text:
Module:zh-usex/data

local data = {}

-- List of varieties. Each entry is a list of the following: -- {"OLD_CODE", "LANG_CODE", "NORM_CODE", "DESCRIPTION", "TRANSLITERATION"} where "OLD_CODE" is the old-style bespoke -- code used for this variety (which will be going away) and "LANG_CODE" is the Wiktionary language code (possibly an -- etym-only code) used for this variety. "NORM_CODE" is the normalized language code used for handling varieties that -- should be treated the same for transliteration purposes. For example, all Hokkien varieties use Pe̍h-ōe-jī and should -- behave the same for pron_correction and other purposes. Similarly, many Mandarin varieties use standard Pinyin, etc. data.variety_list = { {"MSC", "cmn", false, "MSC", "Pinyin"}, {"M-BJ", "cmn-bei", "cmn", "Beijing Mandarin", "Pinyin"}, {"M-TW", "cmn-TW", "cmn", "Taiwanese Mandarin", "Pinyin"}, {"M-MY", "cmn-MY", "cmn", "Malaysian Mandarin", "Pinyin"}, {"M-SG", "cmn-SG", "cmn", "Singaporean Mandarin", "Pinyin"}, {"M-PH", "cmn-PH", "cmn", "Philippine Mandarin", "Pinyin"}, {"M-TJ", "cmn-tia", "cmn", "Tianjin Mandarin", "Pinyin"}, {"M-NE", "cmn-noe", "cmn", "Northeastern Mandarin", "Pinyin"}, {"M-CP", "cmn-cep", "cmn", "Central Plains Mandarin", "Pinyin"}, {"M-GZ", "cmn-gua", "cmn-gua", "Guanzhong Mandarin", "Guanzhong Pinyin"}, --Guanzhong {"M-LY", "cmn-lan", "cmn", "Lanyin Mandarin", "Pinyin"}, {"M-S", "zhx-sic", false, "Sichuanese", "Sichuanese Pinyin"}, {"M-NJ", "cmn-nan", false, "Nanjing Mandarin", "Nankinese Pinyin"}, {"M-YZ", "cmn-yan", false, "Yangzhou Mandarin", "IPA"}, --IPA as a placeholder {"M-W", "cmn-wuh", false, "Wuhanese", "IPA"}, {"M-GL", "cmn-gui", false, "Guilin Mandarin", "IPA"}, --IPA as a placeholder {"M-XN", "cmn-xin", false, "Xining Mandarin", "IPA"}, --IPA as a placeholder {"M-UIB", "cmn-bec", "cmn", "dialectal Mandarin", "Pinyin"}, -- UIB stands for "unidentified Beijingesque"; this is only used for dialects with similar phonology to one of Beijing dialect or MSC {"M-DNG", "dng", false, "Dungan", "Cyrillic"},

{"CL", "lzh", "cmn", "Classical Chinese", "Pinyin"}, {"CL-TW", "lzh-cmn-TW", "cmn", "Classical Chinese", "Pinyin (Taiwanese Mandarin)"}, {"CL-C", "lzh-yue", "yue", "Classical Chinese", "Jyutping"}, {"CL-C-T", "lzh-tai", "zhx-tai", "Classical Chinese", "Wiktionary"}, {"CL-VN", "lzh-VI", "vi", "Vietnamese Literary Sinitic", "Sino-Vietnamese"}, {"CL-KR", "lzh-KO", "ko", "Korean Literary Sinitic", "Sino-Korean"}, {"CL-PC", "lzh-pre", "cmn", "Pre-Classical Chinese", "Pinyin"}, {"CL-L", "lzh-lit", "cmn", "Literary Chinese", "Pinyin"},

{"CI", "lzh-cii", "cmn", "Ci", "Pinyin"},

{"WVC", "cmn-wvc", "cmn", "Written Vernacular Chinese", "Pinyin"}, {"WVC-C", "yue-wvc", "yue", "Written Vernacular Chinese", "Jyutping"}, {"WVC-C-T", "zhx-tai-wvc", "zhx-tai", "Written Vernacular Chinese", "Wiktionary"},

{"C", "yue", false, "Cantonese", "Jyutping"}, {"C-GZ", "yue-gua", "yue", "Guangzhou Cantonese", "Jyutping"}, {"C-LIT", "yue-lit", "yue", "Literary Cantonese", "Jyutping"}, {"C-HK", "yue-HK", "yue", "Hong Kong Cantonese", "Jyutping"}, {"C-T", "zhx-tai", false, "Taishanese", "Wiktionary"}, {"C-DZ", "zhx-dan", false, "Danzhou dialect", "IPA"}, --IPA as a placeholder {"C-DG", "yue", "yue-dgx", "Dongguan Cantonese", "Jyutping++"}, {"C-YJ", "yue", "yue-yjx", "Yangjiang Yue", "Jyutping++"}, {"C-YL", "yue", "yue-ylx", "Yulin Yue", "Jyutping++"},

{"SP-N", "csp", "csp", "Nanning Pinghua", "Jyutping++"},

{"J", "cjy", false, "Jin", "Wiktionary"},

{"MB", "mnp", false, "Northern Min", "Kienning Colloquial Romanized"},

{"MD", "cdo", false, "Eastern Min", "Bàng-uâ-cê / IPA"},

{"MN", "nan-hbl", false, "Hokkien", "Pe̍h-ōe-jī"}, {"TW", "nan-hbl-TW", "nan-hbl", "Taiwanese Hokkien", "Pe̍h-ōe-jī"}, {"MN-PN", "nan-pen", "nan-hbl", "Penang Hokkien", "Pe̍h-ōe-jī"}, {"MN-PH", "nan-hbl-PH", "nan-hbl", "Philippine Hokkien", "Pe̍h-ōe-jī"}, {"MN-T", "nan-tws", false, "Teochew", "Peng\'im"}, {"MN-L", "nan-luh", false, "Leizhou Min", "Leizhou Pinyin"}, {"MN-HLF", "nan-hlh", false, "Haklau Min", "IPA"}, --IPA as a placeholder {"MN-H", "nan-hnm", false, "Hainanese", "Guangdong Romanization"},

{"W", "wuu", false, "Wu", "Wugniu"}, {"SH", "wuu-sha", "wuu", "Shanghainese", "Wugniu"}, {"W-SZ", "wuu-suz", "wuu", "Suzhounese", "Wugniu"}, {"W-HZ", "wuu-han", "wuu", "Hangzhounese", "Wugniu"}, {"W-CM", "wuu-chm", "wuu", "Shadi Wu", "Wugniu"}, -- including Chongming, Haimen, Changyinsha etc {"W-NB", "wuu-nin", "wuu", "Ningbonese", "Wugniu"}, {"W-N", "wuu-nor", "wuu", "Northern Wu", "Wugniu"}, -- general northern Wu, incl. transitionary varieties {"W-WZ", "wuu-wen", "wuu", "Wenzhounese", "Wugniu"},

{"G", "gan", false, "Gan", "Wiktionary"},

{"X", "hsn", false, "Xiang", "Wiktionary"},

{"H", "hak-six", "hak", "Sixian Hakka", "Pha̍k-fa-sṳ"}, {"H-HL", "hak-hai", "hak-TW", "Hailu Hakka", "Taiwanese Hakka Romanization System"}, {"H-DB", "hak-dab", "hak-TW", "Dabu Hakka", "Taiwanese Hakka Romanization System"}, {"H-MX", "hak-mei", false, "Meixian Hakka", "Hakka Transliteration Scheme"}, {"H-MY-HY", "hak-hui-MY", false, "Malaysian Huiyang Hakka", "IPA"}, --IPA as a placeholder {"H-EM", "hak-eam", false, "Early Modern Hakka", "IPA"}, --Early Modern Hakka, IPA as a placeholder {"H-ZA", "hak-zha", "hak-TW", "Zhao'an Hakka", "Taiwanese Hakka Romanization System"},

{"WX", "wxa", false, "Waxiang", "IPA"}, }

data.varieties_by_code = {} data.varieties_by_old_code = {} for _, variety_spec in ipairs(data.variety_list) do	local old_code, code, norm_code, desc, tr_desc = unpack(variety_spec) data.varieties_by_code[code] = variety_spec data.varieties_by_old_code[old_code] = variety_spec end

data.punctuation = { ["，"] = ",",	[". "] = ".",	["、"] = ",",	["？"] = "?",	["！"] = "!",	["《"] = "“",	["》"] = "”",	["〈"] = "‘",	["〉"] = "’",	["『"] = "‘",	["』"] = "’",	["「"] = "“",	["」"] = "”",	["“"] = "“",	["”"] = "”",	["（"] = "(",	["）"] = ")",	["；"] = ";",	["："] = ":",	["|"] = "|",	["—"] = "-",	["～"] = "~",	["——"] = "—",	["·"] = " ",	["…"] = "...",	["．"] = ".",

["　"] = ",",	["⋯"] = "...", ["⋯⋯"] = "...",	[" "] = " ", [" "] = " ", }

local CE = ' CE ' local BCE = ' BCE ' local circa = "c."

local function format_mao(year, chinese_title, english_title, volume, number) -- volume and number are used to generate links to the Marxists Internet Archive return { "cmn", "'''" .. year .. "''', 毛澤東 (Mao Zedong), 《" .. chinese_title .. "》 (" .. english_title .. "), 《毛澤東選集》 . English translation based on [https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-" .. volume .. "/mswv" .. volume .. "_" .. number .. ".htm the Foreign Languages Press edition]" } end

data.ref_list = { ['Amituojing']  =  { "lzh",  "The Amitabha Sutra, translated by Kumārajīva circa 5th century " .. CE }, ['Analects']    =  { "lzh",  "The Analects of Confucius, " .. circa .. " 475 – 221 " .. BCE .. ", translated based on James Legge's version" }, ['Analects-W']  =  { "lzh",  "The Analects of Confucius, " .. circa .. " 475 – 221 " .. BCE .. ", Wiktionary translation" }, ['Baihutong']   =  { "lzh-lit",  "Ban Gu, The Comprehensive Discussions in the White Tiger Hall, 79 " .. CE }, ['Baihutong-T']   =  { "lzh-lit",  "Ban Gu, The Comprehensive Discussions in the White Tiger Hall, 79 " .. CE .. ", translated based on Tjan Tjoe Som's version" }, ['Baopuzi']   =  { "lzh-lit",  "Ge Hong, Baopuzi, 4th century " .. CE }, ['Beiji Qianjin Yaofang'] =  { "lzh-lit",  "Sun Simiao, Essential Formulas Worth a Thousand Weights in Gold to Prepare for Emergencies, 652 " .. CE }, ['Beiqishu']    =  { "lzh-lit",  "The Book of Northern Qi, by Li Baiyao, 636 " .. CE }, ['Beishi']      =  { "lzh",  circa .. " 659 " .. CE .. ", Li Yanshou, History of the Northern Dynasties" }, ['Bencao Gangmu']= { "lzh-lit",  "The Compendium of Materia Medica [Bencao Gangmu], by Li Shizhen, 1578 " .. CE }, ['Changahanjing'] = { "lzh", "The Dirgha Agama, translated by Buddhayaśas and Zhu Fonian  circa 5th century " .. CE }, ['Changhenge']  =  { "lzh-lit",  "806 " .. CE .. ", Bai Juyi, Song of Everlasting Regret" }, ['Chuci']       =  { "lzh",  "The Verses of Chu, 4th century " .. BCE .." – 2nd century " .. CE }, ['Chuci-H']     =  { "lzh",  "The Verses of Chu, 4th century " .. BCE .." – 2nd century " .. CE .. ", translated based on David Hawkes' version" }, ['Chunqiu Fanlu']= { "lzh",  "The Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals" }, ['Daodejing']   =  { "lzh",  "Tao Te Ching, 4th century " .. BCE }, ['Daodejing-L'] =  { "lzh",  "Tao Te Ching, 4th century " .. BCE .. ", translated based on James Legge's version" }, ['Datang Xiyuji']= { "lzh-lit",  "Xuanzang, Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, 646 " .. CE }, ['Datang Xiyuji-B']= { "lzh-lit",  "Xuanzang, Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, 646 " .. CE .. ", translated based on Samuel Beal's version" }, ['Datang Xiyuji-L']= { "lzh-lit",  "Xuanzang, Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, 646 " .. CE .. ", translated based on Li Rongxi's version" }, ['Dizangjing'] =   { "lzh",  "The Kṣitigarbhasūtra, translated by Śikṣānanda circa 7th century " .. CE }, ['Dongguan Han Ji']= { "lzh",  "Dongguan Han Ji, 1st century " .. CE .."– 2nd century " .. CE }, ['Dou E Yuan']= { "cmn-wvc",  "Yuan Dynasty, Guan Hanqing, The Injustice to Dou E" }, ['Erya']        =  { "lzh",  "Erya, 5th – 2nd century " .. BCE }, ['Ernv Yingxiongzhuan'] = { "cmn-wvc", "Wenkang, Ernü Yingxiongzhuan, 1878 " .. CE }, ['Fahuajing'] =    { "lzh",  "The Lotus Sūtra, translated by Kumārajīva circa 5th century " .. CE }, ['Fangyan']     =  { "lzh",  "Yang Xiong, Fangyan, " .. circa .. " 1st century " .. BCE }, ['Fangyu Shenglan']     =  { "lzh-lit",  "Fangyu Shenglan, " .. circa .. " 13th century " .. CE }, ['Fayan']       =  { "lzh",  "Yang Xiong, Fa Yan (Exemplary Sayings), 9 " .. CE }, ['Fayan-B']     =  { "lzh",  "Yang Xiong, Fa Yan (Exemplary Sayings), 9 " .. CE .. ", translated based on Jeffrey S. Bullock's version" }, ['Fengsu Tongyi']     =  { "lzh",  "Ying Shao, Fengsu Tongyi (Comprehensive Meaning of Customs and Mores), 195 " .. CE }, ['Gaosengzhuan']= { "lzh",  "Shi Huijiao, Memoirs of Eminent Monks, circa 530 " .. CE }, ['Gongyangzhuan']= { "lzh",  "Commentary of Gongyang, " .. circa .. " 206 " .. BCE .. "– 9 " .. CE }, ['Guanyinzi']   =  { "lzh",  "Guanyinzi, time unknown" }, ['Guanzi']      =  { "lzh",  "Guanzi, 5th century " .. BCE .. " to 220 " .. CE }, ['Gujin Xiaoshuo']= { "cmn-wvc", "Feng Menglong, Stories Old and New, 1620 " .. CE }, ['Guliangzhuan'] = { "lzh",  "Commentary of Guliang, circa 206 " .. BCE .. "– 9 " .. CE }, ['Guoyu']       =  { "lzh",  "Guoyu, circa 4th century " .. BCE }, ['Hanfeizi']    =  { "lzh",  "Han Feizi, circa 2nd century " .. BCE }, ['Hanfeizi-L']  =  { "lzh",  "Han Feizi, circa 2nd century " .. BCE .. ", translated based on W. K. Liao's version" }, ['Hanshi Waizhuan']   =  { "lzh",  "Han shi waizhuan, 1nd century " .. BCE }, ['Hanshi Waizhuan-H'] =  { "lzh",  "Han shi waizhuan, 1nd century " .. BCE .. ", translated based on James R. Hightower's version" }, ['Hanshu']      =  { "lzh",  "The Book of Han, circa 1st century " .. CE }, ['Houhanshu']   =  { "lzh-lit",  "The Book of the Later Han, circa 5th century " .. CE }, ['Hongloumeng'] =  { "cmn-wvc", "Cao Xueqin, Dream of the Red Chamber, mid-18th century " .. CE }, ['Huainanzi']   =  { "lzh",  "Huainanzi, 2nd century " .. BCE }, ['Huangdi Neijing']={ "lzh", "Huangdi Neijing, 4th century " .. BCE .. " to 3rd century " .. CE }, ['Huayanjing'] =   { "lzh",  "The Avataṃsaka Sūtra, translated by Śikṣānanda circa 7th century " .. CE }, ['Jingangjing'] =  { "lzh",  "The Diamond Sutra, translated by Kumārajīva circa 5th century " .. CE }, ['Jinpingmei']  =  { "cmn-wvc",  "The Plum in the Golden Vase, circa 1610 " .. CE }, ['Jinpingmei-R']  =  { "cmn-wvc",  "The Plum in the Golden Vase, circa 1610 " .. CE .. ", translated based on David Tod Roy's version" }, ['Jinshi']      =  { "lzh-lit",  "1344 " .. CE .. ", Toqto'a (lead editor), History of Jin" }, ['Jinshu']      =  { "lzh-lit",  "648 " .. CE .. ", Fang Xuanling (lead editor), Book of Jin" }, ['Jiutangshu']  =  { "lzh-lit",  "The Old Book of Tang, 945 " .. CE }, ['Kongzi Jiayu'] = { "lzh",  "The School Sayings of Confucius, " .. circa .. " 206 " .. BCE .. "– 220 " .. CE }, ['Lantingjixu'] =  { "lzh-lit",  "353 " .. CE .. ", Wang Xizhi, Preface to the Poems Composed at the Orchid Pavilion" }, ['Laocan Youji'] =  { "cmn-wvc",  "1907 " .. CE .. ", Liu E, The Travels of Lao Can" }, ['Lengyanjing'] =  { "lzh",  "The Śūraṅgama Sūtra, translated by Pramiti circa 7th century " .. CE }, ['Liaozhai'] =  { "lzh-lit",  "1740 " .. CE .. ", Pu Songling, Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio" }, ['Lienvzhuan']  =  { "lzh",  "The Biographies of Exemplary Women, 2nd century " .. BCE }, ['Liezi']       =  { "lzh",  "Liezi, 1st – 5th century " .. CE }, ['Liezi-C']     =  { "lzh",  "Liezi, 1st – 5th century " .. CE .. ", translated based on Thomas Cleary's version" }, ['Liezi-G']     =  { "lzh",  "Liezi, 1st – 5th century " .. CE .. ", translated based on A. C. Graham's version" }, ['Liji']        =  { "lzh",  "The Book of Rites, " .. circa .. " 4th – 2nd century " .. BCE }, ['Liji-L']      =  { "lzh",  "The Book of Rites, " .. circa .. " 4th – 2nd century " .. BCE .. ", translated based on James Legge's version" }, ['Lingqijing']  =  { "lzh",  "The Divine Chess Classic" }, ['Lingwai Daida']  =  { "lzh",  "Zhou Qufei, Representative Answers from the Region beyond the Mountains, 12th century " .. CE }, ['Liutao']      =  { "lzh",  "Six Secret Teachings, " .. circa .. " 475 – 221 " .. BCE }, ['Liutao-S']    =  { "lzh",  "Six Secret Teachings, " .. circa .. " 475 – 221 " .. BCE .. ", translated based on Ralph D. Sawyer's version" }, ['Lunyu']       =  { "lzh",  "The Analects of Confucius, " .. circa .. " 475 – 221 " .. BCE }, ['Lvshi Chunqiu']= { "lzh",  "Lü Buwei, Master Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals, 239 " .. BCE }, ['Lunheng']     =  { "lzh",  "Wang Chong, Lun Heng (Discussive Weighing), 80 " .. CE }, ['Lunheng-F']     =  { "lzh",  "Wang Chong, Lun Heng (Discussive Weighing), 80 " .. CE .. ", translated based on Alfred Forke's version" }, ['Mencius']     =  { "lzh",  "Mencius, " .. circa .. " 4th century " .. BCE }, ['Mencius-L']   =  { "lzh",  "Mencius, " .. circa .. " 4th century " .. BCE .. ", translated based on James Legge's version" }, ['Mengxi Bitan']   =  { "lzh-lit", "1088 " .. CE .. ", Shen Kuo, Dream Pool Essays" }, ['Mengzi']      =  { "lzh",  "Mencius, " .. circa .. " 4th century " .. BCE }, ['Mengzi-L']    =  { "lzh",  "Mencius, " .. circa .. " 4th century " .. BCE .. ", translated based on James Legge's version" }, ['Mingshi']        =  { "lzh-lit",  "17th-18th century, History of Ming" }, ['Mozi']        =  { "lzh",  "Mozi, " .. circa .. " 4th century " .. BCE }, ['Mozi-M']      =  { "lzh",  "Mozi, " .. circa .. " 4th century " .. BCE .. ", translated based on Y. P. Mei's version" }, ['Mutianzizhuan']= { "lzh",  "The Tale of King Mu, Son of Heaven, " .. circa .. " 370 – 330 " .. BCE }, ['Mutianzizhuan-E']= { "lzh",  "The Tale of King Mu, Son of Heaven, " .. circa .. " 370 – 330 " .. BCE .. ", translated based on E. J. Eitel's version" }, ['Mutianzizhuan-Z']= { "lzh",  "The Tale of King Mu, Son of Heaven, " .. circa .. " 370 – 330 " .. BCE .. ", translated based on Zheng Dekun's version" }, ['Nanqishu']    =  { "lzh-lit",  "The Book of Southern Qi, by Xiao Zixian, 6th century " .. CE }, ['Nanshi']      =  { "lzh-lit",  "659 " .. CE .. ", Li Dashi and Li Yanshou, History of the Southern Dynasties" }, ['Paian Jingqi 1'] = { "cmn-wvc", "1628 " .. CE .. ", Ling Mengchu, Slapping the Table in Amazement I" }, ['Paian Jingqi 2'] = { "cmn-wvc", "1632 " .. CE .. ", Ling Mengchu, Slapping the Table in Amazement II" }, ['Peizhu']      =  { "lzh-lit",  "Pei Songzhi, Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms, circa 5th century " .. CE }, ['Qianfu Lun']   =  { "lzh",  "Wang Fu, Comments of a Recluse, " .. circa .. " 2nd century " .. CE }, ['Qianfu Lun-P'] =  { "lzh",  "Wang Fu, Comments of a Recluse, " .. circa .. " 2nd century " .. CE .. ", translated based on Margaret Pearson's version" }, ['Qianjin Yaofang'] =  { "lzh-lit",  "Sun Simiao, Essential Formulas Worth a Thousand Weights in Gold to Prepare for Emergencies, 652 " .. CE }, ['Qianziwen'] = { "lzh-lit",  "Zhou Xingsi, Thousand Character Classic, circa 6th century " .. CE }, ['Qimin Yaoshu'] = { "lzh-lit",  "544 " .. CE .. ", Jia Sixie, Qimin Yaoshu" }, ['Qingshigao']  =  { "lzh-lit",  "1929, Zhao Erxun (lead editor), Draft History of Qing" }, ['Rulin Waishi'] = { "cmn-wvc",  "Wu Jingzi, The Scholars, 1750 " .. CE }, ['Rulin Waishi-Y'] = { "cmn-wvc",  "Wu Jingzi, The Scholars, 1750 " .. CE .. ", translated based on Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang's version" }, ['Sanlve']        =  { "lzh",  "Three Strategies of Huang Shigong], 3th century " .. BCE .." – 1nd century " .. CE }, ['Sanlve-S']      =  { "lzh",  "Three Strategies of Huang Shigong], 3th century " .. BCE .." – 1nd century " .. CE .. ", translated based on Ralph D. Sawyer's version" }, ['Sanguozhi']   =  { "lzh-lit",  "Chen Shou, Records of the Three Kingdoms, circa 3rd century " .. CE }, ['Sanguo Yanyi'] = { "cmn-wvc",  "Romance of the Three Kingdoms, circa 14th century " .. CE }, ['Sanxia Wuyi'] =  { "cmn-wvc",  "The Three Heroes and Five Gallants, 1883 " .. CE }, ['Sanzijing']   =  { "lzh-lit",  "Three Character Classic, circa 13th century " .. CE }, ['Shangjunshu'] =  { "lzh",  "The Book of Lord Shang, circa 3rd century " .. BCE }, ['Shangjunshu-D'] =  { "lzh",  "The Book of Lord Shang, circa 3rd century " .. BCE .. ", translated based on J.J.L. Duyvendak's version" }, ['Shangshu']    =  { "lzh",  "The Book of Documents, circa 4th – 3rd century " .. BCE }, ['Shangshu-K']  =  { "lzh",  "The Book of Documents, circa 4th – 3rd century " .. BCE .. ", translated based on Bernhard Karlgren's version" }, ['Shangshu-L']  =  { "lzh",  "The Book of Documents, circa 4th – 3rd century " .. BCE .. ", translated based on James Legge's version" }, ['Shanhaijing'] =  { "lzh",  "The Classic of Mountains and Seas" }, ['Shanhaijing-B'] =  { "lzh",  "The Classic of Mountains and Seas, translation from The Classic of Mountains and Seas (1999), by Anne Birrell" }, ['Shanhaijing-S'] =  { "lzh",  "The Classic of Mountains and Seas, translation from A Chinese Bestiary : Strange Creatures from the Guideways Through Mountains and Seas (2002), by Richard E. Strassberg" }, ['Shenjian'] =  { "lzh", "Xun Yue, Shenjian, late 2nd - early 3rd century " .. CE }, ['Shenjian-C'] =  { "lzh", "Xun Yue, Shenjian, late 2nd - early 3rd century " .. CE .. ", translated based on Chen Qiyun's version" }, ['Shennong Ben Cao Jing'] =  { "lzh",  "The Divine Farmer's Materia Medica], 206 " .. BCE .." – 220 " .. CE }, ['Shennong Ben Cao Jing-Y'] =  { "lzh",  "The Divine Farmer's Materia Medica], 206 " .. BCE .." – 220 " .. CE .. ", translated based on Yang Shou-zhong's version" }, ['Shiji']       =  { "lzh",  "The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, " .. circa .. " 91 " .. BCE }, ['Shiji-A']     =  { "lzh",  "The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, " .. circa .. " 91 " .. BCE .. ", translated based on Herbert J. Allen's version" }, ['Shiji-W']     =  { "lzh",  "The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, " .. circa .. " 91 " .. BCE .. ", translated based on Burton Watson's version" }, ['Shijing']     =  { "lzh-pre",  "The Classic of Poetry, " .. circa .. " 11th – 7th centuries " .. BCE .. ", translated based on James Legge's version" }, ['Shijing-K']     =  { "lzh-pre",  "The Classic of Poetry, " .. circa .. " 11th – 7th centuries " .. BCE .. ", translated based on Bernhard Karlgren's version" }, ['Shijing-Xu']  =  { "lzh",  "Preface to Mao's Odes (Commentary on the Classic of Poetry), mid 2nd century " .. BCE }, ['Shishuo Xinyu']= { "lzh-lit",  "Liu Yiqing (editor), A New Account of the Tales of the World, 5th century " .. CE }, ['Shitong']    =  { "lzh-lit",  "Liu Zhiji, Shitong, circa 708 – 710 " .. CE }, ['Shuihuzhuan'] =  { "cmn-wvc", "Shi Nai'an, Water Margin, circa 14th century " .. CE }, ['Shuijingzhu'] =  { "lzh-lit", "Li Daoyuan, Commentary on the Water Classic, 386-534 " .. CE }, ['Shujing']     =  { "lzh",  "The Book of Documents, circa 7th – 4th centuries " .. BCE }, ['Shujing-L']   =  { "lzh",  "The Book of Documents, circa 7th – 4th centuries " .. BCE .. ", translated based on James Legge's version" }, ['Shuowen']     =  { "lzh",  "Shuowen Jiezi, circa 2nd century " .. CE }, ['Shuoyuan']    =  { "lzh",  "Shuoyuan, circa 1st century " .. BCE }, ['Simafa']     =  { "lzh",  "The Methods of the Sima, circa 4th century " .. BCE }, ['Simafa-S']   =  { "lzh",  "The Methods of the Sima, circa 4th century " .. BCE .. ", translated based on Ralph D. Sawyer's version" }, ['Sishierzhangjing'] = { "lzh", "The Sutra of Forty-two Chapters, translated by Kāśyapa Mātaṇga and Dharmaratna circa 1st century " .. CE }, ['Songshi']     =  { "lzh-lit",  "1345 " .. CE .. ", Toqto'a (lead editor), History of Song" }, ['Songshu']     =  { "lzh-lit",  "Shen Yue, Book of Song, 492-493 " .. CE}, ['Soushenji']   =  { "lzh",  "In Search of the Sacred, circa 3rd century " .. CE }, ['Suishu']      =  { "lzh-lit",  "The Book of Sui, 636 " .. CE }, ['Sunzi']       =  { "lzh",  "The Art of War, circa 5th century " .. BCE }, ['Sunzi-G']     =  { "lzh",  "The Art of War, circa 5th century " .. BCE .. ", translated based on Lionel Giles's version" }, ['Sunzi-S']     =  { "lzh",  "The Art of War, circa 5th century " .. BCE .. ", translated based on Ralph D. Sawyer's version" }, ['Taiping Guangji']={ "lzh-lit", "Taiping Guangji (Extensive Records of the Taiping Era), 978 " .. CE }, ['Taiping Yulan']= { "lzh-lit",	 "Taiping Yulan (Readings of the Taiping Era), 977 – 983 " .. CE }, ['Taixuanjing'] =  { "lzh",  "Yang Xiong, The Canon of Supreme Mystery, 2 " .. BCE }, ['Tingxun Geyan']= { "lzh", "Qing Emperor Kangxi, Guidelines for Families" }, ['Tongdian']    =  { "lzh-lit",	 "Du You, Tongdian, 766 – 801 " .. CE }, ['UM']          =  { "cmn", "UM-Corpus: A Large English-Chinese Parallel Corpus by NLP2CT" }, ['Weiliaozi']      =  { "lzh",  "Wei Liaozi, " .. circa .. " 4th – 3rd centuries " .. BCE }, ['Weiliaozi-S']    =  { "lzh",  "Wei Liaozi, " .. circa .. " 4th – 3rd centuries " .. BCE .. ", translated based on Ralph D. Sawyer's version" }, ['Weilve']      =  { "lzh",  "Yu Huan, Weilüe, 239  – 265 " .. CE }, ['Weishu']      =  { "lzh-lit",  "Wei Shou, Book of Wei, 551 – 554 " .. CE }, ['Wenxin Diaolong'] = { "lzh",  "Liu Xie, The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons, " .. circa .. " 5th century " .. CE }, ['Wenzi']       =  { "lzh",  "Wenzi" }, ['Wenxuan']     =  { "lzh",  "Wen Xuan, 6th century " .. CE }, ['WGWSS']       =  { "lzh",  "Forged Old Text of the Book of Documents, circa 3rd – 4th century " .. CE }, ['Wuzi']        =  { "lzh",  "Wuzi], 5th – 4th century " .. BCE }, ['Wuzi-S']      =  { "lzh",  "Wuzi], 5th – 4th century " .. BCE .. ", translated based on Ralph D. Sawyer's version" }, ['Xiaojing']    =  { "lzh",  "Classic of Filial Piety,  circa 475 – 221 " .. BCE }, ['Xingshi Hengyan']={ "cmn-wvc", "Feng Menglong, Stories to Awaken the World, 1627 " .. CE }, ['Xingshi Yinyuan Zhuan']={ "cmn-wvc", "Xizhou Sheng, Marriage Destinies to Awaken the World, 17th century " .. CE }, ['Xishuangji']  =  { "cmn-wvc", "Wang Shifu, The Story of the Western Wing, 13th – 14th centuries " .. CE }, ['Xiyouji']     =  { "cmn-wvc", "Wu Cheng'en, Journey to the West, 16th century " .. CE }, ['Xiyouji-Y']   =  { "cmn-wvc", "Wu Cheng'en, Journey to the West, 16th century " .. CE .. ", translation from The Journey to the West (2012), by Anthony C. Yu" }, ['Xintangshu']  =  { "lzh-lit",  "The New Book of Tang, 1060 " .. CE }, ['Xinyu']       =  { "lzh",  "Lu Jia, Xinyu (A New Discourse), " .. circa .. " 197 " .. BCE }, ['Xunzi']       =  { "lzh",  "Xunzi, " .. circa .. " 3rd century " .. BCE }, ['Yantielun']   =  { "lzh",  "Huan Kuan, Discourses on Salt and Iron, " .. circa .. " 1st century " .. BCE }, ['Yanshi Jiaxun']= { "lzh-lit",  "Yan Zhitui, The Family Instructions of Master Yan, 6th century " .. CE }, ['Yanzi Chunqiu']= { "lzh",  "Annals of Master Yan, " .. circa .. " 3rd century " .. BCE }, ['Yijing']      =  { "lzh-pre",  "I Ching, 11th – 8th century " .. BCE }, ['Yijing-L']    =  { "lzh-pre",  "I Ching, 11th – 8th century " .. BCE .. ", translated based on James Legge's version" }, ['Yili']        =  { "lzh",  "Etiquette and Ceremonial, circa 475 – 221 " .. BCE }, ['Yili-S']      =  { "lzh",  "Etiquette and Ceremonial, circa 475 – 221 " .. BCE .. ", translated based on John Steele's version" }, ['Yilin']       =  { "lzh",  "Jiao Gong, Yilin, 1st century " .. BCE }, ['Yiwen Leiju']   =  { "lzh-lit",  "Yiwen Leiju, 624 " .. CE }, ['Yizhoushu']   =  { "lzh",  "Lost Book of Zhou, circa 4th – 1st centuries " .. BCE }, ['Yuandianzhang']= { "lzh-lit",  "Statutes of the Yuan dynasty, 1322–1323 " .. CE }, ['Zhanguoce']   =  { "lzh",  "Zhanguo Ce, circa 5th – 3rd centuries " .. BCE }, ['Zhanguoce-C']   =  { "lzh",  "Zhanguo Ce, circa 5th – 3rd centuries " .. BCE .. ", translated based on J. I. Crump's version" }, ["Zhaoshi Gu'er"]= { "cmn-wvc",  "Yuan Dynasty, Ji Junxiang, The Orphan of Zhao" }, ['Zhouli']      =  { "lzh",  "Rites of Zhou, circa 3rd century " .. BCE }, ['Zhoushu']      =  { "lzh-lit",  "636 " .. CE .. ", Linghu Defen, Book of Zhou" }, ['Zhuangzi']    =  { "lzh",  "Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries " .. BCE }, ['Zhuangzi-L']  =  { "lzh",  "Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries " .. BCE .. ", translated based on James Legge's version" }, ['Zhuangzi-W']  =  { "lzh",  "Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries " .. BCE .. ", translation from The Complete Works Of Chuang Tzu (2013), by Burton Watson" }, ['Zhushu Jinian'] = { "lzh",  "Bamboo Annals,  circa 475 – 221 " .. BCE }, ['Zhuzi Jiaxun'] = { "lzh-lit",  "Zhu Yongchun, Zhu Zi's Family Maxims, 17th century " .. CE }, ['Zhuzi Yulei'] = {"cmn-wvc", "Various editors, Collected Conversations of Master Zhu, " .. circa .. " 13th century " .. CE}, ['Zibuyu']      =  { "lzh-lit",  "Yuan Mei, What the Master Would Not Discuss, 1788 " .. CE }, ['Zizhi Tongjian']      =  { "lzh-lit",  "1084 " .. CE .. ", Sima Guang, Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government" }, ['Zuozhuan']    =  { "lzh",  "Commentary of Zuo, " .. circa .. " 4th century " .. BCE }, ['Zuozhuan-D']  =  { "lzh",  "Commentary of Zuo, " .. circa .. " 4th century " .. BCE .. ", translation from Zuozhuan: Commentary on the \"Spring and Autumn Annals\" (2017), by Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li and David Schaberg" }, ['Zuozhuan-L']  =  { "lzh",  "Commentary of Zuo, " .. circa .. " 4th century " .. BCE .. ", translated based on James Legge's version" }, ['Mao25']     =  format_mao("1925", "中國社會各階級的分析", "Analysis of the Classes in Chinese Society", "1", "1"), ['Mao27']     =  format_mao("1927", "湖南農民運動考察報告", "Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan", "1", "2"), ['Mao35']     =  format_mao("1935", "論反對日本帝國主義的策略", "On Tactics Against Japanese Imperialism", "1", "11"), ['Mao36']     =  format_mao("1936", "中國革命戰爭的戰略問題", "Problems of Strategy in China's Revolutionary War", "1", "12"), ['MaoSJL']    =  format_mao("1937", "實踐論", "On Practice", "1", "16"), ['MaoMDL']    =  format_mao("1937", "矛盾論", "On Contradiction", "1", "17"), ['MaoZYZY']   =  format_mao("1937", "反對自由主義", "Combat Liberalism", "2", "03"), ['Mao38']     =  format_mao("1938", "論持久戰", "On Protracted War", "2", "09"), ['MaoZGGM']   =  format_mao("1939", "中國革命和中國共產黨", "The Chinese Revolution and the Chinese Communist Party", "2", "23"), ['MaoXMZZY']  =  format_mao("1940", "新民主主義論", "On New Democracy", "2", "26"), ['MaoRectify'] = format_mao("1942", "整頓黨的作風", "Rectify the Party's Style of Work", "3", "06"), ['MaoYanan']  =  format_mao("1942", "在延安文藝座談會上的講話", "Talks at the Yenan Forum on Literature and Art", "3", "08"), ['Mao45']     =  format_mao("1945", "論聯合政府", "On Coalition Government", "3", "25"), ['Mao56']     =  format_mao("1956", "論十大關係", "On the Ten Major Relationships", "5", "51"), ['Mao57']     =  format_mao("1957", "關於正確處理人民內部矛盾的問題", "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People", "5", "58"), }

data.pron_correction = { ["cmn"] = {}, ["yue"] = { ["錢"] = "cin4", ["道"] = "dou6", ["稱"] = "cing1", ["噏"] = "ngap1", },	["hak"] = { ["阿"] = "-â", ["媸"] = "-ché", ["獎"] = "-chióng", ["竹"] = "-chuk", ["茶"] = "chhà", ["蚻"] = "-chha̍t", ["曾"] = "-chhèn", ["千"] = "-chhiên", ["竄"] = "-chhon", ["捽"] = "-chhu̍t", ["仔"] = "-é", ["𫣆"] = "-ên", ["客"] = "-hak", ["機"] = "-kî", ["𥘹"] = "-kì", ["溝"] = "-kiêu", ["稿"] = "-kó", ["罅"] = "-la", ["壢"] = "-lak", ["摎"] = "-lâu", ["㧯"] = "-lâu", ["恅"] = "-láu", ["俚"] = "-lî", ["羅"] = "-lò", ["擂"] = "-lùi", ["閩"] = "-mén", ["美"] = "-mî", ["忘"] = "-mong", ["蚊"] = "-mûn", ["腦"] = "-nó", ["濃"] = "-nùng", ["𠊎"] = "-ngài", ["祢"] = "-ngì", ["孲"] = "-ò", ["𡟓"] = "-ôi", ["錶"] = "-péu", ["輩"] = "-pi", ["𡜵"] = "-pû", ["婆"] = "-phò", ["使"] = "-sṳ́", ["史"] = "-sṳ́", ["視"] = "sṳ", ["脣"] = "-sùn", ["點"] = "-tiám", ["𢯭"] = "-then", ["電"] = "-thien", ["唐"] = "-thòng", ["筒"] = "-thùng", ["裕"] = "-yi", },	["nan-hbl"] = { ["阿"] = "-a", ["仔"] = "-á", ["矣"] = "-ah", ["啊"] = "-ah", ["䆀"] = "-bái", ["袂"] = "-bē", ["欲"] = "-beh", ["覕"] = "-bih", ["盟"] = "-bêng", ["務"] = "-bū", ["欉"] = "-châng", ["十"] = "-cha̍p", ["誌"] = "-chì", ["遮"] = "-chiah", ["針"] = "-chiam", ["窒"] = "-chit", ["鯽"] = "-chit", ["一"] = "-chi̍t", ["睭"] = "-chiu", ["慈"] = "-chû", ["𠞩"] = "-chûi", ["𨑨"] = "-chhit", ["𤆬"] = "-chhōa", ["攢"] = "-chhoân", ["的"] = "-ê", ["个"] = "-ê", ["憶"] = "-ek", ["𠢕"] = "-gâu", ["偌"] = "-gōa", ["囡"] = "-gín", ["耳"] = "-hīⁿ", ["予"] = "-hō͘", ["已"] = "-í", ["也"] = "-iā", ["𪜶"] = "-in", ["字"] = "-jī", ["然"] = "-jiân", ["日"] = "-ji̍t", ["共"] = "-kā", ["佮"] = "-kah", ["甲"] = "-kah", ["矸"] = "-kan", ["到"] = "-kàu", ["竟"] = "kèng", ["行"] = "-kiâⁿ", ["勼"] = "-kiu", ["閣"] = "-koh", ["擱"] = "-koh", ["講"] = "-kóng", ["跤"] = "-kha", ["較"] = "-khah", ["徛"] = "-khiā", ["課"] = "-khò", ["人"] = "-lâng", ["汝"] = "-lí", ["旅"] = "-lí", ["啉"] = "-lim", ["暖"] = "-loán", ["戀"] = "-loân", ["攏"] = "-lóng", ["毋"] = "-m̄", ["嬤"] = "-má", ["喔"] = "-o͘h", ["爸"] = "-pē", ["悲"] = "-pi", ["麭"] = "-pháng", ["三"] = "-saⁿ", ["捨"] = "-siá", ["閃"] = "-siám", ["雙"] = "-siang", ["啥"] = "-siáⁿ", ["心"] = "-sim", ["俗"] = "-sio̍k", ["傷"] = "-siong", ["商"] = "-siong", ["受"] = "-siū", ["煞"] = "-soah", ["士"] = "-sū", ["雖"] = "-sui", ["媠"] = "-súi", ["遂"] = "-sūi", ["臺"] = "-tâi", ["塊"] = "-tè", ["咧"] = "-teh", ["豬"] = "-ti", ["戴"] = "-tì", ["佇"] = "-tī", ["典"] = "-tián", ["躊"] = "-tiû", ["斷"] = "-tn̄g", ["多"] = "-to", ["倒"] = "tó", ["拄"] = "-tú", ["盹"] = "-tuh", ["脣"] = "-tûn", ["太"] = "-thài", ["刣"] = "-thâi", ["讀"] = "-tha̍k", ["窗"] = "-thang", ["迌"] = "-thô", ["揻"] = "-ui", },	["wuu"] = {}, }

data.polysyllable_pron_correction = { ["cmn"] = { ["覺得"] = "juéde", ["個中"] = "gèzhōng", ["個人"] = "gèrén", ["個個"] = "gègè", ["個兒"] = "gèr", ["個別"] = "gèbié", ["個子"] = "gèzi", ["個展"] = "gèzhǎn", ["個性"] = "gèxìng", ["個數"] = "gèshù", ["個案"] = "gè'àn",["個頭"] = "gètóu", ["個體"] = "gètǐ" },	["yue"] = { ["屋企"] = "uk1 kei2", ["返屋企"] = "faan1 uk1 kei2", ["知道"] = "zi1 dou3" },	["hak"] = { ["老鼠"] = "-lo-chhú", ["敗勢"] = "-phài-se", ["癩𰣻"] = "-thái-kô", ["台灣"] = "-Thòi-vàn", ["臺灣"] = "-Thòi-vàn-" },	["nan-hbl"] = { ["愛人"] = "-ài-jîn", ["饅頭"] = "-bán-thô", ["門徒"] = "-bûn-tô͘", ["情批"] = "-chêng-phoe", ["遮爾"] = "-chiah-nī", ["這馬"] = "-chit-má", ["作用"] = "-chok-iōng", ["請假"] = "-chhéng-ká", ["親像"] = "-chhin-chhiūⁿ", ["偌爾"] = "-gōa-nī", ["一切"] = "-it-chhè", ["一般"] = "-it-poaⁿ", ["一直"] = "-it-ti̍t", ["人海"] = "-jîn-hái", ["人生"] = "-jîn-seng", ["卡拉OK"] = "-kha-lá-ó͘-khe", ["旅行"] = "-lí-hêng", ["歐巴桑"] = "-o͘-bá-sáng", ["歹勢"] = "-pháiⁿ-sè", ["山珍海味"] = "-san-tin-hái-bī", ["漩渦"] = "-soân-o", ["臺灣"] = "-Tâi-oân", ["第一"] = "-tē-it", ["的確"] = "-tek-khak", ["癩𰣻"] = "-thái-ko", },	["wuu"] = {}, }

return data

title: Module:zh-usex/data


text:
रावळपिंडी

Etymology
/ . Compare 🇨🇬.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: रावळपिंडी


text:
بلاطة

Etymology
Singulative noun composed of.

title: بلاطة


text:
樹影

Noun

 * 1) shade of a tree

title: 樹影


text: 树影

title: 树影


text: Category:ar:Architectural elements

title: Category:ar:Architectural elements


text: Category:ar:Building materials

title: Category:ar:Building materials


text:
樹箬

Noun

 * 1)  tree leaf

title: 樹箬


text: 树箬

title: 树箬


text: Category:Arabic terms belonging to the root ب ل ط


text:
Module:zh-usex/data/documentation

This module contains data used by Module:zh-usex for formatting quotations and usage examples.

title: Module:zh-usex/data/documentation


text:
ngoài ra

Etymology
🇰🇲.

Adverb

 * 1) besides; additionally; in addition

title: ngoài ra


text:
User:MCLoutta206

MCLoutta206

title: User:MCLoutta206


text:
ӗҫ

Etymology 1
From. Cognate to 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) work

Etymology 2
From. Cognate to 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to drink

title: ӗҫ


text:
手爪

Noun

 * 1)  finger
 * 2)  fingernail
 * 3)  skill; craftsmanship
 * 4)  habit; conduct; action usually bad
 * 5)  mark left after fingers grab something

title: 手爪


text:
văn bản

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) written text; passage; document

title: văn bản


text:
手爪黏

Noun

 * 1)  fond of petty theft; fond of pilfering

title: 手爪黏


text:
kịp thời

Etymology
🇰🇲; compare 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) timely; in time

title: kịp thời


text:
手䘼箍

Noun

 * 1)  armband; sleeve badge

title: 手䘼箍


text:
тӑлмач

Etymology
Borrowed from, ultimately from. Compare, from the same root. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 etc.

Noun

 * 1) interpreter

title: тӑлмач


text:
tổng đài

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) switchboard; exchange

title: tổng đài


text:
صفيحة

Etymology
From the root related to flatness.

Noun

 * 1) thin plate, sheet, lamina
 * 2) can, tin

title: صفيحة


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/úd

Adverb

 * 1) upwards, away, out, outward

Derived terms

 * *úd-s
 * *úd-s-kʷe
 * *úd-ter-o-s
 * *ud-tm̥m-ó-s
 * *úd-er-o-s
 * *úd-s-kʷe
 * *úd-ter-o-s
 * *ud-tm̥m-ó-s
 * *úd-er-o-s
 * *úd-ter-o-s
 * *ud-tm̥m-ó-s
 * *úd-er-o-s
 * *úd-er-o-s
 * *úd-er-o-s
 * *úd-er-o-s

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/úd


text:
tiếp sức

Etymology
🇰🇲.

Verb

 * 1) to give strength (to)
 * 2)  to relay

title: tiếp sức


text:
手箍

Noun

 * 1)  armband; sleeve badge
 * 2)  upper arm

Synonyms

title: 手箍


text:
ἀποστολεύς

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) One who dispatches, dispatcher
 * 2)  An Athenian magistrate who outfitted a squadron for service

title: ἀποστολεύς


text:
手箍仔

Noun

 * 1)  armband; sleeve badge

title: 手箍仔


text:
Reconstruction talk:Proto-Indo-European/úd

 * is said by the LSJ (admittedly not the most reliable source, etymology-wise) to come from . It seems to make more sense semantically. --Barytonesis (talk) 13:41, 17 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Although the etymology at explains the semantic shift. But about the Latin form, how do we explain the devoicing? --Barytonesis (talk) 13:46, 17 November 2017 (UTC)
 * From what I've read, that theory, which is actually quite old, has all but been debunked. --Victar (talk) 17:04, 17 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I defer to you on that. But what about the unexplained devoicing in Latin? --Barytonesis (talk) 17:16, 17 November 2017 (UTC)
 * From De Vann: "WH suggest that *uderos may have analogically become *uteros when became,  phonetically. But according to Hilmarsson 1993: 215, tr can have arisen in the oblique cases where syncope took place in front of a long vowel: *uderī > *udrī > *utrī." --Victar (talk) 17:27, 17 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks! --Barytonesis (talk) 17:41, 17 November 2017 (UTC)


text:
тӑрна

Etymology
.

Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) crane

title: тӑрна


text: Category:Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *úd-


text:
тӗве

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) camel

title: тӗве


text:
Lào Cai

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Vietnamese:

Etymology
From, from  (SV: ).

title: Lào Cai


text: 手挹後

title: 手挹後


text: 手挹后

title: 手挹后


text:
Module talk:family tree

In case you wanted to do some classification
, I know you love fiddling around with the language phylogeny as much as I do. I just wanted to inform you that Kenny's module is up an running again, with improvements! — JohnC5 07:02, 20 November 2017 (UTC)

 * That's a very interesting module. Do you plan to make it a public good? Also, I'm no expert, but I can see some ways in which the Romance taxonomy could be improved. --Per utramque cavernam (talk) 21:29, 30 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I was going to suggest copying the module to Module:family tree, but there's already a module there (though it may not work correctly anymore). — Eru·tuon 21:53, 30 December 2017 (UTC)
 * If we could get a drop down on the langcat pages with this in it, it would be magical. —*i̯óh₁nC[5] 22:02, 30 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I really like that idea. It would be pretty easy to add, aside from the collapsibility part.
 * It would add a considerable amount of memory to every language category: 20 megabytes or so. I wonder what it would be like if the table from which the tree is generated were saved in a data module. It would have to be updated regularly, like Module:languages/code to canonical name and Module:languages/canonical names, which would be somewhat troublesome. — Eru·tuon 22:41, 30 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Are there any other memory requirements for langcat pages besides the langcatboiler? I'm not sure adding 20 MB would be too much of a problem. CAT:English language only uses about 6.5 MB. Also, I would prefer that only the outermost div should be collapsed by default—all the internal ones would be uncollapsed. Then again, it would be easier just to pass in a parameter to the module saying whether to collapse or uncollapse everything. —*i̯óh₁nC[5] 05:08, 31 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I don't know of anything else memory-heavy in langcats. Maybe the memory usage wouldn't be a problem. I just like to optimize. And it might be interesting to see what a data module would look like. I agree that the inner tables shouldn't be collapsed; it would be quite annoying if we had to click many different times to view the whole table. Then again, some of the tables would be huge and it might be helpful to be able to get an overview of one level of the tree. An idea: additional buttons for expanding or collapsing particular levels of the tree. (That would require a new JavaScript function, and some way to select each level of the tree.) Then, for instance, you could expand the table for Proto-Indo-European and click a button to hide all but the first level of descent (Proto-Albanian, Proto-Anatolian, ...). — Eru·tuon 05:44, 31 December 2017 (UTC)
 * That bonus JS would be up to you; my JS is waaaay too rusty. I almost proposed removing the collapsable tables inside the tree as the lines look much better without the padding on all the internal tables (i.e. the lines join up correctly). —*i̯óh₁nC[5] 06:39, 31 December 2017 (UTC)

, nudge. —*i̯óh₁nC[5] 19:51, 12 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Well... how to proceed? The module should probably be moved to an official name. Module:family tree is a good name, but it's used; or maybe it could be moved to make room for this one, since it doesn't work. — Eru·tuon 22:56, 12 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I'd say move it. It hasn't been significantly edited in several years, and I don't think Kephir will come to object any time soon. —*i̯óh₁nC[5] 00:15, 13 January 2018 (UTC)
 * What was Kephir's code supposed to do? --Per utramque cavernam (talk) 12:33, 13 January 2018 (UTC)
 * It looks like it made a nested bulleted list of language descent. — Eru·tuon 20:50, 20 January 2018 (UTC)

Just came to say this is cool. --Victar (talk) 23:18, 28 January 2018 (UTC)

Emilian
Any idea why Emilian is excluded from ? —Mahāgaja (formerly Angr) · talk 11:47, 19 February 2018 (UTC)
 * I haven't the faintest notion. It looks from a coding standpoint like anything else., any ideas? —*i̯óh₁n̥C[5] 12:32, 19 February 2018 (UTC)
 * No idea. I'll have to do some debugging to figure it out. — Eru·tuon 22:33, 19 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Ladin is missing as well. —Mahāgaja (formerly Angr) · talk 13:40, 22 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Ladin is there now, because I made a new subfamily for Rhaeto-Romance languages. —Mahāgaja (formerly Angr) · talk 14:00, 22 February 2018 (UTC)
 * And Emilian is there now too, even though I haven't put it in a new family or anything. Weird. —Mahāgaja (formerly Angr) · talk 14:18, 22 February 2018 (UTC)
 * But Sicilian is gone. Curiouser and curiouser. —Mahāgaja (formerly Angr) · talk 15:12, 22 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Fixed! It had to do with items being removed in the wrong order when the parent → children map was converted to a tree. — Eru·tuon 19:40, 22 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Excellent! Thanks! And is it deliberate that creoles and pidgins are excluded? For example, Bislama and several other English-based creoles have English listed as an ancestor, but they're not listed at . Is that because their language family is listed as "creole or pidgin" and not as "Germanic"? —Mahāgaja (formerly Angr) · talk 20:51, 22 February 2018 (UTC)
 * It is, but it can be changed. (See the line that mentions, which Module:families/data lists "creole or pidgin" as a subfamily of.) Should I add a switch that turns on creoles and pidgins, or creoles, pidgins, and languages of undetermined family? 21:09, 22 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Are there any languages of undetermined family, other than creoles and pidgins, that have ancestors? And what about sign languages? They do group into families such as the, which American Sign Language belongs to. —Mahāgaja (formerly Angr) · talk 21:54, 22 February 2018 (UTC)

Module errors
Seems to have gotten broken. Just throws a module error now. —Mahāgaja (formerly Angr) · talk 14:12, 3 March 2018 (UTC)
 * I guess it was because a family mentioned in a language data module wasn't found in Module:families/data. Fixed. — Eru·tuon 20:12, 3 March 2018 (UTC)

The complete tree at Module:family tree/documentation isn't showing up. —Suzukaze-c◇◇ 05:25, 21 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Fixed-but-not-fixed, by not providing the complete tree. —Suzukaze-c◇◇ 05:16, 4 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Maybe someday I will replicate Wiktionary's module structure on my computer and generate the table without any template include limits and post it... — Eru·tuon 05:19, 4 March 2019 (UTC)

etym-only codes for child nodes
, right now, it seems only parent nodes have etym-only languages listed in the tree. Would be it possible to have child nodes also display etym-only languages below them? Case in point, User:Victar/Sandbox5 only shows the codes below, but none of the codes below   are being displayed. --Victar (talk) 02:22, 16 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Maybe. I haven't figured out how to do it yet, though. — Eru·tuon 22:01, 18 July 2018 (UTC)
 * , well, here's to hoping! --Victar (talk) 23:08, 18 July 2018 (UTC)

Errors in language categories
Languages with no specified family can't make main category pages (see subcategories of Category:Pages with module errors); the error message points back to this module. . Julia ☺ ☆ 17:13, 12 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Fixed. — Eru·tuon 19:49, 12 March 2019 (UTC)

CSS
The idea of using inconsistent font sizes for a monospaced font mildly upsets me. I'm frankly not sure what you mean by "the codes are too large now and overlapping". What does it look like for you? —Suzukaze-c◇◇ 02:58, 16 March 2019 (UTC)
 * This is what your code looks like, https://pasteboard.co/I5CNenF.png, and this is what it should look like, https://pasteboard.co/I5CNQBN.png. -- 03:12, 16 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Ah, I see. I did want to keep the icons small, but I also wanted to have them be 2 characters wide. I couldn't figure out how to do both. The former is more important; I'll give up on the latter. Is it better now? —Suzukaze-c◇◇ 03:29, 16 March 2019 (UTC)
 * OK, so I changed the  to   that matches the original. Let me know if that still works for your monospace issue. --  04:19, 16 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Mm,  means that the font-size for the box-drawing characters is different from the font-size for the languages, which results in a slight misalignment between different levels of the tree. em and % is not actually important here. —Suzukaze-c◇◇ 04:22, 16 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Ah, I see what you're getting at now. How slight are we talking about here? -- 05:13, 16 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Slight 🤷 1/2 of a character? I really think the easiest solution is removing  (and perhaps adjusting  ). —Suzukaze-c◇◇ 05:26, 16 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Working on a solution. -- 06:24, 16 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Wonder if anything can fix the tiny gaps between line drawing characters that I see on my screen. But those might just be rendering artifacts. — Eru·tuon 06:43, 16 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Perhaps I should have asked this question earlier as well: What's wrong with having the font-size be uniform for all elements? —Suzukaze-c◇◇ 07:02, 16 March 2019 (UTC)
 * The reason the branch lines font size is larger is so the level spacing can be increased, but then the title size needs to stay the same. Thanks for Erutuon enclosing the branch lines in a span, I took the sizing from the other end. Does that work better at all? If not, I'll need to play around with  --  07:08, 16 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Module:family tree/sandbox? It's still not completely aligned for me… I suspect that this sort of micro-adjustment depends very much on the font you use. What's wrong with ? If it has to do with how the box-drawing characters (don't) connect between lines/rows, I don't think it can be helped (or one could use a font with very tall box-drawing glyphs?). When I forked the module, I also thought about replacing the box-drawing characters with CSS   stuff, because I had the same thoughts, but I couldn't figure it out. Thinking about it again, perhaps something could be done with  . At any rate, I really think that the only way to keep everything aligned is to have one uniform font size… —Suzukaze-c◇◇ 04:25, 17 March 2019 (UTC)
 * If you want to try creating a fork with some of your ideas, that would be awesome, but I don't support changing the font size for an issue I don't even notice. -- 04:37, 17 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Eh, it seems like we value different things, and that there is no one solution. 🤷 —Suzukaze-c◇◇ 04:49, 17 March 2019 (UTC)
 * You probably can override the CSS in your common.css at least... — Eru·tuon 04:51, 17 March 2019 (UTC)
 * I used the Stylus browser extension before directly editing Module:family tree/style.css. 🤷 —Suzukaze-c◇◇ 04:53, 17 March 2019 (UTC)
 * (Heh, I use that as well...) — Eru·tuon 04:57, 17 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Mm, I have a solution for my problem now: Don't use monospaced fonts for the language text 🤷 I still don't think the font-size of monospaced text should be touched, though. —Suzukaze-c◇◇ 05:01, 17 March 2019 (UTC)

Override option
I think it would be a good idea to have an override option for generating family trees, however I'm not sure exactly how it would be implemented. If you look at Category:Proto-Bantu language, you can see that the family tree there is an alphabetical list of individual Bantu languages, except for Nguni and Sotho-Tswana. This is just because there are no family codes for other subfamilies, and there isn't really need for them. So it would be nice to override this to show all the subfamilies in a structured tree. Another advantage to this is that it would be easy to change if there are new developments in language classification (Bantu language classification is complex and constantly developing). If anyone has any ideas on how to implement this, let me know. Smashhoof (talk) 22:19, 6 May 2019 (UTC)
 * If a tree can be stratified, family codes should be created. -- 08:53, 7 May 2019 (UTC)

Prakrit languages
The Prakrit languages have incomplete or empty trees, despite being the ancestors of dozens of languages in the Module:languages data. and  are missing big chunks, and ,  ,  , and   are empty. I think the Sauraseni Prakrit family not including all descendants of the Sauraseni Prakrit language could be a problem but that's just a guess. Julia ☺ ☆ 22:08, 22 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I'm not very familiar with the structure of the Indo-Aryan language family and I need some examples to figure out why languages or languages families are being put where they are. Which languages or language families should be shown underneath the Prakrit languages but aren't, for instance under Sauraseni Prakrit ? — Eru·tuon 22:29, 22 May 2019 (UTC)
 * You can compare this module's trees to ones at मनुष्य and Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/pratʰamás and see a lot of missing pieces. (I made them using this module when it wasn't broken as a reference). I'm looking at the tree for  and it's not reflective of the data. For instance,  's ancestor at Module:languages/data3/o is , but in this module's tree it's  . Julia ☺  ☆ 23:01, 22 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Well, as you suggested above, it looks like the reason why Gujarati for instance isn't under Sauraseni Prakrit is that its family code is   (Indo-Aryan) rather than   (Sauraseni Prakrit), as shown here:   Fixing the family code will put Gujarati under Sauraseni Prakrit at least, which is a little better, but it should be under Old Gujarati.
 * Actually, Module:family tree/nested data/sandbox has a bunch of improvements that fix Sauraseni Prakrit's tree even with no changes to the data. I've merged those changes. — Eru·tuon 23:31, 22 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Everything looks in order now; thanks for fixing it! Julia ☺ ☆ 00:45, 23 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Module talk:family tree


text:
тӗрӗк

Etymology
Related to 🇨🇬, from Old Turkic türük.

Adjective

 * 1) Turkish

title: тӗрӗк


text:
小偷小摸

Noun

 * 1) pilfering; petty theft
 * 2) petty thief

title: 小偷小摸


text:
手閹手捩

Noun

 * 1)  pilfering; petty theft

title: 手閹手捩


text: 手阉手捩

title: 手阉手捩


text:
тӗнӗл

Etymology
Related to 🇨🇬, from.

Noun

 * 1) axle

title: тӗнӗл


text:
袖箍

Noun

 * 1)  armband; sleeve badge

title: 袖箍


text:
エイリアン

Etymology
From.

title: エイリアン


text: エーリアン

title: エーリアン


text:
bagel girl

Etymology
From, and.

Noun

 * 1) A woman with an adult-looking body and childish facial features, in the context of Korean pop culture.
 * 2) * 2015 Eye Candy: Sexy and cute 'bagel girls' All K-Pop
 * Combining the words "baby" and "glamour," the term "bagel girl" refers to a girl who has a cute, baby-like face and a hot, glamorous body.
 * 1) * 2015 Men Who Yearn to Be Erect, and the Women Who Bear Them Korea Expose
 * The much-touted ideal of South Korean female beauty, the so-called beigeul-nyeo or ‘bagel girl’, is none other than a woman who has a ‘baby’ face and a ‘glamorous’ body, combining the innocence of a child and the allure of a porn star to represent the ultimate object of male desire: a virgin-whore who will seduce but harbour not a shred of her own will. She is that girl who will give in even as she stays still, saying no yet carrying out her expected duty.

title: bagel girl


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/úderos

Etymology
Deadjectival form of, variant of , from.

Noun

 * 1)  abdomen, stomach


text:
ҫӑкӑр

Noun

 * 1) bread

title: ҫӑкӑр


text:
тырӑ

Etymology
Related to 🇨🇬, from Old Turkic tarıg.

Noun

 * 1) bread

title: тырӑ


text:
taluṇa

Etymology
, from.

Adjective

 * 1) young

title: taluṇa


text:
улма

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) potato
 * 2) apple

title: улма


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/utˢtamás

Etymology
From, from. Equivalent to.

Adjective

 * 1) highest, most elevated


text:
ултав

Etymology
Related to 🇨🇬, from Middle Turkic al.

Noun

 * 1) deception
 * 2) a lie

title: ултав


text:
暗号通貨

Noun

 * 1) cryptocurrency

title: 暗号通貨


text:
ビットコイン

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) Bitcoin (cryptocurrency)

title: ビットコイン


text:
ҫӑмарта

Etymology
From.

Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, etc. See for more cognates.

Noun

 * 1) egg

title: ҫӑмарта


text:
tarotier

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a manufacturer of tarot cards

title: tarotier


text:
Thread:User talk:Rua/*ǵʰésr̥'s inflection/reply (3)

Tom, not to go into great detail, but it is a matter of some scholarly debate at the moment of whether proterokinetic inflections exist at all. While the Erlangen and Leiden models reconstruct them, compositional models like those favored by Kiparsky, Halle, and Probert neither predict nor accept the existence of proterokinetic inflection. There has actually been a recent concerted effort by some to explain all proposed evidence for that paradigm (or indeed for paradigmatic inflection itself). We give the proterokinetic inflections here for, , , and because it is the traditional model, but there is in truth little unproblematic evidence to support the proposed paradigm. I might take a look at this Kiparsky paper to see this alternative view.


text:
ҫимӗҫ

Etymology
Related to 🇨🇬, from.

Noun

 * 1) food
 * 2) fruit

title: ҫимӗҫ


text:
taroter

Verb

 * 1)  to play tarot or with tarot cards
 * 2)  to draw tarot cards for someone

title: taroter


text:
хӗн

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) torment
 * 2) suffering

title: хӗн


text:
User talk:Nuevo Paso

Welcome!

Hello, welcome to Wiktionary, and thank you for your contributions so far.

If you are unfamiliar with wiki editing, take a look at Help:How to edit a page. It is a concise list of technical guidelines to the wiki format we use here: how to, for example, make text boldfaced or create hyperlinks. Feel free to practice in the sandbox. If you would like a slower introduction we have a short tutorial.

These links may help you familiarize yourself with Wiktionary:

 * Entry layout (EL) is a detailed policy documenting how Wiktionary pages should be formatted. All entries should conform to this standard. The easiest way to start off is to copy the contents of an existing page for a similar word, and then adapt it to fit the entry you are creating.
 * Our Criteria for inclusion (CFI) define exactly which words can be added to Wiktionary, though it may be a bit technical and longwinded. The most important part is that Wiktionary only accepts words that have been in somewhat widespread use over the course of at least a year, and citations that demonstrate usage can be asked for when there is doubt.
 * If you already have some experience with editing our sister project Wikipedia, then you may find our guide for Wikipedia users useful.
 * The FAQ aims to answer most of your remaining questions, and there are several help pages that you can browse for more information.
 * A glossary of our technical jargon, and some hints for dealing with the more common communication issues.
 * If you have anything to ask about or suggest, we have several discussion rooms. Feel free to ask any other editors in person if you have any problems or question, by posting a message on their talk page.

You are encouraged to add a BabelBox to your userpage. This shows which languages you know, so other editors know which languages you'll be working on, and what they can ask you for help with.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wiktionarian! If you have any questions, bring them to the Information desk, or ask me on my talk page. If you do so, please sign your posts with four tildes: ~ which automatically produces your username and the current date and time.

Again, welcome! Wyang (talk) 08:13, 20 November 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nuevo Paso


text:
User talk:YeBoy371

Including a Korean word in Wiktionary.
Is this Korean word OK for inclusion in Wiktionary: 얇은? I found from a article on Wikipedia, this: ]. If yes, thank my edit! Many good wishes. Mihai Popa 😃📃 Talk to me! 💬 『My contributions! 🕔🕖』 13:47, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Also created the antonym word '두꺼운'. Thank you so much for your request! YeBoy371 (talk) 14:04, 11 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Also, this word: 않았다, it's OK or not for inclusion in Wiktionary? Mihai Popa 😃📃 Talk to me! 💬 『My contributions! 🕔🕖』 14:15, 11 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I found from . So much for adding. If this is OK, thank my edit. Best wishes! Mihai Popa 😃📃 Talk to me! 💬 『My contributions! 🕔🕖』 15:20, 11 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Although determiner such as '얇은' or '작은' are frequently produced, this is not the case with this word. YeBoy371 (talk) 15:05, 11 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Hmm... grammar error, it's "this word" or "these words" not "these word". Fix it damn!! Mihai Popa 😃📃 Talk to me! 💬 『My contributions! 🕔🕖』 15:07, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

Then the translated part comes, by ChatGPT!

위키낱말사전에 한국어 단어 포함하기
위키낱말사전에 이 한국어 단어를 포함해도 괜찮을까요: 얇은? 위키백과 문서에서 발견한 내용입니다: ]. 만약 가능하다면, 제 편집에 감사드립니다! 최고의 소망을 전합니다. Mihai Popa 😃📃 제게 이야기해 주세요! 💬 『내 기여들! 🕔🕖』 13:47, 2024년 6월 11일 (UTC)

 * 또한 '두꺼운'이라는 반의어를 만들었습니다. 요청해 주셔서 정말 감사합니다! YeBoy371 (토론) 14:04, 2024년 6월 11일 (UTC)
 * 또한, 이 단어: 않았다, 이것을 위키낱말사전에 포함해도 되는지요? Mihai Popa 😃📃 제게 이야기해 주세요! 💬 『내 기여들! 🕔🕖』 14:15, 2024년 6월 11일 (UTC)
 * 이 주소에서 찾았습니다 . 추가해 주셔서 감사합니다. 이것이 괜찮다면, 제 편집에 감사를 표합니다. 최고의 소망을 전합니다! Mihai Popa 😃📃 제게 이야기해 주세요! 💬 『내 기여들! 🕔🕖』 15:20, 2024년 6월 11일 (UTC)
 * '얇은'이나 '작은'과 같은 식의 관형사가 자주 생성되긴 하지만 해당 단어의 경우는 그렇지 않습니다. YeBoy371 (토론) 15:05, 2024년 6월 11일 (UTC)
 * 음... 문법 오류입니다, "this word"나 "these words"가 맞고 "these word"는 아닙니다. 수정해 주세요!! Mihai Popa 😃📃 제게 이야기해 주세요! 💬 『내 기여들! 🕔🕖』 15:07, 2024년 6월 11일 (UTC)

title: User talk:YeBoy371


text:
User:Ozelot911

Welcome to Ozelot911's EN-Wiktionary Userpage!

Resources

 * Templates (mainspace and otherwise)

title: User:Ozelot911


text:
半月刊

Noun

 * 1) semimonthly publication

title: 半月刊


text:
foof

Noun

 * 1) An audible puff of wind.
 * 2)  The vulva or vagina.
 * 3)  An exasperating person.
 * 4)  An eccentric, foolish, or senile person, usually an old man; a coot, codger, or dotard.
 * 1)  An exasperating person.
 * 2)  An eccentric, foolish, or senile person, usually an old man; a coot, codger, or dotard.
 * 1)  An eccentric, foolish, or senile person, usually an old man; a coot, codger, or dotard.
 * 1)  An eccentric, foolish, or senile person, usually an old man; a coot, codger, or dotard.
 * 1)  An eccentric, foolish, or senile person, usually an old man; a coot, codger, or dotard.

Translations

 * German: ,

Verb

 * 1) To fluff; to cause to puff up.
 * 2) To blow air through the lips while they are pressed together or against skin; to blow a raspberry.
 * 1) To blow air through the lips while they are pressed together or against skin; to blow a raspberry.
 * 1) To blow air through the lips while they are pressed together or against skin; to blow a raspberry.
 * 1) To blow air through the lips while they are pressed together or against skin; to blow a raspberry.
 * 1) To blow air through the lips while they are pressed together or against skin; to blow a raspberry.

Translations

 * German:

title: foof


text:
拔罐子

Verb

 * 1)  to have fire cupping therapy

title: 拔罐子


text:
जबलपुर

Etymology
From.

title: जबलपुर


text:
ушкал

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) cow

authors: Илья А. Латушкин

title: ушкал


text:
拔火筒

Noun

 * 1) stove chimney

Verb

 * 1)  to have fire cupping therapy

title: 拔火筒


text:
elevenscore

Noun

 * 1)  Two hundred and twenty.

title: elevenscore


text:
пересь

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) old
 * 2) elderly

authors: Илья А. Латушкин

title: пересь


text:
パワーアップ

Etymology
, equivalent to 🇰🇲. Not to be confused with 🇨🇬 which is from.

Noun

 * 1)  upgrade; enhancement

Verb

 * 1)  to get upgraded; to get enhanced

title: パワーアップ