text:
Module talk:sa-pronunc

Layout change
, just curious, why does the classical sanskrit pronuciation now appear twice? 2405:204:9387:50DE:0:0:84F:70A0 02:03, 15 June 2017 (UTC)
 * I tried to make the template match visually with, , etc. because they've been around for a while and so are pretty standardized, and they're good for maintaining IPA for many dialects. So if we ever decide to add day modern liturgical Sanskrit pronunciations or different romanizations, or even pre-Vedic reconstructed pronunciation we can do it easily. Do tell me if it looks bad though, I can revert it. —Aryaman (मुझसे बात करो) 02:06, 15 June 2017 (UTC)
 * oh i see. No, it doesn't look bad and if it'll help document an Old Indo-Aryan dialect parallel to Vedic, it's certainly something that should be there. 2405:204:9387:50DE:0:0:84F:70A0 02:12, 15 June 2017 (UTC)

If you would like to provide descriptions for the (multiple) liturgical pronunciation systems, and the "Old Indo-Aryan dialect parallel to Vedic", I can implement those. — JohnC5 16:14, 15 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Mainly, modern liturgical Sanskrit does not have a syllabic r (instead there's /ɾV/) the final ः is sometimes dropped. All the diphthongs are merged into monophthongs except in Uttar Pradesh and South India where they remain diphthongs. As for vedic, is there not also the svarita accent that needs to be handled by the module? We could also try to reconstruct where hiatus occurs as a result of the laryngeal in Proto-Indo-Iranian. —Aryaman (मुझसे बात करो) 17:14, 15 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Ok, could you list the particular liturgical accents you'd like to see and what their respective realizations of ṛ and the diphthongs are? As for the svarita, it was not phonemic at the time of the composition of the Vedas (there was a phonetic falling tone). The independent svarita occurs the composition and the transcription. Which are we representing here: the theoretical composition stage or the later transcription stage? Also, do you know of a thorough write up of the svarita? — JohnC5 18:08, 15 June 2017 (UTC)
 * For ऋ, ऐ, औ, अ:
 * unchanged for all, except अ is
 * There are some more differences but I haven't been able to compile a complete list. As for Bengali Vedic chanting, I have no idea what it sounds like off the top of my head. As for svarita, I have not been able to find much but seems promising. —Aryaman (मुझसे बात करो) 19:56, 15 June 2017 (UTC)
 * I will look into this. And any information you can provide is much appreciated. Two questions: the liturgical pronunciations are based off of the Classical ones, right? And should I account for the independent svarita or not in Vedic? — JohnC5 05:15, 16 June 2017 (UTC)
 * The liturgical pronunciations are based on Vedic Sanskrit, they're most used in . I think svarita is a result of Sandi, not an independent occurrence, so maybe it isn't necessary? —Aryaman (मुझसे बात करो) 13:02, 16 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Ok, I've added the sannatara-udātta-svarita (low-rising-falling) functionality to Vedic as seen here using this code. Feel free to mess around with them. I will add the liturgical dialects, but I was wondering whether you had any sources for these pronunciations you're giving (no offense). I would like to make accent labels for them in Module:accent_qualifier/data, but I'd like to know a bit more about them before doing so. Also, there is an independent svarita (not following an udātta which came from an elision or coalescence of a udātta-bearing vowel). The independent svarita did not appear in Vedic, but does in liturgical recitation, so I'll add another parameter for it. — JohnC5 04:23, 17 June 2017 (UTC)
 * That's amazing! Unfortunately, the liturgical pronunciation is based off of my own experience, there's almost no easily accessible literature about dialectical differences in Vedic chanting. We should hold off on that I think until we have something more reliable than a Quora answer. —Aryaman (मुझसे बात करो) 13:50, 18 June 2017 (UTC)
 * That Quora answer is fairly regionalist and unscientific for my taste. I would agree that we should find a better source. — JohnC5 22:17, 18 June 2017 (UTC)
 * So, I've engaged Madhav Deshpande and Peter Scharf in conversation. They have recommended the work of Wayne Howard for modern recitation practice. If you're up to it, I might recommend reading Chapter 5 of this paper. I'm thinking about breaking up the phonetic representation of Vedic by scholarly tradition:
 * Śākalasaṁhitā of the Ṛgveda
 * Vājasaneyisaṁhitā of the Śuklayajurveda
 * Taittirīyasaṁhitā of the Kṛṣṇayajurveda
 * Śaunakīyasaṁhitā of the Atharvaveda
 * Maitrāyaṇīsaṁhitā of the Kṛṣṇayajurveda, Ṛgveda khilāni, and Kashmiri mss. of #2
 * Kāṭhakasaṁhitā of the Kṛṣṇayajurveda
 * Paippalādasaṁhitā of the Atharvaveda
 * Sāmavedasaṁhitā in the Kauthuma śakhā
 * Śatapathabrāhmaṇa
 * It's gonna take some more research before I can get the liturgical stuff started. — JohnC5 17:08, 19 June 2017 (UTC)
 * I've started reading it, and wow, I did not know about the depth of Sanskrit phonological studies. And yeah, it would be better to detail different scholarly traditions instead of regional variation since there's a wealth of information about them. The liturgical stuff can wait. —Aryaman (मुझसे बात करो) 17:22, 19 June 2017 (UTC)
 * It's gonna take some more research before I can get the liturgical stuff started. — JohnC5 17:08, 19 June 2017 (UTC)
 * I've started reading it, and wow, I did not know about the depth of Sanskrit phonological studies. And yeah, it would be better to detail different scholarly traditions instead of regional variation since there's a wealth of information about them. The liturgical stuff can wait. —Aryaman (मुझसे बात करो) 17:22, 19 June 2017 (UTC)

Collapsible
I object to it being collapsible. I think it looks bad, is unnecessary, and is at odds with other templates of its kind. --Victar (talk) 02:25, 5 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Excusing grc-IPA and every template used for Chinese. I could perhaps be conviced to remove the functionality. — JohnC5 06:09, 5 September 2017 (UTC)
 * grc-IPA actually looks a lot better -- sa-IPA looks like garbage with that bounding box. How many forms are being displayed in sa-IPA on average? If it's just two in most/all cases, that it hardly seems merited, and more akin to la-IPA. --Victar (talk) 06:41, 5 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Oh, I had forgotten that Aryamanarora added the bounding box. I kinda like it more with the box, to be honest. The intent will be for more reconstructed and recitational pronunciations, but I'm working on Sanskrit declension stuff at the moment. No offense, but I'll probably leave it is for now. — JohnC5 08:20, 5 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I did it because I was hoping we could more dialects eventually (esp. liturgical Sanskrit of today). The following languages use similar boxes: Korean, Japanese, Tibetan, Chinese, and I guess Ancient Greek. —Aryaman (मुझसे बात करो) 12:48, 5 September 2017 (UTC)
 * You did what, make it collapsible or add the bounding box? Have you seen how it looks for Greek? It looks much better than this jarring and out of place blue box. --Victar (talk) 14:55, 5 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I added the bounding box. Also "blue"? It's a light gray on my screen... IMHO, it looks nice, but if you really don't like it it can be removed. —Aryaman (मुझसे बात करो) 14:57, 5 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Let's deal with what we have now, not what might be in months or years. I don't think we don't have enough variants to warrant it. It can always be added back if needed. --Victar (talk) 15:00, 5 September 2017 (UTC)
 * At the moment, both Aryamanarora and I think it looks nice, so... — JohnC5 18:36, 5 September 2017 (UTC)
 * "Looks nice" has nothing to do with it being collapsible and Aryamanarora was actually referring to the bounding box. So, at the moment, it's you, who created it as collapsible, and me who wants it removed, and despite claiming to be open to changing it, you are completely unwilling. There are only two pronunciations, Vedic and Classical. Collapsing them is unnecessary as its reduction is space is negligible and it hides them away, requiring readers to click and see them. It's a lose lose and makes zero sense. --Victar (talk) 19:35, 5 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Ask more people. I said I'd be open to changing it, and I still am, but when I said that, I was misremembering what it current appearance. It turns out that I'm more in favor of keeping it as is. Regardless, you discover a module I've been working on for months and say that something I built looks "bad" and "like garbage", and then you want me to change my mind? It may well look like garbage, but at the moment you're trying to attract flies with vinegar. I appreciate your making a suggestion about how to improve the layout, but please do not insult my and others' work then expect me to agree immediately with you. As I said, I can be convinced, but in this case, I will need more opinions on aesthetics than yours. I do not wish to speak so tersely, and I did appreciate the compliment you gave the module in your original post, but I hope you can see my perspective: I like the layout as it is and do not see an immediate need to change it based on the current line of argumentation. If, however, you can show me that  more people dislike the aesthetic than like it, then I will follow the will of the group. — JohnC5 19:58, 5 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I think two issues are being confused here.
 * 1. The bounding box is what I was saying looked bad. That was added by Aryamanarora and not original to the module you created. Aryamanarora said he was OK with it being reverted and did so. My apologies to Aryamanarora for my vinegary language. I should have been more delicate.
 * 2. The issue which I'm bring up to you is the collapsing function, which is far less an issue of aesthetics and much more an issue of functionality. In that, I've only spoke practically but if my arguments don't speak to you, I can bring it up to a wider audience. --Victar (talk) 20:16, 5 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Your clarification is appreciated, but I think you should bring up both questions to a wider audience. After an adjustment period, I too have come to like the bounding box. In particular, I think it draws the user's eye to the fact that the box is collapsible in a way that grc-IPA sometimes doesn't (we often get remarks from people that they only just noticed the collapsing functionality of grc-IPA). My current feeling is that, if something is collapsible, the experience is improved by a bounding box to draw the user's eye to the fact more information is included. If we remove the collapsing functionality, I certainly think the bounding box should go with it. — JohnC5 20:28, 5 September 2017 (UTC)

Having used and seen it in use for a while, I think it looks much worse now (especially since the positioning of the dropdown is dependent on the screen size). I think we should retain the bounding box if we have the dropdown. —Aryaman (मुझसे बात करो) 22:45, 13 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I concur. I'm not entirely sure why Victar decided to change it without full agreement., you would agree that it should be changed back? — JohnC5 23:29, 13 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Again,, you're making untrue accusations due to not fulling reading what has been said. I not not change it; Aryaman did, following my complaint.
 * If neither of you find it appealing as is, I recommend revisiting removing the dropdown functionality all together. It makes absolutely no practical sense with just two entries.
 * --Victar (talk) 23:44, 13 September 2017 (UTC)
 * sorry for the false accusation; I misread which changes to the module belonged to whom. That's my bad. As I said, if we remove the collapsibilty, we should remove the box. Otherwise it should be kept. For now, remove both the box and the collapsibility if you'd like. — JohnC5 00:15, 14 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes I removed it, mostly because it's really not that important. However, the placing of the dropdown on my screen is kind of annoying now though, it's in the middle of the page. Another reason for the dropdown is to standardize the treatment of Asian languages, which all use dropdowns (even a small template like ). Some things that could be added quite easily: alternate transliteration systems (available at MOD:sa-utilities), some sort of marking of the pitch accent to make it more visible, and maybe accent sandhi? I do agree we could remove the dropdown for now. —Aryaman (मुझसे बात करो) 00:18, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

TBH I liked the dropdown... —Aryaman (मुझसे बात करो) 22:25, 15 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I don't want to get into this again, but it unnecessarily hid data. --Victar (talk) 02:06, 16 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Please do something about, it looks like garbage!! --2A02:2788:A4:F44:B0CD:80E3:189A:8FF2 14:06, 16 November 2017 (UTC)

So this can have the accent on the first or second syllable. Is there a way to show this using only one invocation of the template? —AryamanA (मुझसे बात करें • योगदान) 17:08, 17 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Not yet. Unfortunately, I really need to refactor this, and in particular, I want this to use IAST input and have better tonal realizations. —*i̯óh₁nC[5] 05:16, 18 December 2017 (UTC)

र (ra)
Was the र really a retroflex flap (ɽ) in Sanskrit? Would it not be an alveolar flap (ɾ) instead? -- CueIn (talk) 11:33, 6 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Are you sure about this? —AryamanA (मुझसे बात करें • योगदान) 11:56, 6 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Most modern literature uses a retroflex flap based on the descriptions of the grammarians and its widespread production of retroflexion. Some authors (Peter Scharf, for example) prefer the retroflex approximate, .  On what basis would you construct the alveolar tap instead? —*i̯óh₁nC[5] 06:40, 7 February 2018 (UTC)
 * It probably seems strange to him and me because pretty much all New Indo-Aryan languages have an alveolar tap. Hindi does also have the retroflex flap but it's written like, a totally different letter. Also, I find clusters like in strange if the "r" is retroflex and the "dh" is dental. —AryamanA (मुझसे बात करें • योगदान) 15:10, 7 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Sorry for the late reply. Like said, most modern IA languages use the alveolar tap and I expected Sanskrit's r to be the same (modern Sanskrit chantings all use the ɾ and not ɽ). The retroflex flap sounded more like a stop to me. I did not know of the linguistic literature though. Also, next to dental stops doesn't the retroflex flap sound odd? -- CueIn (talk) 01:48, 14 February 2018 (UTC)
 * As with many of these things (palatals, rhotics, clusters, tones), there seem to be multiple competing opinions on the matter. I'm steadily researching this, but don't expect progress soon. —*i̯óh₁nC[5] 02:01, 14 February 2018 (UTC)
 * No worries, the progress has been great so far :) —AryamanA (मुझसे बात करें • योगदान) 02:02, 14 February 2018 (UTC)

It's ok, I thought it was a genuine mistake. -- CueIn (talk) 02:12, 14 February 2018 (UTC)
 * So I was reading Grammar of the Vedic language where it is given that ancient treatises on Vedic phonology say that r was originally alveolar which later became retroflex and and  were originally /t/ and /d/ and later became completely dental (/t̪/ and /d̪/). What do you guys make of this? -- CueIn (talk) 05:41, 4 March 2018 (UTC)
 * I would also like to add that if OIA -ta- and -da- are represented as /t/ and /d/, it will also explain better the corruption of OIA -tya- and -dya- into MIA -cca and -jja respectively (cf Ved. mṛtyu/ MIA maccu or miccu, Ved. adya/MIA ajja. etc). Basically, palatal "ca" and "ja" are more likely to emerge if the t and d were articulated from the root of the teeth as opposed to a purely dental t and d. -- CueIn (talk) 05:51, 4 March 2018 (UTC)

Didnt the grammaticians consider it to be a murdhanya repha (harsh/grating retroflex) sound? so it cant be an approximant or flap and there is r̥̄ which cant be a [ɽː] so a retroflex trill [r̠] (considering other retroflexes were also post alveolar)? AleksiB 1945 (talk) 17:08, 6 November 2022 (UTC)

Anusvara
At the module is producing ⟨ṃ⟩, which is not a valid IPA character. Can this be fixed? —Mahāgaja · talk 16:16, 4 February 2019 (UTC)
 * I've fixed it with the modern solution . —*i̯óh₁n̥C[5] 20:38, 4 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks, John. The module is also producing superscript vowel letters ᵄ, ᵅ, ᵉ, ᵒ, ⁱ, ᵘ, which also aren't valid IPA. Could we use the breve instead, which is valid IPA for marking an ultrashort vowel, thus [ɐ̆, ɑ̆, ĕ, ŏ, ĭ, ŭ], instead? —Mahāgaja · talk 17:01, 13 February 2019 (UTC)
 * I've updated it. Could you find an example of this functionality being used? —*i̯óh₁n̥C[5] 22:48, 15 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Any term ending with visarga, for example. It works! —Mahāgaja · talk 06:55, 16 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I know. I just didn't feel like digging around for one. Thanks! —*i̯óh₁n̥C[5] 09:03, 16 February 2019 (UTC)

Visarga
Since visarga isnt phonemic, shouldnt it be represented as /-s, -ɾ/ and [h] / [hV]? AleksiB 1945 (talk) 11:05, 7 November 2022 (UTC)

Classical stress ?
@Mahagaja Hi, the module produces a stress accent for Classical Sanskrit, but what is the source for this stress pattern, apart from an unsourced mention on the Sanskrit IPA help page? On the talk page there, it has been claimed that this pattern is just a convention invented by Western scholars. Exarchus (talk) 10:42, 1 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't know. I thought that was the stress pattern used by modern-day Indian Hindus when pronouncing Sanskrit. It may well be an invented convention, considering how many centuries has existed only as a liturgical/literary language and not a naturally spoken one, but if so, I bet it was invented by Indian scholars, not Western ones – sort of like pronouncing ऋ as or अः आः इः etc. as  etc. At any rate  says "The [Vedic pitch] system of accent disappeared completely at some point during the classical stage. It was still alive in Pāṇini's time and even after Patañjali. The author of the Kāśikā commentary (c. 700 CE) declares its use optional, and it might have disappeared from popular speech in the early centuries of the Common Era. " —Mahāgaja · talk 11:11, 1 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I doubt it has been invented by Indian scholars, as Hindi (as far as I know) does not have a stress accent. Exarchus (talk) 11:32, 1 January 2024 (UTC)
 * OK, it does have a stress accent per 'Hindustani phonology'. But the rule stated there doesn't seem to correspond to the rule for Classical Sanskrit. For example: kɪ.ˈdʱə(r) / sə.ˈmɪ.t(ɪ) / ˈreːz.ɡaː.ri(ː) Exarchus (talk) 11:40, 1 January 2024 (UTC)
 * This paper says: "it is the general custom among Western scholars to pronounce [Sanskrit words] according to the rules of Latin accentuation. This is because the accented syllable is, in the majority of words, unknown" Exarchus (talk) 11:26, 1 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Interesting here is https://www.academia.edu/download/99417659/Sandell_WeCIEC_33_Handout_V2.pdf
 * The rule as stated might actually be mostly correct (I'm still reading) Exarchus (talk) 12:09, 1 January 2024 (UTC)
 * My understanding (which may be incorrect) of the convention for Classical Sanskrit is that it's a little different from Latin. In Latin, stress cannot fall earlier than the antepenultimate no matter what, but in Sanskrit it can go as far left as possible in a word with all light syllables. So in Latin, a five-syllable word with all light syllables is stressed σ σ ˈσ σ σ while in Sanskrit it's stressed ˈσ σ σ σ σ. —Mahāgaja · talk 12:45, 1 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Summarising the above article: the rules for stress in Classical Sanskrit seem to go back to Bühler (1883). They can be confirmed by looking at where syncopes occurred in Gujarati.
 * There are two points where Bühler's rules differ from the rule as stated currently on Wikipedia:
 * - A disyllabic word with a light syllable + final syllable with long vowel (followed or not by a consonant) gets stress on the last syllable. This particular rule hasn't been independently confirmed (or denied).
 * - A word with 5 light syllables is: ˌσ σ 'σ σ σ (although 'σ σ ˌσ σ σ can't technically be excluded) Exarchus (talk) 12:52, 1 January 2024 (UTC)
 * A word where this is relevant is महा: is it /ˈmɐ.ɦɑː/ as currently stated, or /mɐ.ˈɦɑː/? It's possible that morphology plays a role in such cases, an example given by Bühler is "जगौ", so a reduplicated form and a stress on the final syllable seems more logical to me there than in the case of महा, where it would contrast with महत [ˈmɐ.ɦɐt̪]. I'm obviously just speculating. Exarchus (talk) 13:18, 1 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I do think the stress currently given for अंसफलक /ɐ̃ˈs̪ɐ.pʰɐ.l̪ɐ.kɐ/ has to be wrong. Should be rather /ˌɐ̃.s̪ɐ.ˈpʰɐ.l̪ɐ.kɐ/, also taking into account the morphology. Exarchus (talk) 13:40, 1 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The module is also wrong about अच्छभल्ल, stress should be on penultimate. Here it's just badly programmed. Exarchus (talk) 14:05, 1 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I think I see the problem: 'r' and 'l' are defined as short vowels, I can see why, but now the syllable 'bʱɐl̪' is interpreted as ending in a vowel... Exarchus (talk) 14:23, 1 January 2024 (UTC)
 * maybe one of you can add something here? Incidentally, I'm not convinced that stress placement in modern Hindu-Urdu is relevant anyway. What were the stress placement rules of the Middle Indo-Aryan Prakrits and Pali? —Mahāgaja · talk 14:34, 1 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The (Latin-like) stress placement given by Bühler was apparently based on comtemporary "Hindu" pronunciation. So one might think that this might not be relevant for Sanskrit from two millenia ago, but the syncope data from Gujarati suggests that this pronunciation was at least the case for the ancestor of Gujarati.
 * I tried to fix the module error interpreting [l̪] as a vowel, but it doesn't seem to work. And 'l' can be omitted anyway as it's never a vowel at syllable coda. Exarchus (talk) 14:47, 1 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I did another attempt to fix the bug, I think it's okay now (although the code looks weird, but I added an explanatory note)
 * edit: I figured out the workaround doesn't work for syllabic r ... ... Now it's okay Exarchus (talk) 15:44, 1 January 2024 (UTC)
 * As y'all know, the data for the stress in Classical Sanskrit is notoriously fraught and measly. The major data sources are Bühler and certain syncopes that occurred in Middle Indic. I heard Ryan Sandell's talk and (as with most of his work) found it very convincing even though the evidence is so scarce. It is stunning the extent to which the "Latin stress + one syllable" (i.e. within the last 4 syllables, stress the rightmost non-final heavy syllable else the preantepenult) has penetrated modern Western practice despite the scanty basis for it. I just naïvely implemented the Classical pronunciation when I made this module but (as with so much else in the Sanskrit modules), I intended to update it later to be more accurate. (I would also liked to have given various Vedic pronunciations according to the different Prātiśākhyas, but I have never found the time to come back to this.) —*i̯óh₁n̥C[5] 21:35, 1 January 2024 (UTC)
 * @JohnC5 I think it would be useful to be able to overrule the 'automatic' Classical accent in the case of compounds (e.g. आनापानस्मृति). Bühler states the rule as such: "In compounds, unless the first member be a monosyllabic word, each part generally retains its own accent" and something else wouldn't make sense to me given the huge Sanskrit compounds that can be constructed. Exarchus (talk) 14:40, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Doesn't Vedic have a rule that finite verbs in main clauses have no pitch accent, or something like that? (I don't remember the details and am too lazy to look it up.) Does that apply to Classical stress accent as well? —Mahāgaja · talk 21:52, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * That seems like a very reasonable idea, though how exactly to do it? Two methods present themselves:
 * It would be nice to mark compound boundaries and calculate the stress for each independently, but, as ever, sandhi and Devanagiri impose impediments on marking morpheme boundaries. I should have been clever and allowed IAST inputs to mark accents (e.g., thus अश्व could be instead of ). With such a system we could do compounds with, but this also has problems. We would have to de-sandhi many compounds (e.g., कारागार as ), and that would bring in the complexities of module:sa-utilities. There would also sometimes be some ambiguity about where the compound boundaries should be (though a good example does not immediately spring to mind). Finally, this doesn't solve the problem of specifying which member is the head of the compound if such a problem is solvable in the first place. Can the Vedic accent be a reliable indicator of the morphological head? What about compounds without accentual attestations? Should there be a head parameter h to identify which morpheme is the head?
 * Alternatively we could make parameters p (index of syllable with primary stress) and (a list indices of syllables with secondary stress) similar to the a parameter, with which one could specify the syllables to receive stress. Thus कारागार might be realized with  as /ˌkɑː.ɾɑːˈɡɑː.ɾɐ/. This would require a fair amount of knowledge on the user's part.
 * The greater question would be the distribution of primary and secondary stresses (especially in longer compounds). This seems like it would leave much to speculation since we have so little information. Are we fine with that? Or should we mark them all as primary (with a note)?
 * You are correct about that Vedic verbal accentuation rule, but so far as I am aware nothing like that is attested in Classical Sanskrit. —*i̯óh₁n̥C[5] 07:33, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * @JohnC5 My thought was that automatically programming this would be complicated to implement, so I was simply thinking of doing it manually. I don't think this requires deep knowledge for the user, as the etymology is mentioned in most lemmas.
 * What Bühler says about compounds is that the "Haupttheil" receives the primary stress. Ryan Sandell says about this: "Whether one should understand that primary stress falls on the rightmost member of any compound – endocentric or exocentric – is unclear. If it applies only to endocentric compounds, then one would presume that the general rules for non-compound stress apply to exocentric compounds."
 * So at least in tatpuruṣa's (the most 'normal' type), I'd assume primary stress on the rightmost member. Marking multiple primary stresses feels very unsatisfactory. Exarchus (talk) 08:59, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * About your question "Can the Vedic accent be a reliable indicator of the morphological head?", I think the answer is no, as I happen to have read here about a nine-syllable word with (Vedic) stress on the first syllable. Exarchus (talk) 11:20, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Ok, so what would be the desired input method for primary and secondary stress? p and s or something else? This seems like the easiest to implement, but it's rather ugly, so I am interested to other ideas. —*i̯óh₁n̥C[5] 21:19, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * That'd be the same as for the Vedic accent, so I'm fine with that. Exarchus (talk) 21:37, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

 * 👀 -- 09:28, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Stress rules for Pali seem to be unknown! Geiger remarks that the 'Sanskritic stress' seems to have affected some changes of vowel quantity, but "Nothing has been handed down to us about the nature of the Pali accent". --RichardW57m (talk) 15:13, 14 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Notes

pronunciation of ऋ
@Pulimaiyi @Svartava So what is the evidence it was a trilled [r̩] ? If it was, then the Wikipedia page needs to be edited.

Whitney gives, for what it's worth: "The vowel ऋ ṛ is simply a smooth or untrilled r-sound, assuming a vocalic office in syllable-making"

Adding @Getsnoopy @RichardW57m Exarchus (talk) 13:37, 14 March 2024 (UTC)

 * I'm confused as to what our IPA is meant to be showing for the various forms of Sanskrit. Modern pronunciation?  Earliest classical?  We've got a problem with the palatals - there's evidence both for palatal stops and for affricates.  The Wikipedia article contradicts itself.
 * As to the pronunciation of <ṛ>, I think we have a problem. While the modern Indian pronunciation might be a flap or tap, how natural is that as a syllabic resonant?  Plausible values for a syllabic resonant are trills and frictionless continuants, and it may have been retroflex as some do describe it.  No wonder Wikipedia is currently showing it as "ɽɪ", which I think no-one believes of Panini.  --RichardW57m (talk) 16:19, 14 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm confused as to what "Modern pronunciation" is. There are no extant speakers of it, so the latest would be the Classical pronunciation, which is a retroflex approximant (as evidenced in Sandhi rules, as well as the explicit classification of it as a mūrdhanya [retroflex] vowel in Sanskrit grammar). Pulimaiyi and Svartava reverted my changes to the module, but I've yet to see any evidence corroborating their claim. Getsnoopy (talk) 04:22, 15 March 2024 (UTC)
 * My understanding is that there are people whose living is underpinned by a claim to be pronouncing it properly. Whether they individually can converse in it may be another matter, but I have no doubt that some people can.  --RichardW57 (talk) 08:57, 15 March 2024 (UTC)
 * @Getsnoopy @RichardW57m There are in any case supposed to be modern speakers of Sanskrit, but how they pronounce ऋ is not relevant to "Classical Sanskrit", just as the "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical" pronunciation of Latin does not determine the Classical one. One could think of adding an extra "Modern Sanskrit" pronunciation but I don't think there is much consistency there.
 * My personal guess is that the trill [r] is simply easier to pronounce for modern speakers as it can also occur in Hindi. Exarchus (talk) 10:46, 15 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia: "The 1991 Indian census reported 49,736 fluent speakers of Sanskrit." Exarchus (talk) 10:56, 15 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Also Wikipedia: "However, despite attempts at revival, there are no first-language speakers of Sanskrit in India." Getsnoopy (talk) 22:03, 15 March 2024 (UTC)
 * According to this article on Slovak, the Slovak vowel  is usually realised as a flap, but the long vowel <ŕ> is realised as a trill. Note, though, that the paper, which is used to illustrate the IPA, writes the sounds as [r̩] and [r̩ː].  Note that this article on Slovak uses the general principle of using 'r' if there is only one rhotic, which I think is a sound principle.  In other words, using 'r' does not imply the sound is a trill. --RichardW57m (talk) 13:58, 15 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Using 'r' can definitely be construed as implying a trill when in a pronunciation section. Exarchus (talk) 15:38, 15 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I think you mean 'misconstrued'. Especially as the pronunciations are shown between slashes, not in square brackets.  The key (Sanskrit_grammar) should show what we mean, but it doesn't really.  The only sane interpretation of the 'key' is that for vowels, 'r' denotes a retroflex approximant.  The author of the IPA module shows a touching faith in Wikipedia.  It looks as though we need to create Appendix:Sanskrit pronunciation and then add Sanskrit to lua in Module:IPA/data so that the appendix serves as the key. --16:29, 15 March 2024 (UTC) RichardW57m (talk) 16:29, 15 March 2024 (UTC)
 * But using the incorrect symbol and then pointing readers to another document that they might or might now encounter to clarify "what we mean" is not only circuitous, but defeats the purpose of IPA in the first place. Even when distinguishing between phonemic and phonetic transcriptions, the trill never exists in Sanskrit, so using /r/ makes no sense whatsoever. Getsnoopy (talk) 22:14, 15 March 2024 (UTC)
 * @Getsnoopy I’m certain the trill is used. Even today, the trill is the prescribed pronunciation despite regional pronunciations getting more common. And whatsoever it is not the pronunciation you add, without a doubt. Svartava (talk) 16:21, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Sanskrit never had a trill. What evidence do you have that it is/was a trill?
 * Because the evidence to the contrary is overwhelming. The ऋ is classified as a vowel, which per se disqualifies any sounds which involve the tongue touching any part of the vocal tract, trill included (because vowels are defined in the Sanskrit grammar as sounds that are made without touching the vocal tract—asparśa sounds—but are ones that could be produced "on their own"; hence, svara sounds.
 * Moreover, all Sandhi rules point to stops being converted their retroflex counterparts when a ऋ is present. Furthermore, there are different vowel lengths for the sounds, with the short one being ऋ (r̥) while the long one being ॠ (r̥̄). This is impossible to do for stops (as the name implies) or for trills.
 * And again, I'm not sure what you mean by "despite regional pronunciations getting more common"; Sanskrit is not spoken natively by anyone, so there wouldn't be any regional pronunciations. Even if there were, they'd be incorrect because it's those people using their native language's phonetics to try to speak Sanskrit, which is akin to a Spanish person trying to pronounce Latin using Spanish phonetics. Getsnoopy (talk) 01:25, 17 March 2024 (UTC)
 * It is dishonest or stupid to say, "Sanskrit is not spoken natively by anyone, so there wouldn't be any regional pronunciations". Have you never heard of the old English pronunciation of Latin (which mostly survives in Latin law terms)? Indeed, you seem to be aware of one mechanism for regional pronunciations to arise.
 * Trills are perfectly capable of being varied in length - which is why the long rhotic vowel of Slovak is a trill although non-syllabically and as a short vowel it is generally a tap. --RichardW57 (talk) 11:46, 17 March 2024 (UTC)
 * No, it isn't either. An attempt at pronouncing the words in a target language using someone's native language phonetics and actually speaking the target language natively are two very different things. If words are borrowed into one's native language from the target language, and thus, those words have to be phonetically assimilated, that's one thing. But it's ridiculous to suggest that such a borrowing or attempt at pronouncing the target language changes the phonetics of the target language itself so as to have "regional pronunciations".
 * And it seems like you misunderstood what I'm referring to. The length of a trill is akin to repeatedly pronouncing a stop sound: it requires multiple plosive articulations and touches of the tongue to a place of articulation. It's akin to pronouncing "ttttttt"; it's a bunch of stop–starts. This isn't considered "length"; at least, not in Sanskrit grammar. Length is only when there's a smooth flow of air without having the tongue touch any part of the mouth. So under this definition, a trill is not capable of being varied in length, as it's essentially a bunch of taps strung together.
 * But all of that is neither here nor there; the point is that a trill involves touching the tongue to a part of the mouth, which disqualifies it as a vowel in Sanskrit grammar. Getsnoopy (talk) 07:03, 18 March 2024 (UTC)
 * @Getsnoopy It is simply wrong that a trill is a bunch of taps, the articulation is different, though they may sound the same.
 * But then I don't think there is any hint in ancient Sanskrit grammarians that ऋ is a trill. Exarchus (talk) 16:02, 19 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Actually, there's a word for it, or at least for र there is - barbaratā - footnotes 12 and 13 on p54 of Allen's book.  It's not a pronunciation that's approved of, contra . --17:09, 19 March 2024 (UTC) RichardW57m (talk) 17:09, 19 March 2024 (UTC)
 * @RichardW57m Would 'barbaratā' refer to Dravidian languages?
 * Proto-Dravidian says "The singular alveolar plosive *ṯ developed into an alveolar trill /r/ in many of the South and South Central languages" Exarchus (talk) 20:07, 19 March 2024 (UTC)
 * It refers to a pronunciation of Sanskrit. As to who used such a pronunciation, I don't know. --RichardW57 (talk) 22:21, 19 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I know that it's not the same as a bunch of taps; my point is that it's essentially the same (hence, "akin") in the view of Sanskrit grammar, which is what matters here. Getsnoopy (talk) 01:56, 20 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Your claim that "all Sandhi rules point to stops being converted [to] their retroflex counterparts when a ऋ is present" makes no sense. The associated conversion rules are for n > ṇ and s > ṣ, a nasal and a fricative respectively.  Moreover, the latter is part of the RUKI effects, so it is by no means clear that it is retroflex assimilation.  For the former, I think an alveolar position could have a similar effect, and remember that the literary Prakrits lost the distinction between ungeminated dental and retroflex nasals, and also between dental and retroflex sibilants. --RichardW57 (talk) 21:14, 17 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Those rules are there precisely because of the retroflex characteristics of the ऋ / र. While the latter is due to RUKI, the whole point of Sandhi is to facilitate pronunciation, and the rules/effects of it are such because that's what ends up facilitating pronunciation the most.
 * While it's speculative to say that an alveolar position could have a similar effect, it makes no sense that it would in the case of n > ṇ because the n is already the alveolar sound, so the tongue would have to travel farther than where it already is/was positioned in order to articulate the retroflex equivalent, which defeats the fundamental purpose of Sandhi. Getsnoopy (talk) 07:34, 18 March 2024 (UTC)
 * It looks as though we going to have to start quoting the grammarians rather than interpretations, which makes persuasive arguments more difficult. I recently came across a paper on the Sanskrit ban on /rr/ bemoaning that separate ancient authorities could be cited for dental, alveolar and retroflex pronunciations of the rhotics.  I've also noticed a report that one grammarian classifies rhotics with jihvāmūlīya, which makes me suspect that a velar pronunciation was also known!
 * I have seen the later merger of dental and retroflex nasals and sibilants blamed on a confusion between Indo-Iranian contrast between retroflexes and not very distinct dentals and the 3-way Dravidian dental ~ alveolar ~ retroflex contrast. Alveolar pronunciation being the key to nati was beginning to make sense to me because of the curious fact that retroflex nasals and plosives actually block it.  Rhotics and sibilants tend to behave differently to plosives and nasals, but apparently one of the differences is that the tongue generally uncurls after oral and nasal retroflex stops, which is offered as an explanation of the behaviour of the rule.  Source for nati mechanism: https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/34945788/ryan_nati.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y --RichardW57m (talk) 11:24, 18 March 2024 (UTC)
 * A commonly quoted source is:
 * Allen, W. Sidney. 1951. Some prosodic aspects of retroflexion and aspiration in Sanskrit. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 13.939–946.
 * That's largely hidden behind paywalls.
 * However, there is some good material in his book "Phonetics in Ancient India" (https://ia800102.us.archive.org/30/items/in.gov.ignca.7855/7855_text.pdf)
 * Most of the discussion of the rhotics is on pp53-6 of the book. The assertion that ṛ contains r is reported on p62. --RichardW57m (talk) 13:11, 18 March 2024 (UTC)
 * But using 'r' for a language's only rhotic is a widespread practice, and is not normally regarded as wrong - compare that paper on Slovak. --RichardW57 (talk) 22:55, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * It is not a widespread practice, but is only considered to be allowed in exceptional cases where there's a specific reason to do so. In English's case, for example, it's because the language has many native accents which all realize the (only) rhotic in considerably different ways, so it's a sort of "symbol of last resort".
 * This is not only not true for Sanskrit (or for any Indic language for that matter), but the ऋ is not the only rhotic in the language; there's also र. It's simply confusing and contradictory for using IPA—let alone incorrect—to use the wrong symbol for the sound when the sound represented by that symbol doesn't occur in the language at all. I can't comment on why it's done in Slovak though. Getsnoopy (talk) 01:31, 17 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The ancient grammarians state that ऋ contained र - which seems to leads some to assert that ऋ is [ərə], which may be a modern pronunciation. I'm surprised that you insist that ऋ is retroflex but are happy with र being given as an alveolar tap or flap [ɾ].  Note that ऋ and र are equally effective in the nati rule that converts 'n' to 'ṇ'. --RichardW57 (talk) 21:32, 17 March 2024 (UTC)
 * You seem to have it backwards: the traditional Sanskrit grammar defines all semivowels as the transition (which would be defined as a diphthong in modern linguistics) from whatever the corresponding vowel is to the अ vowel:
 * य = इ → अ
 * र = ऋ → अ
 * ल = ऌ → अ
 * व = उ → अ
 * So it's not that ऋ contains र, but that र contains ऋ. And I never said I'm happy with र being given as an alveolar tap/flap; Classical Sanskrit has it as a retroflex flap, so that would be the correct pronunciation. And it's not me "insisting" on anything; it's literally defined as such in all literature, and corroborated by evidence.
 * Even if we were to say that the retroflex sound became fronted over the years, the point I'm making is that the internal grammar and relationships remain. This would mean if र is now in the alveolar place of articulation, so is ऋ, and the manners of articulation stay the same: flap and approximant, respectively. A trill simply doesn't exist anywhere.
 * Note that ऋ and र are equally effective in the nati rule that converts 'n' to 'ṇ'. Indeed, because र and ऋ have basically the same function when it comes to Sandhi (because like I said above, र contains ऋ). Getsnoopy (talk) 06:48, 18 March 2024 (UTC)
 * @RichardW57m It is in any case not common practice in the Wiktionary pronunciation sections. English uses /ɹ/. French uses /ʁ/. Bengal uses /ɾ/ or /ɹ/ depending on region.
 * I'm not sure the Slovak example makes your point, because Slovak /r/ can obviously be realised as a trill, it's just that [ɾ] is a more common allophone in practice, basically because it takes less effort and is auditorily similar (like in Dutch where the 'rolled r' is used).
 * About Svartava's argument that "the trill is the prescribed pronunciation despite regional pronunciations getting more common", well, this obviously reminds me of Erasmian pronunciation of Greek, which is/was also prescribed. Exarchus (talk) 21:20, 17 March 2024 (UTC)
 * What is your source for the prescription of a trill? --RichardW57 (talk) 22:55, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The most plausible claim I've seen is that the ancient grammarians described the rhotics as approximants, possibly retroflex. Reportedly only Panini described them as retroflex. --RichardW57 (talk) 22:55, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Module talk:sa-pronunc


text:
ценник

Noun

 * 1) price tag
 * 2) price list

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: ценник


text:
целитель

Noun

 * 1) healer

title: целитель


text:
чудачество

Noun

 * 1) strangeness, eccentricity

title: чудачество


text: шепоток

title: шепоток


text:
электроснабжение

Noun

 * 1) electric power supply

title: электроснабжение


text:
နေအိမ်

Noun

 * 1) house; home; residence; abode

title: နေအိမ်


text:
𓈐

Glyph origin
Representing a road lined with shrubs. The depicted road tended to be curved in the early phases of the Old Kingdom, and such curved variants occasionally appeared even much later, when the most common form had become straight. The phonogrammatic value of is derived by the rebus principle from its use in.

title: 𓈐


text:
platija

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  European plaice
 * 2)  European flounder

title: platija


text: DRAE

title: DRAE


text:
Geäse

Etymology
Hunters' jargon for "mouth, feed" (1st half of the 18th century), from (14th century), from, a derivation of. . Cognate with 🇨🇬 (mid 16th century),.

Pronunciation

Noun

 * 1)  pasture, fodder or feeding ground for deer
 * 2) deer's mouth, muzzle, snout

title: Geäse


text:
麻古

Noun

 * 1) ya ba a type of recreational drug containing methamphetamine and caffeine

title: 麻古


text: super moderator

title: super moderator


text: super moderators

title: super moderators


text: wrench in the works

title: wrench in the works


text: wrenches in the works

title: wrenches in the works


text:
joint communiqué

Noun

 * 1) An agreement or statement signed by usually two countries, usually for legal recognition of a sovereign state governing the land.

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:

title: joint communiqué


text: joint communique

title: joint communique


text:
pommerisch

Adjective

 * 1)  of Pommern

title: pommerisch


text: pommersch

title: pommersch


text:
popelig

Etymology
19th century, from 🇰🇲.

Adjective

 * 1) unimpressive, quotidian
 * 2) shabby, crummy of poor quality

title: popelig


text:
portofrei

Adjective

 * 1) postage-free

title: portofrei


text: běijiāng

title: běijiāng


text:
anmuten

Etymology
Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  to appear, seem ( to someone)

title: anmuten


text:
porzellanen

Adjective

 * 1) porcelain

title: porzellanen


text:
αλειμματοκέρι

Noun

 * 1) tallow candle

title: αλειμματοκέρι


text:
porzin

Adjective

 * 1) porcine

title: porzin


text:
positivistisch

Adjective

 * 1) positivistic

title: positivistisch


text: αλειμματοκεριού

title: αλειμματοκεριού


text: αλειμματοκεριών

title: αλειμματοκεριών


text: αλειμματοκέρια

title: αλειμματοκέρια


text:
possessiv

Adjective

 * 1) possessive

title: possessiv


text: suǒyǒuwù

title: suǒyǒuwù


text:
నమ్ము నమ్మక పో

Adverb

 * 1)  believe it or not

title: నమ్ము నమ్మక పో


text:
𓈇

Glyph origin
Representing an irrigation canal. In hieroglyphic text, this glyph developed from a variant of   in the 11th Dynasty, which in turn had partly supplanted  , its variants    and   , and    in the 8th Dynasty. However, in hieratic, a glyph much like this one was already in use since the Old Kingdom. Ultimately, the glyph  remained in use through the 18th Dynasty, when it was largely again supplanted by    as a determinative for land.

As part of a determinative for time, this glyph instead developed from , which became conflated with the irrigation-canal glyph.

title: 𓈇


text: dānbiān

title: dānbiān


text: shuāngbiān

title: shuāngbiān


text:
possierlich

Adjective

 * 1) cute and comical (especially of small animals)

title: possierlich


text:
沿江

Etymology
As a Zhejiang village and port area, in reference to its position on the south bank of the Ao (鰲江/鳌江).

Noun

 * 1) riverside, area around a river
 * 2) riverbank, riverside embankment

Proper noun

 * , now part of Longgang (龍港/龙港)
 * , now part of Longgang (龍港/龙港)
 * , now part of Longgang (龍港/龙港)

title: 沿江


text: Húguǎng

title: Húguǎng


text: αλέκτωρ

title: αλέκτωρ


text: αλέκτορος

title: αλέκτορος


text: Category:zh:Funeral

title: Category:zh:Funeral


text:
voluptuös

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1)  voluptuous

title: voluptuös


text:
招工

Verb

 * 1) to recruit workers

title: 招工


text:
牛糞

Noun

 * 1) cow dung

title: 牛糞


text: niúfèn

title: niúfèn


text: 牛粪

title: 牛粪


text: yī duǒ xiānhuā chā zài niúfèn shàng

title: yī duǒ xiānhuā chā zài niúfèn shàng


text:
𓈆

Glyph origin
Representing a sandy tongue of land. The sand is sometimes represented as speckles across the glyph. This was the Old Kingdom precursor to both   and.

title: 𓈆


text: 好花插在牛糞上

title: 好花插在牛糞上


text: 好花插在牛粪上

title: 好花插在牛粪上


text: hǎo huā chāzài niúfèn shàng

title: hǎo huā chāzài niúfèn shàng


text:
小遺

Verb

 * 1)  to urinate; to pass water

title: 小遺


text: 小遗

title: 小遗


text:
ఋషిమూలము నదీమూలము

Proverb

 * 1) The origin of a sage is as obscure as that of a river.

title: ఋషిమూలము నదీమూలము


text:
上一號

Verb

 * 1)  to urinate; to pass water

title: 上一號


text:
αλεξανδρινισμός

Noun

 * 1) imitation of the behaviour or standards of the era when Alexandria flourished

title: αλεξανδρινισμός


text: 上一号

title: 上一号


text: αλεξανδρινισμού

title: αλεξανδρινισμού


text: αλεξανδρινισμό

title: αλεξανδρινισμό


text: αλεξανδρινισμέ

title: αλεξανδρινισμέ


text: αλεξανδρινισμών

title: αλεξανδρινισμών


text:
上小號

Verb

 * 1)  to urinate; to pass water

title: 上小號


text: αλεξανδρινισμούς

title: αλεξανδρινισμούς


text: 上小号

title: 上小号


text: αλεξανδρινισμοί

title: αλεξανδρινισμοί


text:
माशी

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) a housefly

title: माशी


text:
ఒక చెంప కొట్టితే పాలు, వక చెంప కొట్టితే నీళ్లు

Proverb

 * 1) If you slap one cheek, milk (comes); If you slap the other cheek, water (comes). (Said of "a very tender, delicate boy.")


text: Template:la-phrase/documentation

title: Template:la-phrase/documentation


text:
αλεξήνεμο

Etymology
From and.

Noun

 * 1)  windscreen, windshield

title: αλεξήνεμο


text:
𓈅

Glyph origin
Representing a tongue of land or perhaps a standard cultivated parcel (surveyed parcels for farming were usually shaped like elongated trapezoids, with the long sides parallel to the Nile). Compare the Chinese character. This glyph originally developed as a variant of the earlier. In the 8th Dynasty   came to be used instead as the determinative for cultivated land, and in the 11th Dynasty this developed into  , but in the 18th Dynasty   became more widely used and took their place as the ordinary determinative for this purpose.

title: 𓈅


text:
మశకము

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) a gnat or mosquito

title: మశకము


text:
postalisch

Adjective

 * 1) postal

title: postalisch


text: αλεξήνεμου

title: αλεξήνεμου


text:
User:Nightdevil/tofa.js

(function {    'use strict';    // افزودن ابزار ترجمه    importScript("//fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Ebrahim/ArticleTranslator.js");

if (mw.config.get('wgAction') !== 'view' ||           (mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') !== 0 && mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') !== 4 && mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') !== 6 && mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') !== 10 && mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') !== 14 && mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') !== 108)) { return; }   var GENERAL_BOT = 'ويکي‌واژه:درخواست ايجاد مقاله (رباتيک)'; var CITIES_BOT = 'ويکي‌واژه:ويکي‌پروژه ايجاد مقاله‌هاي شهرها با ربات/درخواست ساخت رباتيک'; var PEOPLE_BOT = 'ويکي‌واژه:درخواست ايجاد مقاله (رباتيک)/انسان'; var OTHER_REQUESTS = 'ويکي‌واژه:مقاله‌هاي درخواستي'; var CATEGORIES_BOT = 'ويکي‌واژه:درخواست ايجاد رده (رباتيک)'; var FAIRUSE_IMAGES = 'تصاوير استفاده? منصفانه'; var TEMPLATE_BOOK_TRANSLATOR = 'مترجم الگو و کتاب'; var DISAMBIGUATION_BOT = 'صفحه? ابهام‌زدايي'; var wiktionary_TRANSLATOR='مترجم فضاي نام ويکي‌واژه'; var requestingPages = { 'آرايه‌هاي زيستي، فيلم، موسيقي، رود، ساختمان و بازي‌هاي ويدئويي': GENERAL_BOT, 'شهرها و مکان‌هاي مسکوني': CITIES_BOT, 'انسان و اشخاص': PEOPLE_BOT, 'صفحه? ابهام‌زدايي': DISAMBIGUATION_BOT, 'مطالب عمومي': OTHER_REQUESTS, 'رده‌ها': CATEGORIES_BOT, 'تصاوير منصفانه': FAIRUSE_IMAGES, 'الگوها و کتاب‌ها': TEMPLATE_BOOK_TRANSLATOR, 'فضاي نام ويکي‌واژه': wiktionary_TRANSLATOR };   function suggestRequestPlace { if ($('.infobox.geography').length !== 0 && ($('#catlinks a[href^="/wiki/Category:Rivers"]').length === 0)&& mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 0) { return CITIES_BOT; } else if (($('.infobox.biota, .infobox.haudio, .description a[href="/wiki/Single_(music)"]').length !== 0) ||               ($('#coordinates').length !== 0 && $('.infobox.vcard .fn').length !== 0) ||                ($('#catlinks a[href^="/wiki/Category:Rivers"]').length !== 0) ||                ($('#catlinks a[href^="/wiki/Category:Songs"]').length !== 0) ||                ($('#catlinks a[href^="/wiki/Category:Films"]').length !== 0) ||                ($('#catlinks a[href$="films"]').length !== 0) ||                ($('#catlinks a[href*="video_games"], #catlinks a[href*="Video_game"]').length !== 0)&& mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 0) { return GENERAL_BOT; } else if (( $('#catlinks a[href^="/wiki/Category:All_article_disambiguation_pages"]').length !== 0 || $('#catlinks a[href^="/wiki/Category:All_set_index_articles"]').length !== 0) && mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 0) { return DISAMBIGUATION_BOT; } else if ($('#catlinks a[href^="/wiki/Category:Island"]').length !== 0&& mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 0) { return CITIES_BOT; } else if (mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 4) { return wiktionary_TRANSLATOR; } else if (mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 14) { return CATEGORIES_BOT; } else if (mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 10 || mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 108) { return TEMPLATE_BOOK_TRANSLATOR; } else if (mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 6) { return FAIRUSE_IMAGES; } else if (($('.infobox.vcard .fn, #catlinks a[href^="people"]').length !== 0&& mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 0) &&               ($('#catlinks a[href*="Ethnic_groups"]').length === 0)) { return PEOPLE_BOT; }       return OTHER_REQUESTS; }   function pageExists(page) { return new mw.Api({ ajax: { url: '//fa.wikipedia.org/w/api.php' } }).get({           action: 'query',            titles: page,            format: 'json',            origin: location.protocol + '//' + location.hostname        }).then(function (data) { return data.query.pages['-1'] === undefined; }); }   function isAllowedToUseTofawikiConsole { return new mw.Api({ ajax: { url: '//fa.wikipedia.org/w/api.php' } }).get({   		action: 'query',    		list: 'users',    		ususers: mw.config.get('wgUserName'),    		usprop: 'groups',            origin: location.protocol + '//' + location.hostname    	}).then(function (res) {    		return res.query.users[0].groups.some(function (x) { return ['bot', 'autopatrolled', 'patroller', 'sysop'].indexOf(x) !== -1; });   	});    }    var passedHtml = ' ? ';   var failedHtml = ' ? ';   function validityCheck { var origValue = $('#tofawiki-name').val, page = origValue; if (page === ) { $('#tofawiki-status').html(); return; } if (mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 14) { page = 'رده:' + page.replace(/^رده:/, ''); } if (mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 10) { page = 'الگو:' + page.replace(/^الگو:/, ''); } if (mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 108) { page = 'کتاب:' + page.replace(/^کتاب:/, ''); } if (mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 6) { page = 'پرونده:' + page.replace(/^پرونده:/, ''); } pageExists(page).then(function (exists) {           if ($('#tofawiki-name').val !== origValue) { // that request is no longer relevant                return;            }            if (!exists) {                $('#tofawiki-status').empty.append(passedHtml + ' صفحه‌اي با نام «' + page + '» ' + 'در ويکي‌واژهي فارسي موجود نيست پس روند ايجاد را ادامه مي‌دهيم!');           } else {                $('#tofawiki-status').empty.append(failedHtml, ' عنوان «', $('', {                	target: '_blank',                	href: '//fa.wiktionary.org' + mw.util.getUrl(page),                	text: page                }), '» در ويکي‌واژهي فارسي وجود دارد. مطمئن شويد که صفحه? تکراري نيست!');               if ($('#tofawiki-select').val === DISAMBIGUATION_BOT) {                    $('#tofawiki-status').append('  ', $('', {                        text: 'براي افزودن (ابهام‌زدايي) به‌عنوان کليک کنيد',                        href: '#'                    }).click(function (e) {                        e.preventDefault;                        $('#tofawiki-name').val($('#tofawiki-name').val + ' (ابهام‌زدايي)');                        validityCheck;                    }));                }            }        }); }   $.when($.ready, mw.loader.using('jquery.ui')).then(function  {        // if already has a link to fawiki, give up        if ($('.interlanguage-link.interwiki-fa').length !== 0) { return; }        // if is commons image, give up        if ($('#ca-view-foreign').length !== 0) { return; }        $('#ca-tofawiki').remove;        if ($('#mw-imagepage-nofile, #noarticletext').length !== 0) {            return;        }        // if it is a free image, bring TransferToCommons instead        if (mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 6 && $('#catlinks a[href="/wiki/Category:GFDL_files"], ' +                '#catlinks a[href^="/wiki/Category:Creative_Commons_Attribution"], ' +                '#catlinks a[href="/wiki/Category:Move_to_Commons_Priority_Candidates"],' +                '#catlinks a[href="/wiki/Category:Convert_to_SVG_and_copy_to_Wikimedia_Commons"], ' +                '#catlinks a[href^="/wiki/Category:Copy_to_Wikimedia_Commons"]').length !== 0 && $('#catlinks a[href^="/wiki/Category:wiktionary_files_not_suitable_for_Commons"]').length === 0) {           $(mw.util.addPortletLink(                'p-views',                new mw.Uri('//tools.wmflabs.org/commonshelper/').extend({ lang: mw.config.get('wgContentLanguage'), image: mw.config.get('wgTitle'), interface: mw.config.get('wgContentLanguage') }),               'انتقال به ويکي‌انبار'            )).find('a').prop('target', '_blank').prepend($(' ', {                src: '//upload.wikimedia.org/wiktionary/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png'            }), ' ');            return;        }        mw.util.addCSS( "#tofawiki-form * { font-family: 'Segoe UI', Tahoma, 'Iranian Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', 'Noto Sans', 'Droid Arabic Kufi', sans-serif !important; } " + "#tofawiki-form .ui-dialog-buttonset { float: left; } " + "#tofawiki-form .ui-dialog-titlebar-close { right: initial; left: .75em; } " + "#tofawiki-form .ui-dialog-title { float: right; }" );

$(mw.util.addPortletLink($('#p-views').length !== 0 ? 'p-views' : 'p-cactions', '#', 'tofawiki!', 'ca-tofawiki', null, null, '#ca-view')).click(function (e) {       	mw.loader.load('//fa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Gadget-Extra-Editbuttons-persiantools.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript');        	mw.loader.load('//fa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Gadget-Extra-Editbuttons-persianwikitools.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript');        	mw.loader.load('//fa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Gadget-Extra-Editbuttons-dictionary.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript');            e.preventDefault;            $('#tofawiki-form').remove;            $(' ', { dir: 'rtl', style: "position: relative;" }).append($(' ', { style: 'font-size: 90%; float: left' }).append($('', { id: 'tofawiki-consolelink', html: 'ابزار ايجاد انبوه', tabindex: '-1', title: 'ابزار ايجاد انبوه', target: '_blank', href: '//fa.wiktionary.org' + mw.util.getUrl('ويژه:صفحه?_خالي/tofawiki-conosle') + '?withJS=MediaWiki:TofawikiConsole.js' }).hide), '', $(' ', {               style: 'margin-top: 0.4em;',                text: 'ايجاد توسط: '            }).append($('', { text: 'راهنما', tabindex: '-1', title: 'راهنماي کار با ابزار', target: '_blank', style: 'float: left; font-size: smaller;', href: '//fa.wiktionary.org' + mw.util.getUrl('راهنما:ابزار/به_ويکي‌فا') }), $(' ', {               id: 'tofawiki-select', style: 'padding: 1px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: inherit;' }).append( $.map(requestingPages, function (item, description) {                   var disabled =                        mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 14 && item !== CATEGORIES_BOT ||                        mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 0 && item === CATEGORIES_BOT ||                        mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 4 && item !== wiktionary_TRANSLATOR ||                        mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 0 && item === wiktionary_TRANSLATOR ||                        mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 6 && item !== FAIRUSE_IMAGES ||                        mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 0 && item === FAIRUSE_IMAGES ||                        (mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 10 || mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 108) && item !== TEMPLATE_BOOK_TRANSLATOR ||                        mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 0 && item === TEMPLATE_BOOK_TRANSLATOR; return $(' ', { value: item, text: description, disabled: disabled }); })           )), $(' ', {                style: 'padding-top: 1em', text: 'تحت نام: ' }).append($(' ', {               dir: 'rtl',                id: 'tofawiki-name',                style: 'font-family: inherit; width: 50%'            }).on('input', validityCheck), ' ', $(' ', { src: '//upload.wikimedia.org/wiktionary/fa/f/fc/Button_super_tool.png' }).click(function  {            	$('#tofawiki-name').val(persianWikiTools.superToolMove($('#tofawiki-name').val));            }), ' ', mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 0 ? $(' ', {           		id: 'tofawiki-transliteration-suggestion',            		style: 'font-size: 70%',            		text: 'پيشنهاد',            		title: 'دريافت عنوان پيشنهادي از طريق نويسه‌گرداني رباتيک'            	}).click(function  {            		var button = $(this).prop('disabled', 'disabled').text('لطفاً منتظر بمانيد…');            		$.get('https://tools.wmflabs.org/rezabot/TileTransliteration.php', { page: mw.config.get('wgTitle') }).then(function (response) { button.replaceWith($(' ', { style: 'font-size: 90%; color: #d33', text: 'نويسه‌گرداني عنوان با موفقيت وارد شد. احتمال خطا وجود دارد، لطفاً به دقت بازبيني کنيد!' })); $('#tofawiki-name').val(response.result); }, function { button.replaceWith($(' ', { style: 'font-size: 70%', text: 'درخواست نويسه‌گرداني موفق نبود' })); });           	})            	: ''            ), $(' ', {                id: 'tofawiki-status' })).dialog({               width: 500,                title: 'ايجاد در ويکي‌واژهي فارسي',                open: function  {                    $('#tofawiki-select').val(suggestRequestPlace);                    if (mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 10) {                        $('#tofawiki-name').val(mw.config.get('wgTitle'));                        validityCheck;                    }                    if (mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 6) {                        $('#tofawiki-name').val(mw.config.get('wgTitle')).prop('dir', 'ltr').css('width', '80%');                        validityCheck;                    }                },                buttons: [mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 0 ? {                    text: 'ترجمه به کمک ترجمه محتوا (آزمايشي)',                    title: 'در اين حالت از ابزار آزمايشي ترجمه استفاده مي‌شود، براي متن عمومي و ترجمه‌هاي طولاني توصيه مي‌شود', class: 'ui-button-green', style: 'direction: rtl', click: function { window.open(new mw.Uri('//fa.wiktionary.org/w/index.php')                           .extend({ title: 'Special:CX', page: mw.config.get('wgPageName'), from: 'en', to: 'fa', targettitle: $('#tofawiki-name').val.replace(/_/g, '+').replace(/ي/g, 'ي').replace(/ك/g, 'ک'), withJS: 'MediaWiki:EnableCX.js' }).toString); $(this).dialog('close'); }               } : { style: 'display: none;' }, { text: mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 6 ? 'بارگذاري' : 'ايجاد از طريق ابزار توفاويکي', title: 'در اين حالت خود مي‌تواند به انجام درخواست نظارت داشته باشيد', class: 'ui-button-blue', click: function { var faName = $('#tofawiki-name').val.replace(/ي/g, 'ي').replace(/ك/g, 'ک'); var requestingPage = $('#tofawiki-select').val; var uri = new mw.Uri('//fa.wiktionary.org/w/index.php'); if (!faName || !requestingPage) { $('#tofawiki-status').text('ابتدا نامي وارد کنيد!'); return; }                       if (requestingPage === FAIRUSE_IMAGES) { uri.query = { title: 'ويژه:بارگذاري_پرونده', wpDestFile: faName, enName: mw.config.get('wgRelevantPageName'), withJS: 'MediaWiki:TofawikiUpload.js', wpUploadDescription: '' };                       } else { if (requestingPage === CATEGORIES_BOT) { faName = "رده:" + faName.replace(/^رده:/, ''); } if (mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 10) { faName = "الگو:" + faName.replace(/^الگو:/, ''); } if (mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 108) { faName = "کتاب:" + faName.replace(/^کتاب:/, ''); } if (requestingPage === wiktionary_TRANSLATOR) { faName = "ويکي‌واژه:" + faName.replace(/^ويکي‌واژه:/, ''); } uri.query = { title: faName, enName: mw.config.get('wgRelevantPageName'), enOldid: mw.config.get('wgRevisionId'), redlink: 1, action: 'edit', withJS: 'MediaWiki:TofawikiHelper.js', requestingPage: requestingPage, editintro: 'الگو:به ويکي‌فا/اديت‌نوتيس' };                       }                        window.open(uri.toString); $(this).dialog('close'); }               }],                close: function  { $(this).remove; $('#tofawiki-name').remove; }           }).parent.prop('id', 'tofawiki-form');            isAllowedToUseTofawikiConsole.then(function (allowed) { if (allowed) { $('#tofawiki-consolelink').show; }           });        });    }); });

title: User:Nightdevil/tofa.js


text: αλεξήνεμων

title: αλεξήνεμων


text: αλεξήνεμα

title: αλεξήνεμα


text:
User:Nightdevil/common.js

mw.loader.load("//fa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Tofawiki.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript");

title: User:Nightdevil/common.js


text:
postamtlich

Adjective

 * 1)  postal service

title: postamtlich


text:
𓈄

Glyph origin
Representing a tongue of land. This glyph developed from the earlier. The phonogrammatic value of is derived by the rebus principle from its use in.

title: 𓈄


text:
παρμπρίζ

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1)  windscreen, windshield

title: παρμπρίζ


text:
postapokalyptisch

Adjective

 * 1) postapocalyptic

title: postapokalyptisch


text:
postfaktisch

Etymology
, analogous to.

Adjective

 * 1) post-truth
 * 2)  postfact

title: postfaktisch


text: δήμο

title: δήμο


text: δήμε

title: δήμε


text: δήμους

title: δήμους


text:
絕對分詞子句

Noun

 * 1)  nominative absolute

title: 絕對分詞子句


text: δήμων

title: δήμων


text: 绝对分词子句

title: 绝对分词子句


text: δήμοι

title: δήμοι


text: juéduì fēncí zǐjù

title: juéduì fēncí zǐjù


text:
postkommunistisch

Adjective

 * 1) postcommunist

title: postkommunistisch


text: δημοσιεύματος

title: δημοσιεύματος


text:
చెంపకాయ

Noun

 * 1) A slap on the cheek.

title: చెంపకాయ


text: δημοσιευμάτων

title: δημοσιευμάτων


text:
子句

Noun

 * 1)  clause

title: 子句


text: δημοσιεύματα

title: δημοσιεύματα


text: zǐjù

title: zǐjù


text: δημοσιογραφίας

title: δημοσιογραφίας


text: δημοσιογράφων

title: δημοσιογράφων


text: δημοσιογράφοι

title: δημοσιογράφοι


text:
postlagernd

Adjective

 * 1)  poste restante

title: postlagernd


text: δημοσιογράφους

title: δημοσιογράφους


text: δημοσιογράφου

title: δημοσιογράφου


text: δημοσιογράφο

title: δημοσιογράφο


text: δημοσιογράφε

title: δημοσιογράφε


text:
postmortal

Adjective

 * 1) post mortem

title: postmortal


text:
iwwergräifen

Etymology
From ; equivalent to.

Verb

 * 1)  to encroach, to spread

title: iwwergräifen


text:
postoperativ

Adjective

 * 1) postoperative

title: postoperativ


text:
గంగలో ములిగినా కాకి హంస అవుతుందా

Proverb

 * 1) Though it bathe in the Ganges, will a crow become a swan.

title: గంగలో ములిగినా కాకి హంస అవుతుందా


text:
postsexuell

Adjective

 * 1) postsexual

title: postsexuell


text: αμνησίας

title: αμνησίας


text:
postulationsfähig

Adjective

 * 1)  postulatory

title: postulationsfähig


text:
postwendend

Adjective

 * 1) by return mail

title: postwendend


text:
గంధము అమ్మిన చోట కట్టెలు అమ్మినట్టు

Proverb

 * 1) Like selling firewood where sandal had been sold. (Said of "the ruin what once was beautiful".)

title: గంధము అమ్మిన చోట కట్టెలు అమ్మినట్టు


text:
potenzsteigernd

Adjective

 * 1) (sexual) potency-enhancing

title: potenzsteigernd


text:
కట్టె

Noun

 * 1) A stick or staff.
 * 2) A piece of wood, firewood.

title: కట్టె


text: కట్టెలు

title: కట్టెలు


text:
potthässlich

Adjective

 * 1)  very ugly

title: potthässlich


text: pomadiger

title: pomadiger


text: pomadigerer

title: pomadigerer


text: pomadigere

title: pomadigere


text: pomadigeres

title: pomadigeres


text: pomadigeren

title: pomadigeren


text: pomadigerem

title: pomadigerem


text: pomadigster

title: pomadigster


text: pomadigste

title: pomadigste


text: pomadigstes

title: pomadigstes


text: pomadigsten

title: pomadigsten


text: pomadigstem

title: pomadigstem


text: pomadige

title: pomadige


text: pomadiges

title: pomadiges


text: pomadigen

title: pomadigen


text: pomadigem

title: pomadigem


text: popeliger

title: popeliger


text: popeligerer

title: popeligerer


text: popeligere

title: popeligere


text: popeligeres

title: popeligeres


text: popeligeren

title: popeligeren


text: popeligerem

title: popeligerem


text: popeligster

title: popeligster


text: popeligste

title: popeligste


text: popeligstes

title: popeligstes


text:
𓇱

Glyph origin
Representing the sky with an uncertain object suspended from it, possibly a broken oar or a drill,   with the sky as drill-weight. A later variant of this glyph that replaced it is.

title: 𓇱


text: popeligsten

title: popeligsten


text: popeligstem

title: popeligstem


text: popelige

title: popelige


text: popeliges

title: popeliges


text: popeligen

title: popeligen


text: popeligem

title: popeligem


text: positivistischer

title: positivistischer


text: positivistischerer

title: positivistischerer


text: positivistischere

title: positivistischere


text: positivistischeres

title: positivistischeres


text: positivistischeren

title: positivistischeren


text: positivistischerem

title: positivistischerem


text: positivistischster

title: positivistischster


text: positivistischste

title: positivistischste


text: positivistischstes

title: positivistischstes


text: positivistischsten

title: positivistischsten


text: positivistischstem

title: positivistischstem


text: positivistische

title: positivistische


text: positivistisches

title: positivistisches


text: positivistischen

title: positivistischen


text: positivistischem

title: positivistischem


text: possessiver

title: possessiver


text: possessiverer

title: possessiverer


text: possessivere

title: possessivere


text: possessiveres

title: possessiveres


text: possessiveren

title: possessiveren


text: possessiverem

title: possessiverem


text: possessivster

title: possessivster


text: possessivste

title: possessivste


text: possessivstes

title: possessivstes


text: possessivsten

title: possessivsten


text: possessivstem

title: possessivstem


text: possessiven

title: possessiven


text: possessivem

title: possessivem


text: possierlicher

title: possierlicher


text: possierlicherer

title: possierlicherer


text: possierlichere

title: possierlichere


text: possierlicheres

title: possierlicheres


text: possierlicheren

title: possierlicheren


text: possierlicherem

title: possierlicherem


text: possierlichster

title: possierlichster


text: possierlichste

title: possierlichste


text: possierlichstes

title: possierlichstes


text: possierlichsten

title: possierlichsten


text: possierlichstem

title: possierlichstem


text: possierliche

title: possierliche


text: possierliches

title: possierliches


text: possierlichen

title: possierlichen


text: possierlichem

title: possierlichem


text: potenzsteigernder

title: potenzsteigernder


text: potenzsteigernderer

title: potenzsteigernderer


text: potenzsteigerndere

title: potenzsteigerndere


text: potenzsteigernderes

title: potenzsteigernderes


text: potenzsteigernderen

title: potenzsteigernderen


text: potenzsteigernderem

title: potenzsteigernderem


text: potenzsteigerndster

title: potenzsteigerndster


text: potenzsteigerndste

title: potenzsteigerndste


text: potenzsteigerndstes

title: potenzsteigerndstes


text: potenzsteigerndsten

title: potenzsteigerndsten


text: potenzsteigerndstem

title: potenzsteigerndstem


text: potenzsteigernde

title: potenzsteigernde


text: potenzsteigerndes

title: potenzsteigerndes


text: potenzsteigernden

title: potenzsteigernden


text: potenzsteigerndem

title: potenzsteigerndem


text: pommerischer

title: pommerischer


text: pommerische

title: pommerische


text: pommerisches

title: pommerisches


text: pommerischen

title: pommerischen


text: pommerischem

title: pommerischem


text: pommerscher

title: pommerscher


text: pommersche

title: pommersche


text: pommersches

title: pommersches


text: pommerschen

title: pommerschen


text: pommerschem

title: pommerschem


text: portofreier

title: portofreier


text: portofreie

title: portofreie


text: portofreies

title: portofreies


text: portofreien

title: portofreien


text: portofreiem

title: portofreiem


text: porzellanener

title: porzellanener


text: porzellanene

title: porzellanene


text: porzellanenes

title: porzellanenes


text: porzellanenen

title: porzellanenen


text: porzellanenem

title: porzellanenem


text: porziner

title: porziner


text: porzine

title: porzine


text: porzines

title: porzines


text: porzinen

title: porzinen


text: porzinem

title: porzinem


text: postalischer

title: postalischer


text: postalische

title: postalische


text: postalisches

title: postalisches


text: postalischen

title: postalischen


text: postalischem

title: postalischem


text: postamtlicher

title: postamtlicher


text: postamtliche

title: postamtliche


text: postamtliches

title: postamtliches


text: postamtlichen

title: postamtlichen


text: postamtlichem

title: postamtlichem


text: postapokalyptischer

title: postapokalyptischer


text: postapokalyptische

title: postapokalyptische


text: postapokalyptisches

title: postapokalyptisches


text: postapokalyptischen

title: postapokalyptischen


text: postapokalyptischem

title: postapokalyptischem


text: postfaktischer

title: postfaktischer


text: postfaktische

title: postfaktische


text: postfaktisches

title: postfaktisches


text: postfaktischen

title: postfaktischen


text: postfaktischem

title: postfaktischem


text: postkommunistischer

title: postkommunistischer


text: postkommunistische

title: postkommunistische


text: postkommunistisches

title: postkommunistisches


text: postkommunistischen

title: postkommunistischen


text: postkommunistischem

title: postkommunistischem


text: postlagernder

title: postlagernder


text: postlagernde

title: postlagernde


text: postlagerndes

title: postlagerndes


text: postlagernden

title: postlagernden


text: postlagerndem

title: postlagerndem


text: postmortaler

title: postmortaler


text: postmortale

title: postmortale


text: postmortales

title: postmortales


text: postmortalen

title: postmortalen


text: postmortalem

title: postmortalem


text: postoperativer

title: postoperativer


text: postoperatives

title: postoperatives


text:
గంధపొడి మోశే గాడిదెవలె

Proverb

 * 1) Like a donkey carrying sandal powder.

title: గంధపొడి మోశే గాడిదెవలె


text: postoperativen

title: postoperativen


text: postoperativem

title: postoperativem


text: postsexueller

title: postsexueller


text: postsexuelle

title: postsexuelle


text: postsexuelles

title: postsexuelles


text: postsexuellen

title: postsexuellen


text: postsexuellem

title: postsexuellem


text: postulationsfähiger

title: postulationsfähiger


text: postulationsfähige

title: postulationsfähige


text: postulationsfähiges

title: postulationsfähiges


text: postulationsfähigen

title: postulationsfähigen


text: postulationsfähigem

title: postulationsfähigem


text: postwendender

title: postwendender


text: postwendende

title: postwendende


text: postwendendes

title: postwendendes


text: postwendenden

title: postwendenden


text: postwendendem

title: postwendendem


text: potthässlicher

title: potthässlicher


text: potthässliche

title: potthässliche


text: potthässliches

title: potthässliches


text: potthässlichen

title: potthässlichen


text: potthässlichem

title: potthässlichem


text:
𓇲

Glyph origin
Representing the sky with water descending from it. Compare the Chinese character.

title: 𓇲


text:
𓇳

Glyph origin
A pictogram of the sun. The circle or dot in the center usually does not appear in the full hieroglyphic form, which is a filled, usually convex circle colored red, often with a white rim. Compare the Chinese character and the modern astronomical solar symbol ☉.

title: 𓇳


text:
𓇴

Glyph origin
Representing the sun with a uraeus. From the 18th Dynasty.

title: 𓇴


text:
𓇼

Glyph origin
Representing a star in the form of a five-pointed starfish. Older depictions are thicker and have rounded ends, and they sometimes show the center as two concentric circles and give the arms crossbars. In color the glyph reflects the colors of the stars and so can be yellow, gold, red, and, less commonly, blue. The phonogrammatic value of is derived by the rebus principle from its use as a logogram for.

title: 𓇼


text:
𓇽

Glyph origin
Representing a star  in a circle, symbolically representing the world of the dead, which was in the oldest times associated with the places where the sun and stars reappeared after having been invisible.

title: 𓇽


text:
apocalyptism

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) Apocalypticism.

title: apocalyptism


text:
Miłosz

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

title: Miłosz


text: liángshí

title: liángshí


text: shíliáng

title: shíliáng


text:
𓇹

Glyph origin
Representing the crescent moon. Compare the Chinese character. Variants appear vertically, facing left or right ; another variant is. The phonogrammatic value of is derived by the rebus principle from its use as a logogram for.

title: 𓇹


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/sáynaH

Noun

 * 1) army, troop
 * 2) horde, band (of invaders, attackers)


text: 𓇺

title: 𓇺


text: yìndì'ānrén

title: yìndì'ānrén


text: yìndì'ān

title: yìndì'ān


text:
User talk:Noé

Welcome!

Hello, welcome to Wiktionary, and thank you for your contributions so far.

If you are unfamiliar with wiki editing, take a look at Help:How to edit a page. It is a concise list of technical guidelines to the wiki format we use here: how to, for example, make text boldfaced or create hyperlinks. Feel free to practice in the sandbox. If you would like a slower introduction we have a short tutorial.

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 * If you already have some experience with editing our sister project Wikipedia, then you may find our guide for Wikipedia users useful.
 * The FAQ aims to answer most of your remaining questions, and there are several help pages that you can browse for more information.
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I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wiktionarian! If you have any questions, bring them to the Information desk, or ask me on my talk page. If you do so, please sign your posts with four tildes: ~ which automatically produces your username and the current date and time.

Again, welcome! Wyang (talk) 07:26, 15 June 2017 (UTC)

Modules in fr.wikt
Hi Noé! I thought you would be happy to know that I've started a collaboration with Echtio regarding the Comorian languages. I would like to import some of our modules to fr.wikt, but I don't know anything about how your infrastructure or conventions might differ from ours, and even if I did, I'm sure I wouldn't be able to adapt the modules, as I don't actually understand Lua. Are you or someone else willing and able to help with this, perhaps by adapting a module to fr.wikt that I could then use to guide me in adapting others? —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 17:41, 14 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Hi Μετάknowledge and thanks for your message. That's a good news indeed. I am not very good with modules, and I don't understand Lua neither. I think it could be better to ask to Darkdadaah, Pamputt or JackPotte. I hope it will works, I am eager to see more cooperation between wiktionaries Face-smile.svg Noé 22:56, 15 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Hi Μετάknowledge, which modules related to Comorian do you use here? If you link to them, I think we (I, JackPotte or Automatik) can try to import them and to adapt them. Thanks in advance. Pamputt (talk) 07:06, 16 March 2018 (UTC)
 * A good one to try first would be MOD:swb-headword. Thanks! —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 17:38, 16 March 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Noé


text:
ధూసరము

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) Ash-colored, dark, obscure, embrowned as with dust.
 * 2) Iron-grey, blackish.

Noun

 * 1) Ash-color.
 * 2) An ass.

title: ధూసరము


text:
User talk:Murph9000

Most of my activity is on :

Murph 9000

title: User talk:Murph9000


text: cíxù

title: cíxù


text: yǔxù

title: yǔxù


text:
裏日本

Proper noun

 * 1)  part of Japan adjacent to Sea of Japan

title: 裏日本


text:
裡日本

Proper noun

 * 1) the part of Japan adjacent to the Sea of Japan

title: 裡日本


text: 里日本

title: 里日本


text:
表日本

Proper noun

 * 1) the part of Japan adjacent to the Pacific Ocean and Seto Inland Sea

Proper noun

 * 1)  part of Japan adjacent to Pacific Ocean and Seto Inland Sea

title: 表日本


text: 濑户内海

title: 濑户内海


text:
瀨戶內海

Etymology
.

title: 瀨戶內海


text:
𓇻

Glyph origin
A combination of  with the right half of , indicating half a month.

title: 𓇻


text: tántǔ

title: tántǔ


text:
frateso

Noun

 * 1) siblinghood

title: frateso


text: bùsú

title: bùsú


text: 阴阳道

title: 阴阳道


text: yáochuán

title: yáochuán


text:
मत्कुण

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) bug

title: मत्कुण


text: 阴阳师

title: 阴阳师


text:
پولس

Etymology
From, in part through. Eventually from.

Proper noun

 * 1)  Paul (of Tarsus), author of several books of the New Testament
 * , Paul

Etymology 1
.

Noun

 * 1) police

Etymology 2
From, from.

Proper noun

 * 1)  Paul (of Tarsus), author of several books of the New Testament
 * , Paul

title: پولس


text: 鸟居

title: 鸟居


text:
پاول

Etymology
From, from , from.

Proper noun

 * 1)  Paul (of Tarsus), author of several books of the New Testament
 * , Paul

title: پاول


text: zèngyán

title: zèngyán


text:
自測

Verb

 * 1) to test oneself

Noun

 * 1) self-test

title: 自測


text: 自测

title: 自测


text: zìcè

title: zìcè


text:
𓈘

Glyph origin
Representing a canal bordered by banks and dikes. In detailed Old Kingdom depictions the water area is covered with zigzagging ripples,. Sometimes the canal is shown curved rather than straight,, especially in the Old Kingdom. This glyph partly supplanted , its variants    and   , and    as a determinative for cultivated land in the 8th Dynasty, but in this function eventually changed into the form    in the 11th Dynasty. The water in the canal is conventionally green, or sometimes (lighter) blue; the outline is (darker) blue, perhaps representing mud brick. The phonogrammatic value of is derived by the rebus principle from its use as a logogram for.

title: 𓈘


text:
ꠏ

Letter

 * 1) The 13th letter in Sylheti Nagri abugida.

title: ꠏ


text:
Fort William

Etymology
Named after William of Orange.

Proper noun

 * 1) A former city, now.
 * 1) A former city, now.

Translations

 * Scots: Fort Weelum
 * Scottish Gaelic: An Gearasdan

title: Fort William


text:
𓈏

Glyph origin
Representing a mound of earth lined with shrubs.

title: 𓈏


text:
πορνεῖον

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) brothel, whorehouse, bordello

title: πορνεῖον


text: 山达基

title: 山达基


text:
山達基

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Proper noun

 * 1) Scientology

title: 山達基


text: 巴尔干

title: 巴尔干


text:
巴爾幹

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Proper noun

 * 1) Balkans

title: 巴爾幹


text:
uvermis

Noun

 * 1) blue, cloudless sky

title: uvermis


text:
netukus

Noun

 * 1) salt

title: netukus


text: 塞尔维亚和黑山

title: 塞尔维亚和黑山


text:
塞爾維亞和黑山

Proper noun

 * 1) Serbia and Montenegro (1992-2006)

title: 塞爾維亞和黑山


text: 塞尔维亚与蒙特内哥罗

title: 塞尔维亚与蒙特内哥罗


text:
yarvin

Noun

 * 1) woman

title: yarvin


text:
塞爾維亞與蒙特內哥羅

Proper noun

 * 1) Serbia and Montenegro (1992-2006)

title: 塞爾維亞與蒙特內哥羅


text: 塞黑

title: 塞黑


text:
gedėti

Etymology
From, from.

Verb

 * 1)  to mourn
 * (katastrofos) aukų gedėti - to mourn for victims (of a catastrophe)

title: gedėti


text: smokingene

title: smokingene


text:
𓆍

Glyph origin
Representing a cult image (fetish) or a mummified crocodile, with only its head emerging from a wrapping of bandages or a sudarium.

title: 𓆍


text: smokingar

title: smokingar


text: smokingane

title: smokingane


text:
OK繃

Etymology
Likely a generic trademark. is a clipping after being borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1)  adhesive bandage; sticking plaster; band-aid

title: OK繃


text: OK绷

title: OK绷


text:
prachtvoll

Adjective

 * 1) resplendent, gorgeous

title: prachtvoll


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Polynesian/ma(a)qoli

Etymology
From ; compare 🇨🇬,  and 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) true, real, genuine

Descendants

 * Marquesic:
 * Tahitic:
 * Moriori:
 * Samoic-Outlier:
 * Ellician:
 * Futunic:
 * Moriori:
 * Samoic-Outlier:
 * Ellician:
 * Futunic:
 * Samoic-Outlier:
 * Ellician:
 * Futunic:
 * Samoic-Outlier:
 * Ellician:
 * Futunic:
 * Futunic:
 * Futunic:
 * Futunic:

 * Tongic:


text:
praktikabel

Etymology
, from.

Adjective

 * 1) practicable

Adjective

 * 1)  practicable (possible or usable)

title: praktikabel


text: shàngxiào

title: shàngxiào


text: shàoxiào

title: shàoxiào


text:
praxisfern

Adjective

 * 1) theoretical (rather than practical)

title: praxisfern


text:
praxisfremd

Adjective

 * 1) theoretical (rather than practical)

title: praxisfremd


text:
ရဝိန်

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  the sun

title: ရဝိန်


text:
praxisnah

Adjective

 * 1) practical (rather than theoretical)

title: praxisnah


text:
သူရကန်

Etymology
Borrowed from ?

Noun

 * 1) the sun
 * 2) magnifying glass (from its capacity to start a fire by concentrating the sun rays)

title: သူရကန်


text: Category:shs:Salmonids

title: Category:shs:Salmonids


text:
Clydebank

Etymology
From.

title: Clydebank


text:
medecina

Noun

 * 1) medicine (science)

title: medecina


text:
jesus

Noun

 * 1) Jesus figure of Jesus

title: jesus


text:
ginklas

Noun

 * 1) weapon, arm(s)

title: ginklas


text:
Klassenlehrer

Etymology
🇰🇲

Noun

 * 1) form tutor; form master teacher who is responsible for a particular form

title: Klassenlehrer


text:
Krankenpflegerin

Noun

 * 1) nurse (female)

title: Krankenpflegerin


text:
Prügelei

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) fight, ruckus, brawl, scuffle

title: Prügelei


text:
Schlägerei

Noun

 * 1) fight; brawl

title: Schlägerei


text:
crupier

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) croupier

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) croupier

title: crupier


text:
Nachtlokal

Noun

 * 1) nightclub, club, nightspot

title: Nachtlokal


text:
Unentschieden

Noun

 * 1) draw; tie

title: Unentschieden


text:
Bestimmungsort

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) destination

title: Bestimmungsort


text:
Wäscherei

Etymology
From or, apparently after.

Noun

 * 1) laundry a shop or staffed facility where clothes are laundered

title: Wäscherei


text:
Heugabel

Noun

 * 1) fork; pitchfork; hayfork

title: Heugabel


text:
Hufschmied

Noun

 * 1) blacksmith; farrier

title: Hufschmied


text:
Gliedmaße

Etymology
🇰🇲.

Noun

 * 1) limb

title: Gliedmaße


text:
Brückenkopf

Etymology
18th century, a.

Noun

 * 1)  bridgehead fortification near a bridge
 * 2)  bridgehead, beachhead captured territory beyond a natural obstacle, especially a body of water, serving as basis for further advance

title: Brückenkopf


text:
Baukasten

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) toy block; building block

title: Baukasten


text:
Unterart

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) subspecies

title: Unterart


text:
Blütezeit

Etymology
From 🇰🇲. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) blossoming time, budding time; florescence (of flowers and other plants)
 * 2) heyday, prime (someone's youth or most productive years of life)
 * 3) golden age (of a civilization, country or other social group)
 * 1) golden age (of a civilization, country or other social group)

title: Blütezeit


text:
Gattungsname

Noun

 * 1)  common noun
 * 2) generic name

title: Gattungsname


text:
Rokoko

Noun

 * 1) rococo

title: Rokoko


text:
krautuvė

Etymology
.

Noun
or

 * 1) shop, store

title: krautuvė


text:
Gratulation

Noun

 * 1) congratulation

title: Gratulation


text:
canule

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) cannula

title: canule


text:
Krickente

Noun

 * 1) teal; common teal

title: Krickente


text: Norweżka

title: Norweżka


text:
Bücherschrank

Noun

 * 1) bookcase

title: Bücherschrank


text:
Luftaufnahme

Noun

 * 1) aerial photograph

title: Luftaufnahme


text:
afbellen

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to cancel / call off by telephone
 * 2)  to call (a set of phone numbers)

title: afbellen


text:
Platzregen

Etymology
From ; attested since the late 15th century.

Noun

 * 1) downpour

title: Platzregen


text:
klimpern

Verb

 * 1) to jingle; jangle; tinkle

title: klimpern


text:
sällsam

Etymology
From, from. First part is the same root as in and. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) wondrously peculiar, wondrously unusual

Usage notes
Sometimes of negative emotions, like something "wondrously" macabre (arousing without being outright shocking).

title: sällsam


text:
urologisch

Adjective

 * 1) urological

title: urologisch


text:
Baummarder

Noun

 * 1) pine marten; European pine marten

title: Baummarder


text:
Strumpfband

Noun

 * 1) garter

title: Strumpfband


text: MCV

title: MCV


text:
Bierkrug

Noun

 * 1) stein; beer stein; (ornamental) beer mug

title: Bierkrug


text:
Landesgrenze

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) national border; state boundary

title: Landesgrenze


text:
trente-trois

Numeral

 * 1) thirty-three

title: trente-trois


text:
trente-cinq

Numeral

 * 1) thirty-five

title: trente-cinq


text: trente-et-un

title: trente-et-un


text:
mamot

Noun

 * 1) mammoth

Adjective

 * 1) fragrant

title: mamot


text: Fiĝioj

title: Fiĝioj


text:
தாய்

Etymology
. . Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) mother

title: தாய்


text:
மகள்

Etymology
, equivalent to, translates to 'girl child,' cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. Related to.

Noun

 * 1) daughter
 * 2) woman, female, damsel
 * 3)  wife
 * 1) woman, female, damsel
 * 2)  wife

title: மகள்


text:
நாள்

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) day

title: நாள்


text:
வாய்

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) mouth
 * 2) entrance

title: வாய்


text:
Cumbernauld

Proper noun

 * , a new town founded in the 1950s on the site of a village of the same name.

title: Cumbernauld


text:
Estonca

Proper noun

 * 1) Estonian (language)

title: Estonca


text:
ဥဏှဂူ

Etymology
,, from 🇨🇬, from , from.

Noun

 * 1)  the sun

title: ဥဏှဂူ


text: brétemas

title: brétemas


text: sartañas

title: sartañas


text:
Aegae

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Proper noun

 * 1) One of the twelve towns of Achaia
 * 2) A town of Macedonia and the burial place of the local kings
 * 3) A town in Euboea, situated north of Chalcis

title: Aegae


text: Category:ja:Cities in Cuba

title: Category:ja:Cities in Cuba


text:
dwꜣt

Noun

 * 1) The Duat, the Egyptian afterworld
 * 2) In early conceptions, the region in the eastern sky where the sun and stars rise, which serves as the abode of the dead king
 * 3) Later, the region underneath the earth through which the sun passes at night, in which Osiris and the dead dwell
 * 4) The underworld of a city as a place of dead gods
 * 5) Epithet for the grave
 * 6) Epithet for the crypt in the Temple of Dendera
 * 1) The underworld of a city as a place of dead gods
 * 2) Epithet for the grave
 * 3) Epithet for the crypt in the Temple of Dendera

Proper noun

 * 1) a hippopotamus goddess personifying the afterworld

Noun

 * 1) praise, adoration, worship

Noun

 * 1) adoratrice

Noun

 * 1)  a type of medicinal plant

title: dwꜣt


text: δηρόν

title: δηρόν


text: jt(w)

title: jt(w)


text: αὖθ'

title: αὖθ'


text:
Talk:schrauben

is this screw for all English meanings?--Flammie (talk) 10:59, 15 June 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:schrauben


text: μύθῳ

title: μύθῳ


text: dꜣt

title: dꜣt


text:
Stobi

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Proper noun

 * 1) An important city of Paeonia, in Macedonia

title: Stobi


text:
పసరు

Noun

 * 1) The juice or sap of leaves.
 * 2) A medicinal extract, sap.
 * 3) Green colour.

Adjective

 * 1) Green

title: పసరు


text: ἑτάρων

title: ἑτάρων


text:
Pydna

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Proper noun

 * 1) An ancient city of Pieria situated on the coast

title: Pydna


text:
verschneit

Adjective

 * 1) snow-covered

title: verschneit


text:
పసరుచాయ

Noun

 * 1) green color.

title: పసరుచాయ


text:
preisbewusst

Adjective

 * 1) price-conscious

title: preisbewusst


text:
Beroea

Etymology
From, from.

Proper noun

 * 1)  The ancient city of Aleppo.
 * 2)  The ancient city of.
 * 3)  A city of ancient Thrace.

Translations

 * French:
 * Latin: Beroea

 * French:
 * Latin: Beroea

 * French:
 * Latin: Beroea

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Proper noun

 * 1)  ancient city of Veria
 * 2)  city of ancient Thrace
 * 1)  city of ancient Thrace

title: Beroea


text:
preisgekrönt

Adjective

 * 1) award-winning, prizewinning

title: preisgekrönt


text:
preisgünstig

Adjective

 * 1) inexpensive

title: preisgünstig


text:
Fonteius

Proper noun

 * 1) a Roman nomen gentile, gens or "family name" famously held by:
 * , a Roman consul

title: Fonteius


text:
faire la grasse matinée

Etymology
lit. 'to do the fat morning'.

Verb

 * 1) to sleep in, to have a lie in

Conjugation

 * see

title: faire la grasse matinée


text:
preislich

Adjective

 * 1)  price
 * 2) praiseworthy

title: preislich


text:
großziehen

Verb

 * 1) to raise (a child); to rear (an animal etc.)

title: großziehen


text:
Aenobarbus

Etymology
From and.

Proper noun

 * , a Roman consul
 * , a Roman consul

title: Aenobarbus


text: prachtvoller

title: prachtvoller


text: prachtvollerer

title: prachtvollerer


text: prachtvollere

title: prachtvollere


text: prachtvolleres

title: prachtvolleres


text: prachtvolleren

title: prachtvolleren


text: prachtvollerem

title: prachtvollerem


text: prachtvollster

title: prachtvollster


text: prachtvollste

title: prachtvollste


text: prachtvollstes

title: prachtvollstes


text: prachtvollsten

title: prachtvollsten


text: prachtvollstem

title: prachtvollstem


text: prachtvolle

title: prachtvolle


text: prachtvolles

title: prachtvolles


text: prachtvollen

title: prachtvollen


text: prachtvollem

title: prachtvollem


text: praktikabler

title: praktikabler


text: praktikablerer

title: praktikablerer


text: praktikablere

title: praktikablere


text: praktikableres

title: praktikableres


text: praktikableren

title: praktikableren


text: praktikablerem

title: praktikablerem


text: praktikabelster

title: praktikabelster


text: praktikabelste

title: praktikabelste


text: praktikabelstes

title: praktikabelstes


text: praktikabelsten

title: praktikabelsten


text: praktikabelstem

title: praktikabelstem


text: praxisferner

title: praxisferner


text: praxisfernerer

title: praxisfernerer


text: praxisfernere

title: praxisfernere


text: praxisferneres

title: praxisferneres


text: praxisferneren

title: praxisferneren


text: praxisfernerem

title: praxisfernerem


text: praxisfernster

title: praxisfernster


text: praxisfernste

title: praxisfernste


text: praxisfernstes

title: praxisfernstes


text: praxisfernsten

title: praxisfernsten


text: praxisfernstem

title: praxisfernstem


text: praxisferne

title: praxisferne


text: praxisfernes

title: praxisfernes


text: praxisfernen

title: praxisfernen


text: praxisfernem

title: praxisfernem


text: praxisfremder

title: praxisfremder


text: praxisfremderer

title: praxisfremderer


text: praxisfremdere

title: praxisfremdere


text: praxisfremderes

title: praxisfremderes


text: praxisfremderen

title: praxisfremderen


text: praxisfremderem

title: praxisfremderem


text: praxisfremdester

title: praxisfremdester


text: praxisfremdeste

title: praxisfremdeste


text: praxisfremdestes

title: praxisfremdestes


text: praxisfremdesten

title: praxisfremdesten


text: praxisfremdestem

title: praxisfremdestem


text: praxisfremde

title: praxisfremde


text: praxisfremdes

title: praxisfremdes


text: praxisfremden

title: praxisfremden


text: praxisfremdem

title: praxisfremdem


text: praxisnaher

title: praxisnaher


text: praxisnaherer

title: praxisnaherer


text: praxisnahere

title: praxisnahere


text: praxisnaheres

title: praxisnaheres


text: praxisnaheren

title: praxisnaheren


text: praxisnaherem

title: praxisnaherem


text: praxisnahster

title: praxisnahster


text: praxisnahste

title: praxisnahste


text: praxisnahstes

title: praxisnahstes


text: praxisnahsten

title: praxisnahsten


text: praxisnahstem

title: praxisnahstem


text: praxisnahe

title: praxisnahe


text: praxisnahes

title: praxisnahes


text: praxisnahen

title: praxisnahen


text: praxisnahem

title: praxisnahem


text: preisbewusster

title: preisbewusster


text: preisbewussterer

title: preisbewussterer


text: preisbewusstere

title: preisbewusstere


text: preisbewussteres

title: preisbewussteres


text: preisbewussteren

title: preisbewussteren


text: preisbewussterem

title: preisbewussterem


text: preisbewusstester

title: preisbewusstester


text: preisbewussteste

title: preisbewussteste


text: preisbewusstestes

title: preisbewusstestes


text: preisbewusstesten

title: preisbewusstesten


text: preisbewusstestem

title: preisbewusstestem


text: preisbewusste

title: preisbewusste


text: preisbewusstes

title: preisbewusstes


text: preisbewussten

title: preisbewussten


text: preisbewusstem

title: preisbewusstem


text: preisgekrönter

title: preisgekrönter


text: preisgekrönterer

title: preisgekrönterer


text: preisgekröntere

title: preisgekröntere


text: preisgekrönteres

title: preisgekrönteres


text: preisgekrönteren

title: preisgekrönteren


text: preisgekrönterem

title: preisgekrönterem


text: preisgekröntester

title: preisgekröntester


text: preisgekrönteste

title: preisgekrönteste


text: preisgekröntestes

title: preisgekröntestes


text: preisgekröntesten

title: preisgekröntesten


text: preisgekröntestem

title: preisgekröntestem


text: preisgekrönte

title: preisgekrönte


text: preisgekröntes

title: preisgekröntes


text: preisgekrönten

title: preisgekrönten


text: preisgekröntem

title: preisgekröntem


text: preisgünstiger

title: preisgünstiger


text: preisgünstigerer

title: preisgünstigerer