text: Category:Salar lemmas

title: Category:Salar lemmas


text: Category:Gallurese terms derived from Late Latin

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Category:Quimbaya language

title: Category:Quimbaya language


text: Category:Tzotzil palindromes

title: Category:Tzotzil palindromes


text: Category:Kumzari lemmas

title: Category:Kumzari lemmas


text: Category:Timbe lemmas

title: Category:Timbe lemmas


text: Category:Eastern Lawa language

title: Category:Eastern Lawa language


text: Category:Karankawa lemmas

title: Category:Karankawa lemmas


text: Category:Hungarian polite terms

title: Category:Hungarian polite terms


text: Category:Hijazi Arabic palindromes

title: Category:Hijazi Arabic palindromes


text: Category:Nivkh palindromes

title: Category:Nivkh palindromes


text: Category:da:Programming

title: Category:da:Programming


text: Category:Paunaca lemmas

title: Category:Paunaca lemmas


text: Category:Chamorro palindromes

title: Category:Chamorro palindromes


text: Category:Suki lemmas

title: Category:Suki lemmas


text: Category:Middle Welsh palindromes

title: Category:Middle Welsh palindromes


text: Category:Carapana palindromes

title: Category:Carapana palindromes


text: Category:Siona palindromes

title: Category:Siona palindromes


text: Category:Mbandja lemmas

title: Category:Mbandja lemmas


text: Category:Bole palindromes

title: Category:Bole palindromes


text: Category:Selungai Murut lemmas

title: Category:Selungai Murut lemmas


text: Category:Guajajára palindromes

title: Category:Guajajára palindromes


text: Category:Santa Catarina Albarradas Zapotec nouns


text: Category:Yerong lemmas

title: Category:Yerong lemmas


text: Category:Loxicha Zapotec numerals

title: Category:Loxicha Zapotec numerals


text: Category:Sahu nouns

title: Category:Sahu nouns


text: Category:Ama palindromes

title: Category:Ama palindromes


text: Category:Qabiao terms with IPA pronunciation


text: Category:Tuyuca palindromes

title: Category:Tuyuca palindromes


text: Category:Lamet language

title: Category:Lamet language


text: Category:Kumukio nouns

title: Category:Kumukio nouns


text: Category:Old Welsh palindromes

title: Category:Old Welsh palindromes


text: Category:Tidore nouns

title: Category:Tidore nouns


text: Category:Kinnauri language

title: Category:Kinnauri language


text: Category:Ipiko palindromes

title: Category:Ipiko palindromes


text: Category:Karachay-Balkar palindromes

title: Category:Karachay-Balkar palindromes


text: Category:Dutch Low Saxon palindromes

title: Category:Dutch Low Saxon palindromes


text: Category:Portuguese terms suffixed with -clasto


text: Category:Nisenan palindromes

title: Category:Nisenan palindromes


text: Category:Daai Chin nouns

title: Category:Daai Chin nouns


text: Category:Papiamentu palindromes

title: Category:Papiamentu palindromes


text: Category:Mongolian terms derived from Central Semitic languages


text: Category:Chamicuro palindromes

title: Category:Chamicuro palindromes


text: Category:Sui nouns

title: Category:Sui nouns


text: Category:Middle Vietnamese adjectives

title: Category:Middle Vietnamese adjectives


text: Category:Mbabaram palindromes

title: Category:Mbabaram palindromes


text: Category:Bokar palindromes

title: Category:Bokar palindromes


text: Category:Selk'nam palindromes

title: Category:Selk'nam palindromes


text: Category:Zay palindromes

title: Category:Zay palindromes


text: Category:Greek terms prefixed with αμφί-


text: Category:Santa Catarina Albarradas Zapotec lemmas


text: Category:Yemsa palindromes

title: Category:Yemsa palindromes


text: Category:Loxicha Zapotec lemmas

title: Category:Loxicha Zapotec lemmas


text: Category:Armenian polite terms

title: Category:Armenian polite terms


text: Category:Sahu lemmas

title: Category:Sahu lemmas


text: Category:White Gelao terms with IPA pronunciation


text: Category:Galician terms borrowed from Portuguese


text: Category:Vietnamese uncountable nouns

title: Category:Vietnamese uncountable nouns


text: Category:Finnish archaic forms

title: Category:Finnish archaic forms


text: Category:Acehnese palindromes

title: Category:Acehnese palindromes


text: Category:Qabiao nouns

title: Category:Qabiao nouns


text: Category:Lamang palindromes

title: Category:Lamang palindromes


text: Category:Kumukio lemmas

title: Category:Kumukio lemmas


text: Category:Old Turkic palindromes

title: Category:Old Turkic palindromes


text: Category:Jamaican Creole palindromes

title: Category:Jamaican Creole palindromes


text: Category:Tidore lemmas

title: Category:Tidore lemmas


text: Category:Kinalakna nouns

title: Category:Kinalakna nouns


text:
grünilik

Adjective

 * 1) greenish (color), somewhat green

title: grünilik


text: Category:Dupaningan Agta terms by prefix


text: Category:Highland Popoluca terms with IPA pronunciation


text: Category:Portuguese terms suffixed with -blasto


text: Category:Daai Chin lemmas

title: Category:Daai Chin lemmas


text: Category:duo:Military

title: Category:duo:Military


text: Category:Pochutec palindromes

title: Category:Pochutec palindromes


text: Category:Pamona palindromes

title: Category:Pamona palindromes


text: Category:Sui lemmas

title: Category:Sui lemmas


text: Category:Caló suffixes

title: Category:Caló suffixes


text: Category:Sicilian terms derived from Occitan


text: Category:Zirenkel nouns

title: Category:Zirenkel nouns


text: Category:Bokar language

title: Category:Bokar language


text: Category:Zari verbs

title: Category:Zari verbs


text: Category:Mak (China) nouns

title: Category:Mak (China) nouns


text: Category:Barngarla nouns

title: Category:Barngarla nouns


text:
czyść

Etymology
..

Verb

 * 1)  to read

title: czyść


text: Category:Yazghulami palindromes

title: Category:Yazghulami palindromes


text: Category:Saek nouns

title: Category:Saek nouns


text: Category:Fiji Hindi palindromes

title: Category:Fiji Hindi palindromes


text: Category:Red Gelao terms with IPA pronunciation


text: Category:Qabiao lemmas

title: Category:Qabiao lemmas


text: Category:Tucano palindromes

title: Category:Tucano palindromes


text: Category:Lakkia nouns

title: Category:Lakkia nouns


text: Category:Kulisusu palindromes

title: Category:Kulisusu palindromes


text: Category:Old Turkic conjunctions

title: Category:Old Turkic conjunctions


text: Category:Kinalakna lemmas

title: Category:Kinalakna lemmas


text: Category:E'ma Buyang terms with IPA pronunciation


text: Category:Ingush palindromes

title: Category:Ingush palindromes


text: Category:Kamang palindromes

title: Category:Kamang palindromes


text: Category:Dupaningan Agta terms inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian


text: Category:Huehuetla Tepehua language

title: Category:Huehuetla Tepehua language


text: Category:Dení palindromes

title: Category:Dení palindromes


text: Category:Portuguese terms prefixed with ana-


text: Category:Nigerian Pidgin palindromes

title: Category:Nigerian Pidgin palindromes


text: Category:duo:Medicine

title: Category:duo:Medicine


text: Category:Na language

title: Category:Na language


text: Category:Chuvash palindromes

title: Category:Chuvash palindromes


text: Category:Sialum nouns

title: Category:Sialum nouns


text: Category:Zirenkel lemmas

title: Category:Zirenkel lemmas


text: Category:Maybrat palindromes

title: Category:Maybrat palindromes


text: Category:Boano (Sulawesi) palindromes

title: Category:Boano (Sulawesi) palindromes


text: Category:mis-kas:Culture

title: Category:mis-kas:Culture


text: Category:Selepet lemmas

title: Category:Selepet lemmas


text: Category:Zari lemmas

title: Category:Zari lemmas


text: Category:Mak (China) lemmas

title: Category:Mak (China) lemmas


text: Category:Barngarla lemmas

title: Category:Barngarla lemmas


text: Category:Yareba palindromes

title: Category:Yareba palindromes


text: Category:Low German palindromes

title: Category:Low German palindromes


text: Category:Arigidi palindromes

title: Category:Arigidi palindromes


text: Category:Saek lemmas

title: Category:Saek lemmas


text: Category:Lauje palindromes

title: Category:Lauje palindromes


text: Category:Alemannic German polite terms

title: Category:Alemannic German polite terms


text: Category:Red Gelao nouns

title: Category:Red Gelao nouns


text: Category:Abaza palindromes

title: Category:Abaza palindromes


text: Suìxīng

title: Suìxīng


text: Category:Purari palindromes

title: Category:Purari palindromes


text: Category:Lakkia lemmas

title: Category:Lakkia lemmas


text: Category:Kott palindromes

title: Category:Kott palindromes


text: Category:Thao palindromes

title: Category:Thao palindromes


text: Category:E'ma Buyang nouns

title: Category:E'ma Buyang nouns


text: Category:Kalasha terms by semantic function


text: Category:Dupaningan Agta terms by usage

title: Category:Dupaningan Agta terms by usage


text: Category:Hruso language

title: Category:Hruso language


text: Category:Tejalapan Zapotec numerals

title: Category:Tejalapan Zapotec numerals


text: Category:Deccani language

title: Category:Deccani language


text: Category:Highland Popoluca nouns

title: Category:Highland Popoluca nouns


text: Category:Tacana palindromes

title: Category:Tacana palindromes


text: Category:Cun terms with IPA pronunciation


text: Category:Sialum lemmas

title: Category:Sialum lemmas


text: Category:Zinza nouns

title: Category:Zinza nouns


text: Category:Mauritian Creole palindromes

title: Category:Mauritian Creole palindromes


text: Category:mis-kas:All topics

title: Category:mis-kas:All topics


text: Category:Seim palindromes

title: Category:Seim palindromes


text: Category:Yurumanguí palindromes

title: Category:Yurumanguí palindromes


text: Category:Bamu palindromes

title: Category:Bamu palindromes


text: Category:Louisiana Creole palindromes

title: Category:Louisiana Creole palindromes


text: Category:Ari palindromes

title: Category:Ari palindromes


text: Category:Western Sisaala language

title: Category:Western Sisaala language


text: Category:Red Gelao lemmas

title: Category:Red Gelao lemmas


text: Category:Latgalian palindromes

title: Category:Latgalian palindromes


text: Category:Laha (Vietnam) terms with IPA pronunciation


text: Category:Totoli palindromes

title: Category:Totoli palindromes


text: Category:Koroni palindromes

title: Category:Koroni palindromes


text: Category:E'ma Buyang lemmas

title: Category:E'ma Buyang lemmas


text: Category:Ikizu language

title: Category:Ikizu language


text: Category:Oirata nouns

title: Category:Oirata nouns


text: Category:Dupaningan Agta palindromes

title: Category:Dupaningan Agta palindromes


text: Category:Tejalapan Zapotec lemmas

title: Category:Tejalapan Zapotec lemmas


text: Category:Dass nouns

title: Category:Dass nouns


text: Category:Highland Popoluca lemmas

title: Category:Highland Popoluca lemmas


text: Category:Tabasco Zoque numerals

title: Category:Tabasco Zoque numerals


text: Category:Cun nouns

title: Category:Cun nouns


text: Category:duo:Lifeforms

title: Category:duo:Lifeforms


text: Category:Mussau-Emira palindromes

title: Category:Mussau-Emira palindromes


text: Category:Chinook Jargon palindromes

title: Category:Chinook Jargon palindromes


text: Category:Zinza lemmas

title: Category:Zinza lemmas


text: Category:Bikol Central terms derived from Sinitic languages


text: Category:Secoya palindromes

title: Category:Secoya palindromes


text: Category:Yupiltepeque palindromes

title: Category:Yupiltepeque palindromes


text: Category:Mairasi nouns

title: Category:Mairasi nouns


text: Category:Loloda nouns

title: Category:Loloda nouns


text: Category:Aragonese palindromes

title: Category:Aragonese palindromes


text: Category:Sa palindromes

title: Category:Sa palindromes


text: Category:Rayón Zoque terms with IPA pronunciation


text: Category:Uri nouns

title: Category:Uri nouns


text: Category:Larestani nouns

title: Category:Larestani nouns


text:
Appendix:Tibetan pronunciation

See and  at Wikipedia for a thorough look at the sounds of Tibetan.

title: Appendix:Tibetan pronunciation


text: Category:Laha (Vietnam) nouns

title: Category:Laha (Vietnam) nouns


text: Category:Japanese terms derived from Eskimo-Aleut languages


text: Category:Tomini palindromes

title: Category:Tomini palindromes


text: Category:Koro (India) language

title: Category:Koro (India) language


text: Category:Enggano nouns

title: Category:Enggano nouns


text: Category:Igbo palindromes

title: Category:Igbo palindromes


text: Category:Oirata lemmas

title: Category:Oirata lemmas


text: Category:Dupaningan Agta conjunctions

title: Category:Dupaningan Agta conjunctions


text: Category:Dass lemmas

title: Category:Dass lemmas


text: Category:Tabasco Zoque lemmas

title: Category:Tabasco Zoque lemmas


text: Category:Cun lemmas

title: Category:Cun lemmas


text: Category:duo:Hunting

title: Category:duo:Hunting


text: Category:Phake terms with IPA pronunciation


text: Category:Muong palindromes

title: Category:Muong palindromes


text: Category:Modole nouns

title: Category:Modole nouns


text: Category:Central Franconian palindromes

title: Category:Central Franconian palindromes


text: Category:Bukawa language

title: Category:Bukawa language


text: Category:Sherdukpen language

title: Category:Sherdukpen language


text: Category:Zimakani nouns

title: Category:Zimakani nouns


text: Category:Bikol Central terms derived from Classical Nahuatl


text: Category:Mairasi lemmas

title: Category:Mairasi lemmas


text: Category:Sangisari entry maintenance

title: Category:Sangisari entry maintenance


text: Category:Loloda lemmas

title: Category:Loloda lemmas


text: Category:Rwanda-Rundi terms derived from Benue-Congo languages


text: Category:West Makian nouns

title: Category:West Makian nouns


text: Category:Uri lemmas

title: Category:Uri lemmas


text: Category:Larestani lemmas

title: Category:Larestani lemmas


text: Category:Laha (Vietnam) lemmas

title: Category:Laha (Vietnam) lemmas


text: Category:mi:Shrubs

title: Category:mi:Shrubs


text: Category:Koreguaje palindromes

title: Category:Koreguaje palindromes


text: Category:Enggano lemmas

title: Category:Enggano lemmas


text: Category:Ternate nouns

title: Category:Ternate nouns


text: Category:Kerewo palindromes

title: Category:Kerewo palindromes


text: Category:Old Georgian palindromes

title: Category:Old Georgian palindromes


text: Category:Tarifit palindromes

title: Category:Tarifit palindromes


text: Category:Nek nouns

title: Category:Nek nouns


text: Category:Cubeo palindromes

title: Category:Cubeo palindromes


text: Category:duo:Biology

title: Category:duo:Biology


text: Category:Phake nouns

title: Category:Phake nouns


text: Category:Mungkip nouns

title: Category:Mungkip nouns


text: Category:Palenquero palindromes

title: Category:Palenquero palindromes


text: Category:Modole lemmas

title: Category:Modole lemmas


text: Category:Central Dusun numerals

title: Category:Central Dusun numerals


text: Category:Bugun language

title: Category:Bugun language


text: Category:Shelta palindromes

title: Category:Shelta palindromes


text: Category:Zimakani lemmas

title: Category:Zimakani lemmas


text: Category:Bikol Central palindromes

title: Category:Bikol Central palindromes


text: Category:West Makian lemmas

title: Category:West Makian lemmas


text: Category:Ewe terms derived from Latin

title: Category:Ewe terms derived from Latin


text: Category:Rayón Zoque nouns

title: Category:Rayón Zoque nouns


text: Category:Upper Sorbian palindromes

title: Category:Upper Sorbian palindromes


text: Category:Lapaguía-Guivini Zapotec numerals


text: Category:Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-ьba


text: Category:Ladino palindromes

title: Category:Ladino palindromes


text: Category:Pahanan Agta terms inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian


text: Category:mi:Rocks

title: Category:mi:Rocks


text: Category:Old South Arabian palindromes

title: Category:Old South Arabian palindromes


text: Category:En nouns

title: Category:En nouns


text: Category:Ternate lemmas

title: Category:Ternate lemmas


text: Category:Old Frisian palindromes

title: Category:Old Frisian palindromes


text: Category:Proto-Germanic terms derived from Afroasiatic languages


text: Category:Jumaytepeque palindromes

title: Category:Jumaytepeque palindromes


text: Category:Dumi terms by etymology

title: Category:Dumi terms by etymology


text: Category:Taraon language

title: Category:Taraon language


text: Category:Nek lemmas

title: Category:Nek lemmas


text: Category:Crimean Gothic palindromes

title: Category:Crimean Gothic palindromes


text: Category:duo:Arthropods

title: Category:duo:Arthropods


text: Category:Phake lemmas

title: Category:Phake lemmas


text: Category:Mungkip lemmas

title: Category:Mungkip lemmas


text: Category:Chinali language

title: Category:Chinali language


text: Category:Palauan palindromes

title: Category:Palauan palindromes


text:
czso

Etymology
, a genitive case of. Cognate with 🇨🇬. .

Pronoun

 * 1) ; what?
 * 2) ; that what..., which, that

Conjunction

 * 1) ; that

title: czso


text:
干支

Noun

 * 1) The Chinese sexagenary cycle expressed as combinations of the ten heavenly stems and the twelve earthly branches.

Noun

 * 1) the sexagenary cycle (especially sixty-year cycle)

Etymology 2
The combination of 兄 (え, e; elder brother) and 弟 (と, to; younger brother); the original meaning is 兄弟 (brother). Derived from this term, the elder is adopted as "positive" and "heavenly stems", the younger is adopted as "negative" and "earthly branches".

Noun

 * 1) the sexagenary cycle (especially sixty-year cycle)
 * 2)  the twelve earthly branches
 * 1)  the twelve earthly branches

title: 干支


text: gānzhī

title: gānzhī


text:
花甲

Etymology
Named for the complicated pairings of the heavenly stems and the earthly branches in the names of the sixty years in the cycle.

Noun

 * 1) complete sexagenary cycle of the Chinese calendar
 * 2) sixty years of age

title: 花甲


text: huājiǎ

title: huājiǎ


text:
mądo

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) testicle

title: mądo


text:
窓辺

Etymology 1
Compound of.

Noun

 * 1) the area near a window, the vicinity of a window

Etymology 2
Either from, or coined in Japan from 🇨🇬-derived components.

Noun

 * 1) the area near a window, the vicinity of a window

Usage notes
This reading seems to be very rare.

title: 窓辺


text:
ɣrə

Noun

 * 1) water

title: ɣrə


text:
Talk:窓辺

Hi. Could you mind checking the yomi? Im not 100% it should be marked "irregular" but "へ" is not listed in 辺. --Anatoli T. (обсудить/вклад) 00:40, 30 August 2016 (UTC)
 * I don't know if Eirikr is available. Could you help with my question, please? --Anatoli T. (обсудить/вклад) 07:12, 30 August 2016 (UTC)
 * @Anatoli: I had a go at it. :)  HTH!  ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │Tala við mig 07:34, 30 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks! --Anatoli T. (обсудить/вклад) 07:37, 30 August 2016 (UTC)
 * lists べ as a kun-reading of 辺. There are also, , , etc. — T AKASUGI Shinji (talk) 10:32, 30 August 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:窓辺


text:
ndʐɿ⁵³

Noun

 * 1) water

title: ndʐɿ⁵³


text: bǐngyín

title: bǐngyín


text:
ɣəi⁵⁵

Etymology 1
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬 (< 🇨🇬), 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬. Compare 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) water

Etymology 2
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 ~ and 🇨🇬. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, Longchuan 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to laugh

title: ɣəi⁵⁵


text:
colj

Etymology
From, from , of origin. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) testicle, ball

title: colj


text: coljiu

title: coljiu


text: coalji

title: coalji


text: autón

title: autón


text: dīngmǎo

title: dīngmǎo


text: wùchén

title: wùchén


text: dīnghài

title: dīnghài


text: villamosokon

title: villamosokon


text: dīngyǒu

title: dīngyǒu


text:
grünön

Etymology
Borrowed from >.

Verb

 * 1)  to be green

title: grünön


text:
keynesianisme

Etymology
Borrowed from, from.

Noun

 * 1)  Keynesianism

title: keynesianisme


text: keynesianismen

title: keynesianismen


text: keynesianismes

title: keynesianismes


text: keynesianismens

title: keynesianismens


text:
grünikön

Etymology
Borrowed from >  >.

Verb

 * 1)  to become green, turn green

title: grünikön


text:
keynesiansk

Adjective

 * 1)  Keynesian

title: keynesiansk


text: vonatokon

title: vonatokon


text: keynesianske

title: keynesianske


text: autókon

title: autókon


text: repülőgépeken

title: repülőgépeken


text: jiàngjià

title: jiàngjià


text: jiànglín

title: jiànglín


text: liúliàn

title: liúliàn


text: nìliú

title: nìliú


text: niándù

title: niándù


text: qiánghuà

title: qiánghuà


text: ràngbù

title: ràngbù


text: rècháo

title: rècháo


text: réngé

title: réngé


text:
bookflap

Noun

 * 1) The inner part of a book jacket wrapping around a book cover.

title: bookflap


text: rénjūn

title: rénjūn


text: bookflaps

title: bookflaps


text:
黏度

Noun

 * 1)  viscosity

title: 黏度


text: repülnek

title: repülnek


text: MoE

title: MoE


text: MOE

title: MOE


text:
jeis

Noun

 * 1) water

Noun

 * 1) water

title: jeis


text: sloggings

title: sloggings


text:
grünükön

Etymology
Borrowed from >  >.

Verb

 * 1)  to make (something) green, turn (something) green

title: grünükön


text: dūcù

title: dūcù


text: dúxìng

title: dúxìng


text: dúcái

title: dúcái


text: duǎnchu

title: duǎnchu


text: Hànjiān

title: Hànjiān


text: hànzāi

title: hànzāi


text: hángbān

title: hángbān


text: láifǎng

title: láifǎng


text: qiānwǎ

title: qiānwǎ


text: qiàtán

title: qiàtán


text: qìxiè

title: qìxiè


text: qiānjiù

title: qiānjiù


text: qiānxùn

title: qiānxùn


text: qiānfā

title: qiānfā


text: qiānmíng

title: qiānmíng


text: qiānshǔ

title: qiānshǔ


text: qiānzhèng

title: qiānzhèng


text: qiánchéng

title: qiánchéng


text: qǔzi

title: qǔzi


text: qūzhú

title: qūzhú


text: qūfú

title: qūfú


text: qūshì

title: qūshì


text: qǔdài

title: qǔdài


text: quándōu

title: quándōu


text: quánhuì

title: quánhuì


text: quánjí

title: quánjí


text: 牽就

title: 牽就


text: 牵就

title: 牵就


text: folyókon

title: folyókon


text:
屈伏

Etymology
Alternative spelling of, replacing the character that is more often used in Japanese to mean , , with the homophonous  character that means ,  down. See the entry for more details.

Noun

 * : surrender, submission, or subjection
 * : prostration, kowtowing

Verb

 * : to surrender, submit, or subject oneself
 * : to prostrate oneself

title: 屈伏


text: épületen

title: épületen


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷey-

Root

 * 1) to win, to conquer
 * 2) force

Derived terms

 * *gʷéy-eti
 * *gʷéy-t ~ *gʷy-ént
 * *gʷe-gʷóy-e ~ *gʷe-gʷy-ḗr
 * *gʷéy-onts
 * *gʷey-ós
 * Ionic Greek:
 * *gʷi-tós
 * *gʷéy-onts
 * *gʷey-ós
 * Ionic Greek:
 * *gʷi-tós
 * *gʷey-ós
 * Ionic Greek:
 * *gʷi-tós
 * Ionic Greek:
 * *gʷi-tós
 * *gʷi-tós
 * *gʷi-tós
 * *gʷi-tós
 * *gʷi-tós


text: vízen

title: vízen


text: tengeren

title: tengeren


text: qūzhújiàn

title: qūzhújiàn


text: zhōngquánhuì

title: zhōngquánhuì


text:
arong

Noun

 * 1) mole

title: arong


text:
füvön

Etymology
From the füv- stem of.

title: füvön


text:
triangulist

Noun

 * 1) A person who plays the triangle.

title: triangulist


text: fekszenek

title: fekszenek


text:
bakilid

Noun

 * 1) steep slope
 * 2)  cliff

Etymology
Probably, probably a corruption of.

Noun

 * 1) a steep slope

Adjective

 * 1) slanted or sloping; aslope

Noun

 * 1) hill

Adjective

 * 1) hilly

title: bakilid


text: triangulists

title: triangulists


text:
umom

Noun

 * 1) nightmare
 * 2) manner of stuffing something in one's mouth

Verb

 * 1) to stuff something in one's mouth

title: umom


text:
🗮

Etymology
A balloon with a jagged outline, with a tail pointing to the character who is screaming.

Usage notes
This is called or  in English.


text:
anger balloon

Noun

 * 1)  A balloon with a jagged outline, containing words angrily screamed by a character.

title: anger balloon


text: anger bubble

title: anger bubble


text: anger balloons

title: anger balloons


text: anger bubbles

title: anger bubbles


text:
ไบต์

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) byte.

title: ไบต์


text: 灰绿藜

title: 灰绿藜


text:
灰綠藜

Noun

 * (, syn. )

title: 灰綠藜


text:
tingog

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  voice

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) voice
 * 2) sound; noise
 * 1) sound; noise

title: tingog


text:
กิโลไบต์

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) kilobyte.

title: กิโลไบต์


text:
katalingkasan

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) freedom; liberty
 * 2) independence
 * 1) independence

title: katalingkasan


text:
ngabil

Noun

 * 1)  lip

Noun

 * 1)   lips

Noun

 * 1)  lip

title: ngabil


text: Yǎdiǎn

title: Yǎdiǎn


text:
hagbayon

Noun

 * 1) young man; adolescent

title: hagbayon


text:
guragod

Adjective

 * 1)  old

title: guragod


text:
gyey

Noun

 * 1) water

title: gyey


text:
infundibuliformly

Adverb

 * 1) In an infundibuliform way; conically.
 * 2) * 1961, Albert Pilát & Otto Us̆ák, Mushrooms and Other Fungi, P. Nevill - The California University Press, page 24
 * The cap is fleshy, glabelliform, at the margin undulating and lobate to infundibuliformly enrolled, glabrous, damp to viscid, in the depression formed where the stem expands into the cap on one side it is white floccosely tomentose.
 * 1) * 2010, N. G. Ravichandra, Plant Nematology, Department of Plant Pathology - The University of Agricultural Sciences Press, page 620
 * Esophageal Funnel is a situation anterior in which the tips of the esophageal sectors are parted infundibuliformly.
 * 1) * 1881, J. Vick, Vick's Illustrated Monthly Magazine - Volume 4, Rochester Publishing - New York, page 341
 * The characteristical train of this new form is that the corollas of the wreath as well as that of the disk of the flower-head are transformed into much prolonged, infundibuliformly enlarged.
 * 1) * 1904, E.J. Brill, Siboga-Expeditie: uitkomsten op zoölogisch, botanisch, oceanographisch, en geologisch gebied : verzameld in de Oost-Indische archipel 1899-1900 aan boord H.M. Siboga onder commando van G.F. Tydeman - Volumes 60 to 62, The Iowa University Press, page 200
 * Another plant of the same gathering, an infundibuliformly peltate example.
 * 1) * 1975, Charles Egolf Clifton, Annual Review of Microbiology - Volume 19, Annual Reviews Inc. - The Michigan University Press, page 85
 * The thick, hollow tubes observed on Agrobacterium measuring sp., 400-600 A wide and up to 3 fim long, are infundibuliformly attached to the cell surface.

title: infundibuliformly


text:
Celticus

Adjective

 * 1) Celtic

Noun

 * 1) the Celtic nation, the land of the Celts
 * 2)  the Celtic language

title: Celticus


text: boașă

title: boașă


text:
Celticum

Etymology
Elliptic form of.

Proper noun

 * 1) the Celtic nation, the Celts

title: Celticum


text:
boashã

Etymology
. Compare 🇨🇬,.

Noun

 * 1) testicle

title: boashã


text:
Celtici

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * 1) the Celts
 * 2) the peoples dwelling in the coastal areas of Galicia, in the Iberian peninsula, at the beginning of the common era, specifically these tribes:
 * 3) the Celtici Supertamarci
 * 4) the Celtici Praestamarci
 * 5) the Neri
 * 6) the Artabri
 * 7) the Cileni

title: Celtici


text:
早操

Noun

 * 1) morning exercises

title: 早操


text: zǎocāo

title: zǎocāo


text:
貧困陷阱

Noun

 * 1) poverty trap

title: 貧困陷阱


text: 贫困陷阱

title: 贫困陷阱


text: pínkùn xiànjǐng

title: pínkùn xiànjǐng


text:
gamgam

Etymology
Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  bird

Noun

 * 1) witch

Noun

 * 1) bird

title: gamgam


text: jiānnán

title: jiānnán


text:
呼吸窘迫

Noun

 * 1)  respiratory distress

title: 呼吸窘迫


text: hūxī jiǒngpò

title: hūxī jiǒngpò


text: jiǒngpò

title: jiǒngpò


text: けいじばん

title: けいじばん


text: keijiban

title: keijiban


title: kau3


text:
valley fold

Noun

 * 1)  A fold where a portion of the paper is pushed to the front of the rest of the paper, usually marked with a traced line:.

title: valley fold


text:
mountain fold

Noun

 * 1)  A fold where a portion of paper is pushed behind the rest of the paper, usually marked with a line pattern comprising one dash and two dots: -··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-.

title: mountain fold


text: valley folds

title: valley folds


text: mountain folds

title: mountain folds


title: kau4


text:
Talk:釦

Is 扣 really only a variant here? I feel like if anything it should be the other way around ("釦分" seems weird) —suzukaze (t・c) 04:27, 30 August 2016 (UTC)
 * There's a difference between 釦 and 扣 in traditional Chinese. AFAIK, the last three definitions that User:Atitarev put shouldn't be here. 釦分 is definitely wrong. — justin(r)leung { (t...) 06:10, 30 August 2016 (UTC)
 * I may have stuffed this up. Please fix as you see fit. My source for the change was Pleco dictionary. Please also check 門釦, 門扣, 门扣--Anatoli T. (обсудить/вклад) 06:58, 30 August 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:釦


text:
---

Letter

 * 1)  (Latin)
 * 2)  (Cyrillic)

Punctuation mark

 * 1)  em dash.


title: kau5


text:
cowboy shower

Noun

 * 1)  A simple shower in a horse trailer's living area to remove the dirt and grime associated with working around livestock.
 * 2) * 2015 Aug. 15, Stephen Louie “Hosspuller”, "A Cowboy Shower for your Horse Trailer," mrtruck.com (retrieved 11 Sep 2016) :
 * A “cowboy” shower usually means a shower set up in the horse area of a trailer. Cowboy showers may be warm or cold water.
 * 1)  A simple shower in a mudroom to remove the grime from the outdoors and the workday, before entering into a home or ranchhouse.

title: cowboy shower


text:
Talk:ཆུ

Fr.Wikt, citing Huang Bufan, gives an Arik / Xiahe Amdo pronunciation /tɕhə/ and a Batang Kham pronunciation /tɕhʊ⁵³/. - -sche (discuss) 04:40, 30 August 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:ཆུ


text:
γογγυλοκράμβη

Noun

 * 1) kohlrabi

title: γογγυλοκράμβη


text: γογγυλοκράμβης

title: γογγυλοκράμβης


text: γογγυλοκράμβες

title: γογγυλοκράμβες


text:
karaan

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) ancient; very old
 * 2)  as though belonging to a previous era

title: karaan


text: λαχανίδας

title: λαχανίδας


text: λαχανιδών

title: λαχανιδών


text:
λαχανίδες

Noun

 * 1) spring greens
 * 1) spring greens

title: λαχανίδες


text: 屯留

title: 屯留


text:
ασκαλώνιο

Noun

 * 1) shallot
 * 2)  spring onion, scallion

title: ασκαλώνιο


text:
屠刀

Noun

 * 1) butcher's knife

title: 屠刀


text: ασκαλώνιου

title: ασκαλώνιου


text: ασκαλώνιων

title: ασκαλώνιων


text: ασκαλώνια

title: ασκαλώνια


text: 共鸣弦

title: 共鸣弦


text: 共鳴絃

title: 共鳴絃


text:
共鳴弦

Noun

 * 1)  sympathetic string

title: 共鳴弦


text: αρακάδες

title: αρακάδες


text:
User:GeorgeV73GT

Hello!

This is George V73GT!

I am an West Coast American Born Native English speaker.

I also have a toddler's vocabulary in Cebuano, and Filipino. I am fluent in dit dahdit dahdahdit ditdahditdit ditdit ditditdit ditditdit   ditdit dandit dah dit ditdahdit dahdit ditdah ditdahditdit    dahdah dahdahdah ditdahdit ditditdit dit    dahditdahdit dahdahdah dahditdit dit   with a fluency nearly equivalent to my English.

I have also been, WN6VPS, WB6VPS, ZD8GT, ZD7GT, ZD9CR, XZ0A (as a Team Member ... 160 meter World Record still stands!) and am currently AH8H! I have also operated from TU2YJ.

I do some coding, mainly in ancient/archaic languages like GWBasic, and MBasic. My current love is LABVIEW! I am beginning to learn (and teach my Daughter Georgene) the programming language "Scratch" Go GUI programming! See http://www.ni.com and http://scratch.mit.edu.

Feel free to contact me here at Wikionary.

Aloha!

Thank you for reading!

George V73GT George DU9/AH8H George AH8H George ZD8GT George ZD9CR

.

title: User:GeorgeV73GT


text: κράμβης

title: κράμβης


text: κράμβες

title: κράμβες


text: λάπατου

title: λάπατου


text: λάπατων

title: λάπατων


text: λάπατα

title: λάπατα


text: gnostic atheist

title: gnostic atheist


text: gnostic atheists

title: gnostic atheists


text:
committing magistrate

Noun

 * 1) A magistrate with the authority to conduct preliminary hearings and to decide whether the evidence merits a criminal case.

title: committing magistrate


text:
Soneca

Etymology
From. Possibly inspired by, the name given to the dwarf Sleepy in the Portuguese dub of.

Proper noun

 * 1) Sleepy

title: Soneca


text:
plain saw

Alternative forms

 * plain-saw

Verb

 * 1)  To cut into boards using parallel cuts that are tangential to the growth rings.

Noun

 * 1) A saw in which the blade has teeth with no pitch.

title: plain saw


text:
νταϊκόν

Noun

 * 1) daikon, mooli

title: νταϊκόν


text: plain saws

title: plain saws


text: plain sawing

title: plain sawing


text: plain sawed

title: plain sawed


text:
揭示板

Noun

 * 1) bulletin board

title: 揭示板


text: plain sawn

title: plain sawn


text: chapéus-de-chuva

title: chapéus-de-chuva


text: plain-saw

title: plain-saw


text: plain-saws

title: plain-saws


text: plain-sawing

title: plain-sawing


text: plain-sawed

title: plain-sawed


text: plain-sawn

title: plain-sawn


text:
ντοματιά

Noun

 * 1) tomato plant

title: ντοματιά


text:
น่าน

Proper noun

 * 1) (จังหวัด~)

Noun

 * 1) territory.

title: น่าน


text: ντοματιάς

title: ντοματιάς


text: ντοματιών

title: ντοματιών


text: ντοματιές

title: ντοματιές


text:
entardecer

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to become late or close to night

Conjugation

 * Note: Normally impersonal only, but sometimes used figuratively.

Noun

 * 1) evening the transition period between afternoon and night

title: entardecer


text: entardeceres

title: entardeceres


text: τομάτα

title: τομάτα


text: τοματιά

title: τοματιά


text: τοματιάς

title: τοματιάς


text: τοματιών

title: τοματιών


text: τοματιές

title: τοματιές


text: τομάτας

title: τομάτας


text: τομάτες

title: τομάτες


text:
μπιζελιά

Noun

 * 1) pea plant

title: μπιζελιά


text: μπιζελιάς

title: μπιζελιάς


text: μπιζελιές

title: μπιζελιές


text:
ซิ่ง

Etymology
Shortened from.

Verb

 * 1)  to go fast, to drive fast

title: ซิ่ง


text:
ajjix

Noun

 * 1)  water

title: ajjix


text:
infundibuliformity

Noun

 * 1) The state or quality of being infundibuliform; conicity.
 * 2) * 1991, Patrick Pollard, André Gide: Homosexual Moralist, The Yale University Press - New Haven • London, page 100
 * Physical deformation of the anus, or infundibuliformity, will often betray members of this class, he remarks.
 * 1) * 1957, Bedřich Bouček, The Dendroid Graptolites of the Silurian of Bohemia, ČSAV - The Ohio State University Press, page 72
 * Mostly the view of the posterior side is preserved, i. e. turned away from the apertural side, which is turned towards the interior of the infundibuliform rhabdosome. The infundibuliformity of the rhabdosome is indicated by the fact that at a distance of 2 – 4mm.
 * 1) * 1984, Department of English, Ascent - Volume 10 - Issue 1, The Illinois University Press • The California University Press, page 59
 * Only a normal vision could read the signs and sense the funnel- ness of the scene— its infundibuliformity, as John knew to call it. John didn't know what faulty vision saw — blurs, probably.

title: infundibuliformity


text:
ซิง

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1)  new, fresh
 * 2)  virgin

title: ซิง


text: 一阵间

title: 一阵间


text:
창턱

Etymology
+

Noun

 * 1) windowsill

title: 창턱


title: kam1


title: kam4


text:
まどべ

Noun

 * 1)  the area near a window, the vicinity of a window

title: まどべ


text: madobe

title: madobe


text:
Talk:beland

RFV discussion: August 2016
DTLHS (talk) 23:35, 17 August 2016 (UTC)
 * I tried to look for it: I looked at Century and A New English Dictionary and I couldn't find it. Not on Google Books either. I think it's safe to just can the English entry and move it straighaway to Middle English. Yes ? Leasnam (talk) 00:00, 18 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Move to ME . DCDuring TALK 00:24, 18 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Move 'cause even the creator thinks so! Equinox ◑ 00:31, 18 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Done. Leasnam (talk) 00:39, 18 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Stricken because the creator Leasnam has made the move. Equinox ◑ 03:47, 18 August 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:beland


text:
一陣間

Adverb

 * 1) for a little while; for a short while
 * 2) in a little while; soon; later
 * 1) in a little while; soon; later

title: 一陣間


title: kam2


text:
窓台

Noun

 * 1) windowsill

title: 窓台


text:
štóla

Etymology 1
, from, from , which is from.

Noun

 * 1) stole priest's garment, a stripe of cloth worn around the neck and shoulders
 * 2) stole ladie's scarf-like garment, often made of fur
 * 3) payment given to Christian priests for various liturgical acts such as weddings or funerals
 * 1) payment given to Christian priests for various liturgical acts such as weddings or funerals
 * 1) payment given to Christian priests for various liturgical acts such as weddings or funerals

Etymology 2
, from, from.

Noun

 * 1) stollen

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) stola
 * 2) stole

title: štóla


title: kam5


text:
verlaangen

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  to demand, to expect, to require
 * 2)  to desire

title: verlaangen


text:
Verlaangen

Etymology
From the verb.

Noun

 * 1) desire, longing

title: Verlaangen


text:
Entschloss

Etymology
From the verb, after.

Noun

 * 1) resolve, will, determination

title: Entschloss


text:
外貌協會

Etymology
A pun based on the phrase ; see ,

Noun

 * 1)  “association” of people who judge others based solely on appearance; obsession with appearance; superficiality; shallowness; lookism

title: 外貌協會


text: 外貌协会

title: 外貌协会


text: wàimào xiéhuì

title: wàimào xiéhuì


text: wàimào

title: wàimào


text:
外貿

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) foreign trade; external trade

title: 外貿


text: 外贸

title: 外贸


text:
Citations:gutbread

gut bread

 * Note: This is a children's book; it is not entirely clear from the limited context available whether the term gut bread was used in its technical sense.
 * 1928, Thomas Barlow Wood; Leslie Frank Newman, Beef Production in Great Britain, Liverpool: R. Silcock & Sons, 504869788, page 27:
 * (3) The throat bread (thyroid gland)
 * (4) The heart bread (thymus gland) $$\Biggr\}$$ These form a "set" of sweetbreads.
 * (5) The gut bread (pancreas)
 * (3) The throat bread (thyroid gland)
 * (4) The heart bread (thymus gland) $$\Biggr\}$$ These form a "set" of sweetbreads.
 * (5) The gut bread (pancreas)

title: Citations:gutbread


text:
herrlech

Etymology
From, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) magnificent, glorious, wonderful

title: herrlech


text:
Herrlechkeet

Etymology
From, after.

Noun

 * 1) glory, wonder, splendour

title: Herrlechkeet


text:
ta'na꞉n

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) water (for drinking)

title: ta'na꞉n


text: -keet

title: -keet


title: kan5


text:
Gnod

Etymology
From, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) mercy

title: Gnod


text: sandálias havaianas

title: sandálias havaianas


text:
geliştirici

Etymology
Derived from.

Noun

 * 1)  developer

title: geliştirici


text:
adat hik

Verb

 * 1) To become accustomed to, used to, habitual.

title: adat hik


text:
geliştiriciyi

Etymology
From.

title: geliştiriciyi


text: geliştiriciler

title: geliştiriciler


text: Wourecht

title: Wourecht


text:
adat karik

Verb

 * 1) To cause something, an act, to become habitual.

title: adat karik


text: nasjonalisten

title: nasjonalisten


text:
Optrieden

Etymology
From the verb.

Noun

 * 1) behaviour, conduct

title: Optrieden


text:
مقلب

Etymology 1
from the root.

Noun

 * 1) dumpster

Noun

 * 1) prank

Etymology 1
From.

Noun

 * 1) prank

Etymology 2
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  flipped

title: مقلب


text: nasjonalister

title: nasjonalister


text: nasjonalistene

title: nasjonalistene


text: nasjonalistar

title: nasjonalistar


text: nasjonalistane

title: nasjonalistane


text:
wieli

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1)  great, large, big
 * 2)  large, big
 * 3) large, big
 * 4)  big
 * 1) large, big
 * 2)  big
 * 1)  big

title: wieli


text:
Turdetani

Noun

 * 1)  A tribe of Hispania Baetica who lived near the Turduli.

Proper noun

 * 1) A tribe of Hispania Baetica who lived near the Turduli.

title: Turdetani


text:
lić

Noun

 * 1)  billow, current, torrent

Etymology 2
From.

Conjunction
conj

 * 1)  ; if
 * 2)  ; whether
 * 1)  ; whether

title: lić


text:
Obulco

Etymology
Borrowed from name (possibly specifically ), with  perhaps influenced by the common Latin prefix.

Proper noun

 * , partially excavated in the southern part of the present-day village of Porcuna, to which it gives its name, approximately 40 mīlle passūs east of Corduba

title: Obulco


text:
leść

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  guile, cunning

title: leść


text: paddleboaters

title: paddleboaters


text: czrzoda

title: czrzoda


text:
Ripa

Etymology
form of.

Proper noun

 * 1)  Paris

title: Ripa


text:
trumfkort

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a trump card

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a trump card

title: trumfkort


text: mołwa

title: mołwa


text:
Onuba

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * 1) An ancient town of the, in , corresponding to present-day.

title: Onuba


text:
有翼

Noun

 * 1) winged

title: 有翼


text:
ゆうよく

Noun

 * 1)  cruising, patrolling
 * 2)  winged

Verb

 * 1)  cruise, patrol

title: ゆうよく


text: yūyoku

title: yūyoku


text: gelişmeme

title: gelişmeme


text: gelişmemeyi

title: gelişmemeyi


text: gelişmemeler

title: gelişmemeler


text:
oniros

Etymology
Borrowed from, due to its soporific qualities.

Noun

 * 1) The wild poppy

title: oniros


text: alijáznak

title: alijáznak


text: Carbula

title: Carbula


text:
遊弋

Noun

 * 1) cruising, patrolling

Verb

 * 1) cruise, patrol

title: 遊弋


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 弋

title: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 弋


text:
cyflym

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) fast, quick

Usage notes
As well as the irregular forms above, cyflym has more colloquial alternatives to the comparative and equative degrees, cyflymach and cyflymaf respectively. These are frequently used, especially due as the forms above have several meanings, e.g. cynted can mean "faster" or "as soon", cyntaf means "fastest" or "first".

title: cyflym


text:
carchesium

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) carchesium, a kind of Greek cup or beaker particularly used for wine and ritual libations
 * 2) masthead, particularly as used for tackle, an early kind of crow's nest, and to act as a crane during loading and unloading

title: carchesium


text: trumfkortet

title: trumfkortet


text: Detumo

title: Detumo


text: czrześnia

title: czrześnia


text: trumfkorta

title: trumfkorta


text: trumfkortene

title: trumfkortene


text:
pyffyer

Noun

 * 1) dolphin

title: pyffyer


text: pyffyers

title: pyffyers


text: gut-breads

title: gut-breads


text:
dolffin

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) dolphin (cetaceans of suborder, especially family )
 * 2) dauphin

title: dolffin


text: gut breads

title: gut breads


text:
chrzbiet

Etymology
..

Noun

 * 1) back

title: chrzbiet


text: dolffiniaid

title: dolffiniaid


text:
au pied de la lettre

Etymology
lit. 'on the foot of the letter'. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 or 🇨🇬.

Adverb

 * 1) to the letter, literally

title: au pied de la lettre


text:
kimofal

Etymology
Compound of, who + , "o" (vocative marker) + , case

Noun

 * 1) vocative case, vocative

title: kimofal


text: Citations:proto-indoeurópai

title: Citations:proto-indoeurópai


text: Citations:Trianon-szindróma

title: Citations:Trianon-szindróma


text:
todelt

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) two-piece

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) two-piece

title: todelt


text:
malabi

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  A type of Middle Eastern pudding made with milk and rice flour, flavoured with rosewater or other ingredients.

Usage notes

 * The term "malabi" is primarily used in Israeli contexts or by Israeli authors. In other Middle Eastern traditions, the dish may be referred to as or.

Noun

 * 1) large clay pot

title: malabi


text:
makkak

Adjective

 * 1) bitter

title: makkak


text:
madiket

Noun

 * 1) bachelorette; unmarried woman, especially a young one

title: madiket


text:
malagi

Noun

 * 1) large mullet fish

title: malagi


text: Citations:szemléz

title: Citations:szemléz


text:
malinganay

Noun

 * 1) kind of dark-colored fruit that grows on trees

title: malinganay


text:
malasag

Noun

 * 1) ghost

title: malasag


text:
mangilen

Noun

 * 1) ghost

title: mangilen


text:
forsveier

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1)  to mislead; to sidetrack; to misguide

title: forsveier


text: Category:Old French terms prefixed with for-


text:
mitak

Noun

 * 1) sleep; rheum found in the corner of the eyes

title: mitak


text:
magmunas

Verb

 * 1) to scratch an itch

title: magmunas


text: Category:Dupaningan Agta verbs

title: Category:Dupaningan Agta verbs


text:
magmula

Verb

 * 1) to plant crops

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to begin from; to start from
 * 2) to come from
 * 1) to come from

title: magmula


text: todelte

title: todelte


text:
namaw

Noun

 * 1) reef

title: namaw


text:
magnakam

Verb

 * 1) to think

title: magnakam


text:
digdig

Noun

 * 1) side; edge

title: digdig


text:
digi

Noun

 * 1)  A scale (weighing device) with a digital readout.

Noun

 * 1) blood

Etymology
From

Noun

 * 1) mirror, glass

title: digi


text:
dumigi

Verb

 * 1) to bleed

title: dumigi


text:
magdigi

Verb

 * 1) to menstruate

title: magdigi


text:
madiklam

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) dark (said of the sky)

title: madiklam


text:
dilenas

Noun

 * 1) any rocky surface, man-made or natural

title: dilenas


text:
dangli

Noun

 * 1) any rocky surface, man-made or natural

title: dangli


text:
dibbew

Noun

 * 1) top; surface

title: dibbew


text:
madideg

Adjective

 * 1) red

title: madideg


text:
magdulaw

Verb

 * 1) to shout; to call out

title: magdulaw


text:
madiyag

Noun

 * 1) food

title: madiyag


text:
umesbu

Verb

 * 1) to urinate

title: umesbu


text:
magenak

Verb

 * 1) to give birth

title: magenak


text:
umemad

Verb

 * 1) to smile

title: umemad


text:
maggabben

Verb

 * 1) to sneeze

title: maggabben


text:
gabbu

Noun

 * 1) mucus; head cold

Etymology
Akin to 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to wrestle

title: gabbu


text:
gumahut

Verb

 * 1) to borrow money

title: gumahut


text:
magdiyag

Verb

 * 1) to eat

title: magdiyag


text:
magdurog

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to sleep together
 * 2)  to commit adultery

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to stay close together, to live together, to sleep next to, to be side by side

title: magdurog


text:
umebbar

Verb

 * 1) to fly

title: umebbar


text:
umeknod

Verb

 * 1) to sit

title: umeknod


text:
kagesngaw

Noun

 * 1) harelipped person

title: kagesngaw


text:
gilot

Noun

 * 1) rope

title: gilot


text:
freter

Etymology
. See.

Verb

 * 1) to fret (decorate with an interlacing pattern)

title: freter


text:
maggasak

Verb

 * 1) to die

title: maggasak


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Brythonic/kedor

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) pubic hair

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Brythonic/kedor


text:
gotam

Noun

 * 1) generic name for ocean fish (word unknown to inland dialect speakers)

title: gotam


text:
maggulam

Verb

 * 1) to play

title: maggulam


text:
maggunak

Verb

 * 1) to have sexual intercourse

title: maggunak


text:
gumutap

Verb

 * 1) to dive into water

title: gumutap


text:
agnogenic myeloid metaplasia

Noun

 * 1)  (primary) myelofibrosis

title: agnogenic myeloid metaplasia


text:
maghaldu

Verb

 * 1) to hiccup

title: maghaldu


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Brythonic/llew

Etymology
Borrowed from. Parallel borrowing with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) lion

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Brythonic/llew


text:
ipas

Noun

 * 1) cockroach
 * 2) bedbug

Etymology
From, from. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) cockroach

title: ipas


text:
islip

Noun

 * 1) goggles

Etymology 1
, possibly from or.

Noun

 * 1) slip

Etymology 2
, possibly from.

Noun

 * 1) slip

title: islip


text:
kumaget

Verb

 * 1) to bite

title: kumaget


text:
magkagi

Verb

 * 1) to speak; to talk

title: magkagi


text:
kumagi

Verb

 * 1) to make noise

title: kumagi


text:
makagi

Adjective

 * 1) talkative

title: makagi


text:
magkaddut

Verb

 * 1) to pinch

title: magkaddut


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Brythonic/ɨβ

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) drinker

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Brythonic/ɨβ


text:
kankanen

Noun

 * 1) sweet bread

title: kankanen


text:
opschloen

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to open (a newspaper, a book, etc.)
 * 2)  to hit, to strike
 * 3)  to serve, to pitch

title: opschloen


text:
paragkanan

Noun

 * 1) table

title: paragkanan


text:
kalding

Noun

 * 1) goat

Noun

 * 1) goat

Noun

 * 1) goat

title: kalding


text:
sammenhengende

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) cohesive, continuous, coherent, contiguous (?)

Adverb

 * 1) continuously, non-stop

title: sammenhengende


text:
giray

Noun

 * 1) finger
 * 2) toe

title: giray


text:
gumisan

Verb

 * 1) to scoot over; to back up

title: gumisan


text: Citations:Top Ten

title: Citations:Top Ten


text:
amogud

Noun

 * 1) forest, jungle, woods, remote area, mountains

title: amogud


text: Citations:neolatin

title: Citations:neolatin


text: Citations:gallego

title: Citations:gallego


text:
taknag

Noun

 * 1) ambush; raid

title: taknag


text:
mataklaw

Adjective

 * 1) brave; fearless

title: mataklaw


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Brythonic/lluɨd

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) grey

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Brythonic/lluɨd


text:
taklab

Noun

 * 1) granary

title: taklab


text:
tarong

Noun

 * 1) eggplant

Noun

 * 1) eggplant

Noun

 * 1) eggplant

Noun

 * 1) eggplant

Etymology
. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) eggplant

Etymology
Compare 🇨🇬 or.

Noun

 * 1) the plant
 * 2) the fruit of this plant; aubergine; eggplant

title: tarong


text:
taryaw

Noun

 * 1) plate for eating

title: taryaw


text:
matangtang

Adjective

 * 1) burnt (said of rice)

title: matangtang


text:
tapaw

Noun

 * 1) waterfall

title: tapaw


text:
magtelad

Verb

 * 1) to wipe anus

title: magtelad


text:
tennon

Noun

 * 1) clothes; shirt

title: tennon


text:
tolay

Noun

 * 1) person

title: tolay


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Brythonic/nėθ

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) niece

Descendants

 * Middle Breton:
 * Old Welsh:
 * Old Welsh:
 * Old Welsh:
 * Old Welsh:
 * Old Welsh:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Brythonic/nėθ


text:
tolnak

Noun

 * 1) stake; pole; post

title: tolnak


text: Citations:zugdohányos

title: Citations:zugdohányos


text:
toblol

Noun

 * 1) lie; untruth

title: toblol


text:
tukak

Noun

 * 1) frog

Noun

 * 1) frog

Noun

 * 1) frog

Noun

 * 1) frog

title: tukak


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Brythonic/o

Etymology
From, from.

Preposition

 * 1) from

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Brythonic/o


text:
tungu

Noun

 * 1) firewood; anything used to fuel a fire

Noun

 * 1) juice (from fruits or berries)

Noun

 * 1) firewood

title: tungu


text:
kotorászik

Verb

 * 1)  to fumble, rummage to grope awkwardly when trying to find something

title: kotorászik


text:
primary myelofibrosis

Noun

 * 1)   myeloid tumor entity that goes along with progressive non-clonal fibrosis of the bone marrow.

Synonyms

 * (cIMF)
 * (MMM)
 * (MMM)

title: primary myelofibrosis


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Brythonic/toɨs

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) dough

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Brythonic/toɨs


text:
Moncsi

Etymology
(shortening the ).

title: Moncsi


text:
pulcsi

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  pullover, sweater

title: pulcsi


text: domain-specific languages

title: domain-specific languages


text: taxik

title: taxik


text:
lijance

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) allegiance; loyalty

title: lijance


text:
magubobi

Verb

 * 1) to be naked

title: magubobi


text:
uget

Noun

 * 1) vein

title: uget


text:
uggang

Noun

 * 1) sweat

title: uggang


text:
uging

Etymology
From, compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) charcoal

Noun

 * 1) coal; charcoal

Noun

 * 1) intestinal worm; worm

Noun

 * 1) charcoal

title: uging


text:
domain-specific

Adjective

 * 1)  dedicated to a particular problem domain, a particular problem representation/solution technique

Translations

 * German:

title: domain-specific


text:
pangugma

Noun

 * 1) breakfast

title: pangugma


text:
ukong

Noun

 * 1) egg

title: ukong


text:
ulas

Noun

 * 1) rattan

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) sweat

Etymology 1
From.

Noun

 * 1) blanket

Noun

 * 1) device made of tubular rattan split down the center to the midline with a rock wedged in for making fire

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) blanket

Noun

 * 1) hour

Noun

 * 1) sugarcane

Etymology 1
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) (kain~) cover, wrapper
 * 2) peel of a fruit, grain, etc.

Noun

 * 1) clove one division of a compound bulb such as garlic
 * 2) section, segment a part divided or cut off

Verb

 * 1) to comment

title: ulas


text: O/RM

title: O/RM


text:
magungor

Verb

 * 1) to snore

title: magungor


text:
umeng

Noun

 * 1) beard

title: umeng


text:
ulay

Etymology
From Western.

Noun

 * 1) snake

Verb

 * 1)  to converse; to talk; to discuss

Noun

 * 1) necklace
 * 2) peanut

Etymology 1
From Western.

Noun

 * 1) intestinal worm; tapeworm; pinworm

Noun

 * 1)  act of covering young plants to stimulate growth

title: ulay


text:
ulitaw

Noun

 * 1) bachelor; young unmarried man

title: ulitaw


text:
magumeng

Verb

 * 1) to shave

title: magumeng


text:
ut-ut

Noun

 * 1) dove

Noun

 * 1) wild pigeon

Noun

 * 1) wild pigeon

title: ut-ut


text:
utor-utor

Noun

 * 1) the state of not thinking straight, not all there, or being somewhat crazy

title: utor-utor


text:
magusog

Verb

 * 1) to travel downstream

title: magusog


text:
maguyung

Verb

 * 1) to be crazy

title: maguyung


text:
maguwab

Verb

 * 1) to yawn

title: maguwab


text:
maguray

Verb

 * 1) to wait

title: maguray


text:
solbading

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) sunbathing

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) sunbathing

title: solbading


text:
wakang

Etymology
From of earlier limericks, such as  or, which were old derogatory visayan limericks repeatedly sang by children on the streets during the late 1800s. The word itself in the limericks is likely originally borrowed from, possibly or  through , as per Wolff (1972) who describes it similar to. Compare with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  a person with Chinese-like facial features; a Chinese person or Filipino of Chinese descent

Usage notes

 * Usage of the term is usually particularly offensive or provocative as a derogatory ethnic slur from its crude or pejorative connotations in the past, especially to Chinese Filipinos.

Noun

 * 1) step; pace; stride

title: wakang


text:
wangli

Noun

 * 1) molar tooth

title: wangli


text:
walab

Noun

 * 1)  knee

title: walab


text:
alab

Noun

 * 1)  knee

Etymology
From. Cognate of 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  boy

Noun

 * 1) blaze; big flame
 * 2) ardor; fervor; enthusiasm
 * 3) intensity of passion or anger
 * 1) intensity of passion or anger
 * 1) intensity of passion or anger

title: alab


text:
guwalab

Noun

 * 1)  knee

title: guwalab


text:
magyagyag

Verb

 * 1) to shake

title: magyagyag


text:
bulkan

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) volcano

Etymology
Borrowed from, from , from , from.

Noun

 * 1) volcano

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) volcano
 * 2) hot spring

Etymology
, from from.

Noun

 * 1) volcano

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) volcano

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) volcano

title: bulkan


text:
bulhot

Noun

 * 1) hole; orifice; perforation

title: bulhot


text:
bongkas

Noun

 * 1) sow; large female pig

title: bongkas


text:
buntok

Noun

 * 1) head

title: buntok


text:
bunutan

Noun

 * 1) a small tree,  (syn. )

Noun

 * 1) wild mango

title: bunutan


text:
bunong

Noun

 * 1) share; portion

title: bunong


text:
bumuyot

Verb

 * 1) to run

title: bumuyot


text:
mabuyot

Adjective

 * 1) fast, as when one is running

title: mabuyot


text:
magbuybuy

Verb

 * 1) to tell a story

title: magbuybuy


text:
manay

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) male

Etymology
From a clipping of +.

Noun

 * 1) big sister; elder sister
 * : miss; sis
 * : miss; sis

Etymology
From a of.

Noun

 * 1) an older woman; female senior
 * : ma'am

Noun

 * 1) aunt

Etymology
From a of.

Noun

 * 1)  eldest sister
 * : big sis

title: manay


text:
mensan

Conjunction

 * 1) even though

title: mensan


text:
kapno

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) tobacco

Conjunction

 * 1) so; so that; in order to

title: kapno


text:
liyod

Noun

 * 1) ladle

title: liyod


text:
maglangoy

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to swim
 * 2) to go for a swim
 * 1) to go for a swim

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to swim

title: maglangoy


text:
distimia

Etymology
From, from +.

Noun

 * 1)  dysthymia

Noun

 * 1)  dysthymia

Noun

 * 1)  dysthymia

title: distimia


text:
seksek

Noun

 * 1) lizard

Noun

 * 1) fish scale

Etymology
From the verb.

Noun

 * 1)  hopscotch

title: seksek


text:
masaniki

Adjective

 * 1) shy; embarrassed; ashamed

title: masaniki


text: solbadinga

title: solbadinga


text:
sangkalan

Noun

 * 1) ring worn on finger

Noun

 * 1) chopping block; chopping board
 * 2)  mere excuse; mere pretext
 * 1)  mere excuse; mere pretext

Etymology 2
From.

Verb

 * 1) to have one's breasts hardened due to overaccumulation of milk

title: sangkalan


text:
masikan

Adjective

 * 1) hardworking

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) strong, hard physically
 * 2) powerful, potent, mighty
 * 3) influential morally
 * 4) loud
 * 5) athletic

title: masikan


text:
seseburaraw

Noun

 * 1) species of black bird

title: seseburaraw


text: sarimaw

title: sarimaw


text: solbadingen

title: solbadingen


text:
tia số

Noun

 * 1)  a "number ray", "half" of a number line that only displays natural numbers

title: tia số


text:
madipa

Noun

 * 1) Asian palm civet,

title: madipa


text:
malisaw

Noun

 * 1) kind of riverine fish

title: malisaw


text:
magmalogmog

Verb

 * 1) to gargle

title: magmalogmog


text:
galambud

Noun

 * 1) carabao; water buffalo

title: galambud


text:
galampes

Noun

 * 1) carabao; water buffalo

title: galampes


text:
gammol

Noun

 * 1) person missing all teeth

title: gammol


text:
gabutung

Noun

 * 1) mucus

title: gabutung


text: Pago

title: Pago


text:
magwalingiwang

Verb

 * 1) to shake head

title: magwalingiwang


text: dàibiǎotuán

title: dàibiǎotuán


text:
malipodpod

Adjective

 * 1) zigzagged; circuitous; revolving; spinning; turning; meandering

title: malipodpod


text:
alebban

Noun

 * 1) bladder

title: alebban


text:
alokinag

Noun

 * 1) earthworm

title: alokinag


text:
umabot

Verb

 * 1) to reach

title: umabot


text:
Lissa

Etymology
From.

title: Lissa


text:
alingabngab

Noun

 * 1) large deep hole in the ground; cave

title: alingabngab


text:
alinunu

Noun

 * 1) shadow
 * 2) reflection

title: alinunu


text:
alikansad

Noun

 * 1) faraway place

title: alikansad


text:
anggu

Etymology
Probably from.

Noun

 * 1) plant with edible red berries

Etymology 1

 * Cognate of 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.
 * From ..

Etymology 2
From.

Noun

 * 1) small fishing net

title: anggu


text:
Curzola

Etymology
From, from.

title: Curzola


text:
angsu

Noun

 * 1) smell of urine

Noun

 * 1) grandchild

title: angsu


text:
drenaj

Etymology
, equivalent to. Cognates include 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) drainage

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) drainage

title: drenaj


text:
magasnga

Verb

 * 1) to blow nose

title: magasnga


text:
asok

Noun

 * 1) smoke

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) smoke; steam; vapor

Noun

 * 1) smoke

Noun

 * 1) smoke

title: asok


text:
arongan

Adjective

 * 1) wide open

title: arongan


text: Solta

title: Solta


text:
maasok

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) smoky

title: maasok


text:
maassap

Adjective

 * 1) shallow (as of water)

title: maassap


text: yóulè shèshī

title: yóulè shèshī


text: jīdòng yóuxì

title: jīdòng yóuxì


text:
atakdug

Adjective

 * 1) long in length

title: atakdug


text:
Arbe

Etymology
From.

title: Arbe


text:
atattungal

Noun

 * 1) large black ant

title: atattungal


text: mapulu

title: mapulu


text: tàizhū

title: tàizhū


text:
sörös

Adjective

 * 1) (of) beer

title: sörös


text:
ulikba

Noun

 * 1) white-feathered fowl with dark skin and meat
 * 2)  dark-skinned person

Adjective

 * 1) with dark skin or meat

title: ulikba


text:
ulila

Noun

 * 1) orphan

Noun

 * 1) orphan

Noun

 * 1) orphan

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) orphan
 * 2) orphanhood
 * 3)  state of being alone
 * 1)  state of being alone

Adjective

 * 1) orphaned
 * 2)  alone; lonely

Noun

 * 1) orphan

title: ulila


text:
ulbo

Noun

 * 1) pigsty; pigpen

Adjective

 * 1) confined in a pigsty

title: ulbo


text:
دقة

Noun

 * 1) accuracy, precision

Noun

 * 1) resolution

Noun

 * 1) powder, fine dust, dukkah (spice mixture dish)

Etymology 1
From.

Noun

 * 1) dukkah; a dry mixture of chopped nuts, seeds and Middle Eastern spices.

Etymology 2
, from.

Etymology 3
From.

Noun

 * 1) a hit
 * 2) a ring, a telephone call
 * 3) kick-off
 * 1) kick-off

Etymology 4
From.

Noun

 * 1) accuracy
 * 2) precision

title: دقة


text: overdrevent

title: overdrevent


text: Category:Alangan nouns

title: Category:Alangan nouns


text: overdrevne

title: overdrevne


text:
punay

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a dove sp.

Noun

 * 1) bird

Noun

 * 1) the

Noun

 * 1) pigeon

title: punay


text:
banoy

Noun

 * 1) something used to shelter one from the rain

Etymology
Early from a South Luzon axis language, possibly 🇨🇬, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) eagle

title: banoy


text:
urong

Etymology
From, , from.

Noun

 * 1)  nose

Noun

 * 1) backward movement; moving back; retreat; recession
 * 2) backing out
 * 3) revocation
 * 4) shrinkage
 * 5) postponement
 * 6) retraction
 * 7)  clearing of table after eating
 * 8)  washing the dishes
 * 9) end from work shift; dismissal from work
 * 10) retreat from a fight or contest; refusal to fight anymore
 * 1) retraction
 * 2)  clearing of table after eating
 * 3)  washing the dishes
 * 4) end from work shift; dismissal from work
 * 5) retreat from a fight or contest; refusal to fight anymore
 * 1) end from work shift; dismissal from work
 * 2) retreat from a fight or contest; refusal to fight anymore
 * 1) retreat from a fight or contest; refusal to fight anymore
 * 1) retreat from a fight or contest; refusal to fight anymore

Adjective

 * 1) contracting; shrunken
 * 2) given to retreating or running away
 * 3) receding; sloping back
 * 1) receding; sloping back
 * 1) receding; sloping back

Etymology
From, , from.

Noun

 * 1)  nose

title: urong


text:
balikat

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  shoulder

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  shoulder

title: balikat


text:
dalukap

Noun

 * 1)  hand

Noun

 * 1)  hand

Noun

 * 1)  hand

title: dalukap


text: Category:Tadyawan nouns

title: Category:Tadyawan nouns


text: Category:Iraya nouns

title: Category:Iraya nouns


text:
voltaj

Etymology
, equivalent to. Cognates include 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) voltage

title: voltaj


text:
Talk:Obulco

Turduli toponyms

 * So, this name apparently comes from the Turduli placename Ibolca. What's the best way to represent this on here? Should I add an etymology-only language? — JohnC5 15:12, 30 August 2016 (UTC)
 * It's utterly fascinating that an Anatolic language would be spoken in Spain in the centuries between the Hittite and Athenian empires. I personally would just have typed the language name, but in my view an etymology-only language would be provide a valuable collation service, even if it were for just a few town names.  Of course, I do not know if Wiktionary has policy about this.  Isomorphyc (talk) 15:38, 30 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia's articles, which contain suspicious misspellings, claim the Turduli left inscriptions; if that is true, we should add a full code, but I've found no evidence that it is, or that the Turduli language was Anatolian. It seems to be an oversimplification of the analysis of the Turduli as being related to the Turdetani and the Turdetani as being related (including in speech) to the Tartessians whose language is inscribed (and unclassified!).
 * Villar's Indoeuropeos y no indoeuropeos en la Hispania prerromana contains a page-long discussion of theories of Obulco’s descent from an earlier pre-Roman Ibolka with, according to Tovar, ib- rendered with the Latin prefix ob-; Villar is sceptical of the details, especially that -a would be rendered -o instead of the very acceptably Latin and very common -a; still, Villar concludes that "Probablemente a J. De Hoz tampoco le resultó convincente cuando se sumó a la atribución de lenguas propuesta per Tovar (Obulco latinización de ibolka) pero no a su detalle explicativo." AFAICS he never says the name is specifically Turduli, though; indeed, not many sources that I have found do, but some do, like the site you link to.
 * We have a generic code und-ibe "pre-Roman (Iberia)". We could just spell out "Turduli" in text (as Isomorphyc mentions) and let that code provide the categorization. If we created a code for Turduli we'd have to name it (und-tur?) and decide whether it should be a full code or an etymology-only code, an interesting question: we do seem to have some full codes for lects where scholars have identified words within placenames, but the reconstruction of Turduli is apparently not that advanced. I suppose we should make it etymology-only for now (or just use und-ibe) and reconsider if words turn out to be attested. I would use the two codes together in etymologies to obtain "from Turduli (Pre-Roman (Iberia)) foo", and/or I'd make the "terms derived from Turduli" categories into subcategories of "terms derived from pre-Roman (Iberia)". As an aside, can't we find a better name for "pre-Roman (Iberia)" and "pre-Roman (Balkans)"? Maybe "a pre-Roman language of Iberia"? That way categories display "terms derived from a pre-Roman language of Iberia" and entries can say "from foo in a pre-Roman language of Iberia"?
 * - -sche (discuss) 17:33, 30 August 2016 (UTC)

 * I've done a little research on the Turduli, but it has been hampered by the fact that my Spanish is mosly triangulation between Latin and French. This article discusses their (Turdulian? Turduli? Turdulese?) culture in a fair amount of detail, though to my eye it does not seem to indicate they had inscriptions. On the other hand, Smith's entry for Arsa implies that inscriptions do exist. Also, Roman authors claimed that the Turduli had an alphabet of some sort. Turduli are often considered Celtic in the materials I've read (and on this map from the very article claiming that the Turduli were Anatolian). As for the question of 's name, "pre-Roman (Iberian)" is pretty weak. In other places, we tend to talk about substrate languages like the Ancient Greek etymo-magical wand "pre-Greek substrate" . I would propose renaming these to "pre-Roman substrate of Iberia" and "pre-Roman substrate of the Balkans". — JohnC5 01:06, 31 August 2016 (UTC)

 * The source given for the Anatolian theory of the Turduli is Povos antigos em Portugal by Amaral and Amaral, which is slightly searchable here: https://books.google.com/books?id=RQEkAQAAIAAJ . The pages cited in the Wikipedia are more-or-less those listed in the index of that book for the Tartessi.  I am unable to see the index reference for the Turduli, but a few words on a few pages appear when searched.  On page 67, concerning either the Turduli or the Tartessi or perhaps the Phonecians, I do find a reference to Anatolia: Provinnam originariamente do Egeu da peninsula Balcanica e da Anatolia litoral .  (They originally come from the Aegean, from the Balkan or Anatolian coast.)  I am not able to verify the citation from the preview, but something similar is clearly being said.  A book called Lost Languages from the Mediterranean, ed. Best and Woudhuizen, has a chapter called The Tyrrhenian Branch of Alphabetic Luwian.  This chapter seems to connect the Luwian language family (which is Anatolian) with the Lemnos stele, and on page 150 connects the glyphs and a few words in some Tartessian (not Turdulian) inscriptions with that text.  I get the sense an arugment is being made (here and elsewhere) for an Anatolian origin of the Etruscan civilisation, and at a minimum trade and linguistic intercourse with the Tartessi.  I do not get the impression that there is any mainstream theory for the linguistic genaeology of the Turduli or the Tartessi, and I also do not find any references to Turdulian inscriptions at Arsa/Azuaga outside of Smith (and unfortunately I do not know how to interpret his citation involving Florez.)  I'm sorry this is all so inconclusive; I felt I should say something because I didn't want to give the impression this is being ignored, so much as that it is all a bit spare.

 * That said, the Turduli section here Porcuna says a Turduli alphabet descends to us only on coins and some steles. (The section is Época túrdula).  I hope some of this is helpful.    Isomorphyc (talk) 19:43, 31 August 2016 (UTC)

 * This is very helpful. I don't think many linguists believe that the Tyrsenian languages are related to Anatolian. If there are Turduli coins and steles, then we should add a language code. — JohnC5 20:06, 31 August 2016 (UTC)

 * This seems reasonable. Isomorphyc (talk) 00:38, 1 September 2016 (UTC)

 * I see a report of "new[ly discovered] inscriptions" in the [//books.google.com/books?id=yWVIAAAAYAAJ Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia] which specifically speaks of a "Turduli language" as the language/source of several personal and place names: "El giro exótico de esta inscripción es clara señal del idioma túrdulo que hablaba Ceturgis. A este nombre masculino dan fácil explicación varios ibéricos de personas, registrados por Hubner: Caturis, Caturicus, Caturo, Caeto; y varios geográficos: Caetobriga, Cetobrica y [SYMBOLS] (Arcedurg), relacionado probablemente con Cadurci, del que brotó Cahors al otro lado del Pirinco." The Spanish Wikipedia suggests the Turduli language and writing were forms of the Tartessian language and script, like also that of the Turdetani and for that matter (according to some scholars) the less-central Tartessians themselves — that is to say, a few scholars argue that even the outerlying "Tartessians" did not speak "Tartessian proper" but dialects. It does sound like this merits a full code. (Does Turdetani also? Tartessian already has code, granted by the ISO/SIL itself.) But I'd really like to find the text of the inscriptions that are said to exist, rather than just going on the statement that some exist, given the ambiguity over whether there are really Turduli inscriptions or just peripheral Tartessian ones. - -sche (discuss) 00:51, 1 September 2016 (UTC)
 * ... because e.g. The Numismatic Chronicle of circa-1853/4 (digitized in several editions: [//books.google.com/books?id=T2YUAAAAYAAJ ], [//books.google.com/books?id=Cc-r-YQSiBYC ], etc) discusses some coins that might be from Arsa, but might just be from Arae Sestianae, and might just be forgeries: "how many false coins appear in the last volume of Florez?" (the same Florez as above?). - -sche (discuss) 01:01, 1 September 2016 (UTC)

 * For what it is worth, here are two nearly identical Wikipaedia articles on the same topic under two different names: Turduli Oppidani and Turduli Veteres. These articles concern the Lusitanian Turduli, who migrated from Andalusia to Lusitania in the fifth century.  The Spanish article on the Lusitanian Turduli is more informative: Túrdulos viejos, and specifically cites the unique instance of epigraphic testimony: Las referencias a estos pueblos son muy escasas, limitándose a pasajes de Plinio y Pomponio Mela,1 así como unos singulares testimonios epigráficos (dos tabulae patronatus halladas en Vila Nova de Gaia, fechadas el 7 y el 9 d. C.2.  If the language is still the same, is it possible some of the inscriptions attributed to the more southerly Turduli are these?  The original citation is indeed a book about ancient peoples of Portugal.  Also, there are Turduli coins here with some letters on them: .  Please look for the string `Túrdulos' for the relevant items.  I don't know if these coins are related to those which you mention, User:-sche-- I saw your comment only as I am posting this note.  Isomorphyc (talk) 01:36, 1 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Hurray for more language codes! :3 — JohnC5 04:08, 1 September 2016 (UTC)

 * @Isomorphyc: That link is helpful, and interesting because most of the coins that are identified as coming from the Turduli people seem to have Latin-script inscriptions, e.g. VLIA, which make me question if their makers would have been speaking and printing them in the Turduli lect or in Latin. One author of that era said that the Turdetani (and perhaps the Turduli) Romanized quickly and fully to the extent that they no longer used their own language. The most promising coin is the coin that supposedly says O-ka-n-a-ka, and even it has several problems: it does appear to say O-ka-???-ka, but only if the glyphs are read left-to-right (whereas the southeastern script was supposedly written right to left) but with the glyph for 'a' flipped, and although Okanaka is claimed by that site to be the name of a city in Hispania Ulterior, I can't find other confirmation of such a city. Curiously, the site identifies the Obulco coins as Turdetanian, but literature seems to agree that the city is Turdulian. The site also has coins with Iberian-script inscriptions which the site says are Turdetani. Do we need a code for Turdetani? do we have a hope of being able to tell Turdetani and Turduli inscriptions apart?
 * @John: I started thinking, after you asked me about Proto-Qiangic, about why we don't consider reconstructed languages to be "etymology languages". (Obviously and  accept one kind of code but not the other, but that's changeable.) I came to the conclusion that words in reconstructed languages would merit entries [in the main namespace] if suddenly found to be attested (like ᛖᚲ has been found to be attested and thus has an entry), whereas "etymology language" words don't merit entries because they are treated as mere dialects of another language (as with Cajun French) or are not necessarily a single languages (as with "pre-Roman"). With Turduli, I suppose the lect existed whether or not we have entries to make in it yet, and thus merits a code... but I am frustrated by the relative paucity of clear authoritative statements that "X is a Turduli word, meaning Y, found in Z specific place", "Z particular stele / coin is inscribed in the Turduli language and says X". Especially because the things that are claimed to be attestations seem, so far, to not be. - -sche (discuss) 05:42, 1 September 2016 (UTC)

 * So... — JohnC5 03:09, 5 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Apologies for the delayed response and the length of this note. There are several issues here: Pre-Roman is largely a more tenuous category than Pre-Greek because `Greece' had empires both prior to the so-called Greek Dark Ages and after, and Pre-Greek is largely vocabulary derived from these earlier periods.  Latin's Republican and earlier borrowings tend to be geographically Italic (whether Proto-Italic, Etruscan, or Sicilian Greek), `Mediterranean' (to use the Beekes term) usually via geographical Italic, or Greek borrowed later, during the Macedonian Wars, or of course after.  Iberian borrowings tend to be Celtic, from Julius Caesar and later.  For Greek, we do not always have language codes for the Pre-Greek languages from which non-proper words derive.  So far as I can tell, we have a quarter dozen Tarduli proper names (Illiberi and Arsa (and possibliy Bardili) and a half-dozen or so Turdetani places (Carisa, Seria, Laelia, Onuba, Nebrissa, Ilipa, for which list of entries we have a debt to User:Samubert96).  I think there are at least a further three dozen Turdetani places, some of which are likely in originally Turduli territory and derive from originally Turduli names, which we are missing.  I think there are also likely a few place-names in Portugal from Turduli which we do not have.  I think this justifies at most etymology-only codes, as we do not have any definition for any non-proper word in either of these languages.  It should be said that Beekes personally contributed enormously to our understanding of Pre-Greek, and this is reflected in his dictionary, whereas De Vaan's scholarship is largely IE, and his dictionary by design, as I understand it, is intended to be comprehensive only with respect to Latin words deriving from IE via Italic.

 * The distinction between Turduli and Turdetani is evidently archaeological, numismatic and from classical sources. According to Strabo, in the first century the Turduli where indistinguishable from the Turdetani; the then extant peoples largely had Roman customs; but had their own alphabet (Geography III.i.6 (English), referring to both as Turdetani.  Coins from Obulco itself in both the Roman and some kind of Iberian alphabet can be found pictured here.  Strabo also says in this section that Polybius had said (two centuries earlier) that the Turduli and Turdetani were distinguishable peoples.  Further, Ptolemy (the geographer, of course), also treats the Turduli and the Turdetani as separate peoples.  It is at this time that the Turdetani (not the Turduli) was defeated by the legions of Cato the Elder.  According to Strabo, the Turdetani derived from the Tartessians, and he implies they believed themselves so to derive.  To clarify my comment about the steles, on the Portuguese Wikipaedia, the article says that the Turduli language is written in the same alphabet (or script) as the Tartessian language, in which steles exist, i.e., I think, the variously called Southwest Iberian (or Paleohispanic), South Lusitanian, or Tartessian script.  This seems to be consistent with the non-Latin script on the coins from Obulco.  A significant body of Tartessian inscriptions exist, mostly from the funerary steles, on the order of many hundreds or thousands of characters, from somewhere between the eighth and fifth centuries BC, prior to Roman contact with the later Turdetani.  I do not get the impression much or any non-numismatic writing from the Turduli survives; I am currently unsure about the Turdetani, but do not currently find any references.

 * This leads me to think that Tartessian probably deserves a language code. There seem to be three pre-Roman Iberian language families: Celtic, Vasconic (Basque), and Tartessian/Turdetani/Turduli.  I suppose it is unknown whether the latter three are related, but there seems to be a broad but not unanimous consensus that Tartessian is not IE or Vasconic.  The circumstantial evidence seems to be that all three languages are related, but this is only from observing that the peoples live in the same places, used the same script, assimilated into Roman culture at about the same time, and apparently in about the same way, according to Classical observers.  To my mind Turdetani and Turduli may or may not deserve etymology-only language codes.  I would like, however, for us to be able to write a reasonable About Language X section for any language for which we do create a language code, citing either academic or primary sources, and not perpetuating errors in the various conflicting Wikipaedia articlces in various languages.

 * I don't have any especial knowledge about any of this, but only have been reading around a bit in the last few days, so that I hope what I have not written is not widely off the mark.  What do you all think?

 * For reference, in addition to Povos antigos em Portugal, here are a couple more bibliographical entries for which I not seen complete texts, but appear as though they may have reasonably up-to-date information, or which have been cited supporting slightly more specific claims than I have been able to make here:

 * Los turdetanos en la historia : análisis de los testimonios literarios grecolatinos. García Fernández, Francisco José. Editorial Gráficas Sol, S.A. ISBN 84-87165-90-7

 * García-Bellido, M.P. Célticos y túrdulos en la Beturia según sus documentos monetales, en Celtas y túrdulos: la Beturia, Cuadernos emeritenses 9, Mérida, 255-292.

 * Isomorphyc (talk) 18:42, 7 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Thank you for all this work! Did you get a chance to look at:
 * Díaz, Pablo Paniego. “Los túrdulos del occidente peninsular”. Revista Historia Autónoma 5 (2014), pp. 27-41. e-ISSN:2254-8726
 * I'm curious whether it possesses any useful information. Regardless, I support your recommendation for etymology-only languages. — JohnC5 19:09, 7 September 2016 (UTC)

@Isomorphyc: thank you for your continued insight! @John: I too am sorry for my delayed response / that this has dragged on for so long; I hoped that Turduli inscriptions/coins/etc could be found that would make it clearer whether it needed a full code or not. The article (PDF) you link to seems to only be about the difficulty of determining whether the several peoples in separate areas called Turduli / Turdetani were related, and in determining where various towns lie, and the spottiness of the archaeological record; perhaps I missed something, but it doesn't seem to provide words, beyond perhaps some more placenames. I have [//en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Module%3Aetymology_languages%2Fdata&type=revision&diff=39990887&oldid=38922605 added] the etymology-only codes und-tdl "Turduli", und-tdt "Turdetani". If there prove to be steles or even just coins that are authoritatively stated to be inscribed in one language or the other (whereas the coin-site mentioned above, while tantalizing and possibly useful for leads, seems to have several issues as I noted above), even if they only attest placenames, the codes could probably be updated to full codes; I'm not sure if we have granted codes to languages from which only proper nouns are attested, but I think the ISO/SIL has (Pictish). - -sche (discuss) 02:43, 8 September 2016 (UTC)

 * @-sche: And let Illyrian not go unremembered. — JohnC5 05:12, 8 September 2016 (UTC)

I have nothing to add here, except to say that I found this discussion fascinating. Thank you very much, John, for pinging me; and the same to all of you for your contributions to the discussion. — I.S.M.E.T.A. 18:16, 8 September 2016 (UTC)

I don't think I've said anything which you didn't enunciate close to the beginning of this conversation, but thank you for putting up with my being new to this. I've enjoyed this chat with all of you quite a lot. Isomorphyc (talk) 00:45, 9 September 2016 (UTC)

You might be disappointed that the article does not have any highly pertinent linguistic information, as -sche points out; but I found the first half of it, which is less archaeological, extremely interesting in that it summarises some research on the ethnic identities of the Turduli and related tribes, and contrasts some of it with the classical authors. I think Untermann particularly may be interesting. I took a few notes and made (extremely rough) translations of the passages which seemed especially interesting. Also, I translated the catalogue of cities and archaeological sites towards the end since a great many of these are or are likely to be dictionary entries soon, so it might be helpful to have them all in the same place. Finally, if Untermann has a strong Celtic argument, this is something we will have to consider. It is not much considered in this article. Apologies for the prolixity and any ugliness in the translation. Isomorphyc (talk) 00:45, 9 September 2016 (UTC)

One last thing: I think I have found the last inscription implied to exist in a Wikipaedia article. I had cited this: [w:es:Túrdulos viejos], quoting, referencias a estos pueblos son... limitándose a... así como unos singulares testimonios epigráficos (dos tabulae patronatus halladas en Vila Nova de Gaia, fechadas el 7 y el 9 d. C.2. I believe these are the same as the writings mentioned in the very last subsection of the article summary below.  The citation in the Wikipaedia article is to: Martín Almagro-Gorbea and Mariano Torres Ortiz, La Colonazación de la Costa Atálantica de Portugal: ¿Fenicos o Tartesos? Acta Palaeohispanica 2009, pp. 113-143.  They are referring to 'las dos tabulae patronatus halladas en Gaia (da Silva 1983; 1986, 310 s., lám. 141; 2007), que confirman que este pueblo aún mantenían su conciencia étnica a inicios del siglo I d.C.' This citation is to: da Silva 1986: A. C. F. da Silva, As tesserae hospitales do Castro de Nossa Senhora da Saúde ou Monte Murado (Pedroso, V. N. de Gaia). Contributo para o estudo das instituções e povoamento da Hispania antiga”, Gaia 1, 1986, pp. 9-26. This is apparently the same source cited by Díaz on page 30: 'Arqueológicamente se ha constatado la presencia de los túrdulos en el Noroeste gracias a dos téseras de hospitalidad, datadas en los primeros años del siglo I d. C., en los que se menciona a dos miembros del pueblo de los turduli veteres.'  Being from the first century AD, and being deciphered, they are clearly in Latin and are not, at least, attestations of continuous Turduli text.  I wish it hadn't taken so long to clarify that.  Isomorphyc (talk) 01:20, 9 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Aha! Excellent work in tracking that down and figuring it out. For my part, I've been looking for coins from Turduli or Turdetani areas with Iberian-script inscriptions. one thing I've noticed is that a number of sites have copies of what appear to be the same mint of coins (same face and design especially on the periphery) but which have clearly different glyphs, which often don't make sense or resemble the letters that they are claimed to be. I suspect some of the sites have simply "reconstructed" and reproduced the coins, and done so faultily. So, I have been looking at only university and museum collection sites, but so far the only coins with clear Iberian-script inscriptions are from the north. However, I have found one lead: Karl Horst Schmidt and Rolf Ködderitzsch, Geschichte und Kultur Der Kelten: Vorbereitungskonferenz (1986, ISBN 353303643X), as part of theorizing that the attested words are Celtic, mentions "dh as d in Medugenus, Bodilcos (the latter name appears in Iberian and Latin script on coins of Obulco)". I just can't find the coin. - -sche (discuss) 21:05, 9 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Thank you. I have found in books several coins very similar to the one you mention; in some cases the caption implies the Iberian script is on the side with the eagle, in others, it is implied to be on the side with the portrait on which it seems only Latin script is legible. I do get the impression that the same images were struck on different occasions with different captions, in some cases with different scripts; so discrepencies may be the result of very similar coins rather than bad reproductions.  I have found this however: ; does it satisfy many of our criteria?  Isomorphyc (talk) 01:11, 10 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Here is a crude drawing of a coin with an inscription which may be this place name. - -sche (discuss) 22:15, 13 February 2021 (UTC)

Who are the Turduli?

 * 1) `There are at least two western peoples located in different territories called the Turduli, some in the northwest, with the appellation Veteres, and another in the southwest, in Beturia... There seems to be no relationship between the western and southern group.'  [The article never enunciates this claim so strongly again.]
 * 2) The term Turduli may derive from the term Turdetani, but both peoples likely derive separately from the Tartessians (Untermann, Jürgen, “Célticos y Túrdulos” en Paleohispánica: Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua,)
 * 3) For some authors, following Strabo, the (Baetican) Turduli were more interior, hence more Celtic and less Roman, but directly related to the coastal Tartessians
 * 4) Conversely, following Untermann, the Turduli migrated with the Celts from Celtiberia to Baetica.  In this case the ethnonym means `young blackbirds.'[10]

[10]: Untermann, Jürgen, “Célticos y Túrdulos” en Paleohispánica: Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua, 4 (2004), pp. 199-214

Turduli Territory

 * 1) The complexity of speaking of Turduli is increased by their being two groups, each influenced by Celts and Basques, several hundred kilometers apart
 * 2) In the classical period, the Lusitanian Turduli (Turduli Veteres) were believed to have migrated before the Roman period due to military campaigns in alliance with their Celtic neighbours.  Modern research instead suggests the Lusitanian Turduli migrated after the Roman peiod, either in alliance with or against the Romans, possibly for the purpose of mineral extraction; however, a prior, lesser migratory tradition which this follows is possible.  When Pliny mentions Lusitanian Turduli cities north of the Tagus, this is due to his misunderstanding of the geography.
 * 3) Conversely, Maia [17] argues the Turduli would have settled there from the seventh century BC, and would have been overpowered by a new Celtic ethnic group.
 * 4) Quoting directly: `Archaeologically, the presence of the Turduli in the Northwest has been determined thanks to two tesserae of hospitality, dated from the early first century BC, in which two members of the Turduli Veteres are mentioned.' (Presumably any text is in Latin, excluding proper names?)
 * 5) The Turduli and Turdetani can be different groups or can represent different degrees or orientalisation (mostly Phoenician influence?) of the same peoples, the Turduli being more inland
 * 6) Pliny, Strabo, and Pompoinius Mela speak of Turdili near Cadiz.  (Note on the map which has a small area of Celts at Cadiz amidst the Turdetani)
 * 7) Inhabitants of Beturia are never called Beturians in classical sources, but either Celts or Turdili.  Frontiers in Beturia were somewhat dynamic in the pre-Roman period [25]
 * 8) The existence of the third Turduli group, the Bardili, creates more confusion [28].  Two major possibilities: Turduli was a term used for a variety of orientalised non-Tartesians.  Or they had occupied much of Lusitania and Baetica, and later Celtic settlement created islands, as Maia proposes (see footnote 17).
 * 9) `Ptolomy, a less credible author, and one who confuses Turdetians and Turduli, situates the Bardili in various locations, some interior and some costal....'
 * 10) Untermann sees two groups of Turdulos, Hispanoceltics and Baeticans, seeing a `casual homophony' in the terms as used by classical authors.  He sees the oldest references to the Turduli, those of Polybius, as the most reliable; Polybius clearly distinguishes amongst the Turduli, the Celts, and the Turdetani.  Quoting: `Pliny, in his description of Baeturia, identifies them as a people different from the Turdetani and quite distinct from their neighbouring Baeturians, the Celts, although the close relationship creates a significant Celtic influence on the Turduli area. Pliny (?) believes the Turduli to be a western population which Untermann considers indoeuropean, situating them in the area of Cadiz.  Conversely, Strabo consideres Turdetani and Turduli the same people and this accords with Roman authors who consider common roots more than differentiators.  Still again, it has been explained that in the case of Strabo this is an intentional act in which he artificially praises the civilising Augustan policy, elevanting a barbarised peoples such as the Turduli to the Turdetanorum advanced level, the most civilised of the Iberians, according to him.'

Footnote 17: Maia, Manuel, “Algumas reflexões em torno da cultura do Sudoeste”, en Veleia, 2-3 (1985-1986), pp. 433-455.

Footnote 25: García Fernández, Francisco José, “Etnología y etnias de la Turdetania en época prerromana”, en Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 33 (2007), pp. 117-143; García Fernández, Francisco José, “Tartesios, Túrdulos…” op. cit.

Footnote 28: Plin. Nat. 4, 118.

Cities

 * 1) Archaeological data scarce; reliance on literature.  Western Turduli archaeology is mostly in Beturia.  Cities [oppida] are speculated to exist between the Duoro and the Tagus, corresponding according to Perez Vilatela to Aeminium, Conimbriga, Collippo, Eburobritium, Trubriga being known only epigraphically.
 * 2) Pliny offers a list of names in the southwest: Arsa may or may not be Azuga; `Mellaria seems located in Fuente Obejuna (Cordoba) identified thanks to epigraphic[44] remains and could be Balleia, which is only known for its coinage.'  Nearly quoting:  Mirobriga is located in the Cerro del Cabezo (Capilla, Badajoz), with excavations conducted there and in Regina (Casas de Reina, Badajoz).  Sosintigi or Sosontigi has been located to Alcaudete (Jaén), thanks to epigraphs[48], or perhaps to Saint Euphemia (Cordoba), the place with the most spacial logic for finding the rest of the oppidum.  The last of the named places in Pliny corresponds to Sisapo (Almodovar del Campo, Cuidad Real), but respecting this, note that the archaeologists prefer to identify this as Oretana [51] according to Ptolemy's [52] attribution, such as Garcia-Bellido [53] after studying the coinage.  This difference can reflect political, cultural or perceptual changes over time.
 * 3) Quoting directly: Other identified settlements would be Contosolia (Magacela o La Coronada, Badajoz), Solia (El Guijo, Córdoba), Baedro (Belálcazar, Hinojosa del Duque or El Viso, Córdoba), Iulipa (Zalamea de la Serena, Badajoz), whose name could also have been Artigi (Castuera or Zalamea de la Serena, Badajoz), although all researchers do not accept this last hypothesis [57]. The Municipium Flavium V(---) would be situated in the vicinity of Azuaga y Turriregina only known for numismatic remains [59]. Fornacis, well studied and with chronology fully Roman would be in Hornachuelos (Ribera del Fresno, Badajoz) [60]. Laci(ni)murga is one of the settlements which has inflamed the greatest controversies and is found in the Cerro de Cogolludo (Puebla de Alcocer, Badajoz). It has been united with Pliny's Lacimurga Constantia Iulia [61], despite being found in the Turdulan region, when he numbers it Celtic. The said ruins have been adjudged as the Vettona city of Laconimurgi [62]. The hypothesis that homonymous cities exist and that Pliny's city does not correspond with this place is the most successful one which this research has reached. If we focus on archaeology, we can note that the settlementes considered to be Iron Age II and Iron Age Final in Turduli Beturia tend to occupy the most prominent positions, with size varying between one and seven hectares, and in some cases more, with great strategic value for visually dominating the territory or to their closeness to shallows or the Guadiana-Guadalquivir. Notable sites include Entrerríos (Villanueva de la Serena, Badajoz), Cerro Cogolludo (Puebla de Alcocer, Badajoz), La Tabla de las Cañas (Capilla, Badajoz), Peñón de Pez (Capilla, Badajoz) o Higuera de las Dehesillas (Llerena, Badajoz), along with Sisapo and Medellín. We have judged the existence of certain sites larger than four hectares to organise the space, and on them depend others of size between one and three hectares.
 * 4) Quoting directly again: The internal organisation of the settlements of Turduli Beturia is not yet known.  In the table of Cañas a settlement scheme is proposed, though not enough to speak of urbanism.  Nor have studies of defensive systems been realised, except for the so-called enclosed towers, which are located mostly around La Serena and which chronology is entirely Roman.  Beyond defense their function could have been military, tied ot the Sertorian War, or related to mining and metallurgy.

Economy

 * 1) Preference for settlements favouring livestock and mining of silver-bearing lead oxide ore; towns concentrate on rivers.
 * 2) Loss of importance in hunting around 4 C. BC, change in preference from mostly cows to a mix of sheep, swine, horses, and chickens (introduced by the Phonecians).  Some dogs.
 * 3) Growing of wheat, spelt, or barley; no millet till the Romans.  Vines before the Romans and olives after.  Flax throughout; agriculture following the fifth century BC, with iron tools and various seeds.  Mortar and pestle (barquiform) milling earlier, rotary milling later.  Some deforestation over time.
 * 4) Mines rich in silver and lead, but apparently not exploited till the Romans.  Also iron, copper and tin earlier.  Iron metallurgy begins in Medellin in 4th C. BC.

Material culture

 * 1) influences on pottery are Phoenecian, Celtic, Oretani, and Turdetian.  Wholly representative Turduli pottery seems difficult to identify given the limited excavations and data.

Religion

 * 1) Some religious influences from the Phoenicians and a Ataecina cult known from ovicaprids in necropolises; otherwise information is archaeological and prehistoric.

Punic Wars

 * 1) The Turduli likely had cultural interchanges and possibly immigration involving the Phoenicians, citing numismatic similarites. There seem to be Phoenician influences on religion also.
 * 2) The Turduli were likely allied with the Lusitanians who fought with the Romans after the second Punic war
 * 3) The fortifications in Sisapo are likely Roman fortifications to defend against Viriatus
 * 4) The term Turduli is used in inscriptions for several centuries after the Roman conquest, implying an ethnic awarenes.  (I presume these inscriptions are in English)[97].   However, Moret suggests the terms are used cuturally rather than ethnically in these inscriptions.[98]

[Footnote 97: Como los emeritenses de L. Antonio Vegeto Túrdulo y Pompeia Cloutinae Turdula y el Tu(rd)ulu vet(eri) ovet(eranus) de Coria. Saquete Chamizo, José Carlos, “L. Antonio…” op. cit.; Moret, Pierre, “¿Dónde estaban…” op. cit.]

Footnote 98: Moret, Pierre, “¿Dónde estaban…” op. cit.

Isomorphyc (talk) 00:45, 9 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Voluminous, impressive work, Isomorphyc. One thing: in, № 4, re your parenthetical "I presume these inscriptions are in English", I assume you meant to write "Latin" and not "English", yes? — I.S.M.E.T.A. 17:28, 9 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Originally yes; then I realised anyone who had read so far deserved a joke. Isomorphyc (talk) 17:35, 9 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Oh, I see. Sorry to ruin it… :-S  — I.S.M.E.T.A. 17:36, 9 September 2016 (UTC)

 * :V — JohnC5 18:11, 9 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Not at all-- in seriousness I really enjoyed the article, and I'm glad it came through for you in the summary. Isomorphyc (talk) 17:40, 9 September 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Obulco