Latin  with initial s)
 * ἕξ “(cf. lat sex, dor. ϝέξ de *sweks, cf. gall. chwech)” → (compare Latin, Doric from (Proto-Indo-European) , compare Welsh )
 * ἐκ “(ἐς pour ἐξ en crét., béot.; avec le datif en arc.-cypr.; cf. lat. ex etc.)” → ( for in Cretan, Boeotian; with the dative in Arcadocypriot; compare Latin  etc.)
 * ἔργον “(dor. ϝέργον, cf. ἕρδω; v.h.a. werc, etc.)” → (Doric, compare , Old High German , etc.)
 * While some of these entries do contain digammas, none of these forms are used as pronunciations or as ]earlier forms but as separate Doric forms. You'll also find that the word ὑπέρ never had an initial sigma and that the initial s in Latin super comes from a later reanalysis of eks-uper in Latin. So, I'm afraid that le Grand Bailly, which seems like a good, if outdated, dictionary, does not support any of your claims. It is true that deletion of PIE *w and *s did result in the majority of words beginning in rough breathing and that in some dialects the ϝ is retained. However, this does not mean that the word ἕξ was ever pronounced [seks] (much less [ʃeks]) during the span of Ancient Greek. If we were discussing Proto-Greek, this would be a different matter, but we are not and I am sure you do not believe Proto-Greek exists in any case.
 * All of this is beside the point however, which is that you have been being quite rude to the other contributors. This might be overlooked if the majority of your claims were not also false or based out of a misinterpretation of an accurate source. Therefore:
 * Do not bring up le Grand Bailly to support your argument―it does not.
 * Do not edit any Wiktionary pages with your theories―they are inaccurate.
 * Do not use the Tower of Babel as evidence in a scholarly argument―it discredits you.
 * Do not continue writing with hyphens in your English―it is broken enough already.
 * We are prepared to have a reasonable discussion with you if you meet us half way. — JohnC5 04:46, 29 May 2015 (UTC)

Well, it's good that you down‑loaded the book, but it doesn't change nothing to what the pro‑fessors writed in my course, they states that : If you don't want to be‑lieve it's really bad & sad for you. May‑be Shigma & San from Phoenician 𐤔 & 𐤎  was used by the proto‑shella‑nique (dorian form of Hellenic), then the Attic Hellenique re‑moved  &  (be‑cause the Attic Ancient‑Greek don't used those sounds, and they keeped only the value SAN  for Sigma. These letters  don't ex‑ist any‑more in Modern‑Greek and re‑maining re‑writed book of Ancient‑Greek (not original burned one) that we uses today...  {About your question, I be‑lieve that the proto‑shella‑nic had ex‑isted in archaic‑time using sound of Phoenician like, for me  was more a  like sound and was probably pro‑nounced  than }.
 * Smooth‑breathing are in‑dication of Di‑Gamma re‑moving Ϝ or Υ→Ͷ  sound {Ͷ is faster one‑line way to write Υ ancient value  in one movement},
 * Rough‑breathing for Sigma/San re‑moving or ,

In Albanian some Greek word are used with like : The ex‑ample I used above (S'HYPER, S'HALIOS, S'HEX), doesn't show Sigma/Shigma in [R. (Racine/Root) section] of "Le Grand Bailly" de‑finition but were used in my course, but in others word with rough‑breathing the [R. is there]... But if you want to be wrong it's your pro‑blem....
 * shurr (piss) from Ancient‑Greek ΟΥΡΩ] → ΣΟΥΡΩ, we (Albanian) keeped the old pro‑nunciation, there are other ex‑amples like Kul‑shedra but I don't know all of them,
 * do you think that URINA / ΟὙΡΟΝ (piss) & VRANUS / ΟΥΡΑΝ ὌΡΑΝ ὨΡΑΝ / אורנוֹס (sky) {from sup‑posed *ϜΟΡΣΑΝΟΣ (but I don't be‑lieve in that origin)} share the same root ? No, one start with other VRANUS / ΟϜΡΑΝΟΣ  with, and can be linked to shemitic אור ΑϜΡ  (Latin : AVRUM) the light /fire (sky = sun, light & fire) {when the smooth‑breathing is up‑on ᾿Υ then you re‑place it by a Di‑Gamma Ϝ},
 * I don't mention :
 * ΟΥΡΟΣ → ϜΟΥΡΟΣ [R. : ϜΟΡ] (gardian / watch : Slavic "чувар", Latin Vereor) &
 * ΟΥΡΟΣ → ΟϜΡΟΣ (good wind) &
 * ΟΥΡΟΣ (canal, to dig) {from ὈΡΥΓΜΑ ὈΡΥΚΣΩ / ὈΡΥΚΤΩ & ὈΡΥΚΤΟΣ, Latin E‑RECTVS / E‑REGO} &
 * ΟΥΡΟΣ from ὈΡΟΣ → ϜΟΡΟΣ (montain, hill ; point of ob‑servation) &
 * ΟΥΡΟΣ from ὉΡΟΣ → ΣὉΡΟΣ (boundary, limit, marking stone)...
 * Five same words, meaning five thing ??? Bad writing be‑cause of e‑rased Ϝ & Σ/Ϻ

You say that there are used in se‑parate Doric‑forms, ok, for me Dorian & Eolian are the most original Ancient‑Greek...

I will con‑tinue to write with hyph‑en be‑cause I like that and it's more pre‑cise & ac‑curate, never on any forums (like Nvidia, Intel, Ubisoft, Steam, Hwinfo, Guru3D, Microsoft...) some‑one told me to write how he want, some have asked why I do this but after ex‑planation they under‑standed, I don't think you have the right to told me how to write... Pre‑fix can be se‑parated, since even in Wiktionary.org these words show in etymo‑logy that they are com‑pound words, also I don't use that technique in de‑finition page but only in talk dis‑cussion... But that's not the most im‑portant.

Still you con‑tinue to say that Di‑Gamma Ϝ is when the links & ex‑plication I pro‑vided above told the con‑trary... So you want to in‑duce others in error be‑cause Old Germanic languages (like English de‑rivation) use [w] so for you Ancient‑Greek word to (in Latin W didn't ex‑isted, for writing Old Germanic word they used Double V : VV  be‑cause V was  much later, in medieval time, W  ap‑peared as a com‑plete letter, all Latin variant like Espagnol, Portuguese, French, Italian use V or U for Latin words, only in English, we find W for Latin words like Wine (in French Vin for VINVM))...

Still in Modern‑Greek or others languages of that location of South‑East Evrope, like : W don't ex‑ist and is not used for original words (we are more near than England of Greece, I think if that sound  was used at a old‑time, these neighbor tribes will have it in the alpha‑bet), so why keep saying that Di‑Gamma Ϝ is a  & not  when clearly Latin F  came from Greek Ϝ  since  &  are labio‑dental sound and can be con‑fused, when  &  have nothing in com‑mon...
 * Macedonian (where I'm from),
 * Albanian (my origin),
 * Serbian, Bulgarian,
 * Turkish,
 * Italian,

In the "Abrégé bailly" of 1965 (N°10‑1340‑26) the "Proto‑Indo‑Evropean" sources that you are mentioned are not pre‑sent, they are in "Le Grand Bailly" (there is "Liste des auteurs & des ouvrages" but all of them are shella‑nic one, in my 2005 edition N°16/7939/8 (re‑viewed by L. Séchan & P. Chantraine", pro‑fesseurs à la faculté des Lettres de Paris", I see the source you mentioned at bottom of the page VIII under the text (with 1. Grundzüge der griechischen Etymologie, von G. Curtius. 4° éd. Leipzig, 1873) but the link you pro‑vided is use‑less be‑cause I don't know the German)...

I can use "Le Grand Bailly" to sup‑port my argument be‑cause (for me it's true), and I don't plan to add ancient‑greek word or etymo‑logy or archaic‑proto‑shella‑nic pro‑nonciation in Wiktionary, but I can do on my private‑web‑page, be‑cause here, non‑academic theory or new hypo‑thesis are al‑ways re‑jected (I just wanted to know about breathing and why no one mention Sigma or Di‑Gamma re‑moving re‑placed by smooth or rough‑breathing in Wikipedia or Wiktionary pages).

The pro‑blem about what you said about Sigma re‑moving in "Crêgu" (truth‑full) {con‑trary of "Greek" (the Roman called the Shella‑nic GRAECVS "un‑truth‑full‑one" or "false‑one")}, it's that you keep just ex‑ample that ac‑credit your re‑sponse, leaving others ex‑ample (using Sigma/San in "Le Grand Bailly [R. section] of the de‑finition") on the side... It's you choice...

Here are others ex‑ample writed in "Bailly" Table of Roots for Sigma re‑moving with Rough‑Breathing :
 * ἉΜΑ → ΣΑΜΑ (latin SIMVL)
 * ἉΔΟΣ → ΣΑΔΟΣ (R. ΣΑΔ)
 * ἉΛΣ → ΣΑΛΣ (R. ΣΑΛ, Latin : Sal)
 * ἉΛΛΟΜΑΙ → ΣΑΛΛΟΜΑΙ (R. ΣΑΛ, Latin : Salio)
 * ἉΡΜΑ → ΣΑΡΜΑ {SHARMONIA} (R. ΣΑΡ : union, link)
 * ἙΔΟΣ → ἙΔΟΣ (R. ΣΕΔ : sit)
 * Ἑ‑ΣΠΕΤΕ → ΣΕ‑ΣΠΕΤΕ (R. ΣΕΠ : to follow, Latin SEQVOR) from ἙΠΩ → ΣΕΠΩ (tie, to follow) ≠ ΕΠΩ → ϜΕΠΩ (say, Latin VOCARE) {in Greek P be‑came Latin Q}
 * And lot others but I'm gonna not search for all of them in the thousand pages book, I'm an amateur and I really don't have much time for this, the best way for you is to look in Table of Roots of ancient editions be‑fore 1950 six‑teen re‑vision version (that e‑rased that "list" and re‑moved some [R. ] in‑formations in de‑finitions...

My hypo‑thesis about im‑possible only one‑root for all world languages is good but it seem that you don't want to com‑pre‑hend.

In the past, I have make donation (not big) to Wiktionary.org, so for me, I have the right to con‑tribute and to ex‑press my self be‑cause it's a United‑Nation Uni‑versal Human rights (article 19) and I can also use the right of "Freedom of Speech & Ex‑pression" that the con‑stitution of the U.S.A guaranty, these laws, allow me to do this, if I was a male‑ficent one, I will do it hided with‑out log‑in, but no, I use my name, to be honest and ask the opinion of others in talk‑page, thanks any‑way for your feed‑back... As I said I don't plan to add Ancient or Proto‑Shella‑nic stuff... Mangêzd (talk) 09:53, 29 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Well, I am going to gracefully resign from this conversation about Ancient Greek and your hypotheses thereon. I will say your right to free speech of course is protected. That doesn't have actual bearing in this circumstance, but I feel that I would be getting into too much trouble trying to explain why. I warn, though, that if you do edit content using this theory, it may lead to you getting banned, which would be unfortunate. — JohnC5 10:09, 29 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Why should I be banned for giving an opinion or sharing my know‑ledge, ad‑mini‑strators are not as bad as this, so no need to threaten me, I've done nothing wrong... Your statement is not very demo‑cratic and open‑minded one... Good day. Mangêzd (talk) 12:32, 29 May 2015 (UTC)

 * I would add this, what I truly like in "Le Grand Bailly", it's that every word, have in‑formations like :
 * hyph‑en (pre‑fix se‑parated from the root),
 * first time writed and by who (author), in Wiktionary etymo‑logy, that's not the case, for ex‑ample you said that HYPER co‑gnate with upari, but, when this word ap‑peared first, in Hindi or in Greek ? There is no in‑dication in upari or hyper page, is upari older or hyper ? I think that for better com‑pre‑hension for future‑generation, every word ad‑ded in Wiktionary should have at‑tested "date of first use" and in which "book or in‑scription" & "pre‑cise location" of first writing or en‑gravation and if possible, ad‑ding the scan (if book) or photo (if it's upon a stone or else) on the Wiki page as a picture, that would be great for all...

 * I put for your under‑standing more ex‑amples of re‑moved Sigma in Ypsilon Rough‑breathing really writed in the dictionnary.
 * ὙΔΡΑ → ΣΥΔΡΑ (water snake, hydra ; Albanian : Kuçedra  / kul‑shedra  from ΧΕΛ‑ΥΔΡΟΣ / CHEL‑SYDRUS or ΧΕΡ‑ΣΥΔΡΟΣ / CHER‑SYDRUS).
 * ὙΣ ὙΟΣ → ΣΥΣ ΣΥΟΣ also writed in this manner : ΣΥΣ ΣΥΟΣ  in "Le Grand Gaffiot" (pig, swine, hog ; Latin : SVS, SVIS ; German Schwein, Danish svin, and more distantly to Polish świnia, Russian свинья)
 * ΥἹΟΣ → ΣΥΙΟΣ ([R. ΣΥ] : son ; compare with Latin : SVVS, German : Ich).
 * ὝΛΗ → ΣΥΛϜΗ ([R. ΣΥΛ] : wood, forest ; Latin : SILVA)
 * ὙΠΝΟΣ → ΣΥΠΝΟΣ (sleep ; Latin : SOPOR)
 * ὙΠΟ → ΣΥΠΟ (under ; Latin : SUB‑)
 * Mangêzd (talk) 15:10, 29 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Here's the thing—I'm going to give it to you straight: you are making connections based on an incomplete understanding of linguistics. It's a mistake that a lot of people make; I know I have made it myself, and I hope that you also will come to realize your (or your professors') errors. Until then, however, take note that linguistics—like English—is not a field of opinions, it is a field of theories, a word which means "hypotheses that are supported by evidence". One bit of evidence is that there are some words that originally started with a digamma—ἔργον is a great example—and we know this because there are Doric inscriptions (incidentally, Doric is not "more pure", unless you mean "more pure than Koinê", which could arguably be true) that have a digamma (ϝέργον) and also because there are cognates (English work, (Old) Armenian, Avestan , etc.) that have an initial /w/ (or whatever *w became in that language.) Whereas ἐκ has neither of these things—there is no form **ϝεκ anywhere, and no cognates of it have any initial consonants. There's a reason that "here, non‑academic theory or new hypothes[e]s are always rejected"—it's that academic theories are supported by evidence, whereas new hypotheses are not. Incidentally, here is some evidence:
 * Words that start with a spiritus asper come from:
 * initial *s: ἕδος, ἕπομαι. In no dialect was this ever spelled with sigma or san; instead we know this because of cognates with initial /s/.
 * initial *sw: ἕξ (Welsh, other cognates have either /s/ or /w/), inscriptions have hϝ/ϝh/ϝ (where "h" represents heta.)
 * initial *y: ὅς (Sanskrit, Avestan , Phrygian ), ἧπαρ (Sanskrit , Latin , Old Armenian ). Only in Cyprian was this ever spelled with a different symbol, and even then only before α.
 * when the spiritus is on ῥ, initial *s or *w: ῥάδιξ, ῥέμβω, ῥέω, ῥήγνυμι, etc.
 * analogy: ἡμεῖς (with ὑμεῖς, which had in PIE initial *y); most words starting with ὑ and some with ῥ (examples: ὕδρα, ὕδωρ, ὑπέρ, ὑπό, ὑφαίνω, ῥάφυς). In no case do any of these examples have cognates with (equivalents of) initial s- or y- (except Latin super/sub which are from eks-uper and eks-ub) ; and initial w- is due to PIE ablaut.
 * something obscure: ἵππος (again, no cognates with *s or *y.)
 * Words that start with a spritius lenis come from:
 * initial *s: ἔχω, maybe others I can't remember. This is uncommon, but it happened.
 * initial *w: ἔχω (I carry), ἔργον, etc.
 * initial *sw: ἰδίω maybe? Can't think of any certain ones off the top of my head.
 * no initial consonant: probably the most common. ἄγω, ἀήρ, αὐγή, ἐγώ, εἰμί, εἶμι, ἠώς, ὄζω, οἶς, ὠκύς, ᾠόν just to give a few examples. No cognate of any of these has initial consonants derived from *s or *w. ObsequiousNewt (εἴρηκα|πεποίηκα) 16:27, 29 May 2015 (UTC)

 * (EDIT: okay, not sure what happened there at all. I've put the page back like I meant to have it.)

 * Hi, thank for feed‑back. I under‑stand what your are saying... Think what you want, as I said I don't plan to make ad‑ds of ancient‑greek or proto‑shella‑nic pro‑nunciation. I just asked some‑thing and you re‑spond that you think that you are right, and I'm wrong and for me you are wrong and I'm right, so no need to talk much more... Mangêzd (talk) 16:45, 29 May 2015 (UTC)

 * About αὐγή that you give as ex‑ample, the etymo‑logy mention Albanian AGON (Dawn) {and what is the link with Albanian Agoni (Agony) ?} but not mention IGNIS, AGNI or Slavic OGON and slavic‑god АГУНЯ... Mangêzd (talk) 10:49, 30 May 2015 (UTC)

 * You said “so no need to talk much more,” and yet you continue editing this discussion... — JohnC5 16:57, 30 May 2015 (UTC)

 * I just re‑sponded to that one be‑cause I'm Shqyptar Albanian (Gheg), and I never used and eared that word (Agon), be‑cause at Skopje (Macedonia) and in Kosovo, we use Sabah, Agon is pro‑bably used by the Tosk Albanian (Shqipëtar Ortho‑dox, living in the south of albania at north of Greece)... But I just wanted to say that if αὐγή it's a "bright light, like fire" then this co‑gnate with Agni, Ignis & Ogon/Agun... F.Y.I. Still, I don't see the link between dawn & agony, there is no one. Mangêzd (talk) 18:36, 30 May 2015 (UTC)

The words you listed come from a different root, reconstructed as Appendix:Proto-Indo-European/h₁n̥gʷnis. In either case the words don't have initial consonants. Additionally: once again, linguistics is not a field of opinions, there is no "for me I am right and you are wrong". What is right is that (1) academic consensus is, among other things, that Proto-Indo-European is a real language which sometimes has initial vowels, (2) this academic consensus is supported by evidence, (3) Wiktionary publishes academic consensus for this reason. This is why your "etymologies" are not shown. ObsequiousNewt (εἴρηκα|πεποίηκα) 02:08, 31 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Ok thank for your ex‑planation, but as I said I don't be‑lieve in imagined & re‑con‑structed Proto-Indo-Evropean... So the root h₁n̥gʷnis is false be‑cause h₁n is not used in real ex‑isting word like Og‑on, Ag‑ni, Ig‑nis & Ag‑un (ex‑cept in Hebrew נוגה & Arab نجم read it  in Egyptian manner), OG AG IG co‑gnate with AYG. This is just my point of view. I don't ob‑ligate no one to be‑lieve it. But even a Academic con‑sensus begin with theory & hypo‑thesis. Mangêzd (talk) 08:07, 31 May 2015 (UTC)

 * I have one more thing to say after thinking a lot about this, you ex‑plain that the Rough‑breathing is a mark showing the a‑spiration and not the Sigma re‑moving  or, and the Ancient‑Greek words using it are written with H in Latin (ὑπέρ → hyper), but for the Smooth‑breathing there is no a‑spiration  & the words using it are not written with a H in Latin, so if the smooth sign is not an in‑dication of Di‑Gamma Ϝ ϝ  or Ͷ ͷ  re‑moving why using this sign, it is use‑less, in‑stead they could write normally the Ἀ Ἐ Ἠ Ἰ ὐ Ὠ ῤ → Α Ε Η Ι Ο Υ Ω Ρ, no need to a speci‑fic sign for that... This prove that this theories of  is false in a part. Mangêzd (talk) 07:34, 15 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Also the words ἅπ‧τ‧ω ("ap‧t‧us"), ἅπ‧μ‧α, ἁπ‧σ‧ίς ("ap‧s‧is") are not written with H in Latin, I don't know if there is others ex‑ample of Greek terms with Rough‑breathing with‑out H in their Latin versions. Mangêzd (talk) 22:00, 21 June 2015 (UTC)

 * In my Belgian Walloon Bruxelles French Federation curriculum (at di‑stance : col‑lege level) of Ancient‑Greek, they say that this is an in‑dication of re‑moving... And I be‑lieve them, I don't know where they got this in‑formation... It is written in "Page 1 of series 6 of lesson 21.17 G of the curriculum of Greek n°066" for Di‑gamma (Vau) re‑moving & Page 3 of series 4 of lesson 21.10 G of curriculum of Greek n°066 for Sigma re‑moving... The PDF file of the chapter of the curriculum...

 * Since you seem to have know‑ledge about Ancient‑Qrêgu, do you know a page where all words (Doric, Ionian, Eolian, Attic) using Qoppa Ϙ ϙ / Ϟ ϟ are listed, I really need it for my works... Mangêzd (talk) 19:22, 22 June 2015 (UTC)


text:
vahas

Noun

 * 1) stencil for mimeograph printing

title: vahas