text:
Wiktionary talk:Votes/2017-05/Modern Latin as a WDL

Please give feedback on the wording (or anything else)
Pinging a few interested parties (and please feel free to ping anyone else):. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 02:39, 3 May 2017 (UTC)

 * Thanks for creating this vote—it's high time we edit our policies to codify existing practice. Also pinging, who may be interested. —Granger (talk · contribs) 02:59, 3 May 2017 (UTC)

Such as?
"Terms in extinct languages only attested after the language went extinct are also treated as well documented languages." Can someone give an example of an extinct language only attested after the language went extinct? Off the top of my head, the only ones I can think of are Sanskrit and Avestan (which weren't written down until centuries after they stopped being spoken languages), but there may also be indigenous languages that were only recorded shortly before they went extinct, and then the results of those recordings were only published after the last native speaker died. I certainly wouldn't want to consider such languages "well documented"! If the intention is to make Contemporary Latin a WDL, this wording isn't going to do it. —Aɴɢʀ (talk) 07:57, 3 May 2017 (UTC)
 * This sentence has been replaced (see below), but just to respond to a couple of the concerns you mentioned here, I think it would be absurd to date a recording by when it was published and not by when it was recorded. Similarly, the Avesta was composed long before the oldest extant written copies, and quotations of it should use a rough estimation of when it was first composed as the date. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 17:57, 3 May 2017 (UTC)

Sentence doesn't make sense
"Terms in extinct languages only attested after the language went extinct are also treated as well documented languages." So the term is to be treated as a well-documented language? That doesn't make sense.

How about "When a term in an extinct language is only attested after the language went extinct, that language is treated as a well-documented language with respect to that term." It's a bit harder to parse at first glance, but I feel that the policies of a dictionary ought to be written in impeccable English. What do you think? This, that and the other (talk) 11:51, 3 May 2017 (UTC)
 * The sentence definitely needs work. As seen in the thread above, I interpreted "attested" as referring back to "languages", not to "terms". —Aɴɢʀ (talk) 12:17, 3 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the help! I've replaced that sentence with ISMETA's suggestion. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 17:54, 3 May 2017 (UTC)

Unclear wording?
In my opinion the wording and intention are too vague. (a) If one says that Latin including Modern Latin is an extinct language, then a single usage is sufficient to attest a word, and nothing would change for Latin. (b) If one says that only older Latin excluding Modern Latin is an extinct language, then existing practice could change. Does one have to attest doubtful inflected forms and genders with three cites too for a WDL? In English this would rarely matter as English is a simple language. In German it is different, and there can be doubts about the gender and the inflection, especially in case of loan words (e.g. ). Personally, I think that three cites should be required for German to attest such information. While for German it makes sense to attest inflection and gender with three cites, it's a bit different for Latin, including Modern Latin. And inflected forms and genders of Latin words, including Modern Latin, have sometimes been attested with a single cite. For example, the non-classical and un-Greek feminine of  was attested by a single cite (the second one in Citations:anomalos, where "?" might be a catholic in the 20th century). And likely there are translations and entries with New Latin words or meanings which got added based on a single usage found somewhere. -Slœtel (talk) 20:45, 3 May 2017 (UTC)
 * What languages are "extinct languages"? Middle English, Old and Middle High German, Gothic, Ancient Greek are extinct. But what's with Latin (and maybe Sanskrit in India)? One could argue that Latin is extinct, and one could argue that it's not extinct as it's for example used by the church but is an endangered language.
 * Wouldn't the new wording mean that non-authentic words can now be added, if attested by three citations? For example, if enough people translate and publish the paternoster in Proto-Germanic, couldn't Proto-Germanic entries be added in the normal entry namespace? Or if people would write stuff in Gothic, couldn't now new words for Gothic (like the deleted 𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐍃) be added? I don't have a problem with Neo-Gothic or Neo-Gothic entries, but it shouldn't be allowed to add them as normal Gothic words even if attested by three citations.
 * In Wiktionary talk:About Latin it was said that the vote "impinges on Modern Latin" and "does not change existing practice". It would only impinge on Modern Latin, if one says that Latin or Modern Latin is an extinct language. Depending on the interpretation, it could change existing practice regarding Latin.
 * If the intention is to make Modern Latin or more specific contemporary Latin a WDL (compare Angr's "If the intention is to make Contemporary Latin a WDL" above), then it's, in my opinion, not a good idea. While Modern Latin once could have been a WDL, Modern Latin and especially contemporary Latin is not a WDL anymore. And Modern Latin, including contemporary Latin, is different from Neo-Gothic - which isn't a WDL either but could be regarded as a constructed language excluded by WT:CFI - because of it's history and use for example by the church.
 * 'Extinct' may not be the best term. Perhaps 'dead' would be preferable. The idea about Modern Latin being a WDL is very simple, I (and probably you as well) want to be acceptable to keep, but if someone uses  in a book of Neo-Latin jokes, that shouldn't be sufficient. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 20:53, 3 May 2017 (UTC)
 * I think it's a mistake to try to make a general rule for this, and I am currently minded to oppose the proposal as it's now worded. It would be preferable to me to simply add Latin (from Classical all the way to Contemporary) to the list of WDLs rather than trying to fiddle with the wording in such a way as to make Latin (but not Avestan or a recently extinct indigenous language of the Pacific Northwest) fit our definition of a WDL. —Aɴɢʀ (talk) 21:03, 3 May 2017 (UTC)
 * So you think Latin hapax logomena should be deleted? That's a very different view from that of most of the community. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 21:04, 3 May 2017 (UTC)
 * I don't see any fair way of including Classical hapaxes while excluding iPhonum if it's published somewhere that the Latin editors have "deemed appropriate as [one of] the only sources for entries based on a single mention". Personally I would rather include both types of hapax than neither. What I don't like is tweaking the wording to make Classical Latin an LDL but all of post-Classical Latin a WDL, all while never actually mentioning Latin by name. —Aɴɢʀ (talk) 06:09, 4 May 2017 (UTC)

Well, if someone would do something similar in another LDL, it would be acceptable too. Or as someone else put it (Talk:birotula): "Is modern Latin an LDL? I'd say it is. [...] it's hardly used at all in modern works. I wouldn't be surprised if Irish is used more than Latin is, and Irish is an LDL." The only way to prevent the addition of joke words for LDLs including Latin, would be to require three citatons for every language, maybe with the exception of really dead or extint languages or old sources to allow old hapax legomena. I don't think that is something the majority of users or editors would want. Furthermore, besides "ungood" Neo-Latin words or word forms which one might want to have excluded, there are also "good" Neo-Latin words or word forms with very little attestation which one might want to have included. There are so many words of which I would be glad to find a Latin translation and may it be a single usage somewhere. Before this vote should start, it should be clarified what would have to be deleted. Considering genders and word forms, the claim that it "does not change existing practice" should be wrong. maybe would have to be changed after a RFV as Google Books seems to have only three results with the plural (Esquimenses, -ium, -ibus) which maybe don't reveal any gender. But well, like above. WT:CFI might not explicitally state it, but inflection and gender has to be attested too. For English it's easy as English is a simple language and a WDL, and for German it's quite easy as German has an article and is a WDL too. For Latin it's sometimes not so easy, and sometimes one could assume different inflections and genders. I bothered to check for some terms in Category:New Latin how good they are attestable. By making Latin a WDL, for example could become unattesable for wiktionary. etc. did I mention for reasons like: And obviously attesting them for a LDL would be easier than to attest them for a WDL. (My original longer answer can be seen hereafter in the source code as a comment.)
 * For me, both 'extinct' and 'dead' would lead to the same question. In wiktionary, extinct language and dead language are the same, while in Extinct language there is a distinction albeit Language death implies there is none. I don't know if wiktionary's definition or wikipedia's distinction are universal, but for me a language without native speakers isn't necessarily a dead or extinct language (Latin, constructed languages, programming 'languages', maybe sign languages). Maybe it's a matter of translation, but I've sometimes read that Medieval Latin was a living or not a dead language although it wasn't a native language but a language of the educated people. So with the definition of dead language as "language without native speakers" this would be nonsense.
 * At the moment there are only two citations for the non-classical and un-Greek feminine, so it would have to go.
 * At the moment there is only one citation for the accusative (of  or ), so it would have to go too. Maybe there are other attested place or state names only attested by single citation.
 * ,, and venae jejunales in  didn't seem to have any Latin Google Books result and maybe would have to go after a RFV. But well, that's maybe not matter of having one or three citations.
 * Maybe was added based on the reference Neulateinische Wortliste by Johann Ramminger and his source. But Ramminger only mentions a single source. So this term maybe was added without being attested by three durable archived citations, and maybe it would fail a RFV (maybe also because it's not easy to search for that organa).
 * Maybe . As far as I saw there were 0 Latin results for afroasiaticus, -um, -am, -orum, -arum, -os, -as, -is, likely 0 for -a and -i, 1 for -ae ("Species afroasiaticae." in an English and Latin text). There could be a second citation for -ae, but still a third would be missing. There might also be an English book with the title "Pax Afroasiatica? Revisiting Bandung Amid a Changing World Order", but that wouldn't be third citation for the Latin term as it's English and not Latin.
 * by the given etymology. This could also fail because of WT:FICTION.
 * One or both genders of  maybe would have to go to after a RFV (some citations which could reveal the gender after searching for Spreha, Sprehae, Spreham, Spreae and partly Spream and in certain combinations Sprea: "[...] Spreae nostrae, Nympharum Numina, alumnae [...]", "Cur novi Sprehae [...]", "Oppidum Lusatae [from *Lusatus = Lusatian?] Spreae", "[...] ad plagam Spreae Lusaticae [...]", "[...] inter Albim & Spream orientem [masculine or feminine, not neuter] [...]").
 * Depending on the interpretation of the new text and maybe on the definition of extinct or dead language, Medieval Latin terms would have to be checked too. If one argues that Latin died before or during the Middle Ages, Medieval Latin or parts of it would have to be treated as a WDL, and then the entries in Category:Medieval Latin would have to be checked.
 * -Slœtel (talk) 06:07, 4 May 2017 (UTC)
 * I mean 'dead language' to denote after a language loses its community of native speakers. I don't see what genders have to do with this, as nobody else seems to see them as being appropriate for an RFV, nor do I see why you brought up many entries that would fail regardless, like . But I am a bit bothered by how I am unable to tell from your walls of text what exactly you would prefer. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 07:19, 4 May 2017 (UTC)
 * That would make Medieval Latin and Modern Latin dead languages. So by making it a WDL one would have to find three citations for Medieval and Modern Latin.
 * If someone wants to add something to that list (and not to check that list), they don't have to look for the terms a second time.
 * If someone would bother, he could add a RFV for the terms.
 * I wanted to know what the rephrased text would mean and how it would affect wiktionary, and I doubt that the claim "it does not change existing practice" is true. If you were asking for my personal opinion, then it is that I don't think that Latin is a LDL.
 * -Slœtel (talk) 18:23, 4 May 2017 (UTC)
 * You have still not told me what you would prefer. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 19:43, 4 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Now I am a bit confused. Are you asking for the classification of Latin as LDL or WDL which I would prefer, or for my opinion regarding iPhonum, or something else?
 * Short answer: IMO Latin is a LDL, thus iPhonum should be added if attestable (by at least one durable archived Latin usage), although I have some aversion against it too.

(a) One could require to add the template into the entry if there are just one or two citations. Actually, as far as I know, this is already the rule, but maybe not common practice and not widely known. (b) Similary of having a "list of materials deemed appropriate as the only sources for entries based on a single mention", there could be an additional list or an additional requirement. For example, one could exclude a single modern print-on-demand (or book-on-demand) or usenet citation as a source. That is, if one finds a word in a printed Nuntii Latini book, it would be sufficient. But if one finds something in the usenet, one would have find other sources. However, if one finds three citations in the usenet, it would pass just like for the WDL English (see e.g., (the verb), ). There is a third possibility, but in my opinion not a good one: One could add terms which are attested but unattested for wiktionary in an appendix. So if one says, that contemporary, modern, non-ancient or all of Latin is a WDL, iPhonum could be added into this appendix based on a single citation. But I can't think of any fitting name for that appendix, and this has the problem that appendices aren't easy to find and sometimes it seems that they aren't maintained.
 * I now can think of two possible compromises:
 * -Slœtel (talk) 11:24, 5 May 2017 (UTC)

Alternative vote
I agree with Angr, we don't need a general rule if all we want is clarify how Latin is treated. I'm not inclined to support this vote, both on that principle and because an overly general rule seems likely to have unintended consequences. (What would it do to American languages that were suppressed but then revitalized by the same peoples who previously spoke them? Or to New York hobbyists' Old English neologisms?) I suggest a vote or even just a WT:T:ALA consensus-seeking poll with options along the lines of: If no option that proposes a rule gets a majority, then the status quo prevails / the situation continues to be unregulated. - -sche (discuss) 07:24, 4 May 2017 (UTC) As for Μετάknowledge's concers regarding Ancient Greek: Was or better is Ancient Greek still used by the Greek church? From what I've read it was more like Ancient Greek vanished in usage and became a really extinct or dead language like Gothic (that is, there were not just no native speakers, but there also was no contemporary usage). As for Modern Old English, Neo-Gothic, New Ancient Greek - or whatever one wants to call it -, one cann argue that they're excluded by WT:CFI. WT:CFI allows to add terms for a LDL based on a mentioning. If I understand the above argument correctly, then it is that some people could argue for the inclusion of membrum puerile and English as Latin terms although it's only attested in languages other than Latin. But the exceptions for LDLs usually do not allow such additions, neither for Latin nor for other LDLs. WT:CFI has this line in it: "the community of editors for that language should maintain a list of materials deemed appropriate as the only sources for entries based on a single mention". By this, Old Prussian words can be entered by the mentionings in the Elbing Vocabulary - but only if this source is deemed appropriate. There is no WT:About Old Prussian, so there one can't find a list of "materials deemed appropriate". I don't know if there is such a list anywhere else, but I'd guess there isn't. And if there is no list, then the Elbing Vocabulary can't be used to add Old Prussian words. As for Latin, only a few old works are deemed appropriate for adding terms based on a mentioning: WT:About Latin. So membrum puerile and English regardless of there commoness can't be added as Latin entries unless they are attested in Latin. If Latin is a LDL, iPhonum and noli illegitimi carborundum could be added based on a single usage conveying meaning in a durable archived Latin text. I can understand the aversion to this. But still I don't think that Latin is a WDL, and there might be "good" words which can only be found once as Latin is rare LDL nowadays. The better way to express the doubts or aversion regarding terms like iPhonum would be to remind people of using the template. Actually, Latin hapax legomena found in Classical Latin would have to be marked by this template too, or is there any exception? Maybe the pleasingly solution is this: Strictly require for Modern Latin, but remain by the, as far as I know, common practice of not using it for Old, Classical and Late Latin. For example, can the New Ancient Greek Harry Potter (ΑΡΕΙΟΣ ΠΟΤΗΡ καὶ ἡ τοῦ φιλοσόφου λίθος) be used to add Ancient Greek words, if the book is a durably archived source? If it's not a durable archived source, then there is Asterix which is durably archived (side of the publisher, see beneath "ΣΤΑ ΑΡΧΑΙΑ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΑ"). Latin is excluded from this as it's different from Modern Old English, Neo-Gothic etc. While the latter really became extinct, Latin was used over centuries and still is used by a small minority. All the entries in Category:Gothic hapax legomena, Category:Middle French hapax legomena, Category:Old French hapax legomena are attested just once and they have a usage note in it, but none of them has the template in it. In case of Category:Latin hapax legomena it's different and more complicated: Some terms might be hapax legomena in old Latin, but might be better attested in modern Latin (e.g. ). But anyway there should be Latin hapax legomena for all of Latin without any note or. The entries in Category:Middle English hapax legomena - it's just one entry - don't have a usage note or the template in it. So if there is no such rule, there could be one like "A usage note can replace the template ". And one could add another rule like: "For really dead or extinct LDLs, it's not necessary to use . In case of living LDLs however, it is required to use them." Regarding modern Latin and iPhonum there could be a line like this: "Modern Latin since X [maybe 1900?] is treated like a living LDL, thus requiring the usage of the template."
 * 1) Hold older Latin to the same (LDL-like) requirements as other extinct languages, and modern Latin to the same (WDL) requirements as other conlags.
 * This has been the prevailing practice, as seen in various RFVs, and is a compromise position that can be contrasted with how we don't include any words from e.g. Gothic that weren't in the historical corpus, even if they're in three modern books. AFAIK, we haven't had any edge cases that would require us to debate when the cutoff between older and modern Latin is, btw...
 * 1) Hold all Latin, even modern Latin, to extinct-language (LDL-like) requirements (which require only 1 use or mention).
 * This seems likely to have unintended consequences, including in distinguishing new coinages that were intended to be sincere (whether by a Vatican linguist or a bumbling hobbyist) from ones that are not necessarily intended to be Latin at all, in the vein of noli illegitimi carborundum.
 * 1) Hold all Latin, even old Latin, to WDL requirements (which require 3 uses).
 * I doubt this option would pass.
 * 1) Oppose.
 * For whatever reason, e.g. preferring none of the above, opposing having a vote, etc. Users have previously opined that every vote needs an oppose section.
 * That would be fine if it were just Latin. Unfortunately, it's not — RFV has also turned up modern Old English (used by authors like ) and Ancient Greek (famously used by, but which, like Latin, has Harry Potter translations and other writings). That's why I think we need to rewrite this vote, rather than simply solve the case of Latin. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 07:30, 4 May 2017 (UTC)
 * As for the 1st point:
 * Latin and Gothic are different because of their history and Latin's use for example by the church.
 * I would like to know where the cutoff would be. I can think of adding Medieval and Modern Latin terms. But if there is a cutoff somewhere which would mean that the terms might not be covered by WT:CFI, I wouldn't bother to add them, as not to vaste my time and as not to (unknowingly) violate wiktionary's inclusion criteria.
 * As for the 2nd:
 * In my opinion Latin is a LDL similar to other LDLs. See above: "Well, if someone would do something similar in another LDL, it would be acceptable too. Or as someone else put it (Talk:birotula): "Is modern Latin an LDL? I'd say it is. [...] it's hardly used at all in modern works. I wouldn't be surprised if Irish is used more than Latin is, and Irish is an LDL."".
 * As for the phrase, I first guessed that there are already similar problems and that it's often quite easy to decide. But then I was thinking if I might misunderstand WT:CFI or if there might be different interpretations.
 * So maybe there should be two different votes:
 * How to treat Modern Old English, Neo-Gothic, New Cornish etc. (excluding Latin)? Are they part of the old LDLs, or are they excluded constructed languages, or are they own languages, or are they anything else?
 * How should the template be used? Or more specific, can entries of old really dead or extinct languages or language forms like Ancient Greek, Gothic, Old, Classical and Late Latin be added without the template even if the term is or might be barely attested?
 * -Slœtel (talk) 18:23, 4 May 2017 (UTC)

The proposed text would allow terms in Neo-Gothic etc. and wouldn't necessarily decide the status of Latin. Latin from 1500 (ca. the beginning of printing and of New Latin) till 1850 (works before it should have lost their copyright status in many states and before that Latin was more living) might be well-documentated online. But even for that there are problem too, like besides finding words in works one has to find and verify the meaning. -Slœtel (talk) 11:24, 5 May 2017 (UTC)
 * (@Meta:) has any Old English / Gothic / Ancient Greek term come close to being passed at RFV with only modern citations? As far as I know, everyone (except whatever new user has driven by to add a particular neologism) recognizes that no modern citation in those languages is sufficient (because it isn't a use of Old English / Gothic / etc, but someone's conlang of sorts). This vote would seem to start allowing neologisms if they had 3 uses.
 * Latin is unlike those languages, in that we do pass terms in it even if they have only modern citations (probably because there've been people continuously using it since the days when it was a vernacular language, and one of the major sources of modern citations is an organization that has used it continuously). As far as I can recall, the only editors who argue terms should pass with just one citation are Dan and the IP/Slœtel (maybe Angr, too?), which is why I'm not entirely sure a vote is needed even for Latin, if we've been resolving things adequately at RFV on the existing wording and understanding of CFI (terms in the non-extinct version of Latin are different from "terms in extinct languages"); codification could be good, but then we might need to nail down a cutoff between old and modern Latin.
 * This general vote seems like it would allow neo-Old English, Gothic, etc (if they had three cites), exclude various native American languages that were e.g. extirpated for a time but then revitalized, and throw into doubt words in native American and African and Australian languages recalled by people after the languages ceased to have enough fluent speakers to be means of communication. I'm sorry, but I don't think I can support that. - -sche (discuss) 20:37, 4 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Regarding the comparison to Irish: as I understand it from the various discussions that lead to the LDL and then WDL votes, a language is "well-documented [online]" if (a substantial part of) the language is documented [in places that meet CFI and are findable]. A large part of modern / neologizing Latin is in e.g. Catholic Church works and other works that get published and publicized and made findable, which is different from not just ancient Latin or Greek, of which we know we have only a fragmentary record, but also Irish or or other languages that still don't have many [findable-by-us] works written in them despite still having speakers.
 * I'm sorry this turned into a wall of text. - -sche (discuss) 21:04, 4 May 2017 (UTC)
 * But still it's nowhere said that Neo-Gothic, New Ancient Greek etc. are treated as constructed languages. If WT:CFI would explicitaly say so and people would know it, they likely wouldn't bother to add those terms in the entry namespace.
 * There are or were other users too, like the one at Talk:birotula from 16:04, 17 November 2013 which I quoted before. And seeing entries like, there could be more users.
 * Does contemporary Latin have many online-findable-by-us works? There are church texts and there is Nuntii Latini which can be found. The few translated works like Harrius Potter et Philosophi Lapsi usually aren't to be found online, at least as far as I know. So contemporary Latin doesn't seem to have many online-findable-by-us works. And moreover there aren't many contemporary Latin texts anyway. So even if we could find many works of these few avaible works, it would just be finding few works, making it a non-WDL. As for the uttered concerns, I now can think of two possibilities, using or to exclude single usenet citations to attest something.

Again, Latin and Ancient Greek, Old English etc. are different and one should differ between it. As for Latin on the internet, usages on web pages, including boards and wikis are irrelevant for wiktionary. usenet might be a source, but I've never used it and can say anything about it. And regarding usenet I suggested something above. As for Google Books, the common source to find citations, it might depend on the state (or settings, or maybe also internet connection or PC as for Google's instant search?). For example, the Latin Can be Fun source for hamaxostichus doesn't work for me and I don't see anything there not even a search form. If I search for "hamaxostichus" at Google Books myself, I do find some mentionings, but that doesn't qualify as sources. Besides that, the only usage Google Books usually displays to me is in a Latinitas (vol. 55, not 42-43 as in the entry). And there I can't see the whole sentence. As for the source Ursus nomine Paddington, Google doesn't always bring it up to me but it somehow depends on the browser or settings or search. If I search for hamaxostichus or "hamaxostichus", I usually don't see it. If I search for hamaxostichus ursus, I can see it. If I click on the result I can sometimes find or on the provided link in the entry, I see a search form. If I use it, Google gives me a picture with Latin text, but hamaxostichus doesn't appear on it. So if I search for hamaxostichus at Google Books, I can't attest it with three citations and at best only with one incomplete citation. I guess it mostly depends on the state and the copyright, although it might also somehow depend on the browser, the search settings (unlikely), or the PC or internet conection. My assumption is that one can see more at Google Books, if one is in the USA. I'm not from there and not in there. So both could be correct, my statement and yours. If other people would search for hamaxostichus at Google Books, they could help to find the reason why the results are different. If I'm correct, and it does indeed depend on the state, the LDL/WDL distinction might not be universal. That is, contemporary Latin could then be a LDL for an European (maybe one has to differ between Spanish, French, English, German etc.) but a WDL for someone from the USA. -Slœtel (talk) 20:53, 5 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Here's a concrete, non-Latin example: I don't want 🇨🇬, used only by Křesadlo, to be added to Wiktionary. Slœtel does. I agree with your viewpoint, but it's just too tenuous as something we bring up every time there's a relevant RFV and that Dan Polansky complains about every time. That's why I want some sort of policy to make it clear. So what if we restricted this vote to Latin, Ancient Greek, and Old English, the only languages where this problem seems to have cropped up? (Oh, and, I'm pretty sure that your belief about Modern Latin on the Internet is just plain wrong. Try looking around a little.) —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 17:45, 5 May 2017 (UTC)
 * As for your "Slœtel does", I've not said that. I always differed between Latin and Gothic, Old English, Ancient Greek etc. as they are different. And as for μικροοδύσσεια, one can argue that it's not permitted by WT:CFI even if one finds three durably archived citations for it. WT:CFI doesn't explicitaly forbid or allow those terms, and there are two ways one could argue: (a) Claim that μικροοδύσσεια is used in an Ancient Greek text (by the language, not by the time and others things). As Ancient Greek is a LDL, μικροοδύσσεια could then pass with one citation. (b) Claim that the text is not Ancient Greek but in the constructed language New Ancient Greek. μικροοδύσσεια then could not be added, even if there were three or a dozen citations for it. According to SIL μικροοδύσσεια wouldn't be part of grc as it is defined as "Ancient Greek (to 1453)". That is, μικροοδύσσεια would be part of another language like New Ancient Greek. So regardless of the opinion I might have and regardless WT:CFI's vagueness, it's more likely that μικροοδύσσεια can't be added to wiktionary at the moment, or only in an to-be-created appendix.

 * It looks like no one is trying to add 🇨🇬, and I see no reason to think there wouldn't be strong agreement that it wasn't Ancient Greek if it were added. But this vote would allow it if a few people had used it on Usenet, the opposite of what we all seem to agree we want. I do think it could be good to migrate away from speaking of "LDL" and "WDL" when discussing these languages, because e.g. Ancient Greek is subject to criteria that govern extinct languages rather than criteria that government LDLs, and it might be more sensible (and more agreeable to some users) to describe conlangs (which at the moment are listed as WDLs, it's true) and modern Latin as subject to "the same criteria as constructed languages" which happen to be the same as WDL criteria, rather than to describe them as WDLs, so as to sidestep debate over whether or not they are "well-documented". - -sche (discuss) 19:51, 6 May 2017 (UTC)
 * I would prefer to address this preemptively for other languages, but it seems that if I want to be practical about it, I'll have to accept just handling the Latin part. I do like the idea of explicitly linking Modern Latin to constructed languages. If you want, you can try rewriting the vote. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 20:05, 6 May 2017 (UTC)
 * I think the wording "as subject to the same criteria as WDLs" is better as it is shorter and more direct. And it would avoid the discussion too.
 * Cornish or more specific Neo-Cornish isn't listed as a constructed language at WT:CFI and not as a WT:WDL, and there are Neo-Cornish words like . Was pellgowsel ever used in a Neo-Cornish text or is it from a word list? Because of Cornish there could be terms similar to a New Ancient Greek μικροοδύσσεια.
 * One could address it preemptively, and it makes sense to address it preemptively, but still one should differ where necessary. -Slœtel (talk) 22:54, 9 May 2017 (UTC)

Adding contemporary Latin to WDL
I see there is some dislike above of the generality of the proposed wording.

What if we add "Contemporary Latin (1900-present)" to "Criteria_for_inclusion/Well_documented_languages"?

If there are other languages that need a similar treatment, they can be added one at a time. If they become too many, we may revisit a general wording, right?

--Dan Polansky (talk) 19:05, 8 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Later: I am not sure which phases of Latin we are talking of. The item to be added would have to be changed to match the intended phases to be 3-attested. --Dan Polansky (talk) 19:22, 8 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Choosing a date is difficult; the real question is whether we want to include Mediaeval Latin as a WDL. Even if we don't, 1900 seems far too late as a cutoff for New Latin — maybe 1500 would be more reasonable. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 23:52, 8 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks. So we would add "New Latin and Contemporary Latin (1500-present)", as the first step. Further extension could be made after that. I checked W:Template:Latin periods for names and dates. --Dan Polansky (talk) 17:14, 9 May 2017 (UTC)
 * , what are your thoughts on Dan's idea and wording? —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 17:52, 9 May 2017 (UTC)
 * I would support it. —Granger (talk · contribs) 17:56, 9 May 2017 (UTC)
 * I would support it being the way to word a vote. I'm not convinced I want to separate Latin into LDL-Latin and WDL-Latin at all, but if there are people who do want to do that, then this wording is IMO far preferable to the wording of the current vote. —Aɴɢʀ (talk) 18:11, 9 May 2017 (UTC)

 * I think that would be a more straightforward vote, only dealing with the issue at hand and thus reducing side effects. I'm still not sure what cutoff date is best. We face much the same problem as when dividing English vs Middle English, but using the same (printing-press-based?) cutoff seems plausible. - -sche (discuss) 18:36, 9 May 2017 (UTC)

 * I still do not think that Contemporary Latin is well documented on the Internet. That is, it doesn't belong to WT:WDL, unless it's worded like The following languages are subject to the same criteria as WDLs: some Latin. New Latin till 1850 might be well documented, but attestation for it is already difficult as seen in WT:RFV from May 2016 (2016, not 2017).
 * I didn't interpret WT:CFI's "should" as it's advised and preferred but not needed, but some people do as for example seen on Himmelsdéierchen and its talk page. I think there are better possible ways to deal with the shoulds and their implications for New Latin. Why not make New Latin an in-between language which is treated as neither LDL nor WDL?
 * -Slœtel (talk) 22:54, 9 May 2017 (UTC)
 * No, Contemporary Latin isn't particularly well documented on the Internet, but I think some people are inclined to treat it as effectively a constructed language and therefore subject to the same CFIs as Esperanto, Lojban, etc. —Aɴɢʀ (talk) 09:44, 10 May 2017 (UTC)

Vote start
@Metaknowledge: The start date has arrived. Shall we start the vote? --Dan Polansky (talk) 11:27, 15 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks for reminding me. I liked your wording, so I'll move the vote to a more appropriate name, replace it with your wording, and then we can run it. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 18:44, 15 May 2017 (UTC)
 * @Metaknowledge: Thanks. On the present vote text, I think the two terms in the vote proposal, New Latin and Contemporary Latin, should not link to Wikipedia. That implies that Wikipedia defines what Modern Latin and Contemporary Latin are, whereas in fact, the definition is actually directly in the vote text, by providing the year range. In general, I think CFI and similar policies should rarely or never link to Wikipedia. --Dan Polansky (talk) 19:49, 15 May 2017 (UTC)
 * The WDL page already links to . I think on the whole that it is more informative to link than not to link, and given that the date cutoff is specified, no one could reasonably claim that the Wikipedia page takes precedence. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 19:55, 15 May 2017 (UTC)
 * You're right: Standard Indonesian is so linked. I don't think it is a good practice, though. However, it looks like a minor quibble rather than something that should make anyone oppose the proposal. --Dan Polansky (talk) 20:03, 15 May 2017 (UTC)
 * I replaced "sentence" with "item"; please revert if you disagree. --Dan Polansky (talk) 20:05, 15 May 2017 (UTC)
 * I removed what I think is an unnecessary, potentially controversial statement, nowhere key for the proposal of the vote . I think the intro statement could be removed completely, and for the better. --Dan Polansky (talk) 20:08, 15 May 2017 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Эбола

Is this a proper or common noun in Russian in its meaning as a virus? Benwing2 (talk) 02:58, 3 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Proper noun only, the common noun (I think it's attestable) should be in lower case. --Anatoli T. (обсудить/вклад) 03:14, 3 May 2017 (UTC)
 * OK, I made it a proper noun but all uses I can find of the virus are written capitalized as Эбола. Benwing2 (talk) 05:52, 3 May 2017 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Эбола


text:
percakapan

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) conversation: expression and exchange of individual ideas through talking with other people; also, a set instance or occasion of such talking.
 * 2) dialog: a conversation or other form of discourse between two or more individuals.
 * 3) talk: a conversation or discussion: usually serious, but informal.
 * 4) chatter: especially meaningless or unimportant talk.
 * 5) chat
 * 6) informal conversation
 * 7) An exchange of text or voice messages in real time through a computer network, resembling a face-to-face conversation
 * 8) speech; talk; mention;

title: percakapan


text:
hasma

Etymology
Borrowed from, a kind of frog from which it is obtained, from.

Noun

 * 1) Fatty tissue found near the oviducts of frogs, used as an ingredient in Chinese desserts.

title: hasma


text:
केकर

Etymology
Maybe derived from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) squint-eyed

title: केकर


text: super overs

title: super overs


text:
aniné

Noun

 * 1) death

title: aniné


text:
Talk:оджибва

Is this noun animate when referring to the Ojibwe people? This is a guess on my part. Benwing2 (talk) 03:30, 3 May 2017 (UTC)
 * No, it's collective (sg. only) and inanimate. --Anatoli T. (обсудить/вклад) 05:11, 3 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:оджибва


text:
bisquick

Etymology
From the brand name. , because the mix was originally sold as a way of making biscuits in "90 seconds from package to oven".

Noun

 * 1) Pre-mixed baking mix, generally consisting of flour, a shortening and a leavening agent (for quickly making fresh biscuits, pancakes, dumplings, etc).

title: bisquick


text:
御免

Noun

 * 1) something one wants to have no involvement in

Usage notes

 * Often followed by the particle, i.e.

title: 御免


text:
автозаправочный

Adjective

 * 1) serving for refueling vehicles

title: автозаправочный


text: ゴメン

title: ゴメン


text: GPCR

title: GPCR


text: GPCRs

title: GPCRs


text: Category:Erzya terms calqued from German


text: Category:Erzya terms borrowed from German


text:
fungwa

Verb

 * : to be closed, to be imprisoned
 * 1)  to be defeated, to lose a game
 * 1)  to be defeated, to lose a game

title: fungwa


text:
mfungwa

Etymology
From, passive of.

Noun

 * 1) prisoner, captive

title: mfungwa


text: magereza

title: magereza


text: fungana

title: fungana


text:
fungamana

Verb

 * : to be intertwined, be jammed up
 * 1) to be allied

title: fungamana


text:
fungamano

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) alliance

title: fungamano


text:
fungika

Verb

 * : to be confined

title: fungika


text: Category:Swahili terms suffixed with -ji


text:
gleichwie

Etymology
From.

Conjunction

 * 1)  just like, just as

title: gleichwie


text:
水晶石

Noun

 * 1) crystal stone; rock crystal

title: 水晶石


text: shuǐjīngshí

title: shuǐjīngshí


text:
水晶粽

Noun

 * 1) crystal zongzi

title: 水晶粽


text: shuǐjīngzòng

title: shuǐjīngzòng


text:
調查報告

Noun

 * 1) investigation report; survey report

title: 調查報告


text: 调查报告

title: 调查报告


text: fungisha

title: fungisha


text: diàochá bàogào

title: diàochá bàogào


text:
mfunga

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) auditor
 * 2) faster one who fasts

title: mfunga


text: 针鼻儿

title: 针鼻儿


text:
報告文學

Noun

 * 1) news-related literature; non-fiction novel; reportage

title: 報告文學


text: 报告文学

title: 报告文学


text: bàogào wénxué

title: bàogào wénxué


text: 針鼻兒

title: 針鼻兒


text: cisgendereds

title: cisgendereds


text:
針鼻

Noun

 * 1) eye of a needle

title: 針鼻


text:
mfungaji

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) scorer one who scores, a skilled footballer
 * 2) faster one who habitually fasts

title: mfungaji


text:
文學語言

Noun

 * 1)  literary language

title: 文學語言


text: 文学语言

title: 文学语言


text: wénxué yǔyán

title: wénxué yǔyán


text:
文學革命

Noun

 * 1) literary revolution

title: 文學革命


text: 文学革命

title: 文学革命


text:
ŋuku

Noun

 * 1) water

title: ŋuku


text: 针鼻

title: 针鼻


text: wénxué gémìng

title: wénxué gémìng


text: 共青

title: 共青


text:
報告會

Noun

 * 1) public lecture; seminar

title: 報告會


text: 报告会

title: 报告会


text: bàogàohuì

title: bàogàohuì


text:
地質年代

Noun

 * 1)  geologic age
 * 2)  geologic timescale

title: 地質年代


text:
地質災害

Noun

 * 1)  geological disaster

title: 地質災害


text: 萨哈林岛

title: 萨哈林岛


text:
薩哈林島

Proper noun

 * 1) Sakhalin

title: 薩哈林島


text: 桦太岛

title: 桦太岛


text: 樺太島

title: 樺太島


text: 桦太

title: 桦太


text:
Citations:Egyptian pyramid

 * 1947, Leslie V. Grinsell, Egyptian Pyramids
 * An Egyptian pyramid may be defined as a sepulchral or religious edifice of stone or brick with a square or nearly square base and sloping triangular sides meeting  at an apex. No definition can be all-embracing. The Step Pyramid of Saqqara ...
 * 1871, Atanasius Frans Didrik WACKERBARTH, Om den stora pyramiden I Gizeh. On the Great Pyramid of Egypt. Translated ... by the author, page 3
 * An Egyptian Pyramid, as is generally known, is really nothing more than the grave or monument of an Egyptian King, and is usually constructed in the  following manner. A long, narrow, slanting corridor leads down to a  subterraneous chamber ...
 * 1997, Jackson J. Spielvogel, Western Civilization: Comprehensive Volume ISBN 9780314205339
 * But an Egyptian pyramid was not just the king's tomb; it was also an important symbol of royal power. It could be seen for miles away as a visible reminder of  the glory and might of the ruler who was a living god on earth. ART AND  WRITING ...
 * 2010, Kenneth L. Feder, Encyclopedia of Dubious Archaeology: From Atlantis to the Walam Olum: From Atlantis to the Walam Olum, ABC-CLIO ISBN 9780313379192, page 34
 * New World pyramids are truncated with flat tops (that is, their four faces are not triangles, they are trapezoids), while Egyptian pyramids are true geometric  pyramids (four triangular faces joining at a common apex). New World pyramids  have ...
 * 2013, Michelle Laliberte, What Are the 7 Wonders of the Ancient World?, Enslow Publishers, Inc. ISBN 9780766041516, page 10
 * ... it was the tallest human-made structure in the world.1 The other two pyramids are named for King Khafre and King Menkaure. The Egyptian pyramids are  gigantic structures that house royal tombs. They were designed to be massive,  bulky, ...
 * 2011, Terry MacKinnell, The Dawning: Shedding new light on the Astrological Ages, Xlibris Corporation ISBN 9781456844424, page 127
 * From the perspective of the ages, the Egyptian pyramids are a sophisticated extension of megalithic structures. Commencing with prototype pyramids, the  Egyptian pyramids were all constructed from 2680 BCE with the final one  constructed in ...

title: Citations:Egyptian pyramid


text: 近东

title: 近东


text: 台澎金馬

title: 台澎金馬


text: 台澎金马

title: 台澎金马


text: 独岛

title: 独岛


text:
獨島

Proper noun

 * 1) Liancourt Rocks disputed islets in the Sea of Japan

title: 獨島


text: 竹島

title: 竹島


text: 竹岛

title: 竹岛


text:
藏南

Proper noun

 * 1) South Tibet; the southern part of Tibet
 * 2)  South Tibet disputed territories located south of the McMahon Line

title: 藏南


text: 帕米尔高原

title: 帕米尔高原


text:
帕米爾高原

Proper noun

 * 1) Pamir Plateau

title: 帕米爾高原


text:
阿留申群島

Proper noun

 * 1) Aleutian Islands

title: 阿留申群島


text:
千島群島

Proper noun

 * 1) Kuril Islands

title: 千島群島


text:
蘭嶼

Etymology
From. The reading, so likely a later borrowing.

Proper noun

 * 1) Orchid Island

title: 蘭嶼


text:
釣魚臺列嶼

Proper noun

 * 1) Diaoyu Islands; Senkaku Islands

title: 釣魚臺列嶼


text:
liwa

Noun

 * 1) water

Etymology
From, from.

Verb

 * : to be eaten
 * 1) to be edible

Noun

 * 1) cliff

title: liwa


text: 舟山群岛

title: 舟山群岛


text: 舟山群島

title: 舟山群島


text: 海南岛

title: 海南岛


text: 海南島

title: 海南島


text:
社會群島

Proper noun

 * 1) Society Islands

title: 社會群島


text:
復活節島

Proper noun

 * 1) Easter Island

title: 復活節島


text: chwea

title: chwea


text: Category:la-verb invalid parameters

title: Category:la-verb invalid parameters


text:
ogopa

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to fear, be afraid

Synonyms

 * -hofu

title: ogopa


text: ogopea

title: ogopea


text:
ogofya

Verb

 * : to frighten

title: ogofya


text:
ogofisha

Verb

 * : to frighten

title: ogofisha


text:
ogofyo

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) threat

title: ogofyo


text: 地质年代

title: 地质年代


text: dìzhì niándài

title: dìzhì niándài


text: dìzhí niándài

title: dìzhí niándài


text: 地质灾害

title: 地质灾害


text: dìzhì zāihài

title: dìzhì zāihài


text: dìzhí zāihài

title: dìzhí zāihài


text: zāihài

title: zāihài


text:
lisha

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1)  isha, the evening prayer

Verb

 * : to feed

title: lisha


text:
底下人

Noun

 * 1) servants; underlings
 * 2)  child or grandchild

title: 底下人


text: dǐxiarén

title: dǐxiarén


text:
mlisha

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) feeder one who feeds
 * 2) waiter one who brings food

title: mlisha


text:
等級制

Noun

 * 1) hierarchy; tier system

title: 等級制


text:
等級賽

Noun

 * 1) category competition

title: 等級賽


text: děngjízhì

title: děngjízhì


text: 等级制

title: 等级制


text: děngjísài

title: děngjísài


text: 等级赛

title: 等级赛


text:
舞臺美術

Noun

 * 1)  stage art

title: 舞臺美術


text: 舞台美术

title: 舞台美术


text: wǔtái měishù

title: wǔtái měishù


text:
美術字

Noun

 * 1)  artistic calligraphy; art lettering

title: 美術字


text: 美术字

title: 美术字


text:
美術片

Noun

 * 1)  cartoon and puppet films

title: 美術片


text: měishùzì

title: měishùzì


text: 美术片

title: 美术片


text: měishùpiàn

title: měishùpiàn


text: biǎoxiànlì

title: biǎoxiànlì


text:
ທິດເໜືອ

Etymology
From 🇰🇲.

Noun

 * 1) north

title: ທິດເໜືອ


text: ròujiāmó

title: ròujiāmó


text: ròujiámó

title: ròujiámó


text:
ທິດ

Etymology
From, ; compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) direction; point of the compass (such as east, west, north, and south, or right and left).

title: ທິດ


text:
sprogrenser

Noun

 * 1)  linguistic purist

title: sprogrenser


text:
外言語

Noun

 * 1) external language

title: 外言語


text:
がいげんご

Noun

 * 1)  external language

title: がいげんご


text: gaigengo

title: gaigengo


text:
がいご

Noun

 * 1)  foreign language; external language

title: がいご


text: gaigo

title: gaigo


text:
内言語

Noun

 * 1) internal language

title: 内言語


text:
ないげんご

Noun

 * 1)  internal language

title: ないげんご


text: naigengo

title: naigengo


text:
内語

Noun

 * 1) native language
 * 2) internal language

title: 内語


text:
ないご

Noun

 * 1)  native language; internal language

title: ないご


text:
naigo

Etymology
From igo, compare 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to hit

title: naigo


text: tjenstdygtigt

title: tjenstdygtigt


text: tjenstdygtige

title: tjenstdygtige


text:
Ormianin

Noun

 * 1) Armenian

title: Ormianin


text: Ormianka

title: Ormianka


text: coemployee

title: coemployee


text:
hardop

Etymology
Equivalent to.

title: hardop


text:
luidop

Etymology
Equivalent to.

title: luidop


text:
taumeln

Etymology
From, from , , frequentative of , ultimately from the root of.

Related with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, but the phonetics of this root are unclear, as is its relation with Romance words such as 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to sway; to teeter; to stagger to start to fall or move as though one might fall

title: taumeln


text:
erzittern

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to tremble, quake

title: erzittern


text:
obzwar

Conjunction

 * 1)  though, although; albeit

title: obzwar


text:
hündisch

Adjective

 * 1) servile, submissive, obsequious, fawning, sycophantic ready to debase oneself in order to please or flatter someone
 * 2)  doglike, canine
 * 1)  doglike, canine

title: hündisch


text: Category:Indonesian clippings

title: Category:Indonesian clippings


text:
включати

Verb

 * 1)  to switch on, to turn on to turn a switch to the "on" position
 * 2)  to enable to activate a function of an electronic or mechanical device
 * 3)  to include

title: включати


text:
překročit svůj stín

Etymology
lit. 'to step over one's own shadow'.

Phrase

 * 1)  punch above one's weight

title: překročit svůj stín


text:
вмикати

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to switch on, to turn on to turn a switch to the "on" position
 * 2)  to enable to activate a function of an electronic or mechanical device

title: вмикати


text:
ເໜືອ

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) north

title: ເໜືອ


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 戀

title: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 戀


text: in unguem

title: in unguem


text:
ໃຕ້

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 or, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) south.

Adjective

 * 1) southern.
 * 2) subordinate; under; less.
 * 3) down.

Preposition

 * 1) down; below; beneath; under.

title: ໃຕ້


text:
zapínať

Verb

 * 1)  to switch on, to power up, to enable to put a mechanism, device or system into operation

title: zapínať


text:
vypínať

Verb

 * 1) to turn off, to shut down, to disable to put a mechanism, device or system out of operation

title: vypínať


text:
εἰς ὄνυχα

Etymology
Literally “to a nail”: an expression borrowed from sculptors, who, in modelling, give the finishing touch with the fingernail, or from joiners, who test the accuracy of joints in wood by the fingernail.

title: εἰς ὄνυχα


text:
включвам

Verb

 * 1)  to switch on, to power up, to enable to put a mechanism, device or system into operation
 * 2)  to include to bring into as a part or member

title: включвам


text:
изключвам

Verb

 * 1)  to shut down, to turn off, to disable to put a mechanism, device or system out of operation
 * 2)  to exclude to omit from consideration

title: изключвам


text:
Thread:User talk:CodeCat/Template:categorize not categorizing "Category talk" pages

Apparently does not categorize pages in the "Category talk" namespace. Could you fix that, please? Or maybe point to some way I could fix it?

Case in point:
 * uses
 * Category talk:Yoron language uses
 * Category talk:Yoron language should be categorized in Category:Requests for attention in Yoron entries, but it's not


text:
деактивирам

Verb

 * 1)  to deactivate, to disable to put something out of action

title: деактивирам


text:
активирам

Verb

 * 1)  to activate, to enable to put something into action

title: активирам


text: Matriotism

title: Matriotism


text: 鼻菸窩

title: 鼻菸窩


text:
uaktywniać

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to activate, to enable
 * 2)  to be activated, to be enabled
 * 1)  to be activated, to be enabled
 * 1)  to be activated, to be enabled

title: uaktywniać


text:
uaktywnić

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to activate, to enable
 * 2)  to be activated, to be enabled
 * 1)  to be activated, to be enabled
 * 1)  to be activated, to be enabled

title: uaktywnić


text:
deaktivovať

Verb

 * 1)  to deactivate, to disable to put something out of action

title: deaktivovať


text:
aktibatu

Verb

 * 1) to activate, to enable to put something into action

title: aktibatu


text:
desaktibatu

Verb

 * 1) to deactivate, to disable to put something out of action

title: desaktibatu


text: lane succide

title: lane succide


text: Category:Middle English terms borrowed from Medieval Latin


text:
hamis riasztás

Noun

 * 1) false alarm trigger of an unfounded response

title: hamis riasztás


text:
havneanløp

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  a call at or visit to a port by a ship.

title: havneanløp


text: succidus

title: succidus


text:
skjalgr

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) askew, wry, oblique, squinting

title: skjalgr


text:
Acrillae

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * , situated on the road from Agrigentum to Syracuse

title: Acrillae


text:
Caryae

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Proper noun

 * 1) A town of Laconia famous for its temple of Artemis

title: Caryae


text:
vakriasztás

Noun

 * 1) false alarm trigger of an unfounded response

title: vakriasztás


text: kaasjes

title: kaasjes


text:
Aegiae

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Proper noun

 * 1) A town of Laconia situated near Gythium

title: Aegiae


text:
완두

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) pea

title: 완두


text:
onderzoeksteam

Etymology
Compound of.

Noun

 * 1)  research team

title: onderzoeksteam


text: onderzoeksteams

title: onderzoeksteams


text:
Trinasus

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Proper noun

 * 1) A town of Laconia situated upon a promontory

title: Trinasus


text:
Pleiae

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Proper noun

 * 1) A town of Laconia mentioned by Livy

title: Pleiae


text:
oogwenk

Etymology
From, compare the obsolete forms with interfix. Equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) short moment, eyewink
 * 1) short moment, eyewink

title: oogwenk


text: havneanløpet

title: havneanløpet


text: oogwenken

title: oogwenken


text:
flachbrüstig

Adjective

 * 1) flat-chested

title: flachbrüstig


text: oogwenkje

title: oogwenkje


text: oogwenkjes

title: oogwenkjes


text:
pedolith

Noun

 * 1)  A surface formation that has undergone one or more pedogenic processes; soil.

title: pedolith


text: pedoliths

title: pedoliths


text:
ogenwenk

Etymology
From. Equivalent to.

title: ogenwenk


text: ogenwenken

title: ogenwenken


text:
flachsen

Verb

 * 1) to joke

Adjective

 * 1)  flax

title: flachsen


text: havneanløpene

title: havneanløpene


text:
Arruntius

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * 1) a Roman nomen gentile, gens or "family name" famously held by:
 * , a Roman admiral

title: Arruntius


text:
flachsfarben

Adjective

 * 1) flaxen (in colour)

title: flachsfarben


text:
flaschengrün

Adjective

 * 1) bottle green

title: flaschengrün


text: lobbesen

title: lobbesen


text:
คนไข้

Etymology
From 🇰🇲.

Noun

 * 1) sick person; patient.

title: คนไข้


text:
Faustus

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * , a Roman consul
 * , a Roman consul

title: Faustus


text:
flatterhaft

Adjective

 * 1) flighty, scatterbrained
 * 2) fickle

title: flatterhaft


text:
ดูแล

Etymology
From 🇰🇲.

Verb

 * 1) to look after; to take care of; to tend to; to supervise.

title: ดูแล


text:
flegelhaft

Adjective

 * 1) scurrilous
 * 2) uncouth

title: flegelhaft


text:
ปรนนิบัติ

Verb

 * 1) to take care of; to tend.

title: ปรนนิบัติ


text:
anløpshavn

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  a port of call

title: anløpshavn


text:
flehentlich

Adjective

 * 1) pleading, imploring

title: flehentlich


text:
deaktivləşdirmək

Verb

 * 1)  to deactivate, to disable to put something out of action

title: deaktivləşdirmək


text:
inroetsjen

Etymology
Compound of.

Verb

 * 1)  to rapidly glide or slide into
 * 2) * 1993, Lieve Joris, De poorten van Damascus, Augustus (14th print, 2008; 1st print from J.M. Meulenhoff), ISBN 9045703629.
 * "nl"

- Gillend rende Hala de kamer uit en voelde nog net hoe de rat langs haar benen de gang in roetsjte.

title: inroetsjen


text:
ตุ้ม

Adjective

 * 1) round; circular.

Noun

 * 1) round pendant; suspended object.

title: ตุ้ม


text: 心衰

title: 心衰


text:
roetsjen

Etymology
Borrowed from. Cf. 🇨🇬, a form that is obsolete in Dutch.

Verb

 * 1)  to rapidly glide or slide

title: roetsjen


text: anløpshavna

title: anløpshavna


text:
多器官衰竭

Verb

 * 1)  to have multiorgan failure

title: 多器官衰竭


text:
肝衰竭

Verb

 * 1)  to have liver failure; to have hepatic failure

title: 肝衰竭


text: 肝衰

title: 肝衰


text:
器官衰竭

Verb

 * 1)  to have organ failure

title: 器官衰竭


text: anløpshavnen

title: anløpshavnen


text: 强心

title: 强心


text:
強心

Verb

 * 1)  to strengthen the function (contractility) of the heart; to be inotropic

title: 強心


text: anløpshavner

title: anløpshavner


text: anløpshavnene

title: anløpshavnene


text:
Talk:qora

if rotational speed of earth slows down considerably then what will happen to the geophysical flows with respect to corriolis force and thermal stratification

title: Talk:qora


text:
凝血酶

Noun

 * 1)  thrombin

title: 凝血酶


text:
opspatten

Etymology
Compound of.

Verb

 * 1)  to disperse and be projected in droplets; to spatter, to splash, to scatter

title: opspatten


text:
上腹部

Noun

 * 1)  upper part of the abdomen; epigastrium

title: 上腹部


text:
病死率

Noun

 * 1)  disease fatality; case fatality

title: 病死率


text:
hänga på låset

Etymology
+ +  (hang by/on the lock).

Verb

 * 1) to wait outside a store, shop, restaurant or other commercial site shortly before its opening hours with intent of entering as soon as it opens, thus receiving service early or first.

title: hänga på låset


text:
内毒素

Noun

 * 1) endotoxin

title: 内毒素


text:
內毒素

Noun

 * 1)  endotoxin

title: 內毒素


text:
外毒素

Noun

 * 1)  exotoxin

Noun

 * 1) exotoxin

title: 外毒素


text:
nou en of

Interjection

 * ,, hell yes

title: nou en of


text: 活体

title: 活体


text:
活體

Noun

 * 1)  living body; living person

title: 活體


text:
肝移植

Noun

 * 1)  liver transplantation

Noun

 * 1)  liver transplantation

title: 肝移植


text:
perkakas

Etymology
From. Equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) tool, instrument

title: perkakas


text: tourões

title: tourões


text:
jari tengah

Etymology
Compound of 🇰🇲

Noun

 * 1)  middle finger

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  The middle finger.

title: jari tengah


text:
kiến lửa

Etymology
🇰🇲.

Noun

 * 1) a fire ant

title: kiến lửa


text:
gun time

Noun

 * 1) The time it takes to finish a race from when the starter's gun (or other signal) is sounded until crossing the finish line, irrespective of when the competitor actually starts.

Usage notes

 * "Gun time" is generally the only officially recognised time, as opposed to chip time.

title: gun time


text: 伦勃朗

title: 伦勃朗


text:
倫勃朗

Proper noun

 * 1) Rembrandt

title: 倫勃朗


text:
ชุบ

Etymology
Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, and 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to dip; to immerse in liquid.

title: ชุบ


text: 爱因斯坦

title: 爱因斯坦


text:
愛因斯坦

Proper noun

 * 1) Einstein

title: 愛因斯坦


text: 卓别林

title: 卓别林


text: 卓別林

title: 卓別林


text:
思考題

Noun

 * 1) question to reflect on

title: 思考題


text:
anløp

Etymology 1
From the verb.

Noun

 * 1)  a call or visit

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  a call or visit

title: anløp


text:
安徒生

Proper noun

 * 1)  (1805–1875), Danish author.

title: 安徒生


text:
長龍

Noun

 * 1)  long queue (of people, cars, etc.)

title: 長龍


text: 欧几里得

title: 欧几里得


text: 长龙

title: 长龙


text:
snæversynet

Adjective

 * 1) narrow-minded, bigoted

title: snæversynet


text:
歐幾里得

Proper noun

 * 1) Euclid

title: 歐幾里得


text:
法拉第

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * 1) Faraday

Classifier

 * 1)  faraday

title: 法拉第


text:
fordomsfuld

Adjective

 * 1) prejudiced, bigoted

title: fordomsfuld


text: snæversynede

title: snæversynede


text:
chip time

Noun

 * 1) The time it takes to finish a race judged by the time calculated on a transponder worn by the competitor.

Usage notes

 * Race transponders measure the time the competitor crosses the starting line and finish line, irrespective of the starting signal. Generally chip time is not officially accepted as the race time.

title: chip time


text:
伽利略

Proper noun

 * 1) Galileo

Classifier

 * 1)  galileo

title: 伽利略


text:
普朗克

Proper noun

 * 1) Planck

title: 普朗克


text: 荷马

title: 荷马


text:
荷馬

Proper noun

 * 1) Homer

title: 荷馬


text: 思考题

title: 思考题


text:
歐拉

Proper noun

 * 1) Euler

title: 歐拉


text: 欧拉

title: 欧拉


text:
高斯

Proper noun

 * 1) Gauss

Classifier

 * 1)  gauss

title: 高斯


text: 开普勒

title: 开普勒


text:
開普勒

Proper noun

 * 1) Kepler

title: 開普勒


text:
詹姆斯

Etymology
Borrowed from.

title: 詹姆斯


text:
西蒙

Proper noun

 * 1)  Simon

title: 西蒙


text: 沃尔夫冈

title: 沃尔夫冈


text:
沃爾夫岡

Proper noun

 * 1) Wolfgang

title: 沃爾夫岡


text: 约瑟夫

title: 约瑟夫


text: 約瑟夫

title: 約瑟夫


text: 富兰克林

title: 富兰克林


text:
Citations:auctor vitae

 * ante AD 405', anonymous reviser(s) of the ', Biblia Sacra vulgatae editionis'', “Actus Apostolorum”, chapter iii, verse 15:
 * "la"

- auctorem vero vitae interfecistis quem Deus suscitavit a mortuis cuius nos testes sumus

title: Citations:auctor vitae


text: 富蘭克林

title: 富蘭克林


text: sīkǎotí

title: sīkǎotí


text: anløpet

title: anløpet


text:
阿基米德

Proper noun

 * 1) Archimedes

title: 阿基米德


text: 馬丁

title: 馬丁


text: 家长会

title: 家长会


text: 马丁

title: 马丁


text:
มอด

Verb

 * 1) to die down; to die out.

Noun

 * 1) name of many kinds of small insects, which bores into, and feeds on various plant or other material.

title: มอด


text:
凱撒

Proper noun

 * 1) Caesar

title: 凱撒


text: 凯撒

title: 凯撒


text:
香米

Noun

 * 1) fragrant rice
 * 2)  jasmine rice

title: 香米


text: 马可

title: 马可


text: xiāngmǐ

title: xiāngmǐ


text:
馬可

Etymology 1
Borrowed from or.

Proper noun

 * 1) Marco

Etymology 2
Borrowed from.

Proper noun

 * 1)  Mark Biblical character

title: 馬可


text: gàmá

title: gàmá


text: gàimá

title: gàimá


text: gàn ma

title: gàn ma


text:
穆罕默德

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * 1) Muhammad Islamic prophet

title: 穆罕默德


text:
家長會

Noun

 * 1) parents' meeting (at school); parents' evening; parent-teacher conference

title: 家長會


text: 安东尼奥

title: 安东尼奥


text: 安東尼奧

title: 安東尼奧


text: 贝多芬

title: 贝多芬


text:
貝多芬

Proper noun

 * 1)  the German composer and pianist

title: 貝多芬


text:
莫扎特

Proper noun

 * 1)  Mozart

title: 莫扎特


text:
阿克巴

Proper noun

 * 1) Akbar; Akhbar name

title: 阿克巴


text: 塞巴斯蒂安

title: 塞巴斯蒂安


text: anløpa

title: anløpa


text:
尼采

Proper noun

 * 1) Nietzsche

title: 尼采


text: 黑格尔

title: 黑格尔


text: 黑格爾

title: 黑格爾


text: 查尔斯

title: 查尔斯


text: 查爾斯

title: 查爾斯


text: 斯坦利

title: 斯坦利


text: 萨拉丁

title: 萨拉丁


text:
薩拉丁

Proper noun

 * 1) Saladin

title: 薩拉丁


text: anløpene

title: anløpene


text:
伏爾泰

Proper noun

 * 1) Voltaire

title: 伏爾泰


text:
康德

Etymology 1
Borrowed from.

Proper noun

 * 1)  the Kangde era

title: 康德


text:
виключати

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to exclude
 * 2) to expel
 * 3) to eliminate, to rule out

title: виключати


text: 笛卡尔

title: 笛卡尔


text:
笛卡爾

Proper noun

 * 1) Descartes

title: 笛卡爾


text:
雨果

Proper noun

 * 1) Hugo especially

title: 雨果


text: 麦克斯韦

title: 麦克斯韦


text: fordomsfuldt

title: fordomsfuldt


text: fordomsfulde

title: fordomsfulde


text:
麥克斯韋

Proper noun

 * 1) Maxwell

Classifier

 * 1)  maxwell

title: 麥克斯韋


text:
ankeroog

Etymology
Compound of.

Noun

 * 1) ring by means of which an anchor is attached to a rode

title: ankeroog


text: ankerogen

title: ankerogen


text: 卡尔

title: 卡尔


text:
卡爾

Etymology
From and. Also from and.

title: 卡爾


text:
婆羅摩笈多

Proper noun

 * 1) Brahmagupta

title: 婆羅摩笈多


text:
Brahmagupta

Proper noun

 * 1) An   and  (c. 598 – c. 668 CE).

title: Brahmagupta


text:
歌德

Proper noun

 * 1) Goethe

title: 歌德


text: 俾斯麦

title: 俾斯麦


text:
dương cầm

Etymology 1
.

Noun

 * 1)  piano

Etymology 2
.

Noun

 * 1)  yangqin

title: dương cầm


text: 俾斯麥

title: 俾斯麥


text: 印度斯坦语

title: 印度斯坦语


text:
印度斯坦語

Noun

 * 1) Hindustani language

title: 印度斯坦語


text:
印度斯坦

Etymology
Ultimately from - /.

Proper noun

 * 1) Hindustan

title: 印度斯坦


text:
wykluczać

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to debar, to except, to exclude
 * 2)  to eliminate, to rule out
 * 3)  to eliminate each other
 * 1)  to eliminate, to rule out
 * 2)  to eliminate each other

title: wykluczać


text:
一神論

Noun

 * 1) monotheism

title: 一神論


text:
多神論

Noun

 * 1) polytheism

title: 多神論


text:
三相神

Proper noun

 * 1) Trimurti

title: 三相神


text:
獨裁政體

Noun

 * 1) dictatorship

title: 獨裁政體


text: theïstisch

title: theïstisch


text:
共和制

Noun

 * 1) republic

title: 共和制


text:
atheïstisch

Etymology
From.

title: atheïstisch


text: 政治宣传

title: 政治宣传


text:
政治宣傳

Noun

 * 1) (political) propaganda

title: 政治宣傳


text:
deïstisch

Etymology
Equivalent to.

title: deïstisch


text: 非洲联盟

title: 非洲联盟


text:
非洲聯盟

Proper noun

 * 1) African Union

title: 非洲聯盟


text: 非盟

title: 非盟


text: theïst

title: theïst


text: theïsten

title: theïsten


text: 阿拉伯国家联盟

title: 阿拉伯国家联盟


text:
阿拉伯國家聯盟

Proper noun

 * 1) Arab League

title: 阿拉伯國家聯盟


text:
deïst

Etymology
Borrowed from.

title: deïst


text:
Thread:User talk:CodeCat/Template:categorize not categorizing "Category talk" pages/reply

is meant for entries only.


text: 阿拉伯聯盟

title: 阿拉伯聯盟


text: deïsten

title: deïsten


text: 阿盟

title: 阿盟


text: 阿拉伯联盟

title: 阿拉伯联盟


text: 东南亚国家联盟

title: 东南亚国家联盟


text:
東南亞國家聯盟

Proper noun

 * 1)  (ASEAN)

title: 東南亞國家聯盟


text:
wkluczać

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to include

title: wkluczać


text:
wkluczyć

Etymology
From. .

Verb

 * 1)  to include

title: wkluczyć


text: 东协

title: 东协


text: 東協

title: 東協


text: 亚细安

title: 亚细安


text:
亞細安

Etymology
, based on.

title: 亞細安


text: 石油输出国组织

title: 石油输出国组织


text:
石油輸出國組織

Proper noun

 * 1)  (OPEC)

title: 石油輸出國組織


text: 国际法院

title: 国际法院


text:
國際法院

Proper noun

 * 1) International Court of Justice

title: 國際法院


text: 世界卫生组织

title: 世界卫生组织


text: 世界衛生組織

title: 世界衛生組織


text: 世衛組織

title: 世衛組織


text:
世衛

Proper noun

 * 1) WHO;

title: 世衛


text: 斯瓦希里语

title: 斯瓦希里语


text:
斯瓦希里語

Noun

 * 1) Swahili language

title: 斯瓦希里語


text:
長篇小說

Noun

 * 1) full-length novel

title: 長篇小說


text: 伊利亚特

title: 伊利亚特


text:
伊利亞特

Proper noun

 * 1) Iliad

title: 伊利亞特


text: 奥德赛

title: 奥德赛


text:
奧德賽

Etymology
From, from.

Proper noun

 * 1) Odyssey

title: 奧德賽


text:
圓頂

Noun

 * 1) round top shape
 * 2)  dome

title: 圓頂


text: 罗马斗兽场

title: 罗马斗兽场


text:
羅馬鬥獸場

Proper noun

 * 1) Colosseum

title: 羅馬鬥獸場


text: 帝国大厦

title: 帝国大厦


text:
帝國大廈

Proper noun

 * 1) Empire State Building

title: 帝國大廈


text: 帝国州

title: 帝国州


text:
帝國州

Proper noun

 * 1)  Empire State; New York (state)

title: 帝國州


text:
aflossen

Etymology
From. Equivalent to.

Verb

 * 1)  to relieve, to free from a position or post
 * 2)  to redeem, to pay off
 * 3)  to fire, to shoot

title: aflossen


text:
自由女神像

Proper noun

 * 1) Statue of Liberty

title: 自由女神像


text: 体育运动

title: 体育运动


text:
體育運動

Noun

 * 1) sports

title: 體育運動


text:
弗拉明戈

Noun

 * 1) flamenco

title: 弗拉明戈


text: 弗拉门戈

title: 弗拉门戈


text:
弗拉門戈

Noun

 * 1) flamenco

title: 弗拉門戈


text:
佛朗明哥

Noun

 * 1) flamenco

title: 佛朗明哥


text:
bijensterfte

Etymology
Compound of.

Noun

 * 1) mass death of bees

title: bijensterfte


text: bijensterften

title: bijensterften


text: bijensterftes

title: bijensterftes


text:
法蘭明歌

Noun

 * 1) flamenco

title: 法蘭明歌


text:
裸麥

Noun

 * 1) rye
 * 2) naked barley; highland barley

title: 裸麥


text:
家牛

Noun

 * 1) cattle

title: 家牛


text:
家豬

Noun

 * 1) domestic pig; pig

title: 家豬


text: 爬行动物

title: 爬行动物


text:
爬行動物

Noun

 * 1) reptile

title: 爬行動物


text:
古菌

Noun

 * 1) archaea

title: 古菌


text: 古生菌

title: 古生菌


text:
dronkemansmoed

Etymology
Compound of.

title: dronkemansmoed


text:
dronkenman

Etymology
Compound of.

Noun

 * 1) male ,

title: dronkenman


text: dronkenmannen

title: dronkenmannen


text:
dronkeman

Etymology
Compound of.

title: dronkeman


text: dronkemannen

title: dronkemannen


text: 古细菌

title: 古细菌


text:
生物分類法

Noun

 * 1) biological classification; taxonomy

title: 生物分類法


text: 生殖系统

title: 生殖系统


text:
生殖系統

Noun

 * 1) reproductive system

title: 生殖系統


text:
阿茲海默症

Noun

 * 1)  Alzheimer's disease

title: 阿茲海默症


text:
gospodarny

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) thrifty, frugal, economical

title: gospodarny


text:
慢性阻塞性肺病

Noun

 * 1)  chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

title: 慢性阻塞性肺病


text:
脊髓灰質炎

Noun

 * 1)  poliomyelitis; polio

title: 脊髓灰質炎


text: auctorem vitae

title: auctorem vitae


text: 自然灾害

title: 自然灾害


text:
自然災害

Noun

 * 1) natural disaster

Noun

 * 1) natural disaster

title: 自然災害


text:
熱帶氣旋

Noun

 * 1) tropical cyclone

title: 熱帶氣旋


text: 能量守恒定律

title: 能量守恒定律


text:
能量守恆定律

Noun

 * 1)  law of conservation of energy

title: 能量守恆定律


text: 红外线

title: 红外线


text:
紅外線

Noun

 * 1)  infrared ray

title: 紅外線


text:
電磁力

Noun

 * 1)  electromagnetic force

title: 電磁力


text:
na zawżdy

Etymology
lit. 'for ever'.

Adverb

 * 1)  forever, for good, permanently

title: na zawżdy


text:
弱相互作用

Noun

 * 1)  weak interaction

title: 弱相互作用


text:
po wsze czasy

Etymology
lit. 'for all times', where wsze is a fossilized accusative plural form of.

Adverb

 * 1)  forever, for good, permanently

title: po wsze czasy


text: 强相互作用

title: 强相互作用


text:
強相互作用

Noun

 * 1)  strong interaction

title: 強相互作用


text: 数学分析

title: 数学分析


text:
數學分析

Noun

 * 1) mathematical analysis

title: 數學分析


text: 数值分析

title: 数值分析


text:
數值分析

Noun

 * 1) numerical analysis

title: 數值分析


text:
核動力

Noun

 * 1) nuclear power

title: 核動力


text: 枪械

title: 枪械


text:
槍械

Noun

 * 1)  firearm

title: 槍械


text:
爆炸物

Noun

 * 1) explosive material; explosive

title: 爆炸物


text:
Carreno

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Carreno is the 4922nd most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7146 individuals. Carreno is most common among Hispanic/Latino (89.81%) individuals.

title: Carreno


text: Carrenos

title: Carrenos


text:
史前時代

Noun

 * 1) prehistoric age; prehistory

title: 史前時代


text:
Woodbury

Etymology
From +, the dative case of.

Proper noun

 * 1)  A placename:

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Woodbury is the 4924th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7144 individuals. Woodbury is most common among White (82.56%) and Black/African American (11.77%) individuals.

title: Woodbury


text: Woodburys

title: Woodburys


text: 笈多王朝

title: 笈多王朝


text:
Snook

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Snook is the 4926th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7141 individuals. Snook is most common among White (95.13%) individuals.

title: Snook


text: Snooks

title: Snooks


text: 阿拔斯王朝

title: 阿拔斯王朝


text:
Casarez

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Casarez is the 4927th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7140 individuals. Casarez is most common among Hispanic/Latino (91.76%) individuals.

title: Casarez


text: Casarezes

title: Casarezes


text: 蒙古帝国

title: 蒙古帝国


text:
蒙古帝國

Proper noun

 * 1) the Mongol Empire

title: 蒙古帝國


text:
Hung

Etymology
From or   (Mandarin: Hóng, Cantonese: hung4) or.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Hung is the 4932nd most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7137 individuals. Hung is most common among Asian/Pacific Islander (87.73%) individuals.

Etymology
From, via. .

title: Hung


text: Hungs

title: Hungs


text: 百年战争

title: 百年战争


text:
author of life

Alternative forms

 * Occurs with initial capitals in either or both of and .

Etymology
(literally “the originator cause of life”): “life” understood to mean existence simpliciter in the case of God the Father, and to mean the salvation of eternal life in the case of God the Son.

Translations

 * Latin: auctor vītae

 * Latin: auctor vītae

title: author of life


text:
百年戰爭

Proper noun

 * 1) Hundred Years' War

title: 百年戰爭


text:
Bocanegra

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Bocanegra is the 4934th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7134 individuals. Bocanegra is most common among Hispanic/Latino (94.59%) individuals.

title: Bocanegra


text: Bocanegras

title: Bocanegras


text:
Rigsby

Etymology
Habitational surname from a place in Lincolnshire.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Rigsby is the 4941st most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7124 individuals. Rigsby is most common among White (84.49%) and Black/African American (10.57%) individuals.

title: Rigsby


text: Rigsbys

title: Rigsbys


text:
Gooding

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Gooding is the 4942nd most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7123 individuals. Gooding is most common among White (70.38%) and Black/African American (22.94%) individuals.

title: Gooding


text: Goodings

title: Goodings


text:
Vandenberg

Etymology
+ +.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Vandenberg is the 4944th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7121 individuals. Vandenberg is most common among White (94.61%) individuals.

title: Vandenberg


text: Vandenbergs

title: Vandenbergs


text:
阿茲特克

Proper noun

 * 1) Aztec

title: 阿茲特克


text:
Hogg

Etymology
From, a metonymic occupational surname for a swineherd.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Hogg is the 4945th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7119 individuals. Hogg is most common among White (81.91%) and Black/African American (13.95%) individuals.

title: Hogg


text: Hoggs

title: Hoggs


text:
宗教改革

Proper noun

 * 1) Reformation

title: 宗教改革


text:
Rainwater

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Rainwater is the 4949th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7111 individuals. Rainwater is most common among White (83.83%) individuals.

title: Rainwater


text: Rainwaters

title: Rainwaters


text:
啟蒙時代

Proper noun

 * 1)  Age of Enlightenment

title: 啟蒙時代


text:
Enright

Etymology
Reduced Anglicized form of, a byname meaning "attacker"; compare.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Enright is the 4951st most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7108 individuals. Enright is most common among White (93.18%) individuals.

title: Enright


text: Enrights

title: Enrights


text: 三十年戰爭

title: 三十年戰爭


text: 阿以冲突

title: 阿以冲突


text:
Ackley

Etymology
English habitational surname, from +, equivalent to. Compare, which has the same origin.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Ackley is the 4952nd most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7102 individuals. Ackley is most common among White (93.65%) individuals.

title: Ackley


text: Ackleys

title: Ackleys


text: 阿以衝突

title: 阿以衝突


text: 法国大革命

title: 法国大革命


text:
Bankston

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Bankston is the 4953rd most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7101 individuals. Bankston is most common among White (62.74%) and Black/African American (31.18%) individuals.

title: Bankston


text: Bankstons

title: Bankstons


text:
法國大革命

Proper noun

 * 1) French Revolution

title: 法國大革命


text:
Westphal

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Westphal is the 4953rd most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7101 individuals. Westphal is most common among White (94.92%) individuals.

title: Westphal


text: Westphals

title: Westphals


text:
Welborn

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Welborn is the 4956th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7095 individuals. Welborn is most common among White (90.46%) individuals.

title: Welborn


text: Welborns

title: Welborns


text: 南北战争

title: 南北战争


text:
南北戰爭

Proper noun

 * 1) American Civil War

title: 南北戰爭


text:
Araiza

Etymology
Variant of. This variant is mostly found in Mexico.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Araiza is the 4956th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7095 individuals. Araiza is most common among Hispanic/Latino (94.5%) individuals.

title: Araiza


text: Araizas

title: Araizas


text: 明治维新

title: 明治维新


text:
明治維新

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * 1) the

title: 明治維新


text:
Sato

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * French:
 * Japanese:
 * Tagalog: Sato

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Sato is the 4956th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7095 individuals. Sato is most common among Asian/Pacific Islander (73.54%) individuals.

Etymology
.

Etymology
.

title: Sato


text: Satos

title: Satos


text: 凡尔赛条约

title: 凡尔赛条约


text:
Suh

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬 (from Mandarin).

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Suh is the 4961st most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7089 individuals. Suh is most common among Asian/Pacific Islander (95.15%) individuals.

title: Suh


text: Suhs

title: Suhs


text: 凡爾賽條約

title: 凡爾賽條約


text: 大萧条

title: 大萧条


text:
Hannan

Etymology 1
Reduced Anglicized form of, a personal name of uncertain origin.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Hannan is the 4962nd most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7086 individuals. Hannan is most common among White (86.99%) individuals.

Etymology 2
From.

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Japanese:

title: Hannan


text: Hannans

title: Hannans


text:
大蕭條

Proper noun

 * 1)  Great Depression

title: 大蕭條


text:
Feller

Etymology
Likely an occupational surname from 🇨🇬.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Feller is the 4963rd most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7085 individuals. Feller is most common among White (94.59%) individuals.

title: Feller


text: Fellers

title: Fellers


text:
猶太人大屠殺

Proper noun

 * 1)  Holocaust

title: 猶太人大屠殺


text:
ถ้ำ

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) cave; tunnel

title: ถ้ำ


text:
Slayton

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Slayton is the 4969th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7069 individuals. Slayton is most common among White (81.21%) and Black/African American (12.9%) individuals.

title: Slayton


text: Slaytons

title: Slaytons


text: 越南战争

title: 越南战争


text:
越南戰爭

Proper noun

 * 1) Vietnam War

title: 越南戰爭


text:
Comeaux

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Comeaux is the 4972nd most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7066 individuals. Comeaux is most common among White (77.65%) and Black/African American (19.12%) individuals.

title: Comeaux


text: 越戰

title: 越戰


text:
Destefano

Etymology
Very rare spelling of.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census (not recording the use of punctuation marks or capitals), DESTEFANO is the 4975th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7058 individuals. DESTEFANO is most common among White (94.72%) individuals.

title: Destefano


text: Destefanos

title: Destefanos


text:
伊斯坦堡

Etymology
From Turkish ''İstanbul

title: 伊斯坦堡


text: 金夏沙

title: 金夏沙


text:
Marler

Etymology
From, an occupational surname for someone who hewed or quarried marl.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Marler is the 4975th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7058 individuals. Marler is most common among White (93.67%) individuals.

title: Marler


text: Marlers

title: Marlers


text:
คูหา

Etymology
From, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬,, ; 🇨🇬, , ; 🇨🇬, , ; Modern 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  cave; cavern; grotto.
 * 2)  (ซุ้ม~) open chamber or aperture on a stupa, pagoda, or the like, for housing religious images.
 * 3)  room or chamber (in an apartment, terraced house, or similar building).
 * 4)  polling booth.

Synonyms

 * See.

title: คูหา


text:
Puga

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Puga is the 4977th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7056 individuals. Puga is most common among Hispanic/Latino (93.48%) individuals.

title: Puga


text: Pugas

title: Pugas


text: 亚马逊河

title: 亚马逊河


text:
Tobar

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Tobar is the 4977th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7056 individuals. Tobar is most common among Hispanic/Latino (86.75%) individuals.

title: Tobar


text: Tobars

title: Tobars


text:
亞馬遜河

Proper noun

 * 1) Amazon River

title: 亞馬遜河


text:
Brumley

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Brumley is the 4983rd most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7046 individuals. Brumley is most common among White (89.84%) individuals.

title: Brumley


text: Brumleys

title: Brumleys


text: 波罗的海

title: 波罗的海


text:
Zeloot

Etymology
From, from , from.

Noun

 * 1)   anti-Roman Jewish insurrectionist in first-century Palestine, especially Judaea

title: Zeloot


text:
波羅的海

Proper noun

 * 1) Baltic Sea

title: 波羅的海


text:
Brownell

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Brownell is the 4984th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7045 individuals. Brownell is most common among White (92.85%) individuals.

title: Brownell


text: Brownells

title: Brownells


text: 刚果河

title: 刚果河


text:
Gaskin

Etymology
Variant of.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Gaskin is the 4987th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7039 individuals. Gaskin is most common among White (47.24%) and Black/African American (45.55%) individuals.

title: Gaskin


text:
Gaskins

Etymology 1
Plural form of.

Proper noun

 * 1)  A placename, from the surname:
 * 1)  A placename, from the surname:

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Gaskins is the 3428th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 10414 individuals. Gaskins is most common among White (56.36%) and Black/African American (38.17%) individuals.

title: Gaskins


text:
Hargrave

Etymology
Habitational surname, from or  +  or.

Proper noun

 * 1)  A number of places:

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Hargrave is the 4989th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7037 individuals. Hargrave is most common among White (76.6%) and Black/African American (18.27%) individuals.

title: Hargrave


text: Hargraves

title: Hargraves


text:
Kinard

Etymology
Variant of.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Kinard is the 4990th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7035 individuals. Kinard is most common among White (64.93%) and Black/African American (30.02%) individuals.

title: Kinard


text: Kinards

title: Kinards


text:
Bickel

Etymology
surname, from in Devon, from the personal name  +. For the first element see.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Bickel is the 4990th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7035 individuals. Bickel is most common among White (95.58%) individuals.

title: Bickel


text: Bickels

title: Bickels


text:
Seo

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬 (from Mandarin).

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Seo is the 4998th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7033 individuals. Seo is most common among Asian/Pacific Islander (95.66%) individuals.

title: Seo


text: Seos

title: Seos


text:
Hartwell

Proper noun

 * 1) Either of two villages in England.
 * 1) Either of two villages in England.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Hartwell is the 5000th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7032 individuals. Hartwell is most common among White (76.54%) and Black/African American (17.55%) individuals.

title: Hartwell


text: Hartwells

title: Hartwells


text:
Penaloza

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Penaloza is the 5003rd most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7026 individuals. Penaloza is most common among Hispanic/Latino (95.69%) individuals.

title: Penaloza


text: Penalozas

title: Penalozas


text:
Veliz

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Veliz is the 5004th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7024 individuals. Veliz is most common among Hispanic/Latino (92.31%) individuals.

title: Veliz


text: Velizes

title: Velizes


text:
Glaze

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Glaze is the 5005th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7022 individuals. Glaze is most common among White (73.2%) and Black/African American (20.76%) individuals.

title: Glaze


text: Glazes

title: Glazes


text:
Tarr

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Tarr is the 5006th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7021 individuals. Tarr is most common among White (90.81%) individuals.

title: Tarr


text: Tarrs

title: Tarrs


text:
Carrasquillo

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Carrasquillo is the 5009th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7015 individuals. Carrasquillo is most common among Hispanic/Latino (92.52%) individuals.

title: Carrasquillo


text: Carrasquillos

title: Carrasquillos


text:
Varghese

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Varghese is the 5010th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7013 individuals. Varghese is most common among Asian/Pacific Islander (95.38%) individuals.

title: Varghese


text: Vargheses

title: Vargheses


text:
Durden

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Durden is the 5014th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7007 individuals. Durden is most common among White (59.47%) and Black/African American (35.59%) individuals.

title: Durden


text: Durdens

title: Durdens


text:
Bozeman

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Bozeman is the 5016th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7004 individuals. Bozeman is most common among White (68.58%) and Black/African American (26.68%) individuals.

title: Bozeman


text: Bozemans

title: Bozemans


text:
zeloot

Etymology
From, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) * John O'Mill (Johan van der Meulen), "Guichelheil en guldenroede", appeared in 1979, August 18, in De Stem, page 7.
 * "nl"
 * "nl"

- Dies drentel ik maar blatend verder / in 't vage voetspoor van de Dood: / De Heer is lekker toch mijn herder / en ik een mal- maar geen zeloot!

title: zeloot


text:
Berkowitz

Etymology
Germanized spelling of, a Jewish Ashkenazi surname.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Berkowitz is the 5018th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7000 individuals. Berkowitz is most common among White (96.63%) individuals.

title: Berkowitz


text: Berkowitzes

title: Berkowitzes


text:
User:Techhead7890

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title: User:Techhead7890


text:
Shively

Etymology
Americanized spelling of Swiss or.

Proper noun

 * 1)  A placename, from the surname:
 * 1)  A placename, from the surname:

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Shively is the 5018th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 7000 individuals. Shively is most common among White (93.83%) individuals.

title: Shively


text: Shivelys

title: Shivelys


text:
Arango

Etymology
Borrowed from, habitational surname of origin.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Arango is the 5020th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 6998 individuals. Arango is most common among Hispanic/Latino (90.81%) individuals.

title: Arango


text: Arangos

title: Arangos


text:
Delafuente

Etymology
.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Delafuente is the 5021st most common surname in the United States, belonging to 6996 individuals. Delafuente is most common among Hispanic/Latino (86.89%) individuals.

title: Delafuente


text: Delafuentes

title: Delafuentes


text:
Boynton

Etymology
From the personal name  +  +.

Proper noun

 * 1)  A placename:

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Boynton is the 5024th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 6983 individuals. Boynton is most common among White (82.0%) and Black/African American (12.95%) individuals.

title: Boynton


text: Boyntons

title: Boyntons


text:
Heffner

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Heffner is the 5029th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 6980 individuals. Heffner is most common among White (92.99%) individuals.

title: Heffner


text: Heffners

title: Heffners


text:
Musick

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Musick is the 5033rd most common surname in the United States, belonging to 6972 individuals. Musick is most common among White (93.7%) individuals.

title: Musick


text: Musicks

title: Musicks


text:
Qureshi

Etymology
From.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Qureshi is the 5035th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 6966 individuals. Qureshi is most common among Asian/Pacific Islander (87.04%) individuals.

title: Qureshi


text: Qureshis

title: Qureshis


text:
Monteiro

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Monteiro is the 5036th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 6965 individuals. Monteiro is most common among White (54.86%) and Black/African American (27.81%) individuals.

Etymology
From.

title: Monteiro


text: Monteiros

title: Monteiros


text:
Jessup

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Jessup is the 5037th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 6964 individuals. Jessup is most common among White (81.85%) and Black/African American (12.68%) individuals.

title: Jessup


text: Jessups

title: Jessups


text:
Barringer

Etymology
Americanized spelling of.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Barringer is the 5037th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 6964 individuals. Barringer is most common among White (85.64%) and Black/African American (10.25%) individuals.

title: Barringer


text: Barringers

title: Barringers


text:
Martindale

Noun

 * 1)  A unit for quantifying the abrasion resistance of textiles, especially when used for upholstery.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Martindale is the 5040th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 6962 individuals. Martindale is most common among White (87.32%) individuals.

title: Martindale


text: Martindales

title: Martindales


text:
Heffernan

Etymology
Anglicized form of, a personal name derived from a diminutive form of , from.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Heffernan is the 5043rd most common surname in the United States, belonging to 6961 individuals. Heffernan is most common among White (94.34%) individuals.

title: Heffernan


text: Heffernans

title: Heffernans


text:
bijenmelk

Etymology
Compound of.

title: bijenmelk


text:
Rohde

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Rohde is the 5043rd most common surname in the United States, belonging to 6961 individuals. Rohde is most common among White (94.93%) individuals.

title: Rohde


text: Rohdes

title: Rohdes


text: доколеници

title: доколеници


text:
Yeh

Etymology
From the romanization of the  Chinese pronunciation for.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Yeh is the 5046th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 6958 individuals. Yeh is most common among Asian/Pacific Islander (92.8%) individuals.

title: Yeh


text: Yehs

title: Yehs


text:
доколеница

Noun

 * 1)  knee sock

title: доколеница


text:
Beardsley

Proper noun

 * , named after.
 * , named after W. W. Beardsley.
 * , named after.
 * , named after W. W. Beardsley.
 * , named after W. W. Beardsley.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Beardsley is the 5048th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 6950 individuals. Beardsley is most common among White (94.03%) individuals.

title: Beardsley


text: Beardsleys

title: Beardsleys


text:
Woolsey

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Woolsey is the 5049th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 6949 individuals. Woolsey is most common among White (92.19%) individuals.

title: Woolsey


text: Woolseys

title: Woolseys


text:
Hua

Etymology 1
From.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Hua is the 5052$nd$ most common surname in the United States, belonging to 6939 individuals. Hua is most common among Asian/Pacific Islander (96.34%) individuals.

Etymology 2
From.

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Japanese:

Noun

 * 1) whore, prostitute, harlot

title: Hua


text: Huas

title: Huas


text:
Pinon

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Pinon is the 5055th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 6938 individuals. Pinon is most common among Hispanic/Latino (91.27%) individuals.

Etymology
Historically most prevalent in the Indre-et-Loire and Loir-et-Cher departments.

title: Pinon


text: Pinons

title: Pinons


text:
房主

Noun

 * 1) homeowner; householder

title: 房主


text:
доколенка

Noun

 * 1)  stocking, knee sock

title: доколенка


text:
Durr

Etymology

 * As a surname, from the adjective . Compare.
 * As an surname, Anglicized from , from  (compare ). Compare.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Durr is the 5057th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 6937 individuals. Durr is most common among White (62.61%) and Black/African American (31.38%) individuals.

title: Durr


text: Durrs

title: Durrs


text:
koninginnebrij

Etymology
Compound of.

title: koninginnebrij


text:
Siebert

Etymology
surname, ultimately corresponding to +.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Siebert is the 5059th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 6932 individuals. Siebert is most common among White (93.83%) individuals.

title: Siebert


text: Sieberts

title: Sieberts


text: доколенки

title: доколенки


text:
Buenrostro

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Buenrostro is the 5060th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 6931 individuals. Buenrostro is most common among Hispanic/Latino (97.59%) individuals.

Etymology
.

title: Buenrostro


text: Buenrostros

title: Buenrostros


text:
kansellere

Etymology
From, via.

Verb

 * 1) to cancel (something)

Etymology
From, via.

Verb

 * 1) to cancel (something)

title: kansellere


text: wūzhǔ

title: wūzhǔ


text:
Salyer

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Salyer is the 5064th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 6926 individuals. Salyer is most common among White (94.86%) individuals.

title: Salyer


text: Salyers

title: Salyers


text: fángzhǔ

title: fángzhǔ


text:
Weatherly

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Weatherly is the 5064th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 6926 individuals. Weatherly is most common among White (82.43%) and Black/African American (12.72%) individuals.

title: Weatherly


text: Weatherlys

title: Weatherlys


text:
Verduzco

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Verduzco is the 5066th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 6923 individuals. Verduzco is most common among Hispanic/Latino (95.49%) individuals.

title: Verduzco


text: Verduzcos

title: Verduzcos


text:
Fielder

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Fielder is the 5068th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 6917 individuals. Fielder is most common among White (74.79%) and Black/African American (17.97%) individuals.

title: Fielder


text: Fielders

title: Fielders


text:
Rubino

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Rubino is the 5068th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 6917 individuals. Rubino is most common among White (91.77%) individuals.

Etymology
From, a nickname for a dear or precious person.

title: Rubino


text: Rubinos

title: Rubinos


text:
Leake

Etymology

 * As an English but ultimately surname, from . The Norse word is found in many English place names, such as Leck in Lancashire, and the surname could have been from these names. Compare the variant.
 * Also as an occupational English surname, from the noun.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Leake is the 5070th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 6915 individuals. Leake is most common among White (69.78%) and Black/African American (24.56%) individuals.

title: Leake


text: Leakes

title: Leakes


text:
Michalski

Etymology
From.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Michalski is the 5072nd most common surname in the United States, belonging to 6914 individuals. Michalski is most common among White (95.86%) individuals.

title: Michalski


text: Michalskis

title: Michalskis


text:
Garduno

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Garduno is the 5073rd most common surname in the United States, belonging to 6912 individuals. Garduno is most common among Hispanic/Latino (92.93%) individuals.

title: Garduno


text: Gardunos

title: Gardunos


text:
Trombley

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Trombley is the 5074th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 6908 individuals. Trombley is most common among White (93.46%) individuals.

title: Trombley


text: Trombleys

title: Trombleys


text:
Booher

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Booher is the 5075th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 6900 individuals. Booher is most common among White (92.99%) individuals.

title: Booher


text: Boohers

title: Boohers


text:
Bischoff

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Bischoff is the 5077th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 6897 individuals. Bischoff is most common among White (94.93%) individuals.

title: Bischoff